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Hermann Minkowski
Born: 22 June 1864 in Alexotas, Russian Empire (now Kaunas, Lithuania)
Died: 12 January 1909 in Göttingen, Germany
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Hermann Minkowski's parents were Lewin Minkowski, a businessman, and Rachel Taubmann. Hermann was his parents' third son. Hermann's oldest brother Max (1844-1930) took over the family business, but he was also an art collector and the French consul in Königsberg. The second brother Oskar (1858-1931) was a physician, best known for his work on diabetes, and father of astrophysicist Rudolph Minkowski (1895-1976). Apart from Max and Oskar, Minkowski also had an older sister, Fanny (1863-1954) and a younger brother, Toby (1873-1906). Lewin and Rachel Minkowski were Germans although their son Hermann was born while they were living in Russia. When Hermann was eight years old the family returned to Germany and settled in Königsberg where Lewin Minkowski conducted his business.
Minkowski first showed his talent for mathematics while studying at the Gymnasium in Königsberg. Already at this stage in his education he was reading the work of Dedekind, Dirichlet and Gauss. The outstanding abilities he showed at this time were noted in a letter that Heinrich Weber, then at Königsberg University, wrote to Dedekind in 1881 (see [14]). He studied at the University of Königsberg, entering the university in April 1880. He spent three semesters at the University of Berlin, for example spending the winter semester of the academic year 1882-83 there. His became close friends with Hilbert while at Königsberg, for Hilbert was an undergraduate at the same time as Minkowski. In 1884, while he was a student at Königsberg, Hurwitz was appointed to the staff. The student Minkowski soon became close friends with the newly appointed academic Hurwitz. He received his doctorate in 1885 from Königsberg for a thesis entitled Untersuchungen über quadratische Formen, Bestimmung der Anzahl verschiedener Formen, welche ein gegebenes Genus enthält Ⓣ Minkowski became interested in quadratic forms early in his university studies. In 1881 the Academy of Sciences (Paris) announced that the Grand Prix for mathematical science to be awarded in 1883 would be for a solution to the problem of the number of representations of an integer as the sum of five squares. Eisenstein had given a formula for the number of such representations in 1847, but he had not given a proof of the result. In fact the Academy of Sciences had set a problem for the Grand Prix which had already been solved, for Henry Smith had published an outline of a proof in 1867. However the Academy of Sciences were unaware of Smith's contributions when the prize topic was set.
Eisenstein had been studying quadratic forms in n variables with integer coefficients at the time he published his unproved formula in 1847 but as he was already ill by this time details were never published. Minkowski, although only eighteen years old at the time, reconstructed Eisenstein's theory of quadratic forms and produced a beautiful solution to the Grand Prix problem. Smith reworked his earlier proof, adding detail and submitted that to the Academy. The decision was that the prize be shared between Minkowski and Smith but this was a stunning beginning to Minkowski's mathematical career. On 2 April 1883 the Academy granted the Grand Prize in Mathematics jointly to the young Minkowski at the start of his career and the elderly Smith at the end of his. Minkowski's doctoral thesis, submitted in 1885, was a continuation of this prize winning work involving his natural definition of the genus of a form. After the award of his doctorate, he continued undertaking research at Königsberg.
In 1887, a professorship became vacant at the University of Bonn, and Minkowski applied for that position; according to the regulations of German universities, he had to submit orally to the faculty an original paper, as an Habilitationsschrift. Minkowski presented Räumliche Anschauung und Minima positiv definiter quadratischer Formen Ⓣ which was not published at the time but in 1991 the lecture was published in [12]. Dieudonné writes:-
This lecture is particularly interesting, for it contains the first example of the method which Minkowski would develop some years later in his famous "geometry of numbers".Minkowski taught at Bonn from 1887, being promoted to assistant professor in 1892. Two years later he moved back to Königsberg where he taught for two years before being appointed to the Eidgenössische Polytechnikum Zürich. There he became a colleague of his friend Hurwitz who had been appointed to fill Frobenius's chair after he left Zürich for Berlin in 1892. Einstein was a student in several of the courses he gave and the two would later become interested in similar problems in relativity theory. Minkowski married Auguste Adler in Strasbourg in 1897; they had two daughters, Lily born in 1898 and Ruth born in 1902.
The family left Zürich in the year that their second daughter was born for Minkowski accepted a chair at the University of Göttingen in 1902. It was Hilbert who arranged for the chair to be created specially for Minkowski and he held it for the rest of his life. At Göttingen he became interested in mathematical physics gaining enthusiasm from Hilbert and his associates. He participated in a seminar on electron theory in 1905 and he learnt the latest results and theories in electrodynamics.
Minkowski developed a new view of space and time and laid the mathematical foundation of the theory of relativity. By 1907 Minkowski realised that the work of Lorentz and Einstein could be best understood in a non-euclidean space. He considered space and time, which were formerly thought to be independent, to be coupled together in a four-dimensional 'space-time continuum'. Minkowski worked out a four-dimensional treatment of electrodynamics. His major works in this area are Raum und Zeit Ⓣ (1907) and Zwei Abhand lungen über die Grundgleichungen der Elektrodynamik Ⓣ (1909). Kline, reviewing [10] writes:-
A key point of the paper is the difference in approach to physical problems taken by mathematical physicists as opposed to theoretical physicists. In a paper published in 1908 Minkowski reformulated Einstein's 1905 paper by introducing the four-dimensional (space-time) non-Euclidean geometry, a step which Einstein did not think much of at the time. But more important is the attitude or philosophy that Minkowski, Hilbert - with whom Minkowski worked for a few years - Felix Klein and Hermann Weyl pursued, namely, that purely mathematical considerations, including harmony and elegance of ideas, should dominate in embracing new physical facts. Mathematics so to speak was to be master and physical theory could be made to bow to the master. Put otherwise, theoretical physics was a subdomain of mathematical physics, which in turn was a subdiscipline of pure mathematics. In this view Minkowski followed Poincaré whose philosophy was that mathematical physics, as opposed to theoretical physics, can furnish new physical principles. This philosophy would seem to be a carry-over (modified of course) from the Eighteenth Century view that the world is designed mathematically and hence that the world must obey principles and laws which mathematicians uncover, such as the principle of least action of Maupertuis, Lagrange and Hamilton. Einstein was a theoretical physicist and for him mathematics must be suited to the physics.This space-time continuum provided a framework for all later mathematical work in relativity. These ideas were used by Einstein in developing the general theory of relativity. In fact Minkowski had a major influence on Einstein as Corry points out in [7]:-
In the early years of his scientific career, Albert Einstein considered mathematics to be a mere tool in the service of physical intuition. In later years, he came to consider mathematics as the very source of scientific creativity. A main motive behind this change was the influence of two prominent German mathematicians: David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski.We have mentioned several times in this biography that Minkowski and Hilbert were close friends. Less well known is the fact that Minkowski actually suggested to Hilbert what he should take as the theme for his famous 1900 lecture in Paris. Minkowski, in a letter to Hilbert written on 5 January 1900, writes:-
What would have the greatest impact would be an attempt to give a preview of the future, i.e. a sketch of the problems with which future mathematicians should occupy themselves. In this way you could perhaps make sure that people would talk about your lecture for decades in the future.Time has certainly proved Minkowski correct!
The first International Congress of Mathematicians was held in Zürich in 1897. [8] Minkowski joined the organising committee in December 1896 -- he might not yet have been in Zürich for the preliminary meeting in July. He joined the amusement committee and was appointed to the sub-committee that was responsible for choosing the speakers. He suggested inviting Hilbert to give a talk in case Klein could not attend, as it was, Klein did attend the congress but Hilbert did not. Minkowski also offered to give a talk himself in one of the section meetings, but for reasons that are not explained in the minutes he did not after all. At the congress, he chaired section I: Arithmetic and Algebra.
Minkowski acted as one of the secretaries at the 1900 ICM in Paris, and gave a talk in section I at the 1904 ICM in Heidelberg, entitled Zur Geometrie der Zahlen (On the Geometry of Numbers). At this point he represented the University of Göttingen, likewise at the 1908 ICM in Rome.
Minkowski's original mathematical interests were in pure mathematics and he spent much of his time investigating quadratic forms and continued fractions. His most original achievement, however, was his 'geometry of numbers' which he initiated in 1890. Geometrie der Zahlen Ⓣ was first published in 1910 but the first 240 pages (of the 256) appeared as the first section in 1896. Geometrie der Zahlen was reprinted in 1953 by Chelsea, New York, and reprinted again in 1968. Minkowski published Diophantische Approximationen: Eine Einführung in die Zahlentheorie Ⓣ in 1907. It gave an elementary account of his work on the geometry of numbers and of its applications to the theories of Diophantine approximation and of algebraic numbers. Work on the geometry of numbers led on to work on convex bodies and to questions about packing problems, the ways in which figures of a given shape can be placed within another given figure.
At the young age of 44, Minkowski died suddenly from a ruptured appendix.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page
List of References (16 books/articles)
Some Quotations (3)
A Poster of Hermann Minkowski
Mathematicians born in the same country
Additional Material in MacTutor
- Weyl on Hilbert and Hilbert on others
(Click the link below for those honoured in this way)
|Lunar features
|Crater Minkowski
|Popular biographies list
|Number 142
Cross-references in MacTutor
- History Topics: Special relativity
- History Topics: A history of time: 20th century time
- German Mathematical Society
- 1897 ICM - Zurich
- 1900 ICM - Paris
- 1932 ICM - Zurich
- 1936 ICM - Oslo
Other Web sites
- Dictionary of Scientific Biography
- Encyclopaedia Britannica
- H K Strick
- Mathematical Genealogy Project
- MathSciNet Author profile
- zbMATH entry
- ERAM Jahrbuch entry


