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Ankh-Morpork City Watch
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The Ankh-Morpork City Watch is the police force of the fictional city of Ankh-Morpork in the Discworld series by the English writer Terry Pratchett.
The series comprises eight fantasy novels and one short story centred on the adventures of the City Watch and its commander Sam Vimes, in order of publication they are; Guards! Guards! (1989), "Theatre of Cruelty" (1993) (a short story), Men at Arms (1993), Feet of Clay (1996), Jingo (1997), The Fifth Elephant (1999), Night Watch (2002), Thud! (2005) and Snuff (2011).
The Watch is also to be the subject of a police procedural television series in development as of 2018,[1][2] entitled The Watch.
- 1 Style
- 2 Fictional history (before the time the novels are set in)
- 3 History according to plot of novels
- 4 Members
- 4.1 Commander Sir Samuel Vimes
- 4.2 Captain Carrot Ironfoundersson
- 4.3 Captain Angua von Überwald
- 4.4 Sergeant Fred Colon
- 4.5 Corporal Nobby Nobbs
- 4.6 Sergeant Detritus
- 4.7 Sergeant Cheery Littlebottom
- 4.8 Constable Reginald Shoe
- 4.9 Lance-Constable Salacia "Sally" von Humpeding
- 4.10 Constable Dorfl
- 4.11 Constable Visit-the-Infidel/Ungodly-with-Explanatory-Pamphlets
- 4.12 Inspector A E Pessimal
- 4.13 Constable Igor
- 4.14 Constable Downspout
- 4.15 Corporal Buggy Swires
- 4.16 Minor Watchmen
- 4.16.1 Special-Constable Andy "Two Swords" Hancock
- 4.16.2 Sergeant Stronginthearm
- 4.16.3 Acting-Constable Cuddy
- 4.16.4 Constables Flint and Morraine
- 4.16.5 Lance-Constable Bluejohn
- 4.16.6 Corporal Ping
- 4.16.7 Andre
- 4.16.8 Constable Wee Mad Arthur
- 4.16.9 The Librarian
- 4.16.10 Sergeant "Kipper" Haddock
- 4.16.11 Lewton
- 4.17 Former Members
- 5 Allies
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Pratchett's Watch has been described as part of a longstanding fantasy tradition where the characters of the city watch would "rush in and die, or run away", with Pratchett's approach to that tradition ranging from parody in the earlier novels to "deeper satire" in the later ones.[3]
Fictional history (before the time the novels are set in)[edit]
Note: Some of the information repeated below was taken from The Discworld Companion and the 1999 Discworld Diary, which had a City Watch theme, and has not been confirmed in any of the Discworld novels.
The "Ankh-Morpork Watch & Ward" was founded in AM 1561 by King Veltrick I. They had full copper armour and a copper shield inscribed "Fabricati Diem, Pvncti Agvnt Celeriter" ("Make the Day, the Moments Pass Quickly", Veltrick's motto). Four days later Veltrick's son assassinated him, and became Veltrick II. Since he had little interest in maintaining a police force, the equipment of the Watch quickly deteriorated.
At this time there were four separate forces:
- The "Palace Guard", who guarded the palace.
- The "Cable Street Particulars", a political police force concentrating on discovering "plots" against the current rulers of the city. The name may have been inspired by the Baker Street Irregulars from the stories of Sherlock Holmes, and perhaps by the Battle of Cable Street, a riot started between Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists and anti-fascist protesters in 1936. They are also known as The Unmentionables (a colloquial British term for underwear), possibly a parody of The Invincibles, an Irish extremist nationalist group, or of The Untouchables, a prohibition-era law-enforcement group, who served as government intelligence.
- The "Ward", who acted as gate-guards, thief-takers etc. during the day.
- The "Watch", who served the same purpose in the hours of darkness. The force comprised one commander, five captains, ten sergeants, forty corporals, lance-corporals, constables and lance-constables, and, in times of emergency, a "citizens militia" of varied size.
Public opinion of the Watches (the Ward became known as the Day Watch) was never high, and reached an all-time low when a Commander, who had told the public not to take the law into their own hands, was thrown onto the Ankh with a cry of "If it's not in our hands, whose hands is it in?" The Guilds were policing themselves by this point, so the Watch was becoming increasingly irrelevant.
The Watch had a brief respite in AM 1688, following the Ankh-Morpork Civil War, when Commander Suffer-Not-Injustice Vimes and his Ironheads became the city's rulers. However, after he was deposed in favour of the Patricianship, the Watch sank even further into obscurity; he was (until recently) the last Watch Commander. Under the rule of the Patricians, not only did Guild Law apply in the Guilds, but the only laws that applied anywhere else were the whims of the man in charge.
By the time of Homicidal Lord Winder's rule as Patrician, there were only a handful of Watch Houses remaining. The Cable Street Particulars were thriving, however, having changed from an intelligence agency into a secret police force, employing torture with gusto. During the Glorious Revolution of the Twenty-Fifth of May, their building was burnt down by members of the Night Watch from Treacle Mine Road. The change in Patricians did not lead to an improvement in perceptions of the Watch, and when Lord Vetinari replaced Mad Lord Snapcase, and even theft was legalised, there seemed to be no point to them at all.
The dysfunctional Night Watch now comprised three men, based in the old Treacle Mine Road Watch House. While the Day Watch had become another of the city's gangs, the Night Watch was just inactive.
History according to plot of novels[edit]
This changed when Constable Carrot Ironfoundersson joined, and the Night Watch saved the city from a dragon. Following the destruction of their Watch House, they moved to larger premises in Pseudopolis Yard (a name reminiscent of Scotland Yard) and started recruiting more members, especially from ethnic minorities such as dwarfs, trolls and the undead. The Watch has even admitted a vampire. When they saved the Patrician's life Vetinari agreed to increase the force's stature, with new Section Houses being built around the city. The remains of the Day Watch were incorporated into a new City Watch, commanded by Sam Vimes.
Since then, the Watch has become a proper police force, dealing in crime prevention and investigation, rather than simple "thief-taking". They now have a forensics section, a Traffic Division and the long-gone Cable Street Particulars have been replaced by a plain-clothes division. A Watch Academy has been set up, although watchmen trained there often get "poached" by other Sto Plains city-states who have seen the advantages such a force has. Vimes tolerates this, because it is useful that coppers all over the plains have been trained to obey him.
Another recent addition are "the Specials", based on the Watch's ancient right to establish a Citizen's Militia as needed. Known members include the Librarian (who was actually made a Special Constable long before the Militia was set up); Mr Boggis of the Thieves' Guild; Sam Vimes' butler Willikins; and a clacks operative named Andy "Two Swords" Hancock who carries a disturbing amount of weaponry.
The Watch's current motto is "FABRICATI DIEM, PVNC", as inscribed on the old Treacle Mine Road Watch House; presumably the last part of the original "Fabricati Diem, Pvncti Agvnt Celeriter" had been lost. This is nonsense in Latin, and doesn't actually mean "Make my day, punk", although it looks as though it ought to; this is the nature of most "Latatian" in the books, and is not unusual. Fred Colon insists it means "To protect and serve". The motto of the Vimes family is "Protego et servio", or "I protect and serve".
More and more watchmen trained by the City Watch prefer to work in other cities abroad where they can earn good money thanks to their outstanding qualification and ethics. They are referred to as "Sammies" (similar to "Bobbies", a term for British police officers derived from the common abbreviation of the first name of Sir Robert Peel, the man credited with the creation of the first regular, uniformed, police service in the UK) and communicate with each other by telegraph ("clacks"), a reference to real-world Interpol (mentioned in The Night Watch).
The primary members of the Ankh-Morpork City Watch are (see the linked articles for full details of the characters):
Commander Sir Samuel Vimes[edit]
Samuel Vimes is the Commander of the City Watch, it is all he has ever known and he now brings the dirty tricks he learned as a street copper to his new role. He also makes sure to pass these tricks of the trade on to new recruits. Under Sam Vimes, the Watch has strengthened its position, making many enemies (Although the Assassin's Guild no longer accept contracts). In his time in the Watch he has married the richest woman in Ankh-Morpork, Lady Sybil, and had a son with her, young Sam.
Captain Carrot Ironfoundersson[edit]
Adopted by dwarfs as an infant after the deaths of his human parents, Carrot grew up down in the mines of the Copperhead mountains. He is "six feet tall and nearly as broad across the shoulders". His dwarfish name is Kzad-bhat, which, roughly translated, means "Head Banger", a logical nickname for a 6-foot-6-inch-tall (1.98 m) man living in a mine built by 4-foot-tall (1.2 m) dwarfs. He was quite surprised the day he was informed that he was human. His adoptive father thought that he ought to go and live amongst humans, and found him a job with the Ankh-Morpork Night Watch under the misapprehension that they were respected and respectable. Carrot was "barely 16 years old" at this time.
Carrot joined the Night Watch while it was only a small group of misfits who ran from evildoers rather than arrest them (see Guards! Guards!). He had difficulty with this attitude, as his "old-fashioned" view of justice led him to arrest the leader of the entirely legal Thieves' Guild on his first day. He since has learned to understand the city a bit better. The city learned about him as quickly when he won in a fight against every miscreant in the Mended Drum tavern, including the then doorman Detritus the troll.
Captain Carrot has made quite a name for himself, rapidly and effortlessly coming to know all of the city's one-million population by name and tax papers. He is big on paperwork and organization and always (often to the dismay of his girlfriend and fellow officer, Angua) takes time to see all sides of a story before getting involved. When Sam Vimes planned to retire after his marriage to Lady Sybil Ramkin, Carrot was named his successor. He is not particularly skilled in comma placement and has a bit of trouble with the whole concept of "i before e". He is considered "the Disc's most linear thinker". For instance, as part of a murder investigation, he interviews Death. Carrot is also famous enough that there are action figures of him available (as seen in the novel Hogfather).
