text:
Dally Sanchez spent her adolescence getting "treatment" - and the memories still sting: As a traumatized incest survivor, she recalls dealing with a social worker who couldn't talk to her Spanish-speaking mother, being restrained by staff at a youth psychiatric facility and a threadbare education in special-education classes that offered no hope of going to college.
"The reality is that in the mental health system, once you fall in there, you're not a person anymore," said Sanchez, now 27. "Somehow, having a label or having some sort of emotional problem or trauma removes your civil and human rights."
Sanchez's experiences are echoed throughout the city. In classrooms, clinics and emergency rooms, youth are labeled "crazy," "disturbed," "defiant," "loco" - indelibly marking their lives and futures. Among immigrants, people of color and the poor, advocates say, the mental health system is especially prone to misunderstanding and to overlooking youth in crisis. In marginalized neighborhoods, the system's shortcomings are compounded by the challenge of responding to the needs of different ethnic groups. The question of "cultural competency" has emerged as a major flashpoint in the debate over equity in mental health.
"There's a huge lack of cultural competency all across the board," said Sanchez, who today is YOUTH POWER! program coordinator with Families Together, a statewide mental health advocacy group. "There are huge amounts of people who are not getting the right services and who are being labeled with diagnoses that really aren't fitting."
"It's beyond disparities," she said. "It's called discrimination and racism."
Unmet Needs
In communities with high concentrations of immigrants, people of color and low-income families, youth with mental health needs must negotiate a chronically weak social-service infrastructure. Local service providers strain under tight budgets, most public schools have no comprehensive on-site health clinics, and families lacking health insurance may find psychotherapy financially out of reach.
A 2003 government survey of child outpatient clinics in the Bronx counted about 6,500 youth enrolled in services, mostly for behavioral issues like hyperactivity and anxiety disorders. More than 90 percent were black or Latino, with many from Spanish-speaking households.
According to the survey, the vast majority of the Bronx clinics were unable to meet clients' needs for day treatment. And with a six-week average waiting period, some 60 percent of people referred for services never actually entered treatment, suggesting that many thousands of city children with major mental health needs never make it to a clinic.
On a typical day at the Queens-based Child Center of New York, the multilingual staff of social workers and psychiatrists is stretched paper-thin, ready to field calls for help in Punjabi, Spanish, Haitian Creole, Russian or Cantonese.
"The biggest challenge that we face as practitioners is the waiting list," said assistant project director Reshma Shah. "Each one of us has so much of a caseload. And yet we have more and more of a population that really needs the services."
Language and Cultural Barriers
Immigrant families may struggle just to get help in the right language. In many cases, when bilingual staff members are unavailable, children of immigrants must take on the role of ad-hoc translator.
Cultural barriers, though, can be equally alienating. Adolescent emotional issues may fester silently beneath the social stigma surrounding mental illness.
In A's family, emotional suffering spanned two generations before she reached out for support. The Chinese-American teen, who asked to remain anonymous, wrestled with the scars of her father's suicide for two years until her own persistent sadness became debilitating.
A. initially resisted acknowledging her problems, as she feared she might be "mirroring" her father's actions. But eventually, a guidance counselor and others in her community persuaded her to seek a therapist through the Chinatown-based B. Wang Community Health Center. While she does not consider herself fully "recovered," she said, she has at least begun opening up about problems she previously tried to banish.
"In the Asian community especially," she said, "it is very hard to accept the idea of mental illness, since it is not often talked about."
As teens face alienation within their communities, social distance stretches between them and the people who are supposed to help.
Wanda Greene, a parent advocate with the Mental Health Association of New York City, recalled that her son, as a black youth, needed a clinician he could relate to. But in his early teens, when intervention was most crucial, he never had a therapist he truly felt comfortable with.
"A lot of my son's issues were: 'How can you tell me not to be afraid when you leave your office and you go home, and I have to return to my block?'" she said. "He may see drug deals going down on the corner, he may see gang fights - and that affects you."
Her son, now 26, is still dealing with his emotional problems, serving a long prison sentence that Greene sees as evidence that "the system failed him."
To encourage dialogue on mental health in the city's Latino community, the housing and social-service organization Comunilife is collaborating with state and city officials on a suicide-prevention campaign targeting Latina teens. Young Latinas are at higher risk of attempting suicide than white, Asian or black youth, according to government data.
The initiative, which centers on educational outreach posters, is just one step toward addressing vast, longstanding needs for culturally appropriate treatment programs. Comunilife President Rosa Gil noted that in focus groups used to develop outreach efforts, Latina girls talked about stress tied to community problems, like gang violence and unwanted pregnancy, and voiced fears that clinicians would not be able to understand them.
"The adolescents feel that the current mental health agencies do not help them," Gil said, "because they feel they're going to be blamed for these feelings. They don't believe that they should be on medication. They don't believe that the school system is supporting them. These adolescents feel very isolated."
Troubled Teens, Troubled Neighborhoods
Mental health advocates point to social and economic hardships that breed instability. For teens living in tough environments, treatment involves addressing not only physiological problems like chemical imbalances, but also the psychological affects of growing up in troubled circumstances.
Howard Raiten, director of mental health with the social-service agency AsociaciĂłn Comunal de Dominicanos Progresistas (Community Association of Progressive Dominicans), said that while mainstream clinicians tend to prioritize medication, mental health issues may be "rooted more in environmental situations than in biology," though biological factors can play a contributing role.
Raiten pointed to a corrosive, ingrained sense of hopelessness in the low-income immigrant neighborhoods his organization serves. "For years and years," he said, "people in these communities have not gotten recognition. They haven't been affirmed. They've been, and still are, very much invisible."
Shah said the social dislocation of immigration itself can push some people over the edge. "You lose your natural support system once you come into this country," she said. "So we have had cases where there might not have been depression or anything like that before. But once they move here - and due to inadequate social-support structure and services - the symptoms really come out."
Missed Opportunities
The shortage of mental health resources in some communities means that many youth do not get help until a crisis hits. That can lead to inappropriate care or even deeper problems.
"If you don't get them the right services, they start consuming the wrong services," said Greg Greicius, vice president of educational initiatives with Turnaround for Children, a group that helps public schools develop preventative mental health programs. "So they wind up accessing special-education services, they wind up going out of schools in an ambulance for a behavioral crisis and get seen in a hospital. This is often the worst way to try to get a child mental health support."
In New York's special-education system, Black and Latino youth are overrepresented, with blacks more likely than whites to be labeled "emotionally disturbed." Generally, students of color with disabilities are disproportionately placed in more isolated settings than their white peers, spending less than 40 percent of their school time in a regular classroom.
Black and Latino youth are also more prone to winding up in residential treatment facilities, housed under detention-type conditions, far removed from their communities.
Family Healing
Ethnic disparities in mental health, along with a growing recognition of cultural issues in treatment, have spawned alternative approaches that integrate psychological health with community identity.
Ruchika Bajaj, health policy coordinator at the Coalition for Asian American Children and Families, a pan-Asian children's rights group, said traditional psychiatric treatment can overlook the importance of family and culture in addressing adolescent mental health issues.
"The Western model targets individual youth, with family involvement being supplementary treatment," she said. "But for Asian American youth, this 'one size fits all' treatment model is not effective, because family dynamics and culture play an important role within Asian families. Effective treatment must incorporate cultural aspects as well as the family."
At the Child Center in Queens, for example, family members participate directly in a youth's treatment sessions. This fosters emotional communication within the household and helps build an intimate support network for the young person.
Comunilife, which serves low-income black and Latino communities, is developing a youth program offering regular psychiatric care along with holistic initiatives like peer-support networks, tutoring and arts enrichment programs. The project aims to engage the whole family - for instance, peer groups for fathers provide both concrete social supports, like job assistance, as well as a space to talk.
The Department of Health and Mental Hygiene has tried to target underserved youth through the Coordinated Children's Services Initiative. Backed by a six-year federal grant, the program has linked hundreds of families to teams of community representatives and social-service providers. Together, they create community-based, "wraparound" treatment plans that keep families intact during the recovery process.
Beyond enhancing services, some advocates look toward systemic reforms that can tackle the social factors driving psychological issues. In Sanchez's view, promoting mental health is not about clinics or hotlines, but more fundamentally, improving lives and communities.
"We need to build communities and communities' ability to take care of themselves," she said, by strengthening schools, social-service groups, and other community institutions.
That grassroots approach has resonance in Sanchez's own recovery. The turning point came when her "wraparound team" introduced her to a local peer-support group. After years of medication, institutionalization and counseling, what helped most was simply connecting with other youth going through similar struggles.
"Traditionally, historically, naturally - peer support is what helps people," she said. "Having the support from your family, from your friends, from your neighbors, from your community, helps people get over things and heal - in any culture, in any community."
Michelle Chen is a freelance reporter in Manhattan and a native New Yorker. Â


text:
I don't know when the last time was I looked at my blogroll.
To be honest, I don't know when the 1st time was that I did a cleanse, maybe today was the 1st time, whatever the case it was a little soul destroying.
My mother was 87 when she died. There were times when the subject of her friends would come up, often in relation to her moving somewhere more manageable, maybe closer to her friends.
It was times like these that her eyes would gloss over, the tears welling in her eyes.
Her friends of course were gone. The world moves on, time passes, lives end and of course, relative to this post, blogs stop.
Often they just stop.
One of the hard parts about cleansing the blogroll was checking each blog.