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Condition monitoring courses
Get more out of your SKF products
Product knowledgeThe product courses focus on specific SKF condition monitoring products and help you to improve your condition monitoring techniques and skills.
SmartStart your knowledge developmentSmartStart is an on-site product start-up service that focuses on a specific product and is designed to get that product up and running, your employees trained, and your program implemented quickly and effectively. The training takes the form of mentoring rather than classroom instruction, and the site instructor will offer guidance in applicable product and/or database optimization and functionality. Benefits of SmartStart training include:
- small class size
- individual instruction
- field exercises on your plant's machinery
- standardized plant-wide procedures
Please contact your local SKF representative for times and availability.
Discover our condition monitoring product courses
Product courses
- Introduction to the SKF Microlog AX Series
- Introduction to the SKF Microlog GX series
- Introduction to the SKF Microlog MX Series
- Advanced Microlog Skills
- Introduction to the SKF MARLIN system
- Introduction to On-line Systems
- Introduction to the SKF Multilog IMx and SKF @ptitude Observer
- Introduction to the SKF @ptitude Analyst
- Introduction to SKF Machine Suite
- Introduction to modal and operating deflection shape analysis
SmartStart courses

subset: commoncrawl


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Events listed below are excellent opportunities to read aloud to a child! You'll find events from many different participating businesses and organizations who value reading aloud to children.
Be sure to explore additional opportunities with our founding partners:
Lincoln City Libraries
Lincoln Children's Museum
University of Nebraska State Museum (Morrill Hall)
Nebraska History Museum
Midwestern African Museum of Art
- This event has passed.
Family Story Time at Bennett Martin Library
September 22, 2019 @ 4:00 pm - 4:30 pm
Story times for Families The entire family is welcome to enjoy crafts and story time. Bennett Martin Public Library Sunday, 4:00 to 4:30 p.m.
Read Aloud Lincoln is funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services, and supported by the Lincoln Community Foundation in support of the Prosper Lincoln community agenda.


