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Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering
versión On-line ISSN 2309-8775
versión impresa ISSN 1021-2019
J. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol.55 no.3 Midrand ene. 2013
Causes of delay in road construction projects in Malawi
M J Kamanga; W J v d M Steyr
A study was conducted to identify the causes of delay in completing road construction projects in Malawi. A literature review was done which yielded 72 typical causes of delay, and a questionnaire was sent to client, contractor and consultant representatives in Malawi. The results were analysed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficients, which indicated that the top ten causes of delay in Malawi are: shortage of fuel, insufficient contractor cash-flow, shortage of foreign currency for importation of materials and equipment, slow payment procedures adopted by the client in making progress payments, insufficient equipment, delay in relocating utilities, shortage of construction materials, delay in paying compensation to land owners, shortage of technical personnel, and delay in site mobilisation. The causes of delay are significant and should be given attention by client organisations, consultants and contractors to enable the timely completion of projects in future. It should also be noted that most of the causes of delay are not unique to Malawi, and have been observed in other southern African countries such as South Africa, Botswana and Swaziland. Recommendations are made to prevent similar causes of delay in future.
Keywords: road construction delay, Relative Importance Index, delay causes, fuel shortage, inadequate cash-flow
Since the advent of multi-party democracy in Malawi in 1994, the construction industry has experienced a major growth in the number of participants, especially contractors. The construction industry in Malawi, as in most countries, has made a significant contribution to the growth of the economy through infrastructure development and job creation, apart from the multiplier effects on other sectors of the economy.
The contractors and consultants have varying experience, capabilities and management skills, all of which have a major impact on the completion times of construction projects. The growth in the number of these players in the industry has not seen a corresponding improvement in the timely delivery of projects, although with more contractors and consultants, there is increased competition among themselves and the clients have a greater variety of service providers from which to select. The construction industry in Malawi is now at a stage where most contractors, both emerging as well as long established, can hardly deliver their projects on schedule, not to mention failing to perform all together. This failure to deliver road projects on time annoys both clients and road users who expect to benefit from the completed roads. This state of affairs is undesirable to both the contractors and clients, as it is costly for both parties and has the potential to trigger disputes whose resolution is time-consuming and expensive.
Construction delays are often responsible for turning profitable projects into loss-making ventures (Sweis et al 2008). While delays are endemic in the construction industry, this need not be so. The consequences of these delays, which include cost overruns, loss of profits, increased overheads, stress, acrimony between parties, litigation and loss of opportunities because resources are tied up in delayed projects, warrant a study of this nature. The first step in correcting this anomaly is to identify the root causes of the delays so that corrective measures can be devised. Project managers will then be in a better position to monitor and control their plans. Projects that are on track give implementers satisfaction and stress-free hours of work, as they know that they are in control of their projects. All stakeholder (contractors, consultants, clients and others) should benefit from the findings of this study.
It appears that it has become the norm rather than the exception for road construction projects in Malawi to experience delay. Ellis and Thomas (2003) argue that a significant annoyance to the public is when important projects are not completed in a timely manner and when the actual construction work takes longer than necessary, thereby prolonging the inconvenience. Apart from inconveniencing road users, various studies (Al-Khalil & Al-Ghafly 1999; Ahmed et al 2002; Aibinu & Jagboro 2002; Assaf & Al-Hejji 2006) have shown that a delay usually leads to cost overruns and disputes, and negatively impacts the economic feasibility of such projects. Projects that are delayed are not just costly for the contractor and client, but also for other stakeholders. The cost of deprived benefits to the users, which by definition is higher than the cost of the project, is a major result of construction delays (Malotaux 2009).
The objectives of this paper are to document:
■ The range of identified causes of delay in completing road construction projects in Malawi
■ The most important causes of delay in road construction projects in Malawi
■ Identified differences in perception of contractors, consultants and clients regarding causes of delay in delivering projects by the intended completion date.
This paper thus answers the following three questions:
■ What are the general causes of delay in road construction projects in Malawi?
■ What are the most important causes of delay in road construction projects in Malawi?
■ What are the perceptions of contractors, consultants and clients regarding the causes of delay in delivering these projects by the intended completion date?
Theories on the causes of delay in construction projects and methods used to develop the theories have been presented by various researchers (Mansfield et al 1994; Assaf & Al-Hejji 2006; Odeh & Battaineh 2002; Aibinu & Jagboro 2002; Tumi et al 2009). Most of these researchers based their research on reviews of publicly available literature. Others researchers (Mansfield et al 1994; Othman et al 2006; Aibinu & Jagboro 2002) based their theories on a combination of literature reviews (publicly available literature) and project files of completed projects or projects in progress to determine construction time performance. The third procedure (Al-Tabtabai 2002; Assaf & Al-Hejji 2006) was based on field visits to construction sites where discussions were held with some parties in the construction industry.
After the literature review and, in some cases discussions with parties on project sites, the identified causes of construction delay were tabled into a questionnaire which was completed by consultants, contractors and clients. Seventy-two causes of delay were identified, and they were divided into six categories related to consultants, clients, contractors, projects, resources and external causes. Analysis of the completed questionnaires indicated that the top three causes of delay are improper planning or lack of planning (Chan & Kumaraswamy 1997; Odeh & Battaineh 2002; Al-Tabtabai 2002; Tumi et al 2009; Mansfield et al 1994; Assaf & Al-Hejji 2006; Ogunlana et al 1996), variations (Chan & Kumaraswamy 1997; Mansfield et al 1994; Assaf & Al-Hejji 2006; Sullivan & Harris 1985; Ellis & Thomas 2003; Ahmed et al 2002) and changed site (ground) conditions (Chan & Kumaraswamy 1997; Acharya et al 2006; Mansfield et al 1994; Sullivan & Harris 1985; Ellis & Thomas 2003; Vidalis & Najafi 2002). The information obtained from these studies form an integral part of the questionnaire used for the present study.
The Relative Importance Index (RII) (Equation 1) is a favourite method for ranking causes of delay (Chan & Kumaraswamy 1997; Aibinu & Jagboro 2002; Odeh & Battaineh 2002; Al-Tabtabai 2002). It is used to rank the different causes of delays from the perspective of clients, consultants, contractors and other stakeholders.
i = response category index for 1 (never), 2 (rare), 3 (occasional), 4 (frequent) and 5 (continual)
W = the weight assigned to the ith response = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively
Xi = frequency of the ith response given as a percentage of the total responses for each cause.
The indices for the causes are ranked for each group. The cause with the highest index is the most important, while that with smallest number is the least important. Spearman's rank correlation is a relationship measure among different parties or factors and the strength and direction of the relationship (Assaf & Al-Hejji 2006). This study uses Spearman's rank correlation to show the level of agreement between any two parties (Equation 2).
rs = Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
d = the difference in ranking between any two parties
n = the number of factors
The correlation coefficient varies between +1 and -1, where +1 implies a perfect positive relationship (agreement), while -1 results from a perfect negative relationship (disagreement). Sample estimates of correlation close to unity in magnitude imply good correlation, while values near zero indicate little or no correlation (Assaf & Al-Hejji 2006).
Self-administered surveys were used and questionnaires were delivered to participants by post, e-mail and in person. Participants filled in the questionnaires in their own time without any assistance from the researcher. This approach removes any undue pressure from the respondents and gives them the freedom to fill in the questionnaire as truthfully as possible, unlike one-on-one interviews, where interviewees may be influenced by the interviewer's attitude. The study started with a literature review, followed by identification of the survey participants. A questionnaire was developed for data collection, focused on the defined research questions. The study participants (population) comprised engineers working at the Malawi Roads Authority (client organisation), consultants (highway engineers and team leaders) who have been supervising road works and contractors (contracts managers, site agents and managing directors) who have been involved in the actual construction of roads.
The client for this study is the Malawi Roads Authority, which is headquartered in Lilongwe, Malawi's capital city. The Roads Authority is a natural choice as the client, considering that almost all road construction projects in Malawi are administered by them. They also have regional offices in the three regions of the country. Questionnaires were sent to senior managers/engineers at the headquarters as well as at regional offices.
Other questionnaires were sent to team leaders or highway engineers of consultants who have been involved in the design and supervision of contracts administered by the Roads Authority. The third set of questionnaires was sent to managing directors, contracts managers and site agents of contractors who have been involved in roads projects under the Roads Authority.
Of the 29 questionnaires distributed to the Roads Authority, 13 were returned (response rate of 44.8%). Since the Malawi construction industry is quite small, there are also a few consulting firms that are involved in the supervision of projects administered by the Roads Authority. Of the 27 questionnaires that were distributed to them, 12 were returned (44% response rate). For contractors, those with more than two years' experience working with the Roads Authority were randomly sampled since there are a large number of these stakeholders - 43 questionnaires were sent out and 20 were returned (response rate of 46.5%).
A combination of three methods was used to analyse the data:
■ Relative Importance Index (RII)
■ Spearman's rank correlation
■ Probability values (p-values).
The association between the ranking of parties is verified by a hypothesis testing at 95% significance (thus α = 5%) (Odeh & Battaineh 2002). The p-value is the probability of observing a sample value as extreme as, or more extreme than, the value actually observed, given that the null hypothesis is true. The p-value is then compared to the significance level (α), and on this basis the null hypothesis is either rejected or not rejected. If the p-value is less than the significance level, the null hypothesis is rejected (p-value et al 2008).
A complete set of the survey results is shown in Table 1. Analysing the data from the viewpoints of the three major stakeholder types, the following are observed:
Clients' viewpoints
The top five causes of delay identified by clients are:
■ Shortage of fuel (RII = 0.904)
■ Insufficient equipment (RII = 0.865)
■ Insufficient contractor cash-flow/difficulties in financing projects (RII = 0.827)
■ Delays in paying compensation to land owners (RII = 0.827)
■ Shortage of technical personnel (RII = 0.813).
Consultants' viewpoints
The top five causes of delay identified by consultants are:
■ Insufficient contractor cash-flow/difficulties in financing projects (RII = 0.813)
■ Slow payment procedures adopted by the client in making progress payments (RII = 0.792)
■ Shortage of fuel (RII = 0.792)
■ Shortage of foreign currency (importation of materials and equipment) (RII = 0.792)
■ Delay in relocating utilities (RII = 0.792).
Contractors' viewpoints
The top five causes of delay identified by the contractors are:
■ Shortage of fuel (RII = 0.863)
■ Insufficient contractor cash-flow/difficulties in financing projects (RII = 0.825)
■ Slow payment procedures adopted by the client in making progress payments (RII = 0.813)
■ Shortage of foreign currency (importation of materials and equipment) (RII = 0.800)
■ Price escalation (RII = 0.763).
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Table 2 shows the values of correlation coefficients among the parties and their corresponding p-values. These values show that there is a positive correlation between client and consultant, with a correlation of 0.601 and a corresponding p-value of 0.09 (greater than the level of significance, α = 0.05), therefore there is no significant relationship between causes of delay ranked by client and consultants. Similarly, there is a positive correlation of 0.503 between client and contractors and a p-value of 0.13, an indication of insignificant relationships between causes of delay ranked by these two respondent groups. The correlation coefficient between consultants and contractors is also positive, but their corresponding p-value is greater than 0.05, denoting an insignificant relationship between causes of delay ranked by consultants and contractors.
Since all three p-values in Table 2 are greater than the significance level (α = 0.05), the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.
All respondents' viewpoints
The combined views of all three parties to the survey are shown in Table 3. They show that five out of ten causes of delay are linked to shortage of resources. These results also show that the causes of delay ranked by the consultants did not contribute to the top ten causes of delay.
Some of the results in Table 3 are very similar to those obtained by researchers in South Africa, Botswana and Swaziland. An exploratory study of problems facing small-scale contractors in the North West province of South Africa conducted by Thwala and Phaladi (2009) revealed that government was not paying on time. Lack of capital and difficulty in arranging guarantees, as well as lack of technical skills, were cited as other problems facing small-scale contractors. Four listed construction companies downed tools on 23 road contracts in the Free State because of non-payment of hundreds of millions of rand (Carte 2012).
A study of the current challenges and problems facing small and medium-sized contractors in Swaziland (Thwala & Mvubu 2008) also showed that slow payment and non-payment by government after a government project has been completed is common, leading to many construction firms suffering financial ruin and bankruptcy. Just like in Malawi, contractors in Swaziland also experience inadequacy in technical and managerial skills required for project implementation. Lack of resources also hampers effective delivery of large or complex projects in Swaziland.
Delays in payment for completed works has been cited as being among the top five key factors responsible for time delays of large construction projects in Botswana by Mathumo (2012). The other factors include poor project management skills, poor planning and lack of skilled subcontractors. Another study on delays in completion of building construction projects in the Botswana public sector by medium and large contractors reveals that poor management is the biggest cause of delays (Joseph 2004).
This study was aimed at finding the causes of delay in road construction projects in Malawi. Seventy-two causes of delay were extracted from the literature on the subject. The seventy-two causes of delay were divided into six categories related to consultants, client, contractors, projects, resources and external. A questionnaire based on these causes of delay was sent to the client, consultant and contractor representatives. The collected data were analysed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. From this study a collective analysis of all three groups show that among the top ten causes of delay, five are related to resource shortages, two are contractor related, two are related to external factors, while one is client related. It was observed that there is no project-related or consultant-related delay factors among the top ten causes of delay, which are:
1. Shortage of fuel.
2. Insufficient contractor cash-flow/difficulties in financing projects.
3. Shortage of foreign currency for importation of materials and equipment.
4. Slow payment procedures adopted by the client in making progress payments.
5. Insufficient equipment.
6. Delay in relocating utilities.
7. Shortage of construction materials such as bitumen, cement and steel.
8. Delay in paying compensations to land owners.
9. Shortage of technical personnel.
10. Delay in site mobilisation.
On the basis of these findings, the following recommendations are made (each bullet refers to one of the top ten causes of delay listed):
■ Shortage of fuel hinges on the shortage of foreign currency used for the importation of fuel and other goods not available in the country. The country must increase its exports, and at the same time reduce its imports to enable its balance of trade to be in favour of exports.
■ Insufficient contractor cash-flow/difficulties in financing projects develop either as a lack of liquidity on the part of the contractor and/or client delays in making progress payments. Assaf and Al-Hejji (2006) recommend that contractors should manage their financial resources and plan cash-flow by utilising progress payment. Contractors should ensure that the advance payment is used to finance project activities. The contractor can be paid on time if a clause is introduced in the contract whereby the client is required to pay the contractor the amount certified in an interim payment certificate within seven calendar days of the date of issue of the payment certificate, as is the case with the Joint Building Contracts Committee (JBCC) Series 2000 Principal Building Agreement. The client should not award a contract to the contractor when the client does not have adequate finances to execute the project. Mansfield et al (1994) recommend that clients should ensure that adequate funds are available before projects are started, so that contractors can be paid in accordance with the contract agreement. The FIDIC Multilateral Development Bank Harmonised Edition (2010) requires the employer to give the contractor evidence that it has access to or has the funds necessary to pay the contract price. Clause 2.4 reads in part "The Employer shall submit, before the Commencement Date and thereafter within 28 days after receiving any request from the contractor, reasonable evidence that financial arrangements have been made and are being maintained which will enable the Employer to pay the Contract Price punctually (as estimated at that time) in accordance with Clause 14 [Contract Price and Payment]. Before the Employer makes any material change to his financial arrangements, the Employer shall give notice to the Contractor with detailed particulars." Mansfield et al (1994) further recommend that comprehensive economic analysis and workable financial plans should be prepared before contracts are awarded.
■ While it is common practice for contracts to include a performance guarantee clause, there should also be a payment guarantee clause so that if a duly issued payment certificate is not paid within the stipulated period, the contractor may demand his payment from the guarantor.
■ In most contracts funded by development partners there is a currency split provision for paying the contractor in more than one currency. The contractor should, when tendering, assess his foreign currency requirement for importation of materials and equipment and factor it into the currency split. As for contracts funded by local resources, government must put in place policies that encourage export growth that will generate foreign currency for the country. The government should also create an economic climate that will see the country importing only those goods and services that are not locally available, thereby reducing the outflow of foreign currency.
■ The inclusion of a clause in the contract, as is the case with the Joint Building Contracts Committee (JBCC) Series 2000 Principal Building Agreement (PBA) (2007), requiring that the employer (client) shall pay to the contractor the amount certified in an interim payment certificate within seven calendar days of the date of issue of the payment certificate, should considerably quicken payment procedures. Another clause should be introduced in the contract requiring the client to pay interest to the contractor for delaying his payment.
■ Contractors should consider buying their own equipment from the proceeds of their contracts. There is an opportunity for investors to set up private plant and equipment hire organisations. Local investors can also invite international investors to invest in plant and equipment hire organisations, since there is a shortage of equipment in the country.
■ Utility organisations should be involved at the planning stage so that there is coordination and cooperation in locating and relocating these services before construction works start. Goodrum et al (2009) recommend the establishment of utility corridors and systematic location of facilities. They further recommend avoiding the need to relocate many utility lines by collecting and mapping underground utility data that was primarily unknown, using subsurface utility engineering early in the design phase. Utility organisations should produce accurate and clear as-built drawings to provide utility location information.
■ Concerted efforts should be directed towards research and development in the use of local materials. In order to encourage international contractors and investors to undertake greater foreign direct investment in such areas as materials development and production, it is necessary for the host government to relax 'interventionist monetary policies' and other strict economic measures (Mansfield et al 1994). This incentive will enable the local currency to find its true value in the free market, and thereby curtail excessive price fluctuations associated with imported construction materials, equipment and other plant items.
■ At the planning stage, people whose properties would be affected by the construction works should be identified and compensations agreed with the property owners. After compensations have been agreed, they should be paid so that the affected people can relocate well in advance of the commencement of the construction works.
■ All three parties (client, consultant and contractor), should put in place policies that will help them retain their valuable human resources, thereby reducing their high staff turnover. The parties should conduct continuous training programmes to improve the competency of personnel carrying out designs, supervision and construction at all levels, not just at the top, but all the way down to craftsmen and casual workers. There is an urgent need for offering training courses in scheduling, time and cost control, information systems, and management of human resources (Odeh & Battaineh 2002). Project personnel should also be trained in critical chain project scheduling.
■ Most contracts stipulate the time frame within which a contractor should mobilise. The consequences of failing to mobilise must also be detailed, and include cancellation of contract.
The invaluable contribution to this work of the Chief Executive Officer of the Roads Authority (Malawi), Engineer Paul Kulemeka, and his entire team of engineers, as well as the contractors and consultants who participated in the survey is gratefully acknowledged.
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Contact details:
Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria
Lynnwood Road
Pretoria, South Africa, 0002
PO Box 40326 Lilongwe 4 Malawi
E: email@example.com
Contact details:
Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria
Lynnwood Road
Pretoria, South Africa, 0002
E: email@example.com
MOSES KAMANGA obtained a Diploma in Civi Engineering in 1998 and a BSc in Civi Engineering in 2006, both from the University of Malawi, and an MSc in Project Management in 2013 from the University of Pretoria. He has considerable experience in construction management, contract management anc oroject management. He has worked for construction companies as a site agent and contracts manager, for a consulting firm as a highway engineer and for the Government of Malawi as a project officer. Now he is a project manager at Mtalimanja Holdings Limited.
PROF WYNAND STEYN is a professiona pavement engineer with a research interest in vehicle-pavement interaction, accelerated pavement testing and pavement materials and nstrumentation. He obtained a PhD in Civi Engineering from the University of Pretoria in 2001. He spent 19 years working at the CSIR in various positions and is currently Associate Professor of civil engineering (focusing on road pavement-related subjects) at the University of Pretoria. His professional activities include academic and ndustry research in the areas of pavement engineering, vehicle-pavement interaction and pavement materials. He is the author and co-author of 13 journal papers, 13 book chapters and 59 conference papers.