There were a couple of bloggers that appeared to have just stopped on their "best post". They are posts I remember well, even years down the track, posts I a confident received links from WoWInsider, they were just that good.
But… that was it… stopped… gone… but yet, still on my blog roll.
Bring Out Your Dead.
I wouldn't have looked at the blogroll for a while to come if it wasn't for Daraiste asking me the other day.
What will happen when you stop blogging… will your posts still be there?
I wasn't sure what she meant and when I pressed her she responded with...
I have been hunting through your blogroll, looking for good things & Priestly things to read… but many of the links are dead ends.
It turns out that WordPress looks after their dead well, well at least the WordPress hosted blogs.
I'm guessing that Google culls their inactive Blogger blogs occasionally.
Many self-hosted blogs either just cease to exist, or get taken over by completely WoW-non-related sites.. most of which look nefarious of purpose, some are in some Asian font, but I suspect are also not quite right.
For the record.. when I decide not to continue to pay for gnomeaggedon.net, gnomeaggedon.wordpress.com will remain.
A fitting end.
So, I needed to cleanse my blogroll, but I needed to do it in such a way as to respect those, so many of those, that blogged before me and along side of me.
Ironically, Daraiste is a funeral director in real life, so that kind of inspired me.
Rather than removing all trace of those blogs and bloggers, I created new categories in my blog roll.. a kind of blog cemetery with categories of Gone but not forgotten.
So the job is done, I have buried my friends but ensured the have headstones to be remembered by.
Lest We Forget.
New Growth
Australia has a lot of bushfires, devastating bushfires.
When the ashes have cooled, there is no way to imagine that it will ever recover.
Some short time later though, new growth appears amongst the charred ruins of what was. What grows is similar, yet different to what was.
It is the same in the blogging world, there is new growth amongst the ruins of the old. Some old blogs remain, surrounded by smaller blogs reaching for the sky.
Each provides support for the other, the older blogs providing strong foundations and protection for the fledgling blogs, the newer blogs inspiring the older ones giving them the strength to remain strong and tall.
It appears I now have room on my blogroll for those of you not yet there. The ground is clearer, and visibility will be greater.
If you wish to have your WoW blog on my blogroll, then drop me a line and I will add it.
The Regrowth
The other things I have done is update and modify my BattleGnome page. I had been haphazzardly throwing links to my Battleground & PvP oriented posts up there. I have now categorized them, so hopefully those of you considering entering the BGs find it easier to find my thoughts on my experiences.
I have also consolidated my mental health posts and included some others from the past week. Mental health is a topic very dear to my heart and mind, so it seems appropriate that people find these sorts of resources more easily on my new HealthyGnome page.
On that note, I think it's time for me to go dig a few more graves… I think this time I will make them Horde graves and scatter them around the battlegrounds.
Gnomer and Out!
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
List of Eureka characters
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This is a list of characters from Syfy original series Eureka.[1]
Main characters[edit]
|Starring seasons
|Recurring seasons
|Sheriff Jack Carter
|Colin Ferguson
|Jack Carter[3] is a U.S. Marshal who reluctantly ends up as Sheriff of Eureka. Jack is consistently dumbfounded by the wonders Eureka produces, as well as its propensity to produce things that often threaten the entire town, if not the world. Despite being a man of average intelligence in a town full of geniuses, Jack's admittedly simplistic ideas and ability to make intuitive connections between seemingly disparate events often save the day. (This is in contrast to the other residents of Eureka, who, being stereotypical scientists, tend to over-complicate things and get lost in minutiae). His overall role in the series does not change in the new timeline. In Season 5, Jack and Allison become engaged, and then married in In Too Deep. In the series finale, Allison tells him she is pregnant.
|Zoe Carter
|Jordan Hinson
|Zoe Carter[5] is Jack's rebellious teenage daughter. Unlike her father, she is intelligent enough to keep up with the town's residents (her IQ is 157), yet like her father, possesses the street smarts most of the town's residents do not. She longs to be a medical doctor, and with the help of Henry's recommendation letter, receives an early acceptance to Harvard Medical School. She dates Lucas but in the altered timeline, they broke up when Lucas moved to Geneva, and she was showing interest in Zane until he started dating Jo again. She is also a bit more mature and responsible after her time at Harvard. In the series finale, she is about to graduate summa cum laude from Harvard.
|Dr. Allison Blake
|Salli Richardson-Whitfield
|Allison Blake[7] is a Department of Defense agent who acts as the liaison between Eureka and the Federal Government, and later becomes the director of Global Dynamics. She is always at the forefront of any dilemma that might arise. She works for the DOD, and has two PhDs. Allison is also raising her son Kevin, an autistic youth whose father died when he was still a baby, and Jenna, the daughter she conceived with Nathan shortly before his death. After the change in the timeline, Kevin is no longer autistic, and she never became director of GD; she is, instead, head of GD's medical science division. In Season 5, Jack & Allison become engaged, and then married in In Too Deep. In the series finale, she reveals she is pregnant.
|Dr. Nathan Stark
|Ed Quinn
|Nathan Stark[9] is one of Eureka's top scientists, and a Nobel laureate. He and Jack are frequently at odds, though both respect each other. He was married to Allison, and they rekindled their relationship in the second season. They were supposed to get remarried in the third season, but he dematerializes while saving the world from a time paradox on the day of their wedding, an event that still occurred in Season 4's alternate timeline. The character is modeled after Tony Stark.[10]
|Dr. Beverly Barlowe
|Debrah Farentino
|Beverly Barlowe[12] was the town psychiatrist. She secretly works for a mysterious organization known as the "Consortium", which has expressed a desire to exploit Eureka's innovations by whatever means necessary. A primary villain in Seasons 1 and 2, she is absent for all of season 3, but returns in the Season 4s "Stoned", and meets with Dr. Trevor Grant in a clandestine meeting where she reveals she is the daughter of Adam Barlow, who worked with Grant in 1947. Beverly lures Grant into cooperating with her and her organization. She escapes capture when her plot is foiled. Later in Season 4 she infects Allison Blake with nanites so as to take control of her mind, and to enable Beverly (acting as Allison) to steal the GD main computer core. Her plan is foiled, and the nanites are removed from Allison's brain. In Season 5, she is revealed to be behind the kidnapping of the Astraeus crew, though later helps Carter and others at Global Dynamics recover them. Following an anonymous tip from Beverly, Henry's wife Grace is released from government custody.
|Dr. Henry Deacon
|Joe Morton
|Henry Deacon[14] is the town jack-of-all-trades. Although, like most residents of Eureka, he is a brilliant multidisciplined scientist, Henry has ethical objections to the kind of research conducted at Global Dynamics, preferring employment as the town's mechanic. Henry's assistance is often invaluable in defusing the situations the experiments in town create. In the Season 1 finale set in 2010, Henry is married to Kim, and attempts to save her life by traveling back in time to the point where she died. Her death cannot be prevented, and Henry mourns her loss. During Season 3, he was elected mayor as a write-in candidate. Following the change in timeline in season 4, he is suddenly married to Grace, and is trying to keep the timeline shift a secret. Late into the 4th season, he confides in his "wife" after he realizes he is beginning to fall in love with her. They subsequently 'renew their vows'. In the series finale, following an anonymous tip from Beverly Barlowe, Grace is released from government custody. Henry also becomes the new Director of Global Dynamics after Fargo steps down.
|Dr. Grace Monroe
|Tembi Locke
|Grace Monroe[16] is Henry's wife. They are shown as a close couple with her being his intellectual equal, often helping him with his work. At the beginning of the "Founder's Day" episode in Season 4 Henry and Grace barely know each other by the end, after the group returns to the present altered timeline, Henry discovers they are married. When Henry later reveals the truth about the alternate timeline she is upset, and wants "her Henry" back; but he is eventually able to win her affection, and by the "Clash of the Titans" episode they renew their vows and she accepts that this Henry is "her Henry." In the "Jack of All Trades" episode, Grace decides to take a sabbatical from Eureka, citing difficulty resuming her life outside "Matrix Eureka", and essentially leaves Henry as a result (his virtual counterpart attempted to kill her, which was the focal point of her adjustment difficulties), though the two remain married, and in regular contact with each other. She was revealed to be a spy in the alternate timeline, working in tandem with Henry Deacon, and an anonymous tip from Beverly Barlowe released her from government custody.
|Josephina "Jo" Lupo
|Erica Cerra
|Jo Lupo[17] is a tough, no-nonsense cop with a love of firearms. From Season 2 onwards, after a brief fling with Taggart, she later develops a relationship with Zane. Zane proposes to her in the Season 4 premiere, but before she can answer him, time is altered to where the two of them never dated, and in fact cannot stand each other. In the new timeline, she is Head of Security at Global Dynamics, her role as deputy taken by the android Deputy Andy. In the series finale, she and Zane become engaged.
|Zane Donovan
|Niall Matter
|Zane Donovan[19] is a rebellious genius, recruited in the second season as an alternative to imprisonment after being arrested for fraud (allegedly causing the New York Stock Exchange to crash). He also develops a relationship with Jo Lupo shortly after his arrival in Eureka. However, this relationship is erased with the change in timeline. He is back to being a perpetual prankster, and a low-level nemesis of Jo, though he shows signs of improving because of the trust she puts in him. In Season 5 he is named head of Section Five by Fargo. In the series finale, he and Jo become engaged.