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Simple Kind To Eyes Make Up Corrector Pen is one of those products that we dream of; a make up remover that can be used to take away mistakes of the make up kind in an instant!
They say:
Its ingenious pen-like design with precision tip dispenses the award-winning Simple Kind To Eyes Eye Make-Up Remover, so you can swiftly and easily wipe away those day-to-day make-up mistakes like smudges, flaking, streaks, and even waterproof mascara, whilst leaving the rest of your make-up untouched.
Plus being Simple, there's added benefits like no perfume, no colour, no alcohol, good for sensitive skin etc.
But does it really work?Removing make up, yes it does do that. I did not remove my super tough waterproof Koji liner but it did manage to clean up the edges, and it's great with eyeshadow mistakes.
Come to think of it, it's good if you want to do a really sharp line because you can really clean it up into the shape you want it to be.
True to form I had no irritations using this pen although it does have quite a tip on it, so be careful.
Then comes the annoying bit. Like with the nail polish removing pens, the tip gets DIRTY and not a bit dirty, we're talking Christina Aguilera DIRRRTTYYYYY.
And that's uber annoying. Almost as annoying as the word Uber. You can try and clean it every time you use it, but then you'll end up spending far too much time cleaning the nib and people will accuse you of having obsessive compulsive disorder. If only these things had self cleaning nibs.
But they don't…so after use 3 it was looking old and worn, so like a footballer getting tired of his wife, I stuck this pen somewhere I wouldn't have to look at it and said there, there, I'll still take you out occasionally.
Verdict: Yeah it does work, but mmm…well you could just use a cotton bud dipped in eye make up remover unless you are chronically on the go and er, cry a lot.
You can buy it here for £4.99.


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Former Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino is among 15 former players to have filed a federal lawsuit against the NFL claiming the league concealed the risk of concussions, among other allegations.
The suit, filed in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and first reported on by the Los Angeles Times, alleges the NFL "actively, aggressively and deliberately conspired with its team members and/or independent contractors who were directed to continuously discount and reject the causal connection between multiple concussions suffered while playing in the NFL, a non-scientific return-to-play policy for players suffering concussions and the chronic long-term effects of those head injuries."
The lawsuit also asserts that "(certain) named Plaintiffs have suffered in the past from an assortment of problems associated with the harm and injuries described herein, including, but not limited to, headaches, dizziness, loss of memory, dementia, depression, impulse control, impulsivity to anger, cognitive dysfunction, employment impairment, physical activity limitations, embarrassment, loss of the pleasures of life, etc."
Marino is described thusly in the suit: "Plaintiff, Dan Marino, is an individual residing in Fort Lauderdale, (Florida). Mr. Marino played in the NFL from 1983-1999." There is no reference to any medical conditions particularly experienced by Marino or any other named plaintiff in the suit.
After retiring from the NFL, Marino — a first-ballot Pro Football Hall of Famer – spent more than a decade as an analyst with CBS. However, the network parted ways with him in February.
The other former players filing suit with Marino are Erik Affholter, Richard Bishop, Bruce Clark, Chris Dugan, Anthony Grant, Mark Green, John Huddleston, Ethan Johnson, LaCurtis Jones, Peter Manning, Moses Moreno, Toddrick McIntosh, Jackie Wallace and Dwight Wheeler.


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Welcome to the Trempealeau County Times and Arrow Shopper home page! You can find all information available about each paper through this site, including information about subscriptions, advertising and submitting content. Start by selecting the appropriate publication you'd like to find more information about!
As today's community newspaper, we cover local news, sports, and government happenings throughout the Arcadia, Blair, Ettrick, Galesville, Independence, Pigeon Falls, Trempealeau and Whitehall areas. Click on our logo for more information.
The Arrow Shopper has a total circulation of over 17,800 and is distributed throughout Trempealeau and Buffalo counties. Advertise your events, job opportunities, businesses, services and sales with us today!


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How do you say "ouch" in Russian?
My guess is that many members of the Russian Olympic team are red in the race right now, and it's not from the cold. A great post from Greg Wyshynski wraps up the Russian loss to Canada in the Olympics:
If Russia is serious about pitting the Superleague against the NHL as the best place to play hockey in the world and keeping their talent in the Motherland , making the Russian team exciting to watch would be a good step in that direction.
Russia was embarrassed. To the point where Russian NHL player participation
in the 2014 Games in Sochi is now guaranteed; there's no other way to cleanse
the stench from this defeat. This game was supposed to be a classic. Instead, it
was a coronation for the Canadians in this rivalry.


text: Feels Like Frost Specialty 6" x 6" (15.2 X 15.2 cm) Designer Series Paper features photographic imagery on one side and hand-drawn designs with silver foil on the other side. This gorgeous designer paper captures the wonder of winter.* 48 sheets of designer paper: 4 each of 12 double-sided designs* 6" x 6" (15.2 x 15.2 cm)* Acid free* Lignin freeProduct colors: Balmy Blue, Blushing Bride, Highland Heather, Night of Navy, Pretty Peacock, Purple Posy, Rococo Rose, Seaside Spray, Smoky Slate, Whisper White


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Nipomo (NHS) Class of 2013 Alumni List
Help us Update the Nipomo 2013 Class List by adding any names missing from the list below:
Registered Alumni
2013 Class List
Know Nipomo Class of 2013 graduates that are NOT on this List? Help us Update the 2013 Class List by adding missing names.
Reunions and Nipomo High School News
More 2013 alumni from Nipomo HS have posted profiles on Classmates.com®. Click here to register for free at Classmates.com® and view other 2013 alumni.
If you are trying to find people that graduated in '13 at NHS in Nipomo, CA, check the alumni list below that shows the class of 2013.
For former NHS students from CA, you can view the class reunion information that has been posted by other site visitors. In addition, we encourage you to post your profile in the alumni directory, share information about the school activities you were involved with and reconnect with Nipomo High School alumni.