text:
Talk:Arab American
From Conservapedia
We are not going to create a crisis where there is none. If you believe the 15% increase in reported cases is significant, then get data showing the numbers. I think you will find it amounts to 10 or 15 more complaints. If you have information to the contrary, then we will consider it then, but it is not our intention to parrot articles targeting how horrible America is when our country responded with incredible tolerance and should be praised. Learn together 17:33, 11 June 2008 (EDT)
- I think we should report the data and not our (or in this case: your personal) interpretation of said data. Saying that the increase in violence was 15% in one year is encyclopedic style. Removing said data and inserting "Incidents of harassment were up slightly from year to year" is personal interpretation and too vague.
- Additionally, your other sentence is purely unencyclopedic:
- After the horrible events of Sept. 11, 2001, Arab-Americans braced for the worst, but thankfully the fears of heavy reprisals did not come as the vast majority of America realized they were not to blame.
- Let's see... The horrible events! But thankfully the fears of heavy reprisal (what is light reprisal, what is heavy?) did not come! ...wait, what? The fears did not come? I think you wanted to say that the heavy reprisal did not come or that the fears did not come true (not that you supplied with a source for either claim), and as the article pointed out, there was a 15% increase in violence. If you think that's insignificant, that's a fairly bold position, and you better justify it with some hard data. If it was an increase from 20 to 23 cases, we could talk, but I somehow don't think we're talking about such small scales here. Until you provide proof for the insignificance of hard numbers, the hard numbers are more trustworthy than your opinion. And lastly, the vast majority of America realized they were not to blame... awwwwwww... too bad you failed to provide a source for your truly heartwarming tale. From what I remember and saw, things had been fairly tense, and opinions in America ranged from "We should not act hastily" to "Everybody looking anything like an Arab is the enemy". So making such bold claims about the "vast majority" of such a widely diverse and torn group really needs a trustworthy citation.
- Your edit might be suitable for an opinion column, but an encyclopedia should stick to the facts and to hard numbers. Opinions and consciously vague and uncited claims do not belong into the article. --JamesM 18:41, 11 June 2008 (EDT)
- Provide numbers and we'll talk. Until then you're swinging in the breeze. I've seen general numbers on hate crimes and Arabs have been a very small part of that. 300 million people in America caused how many Arab deaths? It's not hard to do the math. Compare that to the countries they came from. Think they were used to enduring a little bit more? When Americans respond in a favorable way, we don't think it's necessary to spin it into a negative. Go somewhere else for that. Learn together 19:03, 11 June 2008 (EDT)
- From a 2005 article, "At the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, about 980 charges alleging post-9/11 backlash discrimination have been filed through June 11 since the 2001 attacks. Most involved firing and alleged harassment; the EEOC specifically tracks "backlash" cases, where employees claim discrimination relating to 9/11.
- Likewise, religious bias charges are higher today than before 9/11. From Sept. 11, 2001, through June 11, the EEOC received 2,168 charges of discrimination based on an employee's Muslim religion. That compares with 1,104 such charges in the same time span before the attacks." --Jareddr 19:08, 11 June 2008 (EDT)
- (reply to "Learn together", choosing different indent level than the reply above) .......................wow. I'm absolutely horrified by the insane hoops I need to go through just to show that hard numbers are better than your whitewashed and completely uncited fairytale. Not even to mention that you really try to play down anti-Arab-American violence in any way possible (ratio of dead Arabs per US citizen, claiming how they're still better off in the US and apparently shouldn't complain about a rise in violence). Yeah, whatever then. One would think that the burden of proof would be on the guy who makes up vague claims and removes hard numbers, but your reply reads as if I'm the one making uncited opinion claims. But I guess you're the sysop (for whatever reason), so I'm wrong until I can fulfill your absolutely arbitrary requirements - even if my edit had facts and sources and yours didn't. I think I'll really consider going somewhere else if that's how this site works. --JamesM 19:17, 11 June 2008 (EDT)
- I'm removing the whitewash. Bye Bye -- If you can't see that America did a good job in the post 9/11 world, that's your concern. As for here, we'll stay with reality. I could see why you didn't want to post the numbers though. 140 extra issues per year, with a 15% increase would mean 20 extra issues over what was previously reported. In a nation of 300 million there was actually more than 1 extra case per month! Obviously a cause for great alarm! ;-) Learn together 02:40, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- According to the article above, LT, in the time period from 9/11/01-7/11/05 there was a nearly 100% increase in the reports of employee discrimination based on religion from the same time period before 9/11. --Jareddr 11:09, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- Learn Together,
- If he has numbers, than you should look at them. Also, He did nothing to deserve getting blocked. You can't just block anyone who disagrees with you. We don't (supposedly) do ideological blocks here.
- To the other guys,
- Could you please provide a source for your numbers?
- --Tim (CPAdmin1)talk Vote in my NEW polls 11:18, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- Mine was from a USA Today article, but I've actually got better statistics that I'm going to be posting in the article now, from the U.S. Department of Justice. We're not talking a 15% increase, but a 1600% increase from 2000-2001.--Jareddr 11:21, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- Arab American <> Islam. . Learn together 12:05, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- Most Arabs are Christian. - > Do you mean Arab Americans? either way, do you have a source? AliceBG 12:08, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- I believe it was Newsweek. But aren't you ignoring what was stated above? Or do you believe they are synonymous? Learn together 12:12, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- No, of course Arab and Muslim are not synonymous. After all, Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population, as everybody knows, and there are many Coptic and other Orthodox (and atheist) Arabs. But I'd be pretty surprised to find out that most Arabs are Christian, so let us know where that comes from.AliceBG 12:22, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- We were dealing with Arabs in America. Are there any other semantic tangents you need to go off on? Learn together 12:49, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- If we're "dealing with Arabs in America" then you could have been more specific than to write "Most Arabs are Christian." AliceBG 12:52, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- No, of course Arab and Muslim are not synonymous. After all, Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population, as everybody knows, and there are many Coptic and other Orthodox (and atheist) Arabs. But I'd be pretty surprised to find out that most Arabs are Christian, so let us know where that comes from.AliceBG 12:22, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
- I believe it was Newsweek. But aren't you ignoring what was stated above? Or do you believe they are synonymous? Learn together 12:12, 12 June 2008 (EDT)
Myths about Muslims in America?
Why is this in an article about Arab-Americans? The majority of Arab-Americans are Christian. Also, most Muslims aren't Arab. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by JasonNYC (talk)
- I am for deleting the section about myths.--Jpatt 14:54, 30 May 2012 (EDT)
- I see nothing wrong in it! --Joaquín Martínez 16:28, 30 May 2012 (EDT)
- I was hoping you'd comment since I know you worked hard on this article. The question isn't it's accuracy but whether this is the proper place for such a section. That article is about Arab-Americans, the majority of which are Christian. The section concerns myths about Muslims or more exactly Muslim-Americans (many of whom aren't Arab). For example, the claim that there were Muslims in America before the formation of the USA. Looking at the reference, Rauf is talking about the fact that some black slaves were Muslim. We aren't even talking about Arab or Arab-Americans anymore. I think there is a general confusion about Arabs and Muslims in many people mind. Some don't realize that these two groups aren't the same. Putting this section in this article continues the confusion. JasonNYC 17:00, 30 May 2012 (EDT)
- Indeed, that is the point. It is necesary because there is a confusion about Arabs and Muslims. Instead of moving out that section perhaps it will be useful to explain what you have explained before. How about that? --Joaquín Martínez 21:45, 30 May 2012 (EDT)
- Yes, that's a good idea. The article does say that 75% of Arab-Americans are Christian. Perhaps a paragraph explaining the confusing in many people's mind between Arab and Muslim. That might lead to a link to Muslim American which, when it is created, might be a better place for the two sections on Muslims that are in this article. What do you think? JasonNYC 21:53, 30 May 2012 (EDT)
- Please, go ahead. --Joaquín Martínez 22:01, 30 May 2012 (EDT)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Esto es grandioso, tomemos el ejemplo. Hecho en México
Artículo de revista Wired
How a Radical New Teaching Method Could Unleash a Generation of Geniuses
- 10.15.13
José Urbina López Primary School sits next to a dump just across the US border in Mexico. The school serves residents of Matamoros, a dusty, sunbaked city of 489,000 that is a flash point in the war on drugs. There are regular shoot-outs, and it's not uncommon for locals to find bodies scattered in the street in the morning. To get to the school, students walk along a white dirt road that parallels a fetid canal. On a recent morning there was a 1940s-era tractor, a decaying boat in a ditch, and a herd of goats nibbling gray strands of grass. A cinder-block barrier separates the school from a wasteland—the far end of which is a mound of trash that grew so big, it was finally closed down. On most days, a rotten smell drifts through the cement-walled classrooms. Some people here call the school un lugar de castigo—"a place of punishment."
For 12-year-old Paloma Noyola Bueno, it was a bright spot. More than 25 years ago, her family moved to the border from central Mexico in search of a better life. Instead, they got stuck living beside the dump. Her father spent all day scavenging for scrap, digging for pieces of aluminum, glass, and plastic in the muck. Recently, he had developed nosebleeds, but he didn't want Paloma to worry. She was his little angel—the youngest of eight children.
After school, Paloma would come home and sit with her father in the main room of their cement-and-wood home. Her father was a weather-beaten, gaunt man who always wore a cowboy hat. Paloma would recite the day's lessons for him in her crisp uniform—gray polo, blue-and-white skirt—and try to cheer him up. She had long black hair, a high forehead, and a thoughtful, measured way of talking. School had never been challenging for her. She sat in rows with the other students while teachers told the kids what they needed to know. It wasn't hard to repeat it back, and she got good grades without thinking too much. As she headed into fifth grade, she assumed she was in for more of the same—lectures, memorization, and busy work.
Sergio Juárez Correa was used to teaching that kind of class. For five years, he had stood in front of students and worked his way through the government-mandated curriculum. It was mind-numbingly boring for him and the students, and he'd come to the conclusion that it was a waste of time. Test scores were poor, and even the students who did well weren't truly engaged. Something had to change.
He too had grown up beside a garbage dump in Matamoros, and he had become a teacher to help kids learn enough to make something more of their lives. So in 2011—when Paloma entered his class—Juárez Correa decided to start experimenting. He began reading books and searching for ideas online. Soon he stumbled on a video describing the work of Sugata Mitra, a professor of educational technology at Newcastle University in the UK. In the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, Mitra conducted experiments in which he gave children in India access to computers. Without any instruction, they were able to teach themselves a surprising variety of things, from DNA replication to English.
Juárez Correa didn't know it yet, but he had happened on an emerging educational philosophy, one that applies the logic of the digital age to the classroom. That logic is inexorable: Access to a world of infinite information has changed how we communicate, process information, and think. Decentralized systems have proven to be more productive and agile than rigid, top-down ones. Innovation, creativity, and independent thinking are increasingly crucial to the global economy.
And yet the dominant model of public education is still fundamentally rooted in the industrial revolution that spawned it, when workplaces valued punctuality, regularity, attention, and silence above all else. (In 1899, William T. Harris, the US commissioner of education, celebrated the fact that US schools had developed the "appearance of a machine," one that teaches the student "to behave in an orderly manner, to stay in his own place, and not get in the way of others.") We don't openly profess those values nowadays, but our educational system—which routinely tests kids on their ability to recall information and demonstrate mastery of a narrow set of skills—doubles down on the view that students are material to be processed, programmed, and quality-tested. School administrators prepare curriculum standards and "pacing guides" that tell teachers what to teach each day. Legions of managers supervise everything that happens in the classroom; in 2010 only 50 percent of public school staff members in the US were teachers.
The results speak for themselves: Hundreds of thousands of kids drop out of public high school every year. Of those who do graduate from high school, almost a third are "not prepared academically for first-year college courses," according to a 2013 report from the testing service ACT. The World Economic Forum ranks the US just 49th out of 148 developed and developing nations in quality of math and science instruction. "The fundamental basis of the system is fatally flawed," says Linda Darling-Hammond, a professor of education at Stanford and founding director of the National Commission on Teaching and America's Future. "In 1970 the top three skills required by the Fortune 500 were the three Rs: reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1999 the top three skills in demand were teamwork, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills. We need schools that are developing these skills."
That's why a new breed of educators, inspired by everything from the Internet to evolutionary psychology, neuroscience, and AI, are inventing radical new ways for children to learn, grow, and thrive. To them, knowledge isn't a commodity that's delivered from teacher to student but something that emerges from the students' own curiosity-fueled exploration. Teachers provide prompts, not answers, and then they step aside so students can teach themselves and one another. They are creating ways for children to discover their passion—and uncovering a generation of geniuses in the process.
At home in Matamoros, Juárez Correa found himself utterly absorbed by these ideas. And the more he learned, the more excited he became. On August 21, 2011—the start of the school year — he walked into his classroom and pulled the battered wooden desks into small groups. When Paloma and the other students filed in, they looked confused. Juárez Correa invited them to take a seat and then sat down with them.
He started by telling them that there were kids in other parts of the world who could memorize pi to hundreds of decimal points. They could write symphonies and build robots and airplanes. Most people wouldn't think that the students at José Urbina López could do those kinds of things. Kids just across the border in Brownsville, Texas, had laptops, high-speed Internet, and tutoring, while in Matamoros the students had intermittent electricity, few computers, limited Internet, and sometimes not enough to eat.
"But you do have one thing that makes you the equal of any kid in the world," Juárez Correa said. "Potential."
He looked around the room. "And from now on," he told them, "we're going to use that potential to make you the best students in the world."
Paloma was silent, waiting to be told what to do. She didn't realize that over the next nine months, her experience of school would be rewritten, tapping into an array of educational innovations from around the world and vaulting her and some of her classmates to the top of the math and language rankings in Mexico.
"So," Juárez Correa said, "what do you want to learn?"
In 1999, Sugata Mitra was chief scientist at a company in New Delhi that trains software developers. His office was on the edge of a slum, and on a hunch one day, he decided to put a computer into a nook in a wall separating his building from the slum. He was curious to see what the kids would do, particularly if he said nothing. He simply powered the computer on and watched from a distance. To his surprise, the children quickly figured out how to use the machine.
Over the years, Mitra got more ambitious. For a study published in 2010, he loaded a computer with molecular biology materials and set it up in Kalikuppam, a village in southern India. He selected a small group of 10- to 14-year-olds and told them there was some interesting stuff on the computer, and might they take a look? Then he applied his new pedagogical method: He said no more and left.
Over the next 75 days, the children worked out how to use the computer and began to learn. When Mitra returned, he administered a written test on molecular biology. The kids answered about one of four questions correctly. After another 75 days, with the encouragement of a friendly local, they were getting every other question right. "If you put a computer in front of children and remove all other adult restrictions, they will self-organize around it," Mitra says, "like bees around a flower."
A charismatic and convincing proselytizer, Mitra has become a darling in the tech world. In early 2013 he won a $1 million grant from TED, the global ideas conference, to pursue his work. He's now in the process of establishing seven "schools in the cloud," five in India and two in the UK. In India, most of his schools are single-room buildings. There will be no teachers, curriculum, or separation into age groups—just six or so computers and a woman to look after the kids' safety. His defining principle: "The children are completely in charge."
Mitra argues that the information revolution has enabled a style of learning that wasn't possible before. The exterior of his schools will be mostly glass, so outsiders can peer in. Inside, students will gather in groups around computers and research topics that interest them. He has also recruited a group of retired British teachers who will appear occasionally on large wall screens via Skype, encouraging students to investigate their ideas—a process Mitra believes best fosters learning. He calls them the Granny Cloud. "They'll be life-size, on two walls" Mitra says. "And the children can always turn them off."
Mitra's work has roots in educational practices dating back to Socrates. Theorists from Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi to Jean Piaget and Maria Montessori have argued that students should learn by playing and following their curiosity. Einstein spent a year at a Pestalozzi-inspired school in the mid-1890s, and he later credited it with giving him the freedom to begin his first thought experiments on the theory of relativity. Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin similarly claim that their Montessori schooling imbued them with a spirit of independence and creativity.
In recent years, researchers have begun backing up those theories with evidence. In a 2011 study, scientists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of Iowa scanned the brain activity of 16 people sitting in front of a computer screen. The screen was blurred out except for a small, movable square through which subjects could glimpse objects laid out on a grid. Half the time, the subjects controlled the square window, allowing them to determine the pace at which they examined the objects; the rest of the time, they watched a replay of someone else moving the window. The study found that when the subjects controlled their own observations, they exhibited more coordination between the hippocampus and other parts of the brain involved in learning and posted a 23 percent improvement in their ability to remember objects. "The bottom line is, if you're not the one who's controlling your learning, you're not going to learn as well," says lead researcher Joel Voss, now a neuroscientist at Northwestern University.
In 2009, scientists from the University of Louisville and MIT's Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences conducted a study of 48 children between the ages of 3 and 6. The kids were presented with a toy that could squeak, play notes, and reflect images, among other things. For one set of children, a researcher demonstrated a single attribute and then let them play with the toy. Another set of students was given no information about the toy. This group played longer and discovered an average of six attributes of the toy; the group that was told what to do discovered only about four. A similar study at UC Berkeley demonstrated that kids given no instruction were much more likely to come up with novel solutions to a problem. "The science is brand-new, but it's not as if people didn't have this intuition before," says coauthor Alison Gopnik, a professor of psychology at UC Berkeley.
Gopnik's research is informed in part by advances in artificial intelligence. If you program a robot's every movement, she says, it can't adapt to anything unexpected. But when scientists build machines that are programmed to try a variety of motions and learn from mistakes, the robots become far more adaptable and skilled. The same principle applies to children, she says.