|Dr. Douglas Fargo
|Neil Grayston
|Douglas Fargo[21] is a junior scientist who is treated somewhat dismissively by his peers. Accident prone, he more often than not ends up a victim of the disasters befalling the town. He has also caused a fair share of the problems. In the alternate timeline, he is head of GD, and is not well liked by the staff because of his alternate's imposing and intimidating manner. He has difficulty in this new role as his alternate was a domineering egomaniac, an act he has trouble pulling off. Even so, the job has begun to transform him into a more decisive, and capable leader as the weight of responsibility has forced him to stand up to other GD employees, the Department of Defense, and military generals. In the series finale, he steps down as Director of Global Dynamics to be with Dr. Holly Marten, leaving Henry to become his successor.
|Dr. Holly Marten
|Felicia Day
|Holly Marten[23] is a socially inept scientist sent to Eureka to assist with the upcoming mission to Titan. Although brilliant, she is painfully awkward with human relationships, which complicates Fargo's determined wooing of her. She was murdered by Senator Wen when she discovered she and the rest of the Astreaus crew were in a computer program. However, it was soon revealed that her neural patterns became trapped in the Matrix when she was killed in the real world, and she continues to exist. After a brief reunion with Fargo in the Matrix (where he reveals she has died), an antivirus purge destroys the Matrix once and for all; however, she survived and her virtual self is downloaded into SARAH's computer systems. She is later given a new body and "resurrected".
|Dr. Trevor Grant
|James Callis
|Trevor Grant[25] was an assistant to Albert Einstein in the late 1940s, when Eureka was a military base. He is first seen in the season 4 premiere, when five Eureka citizens get teleported back into 1947. He assists them in returning, but before they leave, Jack Carter tells Allison Blake that "he left his device in another jacket" (in 1947). At the end of the episode, Dr. Grant is in 2010 Eureka, and it is assumed he was transported there accidentally with Jack's device; however, it is later revealed that he purposely took the time travel device. He renames himself Charles Grant as an alias, and even those who know his true identity begin calling him Charles in private. He takes on a job as a scientific historian while working with Henry on assorted projects. He is later approached by the alternate Beverley, who convinces him to work with her toward returning to 1947 at the time he left, which later backfired. He later adopts the alias Dr. Trent Rockwell, and using a fortune he has amassed, buys out Eureka from the DOD.
|Neil Grayston (voice)
|SARAH[27] is an artificial intelligence that runs Carter's house. She was installed as a test item an unstated amount of time before Carter moved in. While she generally gets along with everyone, she has been known to annoy Carter with her logical, literal personality. When they were considering leaving Eureka, SARAH locked Carter, Allison, Beverly Barlow, Fargo, Stark and Henry in the house in an attempt to have them work things out. In the course of trying to escape, SARAH is accidentally reset, revealing that her current personality had been built on top of an old military project, which killed a pizza boy when he interfered. It is mentioned that this program was in turn based on a war games simulator. Although SARAH was restored to normal operation, Carter installed several manual overrides and escapes, such as a ladder to a ceiling hatch in the living room, as precautions. SARAH later upgraded Andy with an emotional package, and the two were scheduled to get married, but SARAH got cold feet at the last minute and the two decided to explore their relationship more slowly. SARAH became the dictatorial head of GD in the Matrix at the start of season 5.
|Deputy Andy
|Ty Olsson (seasons 3-4), Kavan Smith (season 4-5)
|Deputy Andy[29] is a robotic law enforcement unit created by GD. During his initial trial, he is tapped so he can replace Carter after he is fired, but comes to the conclusion that Carter is the one who should be sheriff. He leaves to find out what it is that he is best at. In the new timeline, Andy was instead tapped as Carter's deputy when Jo was promoted to head of GD security. He quickly determines that time has changed based on Carter's behavior and several Holmesian clues, but he suffers damage that resets his memory to his last backup. Andy suffers through several cases in which his outer skin is repeatedly destroyed, and he is rebuilt with a new face. Andy and SARAH had a whirlwind relationship that led to a wedding, but SARAH called it off, and the two agree to remain friends and see what happens.
Supporting characters[edit]
|Starring seasons
|Recurring seasons
|Dr. Isaac Parrish
|Wil Wheaton
|Dr. Isaac Parrish[31] is a scientist who has a running adversarial relationship with Fargo, as he considers himself smarter than almost everyone else and thinks of Fargo as a legacy-kid who has had everything handed to him. He is Fargo's rival for Holly Marten's affections, though it is unclear whether his interest is in Holly herself or simply in out competing Fargo.
|Eva Thorne
|Frances Fisher
|Eva Thorne[33] is a corporate fixer hired to make Eureka more profitable, which she mainly accomplishes by downsizing. She seems to have an ulterior motive involving an underground military base built before Eureka was founded. An accident in this facility resulted in her being extraordinarily long-lived: she is 107 years old when she returns to Eureka. After sacrificing her one chance of finding a cure in order to save Zoe, Thorne leaves to start a new life, finally able to put her past behind her.
|Dr. Tess Fontana
|Jaime Ray Newman
|Dr. Tess Fontana[35] is described as a "brilliant engineer and astrophysicist who sees things differently than those around her... putting her at odds with the mainstream scientific community." Allison, having known this out-of-the-box thinker since grad school, puts her to work on a highly confidential Global Dynamics project. By the last quarter of Season 3, Dr. Fontana finds herself spending time with – and eventually positioned as a love interest for – Jack Carter, by the season finale she had spent at least four nights with Jack in his home. The Season 3 finale suggests her character is to be written out from the primary storylines in Season 4; however, after the timeline is altered in the season 4 premiere, her history is changed and she has just agreed to move in with Carter. This plan is scuttled when Carter realizes that the relationship will not work, and the character appears to move to Australia (as planned at the end of Season 3).
|Kim Deacon
|Tamlyn Tomita
|Kim Deacon[36] is Henry's wife in the 2010 timeline in the season 1 finale. She is killed by the explosion when Nathan investigates "the Artifact" but this fact is only revealed after Henry's attempts to change the past and prevent her death are revealed. A computer evolved Kim clone returns to earth in an old spaceship originally designed by Henry and Kim in season 3 but the clone begins to malfunction and Henry loses her again.
|Lexi Carter
|Ever Carradine
|Lexi Carter[38] is Jack's free-spirited sister who comes to live with him and Zoe early in Season 3 after finding out she (Lexi) is pregnant. Her fanatic emphasis on waste management, recycling, spirituality, and politics quickly endears her to others and makes her an asset to the community. She leaves Eureka with her husband-to-be in the middle of season 3 after he discovers her pregnancy.
|Vanya Asher
|Lucas[40] is Zoe's shy genius boyfriend. They start dating after being forced to work together on a high school science project in Season 2. In Season 3, Lucas is cited as having the third highest IQ ever measured, even though he can be a bit of a klutz. He receives early acceptance to MIT, after a letter of recommendation from Henry, so he is able to be with Zoe in Massachusetts. They reportedly broke up when he moved to Geneva, Switzerland.
|Kevin Blake
|Meshach Peters (seasons 1-3), Trevor Jackson (season 4-5)
|Kevin Blake[42] is Allison Blake's son. He is an autistic savant with an IQ of 182. His character is a major part of the artifact story arc in season two. Kevin does not appear again until season four, where he "accidentally" (although this is uncertain) activates the 2010 side of the bridge device. In the new timeline, Kevin is not autistic.
|Chris Gauthier
|Vincent[44] is the owner of Cafe Diem. He prides himself on being able to make anything his customers ask for – partially due to the extra-dimensional features of his pantry, which essentially allows him infinite room to store recipe ingredients. He is no exception to the town's geniuses, and holds a Ph.D. in Molecular Gastronomy. Has an AI as hologram clone for the cafe help.
|Dr. Noah Drummer
|Chris Parnell
|Dr. Noah Drummer[45] is a physicist, and possibly Santa Claus. He appeared in the Christmas 2010, and Christmas 2011 episodes.
|General Mansfield
|Barclay Hope
|General Mansfield[47] is an army general who frequently visits Eureka to check up on Government projects, or to enforce martial law when experiments get out of control.
|Dr. Jim Taggart
|Matt Frewer
|Dr. Jim Taggart[49] is a somewhat eccentric animal expert. He also does work in geophysics.
|Pilar Reed
|Adrienne Carter
|Pilar Reed[50] is Zoe Carter's best friend at school.
|William Cobb
|Maury Chaykin
|Cobb was the previous sheriff of Eureka. He handed his position over to Jack Carter after he lost his leg in a catastrophic accident involving a tachyon accelerator. He is or was a Major in Army Intelligence. It is unknown if he was retired before he became Eureka's sheriff, or after the incident in the pilot where he lost his leg.
- ^ "Eureka" (2006) - Full cast and crew
- ^ Sheriff Jack Carter (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Sheriff Jack Carter (Character) - Biography
- ^ a b Zoe Carter (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Zoe Carter (Character) - Biography
- ^ Allison Blake (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Allison Blake (Character)
- ^ Nathan Stark (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Nathan Stark (Character)
- ^ Melissa Hank (April 25, 2007). "Sci-fi made sexy on 'Eureka' (interview with Ed Quinn)". Archived from the original on September 17, 2010.