Carrot's main talents are his genuine interest in and liking for people (particularly when contrasted with his boss and friend, Sam Vimes who "doesn't like anybody") and his charisma and "supernatural likability". He is often shown to be able to get people to do things no one else could force them to do, simply by assuming that they will; for example, he has great success in his outreach programs to at-risk Ankh-Morporkian youth by treating them like boy scouts. When he directly commands someone, they find it supremely difficult to disobey (even Vimes is shown on one occasion as being susceptible to this power). However, he prefers not to utilize this extreme of his power except in dire emergencies.
Carrot is often thought of as non-threatening, which is a dangerous conclusion if you are the unlucky person who disappoints his honest nature. People think of Carrot as being simple, and the narrator will occasionally point out that this is true[4] - however, people often make the mistake of confusing "simple" with "stupid". Carrot's simplicity is his cunning. In Soul Music, Carrot adds supplementary questions to the quiz machine in the Mended Drum, asking players who was responsible for recent crimes and frequently making arrests as a result. Carrot often sees the bright side of life. When Angua, a werewolf, tells him that her brother Andrei is stuck in wolf form and is forced to live as a champion sheepdog, Carrot notes that he is a champion. Carrot has also promised Angua that, should she ever follow in her brother Wolfgang's murderous footsteps, he will be the one to stop her.
While it is common knowledge that Carrot is the true heir to the throne of Ankh-Morpork, he doesn't acknowledge it, and has even hidden evidence of his royal heritage. The Patrician, Havelock Vetinari, considers him useful for this reason as well as others, as it means that any attempt to start a revolution under the claim of being true heir is impossible, and that if anyone complains that only a king has the authority to do something he does, he can simply defer to Carrot.
Carrot himself never uses his royal powers or acknowledges his royal heritage. After having learned about it (Men at Arms), he confides in Vetinari that he wants the people to obey the law because it's the law, not because "Captain Carrot is good at being obeyed", and that he is content with his job of ringing a bell and yelling that all's well "provided of course that 'all is well'".
Carrot does, however on rare occasions, hint at his royal powers to make things happen. In Jingo, Lord Vetinari gives Sam Vimes the title of Duke, something only a King can do, while Carrot is present—Vetinari goes so far as to say that he "had been reminded" that Vimes could have that title. In The Fifth Elephant, when faced with the defection of most members of the Watch under Sergeant Fred Colon (then an Acting-Captain), Carrot puts his (plain and battered) royal sword on a desk in plain sight and reminds Watch members that they had taken an oath to the King, and that the King had not relieved them of it.
Carrot is a stereotypical "perfect" policeman; totally honest, law abiding and determined to be friends with everyone. People of all species can't help wanting to behave well in his presence. He has an attitude of loving everyone. His philosophy of love for everyone has caused distress for Angua. She worries that his love toward her is equal to that he gives everyone else and not special. While he would place the welfare of the public above hers (and his own), when she was in danger he travelled to the rim of the Disc to save her.
Carrot's attitude towards his relationship is considered particularly unusual. During Jingo, Angua is kidnapped on a Klatchian ship and the watch pursues them. Carrot does not stand at the front of the ship fraught with worry but, sensibly, gets some sleep so he will be ready to rescue her when they catch up. Although Sam Vimes and the ship's captain see the sense of this, they can't believe that someone in love could be so sensible.
In The Art of Discworld Pratchett says that Carrot has a bright future ahead of him, "should Lord Vetinari not survive the next assassination attempt". He also notes that, although most people envision Carrot as Arnold Schwarzenegger, he is actually modeled after Liam Neeson. In both the Discworld computer game and the BBC Radio production of Guards! Guards! he speaks with a Welsh accent. His character is also reminiscent of Constable Benton Fraser from Due South (who also has a wolf companion) but Carrot and Angua were an item before Due South was broadcast.
Captain Angua von Überwald[edit]
Captain Delphine Angua von Überwald first appeared in Men at Arms. Angua is a member of the Ankh-Morpork City Watch, originally hired as part of an affirmative action plan by Havelock Vetinari. Her physical beauty led colleagues to predict that criminals would be lining up to be arrested by her, but Angua's surprising strength and tough attitude soon made her one of the most feared officers on the Watch. Angua is a werewolf, though she maintains a strict vegetarian diet during her human phase and only eats chickens during her wolf phase, for which she leaves discreet payments afterwards.
In the 1999 computer game Discworld Noir, and the 2001 books-on-tape version of Men at Arms, her name is pronounced "An-gyoo-uh" with a hard "g". Terry Pratchett writes on the terrypratchettbooks.com forum: "it's Ang as in Anger, u as in you, a as in a thing".
Angua comes from a family of werewolves. She is the daughter of a Baron and Baroness of Überwald, and has two brothers, Wolfgang and Andrei. Her sister, Elsa, is deceased, killed by Wolfgang, who disguised it as an accident. Both Andrei and Elsa were "Yennorks", werewolves that are stuck in one form (Andrei always appeared to be a wolf, and Elsa a human). Angua and Wolfgang are the only children in their family with shape-shifting ability, known as "bi-morphs". Wolfgang is extremely violent and enjoys killing, even eating, "inferior" humans. Angua, partially in reaction to what Wolfgang did to their sister, rebels against the traditional werewolf lifestyle of her parents and brother and leaves Überwald. Andrei manages to slip away as well and enjoys a career as a talented sheep herder.
After moving to Ankh-Morpork, Angua soon became the first woman to join the ranks of the City Watch. She met Corporal Carrot Ironfoundersson in the Watch, and the two soon fell in love. Since recovering from his initial surprise (which involved drawing his sword), Carrot has not seemed bothered by the fact that Angua is a werewolf. However, Angua often worries that their different backgrounds and needs will eventually doom the relationship.
One of Angua's closest friends in the Watch is Cheery Littlebottom the dwarf. In Feet of Clay, Angua helps encourage Cheery to "come out" as a woman (dwarf society expects both male and female dwarves to behave in an indistinguishable way), even lending her dresses and make-up. At the same time, Angua conceals her true nature as a werewolf from Cheery because she knows her new friend hates and fears werewolves. Throughout the book Angua debates with herself over whether it would be best to just return to Überwald and live among other werewolves. In the end, she decides to stay in Ankh-Morpork.
Angua has also made friends with Gaspode, a matty, hairy canine who gained and lost the talent of human speech in Moving Pictures. He then regains it by the time of Men at Arms by sleeping too near the Unseen University's High-Energy Magic building. Gaspode flirts with Angua constantly and has helped her out on missions many times.
In The Fifth Elephant, Watch Commander Sam Vimes is sent to Überwald on a diplomatic mission. Lord Vetinari chooses Angua to be a member of the Watch team that will accompany him, but Angua has already left for Überwald on business of her own. Carrot, assisted by Gaspode the dog, sets out after her. This is the first Discworld book to reveal much about Angua's background, and her parents and brother Wolfgang all figure in the story. Angua's relationship with actual wolves also provides much tension. Wolfgang plays a significant role as the leader of a violent werewolf movement in Überwald. Ultimately, Vimes kills Wolfgang in a violent confrontation in the city square. Angua is gratified to hear this, as Wolfgang threatened her and anything she cared for while he remained alive.
The fact that the Watch now has a werewolf has become common knowledge throughout Ankh-Morpork, but that hasn't affected Angua's privacy substantially, as, for obvious reasons, it is generally assumed to be Nobby Nobbs; Carrot, Vimes, Vetinari and Angua herself all play along, mostly rather amused. However, in The Truth, it is revealed in passing that several members of the Ankh-Morpork aristocracy, as well as the lawyer Mr Slant, are well aware of her nature, and in Making Money, Moist von Lipwig also figures this out upon seeing Angua in her werewolf form with Nobby standing beside her and recognizing her hair. Though the widespread recognition of the werewolf presence in the Watch has not inconvenienced Angua on a human level, it has led to a growing sophistication within the city's criminal underworld in evading capture. The first recorded use of a scent bomb is by The New Firm (Mr. Pin and Mr. Tulip) in The Truth. Several references to scent bombs have been made since, most notably their usage by Carcer, at the beginning of Night Watch, when he killed Sergeant Stronginthearm.
Angua assists Vimes in another diplomatic mission in Monstrous Regiment, and is mentioned in Going Postal as being difficult for criminals in Ankh-Morpork to avoid. Angua also appears in a supporting role in Thud!, where she gains a rival in the form of the Watch's first vampire officer, Sally. Angua is an extremely practical and level-headed person. While not as cynical as Commander Sam Vimes, she balances out Carrot's naïveté (although she occasionally wonders if he's really as innocent as he appears). In human form, Angua is a strict vegetarian. In wolf form, she has a tendency to go after chickens, but she is always careful to go back and slip some money under the door the next day.
Though she is deeply committed to Carrot, even likening herself to being his dog (or as she puts it in Jingo, a wolf that lives with humans) it hasn't stopped others with romantic interest; there is tension with a wolf named Gavin in The Fifth Elephant, and she receives a marriage proposal from the small mutt Mr. Fusspot in Making Money.
In the events of I Shall Wear Midnight it is noted that Angua has been newly promoted to Captain. Captain Carrot arrests Tiffany Aching after a disturbance in the King's Head involving the Nac Mac Feegles, who are defeated by Wee Mad Arthur, another Feegle (the rat catcher from Feet of Clay who rescues Sgt Colon from the King Golem, although he was referred to as a gnome in the original novel). Wee Mad Arthur has now joined the watch, and he tells Tiffany that she shall be escorted by his colleague, Captain Angua. Subsequent ("main" as opposed to young-adult) novels also refer to her by this rank.