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Watch the video
Kathy Hannah discusses the pros and cons of washing fabric before use in quilting. Includes an easy way to test color fastness of fabric, and tips for preparing fabric for the washing machine.
Step-by-Step Instructions
Do Prewash Quilt Fabrics When…
1. The project you're making will be washed and dried (e.g. bed quilts, bags and purses, or items for around the house). To control overall shrinkage/reduce uneven shrinkage.
2. The color might bleed (e.g. dark, saturated colors and lower-quality fabrics)
3. You are using batiks or flannels.
4. You are making a baby quilt or a quilt for a chemically sensitive person. Washing removes potential irritants.
Don't Prewash Quilt Fabrics When…
1. You know the quilt you're making will never be washed (e.g. Art Quilt)
2. You're going to fuse the fabric. Iron-on fusible web stabilizes fabric and prevents it from shrinking.
3. You're using a precut fabric kit. Washing could cause distortion.
4. You want an "antique" look. Washing the finished quilt after you piece and quilt it will shrink the fabrics, and create a slightly puckered.
How to pre-wash fabric
1. Test for color bleeding. Some fabrics bleed dyes when they get wet and can stain the other fabrics in your quilt. Use this simple test for color bleeding:
a. Soak fabric in cool, soapy water.
b. After about 30 minutes, remove the fabric and check for color in the water. Discolored water means the fabric has bled some of its dye.
c. If the water is still clear, lay the fabric to dry on a white paper towel. If the towel is still clean after the fabric dries, the fabric is safe to use.
2. Wash fabrics in cool water on hand-wash cycle. Unfold the fabrics, keeping lights separate from darks. Don't use hot water, which can cause fading. Use a smaller amount (25%) of your regular detergent.
3. Tumble Dry. Shake out your fabric before you put it in the dryer. Remove from the dryer as soon as the cycle ends.
Prevent Thread Tangles when Washing and Drying Quilt Fabric
Washing and drying can cause frayed edges and thread nests. Try these tips for preventing fraying:
* If you're washing cut strips or pieces, put them in a lingerie bag before washing.
* Snip a triangular cut from each corner of the fabric piece.
* Serge or zigzag stitch the cut edges of your fabrics before washing. (This can be very time-consuming.)


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Photos of Hogwarts Express Filming for Deathly Hallows
Sep 20, 2009
DH Film
Location filming recently took place in Scotland involving the Hogwarts Express train for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. A freelance photographer has now posted photos on his public flickr, here or here in our image galleries of the filming where a camera was attached to a helicopter to get the overhead shots; others show the fabled train at Rannoch Station near Loch Rannoch, Scotland. Please note: no cast members were present at this filming.
Thanks to Aaron Sneddon