- ^ a b Beverly Barlowe (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Beverly Barlowe (Character)
- ^ Henry Deacon (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Henry Deacon (Character)
- ^ Dr. Grace Monroe (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Dr. Grace Monroe (Character)
- ^ a b c Erica Cerra - Filmography by TV series
- ^ a b Zane Donovan (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Zane Donovan (Character) - Biography
- ^ a b Douglas Fargo (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Douglas Fargo (Character)
- ^ Dr. Holly Marten (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Dr. Holly Marten (Character)
- ^ a b Dr. Trevor Grant (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Dr. Trevor Grant (Character)
- ^ S.A.R.A.H. (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ S.A.R.A.H. (Character)
- ^ Deputy Andy (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Deputy Andy (Character)
- ^ Dr. Isaac Parrish (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Dr. Isaac Parrish (Character)
- ^ Eva Thorne (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Eva Thorne (Character)
- ^ Tess Fontana (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Tess Fontana (Character)
- ^ a b Kim Anderson (Character)
- ^ Lexi Carter (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Lexi Carter (Character)
- ^ Lucas (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Lucas (Character)
- ^ a b Kevin Blake (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Kevin Blake (Character)
- ^ Vincent (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Vincent (Character)
- ^ Eramo, Steve (2011-07-26). "Syfy's Eureka Gets Animated This Holiday Season". The Morton Report. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
- ^ Gen. Mansfield (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Gen. Mansfield (Character)
- ^ Jim Taggart (Character) - Filmography by TV series
- ^ Jim Taggart (Character)
- ^ Pilar (Character)


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An act recently signed by President Obama will make it easier to provide epinephrine to children with severe food allergies in schools, even without a prescription. Physicians at Nationwide Children's Hospital hope the act will encourage the remaining 20 states to pass legislation, incentivizing and, in some cases, requiring that schools to have this medication available for all students since up to 6 percent of children in the United States are now diagnosed with a food allergy.
Allergic reactions to food and other potential life threatening allergic reactions can be fatal unless epinephrine is injected into the child immediately. Sarah Denny, MD, a pediatrician in the Emergency Department at Nationwide Children's, knows how crucial it is to have an epinephrine auto injector close by if your child has a severe allergy. The number of children treated for anaphylactic shock at Nationwide Children's Emergency Department has been on the rise, but the issue is also personal for Dr. Denny.
Dr. Denny's son, Liam, just 18-months-old at the time, had an anaphylactic reaction to soy milk in 2008. Previous testing confirmed he was allergic to dairy, egg, peanuts and tree nuts, but Liam drank soy milk for months before his anaphylactic reaction. After drinking a cup of soy milk as he had done regularly for months, Liam immediately started coughing, vomiting, developed hives all over his body and slipped into unconsciousness after a few minutes. Dr. Denny's husband, also a physician, administered Liam's epinephrine auto injector then immediately called 911. Much to the Denny's relief, medics arrived quickly.
"Thankfully, in the 10-minute ride in the ambulance to Nationwide Children's Hospital, the epinephrine started to work and by the time we got to the Emergency Department he was sitting up on my lap, waving to the nurses," recalled Dr. Denny, also a faculty member at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. "Had we not had an epinephrine auto injector at home, I don't know that we would have been so lucky."
The School Access to Emergency Epinephrine Act, signed by the President last month, provides states federal grants if schools maintain a supply of epinephrine, and trains school employees to administer the drug in an emergency. Additionally, the bill provides civil-liability protection for those who administer epinephrine in an emergency.
David Stukus, MD, an allergist at Nationwide Children's said, "This issue has to be addressed where kids are most vulnerable to an attack. Approximately 90 percent of all schools have one or more students with a food allergy, and about 25 percent of life-threatening food allergy reactions reported at schools occurred in children with no prior history of food allergies."
"Epinephrine in schools should not replace your family's own individualized allergy treatment plan that you make with your allergist and school," said Dr. Stukus, also a faculty member at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. "This act is most critical for students who may not yet have been diagnosed, or for those with known food allergies who, for whatever reason, do not have self-injectable epinephrine immediately available. When a child has a severe allergic reaction, seconds are crucial because timely administration of epinephrine is the single most important way to save lives, and this act will help schools do just that."
Watch a video about how having an epinephrine auto-injector close by saved Dr. Denny's son.
Liam holds epinephrine auto-injectors, the medication that saved his life when he was just 18 months old.


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Wisconsin Educational Opportunity Program (WEOP) and DPI select eligible students and determine the amount of each student's grant.
Work directly with WEOP to meet renewal requirements and maintain continuous enrollment. Funds are available at the time the application is complete. GEAR UP can be received for a maximum of 10 terms.
The Office of Student Financial Aid provides undergraduate and graduate students with resources about types of financial aid and student employment.
FAFSA School Code: 003863
Questions or for more information, contact the Office of Student Financial Aid


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[Page 21]
Two rivers, the Bug and the Mukhavets, formed the natural boundaries of the town.
The river Mukhavets formed a link to the forests and the marshlands. The river Bug connected the land with the west the shipping links went through the Vistula to Gdansk and the Baltic Sea, and the Dnieper to the Black sea. In the old Polish kingdom Brest was the provincial capitol. In the times of the Lithuanian Duchy it was an important center of the province. Brest Litovsk was the first city to receive rights under the Magdeburg Charter as an autonomous city. In the middle Ages it was the eastern frontier of the Polish State. It was surrounded by a lot of old forests and marshes, it's inhabitants were not very civilized the central power of the Church had difficulty in reaching them the new colonizers were not in a hurry to settle there.
Trade and commerce were not developed and the government did not place much military importance to it, the Catholic and Orthodox churches were seeking to establish their influence over this poor region.
We don't know exactly when Brest was established, but there is hearsay that Brest already existed in the 9th century because of its' importance to the western lands.
Granduke Vitold was looking for a means to interest Jews in all the aspects of Lithuanian development - Lithuania distanced itself from Poland in all aspects.
The Jews at that time were more experienced in business, trade and cultural matters this was his main reason in enticing the Jews to come from the Polish Recz Pospolita (Commonwealth).
When did the Jews come to Lithuania?
According to the official documents of the Grand-duke Vitold in 1388, the Jews were given inhabitant rights. These decrees indicate that he knew years earlier of the benefits in having Jewish communities. Everything showed that the Jews of his Duchy excelled themselves with their ability and diligence the duke saw in the Jews a serious force in the development of trade and commerce.
There is evidence that the Jewish community was settled there by the first half of the 14th century. There are no specific details of the Jewish community because of all the wars and subsequent fires; all the documentation has been lost.
It's very hard to determine where the Jews of Brest-Litovsk came from; the majority came from Poland where they had come to after being expelled from Germany.
Their various customs and the spoken Yiddish proved this.
It is also possible that some of the Brest Jews came from Russia, because it was found that some of the Jews were involved in agriculture. This proving a more eastern origin, as trade and money matters were more representative of the western Jews.
The first official mention of the Brest-Litovsk Jewish community is found in the Right to Inhabit Decree of the Grand-duke Vitold in 1388. The Grand-duke knew of the Privileges granted by the Polish king Wladislaw to the Polish Jews in 1264, the contents were very similar to those granted by Vitold., it was highly probable that the Brest- Litovsk Jews knew of the privileges granted by the Polish king to their Polish brethren, and gave this example as a precedent when negotiating with Vitold.
In the decree, Vitold granted the Jews of Brest, and all the Jews of Lithuania, equal standing in rank and jurisdiction. For example: ordinary disputes between Jews could be determined by a Jewish judge more serious cases involving the death penalty must be heard by a government judge.
A Christian who disturbed a Jewish grave would be strongly punished and his assets confiscated. It is forbidden to accuse the Jews of ritual murder, the king would determine the penalty for such a crime.
Jews were exempt from military service to the government.
A Christian who murdered a Jew would be executed and his belongings confiscated.
A Christian who beat a Jew would be punished the same as for beating a non-Jew.
It is forbidden to persecute a Jew, who goes from one place to another, for the importing of goods, he should pay the same tax as the rest of the population.
If a Christian attacks a Jew at night, the Christian neighbours are obliged to come to his aid, if they don't, they will also be punished.
This decree strengthened the community and re-enforced the leaders in their powers.
The Duke decreed that special attention be given to the Jews to enforce the verdicts given by the Jewish judges. The Duke allowed Jews to buy land and to cultivate the soil and plant seeds. From that time it proves that the Jews of Brest were involved in agriculture.
'The Right to Inhabit' decree had several important statutes which were granted to the Jews of Brest, these were much later granted to the other Lithuanians communities under the Kings Zygmund the First (1507) and Zygmund the Third (1570).
The Brest community had striven to obtain these privileges so that they could conduct honest livelihoods according to the laws of the land actually this was the aim of all the Diaspora Jews.
We have no documents about the spiritual lives of the Jews of Brest in the 16th century; it is not known who their leaders were. There is superficial evidence of the first Brest Rav, HaGaon Yechiel Luria, the grandfather of Rabbi Luria who came from Alsace Lorraine and became Marah D'Altra (Chief Rabbi) of Brest in 1470.
According to different documents, there were in Brest Jews who were landowners, some of whom owned villages that ruled the local peasants, merchants who traded their goods well beyond the borders of Lithuania.
At the time of Kasimir Jagiello (Kasimir 4th) 1447-92, the laws pertaining to Jews were observed and the king, as had the previous king, benefitted from the town and Lithuania generally. During the 100-year period between Vitold and the death of Kasimir the Forth the Jews of Brest lived in peace. They established important bases for the gold trade and finance.
2.) After the death of Kasimir Jagiello in 1492, the fortunes of the Brest Jews were to be shaken. The king had 2 sons, the first, Jan Ulbrecht, was crowned king of Poland, the second, Alexander, was crowned Grandduke of Lithuania.
