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Sociedad (Buenos Aires)
Print version ISSN 0327-7712
Sociedad (B. Aires) vol.4 no.se Buenos Aires 2008
A (still) "would-be" country
Ricardo Aronskind
Economist and Master of International Relations. Researcher and lecturer at the Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento and tenured Professor of Argentine Political Economy for the Sociology degree (School of Social Studies) and of Argentine Economic Structure for the Economy degree at the School of Economics, both at Universidad de Buenos Aires
Translated by Marta Ines Merajver
Translation from Sociedad (Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, n.28, 2008.
This article explores two hundred years of Argentinean economic and political history, seeking for the causes that might explain why a potentially prosperous country, seen as such thanks to its natural and human resources, has been unable to defeat undervelopment and guarantee its population an acceptable standard of living. An attempt at understanding the evolution of this unusual, "would-be"country includes an analysis of the Spanish colonial legacy, the concentration of rural property, profeteering and speculative practices, the State's poor management, and neoliberal deindustrialization policies.
What thread might lead to an explanation for the course of Argentina's economy over the past two hundred years? Is it possible to find a logic of behavior pointing to a given direction? Are there permanent causes and reasons for Argentina's poor performance over two centuries? It is quite likely that, in countries that view themselves as successful, one could write an economic history that would "necessarily" culminate in a more or less extended present of prosperity. How to tell such a history about Argentina, an ever potentially prosperous country whose plentiful material and human resources render it impossible to explain its inhabitants' poor economic achievements as well as their lacks and sufferings? Comparative studies in economics placed Argentina in the same group as Canada and Australia one hundred years ago and with Brazil fifty years ago. As the decades pass, the reference group changes as countries with similar characteristics move ahead and Argentina is included in the new subset of "developing countries."
It is generally agreed that two hundred years ago the geographic area now known as Argentina possessed some valuable natural resources such as its soil, water, and climate while it was short of others coal and iron, for example- and needed to begin an industrialization process. However, a satisfactory explanation of Argentina's evolvement requires exploring into social and human factors. Both because of objective facts (sparse population and territorial occupation) and because of the culture that pervaded the Spanish colonies, this particular geographic area made very slow progress in terms of productive modernity and self-centered development.
The Spain that arrived at what would later be called America was the same that had just gone against its own progress through the expulsion of Moors and Jews. The victory of the Inquisition put a stop to the expansion of the innovative ideas that began to circulate towards the end of the medieval era. It is undeniable that the colonial approach sustained by the Spanish Empire was based on nothing but the extraction of wealth from the conquered lands. These were a space to be explored for the sake of the metropolis' grandeur rather than new territories in which to establish Spanish civilization. The predatory approach to peoples and wealth signaled the viceroyalty and planted the seed of underdevelopment. The fall of the Spanish monarchy rushed a political process that ended with the independence of the American colonies. These lands were freed from Spain's impoverishing trade monopoly only to fall prey to England's impoverishing free trade policy. The instability of the Provincias Unidas del Rio de la Plata in terms of production and technology, along with the Balkanization of Latin America, set the initial conditions for the new economic relations with the developed world of the times (i.e. Northern Europe). In Argentina, the protracted internal conflicts ended up in the victory of the interests upheld by landowners, tradesmen, and financiers associated to the port of Buenos Aires. This led to a highly concentrated structure of power whose commerce and finance became increasingly articulated with Europe's most dynamic region.
Vast fertile areas were "cleared" thanks to the forced displacement of the aboriginal population (Rosas's and Roca's "conquest of the desert"). Far from being colonized, the "conquered" lands were distributed among relatives and friends of the military leaders of the "wars against the Indians." The highly concentrated agricultural structure was to define a shrunken market for the local industry with enormous financial surplus in the hands of a couple of hundred families.
The fierce American civil war (1860-1865) imposed a protectionist industrial project opposed to England's productive complementarity, thus destining the United States of America to become one of the great powers. At that time, Argentina had completed its process of national organization and our ruling class (with some honorable exceptions) chose a path at odds with that of the United States. Argentina favored a free trade agricultural project in productive complementarity with England; that is to say, the country would exchange four or five farming products for all modern industrial goods coming from "abroad."
The fertile plains (Humid Pampas) were Argentina's cornucopia, especially for an elite whose wealth was spent partly locally and partly on luxury consumption in Europe. The high international prices that contrasted with local costs worked the miracle of financing a modern, export-oriented infrastructure for a country that was changing its population through massive immigration from Europe's worst stricken countries.
The State emerged small and weak, adapted to its agro-exports needs. Tasks became defined in accordance with exporters', merchants', and financiers' requirements for maximized profit. Ever since 1824, the country was indebted to British banks, a fact that gave rise to interesting brokerage business, and already found it difficult to comply with payment. It was assumed that a special relation with the world's greatest power would last forever and solve all problems.
The importance of the United Kingdom in Argentina's history should not be underestimated. British influence was already felt at the time of the independence and lasted until the mid-20th century. The remarkable complementarity between the needs of the island (inexpensive, good quality food for its workers) and the productive capacity of our fertile plains structured Argentina's presence in the world, the distribution of power and money at home, and the foundational narrative of the country: Argentina, forever agricultural, was the developed world's "breadbasket."
However, it was precisely that solid bond between Argentine landowners and the British Empire that went into a crisis with the 1929 American stock market crash, followed by the 1930 fall of the world economy and the breakout of World War I. The decline of the United Kingdom as a world power bewildered the Argentine elite, for they could not think of a way of living, producing, and making profit other than the one they had enjoyed in the glorious fifty or sixty years that came to an end in 1930.
It was precisely during that "glorious" period that some of the most negative socio-economic features that were to stick with Argentina until the present took shape. In part, they account for its progressive backwardness. We are talking about a weak State pervaded by private interests, shady business between entrepreneurs and politicians at the expense of the general well being, income deriving from privilege and obtained through public regulations designed by the very people who benefited from them, grabbing at national wealth, rights acquired under suspicious circumstances, resorting to the law and to "constitutional rights" to keep such rights, appealing to the institutions of the republic with the purpose of hindering social progress projects, the subordination of the country's foreign affairs to the business of the elite, and so forth.
The profiteering, speculative mentality that characterized many of those who were in power in those times, particularly in the 30s, contaminated other actors and sectors of the economy. The notion of "making plenty of money through one good harvest" became integrated into our national idiosyncrasy, miles away from a long term project of systematic accumulation that would have improved the quality of domestic insertion and guaranteed a high standard of living for the population.
The blunt division of labor in comparison to the developed world created a passive attitude towards scientific and technological knowledge, which was assumed to come from "abroad" then and ever after. Argentina would always consume rather than produce such knowledge. Thus, courses of studies related to modern production were discouraged, while those dealing with liberal professions and fostering individual advancement were encouraged, such as could be expected from a dependent, agro-exporting country. The lack of interest in scientific and technological research, which proved decisive in the 20th century, was later apparent in the behavior of our manufacturers and in the overly low public investment in these matters.
Despite amply exceeding the farming produce, our industry never reached the status of a genuinely Argentine activity. In other words, the main activity that, in modern capitalism, defined self-ruling and subordinate countries was not a priority in a country whose elite viewed themselves as a prosperous province of the British Empire. This archaic self-image was to last until the 21st century.
Thus, the society that emerged in the first decades of the 20th century, educated in the intellectual issues of an upper class with aristocratic aspirations, was open to and incorporated into Western culture. Such society picked up the customs, consumption habits, and ideas from the big cities, but remained basically passive and mentally dependent. The dominant class, which had maintained an important presence until 1943, began to decline and resorted to violence in order to reappropriate power. It focused its economic activity on big, high-return business, drawing on its connections with military, financial, and diplomatic sources.
This displaced sector looked upon the economy as yet another scenario of political dispute, privileging the goal of shutting out such forces as it could not control, even at the cost of economic destabilization and serious social consequences. Its distrust of its own country led them to prefer cash flow to other forms of wealth and to keep a part of it in foreign countries. Such behavior severely hampered the country's possibility of sustaining an accelerated accumulation process with its own resources.
Eventful industrialization
Industrialization changed the country's social and productive physiognomy, but it would have lacked impetus had it not been for the 1930 world crisis. The crisis of the central countries forced Argentina to fend for itself without its traditional agro-export model. When the country's strong bond with the United Kingdom was severed, Argentina slowly and spontaneously devoted its efforts to industrial manufacture, the only activity that, at the time, could provide employment and production. Going against its self-image of a farming country, Argentina took a path that it would never retrace. In spite of the wishes and beliefs of its ruling class, Argentina became an industrialized country. The following fifteen years hatched the conditions for the rise of Peronismo. Thousands of rural workers, unable to pursue their natural activity, migrated to the suburbs of the big cities and became employed in the thousands of workshops and factories that were established to cater to local needs. Thus there sprung a fast-growing industry that supplied the domestic market. Its limitations would be due to the private sector's difficulty in moving on toward a more complex, sophisticated manner of industrialization capable of exporting and supplying the various productive activities with capital goods.
The Armed Forces, particularly the Army, took part in the process, contributing to the autonomization of the state. Having protagonized national politics for over fifty years (1930-1982), the military were partly supportive of Peronista distributionism. Later on they became divided as some backed pro-agrarian policies and others pro-industrialist policies. They fostered a failed authoritarian developmentalist project and, when neo-liberal predominance succeeded, the Armed Forces engineered their own destruction as they embarked on the biggest antinational attack in Argentine history: the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional [Process of National Reorganization].
Despite the violent political struggles of the 60s and 70s, signaled by Peronismo-anti-Peronismo and Communism-anti-Communism, the basic Peronista pattern remained. It consisted of an overall though mediocre presence of the State in the economy, of industry-led growth aiming at the domestic market, income distribution half-way between Europe and Latin America, excessive inflation, low unemployment rates, ample possibilities of social mobility, and a tendency to foreign crises owing to insufficient foreign currency. In some way or other, every political and intellectual force of those years was pervaded by strong nationalist ideas insofar as they were persuaded that Argentina had potential. They also believed in developmentalism, trusting that State interventionism could lead a modernization process of production and technology. One of the best periods for our Universities was between 1956 and 1966.
Argentina's relation with the United States and with such international agencies as reflected the latter's hegemony began after the fall of Peronismo. A large investment flow from the States and Europe contributed to strengthen domestic heavy industry. In those years, development did not seem utopic, and the harsh social struggle had to do with the profile of the future development. The traditional difficulty to place Argentina within some homogeneous group of nations was reflected in the way we ourselves looked upon our country. Was Argentina a part of Europe that had been accidentally estranged from geographical proximity to it, or was it just the Third World, with its burden of poverty, violence, and backwardness? However, the striking political instability did not detract from continual economic growth regarding both output and diversification of increasingly sophisticated manufactures.
The State showed all the symptoms of a conflictive society. Relentless inflation mirrored the constant struggle about distribution, something that was not solved insofar as each sector had the power to increase its own prices. Our national currency lost value and became an unfit savings vehicle. Public deficit resulted from the State's inability to collect taxes in accordance with the law as well as to rationally plan the use of resources. The struggles between various interest sectors with an influence on administrative areas and public enterprises were superimposed on the structural weakness. In turn, public enterprises were shaped in order to meet a number of political needs such as subsidizing social sectors, promoting certain regions, increasing employment rates, creating demands for certain companies, curbing prices, and so on. Quite often this destabilized these enterprises' financial equilibrium, estranging them from their specific functions, which consisted in providing goods and services. The whole of the State structure appeared as unmanageable. While it did contribute to growth and carried out activities that would otherwise not have been performed, it also squandered significant resources and failed to prioritize strategic goals. No doubt the State's "inefficiency" was functional to a number of business done in its proximity. Thousands of State suppliers benefited from the surcharges that the State paid, from the lack of appropriate controls, and from administrative errors that gave rise to lawsuits which the public sector nearly always lost. The State was the ground for economic dispute that blurred thousands of different kinds of transactions that made private interests rich. Under these conditions, the State structure and its bureaucracy became solely responsible for an unsatisfactory functioning whose chief beneficiaries stood outside.
Argentina's relation to the world economy remained conflictive. The country failed to take a stance about foreign investment, which in those days focused on new factories and other undertakings. Did these factories prevent the development of a local industrial bourgeoisie or, rather, did they complement such development? At any rate, foreign companies settled in the country quickly joined the business of selling relatively expensive products in the domestic market while buying machinery and sophisticated consumables abroad. The issue of self-supply in the petroleum industry lay bare the limitations of Argentine development. The successive administrations hesitated whether to hand over the industry to multinational companies or boost Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales1, a plan that seemed always in the making. Despite achievements in the industrial field, Argentina was still dependent on rural production to obtain the dollars it needed to pursue foreign trade.
Financial capital takes over
The military coup of 1976, whose historical importance may be compared to the world crisis of the 30s, acted as a hinge in our history. The five years during which Minister José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz commanded the economy with unchecked power inaugurated the longest stagnation period we had ever experienced together with the first economic model that meant no progress at all to society. The traditional struggle between industry and rural activities witnessed the advent of a new financial private sector, promoted and subsidized by the State. This new actor gradually became predominantly influential on the middle classes, on entrepreneurial ideology, and even on the public agenda.