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Kristy Skocik and her husband, Chris, signed up for a community-supported agriculture plan last winter to ensure they would have farm-fresh fruits and vegetables in the spring for the baby they were expecting.
Disappointed when that weekly plan was canceled, the Columbia couple searched for an alternative and found one, in Friends and Farms, that they say has exceeded their expectations.
"We hardly ever have to go to the grocery store now because we also get dairy, meat, eggs and bread," said Skocik, a NASA engineer now working part time from home to care for 9-month-old Samantha.
"And we know where our food is coming from, which was especially important to us since I'm making my own baby food," said the first-time mom, who picks up her family's $51 share every Thursday at Earth Treks in Columbia, infant in tow.
Having grown up on farms where neighbors exchanged their fresh bounty, the Skociks have "really, really enjoyed going back to food that actually has flavor," she said.
Friends and Farms co-founders Philip Gottwals and Tim Hosking had experienced similar frustration, but on the other side of the operation, knowing that farm-fresh foods weren't getting to market efficiently.
So the pair decided to combine their years of experience in finance and agricultural consulting to set up a regional network that connects consumers and farmers. The Columbia-based company launched from its 4,600-square-foot Gerwig Lane warehouse in mid-June with 20 customers and has since grown to 125 members.
"We've built a model for the way consumers buy and eat food," said Gottwals, 45, who lives in Hickory Ridge with his wife and three children.
Customers go each week to one of eight distribution sites in Columbia, Clarksville, Catonsville, Severna Park, Lutherville or Hydes to retrieve a collapsible bin of food items that are gleaned from among 70 farms covered by 11 suppliers in the mid-Atlantic region.
This week's basket will contain chicken wings, ground beef and bacon, along with butternut squash, butter lettuce, onions, cranberries and apple butter. Fish is included every other week, and all orders include milk, eggs and bread.
Such items as free-range turkeys and smoked hams are available a la carte for Thanksgiving menus, as are many other foods from the company's online market, where customers can supplement their weekly basket.
By doing the sourcing for their customers, the partners are ending a cycle in which "wonderful local food was getting put into a massive food-distribution system," Gottwals said.
By the time fresh food was reaching its destination, "it was 10 days older, and the customer wasn't getting the quality they wanted and the farmer was getting a price they didn't want," he said. "And nobody was trying to figure out how to marry the two [complaints]."
Friends and Farms incorporates elements of farmers markets and community-supported agriculture, in which customers purchase seasonal shares from a local farm, but with a couple of twists.
Subscriptions are year-round and include all food groups in calculated proportions. By sourcing food from farms in multiple states and growing zones, the company guarantees its members never end up dealing with an abundance of whatever a farmer has available any given week.
"Food gets to the consumer within 24 to 48 hours without being trucked a long distance, without sitting on ice, without being picked green," Gottwals said. "And there are no excuses from us that you're getting 50 pounds of turnips and nothing else."
The partners know weather-related events will rarely strike all producers of a specific food item at the same time, and thus the weekly reliability of the basket's variety isn't affected by uncontrollable circumstances.
"We recognized that the Chesapeake Bay watershed was a region that could produce quality food year-round, from the southern reaches of the coastal plain to the Piedmont and Appalachian regions," reads a statement on the company's website, friendsandfarms.com.
That consistency has become a Friends and Farms hallmark, said Gottwals, who hails from Annapolis.
"It's been really fun to see how we've surprised ourselves at the consistent quality and value we can offer," he said, noting that chef Peter Baldwin contributes simple recipe suggestions that are incorporated into a weekly electronic newsletter.
Currently, no Howard County farms are part of their network, but that could change, Hosking said.
"We have similarities [to community-supported agriculture and a farmers market,] but we also have significant differences by design," said Hosking, 53, who lives in Baltimore but travels frequently to New York, where his wife and daughter reside in the family's home.
"We're offering a week's worth of food that covers the full range [of food groups] and is the right amount of food" in the proper ratio of protein to produce, Hosking said. "Our reason for doing this is to effect change in the food market and to create a sense of community."
Hosking, a Seattle native, said he first experienced that community feeling when he moved to Greenwich Village in 1981 to attend law school, and he's never looked back from that model of urban interaction.
"I was shocked that there was a better sense of community in my segment of the city than what I'd experience growing up in the suburbs," he said. "I didn't have a car, so I was often on foot and got to know the people" living and working there.
Now, farm tours sponsored by the company connect farmers with buyers, who get to hear firsthand what goes on at the farms where the food they're purchasing is raised, reared or made.
Kathy Zimmerman, agricultural development manager for the Howard County Economic Development Authority, said a main key to Friends and Farms' success is convenience.
"That's what most of us want," she said.
"By bringing farmers and consumers together, they are providing an opportunity to eat what is locally grown within this region, while still cutting down on food miles and reducing the carbon footprint."
Item-by-item comparisons to grocery-store chains show the company's baskets' contents frequently cost less than their national counterparts, Hosking said. While they have yet to raise their prices, the partners say that making sure farmers are paid fairly is a priority, and membership costs will increase to reflect farmers' expenses.
Gottwals said growth has been good in Howard, Baltimore and Anne Arundel counties, but the company's goal is to reach 2,000 members throughout Central Maryland in the next three years, making Friends and Farms a considerable consumer force.
"Our food system is broken," he said. "Our desire is to have enough heft to actually change it."


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Our Missions
Americans for Prosperity (AFP) is committed to educating citizens about economic policy and mobilizing those citizens as advocates in the public policy process. AFP is an organization of grassroots leaders who engage citizens in the name of limited government and free markets on the local, state, and federal levels. The grassroots activists of AFP advocate for public policies that champion the principles of entrepreneurship and fiscal and regulatory restraint. To that end, AFP supports:
Cutting taxes and government spending in order to halt the encroachment of government in the economic lives of citizens by fighting proposed tax increases and pointing out evidence of waste, fraud, and abuse.
Tax and Expenditure Limitations to promote fiscal responsibility.
Removing unnecessary barriers to entrepreneurship and opportunity by sparking citizen involvement in the regulatory process early on in order to reduce red tape.
Restoring fairness to our judicial system.
Who We Are
The heart and soul of AFP is our citizen activists. They organize events, write letters to the editor, and petition their lawmakers to uphold freedom and prosperity. Americans for Prosperity has more than 2,000,000 activists in all 50 states and 34 state chapters and affiliates. More than 90,000 Americans in all 50 states have made a financial contribution to AFP or our sister organization, AFP Foundation.
What We Do
- AFP's network of organized and influential citizen leaders in a growing number of states throughout the country is working to change the nation one state at a time.
- AFP mobilizes citizens to effectively make their voices heard in public policy issue campaigns.
- AFP educates citizens about where their elected officials stand on our issues.
- AFP combines "best-in-class" capabilities built once at the national level with local knowledge from our state staff and on-the-ground grassroots to create economies of scale that win.
- AFP leverages our comparative advantages with those of other groups by building coalitions of local, state, and national grassroots organizations fighting for a common cause.


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Main features
- Cashmere, polyamide and wool blend
- Ribbed knit hem
Made in: Serbia
Product code: 1030D1J49_501
70% Wool 20% Nylon 10% Cashmere
Clothing care
- Hand wash only. Maximum temperature: 40°
- Do not bleach
- Do not tumble dry
- Flat dry in shade
- Delicate iron at maximum temperature of 110°C. without steam, which could damage the garment
- Professional dry-cleaning in: perchloroethylene. Delicate cycle


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Penn State Hershey Medical Center's Tobacco Intervention Program, or TIP, support group meets from 6:30 to 8 p.m. every Monday evening at the University Conference Center on the Penn State Hershey campus. The free group sessions guide participants from decision-making to quitting through relapse prevention. Interested individuals should call 1-800-243-1455 to register and for directions.
Last Updated July 24, 2014


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By at July 04 2019 04:12:32
Provide checklists. As users complete your form, you may well be asking them to provide supporting information or attach supplementary documents where required. Providing a checklist, often at the beginning or end of a form, helps remind users about all the things they should remember to attach, and any further steps they need to go through.
In paper forms the specific sub-questions cannot be hidden from the user when they are not relevant to them - but in interactive forms this is relatively easy to do. Use progressive revealing as much as possible in your form design to shield your users from questions they do not need to see.