The news of the expulsion of the German Jews, the expulsions of Jews from Spain, Portugal and Provence, and the confiscation of the Jew's assets, came to Lithuania.
The aristocracy and the Lithuanian Boyars under the Duke Alexander wanted to confiscate the Jewish assets they coveted the wealth of the Brest Jews.
The duke issued a proclamation stating that whoever would not convert to Catholicism by April 1495, would have to leave Lithuania. Despite the economic strength of the Brest Jews, they were forced to migrate from Lithuania for Poland. There was instability between the church and the Lithuanian ruling class, the rulers of Brest took the houses, estates and villages of the Jews and apportioned them amongst themselves.
There was a Brest Jew, a rich landowner who left his brethren and converted. This was Avraham Josefovitch, the brother of the famous Michael Josefovitch. Avraham Josefovitch reached the rank of Adelikan, in spite of the fact he had many enemies, he became the finance minister of Poland and his family assimilated into the Polish aristocracy.
In the year 1501, King Jan Ulbrecht died. His brother, Alexander inherited the throne of Poland and Lithuania. Within a short time it became clear to Alexander that the expulsion of the Jews had badly affected the Lithuania's finances. The economy of Lithuania had sunk to a very low level and the country was also suffering greatly from the Tartars attacks, which had razed Brest to the ground. In 1503 Alexander allowed the Jews to return to Lithuania, he ordered his ministers to return their fortunes to them. Alexander decreed in 1505, that all the rights of the Jews be reinstated, all their assets and goods be returned to them, and he also decreed that a hospital and public baths be built in Brest.
Many Jews petitioned the king, reporting those gentiles who refused to return their goods and property. Then king then ordered that their assets be returned, plus interest accrued during the period they were confiscated. The situation of the Jews of Brest was unchanged until 1507, when Alexander died. After Alexander, two brothers came to the throne.
The first, Zygmund 1, was an enlightened man with good intentions towards the Jews, he appreciated their value. In both 1507 and later in 1511, he reissued Vitold's edict of 1388. Under Zygmund 1, and the Jews of Brest lived peacefully.
They were engaged in business, trade and agriculture, they were also artisans, tavern -keepers, and plowed the fields. They also were suppliers to the Polish Army of munitions, clothing and goods that King Zygmund needed in large quantities due to the ongoing wars with his enemies both to the east and the west.
In 1514 the king cancelled an extraordinary tax that his brother Alexander had levied in times of war - 1000 army cavalrymen.
In those days, commerce and business flourished and Brest became a town of merchants. The Talmudic scholars studied day and night in the Yeshiva of Brest which had become world famous it's students went all over the world.
King Zygmund 1 believed that for his own aims, the cultural life of the Jews was important to the Jewish community. The first step in interfering in the internal affairs of the Jewish community of Brest was a prohibition that Zygmund issued forbidding the marriage of the daughter of Rabbi Moshe Rascovitch, who was known as the second Brest Rav, to the son of the Rabbi of Cracow, who had been expelled from Poland for a political transgression.
The second step was to establish a leader from amongst the Jews to collect the taxes and supervise all organization for the Kehilla (community). According to the king's wishes, Michael Josefovitch was elected as head of the Jews of Brest and all of Lithuania. In a letter he decreed that Michael Josefovitch had served him honestly and faithfully, and ordered that he be the intermediary between himself and the Jews. All taxes that were levied on the Lithuanian Jews were to be brought to Michael Josefovitch to transfer to the State Treasury. Thanks to his diligent efforts he was established as the king's representative. Michael Josefovitch was not a great Talmudic scholar but he was a religious man. He used the powers granted by the king and became autocratic and arrogant. At the time there was a revolt against Zygmund by the Duke Galinski.
Michael Josefovitch openly dealt with two Jews who sided with Galinski and confiscated their fortunes.
Some Jews complained to the king, Zygmund heard both sides, both of whom quoted Torah, but he upheld Josefovitch. To enforce his power, Michael Josefovitch requested that the king establish as Rabbi of Brest and of all Lithuania, Rabbi Mendel Frank, a famous Talmudic scholar, formerly Chief Rabbi of Posen, known as the Gaon of Lublin.
The Jews of Brest, who were fighting for their rights, did not want a Rabbi established by the power of the king, but an independent who was chosen by their own community. Mendel Frank complained to the king that the Jews were not obedient to him; they took their disputes to the civil authorities at the Town Council. The king threatened them with punishment, but then relented Mendel Frank left Brest and for a long time after the Rabbis of Brest had the title 'Rav Kollel'.
Michael Josefovitch and his brother Yitzhak served without interruption as chief ministers and advisors to the king. They managed his finances, they supplied him with munitions and it is worthwhile to note the activities of the brothers Josefovitch.
An example a Jew called Aaron the Blind was suspected of having poked out the eyes of a gentile in Brest, and then rubbed salt on the wound. The Jewish court demanded that Michael Josefovitch guarantee that he would put the accused in his own custody, and free him eventually. It came to light that he was a criminal and Josefovitch refused to give this guarantee and claimed that a Jewish community court had no power over the accused.
The Town Council (gentiles) tried him according to the Magdeburg law and ordered that his hands be cut off. After that, Michael Josefovitch realised that he had made a mistake in handing over a Jew to the gentile court, the case was judged on suspicions, not circumstantial evidence, and the verdict was carried out.
Michael Josefovitch was involved in many large business ventures; nevertheless, he did not stop furthering the cause of the Jews of Brest.
In March 1527, King Zygmund decreed that there be a travel tax on all coaches going through Brest. The Christians who collected the tax did not want to give the Jews their share. After the Jews of Brest through Josefovitch, petitioned the king, requesting that the powers of the Brest rulers be used, and that the Jews be given their share.
The king wrote that the Jews paid taxes like everybody else, so they should also be able to receive income from the State.
King Zygmund generously rewarded Josefovitch for his loyalty. He gave him the title of Adelikin - the ceremony was in the marketplace of Cracow in 1525. This is the only example of a Jew receiving a title despite not having renounced his religion and adhering to his religious beliefs.After the death of Josefovitch, the rank and privileges of the father went to his children. Josefovitch himself did not accomplish any special historical deeds to distinguish himself in the history of the Lithuanian Jews.
3.) In the first half of the 16th century, after the death of Zygmund 1, we find the Jews of Brest in good economic and social conditions. They were protected by the king against the church and the aristocracy, who wanted to take away from the Jews their economic privileges.
The Jews received a proportion of the city taxes and together with the other inhabitants of Brest carried out their share of city maintenance and such work as maintaining the bridges over the rivers and the city fortifications.
In 1548 Zygmund Augustus became king of Poland. He strove to bring the West and East closer together. During his reign many Jews came from the west to Poland.
There have been many documents showing the good relations the Jews had with the gentiles during the time of Zygmund Augustus. Their rights were confirmed and furthermore, the management and collction of taxes was placed in Jewish hands.
One time, it was brought to Zygmund Augustus' attention - a dispute between the gentiles in Pinsk and the Jewish tax collectors of Brest. The Jewish Finance Minister confiscated salt belonging to the gentiles, because the gentiles were stealing the salt taxes. The king supported the Jew's actions in this case. However, Zygmund Augustus burdened the Jews of Poland and Lithuania with heavy taxes.
In 1566 there were 106 Jewish house owners in Brest as against 746 gentiles in Brest.
The houses were timber, and there were about 14 inhabitants in each house. However, the economic situation of the Brest Jews was considered good.
In those days, the study of Torah flourished in Poland, which had replaced Germany as the European centre of Torah learning. The Union of Poland and Lithuania (Lublin 1569) had brought the two communities closer together.
Brest became the central community in Lithuania and became known all over the world. Even a Jewish printing press was established there, and dynasties of Rabbis were founded there. In the first half of the 16th century, Rabbi Klonimus was seated on the rabbinical chair; he was the son-in-law of the Gaon Rabbi Shlomo Luria (known as the Rashal)
His pupil, Rabbi Jakob Kitzingen, wrote in his book Hag HaPesach page 21, and this happened - whilst I was studing Torah with my great teacher, the Rashal, of blessed memory,who was then Rosh Yeshivah of the holy Kehilla of Brest, in the house of the generous Reb David Drucker that mice ate up the Afikoman.
This Rabbinate of Brest was recognised as the most prestigious and important in Lithuania, and the Brest congregation was mentioned amonst the most important in Poland at that time, the others being Lublin, Posen and Cracow. This we also learn from the words of the
Gaon Rabbi Meir of Lublin (known as the Maharam), who wrote in his Questions and Answers page 88: All the elders and great teachers, and the great Gaonim( Sages) of all Poland, Lithuania and Russia, are therefore, the great Gaon Rabbi Mordechai Joffe, head of the Holy congregation of Posen, and the Gaon, the Wonder, Rabbi Moshe, Rosh Bet Din of the Holy congregation of Cracow, and the Wonder in Torah and in Chassidut, Rabbi Leib, Rosh Bet Din of the Holy congregation of Brest.
Thus wrote Rabbi Moshe Isserlich (known as the Ramo) of the Sages of Brest in his Questions and Answers, note 1: Together, our Rabbis from Brest, that everyone is blessed and uplifted by their position, Shalom. From this source we learn that the rabbis would swap their positions in the Kehilla (community council) .