The State was responsible for the indebtedness of public enterprises. It likewise encouraged the inflow of speculative capital and made its contractors rich through overpriced public works. The temporary abundance of dollars acquired via external credit created an artificial effect of well being, manifest in the massive consumption of imported goods and foreign travel. The other side of the coin showed public indebtment, a financial crisis that broke out in 1980, and the bankruptcy of part of the domestic industry. These factors strongly modified Argentina's social characteristics, bringing the country nearer a more "Latin American" structure by driving factory workers to precarious, low-productivity employment.
Just as Peronismo created a number of economic realities that survived its ousting, so did the military regime in power between 1976 and 1983 install most serious hindrances to the country's economic progress. It is quite likely that the most crucial obstacle lay in the foreign public debt, which systematically bled out State resources and demanded an uninterrupted transfer of part of the GNP to creditor countries/agencies.
Martínez de Hoz's experiment set a precedent for a new, successful manner of social manipulation: the "neoliberal populism" that reappeared in the 90s. This model, based on financial profit, consists in stimulating the society's accelerated indebtment to foreign counties. The pill is sugared by access to massive consumption of imported goods. Thanks to the State's premeditated reduction of the value of foreign currencies, capacity of consumption is artificially increased, and a considerable number of inhabitants improve their lifestyle. Thus the "annoying" features of traditional populism are avoided, preventing income transfer between sectors in real time. The debt method gives a temporary illusion of the possibility of consumption that seems to have no cost. Payment is shoved to the future, and it is in that future that income will drop. From a political viewpoint, the euphoria generated by the "success of the model" serves the purpose of operating structural changes free from the society's surveillance. Later on, at some point, the fictitious well being becomes a tragedy as the time comes to pay the interests of the loans that financed the consumer binge. Economic dynamics and creditors' pressure leads to an abrupt deterioration of middle and low income sectors' lifestyles so as to "save" the money needed to repay external "commitments".
The huge foreign debt incurred during the Proceso opened the gates of Argentina to international financing agencies, intent on subordinating all economic goals to the collection of funds destined to pay the external debt. This was done at the expense of the Argentines' lifestyle and of the country's actual possibilities of economic growth.
Systematic intervention of these agencies, which acted on our economic policy on behalf of creditor countries and banks, lasted until 2005 and kept the course of our national economy in the hands of international financial capital. However, their "guardianship" was accompanied and promoted by a highly organized lobby of national interests, which became firm allies of global financial aims. The political system seemed to conform to the new reality, and the old nationalist and developmentalist ideas gave way to the new ideological trends provided by the central countries' think tanks2.
Democracy was reborn in the framework of a heavily indebted State, a stagnant economy, an entrepreneurial leadership that lacked a national project and was hostile to regulation by the State, and a society weakened by the offshoots of deindustrialization. The rest of the world was also enamoured of financial returns above production profits, and the "morality" of quick, easy gains prevailed. Many of the structural weaknesses and distortions in the behavior of the economy that originated during the last military dictatorship became rooted after it was over. In the face of the uncertainty posed by the national economy a sequel of the devastation left by the military regime the dollar acted as a refuge and a fundamental point of reference. In addition, both prices and personal income became dollarized, reflecting the claims of the upper and middle sectors to earn a steady income in hard currency. Companies dollarized their earnings in an attempt to maintain their profits in dollars regardless of the course of the economy. Thus, the dollar became the currency of reference for the whole system of domestic prices and, at the same time, it was a potential trigger for generalized repricing were it to soar. In short, if the dollar went up, so did prices, inflation rocketed, wages and salaries dropped, and the resulting conflicts could end up in violence and social riots. Foreign indebtment, which was again encouraged in the 90s, brought about lasting exchange rate fragility. An anemic State and poor currency reserves created the right scenario for destabilizing maneuvers. Whoever has the means to start a currency run or can provide dollars in large numbers but can also refrain from selling them has the power to affect the rate of exchange, with the concomitant social and political consequences.
The 1989 hyperinflation, a direct precedent of neoliberal reforms, resulted from the combination between a severely indebted, weakened State that failed to collect taxes or discipline the proprietary sectors and a private sector with poor export capacity but quick financial reactions.
Every parasitic, short-term practice resigned to play a dependent role in pre-1930 Argentina reappeared in the guise of modern "structural reforms", "economic opening", and "privatizations", all of them within the larger narrative coming from "globalization" centers. Again our public funds and enterprises fell prey to hazy business. The State guaranteed high profits for new activities, relaunched foreign indebtedness creating a source of commissions for intermediaries, fostered a generalized alienation of public and private companies as well as of natural resources, and squandered resources that, in a number of cases, had been borrowed. All of this happened amid a festive ideological atmosphere that floated on an increasing short-term-ness.
Only after the late 2001 economic collapse did a new era seem to rise in Argentina. The State's total subordination to the claims made by large companies and big business groups had plunged the country into an unprecedented social and economic catastrophe that shook its social foundations. Nevertheless, neoliberal thought continued to exercise its ideological influence on a large part of the society, while the behaviors typical of the neoliberal decade did not change. It was still believed that development depended on foreign capital; thus, it was imperative "to do the homework"; i.e. to submit to the central countries' domination and play a passive role in the globalization process. In this sense, there was a return to our economic ideological tradition previous to the 30s. Deprived of its spirit of progress inside of a national community, large sectors in Argentina headed towards a strong, antisocial individualism. Distrust of the social collective (which often amounted to acknowledging private wrongful behaviors) was translated into a series of economic behaviors that turned collective decline into a chronic disease.
In the 90s, the notion of national development changed into magic thought. Advent to the First World would not be achieved through effort, production, and research but through "homework"; namely, by following the guidelines that the center established for the periphery. Such guidelines invariably lead to insurmountable backwardness. But the ultimate "success" in luring foreign investment, "opening up to the world", and abiding by the guidelines set by the international establishment ended up in economic and social regression with rare precedents worldwide.
Whether viewed from a structural or a conjunctural perspective, Argentina reached the 21st century in a serious condition. However, the crisis did not offer a new option to determine the root and solution of its most serious problems. Up till now, a relative recovery of State autonomy has not sufficed to transform the State into an effective mechanism that may coherently implement public policies. The private sector its leaders, at any rate seem to miss "the good old times" of the subordinate and powerless State, one that neither controls nor regulates the game. The various entrepreneurial groups are unable to come up with an economic project that might improve the country's participation in the world's division of labor, with full, satisfactory inclusion of the population. Nearing the Bicentennial, the meager proposals speak of an actor with a zest for veto but impotent when it comes to exercising a socially positive leadership. Along more general lines, two centuries after Argentina's foundation, most of her leading class seems trapped in irrelevancies and unable to put forward a mobilizing ideal.
International relations appear to be flowing easily and call for an active presence. Despite its valuable potential, the process of regional integration embodied in MERCOSUR has not yet succeeded in giving expression to institutions ready to overcome the private pressures that hinder its progress. In turn, the United States of America (the dominant power) barely manages to integrate regional economies into her own needs without offering real, palpable improvement. At the same time, the United States leashes out at such national experiences as show greater political autonomy. Productive, technological, and financial changes at world level rise as big challenges and strengthen the need to fortify regional spaces.
It is precisely in this history that lies part of Argentina's wealth, insofar as it teaches much of what should not be done. Thus one way of thinking Argentine history is noting the country's greater or lesser capacity and will to control its own evolution and avoid productive dependence on the demands posed by the great powers or the world market at large.
There is no doubt about the economy's extreme fragility when confronting the movements of the world's system. The country's peripheral status, the relative smallness of its economy, and its asymmetric position in its exchanges with the rest of the world are shared with all other dependent countries. While it is true that Argentina's evolution cannot be understood outside the evolution of the world's system, it is no less true that there has always been and still is some leeway to define one's own course, particularly in the case of Argentina.
Much of our national lot has been decided inside our borders. In this sense, one should point out the systematic misuse of our national saving potential, which is far from insignificant and which was wasted on endless payments of endless debts, luxury consumption that would befit an emirate or a superpower, unbelievably overpriced public works, and billion-dollar deposits abroad.
Argentina has swung between two "ideal kinds" of capitalism. One involved a fully productive economy, with an accumulation of wealth that systematically increased the capacity of generating goods and services. The other tended to foster an economy in which the main source of gains consists in the appropriation of income generated by other sectors. In this model, production proves unprofitable. Argentina has always been a combination of both kinds, with a high incidence of the most parasitic forms, which even prevailed over others in the economic logic that ruled the country as from the 1976 coup.
It is impossible to narrate the history of Argentine inefficacy by just turning to the State or the private sector. There has been a long-standing combination of wrong public policies, parasitic private lobbies, and external acts and pressures that furthered the worst possible practices. The dynamic thus generated ended up by consolidating a kind of capitalism rooted in a strong appetite for privilege, with few productive and technological achievements as compared to those of other experiences. Another striking feature is the discrepancy between the desire for high standards of living and levels of consumption expressed by the well-to-do and their poor willingness to accumulate productive capital, which is the only non-parasitic way to reach such standards and levels.
Recent history is best understood from this history that dates back to at least two hundred years ago. The rise of China, the new world power, has created a market for soy, a new Argentine rural product. Multinational biotechnology companies supply a "technological package" for its production, our domestic companies produce it, and multinational grain enterprises take care of the profitable export business. Driven by the conjuncture in the world market, a part of the country goes back to the old dream of unlimited wealth. The State, now composed by mixed, partly dismantled structures that lagged behind neoliberalism and by neo-interventionist and erroneously applied practices is once more put in question. The object of criticism is its regulating function over the economy and social life. Once again, the world scenario affects Argentina by making monocultures the easiest, most profitable activity. Once again the dominant class can only focus on immediate profit, while subordinate sectors are severely weakened as a consequence of economic stagnation, recurrent crises, and the lack of structuring discourses. The country as a whole seems unaware of what it is up against, and it does not attempt an explicit discussion about its political, economic, and social priorities.
Be it as it may, Argentina possesses a wealth of undeveloped resources and understimated human capacity. The mere mobilization of such dormant resources could prompt a remarkable leap in terms of economic well being. The country can certainly generate its own savings and investments in addition to interesting technological developments. It can offer all of its inhabitants a better life. It has the necessary means to abolish destitution and poverty, which would significantly reduce a set of related evils that debase the society at large.
In regard to the world's system, Argentina owes its vulnerability to its subordinate position within the globalized economy. This can be assuaged by integrating the country into a weightier economic group, a fact that requires a more solid political agency than the one MERCOSUR represents today. If regional construction were possible, the country would lose a certain degree of freedom with respect to its particular options, but it would be less vulnerable and, therefore, more stable and predictable in the face of the huge movements in the world market.
The mere rational social use of the economic surplus, the reduction of squandering on unnecessary external indebtedness or consumption, and the productive application of resources would increase growth and prosperity. While objective conditions speak of great possibilities, the way our society is shaped poses serious determining factors.
One central issue is the leading entrepreneurial class's incapacity to formulate a comprehensive economic proposal including their need for accumulation and the population's need for a decent life. Perhaps such incapacity is explained by the traditional rentistic, shortsighted "habitus" strongly influenced by the neoliberalist ideology. An additional reason may lie in the large number of managers working for multinational companies, naturally indifferent to our national destiny. Whatever the case, these actors' lack of significant ideas is complemented by their deep rejection of conditioning or regulatory factors stemming from a collective economic project.
No transhistorical force binds Argentina to her "would-be" role. World history shows that many countries declined after a period of sustained growth, and that many others resurfaced after extreme weakness.
The Argentine people will (or will not) have their say on the matter.
Ricardo Aronskind. Controversias y debates en el pensamiento económico argentino. Buenos Aires, Biblioteca Nacional-Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, 2008.
Enrique Arceo. Argentina en la periferia próspera. Renta internacional, dominación oligárquica y modo de acumulación. Buenos Aires, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes-FLACSO-IDEP, 2003.
Diverse authors. Nueva historia argentina. Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana, 1998-2001.
Daniel Aspiazu and Hugo Nochteff. El desarrollo ausente. Restricciones al desarrollo, neoconservadorismo y elite económica en la Argentina. Ensayos de economía política. Buenos Aires, Ediciones FLACSO-Grupo Editorial Norma, 1994.
Marcelo Diamand. Doctrinas económicas, desarrollo e independencia. Buenos Aires, Editorial Paidós, 1973.
Carlos F. Díaz Alejandro. Ensayos sobre la historia económica argentina. Buenos Aires, Amorrortu Editores, 1970.
Fernando Fajnzylber. La industrialización trunca de América latina. Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1983.
Aldo Ferrer. La economía argentina. Buenos Aires, Editorial Fondo de Cultura Económica, Buenos Aires, 2004.
David Landes. La riqueza y la pobreza de las naciones. Buenos Aires, Editorial Vergara, 1999.
Carlos Nino. Un país al margen de la ley. Buenos Aires, Editorial EMECÉ, 1992.
Oscar Oszlak. La formación del Estado argentino. Buenos Aires, Editorial de Belgrano, 1990.
Mario Rapoport et al. Historia económica, política y social de la Argentina. 1880-2000. Buenos Aires, Ediciones Macchi, 2000.
Alejandro Rofman and Luis A. Romero. Sistema socioeconómico y estructura regional en la Argentina. Buenos Aires, Amorrortu Editores, Buenos Aires, 1997.
Jorge F. Sábato. La clase dominante en la Argentina moderna. Formación y características. Buenos Aires, Edición CISEA-Imago Mundi, 1991.
Jorge Schvarzer. La clase dominante y la decadencia argentina en el siglo XX. Buenos Aires (coming out soon).
Jorge Schvarzer. Implantación de un modelo económico. La experiencia argentina entre 1975 y 2000. Buenos Aires, AZ Editora, 1998.
Jorge Schvarzer. La política económica de Martinez de Hoz. Buenos Aires, Editorial Hyspamérica, 1988.
Ricardo Sidicaro. La política mirada desde arriba. Las ideas del diario La Nación. 1909-1989. Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana, 1993.
Francisco Suárez, Héctor Ciapuscio y otros. Autonomía nacional o dependencia: la política científico-tecnológica. Buenos Aires, Editorial Paidós, 1975.
Salvador Treber. La economía argentina. Análisis, diagnóstico y alternativas. Buenos Aires, Ediciones Macchi, 1977.
Vicente Vázquez Presedo. Crisis y retraso. Argentina y la economía internacional entre las dos guerras. Buenos Aires, EUDEBA, Buenos Aires, 1978.
Guillermo Vitelli. Negocios, corrupciones y política. Las repeticiones de la Argentina. Buenos Aires, Editorial Prendergast, 2006.
1 State-owned petroleum company [T.N.]
2 In English in the original [T.N.]