text:
Saving Sky (Hardcover)
HarperCollins, 9780061239052, 208pp.
Publication Date: August 24, 2010
Other Editions of This Title:
Paperback (6/12/2012)
The country is at war, terrorists strike at random, widespread rationing is in effect, and the power grid is down. But thirteen-year-old Sky Brightman is remarkably untouched by it all. She lives off the grid on sixty acres of rural New Mexico ranch land with chores to do and horses to ride and no television or internet to bring disturbing news into her family's adobe house. Sky's schoolmates think she's a little weird.
Then a string of mysterious arrests begins, and her new friend, Kareem, becomes a target. Sky is finally forced to confront the world in all its complexity. Summoning her considerable courage and ingenuity, she takes a stand against injustice. With humor, hope, and fierce determination, she proves that even a child can change the world.
About the Author
Diane Stanley is the author and illustrator of beloved books for young readers, including The Silver Bowl, which received three starred reviews, was named a best book of the year by Kirkus Reviews and Book Links Lasting Connections, and was an ALA Booklist Editors' Choice; The Cup and the Crown; Saving Sky, winner of the Arab American Museum's Arab American Book Award and a Bank Street College of Education Best Book of the Year; Bella at Midnight, a School Library Journal Best Book of the Year and an ALA Booklist Editors' Choice; The Mysterious Case of the Allbright Academy; The Mysterious Matter of I. M. Fine; and A Time Apart. Well known as the author and illustrator of award-winning picture-book biographies, she is the recipient of the Orbis Pictus Award for Outstanding Nonfiction for Children and the Washington Post-Children's Book Guild Nonfiction Award for her body of work.
Ms. Stanley has also written and illustrated numerous picture books, including three creatively reimagined fairy tales: The Giant and the Beanstalk, Goldie and the Three Bears, and Rumpelstiltskin's Daughter. She lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico. dianestanleybooks.com.
Praise For Saving Sky…
— School Library Journal
"This page-turner skillfully captures the irrational fear of a public under siege while giving kids a modern-day, almost-just-like-them female hero who champions hope. Inspiring."
— Kirkus Reviews
"This will certainly raise poignant questions about a world that is only very slightly unfamiliar and about the way readers would respond in similar circumstances."
— Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books
"This thought-provoking novel explores both the frightening power of mob mentality and fear tactics, along with hopeful possibilities offered when individuals take courageous stands for justice."
— Publishers Weekly
Praise for Bella at Midnight: "Once begun, it will be hard to put down."
— Kirkus Reviews (starred review)