In the 2010 Sky television adaptation of Going Postal, Angua was played by Ingrid Bolsø Berdal.
The Cretaceous gymnosperm species Czekanowskia anguae is named after Angua.[5]
Sergeant Fred Colon[edit]
Frederick "Fred" Colon is a sergeant, and appears to have been so for a long time. May have been first mentioned in The Colour of Magic as "a Sergeant of The Watch" who enters the then Broken Drum. He is described on several occasions as "one of nature's sergeants". He is overweight, preferring to avoid trouble and exertion, and rather unimaginative. When not on desk duty (a post he gets more often than other sergeants, due to being responsible for working out the rota), he generally "guards" bridges or large buildings against theft. He was a corporal in the Watch at the time Sam Vimes first joined, and subsequent to this spent some time in the army (the Duke of Quirm's Middleweight Infantry and then the Duke of Eorle's First Heavy Infantry), before returning to the Watch.
In The Fifth Elephant, Colon became the head of the Traffic Squad, which also included his best friend Nobby Nobbs. This role perfectly fit the above described qualities, especially as the Traffic Squad is "self-financing" (i.e. they keep the fines). A brief promotion to acting-captain proved a disaster as everyone, including Colon himself, expected. He is currently holding dual position of Custody Officer and Watch Liaison Officer; jobs so vague that no one is entirely sure what they entail, least of all Colon himself; they serve the dual purpose of preventing his brain from becoming overburdened with responsibility and avoiding the catastrophic possibility that he might be given a task of any real importance. His office, in a separate building from the main watch house, is frequented by old acquaintances who want somewhere quiet to get away from the wife, hear what's happening on the street and—in Vimes' words—"gossip like washerwomen." For this free-flowing source of information, Vimes considers the cost of doughnuts on an expense voucher a very favourable trade.
Closer examination, though, shows that Colon has some hidden depths. As Vimes thought it, most of the other watch officers saw a fat, stupid, lazy, cowardly man and that was mostly what was there, but Colon and Nobby have a street-level knowledge of Ankh-Morpork on a par with Vimes and are good at sensing tension in a crowd. Both are also survivors of the Glorious 25 May when, as described in Night Watch, in the aftermath of a coup an assortment of regular police and hangers-on (including an apprentice Assassin called Vetinari) took out, at some cost, the hard-line remnants of the outgoing regime's secret police. Colon also performs his duties in Thud! fairly well. He is an amiable jailer, and bright enough to keep the keys in a closed tin box in the bottom drawer of his desk, well out of reach of anything an inmate would be able to use. He is often portrayed as being prejudiced against "minority ", even in the Watch, such as dwarves, undead, "foreigners", or even women. However, his prejudice is so non-specific and naive (and frequently short-lived when actually exposed to the group in question) that nobody takes it seriously.
He is possibly related to Sergeant Doppelpunkt (German for "colon", as in the punctuation mark), one half of the town watch in Bad Blintz, Überwald, seen in The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents. Other Discworld characters with a notable similarity to Colon include a member of the guard in the Überwald town of Bonk (who was nicknamed "Colonesque" by Samuel Vimes) and one of the market guards in Al Khali, Klatch. Like the various Dibblers, this may be due to morphic resonance.
Colon is married, though his wife works during the day; since he works at night, the two seldom see each other and instead communicate by leaving notes. Vimes even goes as far as to privately attribute the longevity of Fred's marriage to this fact. In Guards! Guards! it is noted they have a number of children, a fact which Vimes puts down to 'persuasive handwriting'.
Colon made a brief appearance in the Cosgrove Hall adaptation of Soul Music. In the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Guards! Guards! he was voiced by Stephen Thorne. In the 1988 stage play he was played by Roger Bingham. In the Radio 4 adaptation of Night Watch he was voiced by Sam Dale.
Corporal Nobby Nobbs[edit]
Cecil Wormsborough St. John "Nobby" Nobbs is untidy, smelly, and about the same height as a dwarf. Because of this and the fact that he is extremely ugly, he carries a certificate signed by the Patrician to prove that, on the testimony of his parents and the midwife who delivered him, he is probably a human being. A running joke is the inability of others to believe this, despite—or even because of—the evidence. In fact, in Hogfather, even Death himself was unable to discern Nobby's species. According to the blurb of Men At Arms, Nobby was "disqualified from the human race for shoving". He always seems to have a cigarette butt about him, normally stowed behind his ear.
Samuel Vimes is Nobby's commanding officer, and Sergeant Fred Colon his partner and longtime friend. Together, Nobby and Colon have managed to have many strangely philosophical (or just strange) conversations, including one on whether Death has a first name, or even any friends to call him it. Oddly enough, these conversations hint at Nobby being more intelligent than Colon, with Nobby continually pointing out fatal flaws in Colon's statements and arguments, and Colon mentally scrambling to come up with an answer (this is not unlike some of the byplay in the Laurel and Hardy films). Nobby is fond of folk dancing.
As a child he was a street urchin and a major source of information for various city notables. His father was abusive, and broke his leg at least once (Vimes notes in Night Watch that Nobby used to have his arms broken by his father too—and in Hogfather, Nobby claims that he never got anything in his stocking ... except once, when his father vomited into it). The young Nobby sometimes refers to his father as "Number One Suspect", and is afraid of going to prison because his father is currently in there. He was apparently inspired to join the Watch after meeting with Sergeant-At-Arms John Keel (or alternatively Sam Vimes, due to time travel), who once gave him a spoon (which his father subsequently stole upon being released from prison).
Nobby was once thought to be the Earl of Ankh, but it was all a charade to make him king as he would be easier to manipulate than the 'real' heir in the form of Captain Carrot. Nobby proved less tractable than the conspirators had expected, turning down a cushy life as figurehead ruler of Ankh-Morpork largely, by his own account, for fear of what Vimes would have to say—or more importantly, do—when he found out given his and his infamous ancestor's opinions on royalty. It was also due to his family's long-standing belief that they should never volunteer for anything as there is always going to be a catch. Indeed, he fled the offer at a dead run, all the time terrified Vimes would "go spare". However, at the end of the book Feet of Clay, it is also suggested that he may be a real nobleman, due to the amount of family heirlooms he has not mentioned to any other person. On the other hand, the Nobbses have stolen so much stuff over the years that, as Vimes has said, "you could probably prove Nobby was the Dowager Duchess of Quirm".
Nobby played a role in the resolution of the "war" between Ankh-Morpork and the empire of Klatch in Jingo, and in recognition the Patrician gave him a new job in traffic control. He has since been "promoted" to assistant to the Watch Liaison Officer (in other words Fred Colon), a job vague enough to ensure he never has to do anything actually important.
Ironically it is also Nobby who ends the war between the dwarves and the trolls. In Thud it is revealed that the Battle of Koom Valley, the main reason for the continuing hatred between those two races, was not supposed to be a war at all but a chance for the Kings of each side to discuss peace. This information is contained in an ancient artifact called a Cube. Nobby, who has been set up as a petty thief from the start, finds and steals the Cube at some point in the book, although we do not find this out until Vimes tells him to hand it over. Vimes works out how to make the Cube play its message, in the presence of the current King of the Dwarves, and the truth of Koom Valley is heard for the first time in hundreds of years.
He believes he is in a romantic relationship with Verity "Hammerhead" Pushpram, a girl who runs a fish stall and gets her nickname from the fact that her eyes appear to be looking in opposite directions. However, this "relationship" seems to consist solely of her hitting him with a fish and telling him to bugger off. He remains "faithful" to her, however, in all books except Thud!, in which he is temporarily in a relationship with exotic dancer Tawneee. As of the events of Snuff, he appears to be in a romantic relationship with Shine of the Rainbow, a goblin girl, and it is tacitly suggested that Nobby may have some Goblin in his ancestry, explaining why nobody could be sure of his humanity. This relationship is confirmed in "Raising Steam", when Colon refers to Nobby being "practically married", in reference to his own marital arguments with Mrs Colon.
He is possibly related to Corporal Knopf (as Knopf can be translated as knob), one half of the town watch in Bad Blintz, Überwald, seen in The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents. Other Discworld characters with a notable similarity to Nobby include a member of the guard in the Überwald town of Bonk, who was nicknamed "Nobbski" by Vimes, and one of the market guards in Al Khali, Klatch. Like the various Dibblers, this may be due to morphic resonance. Despite this, being related to Nobby is not seen as a good thing in Ankh Morpork. One of the Unseen University bedlows who, by sheer coincidence, shared the same last name as Nobby was incredibly swift to denounce any potential ties of family.
According to the Pratchett Portfolio, his typical saying is "'tis a lie sir, I never done it" (like all other "typical sayings" in the Portfolio (except that of the Death of Rats) he has not actually been recorded saying it).
During Nobby's time in Klatch he "got in touch with his feminine side", and is quite fond of wearing women's clothing. This can occasionally be useful, as he dressed up as an old lady as part of a Traffic scam before being stopped by Vimes.
Nobby made a brief appearance in the Cosgrove Hall adaptation of Soul Music. In the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Guards! Guards! he was voiced by Melvyn Hayes. In the 1988 stageplay he was played by David Brett, formerly of the Flying Pickets. Nobby has also appeared in two computer adventure games, Discworld (The Trouble With Dragons) (where he was voiced by Tony Robinson) and Discworld Noir (where he was voiced by Rob Brydon). In both cases Nobby had a distinct Irish accent. In the 2006 TV adaptation of Hogfather he was played by Nicolas Tennant.