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Looks like something you'd see at a convention or something!
I mailed away for 24 in one shot then 16 so that's how I was able to get the case. (20 per case the rest were in a large box. BTW - The standard white mailer is very durable with extra cardboard inside to ensure safe arrival. They learned from Rocket Fett big time.
He's here:
Do you just send them one package with a check for all the figures or do you send these off individually? I have always sent individual envelopes and checks, but would be nice to save a buck or two on postage.
Wow, better hope Dressel Rebel doesn't see your post. I sent away for two of them - here's hoping they still have some left!
I planned way ahead for this and my intent was to flip them as fast as I can upon arrival. FYI - I got a lot of hate mail for selling them on eBay. Some people may call it scalping but I really do not give a rats ass, it means nothing to me. I made and took the risk on the investment and sold them openly in an honest setting on eBay, no one had to buy them. Some guys are charging $15 to ship them, that's robbery if you ask me. The first 22 I sold paid for my Vintage figures I purchased this year so the haters can throw all the stones they want. (BTW, my rant is not directed at anyone here, a bunch of scummers sent me some) The rest is gravy once I get the other 16. I am at a point if guys hate me for being smart about making the hobby pay for itself I will just stare at my collection with a wide smile and not think twice.
2) The only possible criticism I could see with some validity is that the mail-aways are limited edition items with a finite production run, so in theory buying them up in bulk could reduce the likelihood of an individual from sending in and getting their form redeemed. Not really sure where I come out on that.
I sent 1 check, 1 order form, 1 Bag O' UPC's for 24 in a padded yellow envelope for my first order the day they offered the form. I got the case and an extra box of 4.
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Xinhai Group founded in 1993 has grown into the industry group involving mineral processing, wearable rubber, mining investment and LFC Machinery after twenty years development.copper processing,mill mining machines,lead ore processing plant,flotation machine for mine
Xinhai EPC provides services of sample test, mine design, equipment manufacture, etc. for clients, and solves the common problems in plant construction such as budget over-run, schedule delays, unqualified equipment, unclear recovery benefit, disputes of the manufacturers. copper processing,mill mining machines,lead ore processing plant,flotation machine for mine
Strive for the best recovery for you with rigorous test, accurate data and detailed report.
The clients should provide about 50g representative samples, some special samples about 200~1000g. The simple test needs 30 working days, and the detailed test about half a year.
Sign the test contract with clients before the mineral dressing test, and make sure dressing process to test
Three parts of mine design: feasibility study, preliminary design, and construction plan
The key to mine design is all must be established on the basis of detailed investigation, and therefore Xinhai Mine Design Institute will firstly take a comprehensive field study to the mine of clients including the crude ore for dressing plant, site, water, electricity, traffic, geography, etc.
These investigation contents need the cooperation of geology, mining, ore dressing, smelting, machinery, civil engineering, electric power and other departments.
Xinhai concentrates on providing the Turnkey Solution for Mineral Processing Plant, that is research and design- complete equipment manufacturing and procurement- commissioning and delivery.
Mineral Processing Test on Gold in Kazakhstan.
Gold Processing Project of Bulsowa in Tanzania.
Silver-Manganese Ore Processing EPC Project in Sudan.
grid ball mill is lined grooved ring plate which increases the contact surface of ball and ore and strengthens the grinding.
Classifying equipment takes use of the different sedimentation speed of the solid particle in slurry.