In the beginning of the 17th century, in the year 1618 the Rabbi of Brest was the Gaon Rabbi Joel Sirkis, who was known as the 'Bach', after his book, Bayit Chadash (New House), an explanation of the 4 parts of the 'Turim'. In the year 1618, Rabbi Joel Sirkis, the 'Bach', went to Cracow. According to legend, the Bach left the Rabbinate of Brest, because members of the congregation accused him, that one night the light in his house did not burn after midnight, a sign that he did not sit and study until late.
(A similar accusation was written many years later by the Gabbais of the Vilna Congregation, against their Rabbi, the Gaon Rabbi Shmuel, that sometimes he did not stay up late and studies, as there was no light in his house past midnight).
In the year 1618, Rabbi Joel Sirkis, the Bach, signed an excommunication order, which was brought about by the great rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, against a doctor from Amsterdam (Holland). This doctor was also spokesperson of the Dutch Jewish community.
The excommunication order was taken out against him because he made a mockery of the words of our Sages and only believed in the wisdom of Philosophy. The Bach formulated the words as follows: there is no doubt that this man deserves the death penalty,isolation, and to be thrown out of town, because even if this had happened in the time of our Sages, he would have been isolated, as it is quoted in the Talmud and 'Masechet Velo Megalchin'.
Even more so when it is a matter of making a mockery of Sages and speaks negatively about the wisdom of the Kabbalah, which is the source of the Torah and it's principal text- as a whole it is full of fear of heaven, and he deserves ex-communication, and in addition, he follows the philosphy of the free- thinker (Apicorus).
There is no doubt that a person, whether he be a learned person, who laughs off the words of the Sages and the wisdom of the Kabbala, deserves to be killed and ex-communicated,
because this is the free- thinker in all his power.
4.) In the year 1568, there was a great fire in Brest and the entire Jewish neighbourhood burnt down. King Zygmund Augustus relieved the Jewish community of one third of their taxes in the New Year, on the condition that they would rebuild their houses in stone or brick.
This helped the Jews build a new district; they also built a new Beth Hamidrach, according to the designs of the builder Patronka of Posen. Near the Beth Hamidrach was the Great Yeshiva; the Beth Hamidrach remained until 1842.
During the reign of Zygmund Augustus, the native inhabitants were inventing various blood libels accusations designed at expelling the Jews from the commercial life of Brest.
In 1564 there was a blood libel against a Jew from a neighbouring town he was accused of knifing a Christian girl to use her blood to make matzot. The king released him and decreed on the 10th May 1566, that only under the conditions of 3 Jewish and 3 Gentile witnesses could such an accusation be levelled, and only the king could judge such a case of ritual murder.
The same decree was confirmed by his successor, Stephan Batory on the 9th August 1576.
According to historical information we have concerning the Brest Jews in those days, they were involved in importing fabrics and raw-materials from Germany and other lands.
They would manufacture clothing and other goods and send them to Russia.
Then Ivan the Terrible, who was known as an enemy of Israel, forbade the importing of these goods into Russia.
At the same time, the Great Yeshiva in Brest was established, and talented students from all over Europe streamed towards it.
5.) In the year 1572, in the transition period before the election of Stephan Batory in 1576, Ivan the Terrible attempted to take the kingdom by force, but the Poles repelled him.
Then Batori was elected as king in 1576. The Jews rejoiced at the defeat of the Enemy of Israel the youth of Brest arranged a Purim play in 1577 in which Haman was depicted as 'Ivan of Moscow'.
In the second half of the 16th century amongst the young students who came to study at the Brest Yeshiva, there was a Saul Wahl from Padua in Italy. There in Padua his father was the Gaon Shmuel Yehuda Katzenellenbogen -Minc, the son of the famous Maharam of Padua, famed as a Posek (Rabbinic judge and authority). In Brest Saul Wahl married Devorah, the daughter of a rich merchant Reb Yehuda Krocker. Reb Krocker was the Parnas (community leader) of the Brest Kehilla.
Thanks to his great knowledge of the Torah and wisdom, Saul Wahl became very important amonst the inhabitants of Brest. He also found favor with the king Stephan Batory who made him one of the greatest Arendars in Lithuania- Poland.
According to legend, after the death of Stephan Batory in 1586, there was a meeting of the Council of Ministers in Warsaw to elect a new king, however, they could not reach agreement and followed a suggestion by Prince Radzivilll that Saul Wahl be made king for one night, until they could reach agreement. The next day they elected Zygmund the Third.
Naturally this is a legend, but the Wahl family folklore claimed that during that one night, Saul Wahl affirmed all the decrees pertaining to the welfare of Jews.
In 1578, Saul Wahl was in charge of all the salt manufacture, and was Controller of all the king's finances in Brest and vicinity. Notwithstanding his heavy business responsibilities for all of Poland, we find his name mentioned in many documents that confirm his status and endeavors for the Brest community. Saul was special envoy to the king, because of his relationship to the monarchy he was able to ceaselessly campaign for the Jew's rights.
In 1582 Saul Wahl requested one quarter of the town's taxes for the Brest Jews, and King Zygmund the Third ratified this.
In 1593, Saul Wahl brought forth an accusation against the city elders in front of the king. The elders of Brest were interfering in Jewish affairs and were oppressing and beleaguering the Jews with their demands for heavy taxes. Zgymund the Third sent a letter to the Town Council of Brest forbidding them to interfere in Jewish affairs. Also in the Christian population, Saul Wahl was respected and esteemed as the king's' representative.
In 1595, all the inhabitants of Brest approached Saul Wahl and requested that he intervene with the king on their behalf, to lower their taxes. There are no further references to Saul Wahl in that year. We don't know the date of Saul Wahl's death, but before his death he allocated part of his fortune to the poor and the Yeshivot.
Wahl's family lineage was far -reaching. His son the Gaon Rav Avrashka Wahl, became Head of the Brest Yeshiva, he was the son-in-law of the 'Tosfot Yom Tov', Rabbi Lipman Heller. In Avrashka Wahl's time there was in the Brest Yeshiva a great scholar named Rav Josef Isserlich, the brother of the Ramo, Rabbi Meir Isserlich.
In his elder years, Rav Avrashka was the Rabbi of Lwow, and until Rabbi Jacob Padua, who was a great-grandson of Saul Wahl's, who died in Brest in 1855, all the Brest rabbis were related to the Wahl dynasty.
Towards the end of the 16th century the importance of Brest to the central government and the Sjem (Polish parliament) had increased. The Sjem assembled there in 1594-96.
Brest was also a meeting place of the bishops. Brest was the most respected community in Lithuania and actively involved in the meetings of the Council of Four Lands. In a meeting of the Four Land's Council in 1607, there was a Rabbi from Brest, Rabbi Yehuda Eilenberg, representing the Jewish communities (Kehillot) of Lithuania, which belonged to Poland.
In 1623, there was a split between Lithuania and Poland because of their many differences and different systems of government. There were many reasons for the formation of the Council of Lithuania
. In 1644, the Jews of Brest complained to the Lithuanian government that students from the Theological Seminary had attacked and molested them in the streets. In the same year, there was a counter-complaint from the Seminary students that Jews had attacked and beaten them. The atmosphere of anti-Jewish sentiment and the ill will of the Church was increasingly felt, and the Jews were seeking to counteract these troubles.
6.)In the years 1648 and 1649, great suffering came with the Cossack uprising under the leadership of Bogdan Chmelnitski. In this revolt against the Polish king, Wladislaw the Fourth, much Jewish blood was split, mainly in eastern Poland. According to sources, the Jews suffered greatly, hundreds were murdered, and these hundreds were the Jews that had not fled from Brest. The Jew's homes were looted and destroyed, and their belongings stolen. From a book by Nathan Hanover in the other large communities of Lithuania there were thousaands and tens of thousands of Jews murdered. From the communities of Slutsk, Minsk and Brest, many fled into Greater Poland, by using the Vistula River, many even reached Gdansk. The poor people who remained were slaughtered. In another chapter how many souls of the remaining poor, the holy people who were the remnants of the Brest Kehilla, were murdered in the glory of God in that year (1648).
A priest called Gregory Kanakov has left a list of Brest murders from the time of the massacres. He describes how the city was ransacked, the Jew's worldly goods looted and destroyed, and most of the Jews killed. The Polish soldiers who arrived and chased the Cossacks away, killed the small number of Jews that had survived, whilst searching for their hidden treasures.
From the books of that time is a book called 'Helkat Machkok' by Rabbi Moshe Lima, son of Rabbi Yehuda Lima, who had left the Rabbinate in Lithuania and was in that year was the Rabbi of Brest. In this book we read of the Cossack atrocities. A woman eyewitness to the atrocities of the Cossacks reported that the Cossack murderers killed their victims by swinging their axes and cutting off their victim's heads. Then they wiped their axes on the victim's clothes. Another description:' Our own eyes have seen many people slaughtered and taken prisoner.' The Gaon Rabbi Moshe was the pupil of the author of the book 'Pnei Yoshua' and many rabbis corresponded with him, he died in Brest.
The decrees of the years 1648 1649 were reflected in the decisions of the Lithuanian Jewish Council that was assembled in 1649. Until our own eyes saw, because of our many sins, how many Jews were abducted and assimilated with the gentiles, and so forth .
Because of that we are now writing to all places and congregations where there are at least 10 people (a minyan), that they have the right to pay ransom for every soul under the age of 17, without hesitation, or having to ask permission.
And also in regards to the poor dispossessed people, who have became like nomads in our land and wander around. This ruling, which was to be strictly enforced on the movement of these homeless masses, we should now, after the tragedy, hasten with saving as many Jewish lives as possible.