Sergeant Detritus[edit]
Sergeant Cheery Littlebottom[edit]
Constable Reginald Shoe[edit]
See: Undead (Discworld)
Lance-Constable Salacia "Sally" von Humpeding[edit]
See Undead (Discworld)
Constable Dorfl[edit]
See: Golems (Discworld)
Constable Visit-the-Infidel/Ungodly-with-Explanatory-Pamphlets[edit]
Visit-the-Infidel-with-Explanatory-Pamphlets (sometimes referred to as Visit-the-Ungodly-with-Explanatory-Pamphlets) is a Constable of the City Watch. He is generally just called "Constable Visit", or occasionally by his nickname "Washpot". The term comes from one of Visit's favourite quotations, "Moab is my washpot. Over Edom will I cast out my shoe", from Psalm 60 in The Book of Om. His name is, apparently, shorter in Omnian.
He first appeared in Feet of Clay. He is referred to by Pratchett as follows: "There's one in every station, and Constable Visit was enough for two." Samuel Vimes says he is a good copper, his highest form of personal praise. He is an Omnian of a gentle but determined proselytising nature. He can clear a large crowd in seconds, just by talking to them about religion and threatening them with pamphlets, principally Unadorned Facts and Battle Call (parodies of The Plain Truth and The War Cry).
In off-duty moments he goes door to door with his fellow Omnian, Smite-the-Unbeliever-with-Cunning-Arguments. Entire pubs have been known to draw the curtains, turn off the lights and lie on the floor whimpering at news of his coming down the street. The only "entity" not afraid of Visit's endless proselytising is his friend and fellow constable Dorfl, a golem with endless patience and a desire to argue faith rationally.
He appears in the SkyOne television adaptation of Hogfather, portrayed by Richard Katz.
Inspector A E Pessimal[edit]
A E Pessimal was first the government Inspector of the Watch assigned (in Thud!) by Lord Vetinari to inspect the Watch and judge whether the Watch gave fair value for the civic funds it used ("who watches the watchmen?") and to inspect the Unseen University in A Collegiate Casting-Out of Devilish Devices.
He is described as a neat little man, with very shiny shoes, and has no friends and no sense of humour. He does not have a first name, as others would understand; he was "initialled" at birth rather than named.[note 1] He was in a position to seriously inconvenience Vimes with difficult questions such as; "Why is C.W.St.J. 'Nobby' Nobbs in the Watch? Are you aware you employ a petty criminal?"
Eventually, Vimes decided to shake the man up, and swore him in as a special constable for the duration of an impending street fight of roughly a thousand trolls and dwarves. Vimes thought he could scare the man while showing him what it was like to be a copper. Instead, A E took his position seriously, to the point of bare-handedly attacking and trying to bite a troll who took a swing at Vimes. This action remains one of the few events to have totally shocked Vetinari, when he heard about it in Vimes' report ("Mr Pessimal? Mr. A E Pessimal? We are talking about the same person? Small man, very clean shoes?").
A short while later, A E came to Vimes' office and was offered the position of Lance-Constable and adjutant, with an estimate that he could be a Sergeant in a year. Vimes' reason for taking A E on was A E's patience and intelligence; Vimes needed someone who could look through paperwork and understand what was being said by sifting out important or suspicious facts. Vimes reasons that A E always wanted to be a Watchman and was stopped by his weak stature. As a condition of his employment, A E was told that he would go on patrol twice a week, so he would be able to learn what's important. A E is also one of the few people Vimes allows to call him "Mister Vimes", saying that the man "earned it all in one go". Along with Vimes' Dis-Organizer Mark Five ("The Gooseberry"), it would seem that A E is the start to a new department in the City Watch.
By the events of Snuff, A E has risen to the newly minted rank of Inspector in the City Watch, and his forensic accounting has become legendary and feared throughout Ankh-Morpork, as people fear what he may uncover in their financial records.
Constable Igor[edit]
Igor is an Igor who was considered "too modern" for Überwald by his family, and went with Samuel Vimes to Ankh-Morpork. He specialises in genetic experiments ("bio-artificing"), which, on the Discworld, involves really small stitches. His creations include a pet rabbit called Eerie, a particularly suitable name as he grows spare human ears on it (a reference to the human ear equipped mouse of 1995, a few years prior to the creation of the book). Another early experiment was breeding noses, which act as independent lifeforms until sewn on. He also experimented with swimming potatoes in the hopes of breeding instant Fish & Chips. As with all Igors, Constable Igor is highly talented at performing transplant surgery.
He has a speech "impediment" in that he sometimes forgets to lisp. Vimes employs him because of his surgery methods, which Vimes considered to be considerably more advanced than most of Ankh-Morpork's doctors. Igor first appeared in the novel The Fifth Elephant.
Constable Downspout[edit]
Constable Downspout, who first appears in Feet of Clay, is a surveillance expert for the Watch. Being a gargoyle, he is capable of remaining motionless in one spot and watching for days at a time, a "world champion at not moving" as Vimes once put it. He has no use for money and instead receives his salary in pigeons, which he eats.
Corporal Buggy Swires[edit]
A gnome. Introduced in Jingo (possibly in The Light Fantastic; there was a gnome identified only as Swires), Buggy possesses the hard-nosed, bellicose personality typical of his species, proving able to shout down uncooperative witnesses despite being only six inches tall. He has since established himself as the sole member of the Watch's Airborne Section through his ability to tame various species of bird (most recently a buzzard, acquired from the pictsies for a crate of whisky) to act as transport, for reconnaissance and messaging purposes.
Minor Watchmen[edit]
Special-Constable Andy "Two Swords" Hancock[edit]
Mentioned only in Thud!, Andy Hancock is one of the "Specials", a group of militia men trained by Sergeant Colon. He is described as being an "amiable man with an amiable smile". He fights with two curved Agatean swords and nunchaku, which he calls "Agatean numknuts" (a reference to "numchuks" a common term for the nunchaku in the United States, and a common accident occurring with their untrained use, as well as to the slang insult "numbnuts" meaning "idiot"). He is probably either an extremely competent fighter, or just a wild ninja wannabe. It is stated that he destroyed three practice dummies in thirty minutes. When not practicing, Hancock works for the "Grand Trunk" clacks company, supplying the Watch with information.
Sergeant Stronginthearm[edit]
Dwarf desk sergeant, appearing in The Fifth Elephant and killed just prior to the beginning of Night Watch by the serial killer known as Carcer Dun.
Acting-Constable Cuddy[edit]
Introduced in Men at Arms. The first dwarf recruit who put aside his differences with trolls and became a good friend to Detritus. Killed by Dr. Cruces towards the end of the story. There are overt hints that Carrot may have buried the "gonne" of the story, as well as the book containing the royal lineage, in Cuddy's coffin to keep it safe (and to give Cuddy a good weapon for the afterlife). He also created the special cooling helmet for Detritus.
Constables Flint and Morraine[edit]
Two troll watchmen. Introduced in Men at Arms but only have very minor roles. They were the first two non-watchmen "sworn in" (conscripted) into the Carrot's "Citizen's Militia" by Detritus, using a special troll oath ("I will do what I told, otherwise I get my goohuloog head kicked in."). It is unclear however if these two trolls bear any resemblance to the two trolls, Flint and Morry, in Moving Pictures.
Flint was briefly elevated to sergeant under the tenure of Acting-Captain Fred Colon (promoted to run the watch during the temporary resignations of Carrot and Angua while Vimes, Littlebottom and Detritus were serving as ambassadors to Uberwald in The Fifth Elephant), much to the annoyance of Nobby Nobbs, who had been obviously gunning for the promotion himself.
Lance-Constable Bluejohn[edit]
The Watch's largest Troll officer, Bluejohn is a gentle and retiring troll. He is so big that he is used as the riot shield for the rest of the Watch officers and he is often used during crowd control. This is because, wherever he is sent, he is the crowd. His name is taken from a type of fluorite found in Derbyshire, England.
Corporal Ping[edit]
Introduced in The Fifth Elephant, he has a knack for saying the wrong thing at the wrong time. In the midst of a murder investigation, he takes a moment to inform Commander Sir Samuel Vimes that "ping" is a dialect word, meaning watermeadow. He also appears in Night Watch.
A plain-clothes watchman of the reformed Cable Street Particulars, working in the Ankh-Morpork Opera House during Maskerade. Has not been seen or mentioned since, except indirectly in Feet of Clay, when Carrot writes to his parents that there are now "secret policemen".
Constable Wee Mad Arthur[edit]
Sworn in by Fred Colon during the events of Feet of Clay. He was made a special Watchman for that night. His species is never explicitly stated before the novel, I Shall Wear Midnight, though Detritus refers to him as a "ger-nome". During a fight in the King's Head, in I Shall Wear Midnight, he fights off about thirty members of the Feegle clan from the Chalk, before returning to the Chalk to discover that he is, in fact, a Feegle foundling who was raised by gnomes, much in the same way Carrot was raised by dwarves. He is noted to, like Buggy Swires and other Nac Mac Feegle, have human strength in a six-inch body. After returning from leave in the Chalk, he was instrumental in uncovering the enslavement of Goblins, exercising the use of his newly learned "Crawstep" technique from his time with the Chalk Nac Mac Feegle clan.
The Librarian[edit]
The librarian of the Unseen University is a sentient Orangutan (formerly a human, before being magically transformed, who now communicates using only the word "Ook!")[6] who is one of the Discworld's most frequently recurring characters.[7] Given a badge during the events of Guards! Guards!, he refuses to give the badge back.[8] As a "special constable", he continues to help out the Watch from time to time, such as giving Vimes the book of General Tacticus in Jingo[9] and helping keep a barricade between rioting dwarfs and trolls in Thud![10]
Sergeant "Kipper" Haddock[edit]
Haddock first appeared in Thud! assisting Corporal Nobbs in stopping a fight between a dwarf watchman and a troll watchman. The only description of him in this appearance was that he was "definitely human", as opposed to the "probably human" Nobbs. He is known by the nickname "Kipper" by his fellow Watchmen, and Sam Vimes is comfortable enough with him to openly use the name. He later accompanied Commander Vimes on his trip to the dwarves' mine, but was sent away before reaching it with a message for Lady Sybil. During his off-nights, he works security shifts at the Royal Bank of Ankh-Morpork, where he appeared in Making Money apprehending whom he thought to be a would-be robber (actually Moist von Lipwig) in the vault.