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text:
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Caution Icy Conditions Floor Sign
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- Item #:
- Folding Floor Sign Reads:
- Caution Icy Conditions
- Folding Floor Sign Design:
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Caution Icy Conditions
Two 12 × 20″ Panels
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Favorable viewing conditions are those which allow for a clear, unobstructed view of the message on the sign. Examples of favorable viewing conditions are a bright lighting source over the sign, clear weather conditions, and a clear line of sight with no obstructions blocking the view of the sign from certain angles and no other nearby signs creating distractions.
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text:
Vegas Baby: "It's so nice to be back in Vegas! What's a little duck to do?! Plenty! To the strip!"
Vegas Baby: "The night is young! To Excalibur!"
Vegas Baby: "Ah, the smell of desert air and bright lights of the casinos! Where shall I go next?"
Paddy Quacker: "Eh, Vegas Baby! Fancy meeting you here."
Vegas Baby: "Glad I ran into you! I need the luck of an Irish duck tonight! Let's go gamble!"
Vegas Baby: "Cha Ching! To the next casino! I'm high rolling tonight, Paddy Quacker!"
Vegas Baby: "Is that Lady Liberty behind me?"
Paddy Quacker: "It's probably just a mirage."
Vegas Baby: "I guess it's time to call it a night?"
Paddy Quacker and Vegas Baby: "Nah."