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Arch Linux/Preferred Package Tools
Haskell packages in Arch Linux, as stated by the Arch Haskell Arch Linux/Policy, use "provides" syntax in PKGBUILDs. In partcular, the ghc package "provides" many core libraries. This set changes from release to release, and you can find the current list of provides here. Typical provides are things like "haskell-cabal" or "haskell-containers".
In order for all our Haskell packages not to break on each GHC release, we use the "provides" mechanism to list all dependencies, including those shipped with GHC. That means you will see Haskell packages with, e.g. "haskell-cabal" as a dependency. This package is provided by the ghc package.
To download a Haskell package, you would use, for example:
$ sudo bauerbill --no-color --build-as $USER --aur -S cpphs
Note that upgrading a package that is listed in the provides may give you the counter-intuitive idea that say, haskell-cabal requires haskell-cabal to bootstrap. In fact, the recursion is broken by the use of "provides".
Recommended Tools
Legacy tools: yaourt
As of March 27, 2010, with the release of version 0.9.3, yaourt supports the "provides" field and installs Haskell packages fine. Sadly, one of the most famous package builder tools does not support the "provides" field, and thus yaourt is entirely broken with Haskell packages.
sudo bauerbill --no-color --aur -S haskell-csv paktahn -S haskell-csv sudo clyde -S haskell-csv