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Jasper Hale of the "Twilight Saga" played by Jackson Rathbone is the adopted son of Carlisle Cullen. I found this harmless looking vampire guy very dangerous because of his unending weakness to human blood. Still, I couldn't help but to like him though he has a hard time controlling himself, even after he nearly killed Bella. I haven't forgotten those that requested this tutorial. Friends, this is for you. I hope you enjoy drawing from this.
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


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WE are always stronger in groups we should advertise the chat room on rutgers more aggresively on here. If a pack of us frequently talk in a chat room it would help us move in a type of lench mob with specific daily goals more effectively.
For instance having a master list of all political leaders email addresses on a web site for ease. I believe face to face is ultra key. But it would seem wise to stake out the offices of the politians and catch them to their cars from teh office. Or buying them lunch. Delivered by you or the restuarant with a card emphasizing the need for a cure.


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Issues That Matter. Close To Home.
A reporting project of NPR member stations.
The Network
StateImpact reporters in six states examine how state issues and policy affect people's lives. Each state team has a website dedicated to accountability reporting on a focused topic. Stories are featured on local public radio stations and national NPR shows and through digital and print collaborations.
Florida, Indiana and Ohio cover the rapidly changing education landscapes in their states. Issues they cover regularly include education standards and curriculum, student testing, teacher pay and evaluation, school choice and higher education.
Pennsylvania and Texas examine their states' energy economies. Reporters look at how oil, natural gas and renewable resources are developed and regulated, with special attention to the relationship between energy and environmental issues.
StateImpact reporters produce in-depth reports and series heard regularly on public media stations throughout their states. Stories with a national significance are shared with NPR shows, including Morning Edition and All Things Considered.
StateImpact teams are trained to dive deep into their topics and engage with communities using a variety of digital tools and social platforms. They apply a data-driven approach to examining policy issues and publish maps, charts and source documents to illuminate their reporting.
Media Collaborations
StateImpact's commitment to engaging with communities extends beyond its own websites. Our reporters partner with digital and print media organizations including the Miami Herald, Columbus Dispatch, and Texas Tribune to pursue joint investigations and increase the reach of their coverage.


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Ben was already in his costume, a pirate costume similar to the one worn by Johnny Depp in the Pirates of the Caribbean movies. Gwen was still getting dressed in the bathroom. Ben couldn't wait to see what she had decided on.
He hated to admit it, but for the past couple of years Ben had been bearing a developing crush on Gwen. The time they had spent together since that fateful Summer three years ago made Ben realize that their animosity towards each other had only been based on gender and familial prejudices, not to mention a type of sibling rivalry that came from their being born on the same day. He also began to see Gwen as the pretty and intelligent individual she was. He began to feel deeper and deeper affection for his cousin as time went on. Soon he realized he was totally crushing on her. Of course he hid these feelings away. He knew what incest was and how it was frowned upon by most of society. Thus he kept his thoughts of lust to himself. Continue reading


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Professional Development
There are many opportunities to learn more about faculty advising of students.
NACADA: This is the National Academic Advising Association and is a clearinghouse for information about academic advising standards, models, resources, monographs, brochures, and other resources.
- Core Values of Academic Advising
- Concept of Academic Advising
- Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education's Advising Standards and Values
CELT: WCSU's Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching. CELT provides materials, workshops, and training for both new and experienced faculty about academic advising.


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There's only 1 rule on the streets of London . NEVER...
Oh Diana +164334315662
- by HazzasTeddyBear
- Rating:
- Published: 23 Feb 2015
- Updated: 19 Jun 2017
- Status: In Progress
He's sexy .. Fearful . Harry Styles is an expert party boy consisting of many shot glasses and loud music and crowded spaces where nobody wanted to leave until they were pissed drunk . Yes . His high school years taught him good . He was like every average Bro . Yah know 'I don't do relationships' and 'Bro's before Hoes 'type . But that was until he met a girl that was just like him . Diana Taylor was a carefree , gorgeous girl who wasn't into the whole settling down movement and had a life to live . Nobody would stop her . But when it came to her and Harry meeting each other nothing was the same .
Join MovellasFind out what all the buzz is about. Join now to start sharing your creativity and passion
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Welcome to the Clothes Free Lifestyle
Naturism is not just a healthy Lifestyle but has many more beneficial qualities not widely known.
The Australian Naturist Federation is the official federation for Australia, which not only promotes the Natural Lifestyle but is the first point of call for would be interested persons to obtain information.
We liaise with naturist clubs in every state and territory, work with naturist retreats and resorts, beach groups and provide a support network for individual naturists.
Part of our aim is to inform the wider community of the benefits the Healthy Natural Lifestyle offers. We do not profess it to be the one and only lifestyle for everyone.
The friendly welcome you find, when first introduced to a group of naturists, makes you forget most apprehensions you may have had and, on the way home, you wonder why you have waited so long.
People of all walks of life practice our lifestyle. You find among the membership families with small children and teenagers, couples, singles, disabled etc. and an array of occupations as well as professions; Starting with labourers, trades ,shopkeepers, teachers, clergy, doctors, politicians - we encourage harmony and tolerance in our healthy lifestyle.
We are affiliated with the International Naturist Federation which gives our members access to all naturists facilities around the world. Each Federation has its own imprint on naturism; which is determined by the environmental differences as well as cultural customs. Affiliates of any Federation are different from each other again by their natural habitat and the diversity of their membership.
Before you make a decision, try a few different affiliates so that you may find the right one for you.