text:
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text:
Quote: Do you think it is possible to believe something is morally wrong yet recognize that criminalizing it is bad public policy? That is what we are really talking about here: criminalization. The "pro-life" movement is really a pro-criminalization movement.
Quote: Making abortion illegal will not stop people from having them. People in the US had abortions before it became letgal; all over the world, wherever abortion is illegal, people still have abortions.
Quote: I alwasy want to ask: how much prison time would you have a women aerve because she got an abortion?
Quote:Making ANYTHING illegal never stops it from happening.
Quote: I find it hard to correlate armed self defense of you or your person from mortal danger to a purposeful murder of an innocent child in the womb.
Quote: That's very true, but the reason we make things illegal is to make some effort through the legal system to stop the damage of the particular action in question from harming society.
Quote: The danger from disarming the society is that it leaves people less able to protect themselves.
Quote: As you said, even if guns were outlawed, someone would find a way to either acquire one or make one... and in a "perfect storm" scenario like that, you'd find the recurring instances of what happened at Virginia Tech.
Quote:As i said before i am all for people being licensed to carry. All i want is strict laws on issue and training.
Quote:In Israel are regular citizens (not soldiers or police) allowed to carry weapons? I've heard both yes and no.
Quote: That's a good question and in hindsight seems like a reasonable solution. But there is something wrong with the thought process, you double smash the innocent citizen.
Quote: You can't punish the innocent for the crimes of the guilty.
Quote: As i said before i am all for people being licensed to carry. All i want is strict laws on issue and training.
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STILLWATER, Minn. (AP) Work begins soon on the superstructure of the new four-lane highway bridge over the St. Croix River connecting Minnesota and Wisconsin.
The Minnesota and Wisconsin departments of transportation this week approved a $332.5 million contract with the Lunda/Ames Joint Venture to build the St. Croix Crossing bridge superstructure.
Lunda/Ames plans to start pile-driving in mid-December at seven pier locations on the Minnesota side. The piers will support the Highway 36 approach bridge and ramp bridges that connect to the main river crossing.
Pile-driving at that location will continue through May 2014. Bridge construction will continue through 2016.
The $369.3 million span is scheduled to open in 2016. The lift bridge will become part of a hiking and biking trail. The total project is estimated at $580 million to $676 million.