7.) The revolt of the Cossacks and the wars that Poland waged against Moscow and the Swedes, as well as the Turkish attacks, all contributed to the deteriorating position of the Jews in Lithuania and Poland. As in other towns, the Jews of Brest became impoverished, those who were once affluent became homeless, and Jewish fortunes were lost.
In 1661 King Jan Kazimir freed the Jewish citizens of Brest from the compulsory billeting of Polish soldiers, and relief from various taxes. This is because they were impoverished and unable to pay. The king, Jan Kazimir, genuinely wanted to improve the conditions of the Brest Jews and to influence them to return to normal life. Therefore, he issued a special manifest on the 13th June 1665, in which he exhorted his ministers to protect the Jews and to look after their interests. However, the attacks on the Jews increased, especially from the nobility.
The king, who was courageous enough on the 13th May 1665, to sentence an nobleman to death. This nobleman had ridden his horse into the Bet Hamidrach in Brest, brandishing his sword, and killed the caretaker of the synagogue. The family of this nobleman was also forced to pay compensation to the family of the murdered man.
However, the overall situation of the Jews in Brest was grim. Commerce dwindled, and the Christian population in Brest became saturated with the hatred of Israel. The Church incited against the Jews, and the nobility found revenue through robbery and corruption.
In 1679 in Brest, there was the trial of a long drawn -out dispute over land ownership.
The head of the church in Brest claimed large areas of land on which Jewish houses had been built, claiming that this belonged to the Church. On the other hand, the Jews had the official documentation proving that the land indeed belonged to them before they had erected their homes. This dispute had dragged on for years, and led to violence and blows, but the Jews won their case in the end.
In 1669, Michal Wiszniewski, who was the king's representative, affirmed the rights of the Jews in Brest. He allowed the Jews to build gates that were locked on the Sabbath and Holy days, so that their Gentile neighbors could not molest them.
This statute did not appeal to the anti-Semitic nobility and at a meeting of the Brest Assembly in 1669, the nobility requested that heavy penalties be imposed on Jews who employed Christian workers and servants.
The rights of the Jews werer affirmed by the king, Jan Sobieski in 1676, who was known as a friend of the Jews. He strengthened their rights. Because of this, a charge of conspiracy was levelled against the Jews in Brest. It was alleged that the Jews had murdered a Jewess that had converted to Catholicism and then disappeared. Several members of her family were sentenced to death.
The grave situation of the Jews was illustrated by the following events:
In 1682 elected representatives of the Jewish Community (kehilla) appeared before the governor of Brest with the following petition. Many Jews had borrowed large sums of money from the nobility without consultation. The kehilla was held responsible for these large debts. The kehilla requested that it be made compulsory to first ask permission of the kehilla before borrowing money.
In 1670 the plight of the Jewish borrowers was illustrated by the reform amendment (Takanon): those who give their wives and children as sureties will suffer in both worlds.
Amongst the signatories of this amendment was the Gaon Benjamin Ginsburg, the Rabbi of Brest.
In 1676, the king Jan Sobieski agreed to heavily punish those that did not honour their debts, and gave permission to the kehilla to treat this as a criminal act and punish them.
In 1684 the government closed the Brest Beth Hamidrash (prayer house) for not paying a debt owed by a Jew to the Brest Government. Only after that debt was repaid was the Beth Hamidrach reopened. During this period, some of the assets of the Jewish community were sold to the Church as repayment of debts.
After Jan Sobieski's death in 1696, war broke out in Poland. Civil war erupted like flames between the followers of Stanislaw and the followers of Augustus 11, who was eventually elected as king. Augustus 11 reigned between 1697 and 1733. The Jews of Lithuania felt the impact of these conflicts more than the other citizens, they were oppressed from all sides, and not helped by the affirmation of their rights by the king.
The importance of Brest was diminished by the central powers. Many new towns were established in the area and grew in importance. Amongst the Jewish communities of Lithuania, Vilna became more important. The significance of Brest began to waver. An example of this diminished power was illustrated by the kehilla of Slutsk declaring that they wanted to be independent of the Brest kehilla. A member of the Four Lands Council requested that he be appointed the leader 'of the famous and beautiful Slutsk community'.
As Brest did not respond to this request in time, the Slutsk kehilla decided to grant this request by themselves.
Brest, which had served as an example to other Jewish communities by their punctuality in collecting and paying taxes, protested against soldiers accompanying the tax collectors.
The war minister requested that the Jews of Brest attend a military tribunal for attacking soldiers. When King Augustus the Third came to the throne in 1733, he promised to uphold the rights of the Jews and their protection. However, the Adelikan strengthened their persecution by reinforcing the locals who wanted to expel the Jews from the business and commercial life of Brest.
In 1759, there was a meeting of the Polish parliament in Brest, several members of this Parliament attacked the Jews in the Great Synagogue, and demanded money. The criminals were brought to justice, but their leader was lightly sentenced and the rest were exonerated.
8.) Notwithstanding its economic decline, the town of Brest retained its greatness. It was a large community, full of Talmudic sages and clever Talmudic businessmen who respected the Torah, and the names of the Brest rabbis shone in the list of Sages (Gaons) of the Polish and Lithuanian rabbis.
Amongst some of the Sages and rabbis who were recorded in the list of Brest rabbis after the decrees of 1648 -49 were:
The Gaon Yakov, son of the Gaon Ephriam Zalman Shor, the son-in-law of Rabbi Yeshayahu, the son of the Nagid, Reb Moshe Lisras.Reb Moshe Lisras left a lot of money in his will to the Council of Lithuania. These monies were supposed to help the communities, specifically to build Beth Midrashim (prayer houses and schools). After him, there was a rabbi of Brest in the year 1655, Reb Moshe Lima, who wrote 'Helkat Mechokek'.
And after Rabbi Lima, the Gaon Rabbi Aharon Shmuel Kwidenaver, author of the books Birkat Hazevach and Birkat Shmuel. Then the Gaon Rabbi Tzvi Hirsh in the year 1664.
Until the Gaon Mordechai Ginsburg was the rabbi of Brest D'Lita, the custom was not to retain the rabbinical seat for more than 3 years. With Rabbi Ginsburg, this custom changed.
Rabbi Mordechai Ginsburg was succeeded by the Gaon Rabbi Mordechai Zyzkind Rottenberg, the author of the book Questions and Answers of Rabbi Mordechai Zyskind In 1691,the rabbi of Brest was the Gaon Rabbi Saul, the son of Rabbi Heshel. Rabbi Saul, was later the Rabbi of Krakow.
In 1713 there was in Brest a rabbi, Aryeh Yehuda Leib, the grandson of the author of the Shaagat Aryeh
In 1718, the rabbi was Nachman Sirkin, who was praised by Rabbi Yaakov Emden in his books, Torat HaKanaut and Ezrat Yaakov.
At the time that Stanislaw Poniatowski became king of Poland in 1764, conditions were very difficult for the Jews because he followed the laws of the Russian Empress, Catherine the Great. At that time there was a Russian law that each community was responsible for collecting their own revenue and taxes. The Polish king followed the Russian laws in relation to the Jewish communities and ordered that the Council of Lithuania be continued.
In 1768, the Polish parliament issued an edict forbidding Jews who held no special concessions, from owning taverns. Not all the tavern owners could produce such concessions, and therefore many Jews lost their livelihoods. As many Jews were innkeepers in Lithuania and Wolyn, this main source of income was lost.
In 1761, the Council of the Lithuanian State held it's last meeting in Slutsk. The first signatory on this final proclamation was the Gaon Rabbi Abram Katzenellebogen, who was previously the Rabbi of Slutsk. From 1760, Rabbi Katzenellenbogen was famed as a Gaon, and as an opponent of the Chassidim.
During the time of Rabbi Yacob Meir Padua's term as rabbi of Brest in 1847, there was a great fire in Brest and the Great Synagogue burnt down. On the main street of Brest in the central Jewish business area, all the shops burnt down, and 12 men died, incinerated in the fire. With much difficulty, Rabbi Yakov Meir made great efforts on behalf of their widows that they should not remain as Agunot (deserted wives, unable to remarry), according to the law in Tshuvot.
The Great Synagogue that was destroyed had been built in 1759,and improved by Saul Wahl. The erection of the new synagogue lasted 10 years, 1851-1861, due to many shortages. The designs for the new synagogue were according to the sketches of the Rabbi, Yakob Meir Padua, who was the Rabbi of Brest 1840-1855.
After the death of Rabbi Yakov Meir, Rabbi Tzvi Hirsh Orenstein occupied the rabbinical seat in 1865. Rabbi Orenstein was a Gaon of Torah and also a very efficient organizer. Under his leadership, the communal hospital and old people's home were built. In those days there was a law that every Jewish community had to provide a certain number of recruits for the Russian army, or buy their exemption with money. Rabbi Orenstein was always seeking means to ransom these recruits and to provide money for their release.
Rabbi Tzvi Hirsh did many good deeds for his community until the Russian authorities exiled him in 1874, on the pretext that he was from Galicia, and therefore, a foreigner. In his last years, he was the Rabbi of Lwow, his book Brachot Tzvi Hirsh, was published after his death in 1888.
To the rabbinical seat came another Gaon, Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin, who previously had been the rabbi of Lomza, Kovno, and Shklov. Rabbi Diskin was a Gaon who was extremely orthodox and uncompromising in Brest he had many conflicts with the Russian authorities.