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Help us to make this the most complete winners of the best of the Web. Just fill out the info below and we'll be in touch. Thanks!
Social media accounts that features personal style, clothing, design, and accessories. These include accounts on behalf of fashion and beauty editorial and style guide sites, fashion labels, cosmetics and other designers. Platform agnostic—enter any and all social media that best exemplify your work.


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COMMENTARY: The persistent stained-glass ceiling
(RNS) More than 40 years have passed since Sally Priesand was ordained as the first female rabbi in the U.S. Since then, more than 800 female rabbis -- including 647 in the Reform movement -- have graduated from several seminaries, including my daughter Eve.
Even so, Jewish and Christian clergywomen still face visible and invisible obstacles in their careers. Call it the persistent stained-glass ceiling. Some barriers are major in nature; some minor.
A male rabbi, minister or priest might be praised for being "assertive" and "ambitious" as he climbs the slippery ladder of success in American religious life. But women who possess similar qualities are dubbed "brash" or "arrogant." Male clergy can be "dynamic," while women with the same qualities are often termed "strident."
Good sermons delivered by men are "eloquent" or "expressive." A woman delivering a well-crafted sermon is often dismissed as "talkative" or "shrill." Males may have a "commanding presence," while strong women clergy are "overbearing" and "pushy."
For men, professional dress is easy. Christian pastors and priests can wear distinctive clerical garb and a rabbi's "uniform" is a dark suit, dress shirt, tie and black shoes. But women are judged by the length of their skirts, the way they cross their legs (or not) during a service, their shoes, their jewelry or lack of it, their makeup and, of course, their hairstyles.
While Jewish and Christian female clergy have created and introduced new creative liturgical ceremonies for births, baby namings, bar/bat mitzvahs, weddings and other "happy" events in life, many women have problems when they officiate at funerals. It seems many people still feel more comfortable with a male figure officiating at such solemn and sad occasions. That is because many people still perceive women clergy as "cheery" and "chirpy" while men are "somber" and "serious."
Male clergy may exhibit "empathy" for the grief-stricken, while women, who offer similar spiritual consolation, are dismissed as too "touchy-feely." Clearly, a double standard is at work that reflects the prejudices, whims and caprices of the general society.
Women achieved voting rights in the U.S. in 1920, but nearly a century later women make up half of our population but only 20 percent of the U.S. Senate and less than a quarter of the House. Likewise, too many women are still assistant or associate clergy in congregations that are guided at the top by men. The number of women holding a "solo pulpit" remains a significant measure of how rigid the stained-glass ceiling remains.
Until recently, religious scholarship was an encrusted male monopoly. But as more and more women join seminary faculties, they have discovered and in some cases rediscovered the major importance of women throughout Jewish and Christian history. Such pioneering academic studies have gone far beyond the usual listing of women in the Bible; we now know more about the unknown and unappreciated women who strengthened both Judaism and Christianity.
Today, permanent changes are shaping American religious communities and their clergy. The signs are everywhere: More and more women are attending seminaries, and even Pope Francis has called for a greater role for women within the Catholic Church. While he has closed the door on ordaining female priests, a Catholic colleague reminded me: "A door is not a wall. It can always be opened."
Even within the male-dominated Orthodox Jewish community, similar pressures are building. An independent rabbinical school in New York City recently created the title "mahrat," a Hebrew term to describe female clergy in a tradition that does not ordain women rabbis. Several women have already earned that title and assumed groundbreaking roles within their community.
Hopefully, the days are long over when women were relegated to church and synagogue kitchens and volunteer roles within congregations. The day is coming when wide-eyed youngsters in numerous synagogues and churches will soon ask: "Can a man be a rabbi, minister or priest, too?"
(Rabbi Rudin, the American Jewish Committee's senior interreligious adviser, is the author of the recently published "Cushing, Spellman, O'Connor: The Surprising Story of How Three American Cardinals Transformed Catholic-Jewish Relations.")


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HOTSEATED- Secrets of the 2009 HotSeat sitters
They are public figures, movers and shakers, the forces behind local businesses. But getting to know the HotSeat sitters on a more personal level reveals surprising tidbits. From nailbiting to underage drinking to going one on one with Michael Jordan, answers to the Hot Seat questions prove you never know what they'll say until you ask.
New director of the Virginia Film Festival Jody Kielbasa spent some time in front of the camera as a doomed submarine commander in SeaQuest DSV. Kielbasa's episode aired only in Europe, and he received a residual check for a whopping four cents.
As spokesperson for the Albemarle County Police Department, Lt. Todd Hopwood might occasionally have to take some heat, but he regularly cools off as a participant in the Polar Plunge, dipping into the Atlantic Ocean at Virginia Beach in February.
Jay James is a radio fixture reporting on all things local, but his food preferences go national as he reports the worst thing about Charlottesville is its lack of an Olive Garden, Cheesecake Factory, or Popeye's.
During her tenure as head of the Sexual Assault Resource Agency, Walker Thornton was trouble for anyone who'd blame the victim, but she got in some trouble herself in 10th grade when she tried alcohol for the first time and almost got suspended.
Nerves don't get the best of UVA baseball standout turned pro Ryan Zimmerman when he steps up to the plate, but he does have a nervous habit: nailbiting.
Don't leave sportscaster Adam Gottschalk a phone message and expect to hear back from him; "I haven't checked my voicemail in more than two years," he revealed.
When UVA basketball coach Tony Bennett went up against Michael Jordan in an NBA game, he always passed the ball away. "I wish I had tried to score on him," Bennett admitted.
Founder of the shelter providing nonprofit Building Goodness, Jack Stoner is zealous about providing homes for the needy in Haiti, New Orleans and other stricken locations, but radical religious fundamentalism makes him rant.
Staunton prosecutor and pornography fighter Ray Robertson wishes he were "more considerate of others, especially my loved ones."
Long before State Senator and ultimately defeated contender for Governor Creigh Deeds got into trouble in a political race, he was in trouble for racing cars on Warm Springs Mountain when he was in high school.
For a man whose life's work is books, renowned author and Washington Post book critic Michael Dirda has a shocking admission: "I never read for pleasure anymore."
Best known for his 1970s role as Venus Flytrap in WKRP in Cincinnati, actor, author and producer Tim Reid is disenchanted with this decade's crop of reality show programs save one: America's Next Top Model.
Charlottesville Commissioner of Revenue Lee Richards saves plenty of money on gas: he walks 12 miles a day.


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Seems that we don't have Distressed photos yet. If they are important, request them and we'll shoot them for free.
Discover our trending collections of stock photos: Funny, Business, Office, Food, Christmas, Home, Happy, Girl, Boy, Couple, Money, Woman, Student, Party, Old man, Old lady, Computer, Book, Eating, Art, Flowers
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Yeah, thanks so much, LD. Really means a lot to hear stories about Terrier teams and players of the past. Kind of helps to close the loop on our Wofford family. We have a proud athletic tradition and the younger generations need to be reminded of that from time to time.
Also really neat to know young Matt has a Terrier pedigree - a fine one at that. Sounds like if he means as much business in the paint as his great uncle, he will be a force for us.
Welcome to the Wofford family, Matt and Pops!!!! And welcome back to the family all of the Pegram clan.


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Tech Support Database
Question: How do I change my Credit Card / Billing info?
Answer: Please log into your account and click on "Upgrade Your Site" at the top of the page, and then on "Change Billing Info" to change your credit card number and billing address. Your billing information will be updated immediately after submiting your change.