text:
I am looking for a breakout board for an Omron XF2J-162412A. Because of the zig-zag pattern of the FPC terminals, it's proving difficult to find a breakout connector that will fit the part. I came across the following product in my search: https://www.adafruit.com/products/1436
Before buying the Adafruit product 1436, I need to know that pad dimensions, specifically for the row of 0.5 and 1mm pitch terminals, to determine if it will work with my part. Does anybody have this information?


text:
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text:
On the first Monday in September one hundred teams of two will stand on the shores of Sandhamn in the Stockholm archipelago. They will face one of the toughest endurance challenges in the world, the Ö till Ö Swim Run Championship.
Ö till Ö (island to island) is a unique race in which teams of two swim and run 75 km across 26 islands. One of the teams this year is The Baltic Sea Action Group Swim Run Team.
"About 65 km of the total distance is running and 10 km openwater swimming. This means that about a quarter of the race time is spent swimming," Juha Lindfors, a Baltic Sea Action Group Swim Run Team member says.
Finnish Lindfors and his German teammate Armin Hummel are both experienced swimmers. Both have won multiple national championship titles in swimming. Last year they took part in Ö till Ö for the first time.
"The race last year came as a surprise with only a three weeks' notice as one of my friends who originally came up with the crazy idea of participating in the race could not make it. There was really no time to get prepared. However, we made it and the event itself was magnificent."
"One of the most fascinating things in the race is experiencing the nature in the beautiful Stockholm archipelago and in the Baltic Sea. First feeling after the race was that we must come back again – and maybe with some more preparation."
This year the team has two goals: to break the 10-hour barrier and most importantly to increase awareness about the state of the Baltic Sea.
"Already after the race last year I had the idea that we could also increase general awareness of the work of the Baltic Sea Action Group and get more people and organizations to commit on actions to save the Baltic Sea.
"For me this is very important as I live by the sea, sailing on it, and especially when going for a dip in the sea. I really hope that my children can keep on enjoying the same privileges."
An important part of the swim run event are the transitions in and out of the water.
"A one minute loss in each transition adds up to a whole hour in the end," Lindfors says.
To make the challenge even bigger, the competitors have to carry everything they need with them through out the race, which results in some interesting and novel gear solutions – they swim with their running shoes and run in wetsuits. Teams will also use hand paddles and pull buoys.
Swimming in shoes is particularly tricky.
"They slow us down about 5–10 seconds per 100 meters."
To compensate for the added drag of the shoes, many of the teams use pull buoys to improve buoyancy. But that too comes with a price: you will then have to find a way to carry the buoyancy aid during the run stages.
Also choosing the right shoes can be tricky: they have to be superlight even when wet but also have a good grip for the wet and slippy beach rocks.
"Last year I wore orienteering shoes. This time I have chosen to race in ultralight trailrunning shoes," Lindfors reveals.
Ö till Ö Swim Run Championships will take place in Sweden on September 1st. More info and live tracking can be found at www.otillo.se
More info about the Baltic Sea Action Group can be found here.
All images © Jakob Edholm/ÖTILLÖ13


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EU's Tough Choice on Phasing Out Nuclear
The owner of Électricité de France is spending millions of dollars to upgrade the plant and extend its life span for another decade, seemingly breathing new life into this town on the German border. WSJ's Alessandro Torello and Gèraldine Amiel report. Photo: Reuters
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
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IP doing even and maintenance of the very high cost ... like four hundred million you are going to be spent by India for each reactor business and also money ... yes yes I've the government would nevertheless close to shut them down ... to the mean giving in contrast it is ... we've reached money ETF that he doesn't have the money to that's ... not the government ... is in the debt crisis going on in Europe right now friends is very much in the database ... and eighty three the French government does not anybody Fausto ... green Venetian here ... as you can ... with these recommendations ... there is no Dateline for The seemed ... implementation on implementation of these some um ... instructions ... from ... the time line according to the EU would be that in the next few months I've been to the end of the year to match or regulators won't importantly charge offs for the sake of these plans will come out with a plan ... and to implement ... the recommendations found the next year to next year in two thousand and thirteen these planned cuts ... will be cross checked you know what it's called appear again so for example experts from the Czech Republic which are French plans and experts from the UK which are featured on its plans ... I'm and after that ... I'm you know in addition to these funds will start ... the commission plans to um um compiler finery forty two thousand and fourteen goal so it's ... still ... a couple years ago ... and easements Investments are big investments ... I'm a lot of work needs to be done and the infrastructure required a lot of time so we're looking at


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MONTRÉAL, QUÉBEC--(Marketwired - Jan. 9, 2015) - Housing starts in Quebec were trending at 32,131 units in December, compared to 32,491 units in November, according to Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). The trend is a six-month moving average of the monthly seasonally adjusted annual rates (SAAR)1 of housing starts.
"The lower pace of housing starts in December is observable in both single detached and multi-family home categories. If Quebec housing starts increased in 2014, it was due to developments in certain large apartment construction sites in downtown Montréal. Had it not been for this particular case, the yearly total would have been down," said Kevin Hughes, CMHC's Senior Economist for Quebec.
CMHC uses the trend measure as a complement to the monthly SAAR of housing starts to account for considerable swings in monthly estimates and obtain a more complete picture of the state of the housing market. In some situations, analyzing only SAAR data can be misleading in some markets, as they are largely driven by the multiples segment of the markets, which can be quite variable from one month to the next.
The stand-alone monthly SAAR was 29,760 units in December, down from 36,106 in November.
Preliminary housing starts data is also available in English and French at the following link: Preliminary Housing Starts Tables.
As Canada's authority on housing, CMHC contributes to the stability of the housing market and financial system, provides support for Canadians in housing need, and offers objective housing research and advice to Canadian governments, consumers and the housing industry.
Follow CMHC on Twitter @CMHC_ca.
1 All starts figures in this release, other than actual starts and the trend estimate, are seasonally adjusted annual rates (SAAR)-that is, monthly figures adjusted to remove normal seasonal variation and multiplied by 12 to reflect annual levels. By removing seasonal ups and downs, seasonal adjustment allows for a comparison from one season to the next and from one month to the next. Reporting monthly figures at annual rates indicates the annual level of starts that would be obtained if the monthly pace were maintained for 12 months. This facilitates comparison of the current pace of activity to annual forecasts as well as to historical annual levels.
Additional data is available upon request.
(Ce document existe également en français.)
A graph and tables are available at the following link: http://media3.marketwire.com/docs/986825e.pdf.
Contact Information:


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Consensus Report
Future U.S. Workforce for Geospatial Intelligence (2013)Board on Earth Sciences and Resources
Each report is produced by a committee of experts selected by the Academy to address a particular statement of task and is subject to a rigorous, independent peer review; while the reports represent views of the committee, they also are endorsed by the Academy. Learn more on our expert consensus reports.
We live in a changing world with multiple and evolving threats to national security, including terrorism, asymmetrical warfare (conflicts between agents with different military powers or tactics), and social unrest. Visually depicting and assessing these threats using imagery and other geographically-referenced information is the mission of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). As the nature of the threat evolves, so do the tools, knowledge, and skills needed to respond. The challenge for NGA is to maintain a workforce that can deal with evolving threats to national security, ongoing scientific and technological advances, and changing skills and expectations of workers. This report assesses the supply of expertise in 10 geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) fields, including 5 traditional areas (geodesy and geophysics, photogrammetry, remote sensing, cartographic science, and geographic information systems and geospatial analysis) and 5 emerging areas that could improve geospatial intelligence (GEOINT fusion, crowdsourcing, human geography, visual analytics, and forecasting). The report also identifies gaps in expertise relative to NGA's needs and suggests ways to ensure an adequate supply of geospatial intelligence expertise over the next 20 years.
Key Messages
- Despite its need for highly specialized knowledge and skills, NGA has the comparative luxury of being a small employer in the burgeoning geospatial enterprise.
- The labor pool available to NGA includes U.S. citizens graduating in relevant fields of study and individuals working in occupations that require knowledge and skills needed by NGA. A labor analysis suggests that the annual number of suitable graduates ranges from tens for photogrammetry to thousands for GIS and geospatial analysis. The number of workers in closely-related occupations exceeds 100,000.
- Given competition from other geospatial organizations, it is likely that qualified GIS and remote sensing experts are already hard to find. Long before 2030, competition and a small number of graduates will likely result in shortages in all emerging areas and in the core areas of cartography, photogrammetry, and geodesy.
- Disciplinary change in universities has led to name changes, moves to different departments, and the creation of new departments for the fields discussed in the report. NGA could improve its chances of finding the necessary knowledge and skills by extending recruiting to the example university programs identified in this report.
- Many mechanisms are available to build the knowledge and skills that NGA will require, such as strengthening existing training programs (e.g., by sending more employees to universities for advanced training), building core and emerging areas (e.g., by creating centers to support research and technological innovation), and enhancing recruiting (e.g., by using engaging problem-solving exercises to find students with spatial reasoning skills). With attention to these areas, NGA can meet its workforce needs during the next 20 years, and potentially well beyond.