His next appearance was in Unseen Academicals, where he found two of the main characters, Trevor Likely and Mr. Nutt, in need of assistance after a football riot spilled over into a gang fight.
In Snuff, Haddock is part of a diplomatic exchange programme with the City State of Quirm; Here, he is serving with the city watch at the rank of Acting-Captain; it is unclear if this is a reflection of Haddock's abilities per se, the esteem in which the Ankh-Morpork City Watch "Sammies" are held, or simply a function of the exchange programme itself. During these events, Commander Vimes promises his awaited promotion to Sergeant if he can complete a vital task (finding bacon sandwiches at short notice, with the right kind of sauce). Haddock does so, and Vimes signs his promotion on the spot. After this point, Kipper Haddock's location and current duties are unknown.
Lewton appears in the third Discworld computer game, Discworld Noir. Lewton is the Disc's first and only private investigator and a former member of the Ankh-Morpork City Watch, having been banished from it for taking a bribe.
Lewton was once a member of the Ankh-Morpork City Watch (sometime before the books). Commander Sam Vimes had a particular unexplained grudge against him. Lewton met and fell in love with a female archaeologist named Ilsa and seemed to have a happy life; a particular moment fondly remembered was the Hotel Pseudopolis. Life seemed to be going well for Lewton. However, one day, Ilsa left Ankh-Morpork for unexplained reasons and this drew Lewton into a depression. He spent countless days drinking and drinking. During these hard times, Lewton took a bribe which ended in him being permanently excluded from the Watch. A few years later, Lewton decided to pick himself up, forget about Ilsa and the rest of his past and start a new life. He became a Private Investigator. However, he rarely got any cases.
When Carlotta Von Uberwald came into his life, Lewton's life changed forever. She gave him the Mundy Case and although Lewton didn't know it, she used him as a puppet in order to find Mundy (of whom she said was her lover but he was really an informant for her cult). After discovering this they argued, and during this argument Carlotta kissed and bit Lewton, turning him into a werewolf (or some variant type, several of which are named or referenced in the books themselves). Using his new wolf abilities, Lewton managed to put a stop to Carlotta's cult's plans and save Ankh-Morpork from being consumed by a giant "god of destruction".
While he was working on the Mundy Case, Ilsa came back to his life and it looked like they were going get back together, but much like with Casablanca's ending, at the end of the game Lewton watches her fly away in the Disc's first airplane.
Former Members[edit]
Findthee Swing[edit]
Captain Swing is the head of the Unmentionables in the Ankh-Morpork of the past in Night Watch. Swing is mainly remembered for his attempt to control crime by ordering all weapons confiscated, reasoning that this would result in a decline in crime figures, failing to acknowledge that criminals don't obey the law in the first place and would actually greatly enjoy the lack of weapons in society.
He is described as a thin, balding man dressed in a long, old-fashioned black coat with large pockets, and supports himself on an opera cane (which is in reality a swordstick). Swing moves and speaks in an erratic, jumpy fashion, in bursts, and sputters rather than a continuous flow of movement or sound. He is, however, a skilled swordsman, as he does not resort to flashy swashbuckling, but instead actually attacks his opponent.
Swing always carries with him a large set of calipers and a steel ruler, with which he measures the facial characteristics of people he meets in order to determine their personal traits (phrenology). Its reliability is questionable; according to it, Vimes has the eye of a mass murderer (Vimes says he indeed does ... in his other suit), while Carcer's only problem was his environment (most likely all the dead bodies wherever he went).
He is killed by Vimes during the fire at the Unmentionables' headquarters. On arriving at the Great Desert he tries to use his phrenological skills to determine Death's character, only to find that Death has no characteristics he can measure.
The name Captain Swing has long been associated with civil unrest, being the pseudonym of the (possibly mythical) leader of the Swing Riots.
Mayonnaise Quirke and The Day Watch[edit]
Before the merging of the Watches, the Day Watch dealt with all crimes committed during daylight. The only significant Day Watch member mentioned is its captain, "Mayonnaise" Quirke, who first appears in Men at Arms. Quirke is nicknamed "Mayonnaise" by the Night Watch as he is rich, thick, oily, and smells faintly of eggs. In Night Watch he is revealed to be a little bit older than Vimes. He was originally a Corporal in the Night Watch before kicked out by Sergeant-at-Arms John Keel (actually Vimes). He joined the Day Watch shortly afterwards and presumably rose to the rank of captain at the same time as Vimes did. During the events of Men at Arms, he is knocked out by Carrot, who tells his men to leave the city; presumably, Quirke left with them.
71-Hour Ahmed[edit]
A Klatchian warrior who accompanies the Klatchian envoy Prince Khufurah on a diplomatic journey to Ankh-Morpork in the novel Jingo. He speaks with a heavy accent and has a penchant for chewing on cloves. Following an attempt on the prince's life by an unknown assassin, he is suspected of killing the Watch's prime suspect, provoking Vimes and other Watch members to pursue him back to Klatch (Particularly after he captures Angua in werewolf form).
Apart from belonging to a vicious but honorable warrior clan known as the D'regs, he is later revealed to be the Wali of Klatch, a Klatchian equivalent of a watchman on a par with Vimes (Wali is both a play on the British term "Wally", meaning a simpleton or halfwit and an Arabic word equivalent to "magistrate"). It also turns out his obsessive clove-chewing and broken Morporkian are in fact a disguise meant to delude foreigners into falsely assuming he is nothing but an uncivilized barbarian. Like many privileged foreigners, he was sent to the Assassins' Guild as a child on the assumption that he would get an excellent education. He confounds Vimes by his fond memories of Ankh-Morpork, and even Cut-Me-Own-Throat Dibbler. He and Vimes eventually develop a wary respect for each other, mostly based on both of them being basically honest cops in unenviable positions.
He got his nickname after killing a man (guilty of poisoning a well, and killing a number of villagers and very valuable camels) one hour before the end of the traditional D'reg three days of hospitality, during which even your greatest enemy should be shown respect.
Butler to Commander Vimes and Lady Sibyl, Willikins was in his youth a member of the Shamlegger Street Rude Boys street gang (whose skills at street violence were respected even by Sam Vimes) where his weapon of choice was a cap brim sewn with sharpened pennies. In Night Watch it is revealed that he has been in the service of the Ramkin family for most of his life. His only absence from this employment was during the events in Jingo when he joined the army during the war against Klatch, during which he was known to alternate between violently yelling at his men for showing disrespect and then politely apologising to Vimes for their actions. It is implied, and almost certainly true, that he bit a man's nose off during the same war. At some point in his life (almost certainly prior to entering service with the Ramkins), Willikins spent some time in the Tanty (prison), as he explains in Snuff. Willikins' exaggerated deference and circumlocutory manner of speech strongly echo the character Jeeves created by P G Wodehouse.
He has proven himself more than once to be a skilled and ruthless fighter as well as a dutiful butler—sometimes simultaneously: during the events of Thud!, Willikins is surprised by a Deep-Down Dwarf carrying a flamethrower entering the house illegally, and is "forced to defend (himself) with the first thing that came to hand", the 18-inch long sharp serrated-steel ice knife; he also lodged another dwarf on a meathook. It is also revealed in Thud! that Willikins is a member of the "Specials"—The Ankh-Morpork City Militia. However, during the events of Snuff, Willikins goes to great lengths to avoid being involved with the local version of the Watch, claiming it went against his personal grain to be associated with the forces of Law and Order.
John "Mossy" Lawn[edit]
A doctor in Ankh-Morpork. He first appeared in Night Watch, as a backstreet "pox doctor", offering medical assistance to "seamstresses". He had trained in Klatch, where he had learnt techniques other Morporkian surgeons distrusted, but which kept patients alive for longer than it took to pay the bill. He also gave free treatment to those who needed it, including those who had been tortured by the Cable Street Particulars. He is quiet, if a tad sarcastic, and almost unshockable. Following his successful delivery of Young Sam, Samuel Vimes gave him a large area of land in the Goosegate area of the city. In Going Postal this is the Lady Sybil Free Hospital. Dr Lawn's preferred method of dealing with the nursing staff is to throw a handful of chocolates in one direction and run in the other as fast as possible. He claims that, when he dies, he wants a bell left on his gravestone so he can have the pleasure of not getting up when people ring.
- ^ Using a single letter (not really an "initial" since it's the only letter, not the first) as a name is not actually rare. Famous people with single-letter names include the former WBC Light Heavyweight World Champion boxer J. B. Williamson, and the late US President Harry S Truman.
- ^ "Editorial". Discworld Monthly. November 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
- ^ "Meet Rhianna Pratchett - The woman behind the Lara Croft backstory". 6 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
- ^ The Turtle Moves!: Discworld's Story Unauthorized by Lawrence Watt-Evans
- ^ eg in Men at Arms
- ^ Watson, J., Lydon, S. J. and Harrison, N. A. (2001)."A revision of the English Wealden Flora, III: Czekanowskiales, Ginkgoales & allied Coniferales". Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Geology Series), 57(1), 29-82.