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UPDATED 7:30pm by Julie Montanaro
An FSU student is now headed to prison for accidentally shooting and killing a friend at a frat house.
Evan Wilhelm will do 20 years for the shot that killed Ashley Cowie and devastated her family.
"What happened is my fault, entirely," Wilhelm said.
Evan Wilhelm stood in a blue jail jumpsuit and tried to find the words to apologize to the parents of Ashley Cowie.
"I made the mistake that cost Ashley her life and um ... I would give anything in the world to undo this," Wilhelm said.
Wilhelm is accused of accidentally shooting and killing Cowie at an FSU fraternity house back in January 2011. He told police he was showing off a new light atop his semi-automatic rifle when it went off.
Cowie's identical twin sister was in another room when it happened. She took the stand and described the horror of finding her sister lifeless on the floor.
She says she checked for a pulse and there wasn't one. She started CPR but to no avail.
"When we got home later that night, my mother gave me a bath because my hair had Ashley's dried blood in it from trying to save her."
As she clutched a teddy bear filled with her sister's ashes, Amy Cowie asked the judge for the maximum sentence.
"I pray that you will see how this wasn't an accident. This could have been prevented," she said.
Keith Savino was struck in the arm by the same bullet that killed Ashley Cowie. He asked the judge to sentence Wilhelm to 20 years one for each year of Ashley's life.
That's ultimately what the judge did.
6-15-2012 updated 5pm
Evan Wilhelm has been sentenced to 20 years and 10 years probation for the killing of Ashley Cowie
Ashley Cowie's identical twin took the stand and addressed most of her comments directly to Evan Wilhelm.
"I became a twinless tiwn," Amy Cowie said.
Amy Cowie described running into the room that night only to see her sister's black boots in the doorway and blood everywhere.
She says she checked for a pulse and tried to revive Ashley.
Amy Cowie said afterward there was blood on her face and hands.
"They kept telling me to wash it off and I said I didn't want to because it was Ashley's and I knew she was dead and that was all I had left," she said.
Amy Cowie brought a bear with Ashley's ashes in it to the witness stand. She clutched the bear and begged the judge to impose the maximum sentence.
Keith Savino testified that the same bullet that passed through Ashley Cowie's body lodged in his arm.
Savino says he still has trouble writing.
He says he will never forget the horror of seeing Ashley Cowie shot in front of his eyes.
Savino asked the judge to sentence Wilhelm to 20 years, one for each year of Ashley's life.
Ashley Cowie's parents took the stand and described in painful detail how their daughter's death has changed their lives.
"This is my permanent reality," her mother said. "No one knows the kind of hell our family has been through."
Cowie's mother said she fell to her knees in horror when she received a copy of the pre sentence investigation that noted Wilhelm still had no remorse for the shootings.
Dr. Robert Cowie described a deputy coming to his door the night of the shooting to notify him of Ashley's death. He said to this day he cannot turn on his porch light because he still imagines a deputy standing there.
A collage of photos filled a big screen in the courtroom and Dr. Cowie described each one, including his favorite of a little girl in a swim mask.
A Department of Corrections employee who prepared the pre sentence investigation and score sheet testified. He interviewed Wilhelm at the jail and recommended he get the maximum sentence because he says Wilhelm showed no remorse.
6.15.2012 1:30pm
Officer Doug Kutchera was one of the first officers on scene. He says the entire fraternity house smelled like marijuana and Wilhelm appeared to be under the influence of either drugs or alcohol.
He says he sat in as officers interviewed Wilhelm in a bedroom. Kutchera said not once did Wilhelm ask how Ashley Cowie was doing but said repeatedly "my life is over."
Updated 6.15.2012 12:30pm by Julie Montanaro
Evan Wilhelm spoke directly to the family of Ashley Cowie. He said not a day has gone by that he hasn't wanted to talk with them.
He said "No question what happened is my fault entirely. It's mine and mine alone."
"I was thoughtless. I was wrong," he said, "I would give anything in the world to undo this."
Wilhelm asked the Cowie's to try to forgive him.
The Cowie's started sobbing when prosecutors pulled out the semi-automatic weapon that Wilhelm fired that night. It had a 30 round banana clip in it.
June 15, 2012 - Noon
An FSU student will be sentenced later this afternoon for accidentally shooting and killing his friend. Evan Wilhelm is facing up to 35 years in prison for shooting Ashley Cowie in January 2011.
Wilhelm has already entered a plea to manslaughter charges in Cowie's death. She was killed at Heritage Grove. Police say Wilhelm was showing friends a new light on his gun when it went off. He told police he did not know it was loaded.
The courtroom is packed as witnesses take the stand. Wilhelm's family members, friends and co-workers are testifying. They say Wilhelm is "crushed" by what happened and have asked the judge to be merciful in his sentence. Cowie's family and friends are expected to take the stand later this afternoon.
There are so many people expected to testify during the sentencing hearing that the courtroom has been reserved for the rest of the day.
UPDATED 11:30am by Julie Montanaro
A family friend took the stand and told the judge that Evan was "crushed" by what happened. He asked the judge to consider "the good he could do" by talking with college students about the dangers of guns.
One of Wilhelm's co-workers at Goodwill says she "could hear his heart breaking" every time he talked about the shooting.
Wilhelm's grandmother and pastor have also taken the stand.
Updated 6.15.2012 10:55 am by Julie Montanaro
Evan Wilhelm is set to be sentenced today for accidentally shooting and killing a friend at FSU's Heritage Grove last fall.
Ashley Cowie was shot in the chest and killed in January 2011. Arrest reports indicate Wilhelm was showing friends a new light on his gun when it went off. Wilhelm told police he did not know the gun was loaded.
Nearly two dozen of Cowie's family and friends are in courtroom 3G. Wilhelm's family and friends number in the dozens too and are filling the rest of the seats.
Wilhelm just walked in wearing a blue jail jump suit.
Tallahassee, Florida - June 15, 2012 -
An FSU student accused of accidentally shooting and killing a friend is expected to be sentenced today, June 15th. Eyewitness News has a reporter on the story, stay with WCTV for details.
Tallahassee, FL--4/26/12
An FSU student accused of accidentally shooting and killing a friend entered a plea in court today.
Evan Wilhelm was arrested last year and is accused of killing Ashley Cowie at a gathering in Heritage Grove.
Wilhelm pled no contest today to manslaughter, possession of a firearm and culpable negligence.
Wilhelm will be sentenced June 15. Prosecutors say he faces up to 35 years in prison.
Click here to read the original story.
Tallahassee, FL--1/09/12
Today marks the anniversary of Florida State student Ashley Cowie's death.
One year ago Cowie was at the Lambda Chi fraternity house in Heritage Grove when police say Cowie's friend Evan Wilhelm accidentally shot and killed her. FSU students say January 9th, 2011 is a day that will forever be etched in their minds.
"I feel like it was very quiet. Everyone was very down and shocked and confused. No one really knew like the whole story like right away," said FSU student Katie Hippelheuser.
Wilhelm is currently behind bars on charges of manslaughter, possession of a fire arm on school property, and possession of marijuana. His court date is May 7th.


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Am I allowed to mention it? Can I? The 't' word?
I brined my turkey this year – a first for me and something I had been keen to try out. A fellow cook and friend also tried it. A quirky spot of prep saw a lot of saline solution being prepared (read 'my friend Jane hanging around the job for hours trying to dissolve vast quantities of salt in boiling water). The results, a resounding success all round – a beautifully moist bird, crispy skin and what seemed to be a faster cooking time for us both. Fine – I'll 'fess up – my turkey was ready for the table before i'd even put my potatoes on to boil.
But now – on to the next, for the warrior chef never sleeps. So what to cook for the next social event in the calendar, New Year's Eve?
Having just been earning my wellies on a shoot in the countryside I can think of nothing finer than a spot of game. A slow roasted haunch of venison would be ideal here, maybe even braised with some red wine, a spot of juniper, a tiny smidgen of orange peel. On the side, I'm moving away from roasted roots and heading towards a subtle mash – a mixture of celeriac and some potato. For ease, my vegetables will just be kale or spinach, their iron-heavy notes providing a contrast to the gravy and meat.
Pudding – I might pop back to Christmas and do a mince pie ice cream, but more than likely I'll go for that winter warmer, crumble. Apples are at the peak of their season now so it would be rude not to use them. A home made custard is an absolute necessity; unless, of course, clotted cream is your weapon of choice.
Happy New Cooking Year all!