In 1877, Rabbi Diskin issued a rabbinical ruling that was in opposition to the law of the Russian government. Due to this, he was forced to leave Brest after 3 years of being the rabbi. He went to Jerusalem and whilst there was a vehement and passionate opponent of the Zionists and the enlightened (secular) Jews. He forbade the Heter Shmita, which was a law passed in 1889, by the sages and rabbis, amongst them the rabbi of Kovno, Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor.
In Jerusalem, Rabbi Diskin established a large orphanage, and the Yeshiva Ohel Moshe. He died in Jerusalem in 1898, his book Question and Answers of Rabbi Y.L. Diskin, was published after his death.
By the end of the 19th century the Jewish population of Brest had greatly increased.
The military Garrison at the Fortress, one of the symbols of the Russian Empire, brought much business to the tradesmen and artisans of Brest. From the surrounding shtetls (villages), Jews came to settle in Brest. In the 1880's Jews were 50% of the town's population.
They were engaged in trade, craftsmen, light industries and building enterprises.
In the year 1878, the Sage and Righteous, Rabbi Joseph Dov Ber Soleveitchik, (Rabbi Yoshe Ber) was elected to be Rabbi of Brest. From 1878, up to the great disaster of 1939, the rabbinical seat of Brest was occupied by Rabbi Yoshe Ber, his son Chaim and his grandson, Ze'ev Wolf Soleveitchik, until the destruction of the town. Rabbi Joseph Ber was born in Niesvitz in 1820 and studied in Volozhin. For many years he wandered through various yeshivas, he was the Rabbi of Brest until he died in 1892. He was much loved by all. Yoshe Ber was a sympathizer of the ideas of Yishuv Israel, which was founded in 1860 in Brest. He was the author of the book, 'Beth Halevi', which was four parts of questions and answers, and sermons.
In 1891 there were 30,000 Jews in Brest out of a population of 46,000. In that time, emigration from Brest and all of Russia greatly increased. Many left for America, Argentina, etc. Amongst the Zionists (Chovevei Zion) that made Aliyah to Israel in 1884, were some from Brest. The Russian authorities were very distrustful of the Jews of Brest, because of the town's strategic position; the Russian rulers doubted the Jew's loyalty in case of war.
In 1892, the rabbinical seat passed on to Rabbi Chaim Soleveitchik, Rabbi Chaim played a very large role not only as Rabbi of Brest, but also as Chief Rabbi of the general Jewish community of Russia. The Brest community was very proud of Chaim, he was known as Chaim Brisker. He was recognized by every scholar and learned Jew.
He wrote the following books: 'The Renewal of Rabbi Chaim Halevy'. 'Explanations of the book of the Ram Bam'. 'New explanations of Questions that have arisen in the Talmud'. With the death of Rabbi Chaim in 1918, the Jewish community of Brest became orphaned.
It's a wonderful thing in the history of the Jewish people that the city of Brest D'Lita, over a period of many generations, developed into the chief Jewish community of Poland and Lithuania. The Brest Rabbis and Sages extended their influence over the whole of European Jewry, and retained and continued their influence until the great tragedy and demise of this community.
|A 17th Century Purification Cup
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text:
The Lamar County Trojans (8-0-1, 6-0) hosted the Crawford County Eagles (0-9, 0-6) tonight at Trojan Field. They will face Cook County in the first round of the playoffs here next Friday night. Cook lost to Early County 27-22.
Realtime scoring from the game is provided by Walter Geiger.
TITLETOWN X2: The Trojans exhort with the Region 4-AA championship trophy after routing Crawford County Friday night. The win gave Lamar two straight undefeated regular seasons and back-to-back region titles. (Photo: Walter Geiger)
Trojans feast on Eagle meat; face Cook in 1st round
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text:
San Juan High School saw a champion crowned at the May 16-17 2-A State Track meet. Junior Arizona Carr threw the shot put 34 feet 11 inches to finish in first place.
Fellow San Juan thrower Sara Morley followed close behind Carr. Morley threw 33 feet 5 inches to finish in second place. Morley, a sophomore, also placed seventh in the discus.
San Juan High thrived on the boys side of the competition. Junior Max Morley led the Broncos track and field team. Morley finished second in the 100 meter dash, running a blazing 11.35 race, just two-tenths of a second behind the winner.
Morley also placed second in the 400-meter dash, fourth in the 200-meter dash, and was the anchor for the San Juan 4X100 meter relay team.
The 4X100 team also featured Hunter Latham, Payton Palmer, and Brittain Bowring. San Juan earned second place in a photo finish. Kanab High School finished just one-hundredth of a second in front of the San Juan relay team.
Bowring also showed off his hops to compliment his speed. The junior bounded to a third place finish in the long jump, with a jump of 20 feet 6 inches, and tied for eighth place in the high jump.
San Juan Senior Christian Sherrow also had a good meet. Sherrow finished fifth in the 800-meter run, and also ran in the 400-meter finals.
Sherrow was also the anchor for the 4X400 relay team that finished in fourth place. Sterling Black, Isaiah Warren, and Jaden Ivins also ran the relay.
Ivins also placed seventh in the long jump, as well as eighth in both the 110-meter hurdles and 300-meter hurdles.
Senior Brayden Giddings and Jens Grover both threw well. Giddings placed fourth in the discus, while Grover placed sixth in the javelin.
Whitehorse High School junior Davik Mitchell brought home a sixth place medal in the discus in the 1-A classification. Mitchell also placed eighth in the shot put.
Monument Valley's Ki-Jana Martinez just missed medaling by placing seventh in the 3200 meter run.


text:
Rimini Cheese Tower
Serves 55 – 65pax
Cheese selection top to Bottom:
Coulommiers (France)
Manchego (Spain)
Maffra Cheddar (Australia) – can be used with red wax or without
Cheeses that are not in stock will be substituted with a similar cheese.
All cheeses are individually wrapped and ready to be arranged by your caterer / venue. Collection of wheels from Salt Meats Cheese Drummoyne is available 7 days or delivery can be organised Monday to Friday (Sydney Metro).
Please allow 2 weeks lead time when placing orders.
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text: Convert Singapore Dollars (SGD) to any other world currency with real time currency prices. We strive to have the latest price data on all currencies so you can make correct decisions when transfering or changing money. Before changing money it is always important to get the official exchange rate. This way you know what to expect when changing money. With our currency converter you can covert any currency. Having local currency is very important when traveling. You never know how far you will have to walk to an ATM machine but one thing is for sure and that is that the local currency, when traveling, will always be accepted. When traveling to Australia, Europe or the U.S chances are high your Visa card, Master card or banking card will work just fine at the restaurant - But this is not true for most countries surrounding Singapore. Showing up in Indonesia without cash in the local currency would surely ruin your vacation.


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Jason Court off Wigmore Street, 76 Wigmore Street, | Travel: Bond Street /Marble Arch Tube | Map
At Levant the theme is caring and sharing. This exotic eaterie oozes middle eastern charm and London chic and offers the chance to cosy up to your beloved in a relaxed basement atmosphere. Tuck into a massive platter of the fine.. more
The Mandeville Hotel, Mandeville Place, Mandeville Place, | Travel: Bond Street tube | Map
An elegent haven for the discernable shopper, the Reform Social & Grill Restaurant is part of the fashionable boutique Mandeville Hotel, located a stone's throw from Oxford Street and Marylebone High Street. Inspired by classic B.. more
Mexican Cuisine |


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1 Dozen 12 Sets Copag Cards Red Blue Bridge Size Standard Index
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text:
Olguita Midnight Blue
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Olguita Midnight Blue
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text:
Caterpillar Names Lincoln Electric Outstanding Supplier
Caterpillar's new certification program recognizes suppliers working toward zero defects in the manufacturing process. It combines third-party ISO 9001:2000 registration and full ISO/TS 16949:2002 compliance along with Caterpillar-unique elements taken from the new MP11005 principles. Only suppliers with a demonstrated history of success using Six Sigma are eligible for the certification.
See also: Lincoln Electric Co.
Related Enterprise Zones: Welding


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Kennedy Center Family Theater Tickets
For Tickets Call 1-800-840-9227
Representatives available Mon-Fri 7am-12pm, Saturday and Sunday 7am-11pm
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This is a venue known for performing arts and music events, located in Washington DC, DC. Opened in December of 2005, the venue features seating for 324 people. This venue has hosted events for Where Words Once Were, Chris Thile, Harlem String Quartet, and Renee Fleming, among other concert, arts and theater events.
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I just have to do one more tutorial on a cartoon animal because it was requested by a member and I have to fill all request. I will show you "how to draw a cartoon rat step by step". The rat is an animal that is looked down upon and there is good reason for this. They are disgusting animals that feed on the dead as well as on the living. They represent evil and decay, as well as trouble and filth. I wanted to draw a rat that resembled everything I just said. Although rats are nasty little rodents, they are often fancied as pets. I on the other hand, would never want to have a rat for a pet because they gross me out big time. I did however have fun drawing out this cartoon rat because I was able to use art to express how I look at these animals. The eyes are colored in red for their evil stare, and the body is colored in a dirty shade of grey. The feet and hands are a nasty pink, and they are also long, skinny and creepy looking. If you want you can sketch in a friendly looking face and cute hands with a white colored body to make your rat look more like a pet rat instead of a sewer rat. No matter what design concept you choose, you will have fun learning "how to draw a cartoon rat" step by step regardless. There is much more coming your way today because I have to submit seven more lessons that I drew yesterday and the day before. Have fun with this tutorial boys and girls, I will be back shortly with more drawing fun. Adios amigos!
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!