- ^ Bancells, Chris (26 April 2011). "Book Review: Unseen Academicals by Terry Pratchett". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ "Interview: Terry Pratchett - author". ABC3. 13 March 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Pratchett, Terry (2001). Guards! Guards!. Harper Collins. pp. 158–159, 183–184. ISBN 9780061020643. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Pratchett, Terry (1999). Jingo. Harper Collins. p. 206. ISBN 9780061059063. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Pratchett, Terry (2006). Thud!. Harper Collins. p. 159ff. ISBN 9780060815318. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
External links[edit]


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Click to viewArtist Scott Weaver spent 35 years working on this toothpick structure of San Francisco, which required 100,000 toothpicks and has a ball that rolls through the entire thing in Rube Goldberg fashion. But perhaps the best part of this is Weaver's sentiment towards the project, when he mentions that he loves to "know that I'm building something that people will see later on that took a long time to build for no reason." The nine-foot-tall creation is called "Rolling Through the Bay" and is currently on display at the Sonoma County Fair in Northern California. [Press Democrat via Laughing Squid]


text:
Graduation Day for CIU Student-Inmates
Graduates will travel to medium- and maximum-security prisons and bring positive change to the culture
Commencement ceremonies are Aug. 27 for a second group of CIU student-inmates who have completed a two-year associate degree program at a Columbia prison.
The 14 graduates are part of the CIU Prison Initiative. The qualified student-inmates take courses on the Old and New Testament, history and English, among other classes. They will be assigned to dormitories in nine medium- and maximum-security prisons across South Carolina, where they will incorporate their spiritual teachings in an effort improve the prison culture. The first group of 15 CIU student-inmates graduated from the program in 2008.
"It is a distinct privilege to have seen these men develop, grow, wrestle, change, and mature as they worked through each course," said Dr. David Osterlund, director of the CIU Prison Initiative. "Men who were in many cases just doing time, now have a motivation and reason for making the most of their time."
The director of the South Carolina Department of Corrections, Jon Ozmint, approached CIU about providing a faith-based curriculum to inmates after visiting a similar program at Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola provided by New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary.
"It was a moving experience in 2008 when the first group of inmates graduated from the CIU program," Mr. Ozmint said. "I was blessed to see the culmination of months of hard work by a number of different people. It was gratifying to see our first graduates head willingly into our prisons to make an impact in the lives of countless individuals and thereby improve the culture in our prisons, and I expect nothing less from this second group of men."


text:
Lincoln Library's Extension Services can help. Our staff delivers books via our book van to senior citizen high rises, retirement communities and individual residences.
If you live in the corporate limits of Springfield and cannot come to Lincoln Library due to age, extended illness, or physical condition, you can receive our services free of charge. Your property taxes support this service. You do not have to be permanently disabled, nor is age a consideration. If you live outside the corporate limits, you may still qualify for service by paying the annual non-resident fee, if you are not served by another library.
The library will bring you books in your favorite subject area. We have best sellers, novels, hard back and paperback books. We have a large selection of romances, westerns, mysteries, inspirational, biographies and general fiction or nonfiction. Audiobook cassettes and compact discs, video tapes, DVDs, and music CDs are also available. In addition, we offer several current magazines. Books and magazines are available in large-print or regular format.
Deliveries are made once every two weeks to homebound or once every four weeks to high rises and retirement communities.
Just call Extension Services at 217-753-4900, ext. 5620. We will be happy to talk with you about our service and set up a convenient routine for delivering books to you.


text:
Website details recovered art treasures stolen by Nazis
The German government has set up a website to provide detailed descriptions for hundreds of art treasures stolen by the Nazis during Hitler's reign and seized from a Munich apartment 21 months ago.
Almost 600 of 1,400 pieces, confiscated from German collector Cornelius Gurlitt, were stolen or bought for small sums from Jewish collectors who were forced to sell, German authorities said. Among the pieces are works by Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso.
Heirs of the Jewish collectors have been pressing the German government for information since the German magazine Focus last week published news of the stash, valued at more than $1 billion. German Chancellor Angela Merkel's spokesman, Steffen Seibert, said this week that the government understood the demands of Jewish groups and art experts that descriptions of the pieces be quickly made public.
Works that appear to have been seized from Jews or others persecuted by the Nazis are being posted on the site lostart.de, although the website was struggling to function Tuesday. "There are simply too many people who want to look at the pictures and that's why we're facing technical problems," said Sabine Kramer from the Lost Art Internet Database.
Descriptions of 25 pieces had been posted, and more will be added, she said.
Among the paintings listed now are Otto Dix's The Woman in the Theater Box, Otto Griebel's Child at the Table, and Max Liebermann's Riders on the Beach.
Two attorneys in Berlin had been searching for five years for the Liebermann, on behalf of the work's heirs. Attorney Jörg Rosbach told the German magazine Der Spiegel that he became enraged when he learned the painting had been seized -- and no one had been notified.
Rosbach called one of the heirs in New York. The next day, David Toren called back. "Our Liebermann was even shown in The New York Times," Toren said, "It used to hang in Uncle David's house, in the room in front of the winter garden."
The Wall Street Journal reported that German Foreign Ministry officials discussed the treasures with U.S. Embassy officials last week. The Journal, citing a person familiar with the talks, said the State Department urged Germany to publish the list of works, eliminate the country's 30-year statute of limitations on stolen art and establish a formal claims process for victims to recover their works.
The discovery of the art stash resulted from an ongoing tax probe of Gurlitt. Not all the pieces have been missing for decades — some were exhibited in New York and San Francisco in 1956, Frankfurt art expert Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung told The Guardian.
"We can well understand that especially Jewish organizations are asking many questions. They represent older people who were treated very badly," Seibert said.
A task force of six experts is being formed to expedite identification of the art and the rightful owners, Seibert said.
Gurlitt had reportedly been holed up in his apartment since news of the find broke last week, but The New York Times reported that Gurlitt was seen leaving his apartment Tuesday in a taxi bound for the airport -- no word on where he was headed.
Contributing: Associated Press


text:
Video History of Original Farmers Market
Learn about the history of the Original Farmers Market and the property on which it sits through a video narrated by 4th generation Gilmore Family member and A.F. Gilmore Company President and CEO. Download our history timeline for more info!
1880: The story begins...
In 1880, A. F. Gilmore and a partner bought two dairy farms in the Los Angeles area. The partners elected to split their holdings ten years later and Mr. Gilmore took control of the large 256-acre ranch, its dairy herd and farmhands at what is now the world famous corner of 3rd & Fairfax. The city, which would eventually surround the property, was still far to the east.
1900: Oil!
When A. F. Gilmore wanted to expand his dairy herd, he started drilling new wells for water. He discovered oil. Quickly, the dairy herd was replaced by a field of oil derricks which remained in place until Los Angeles's boundaries expanded to surround the Gilmore property. Although the rich oil field continued to generate crude, the derricks were no longer permitted on a large scale. (Pictured between the center and right car, father and son, A.F and E.B Gilmore)
The Beginning
Fred Beck & Roger Dahlhjelm wanted to build a "Village" at the corner of 3rd & Fairfax where local farmers could sell their fresh fare. E.B. Gilmore agreed to give it a go. In July 1934, a dozen farmers and a few other merchants parked their trucks at the corner of 3rd & Fairfax and sold their fresh produce from the back of the trucks.
Farmers Market Grows
By October 1934, mere months after it opened, farmers and merchants, including restaurants, grocers and service providers, were moving into permanent stalls and the new Farmers Market was so popular that its founders staged a celebration, the first Fall Festival at Farmers Market.
World Famous
The Clock Tower became an icon of the Farmers Market in 1948. Over the decades, it has become a worldwide symbol of food and fun. This photo of the first tower (which now sits atop Starbucks) features the iconic phrase "An Idea", a humble nod to Fred Beck, Roger Dahlhjelm and the 18 original tenants who helped forever shape the corner of 3rd & Fairfax.
Hollywood's Best Friend
Hollywood and Farmers Market have been best friends for 80 years. During a fundraiser for the Red Cross in 1936, many stars worked behind the counters at Farmers Market shops. Shirley Temple, the nation's top box office draw, drew a large and adoring crowd at Brock's Candies.
Mr. President, the Beatles, Mr. Sinatra
Movie stars shared their affection with Farmers Market with other luminaries. President Dwight Eisenhower admired the peanut butter machine at Magee's Nuts. A few years later, the Beatles visited the same shop (Ringo wrote their Thank You note). The incomparable singer Frank Sinatra palled around with Patsy D'Amore of Patsy's Pizza.
Still Hollywood's Favorite Location
Farmers Market isn't just Hollywood's favorite place to hang out, it's also one of the industry's favorite locations. World renowned chef and TV star Alton Brown and Gordon Ramsay have both used the Market several times for their shows. The HBO hit Entourage closed out its run with a segment at the Market, and late night guru Jimmy Kimmel frequently engages our customers for quirky feature segments.
A Stadium for all seasons
Before the modern sports era began in Los Angeles, the Farmers Market property played a central role in the sporting life of its city. Gilmore Stadium, built in 1934, just before Farmers Market opened, was home field for the L.A. Bulldogs, the city's first professional football team. The stadium also hosted rodeos, boxing matches, swim exhibitions and motorcycle races.
Gilmore Oil Paves & Powers L.A.
In the early 20th century, drilling yielded vast oil reserves on the Gilmore dairy farm where Farmers Market now stands. The A. F. Gilmore Company turned the discovery into Gilmore Oil Company, a major force in the genesis of the automobile culture in L.A. and the West. The Gilmore Oil Company started modestly, but in short order, the property was a field of derricks pumping oil. Most of the petroleum extracted from the land in the early days was used to pave dirt roads across the region.