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LAKE PLACID - Thirteen independently owned North Country movie theaters have teamed up to seek funding to help pay for an upcoming film-to-digital conversion, an expense too big for them to bear on their own.
Movie screens, projectors and sound equipment at theaters across the country will need to be converted from celluloid film format to digital film by December 2013 or risk shutting down, according to North Country theater owners and members of the Adirondack Film Society. Theaters have no choice but to make the upgrades because movie distributors are making the switch to digital. The change will affect 13 theaters in the North Country, including the ones in Lake Placid, Tupper Lake, AuSable Forks, Plattsburgh and Potsdam.
Those theater owners, as well as the Film Society, enlisted the help of Keene Valley grant writer Naj Wikoff to prepare and submit a consolidated funding application to the state in hopes of receiving grant monies to offset conversion costs. The total cost of converting 37 movie screens at 13 theaters would be about $2.9 million: The applicants are seeking about $2.18 million in Empire State Development funds, and the remaining $727,000 or so would come from the theaters and other sources.
Article Photos
The Palace Theater in Lake Placid is just one of the movie theaters in the North Country that may be forced to close.
Photo/Richard Rosentreter/Lake Placid News
John B. Huttlinger Jr. is chairman of the Adirondack Film Society. He said the grant request was turned in last week.
"(It's) a daunting expense for most of the theaters," he said during a press conference at the Palace Theatre in Lake Placid on Thursday, Aug. 2.
Huttlinger said his organization has estimated the economic impact of theaters in the North Country at more than $11 million. He said those theaters employ some 120 people with full-time jobs and introductory positions.
"Beyond that goes the social and community aspects," Huttlinger said. "Many of these are the anchors of their downtown communities. They draw people to the community centers."
Many North Country theaters, like the Palace in Lake Placid and the Hollywood in AuSable Forks, are housed in historic buildings, Huttlinger noted.
Nelson Page, the Film Society's vice chairman, owns theaters in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. He said the conversion from film to digital format will be a forced one, and he'll have to close theaters as a result.
"The film that we use, that goes through the projectors as we speak, has become obsolete," Page said.
"You have to take the existing equipment, and you have to eliminate it, which means that all of this goes out the door, and you have to start fresh," he added, tossing aside a reel of film to illustrate his point. "Which means new electric, new speakers, new amplifiers, new projectors, new screens - everything is new, because the medium is completely different."
Page said the cost to make that change is "prohibitively expensive" for small-town theaters. For a theater with one screen, the cost to convert ranges from $80,000 to $125,000, depending on the size of the screen and the auditorium. The Palace, owned for more than five decades by Reg and Barbara Clark, has four screens, which means $400,000 to $500,000 in conversion costs.
The importance of movie theaters goes beyond their economic impact, Page said.
"It's also a central gathering place for the people in the community," he said. "We're not talking municipalities of 15, 16, 17 thousand people. You're talking a couple of thousand people who religiously come here on a weekly, biweekly basis. You're losing the center of the community, you're losing an economic engine and you're losing something that really binds the fabric of your community together."
Page said some people will argue that the market should dictate whether these businesses should survive, but he said theaters like the Palace are doing fine.
"He's going to be prohibited from being able to continue in business because the industry has changed, and it's not a gradual change. We're talking 12 to 18 months, film ceases to exist as a medium by which we can exhibit motion pictures," Page said.
"Just imagine not a single movie theater open in the Adirondack Park in a year," Wikoff said, "so that people in the Adirondacks, an area the size of the state of Vermont, would have to go to Plattsburgh, they'd have to go to Glens Falls or Syracuse to see a movie."
Wikoff said theaters have the option of leasing new equipment from distributors, but if they do that, the distributors get full control over what a theater shows. The grant funds would help theaters purchase the projectors outright, he said.
Wikoff said he was in the process of applying for funds through the North Country Regional Economic Development Council but missed the deadline by four minutes. Empire State Development let him submit the grant application to the agency directly, and the application will be compared to other priority projects throughout the state.
Corey Hanf owns the Hollywood Theater and got his start in the industry as an employee at the Palace. He said he bought a 100-year-old building and spent six years repairing it to "bring it back to life."
Hanf said his theater will have to spend money just to continue business as usual. The switch to digital won't bring any additional profits, he said.
"The studios take a percentage; that doesn't change," Hanf said.
Hanf will have to spend $200,000 to upgrade his theater. He said he won't be able to do it by himself.
"Like Reg, we put on Christmas shows, we do things for the fire department all year, we do things with the elementary school all year long," Hanf said. "Our little town took a couple hits over the last couple of years with big businesses pulling out. We are a heartbeat of that town right now. ... That's what a lot of these theaters are like.
"We need help, and there's really no other way to say it. We need help to stay in business."
Reg Clark said he estimates $100,000 per screen to make the changes.
"I don't know what would happen," he said. "We've talked of doing two theaters and shutting down the other two, but I just hate to do that."
His wife, Barbara, said the theater was expanded to four screens in order to survive economically.
"Would this mean we couldn't survive with two again? It might," she said. "That's what we would have to face."
The Clarks said all theaters are in the same boat, and they're grateful for the work the Film Society has done to pursue state funding.
Contact Chris Morris at 891-2600 ext. 25 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Is Queen Elizabeth a trailblazer for women?
Royal families aren't exactly known for their forward-thinking when it comes to gender equality, but the 85-year-old queen of England is changing all of that with a recent decision.
And yes, it has everything to do with Kate Middleton and Prince William's future child. The Queen just ended a nearly 100-year rule that royal daughters—even firstborns—would be called "lady" and not "princess."
So, that means a daughter (if they have one) will be a princess!
That's pretty awesome, but it gets better: The Queen also changed the order of succession, meaning any daughter—or son—born to Prince William and Kate will have the right to the throne.
We'll be happy if they have a boy, but we're not-so-secretly hoping they have a little baby girl. Can you imagine all the adorable designer gear a mini-Kate would wear? Best dressed child on the planet.
Want more from Meagan? Follow her on Twitter.
Photo: Samir Hussein/Getty


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And so, today is the last Florence paper doll post. Actually, I can't say its the LAST, because lord knows I might decide in five months that what I really want to do is draw the paper doll something new and then I will, but it is the last committed Florence post.
So, since we are on the eve of the New Year (which is quite exciting) and I am considering the future of PTP, I have decided a few things. One is that the short run dolls are ending. I don't know how I will post my paper-dolls that aren't serial, but I think some sort of gallery might be the right format for them. I ended up having to reformat them in strange ways to get them to fit with the rest of the site and I didn't always like the outcome. For the moment, Sundays will be paper doll free- however, I will be working on a Gallery for the site. We'll see how long it takes me to produce it.
If you missed the first Florence post (which seems not surprising since this is the last Florence post), that is where you get the Florence paper doll.


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In this course, students learn to recognize and to apply the basic concepts that govern integrated body function (as an intact organism) in the body's nine organ systems.
In this course, students learn to recognize and to apply the basic concepts that govern integrated body function (as an intact organism) in the body's nine organ systems.
Metabolic Pathways, Biology, Organ Systems, Medicine
Oct 11, 2016
I gained a deeper understanding and greater appreciation for how my body works. Thank you to the Teams at Duke and Coursera for making such a wide body of information available to the motivated.
Apr 01, 2016
Lectures are very concise. This course can help you grasp the most important core concepts and key woking mechanisms of human physiology. But I don't know why it do not have the immune system.
Welcome to Module 2 of Introductory Human Physiology! We begin our study of the human body with an overview of the basic concepts that underlie the functions of cells and organs within the body and their integration to maintain life. This is an important introduction to how physiologists view the body. We will return to these basic concepts again as we progress through the organs systems and consider how they respond to perturbations incurred in daily functions and in disease. The things to do this week are to watch the 6 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes for each topic, and to complete two problem sets (homeostasis, transporters & channels, and endocrine concepts). It will be most effective if you follow the sequence of videos. The notes provide a more detailed summary of each topic. We encourage you to find which resource (videos and/or notes) works best for you.We have included a set of problems to be completed as homework exercises. We strongly encourage you to complete these problems sets. They are not graded and are for your personal feedback. It has been our experience that these exercises are helpful in increasing understanding and retention of the newly learned materials.Please use the interactive forum as a means to exchange ideas, to ask questions, to form study groups and interest groups, and to meet your community. We will monitor the forum daily.Thank you for joining us. We are excited about sharing this educational experience with you. Welcome!


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Epicor Aims to Ratchet Up Loyalty
Jan 27, 2014 5:00 AM PT
Epicor Software has announced the general availability of Epicor Retail CRM 7.0. The updated platform reflects a complete shift to .Net and SQL reporting services and includes a number of new features in analytics, reporting and security.
As a whole, 7.0 "gives a more granular view to the retailer about a customer's behavior and how to net out insights on how to approach the customer going forward," said Sarah Barron, Epicor Retail product manager for CRM.
New Look, Interface, Navigation
The shift to .Net and SQL reporting services has given the application a new look and feel, Barron told CRM Buyer.
"Previously, we used a mix of .Net and Power Builder. By moving everything to .Net, the user will find an experience similar to using Microsoft Office," she said.
As a result, the enhanced application has become easier and more intuitive to navigate, she added.
More Fields, More Choices
Other changes give retailers more options to categorize their customers. For instance, there is now support for multiple divisions -- i.e., store numbers -- within a single CRM database.
"It is up to the retailers to decide how to parse that," Barron said. "It could be by brand, or they could group by geography."
Epicor Retail CRM 7.0 also has the ability to merge all of the databases to give the retailer a 360-degree look at a customer record, she continued. The revamp of the activity summary fields makes this feature particularly valuable.
The activity summary essentially rolls up all the information about the customers' purchases. New fields have been added to this section including amount fields for gross retail sales, net retail sales, costs, margins and marked-down dollars.
New fields also were created for the accounts section, giving retailers room to include how many units a customer purchased, how many were returned, how many were purchased after a promotion, and so on.
"Now all of this is available to report and query on," said Barron. "It enriches the information the retailer has about its customers."
For example, a retailer might want to flag customers who return an inordinately high number of items, she suggested.
Or a retailer might want to segment customers who are heavy shoppers of marked-down items, Barron pointed out. These customers could be grouped for special marketing. Conversely, customers who buy high-ticket items when they first arrive at the stores would receive different types of campaigns and offers.
Automating Loyalty
Epicor also enhanced functionality that supports loyalty offerings, Barron said. "We now support unlimited distinct loyalty plans in a single database. By supporting multiple loyalty programs, the retailer is able to have a clearer picture of the customer."
Automation was also added to the mix.
"Prior to 7.0, it would be a manual process to move people up and down a hierarchy. Now the retailer can just set rules for what a customer has to do to achieve, for example, a 'gold' level. Once the customer qualifies, they are automatically upgraded," Barron noted.
"This frees up time for the retailer to focus on analysis and segmentation," she said.
Security, Translation
Other changes touched upon security enhancements and globalization of the platform.
User and administrative controls have been enhanced regarding the former. For the latter, Epicor has added features that allow uses to export the labels out of the system to be translated and then import the new fields back in.
Meanwhile, the company is working on an out-of-the-box translated version in Spanish. After it ships, Barron said, French will follow.