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Product Code: SN005
Mayfair Series N Large Cloakroom Basin Mono Mixer Tap
With their rounded legs, blended seamlessly with a 45 degree angled spout and easy grip lever handled tap heads these taps are not only good to look at but are also excellent value for money.
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Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought


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Denver Museum of Nature & Science gets $3.75 million in grants
[media-credit name="GH Phipps" align="alignright" width="270″][/media-credit]
In case you missed it: The Denver Museum of Nature & Science announced some big news this week — a $3.75 million boost Tuesday from the Avenir Foundation.
The Lakewood-based foundation pledged the money for the museum's Collections Conservation Center through a series of grants that will also fund long-term collections conservation.
The money is vital, since the Conservation Center will provide a climate-controlled gathering place for the Museum's 1.4 million specimens and artifacts. It's part of the larger Rocky Mountain Science Collections Center — itself a part of the Education and Collections Facility, a 126,000-square-foot addition to the museum that broke ground last September and is currently under construction on the east end of City Park.


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Laser pointers manufacturers claim that some pointers have range of several kilometers.
Okay, they use a powerful laser, but that powerful laser usually has power less than one watt. Okay, the laser beam is very focused.
But what about atmosphere particles like dust and vapor? Why don't these particles diffuse the beam and make it lose energy?
How does it happen that a less than one watt laser can have several kilometers range in atmosphere?


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Post Written by Erin Jenkins
Part 2 of our Dogs of Downtown series!
Right down the road from Matrix Gallery, and Mr. Keefer Dogg are the Sister dogs of Clay Corner Inn-Minkie and Caly. These gals enjoy lawn games with their parents and the B&B guests. Caly is an expert cornhole player, frisbee golfer, and both sisters love their tennis balls. Caly is a beautiful nine year old golden retriever, she's a part-timer at Clay Corner Inn, and part time receptionist at Heartstrings Pet Lodging and Spa. Minky is an adorable jack russell mix, and a full time dog-keeper at Clay Corner Inn. I sat down with the two girls and their parents at their bed and breakfast one day. Caly is the lover of the bunch, she wants a hug, a kiss, a pat, but she is not obnoxious about it. Minky is a silly girl, and her favorite stance is sitting back on her hind legs, paws folded. These beautiful girls are friendly, happy, and very well trained. The girls moved east with their parents Nicky and her husband, Rick, when they took over Clay Corner Inn in the fall of 2011 after the original owners decided to retire. From their previous home in California they spent two years searching out B&B properties along the East Coast, wanting to get closer to their three children, the youngest of whom is in Barcelona, Spain, Nicky's hometown.
The ladies of Clay Corner Inn live to be in their section of the backyard, where there is a taunting squirrel or two to corral. These little girls love being out in the canopy of trees that surrounds beautiful Clay Corner Inn, and sniffing in all the interesting scents that waft in. Although at times the view of a neighboring feline can just be too much to bear, we are all pretty sure these gals would not trade the Inn-life for anything.
Q: What's the difference between people from Blacksburg compared to those in California?
A: I love people here! They are friendly and want to pet me and love on me. While walking on campus or downtown Dad says I'm a magnet for attention, because everyone always stops to pet me.
Q: What is it like to have other dogs and people staying in your home?
A: I LOVE IT! I like the dogs but I'm mostly interested in the new people, getting a hug, and showing them around my backyard.
Q: What is it like sharing your backyard with cats, squirrels and birds?
A: It's RUFF!
Q: [for Minky] How do you like your job?
A: It's great!…although I sure do wish those pesky squirrels would stop dropping in my yard unannounced.
Clay Corner Inn is located at:
401 Clay St., SW
Coming in our next installment of the Dogs of Downtown; meet Goliath, Marketing Team Member at Nest Realty.
Have you noticed that Downtown Blacksburg has been "going to the dogs" for a while now? What do you think about it?
Why not visit some of the Dogs of Downtown:
Calypso the Golden Retriever and Minkie the Jack Russell mix, Dog-keepers at Clay Corner Inn
Keith R. Dogg "Keefer Dogg", Assistant Curator at Matrix Gallery
Molly and Minnie the mini-Schnauzers, Sales Assistants at Mad Dog
Goliath the Bulldog, Marketing Team Member at Nest Realty
Bella the Bischon Freis, Diamond and Fine Jewelry Expert at Capones Fine Jewelry
Barkley, Antique Collector at Heirloom Originals
Xena, the receptionist at The Laser Clinic
Milo, the greeter at 130 Jackson, who can often be found stationed outside Bollo's
Other doggie friendly spots in Blacksburg:
Community Arts Information Office
Fringe Benefit
Greenhouse Boardshop: they usually have treats for Fido
Heavener Hardware Lumber and Rental
Heirloom Originals
High Peak Sportswear
Huckleberry Trail
Mad Dog
Market Square Park
Matrix Gallery
Nest Realty
The Henderson Lawn
PLEASE be a responsible pet owner and pick up after your dogs.


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Weather - Unsorted
CaptionRough seas with whitecaps, created by strong wind from a tropical storm, leeward Kona Coast, Big Island, Hawaii, Pacific Ocean.
Credit© Masa Ushioda / CoolWaterPhoto.com. All rights reserved worldwide. Not to be used without authorization.. All rights reserved worldwide. Not to be used without authorization.
Model Releasen/a
Image File InformationFile Name: 004132.jpg
File Format: 8bit RGB JPEG
Color Profile: Adobe RGB (1998)
Image Dimensions: 5400x3600 at 300dpi ( larger file size available upon request )


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I am brand new to Java (well, programming in general) and learning on my own using Building Java Programs (Reges/Stepp).
An exercise in ch. 3 supplies some code to define two points, send them to a method that trades their (x,y) values, then prints these values. I'm wondering why my method had no effect.
public static void number10() { // Here is the code supplied by the textbook. Point p1 = new Point(5, 2); Point p2 = new Point(-3, 6); swapPoints(p1, p2); System.out.println("(" + p1.x + "," + p1.y + ")"); System.out.println("(" + p2.x + "," + p2.y + ")"); } // Here is the method I created, which seemingly has no effect public static void swapPoints(Point new1, Point new2) { Point dummy = new Point(0, 0); dummy = new1; new1 = new2; new2 = dummy; }
The desired output is:
(-3, 6)
(5, 2)
When I ran it, the output was:
(5, 2)
(-3, 6)
I thought swapping new1 and new2 in my method would swap the objects referenced by p1 and p2, but apparently not.
Initially I wrote the method to return new1 and new2 after swapping their values, but concluded that it's either not possible to return two values, or I don't know how to do it yet.
I'd appreciate a helpful word about why my method did not swap the actual objects, and what would be a better method to do so. Thank you in advance.


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