Fill 'er up
As the automobile became a staple throughout the West, Gilmore Gas stations popped up everywhere and helped fuel drivers' love affair with the automobile. There were more than 1,100 of them that sold only Gilmore products and another 2,400 that sold them along with other brands. The Company's Blu-Green gas pumps had glass containers so customers could see the colored gas flow.
Gilmore the flying lion
E.B. Gilmore hired barnstorming pilot Roscoe Turner to crisscross the nation in a Gilmore sponsored airplane. His co-pilot, Gilmore the flying lion, logged well over 30,000 air miles during their partnership. Gilmore the Lion's journey is chronicled in the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum.
Fall Festival
Fall Festival at Farmers Market has evolved over the years. Back in the day, merchants built their own floats and staged a parade around the Market. The parade doesn't march anymore, but Market merchants still don costumes and dress up their stalls. Kids love pumpkin patches and arts & crafts while everybody enjoys lots of free live music.
Mardi Gras
Farmers Market launched a Mardi Gras celebration in 1989 and it has endured as one of our most rousing parties. Featuring lots of great Cajun, Zydeco and New Orleans rock bands, beads and beer, the weekend party includes Mutti Gras, a costumed pet parade and beauty contest to pick canine Kings & Queens.
Pop, Rock, Country & Jazz at Farmers Market
In the mid-1980s, one of the Market's West Patio merchants thought it would be fun to ask a few local bands to perform on Friday evenings. The idea was so popular that the Market extended it through the summer; several years later, Thursday Night Jazz was added. Both series are free and last all summer long.


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City retirees must vote yes or no on proposal by Friday
By Corey Williams
Associated Press
DETROIT (AP) — The most anticipated vote in Detroit this summer isn't for a city office. Instead, ballots submitted by city retirees could determine how quickly Detroit exits its historic bankruptcy and how much of the financial weight pensioners will bear.
They are being asked to vote "yes" or "no" by Friday on a proposal to cut pensions for non-uniformed retirees by 4.5 percent and erase cost-of-living allowances. The proposal also eliminates some cost-of-living payments for retired police and firefighters.
Voting "no" could result in deeper cuts to pensions for the city's 32,000 retirees and current and former city workers.
Voices urging approval have been loudest and include Gov. Rick Snyder and Detroit emergency manager Kevyn Orr, the proposal's architect. Last month, the General Retirement System and Police and Firefighters Retirement System did the same, saying a "no" vote would lead to deeper cuts to pensions in what is known in bankruptcy as a cram down.
That "would be far worse than the settlement on the table," said Bruce Babiarz, spokesman for retired police and firefighters. "This is a very serious matter and people need to vote in terms of the impact on their pension, their family and their life."
Despite pressure to vote "yes," some retirees have said bankruptcy should not be a reason to break the state constitutional protections of public pensions. They would prefer to take the fight to a higher court, even if Detroit is broke and the pension funds are struggling.
The proposals are part of Orr's restructuring plan for the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history. Orr has said the pension systems have $3.5 billion in unfunded liabilities.
The state, major nonprofit foundations and Detroit auto companies have pledged what over time amounts to $816 million in a "grand bargain" to lessen the impact on pensions and keep city-owned artwork from being sold to help satisfy Detroit's immense debt.
In May, Orr said the "yes" vote among retirees was running about 2-to-1. Bankruptcy Judge Steven Rhodes quickly told the city to stop speaking publicly about the vote.
Cecily McClellan, 61, voted "no," despite what she calls a political-style campaign to sway her and other retirees.
"I've never seen anything like it in my life," said McClellan, who worked 24 years in the city's human services and health departments. "I think this is coercion, intimidation. This is fear-mongering."
Boards of both pension systems sent letters to their members last month reminding those who mailed in ballots early that they can resubmit them before the deadline if their minds have changed. While allowed under the bankruptcy process, it still doesn't sit well with McClellan.
"The letter said if you want to change your vote, then you can change your vote pretty much from a 'no' to a 'yes,'" she said.
Retirees in the two pension systems vote in two separate classes and only are allowed to cast ballots on cuts that impact them. Both classes must approve the plan or the "grand bargain" money to support pensions is off the table. Deeper cuts would be needed to make up that amount, Orr has said.
Each pension system has held meetings for members to explain the voting process and what's at stake.
"At all times we made sure all of our membership knew these were not meetings to tell them how to vote," according to General Retirement System spokeswoman Tina Bassett.
"At the first four meetings, the GRS board had not endorsed the plan. By the last meeting, they had done so."
Time is short for those wanting to revote because a California consulting company hired to tabulate the votes must have them by Friday. Bassett suggested that retirees mail ballots by Monday or Tuesday.
All classes of creditors, including companies owed money by the city and bond insurers, also must vote by Friday on the aspects of Orr's plan of adjustment that affects them.


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My Fish Are Nibbling At My Toes When I Swim. Why Is This Happening And How Can I Stop It?
Holly – Wiggins, CO
While we love hand feeding our fish from time to time, nothing ruins your day faster than taking a dip in your cool refreshing pond water only to be reduced to an overgrown chew toy. No one wants to swim in a pond where they feel they may be next one the menu, so how do you stop your touchy feely finned friends from taste testing you and your friends?
It is common to have the smaller prey fish in your pond try to make a quick meal out of your fingers and toes than their larger predator counterparts. It is a sign that your pond may be imbalanced, creating a shortage of food for your smaller fish. They are simply trying to find a snack wherever possible and that includes your precious phalanges. Keep tabs on your fish population to make sure you have a balanced ratio of 3 prey fish to every predator.
If you have an abundance of smaller fish in the pond you may want to introduce some minnows into the water to give them a quick and easy meal that can be replenished over time. If your pond does have an unbalanced population, investigate why this may be. Make sure you have adequate habitat in the pond for your small fish to hide and mature and if you feel your fish are having trouble finding enough food consider manually feeding them using a quality fish food like Game Fish Grower Fish Food.
If you are not quite sure what or how to feed your fish read our Fish Food Blog. Also for some great tips on adding habitat to your pond click over to our Creating Habitat Blog.
Pond Talk: Do your fish nibble at you when you swim in your pond?
Filed under: Algae Control, Bass, Benefits of Owning, Catfish, Fish, Fish Habitat, Fish Kill, Fish Stocking, Frogs, Goldfish, Koi, Pond & Lake | Tagged: fish, fish nibbling, game, game fish, hungry fish, nibble, nibbling, toes, Trout |


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The Popular Annual Financial Report (PAFR) is a report based on the CAFR. It provides information about the District's financial condition without overwhelming detail and technical accounting terminology. The PAFR provides simplified information at the government-wide level and the major fund level, and includes certain selected statistical information cited in the CAFR.
Fiscal Year
All documents below are PDFs.


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Solvation models are nowadays widespread computational techniques to study solvent effects on energy/geometry/reactivity and properties of very different molecular systems (from small molecules to very large biochemical systems such as proteins and enzymes). Many alternative theoretical models and computational algorithms have been proposed so far; among them, however, two main classes can be identified, namely that using an equivalent description (either quantum-mechanical or classical) for all the components of the system (the solute and the solvent molecules in a dilute solution, the molecules of the different species forming a mixture, etc.), and the other introducing a focused approach, i.e., a hierarchical approach in which the most interesting part of the system is treated at a much more accurate level than the rest. The first class of models include very different approaches going from classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to quantum mechanical (QM) calculations on small-medium clusters and to ab-initio MD simulations on larger sets of molecules. Also the second class of methods include very different approaches which however present the common characteristic of using a partition of the system into a QM and a classical part, generally coinciding with the solute and the solvent respectively, even if clusters formed by the solute and few solvent molecules (those more strongly interacting) can alternatively be defined as the QM part while the rest of the solvent molecules is the classical part. Among these hybrid methods, it is common to distinguish between two main sub-classes. The first one, generally indicated as QM/MM approach, presents many characteristics which are common to classical simulations belonging to the first class of methods, such as the use of force fields to represent the classical part of the system and the necessity to introduce averages on different solute-solvent configurations in order to get a physically and statistically meaningful picture.
In the second sub-class of focused methods, the classical part of the system is represented by a polarizable continuum dielectric. In such models, the QM solute is assumed to be inside a cavity of proper shape and dimension within an infinite continuum dielectric mimicking the solvent. Contrary to the QM/MM approaches, QM/continuum approaches do not need to introduce any force field neither to average on different configurations. The averaged effects of the solvent are in fact automatically introduced in the QM description of the solute (or of its generalized definition including some solvent molecules) in a self-consistent way once the cavity is defined and the macroscopic dielectric properties of the solvent are known.
This tutorial will focus on presenting some of the fundamental concepts and techniques currently used in those solvation methods that introduce a QM description for at least a part of the system (namely the solute or its generalized definition). The presentation will be divided in three parts, devoted to ab-initio MD, QM/MM and QM/continuum approaches, respectively. The presentation of these various parts will follow a step-by-step scheme in which the physical bases of the models come first followed by an analysis of both mathematical and computational aspects and finally by a review on their applications to different physical-chemical problems. In parallel, possible limitations or incompleteness of each approach will be pointed out with indications of future developments.


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A modern British traitor whose actions still hurt us to this day is Harold Wilson.
There is some evidence to suggest, and very strongly, that he was a German agent working for the DVD – DeutscheVertieigingungsDienst – a very secret secret police whose headquarters are still in Dachau. English barrister Michael Shrimpton has frequently written about this agency.
The truth of that matter has yet to be determined beyond reasonable doubt, but what is a recorded fact is that Wilson's government took part in a UNITED NATIONS meeting in Lima in 1975 under the auspices of UNIDO – United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. At this meeting Britain agreed to transfer its industry, industrial finance, machinery, tools and skills to developing countries. Agriculture and fishing would be similarly relinquished. A blind man can see the results of this deliberate dismantling of the British nation and its people.