text: Do you ever wonder "where are the best restaurants near me?". If so, you've come to the right place, because however well you may or may not know restaurants near you, discovering new nearby places has never been easier or faster than right here with Quandoo. Maps and a range of smart filters mean discovering the best restaurants near you is a breeze, then you can read verified reviews from diners just like you, check out menus and book a nearby restaurants in seconds. You can also keep track of your reservation details on the go, get recommendations and updates and earn Loyalty Points – all while discovering some seriously tasty food nearby. So, don't leave things to chance and go get discovering the finest restaurants near you with Quandoo. Booking a table and eating delicious food has never been easier and, who knows, you might just find somewhere new to love!Show more


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With the continued growth in IT technology, communications and digitalisation, it is no surprise that many companies have problems integrating document automation within their organisation.
This is because they usually have a collection of old, new and legacy systems, all of which may or may not work well together and most of which complicate a successful rollout of a document workflow integration strategy. Examples include standalone accounting and payroll software and sales and customer resource management software (CRM).
Aligning, connecting and integrating a variety of different systems and software can be an overwhelming task.
At RBC Group, we use our extensive knowledge and experience to ensure that your organisation has a successful and efficient document workflow integration strategy, one that is customised to your organisational needs. Integrating document automation within your existing core business systems, ensures that your service orientated architecture is robust, flexible and extendable well into the future.
RBC Group help you to navigate and manage this challenging environment, focussing on your organisational goals and business structure; integrating document automation is vital to a growing organisation.
There are certain key operational areas that benefit from integrating document automation across an organisation.
Business Process Optimisation
Integrating multiple point-to-point systems within a growing organisation, to enhance connectivity between operational systems and databases, is not only overwhelming, but can also result in a tangled mess that can be difficult to manage when the inevitable problems occur.
This is why integrating document automation, not only leverages your existing systems, applications, services and software to create a robust solution, but it does so regardless of your current architecture. Within such an environment, you can easily scale, adjust and grow your core business systems as your business changes and expands.
The effect of a fully integrated document automation strategy can be seen in the following areas:
· Accounts Payable: With a complete document workflow integration, information from invoices, orders and deliveries can be easily shared with other accounting software, databases and staff. Data can be exported and all databases updated throughout your organisation. This increases response times and customer satisfaction.
· Contract Management: Information silos are the death knell of an efficient contract management system. Integrated document automation can maximise communication, allowing stakeholders and staff to track, report and analyse contract performance and progress in real time. This eliminates bottlenecks and speeds up the life-cycle of contracts, increasing profits and compliance and minimising risks.
· HR Automation: Automating your HR department within a fully integrated system optimises essential data acquisition, documentation, recruitment and termination processes. Staff inductions and training can be targeted where it is needed most, decreasing the risk of non-compliance and optimising personnel audit trails. Self-training can even be automated, employee requests followed up in a timely manner and reports delivered and disseminated on time.
· Mail Room Automation: Anintegrated document automation strategy gives your organisation the ability to extract pertinent information from incoming data and distribute it along electronic work pathways. Such data can be shared across departments, archived or presented in reports and acted upon in a timely manner. Multiple mail channels from a variety of internet portals can be scanned and data captured and stored.
For more information on the benefits of integrating document automation within your organisation, call us on 1300 857 164, email us at email@example.com or complete our online enquiry form.


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It's hard enough to travel from point A (our homes) to point B (probably, R29 HQ) without
stalking spotting a few sidewalk strutters whose style game is inspiringly on point. But, there is so much beyond our familiar little bubble. That's why we spread our wings and ventured a little further east to South Korea's largest style capital, Seoul. And obviously, we couldn't resist snapping a whole slew of street-style stunners while we were there.
We may not all speak the same language, but that doesn't mean we don't see eye to eye with Seoul's sweet-and-spicy style. Think pretty pleats paired with sexy spikes, and basic tees shaken up with bold statement sandals. The city was full of seriously stellar style, and we're just happy to have captured a bit of it on film.
Photographed by Stacey Young


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The next chapter in Relapse's DEATH reissue campaign is the landmark, genre-defining album "Spiritual Healing".
Originally released in 1990, "Spiritual Healing" marked a new turn in the DEATH discography, one which ushered in cleaner production, a new level of boundary pushing musicianship and songwriting skills that were previously unimaginable from a metal band. "Spiritual Healing" sets the standard for riffs, insane time changes and of course mainman Chuck Schuldiner's masterful guitar solos. Now reissued as a double CD housed in super deluxe packaging featuring brand new liner notes from DEATH players James Murphy and Terry Butler, Chuck's sister Beth Schuldiner and VOLBEAT frontman Michael Poulsen, Disc 1 features a completely new remaster of the original album and Disc 2 contains 16 previously unreleased rehearsal, outtakes and studio instrumentals.
In addition to the 2-disc edition, limited-edition (2000 machine-numbered copies) triple CD digipak will be available exclusively from Relapse.com. The third CD features a never-before-released live set recorded in 1990 featuring the "Spiritual Healing" DEATH lineup. An iTunes deluxe edition will also be released containing five additional previously unreleased pre-"Human" rehearsal tracks not available on either of the CD versions.
"Spiritual Healing" will be released on November 20 in North America, November 23 in Benelux, Germany and Finland, and November 26 in the rest of the world.
"Spiritual Healing" follows the recent Relapse Records reissues of DEATH classics "Individual Thought Patterns", "The Sound of Perseverance", "Human" and the live collection "Vivus!" plus Chuck Schuldiner projects MANTAS and CONTROL DENIED. Like those reissues, this collection will contain extensive liner notes from previous members and never-before-seen photos of the band.
Pre-order options, including a new line of exclusive DEATH merch and a super limited die-hard fan pack containing an exclusive shirt design, poster flag, and patch, pin, guitar pick, sticker set can be found at this location.
"Spiritual Healing" track listing:
Disc 1 - "Spiritual Healing" - Remastered
01. Living Monstrosity
02. Altering The Future
03. Defensive Personalities
04. Within The Mind
05. Spiritual Healing
06. Low Life
07. Genetic Reconstruction
08. Killing Spree
Disc 2 – "Spiritual Healing" – Rehearsals
* Altering The Future
* Defensive Personalities
* Within The Mind
* Within The Mind - Take 2
* Spiritual Healing
* Killing Spree
Spiritual Healing - Studio Instrumentals
* Defensive Personalities
* Spiritual Healing
* Within The Mind
Joke / Jam Tracks
* Satanic Jam
* Primus Jam
* Jon a Qua - Take 2
* Jon a Qua - Take 3
* Jon a Qua - Take 4
* Jon a Qua - Take 5
* Jon a Qua - Take 6
Disc 3 - Live at Streets, New Rochelle, NY March 17, 1990
* Living Monstrosity
* Pull The Plug
* Zombie Ritual
* Spiritual Healing
* Left To Die
* Defensive Personalities
* Genetic Reconstruction
* Open Casket
* Within The Mind
* Leprosy
Unearthed Pre-"Human" Rehearsals
* Suicide Machine
* Together As One
* See Through Dreams
Digital Deluxe-Only Bonus Tracks:
* Suicide Machine - Unearthed Version 2
* Suicide Machine - Unearthed Version 3
* Suicide Machine - Unearthed Version 4
* Together As One - Unearthed Version 1
* See Through Dreams - Unearthed Version 2
A remastered version of the track "Living Monstrosity" can be heard below.


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MikeJ necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web codificada y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 11 diseños de 2 diseñadores freelance.
I'm looking for a nicely original design for a site that provides reviews of other websites and their services, based on categorizing sites.
Desired Color Scheme:
red, green, orange, blue or variations
Desired Style:
I like this site.... http://shop.avanquest.com/usa/
Accepted File Formats:
not sure
I'm looking for a nicely original design for a site that provides reviews of other websites and their services. site name will be call Janno's Review.com and I have a work in progress logo.
Below is an example of a site that reflects pretty much everything i'm looking for:
Except that this is just for one category. "prepaid phone plans"... the site i need woud need to be able to tab thru various categories and follow a consistent format. for example we'd intially have about 3 categories with 10 reviews each.
1) Prepaid phone plans
2) Online diet plans
3) Online fitness plans
While the content and functionality of the above site is what I will end with ultimately, the design is not appealing to me. below is a site that i like to give some inspiration.
Some additional data:
1) Colors? red, green, orange, blue
2) What image do I want to present? Trendy, but knowledgable, and trustworthy
3) Target audience? Anyone who may be looking to purchase a service or a product online.
4) Why should people trust on your companys services or products? Main asset is our objective reviews of products and services of other companies. We do not own any of these.