Every British government since 1975 has been quietly and deliberately dismantling Britain. Jobs are gone. Agriculture has gone. Fishing the same. The great western seaports and the greatest merchant fleet which traded with all the world is gone. We are an 83% net importer of everything that we need as a nation and as individuals to survive. We have only two food importing ports left open and they are owned by the Chinese. There is much more to catalogue.
Whatever you think of the EU; Britain's place in it as a disappearing state, or out of it as a sovereign nation, makes no difference here. While we remain signed up to The Lima Agreement, 1975, we are finished. When you remove that which makes a nation great, that which allows it to survive, then that nation cannot be great and cannot long survive. A tragic, almost comical end to an old song indeed.


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Press Center
Functional Brain Imaging with Cellular Resolution is Topic of Olympus Symposium at Society for Neuroscience Meeting, November 11, 6:30 p.m.
CENTER VALLEY, Pa., November 8, 2013 – Olympus is hosting its fourth annual neuroimaging symposium in conjunction with the 2013 meeting of the Society for Neuroscience (SfN) on Monday, November 11 in San Diego. The Olympus Neuroimaging Symposium will be held near the Convention Center at the San Diego Marriott Marquis and Marina, San Diego Ballroom – Salon A, beginning at 6:30pm. The symposium and reception are open to all media and SfN registered attendees.
The topic of the symposium is Functional Brain Imaging with Cellular Resolution: The New Frontier of Brain Mapping. Speakers will be leading researchers from Dr. Karl Deisseroth's laboratory at Stanford University. Dr. Deisseroth and his colleagues have been pioneers in the field of optogenetics and functional brain mapping, and last year published the new CLARITY method for clearing fixed brain tissue to allow for deep imaging and creation of large-scale neural connectivity maps. The study of fixed-tissue neural networks is vital, and work with fixed maps is critical for an understanding of brain structure. Simultaneously, the function of live neurocircuits can now be probed to provide additional insight into brain processes. The proliferation of optogenetic tools, fast calcium indicators and optical stimulation technologies has allowed optical stimulation and functional mapping of cellular responses across large brain areas. This symposium will focus on new technologies in light of the NIH BRAIN initiatives and discuss recent progress and challenges in functional mapping.
Because space is limited, registration for the symposium is recommended; it takes just a moment. To register for the symposium, visit www.olympusamerica.com/neuro2013. Media members may call Vincent Park at (914) 523-4777 before noon on November 11 to secure a seat in the Press Area during the presentation.
Olympus has a long history of supporting researchers through education and professional development, and this is the fourth time that the company has convened this groundbreaking annual neuroimaging symposium. Olympus will also be exhibiting equipment for neuroscience applications at Booth 1529 at the SfN meeting, including the new FVMPE-RS multiphoton imaging platform, VS120 digital slide scanning system with darkfield, fluorescence, and a new iPad mobile app, IX3® flagship inverted research microscopy imaging platform, FluoView® FV1200 laser scanning confocal microscope system, SCALEVIEW objectives, LV200 luminescence imaging system, FV10i Live self-contained confocal laser scanning microscope system and CellVoyager™ CV1000 spinning disk confocal system.
About Olympus America Inc., Scientific Equipment Group
Olympus America Scientific Equipment Group provides innovative microscope imaging solutions for researchers, doctors, clinicians and educators. Olympus microscope systems offer unsurpassed optics, superior construction and system versatility to meet the ever-changing needs of microscopists, paving the way for future advances in life science.
About Olympus
Olympus is a precision technology leader, designing and delivering innovative solutions in its core business areas: Medical and Surgical Products, Life Science Imaging Systems, Industrial Measurement and Imaging Instruments and Cameras and Audio Products. Olympus works collaboratively with its customers and affiliates worldwide to leverage R&D investment in precision technology and manufacturing processes across diverse business lines. These include:
- Gastrointestinal endoscopes, accessories, and minimally invasive surgical products;
- Advanced research, clinical and educational microscopes and research and educational digital imaging systems;
- Industrial research, engineering, test, inspection and measuring instruments; and
- Digital cameras and voice recorders.
Olympus serves the healthcare field with integrated product solutions and financial, educational and consulting services that help customers to efficiently, reliably and more easily achieve exceptional results. Olympus develops breakthrough technologies with revolutionary product design and functionality for the consumer and professional photography markets, and also is the leader in gastrointestinal endoscopy and clinical and educational microscopes. For more information, visit www.olympusamerica.com.
Olympus, IX, FluoView and VS and are trademarks or registered trademarks of Olympus Corporation, Olympus America Inc. and/or their affiliates.
CellVoyager is a trademark of Yokogawa Electric.
The Olympus VS120, LV200, FV10i, FV1200, FVMPE-RS, and Yokogawa CV1000 are not for clinical diagnostic use in the US.


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As you can almost tell from this picture, Union Station reconstruction is somewhat progressing!
I think the next step might be to replace the dirt pit with grass or maybe even a paved plaza or maybe we keep the dirt pit and get some sweet dune buggies because who wouldn't want to race dune buggies after a long Amtrak trip?
A bunch of trucks parked on the wrong side of the street on First NE.
|Dunbar? More like dun wrong.
View Larger Map
But times, they have changed and now there's yellow lines. Secondly, I'm pretty sure that car traffic doesn't or can't use First NE going in that direction. Maybe drivers will get to use it when Columbus Circle is done, but I'm pretty sure it's just bikes for now. So, there's no other real constituency, and certainly not one that comes frequently enough or is weighty enough, to get these truck drivers to park somewhere else. How will the cycle track impact all this? I don't know.
Turns out that I bike on R Street from First Street NE to 23rd Street NW, which is more than two miles. That's two miles every morning. And I have virtually nothing to say about it.
Roads were a bit slick this morning, so I made sure to go nice and slow. Science suggests that it takes longer to come to a complete stop on a wet road, but science suggests a lot of stuff. Science might as well be called Suggesty Pete. In any case, be careful on wet roads. It would be silly to fall down because you were riding too quickly on a wet road and it would be especially silly to ride into the back of someone or something because you couldn't come to a complete stop. Also silly? Pies to the face.
I see a lot of the same people every day, especially on Massachusetts, and I just want to issue a blanket hello for all the times I haven't said hello when we've passed each other before. It's like we know each other.
Yes, sometimes, I am the guy yelling "stop" at drivers for trying to bully pedestrians out of a crosswalk. They should stop. This happens most frequently near the end of my ride when I'm cranky from the hill climbing and that my ride is nearly over. It's also where drivers tend to be the most jerk-ish about it, so it's really a perfect storm. There are many bad things that people do with their cars and many worse things than this, but inching up on someone trying to get across the street just really rankles me. Car bullies stink.


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mouse macrophage cell line
Posted 05 April 2010 - 06:33 PM
Posted 05 April 2010 - 11:20 PM
Posted 06 April 2010 - 05:28 AM
Posted 07 April 2010 - 02:29 AM
Anyone know of any adherent mouse macrophage cell lines that are relatively easy to work with (in terms of passaging/maintenance)
J774 and RAW 264.7 are very similar. We have used both cell lines in our studies with Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS). They are as rightly stated an "adherent" cell line. HOWEVER...they both stick to TC plastic like superglue and therefore are very hard to trypsinize. Thus researchers generally scrape them as SuMi states. BUT this does reduce the viability of the cells, as scraping damages a large percentage of them.
I have stated many times on this forum about growing them in suspension using Techne Stirrer bottles......100% viability and NO TRYPSINIZATION. Both these cell lines can be grown in the same way. The initial cost of the stirrer bottles and platforms can be outweighed by the cost saving on TC plastics, trypsin and PBS "A" over time.
Hope this is useful
KIndest regards
Uncle Rhombus
P.S. One of our papers...... Moncada et al Biochem.J. (2000) 346, 407-412. Continous exposure to high concentrations of Nitric Oxide leads to a persistent inhibition of oxygen consumption by J774 cells as well as extraction of oxygen by the extracellular medium.
Posted 08 April 2010 - 10:15 PM
rhombus, would you know of any effects on protein expression by growing them in spinner bottles as opposed to flasks? i am conducting a microarray of these cells when stimulated.
thanks for the reference, by the way.
Posted 09 April 2010 - 02:48 AM
strange, i obtained my cells from the ECACC (through Sigma Aldrich) and in their description of the cell line they state that it is semi adherent...you can look it up on the sigma website, the cell line is j774.2 mouse macrophage.
rhombus, would you know of any effects on protein expression by growing them in spinner bottles as opposed to flasks? i am conducting a microarray of these cells when stimulated.
thanks for the reference, by the way.
I used to produce Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) enzyme by inducing them with Interferon Gamma and LPS. This was used for drug screening in a large pharmacuetical company. I induced the J774.1 (ATCC TIB 67) in stirrer bottles and found that I could produce more enzyme that way.....also in a very small footprint i.e. I would have had to seed 50 T175cm flasks to achive tthe same amount of enzyme, taking up a full incubator in the process.
If you are doing Gene Microarrays then my guess is that you would get slightly different array profiles. The main reason for this is that the cells are grown in suspension and are therefore exposed to "shear Stresses" that cells grown adherently are not. However I would say that the precursors of macrophages (leukocytes) travel in the blood in suspension. Differentiated macrophages normally are found in tissues engulfing foreign matter. Thus which is more relevant......suspension or non suspension? Which cellular model is correct. I would suggest looking at both.
Sorry another refernce for you from our group:-
Moncada et al Biochem&Biophys. Resarch communications 221 37-41 (1996): Visualisation of Nitric Oxide by Activated Murine Macrophages.
Kindest regards
Uncle Rhombus