text:
This section explains more advanced TopLink query API calls and techniques that you are most likely to use later in the development cycle.
This chapter includes the following sections:
For more information about the available query API, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Java API Reference for Oracle TopLink.
A redirect query is a named query that delegates query execution control to your application. redirect queried allow you to define the query implementation in code as a static method.
To perform complex operations, you can combine query redirectors with the TopLink query framework.
This section describes How to Create a Redirect Query.
To perform complex operations, you can combine query redirectors with the TopLink query framework. To create a redirector, implement the
oracle.toplink.queryframework.QueryRedirector interface. The query mechanism executes the
Object invokeQuery(DatabaseQuery query, Record arguments, Session session) method and waits for the results.
TopLink provides one preimplemented redirector, the
MethodBasedQueryRedirector method. To use this redirector, create a static invoke method on a class, and use the
setMethodName(String) call to specify the method to invoke.
ReadObjectQuery query = new ReadObjectQuery(Employee.class); query.setName("findEmployeeByAnEmployee"); query.addArgument("employee"); MethodBaseQueryRedirector redirector = new MethodBaseQueryRedirector(QueryRedirectorTest.class, "findEmployeeByAnEmployee"); query.setRedirector(redirector); Descriptor descriptor = getSession().getDescriptor(query.getReferenceClass()); descriptor.getQueryManager().addQuery(query.getName(), query); Vector arguments = new Vector(); arguments.addElement(employee); objectFromDatabase = getSession().executeQuery("findEmployeeByAnEmployee", Employee.class, arguments); public class QueryRedirectorTest { public static Object findEmployeeByAnEmployee( DatabaseQuery query, oracle.toplink.sessions.Record arguments, oracle.toplink.sessions.Session session) { ((ReadObjectQuery) query).setSelectionObject(arguments.get("employee")); return session.executeQuery(query); } }
To make a query time-aware, you specify an
AsOfClause that TopLink appends to the query. Use the
AsOfClause class if your historical schema is based on time stamps or the
AsOfSCNClause class if your historical schema is based on database system change numbers. You can specify an
AsOfClause at the time you acquire a historical session so that TopLink appends the same clause to all queries, or you can specify an
AsOfClause on a query-by-query basis.
Example 111-2 shows how to create a query that uses a particular
AsOfClause. This query will read all
Employee objects as of the time specified by
timestamp using the appropriate history tables described by the
HistoryPolicy set on the
Employee descriptor.
Example 111-2 Using a Historical Session
ReadAllQuery historicalQuery = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); AsOfClause asOfClause = new AsOfClause(timestamp); historicalQuery.setAsOfClause(asOfClause); historicalQuery.dontMaintainCache(); List pastEmployees = (List)historicalSession.executeQuery(historicalQuery);
You can use a fetch group with a
ReadObjectQuery or
ReadAllQuery. When you execute the query, TopLink retrieves only the attributes in the fetch group. TopLink automatically executes a query to fetch all the attributes excluded from this subset when and if you call a getter method on any one of the excluded attributes.
Note:When you use fetch groups outside of CMP, use weaving (see Section 2.10, "Using Weaving").
This section describes the following:
For more information about fetch groups, see Section 22.214.171.124, "Fetch Groups and Object-Level Read Queries".
You can optionally designate at most one fetch group as the default fetch group for a descriptor's reference class.
If you execute a
ReadObjectQuery or
ReadAllQuery without specifying a fetch group, TopLink will use the default fetch group unless you configure the query otherwise, as Example 111-3 shows.
Example 111-3 Configuring Default Fetch Group Behavior
// at the descriptor level FetchGroup group = new FetchGroup("nameOnly"); group.addAttribute("firstName"); group.addAttribute("lastName"); employeeDescriptor.getFetchGroupManager().addFetchGroup(group); // set the default fetch group employeeDescriptor.getFetchGroupManager().setDefaultFetchGroup(group); // when query1 is executed, the default fetch group applies ReadAllQuery query1 = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); // when query2 is executed, the default fetch group does not apply ReadAllQuery query2 = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); query2.setShouldUsedefaultFetchGroup(false);
Example 111-4 shows how to configure a
ReadObjectQuery for the
Employee class with a
FetchGroup named
nameOnly previously stored in the
FetchGroupManager owned by the
Employee class's descriptor.
Example 111-4 Configuring a Query with a FetchGroup Using the FetchGroupManager
In this example, only the
Employee attributes
firstName and
lastName are fetched. If you call the
Employee method
get for any other attribute, TopLink executes another query to retrieve all unfetched attribute values. Thereafter, calling that
get method will return the value directly from the object.
// create static fetch group at the descriptor level FetchGroup group = new FetchGroup("nameOnly"); group.addAttribute("firstName"); group.addAttribute("lastName"); descriptor.getFetchGroupManager().addFetchGroup(group); // use static fetch group at query level ReadAllQuery query = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); query.setFetchGroupName("nameOnly");
Example 111-5 shows how to create a
FetchGroup instance dynamically, at the time you create and execute a query, and configure the query with that
FetchGroup directly.
In this example, only the
lastName, and
salary attributes are fetched. If you call the
Employee method
get for any other attribute, TopLink executes another query to retrieve all unfetched attribute values. Thereafter, calling that
get method will return the value directly from the object.
Example 111-5 Configuring a Query with a FetchGroup Dynamically
// dynamic fetch group query
ReadAllQuery query = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class);
FetchGroup group = new FetchGroup("nameAndSalary");
query. setFetchGroup(group);
Example 111-6 shows how to create an object-level read query to return data that you know is read-only. Using such a query for read-only data can improve performance.
Example 111-6 Configuring an ObjectLevelReadQuery as Read-Only
ReadAllQuery query = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); query.setIsReadOnly(true);
For more information, see the following:
When you define descriptors for an interface to enable querying, TopLink supports querying on an interface, as follows:
If there is only a single implementor of the interface, the query returns an instance of the concrete class.
If there are multiple implementors of the interfaces, the query returns instances of all implementing classes.
When you query on a class that is part of an inheritance hierarchy, the session checks the descriptor to determine the type of the class, as follows:
If you configure the descriptor to read subclasses (the default configuration), the query returns instances of the class and its subclasses.
If you configure the descriptor not to read subclasses, the query returns only instances of the queried class, but no instances of the subclasses.
If you configure the descriptor to outer-join subclasses, the query returns instances of the class and its subclasses.
If neither of these conditions applies, the class is a leaf class and does not have any subclasses. The query returns instances of the queried class.
You can set the query manager to automatically append an expression to every query it performs on a class. For example, you can add an expression that filters the database for the valid instances of a given class.
Use this to do the following:
Filter logically deleted objects
Enable two independent classes to share a single table without inheritance
Filter historical versions of objects
Using Java, configure a descriptor with additional join expressions by creating an amendment method (see Section 119.35, "Configuring Amendment Methods"), and then using the
DescriptorQueryManager methods
setAdditionalJoinExpression or
setMultipleTableJoinExpression, as Example 111-7 shows.
Example 111-7 Registering a Query That Includes a Join Expression
In Example 111-7, the
join expression filters invalid instances of
employee from the query.
public static void addToDescriptor(Descriptor descriptor) { ExpressionBuilder builder = new ExpressionBuilder(); descriptor.getQueryManager().setAdditionalJoinExpression( (builder.getField("EMP.STATUS").notEqual("DELETED")).and( builder.getField("EMP.STATUS").notEqual("HISTORICAL")) ); }
TopLink does not provide a method to directly query against variable one-to-one mappings. To query against this type of mapping, combine TopLink
DirectQueryKeys and TopLink
ReportQueries to create query selection criteria for classes that implement the interface, as follows:
Create two
DirectQueryKeys to query for the possible implementors of the interface:
The first
DirectQueryKey is for the class indicator field for the variable one-to-one mapping.
The second
DirectQueryKey is for the foreign key to the class or table that implements the interface.
Create a
subSelect statement for each concrete class that implements the interface included in the query selection criteria.
Implement a
Example 111-8 Creating DirectQueryKeys
// The DirectQueryKeys as generated in the TopLink project Java
// source code from TopLink Workbench
If you are using Oracle Database, you can take advantage of TopLink support for the following Oracle Database features:
Oracle Hints (see Section 111.9.1, "How to Use Oracle Hints")
Hierarchical Queries (see Section 111.9.2, "How to Use Hierarchical Queries")
Oracle Hints is Oracle Database feature through which you can make decisions usually reserved for the optimizer. You use hints to specify things such as join order for a join statement, or the optimization approach of an SQL call.
The TopLink query framework supports Oracle Hints with the following API:
setHintString("/*[hints or comments]*/");
TopLink adds the hint to the SQL string as a comment immediately following a
INSERT, or
DELETE statement.
Add hints to a read query as follows:
Create a
ReadObjectQuery or a
Set the selection criteria.
Add hints as needed.
For example, the following code uses the
FULL hint (which explicitly chooses a full table scan for the specified table):
// Create the query and set Employee as its reference class ReadObjectQuery query = new ReadObjectQuery(Employee.class); // Retrieve ExpressionBuilder from the query ExpressionBuilder builder = query.getExpressionBuilder(); query.setSelectionCritera(builder.get("id").equal(new Integer(1)); // Add the hint query.setHintString("/*+ FULL */" );
This code generates the following SQL:
To add hints to
UPDATE, and
DELETE, create custom queries for these operations in the TopLink query framework, then specify hints as required. For more information, see the following:
Section 23.4, "Configuring Custom SQL Queries for Basic Persistence Operations"
Section 76.5, "Configuring Custom EIS Interactions for Basic Persistence Operations"
For more information about the available hints, see Oracle Database documentation.
Hierarchical Queries is Oracle Database mechanism that lets you select database rows based on hierarchical order. For example, you can design a query that reads the row of a given employee, followed by the rows of people this employee manages, followed by their managed employees, and so on.
To create a hierarchical query, use the
setHierarchicalQueryClause method. This method takes three parameters, as follows:
setHierarchicalQueryClause(startWith, connectBy, orderSibling)
This expression requires all three parameters, as described in the subsequent text.
startWith parameter in the expression specifies the first object in the hierarchy. This parameter mirrors Oracle Database
START WITH clause.
To include a
startWith parameter, build an expression to specify the appropriate object, and pass it as a parameter in the
setHierarchicalQueryClause method. If you do not specify the root object for the hierarchy, set this value to
connectBy parameter specifies the relationship that creates the hierarchy. This parameter mirrors Oracle Database
CONNECT BY clause.
Build an expression to specify the
connectBy parameter, and pass it as a parameter in the
setHierarchicalQueryClause method. Because this parameter defines the nature of the hierarchy, it is required for the
setHierarchicalQueryClause implementation.
orderSibling parameter in the expression specifies the order in which the query returns sibling objects in the hierarchy. This parameter mirrors Oracle Database
ORDER SIBLINGS clause.
To include an
orderSibling parameter, define a vector, and to include the order criteria, use the
addElement method. Pass the vector as the third parameter in the
setHierarchicalQueryClause method. If you do not specify an order, set this value to
Example 111-9 Hierarchical Query
ReadAllQuery raq = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); // Specifies a START WITH expression Expression startExpr = expressionBuilder.get("id").equal(new Integer(1)); // Specifies a CONNECT BY expression Expression connectBy = expressionBuilder.get("managedEmployees"); // Specifies an ORDER SIBLINGS BY vector Vector order = new Vector(); order.addElement(expressionBuilder.get("lastName")); order.addElement(expressionBuilder.get("firstName")); raq.setHierarchicalQueryClause(startExpr, connectBy, order); Vector employees = uow.executeQuery(raq);
This code generates the following SQL:
This section describes how to use EJB finders in TopLink, including the following:
In general, to create a finder for an entity bean that uses the TopLink query framework, you must define, declare, and configure it.
For predefined finders (see Section 108.15.1, "Predefined Finders"), you do not need to explicitly create a finder.
For default finders (see Section 108.15.2, "Default Finders"), you only need to define the finder method.
To create a finder for an entity bean that uses the TopLink query framework, follow these steps:
Define the finder method on the entity bean's
remoteHome or
localHome interface.
For entity beans with container-managed persistence, define the method on the entity bean's
Home interface.
For default finders (see Section 108.15.2, "Default Finders"), you must define the finder as follows:
> findBy<
the first letter of
> must be capitalized
> may be a single bean type or
For example:
EmployeeBean (Integer id, String name) EmployeeHome ..{ Employee findById(Integer id) throws...; Collection findByName(String name) throws...; }
Note:If you are using default finders (see Section 108.15.2, "Default Finders"), you are finished. TopLink will implement the finder for you at run time.
Declare the finder in the
ejb-jar.xml file (see Section 220.127.116.11, "ejb-jar.xml Finder Options").
Start TopLink Workbench.
Click the project icon in the Navigator and select: Selected > Update Project from ejb-jar.xml to read in the finders.
Go to the Queries > Named Queries tab for the bean (see Section 109.3, "Using Named Queries").
Select and configure the finder.
Notes:For predefined finders
findOneByQuery and
findManyByQuery, the client creates a query at run time and passes it as a parameter to the finder. Because of this, do not configure query options on these finders. Instead, configure options on the query passed into the finder. For more information about predefined finders, see Section 108.15.1, "Predefined Finders".
If required, create an implementation for the query. Some query options require a query definition in code on a helper class, but most common queries do not.
When you use TopLink CMP, define finder methods on the bean's
Home interface, not in the entity bean itself. TopLink CMP provides this functionality and offers several strategies to create and customize finders. The EJB container and TopLink automatically generate the implementation.
ejb-jar.xml file contains a project's EJB entity bean information, including definitions for any finders used for the beans. To create and maintain the
ejb-jar.xml file, use either a text editor or TopLink Workbench.
entity tag encapsulates a definition for an EJB entity bean. Each bean has its own
entity tag that contains several other tags that define bean functionality, including bean finders.
Example 111-10 illustrates the structure of a typical finder defined within the
ejbEjar.xml file.
Note:Use a combination of an escape character and a double-quote ( \" ) when defining your query using EJB QL. For more information on correct query syntax, see a note at the end of Configuring Named Query Selection Criteria.
Example 111-10 A Simple Finder Within the ejb-jar.xml File
<entity>... <query> <query-method> <method-name>findLargeAccounts</method-name> <method-params> <method-param>double</method-param> </method-params> </query-method> <ejb-ql><![CDATA[SELECT OBJECT(account) FROM AccountBean account WHERE account.balance > ?1]]></ejb-ql> </query>...</entity>
entity tag contains zero or more
query elements. Each
query tag corresponds to a finder method defined on the bean's home or local
Home interface.
Note:You can share a single query between both Home interfaces, as follows:
Define the same finder (same name, return type, and parameters) on both Home interfaces.
Include a single
query element in the
ejb-jar.xml file.
The following are the elements defined in the
query section of the
ejbEjar.xml file:
description (optional): Provides a description of the finder.
query-method: Specifies the method for a finder or
ejbSelect query.
method-name: Specifies the name of a finder or select method in the entity bean implementation class.
method-params: Contains a list of the fully qualified Java type names of the method parameters.
method-param: Contains the fully qualified Java type name of a method parameter.
result-type-mapping (optional): Specifies how to map an abstract schema type returned by a query for an
ejbSelect method. You can map the type to an
EJBLocalObject or
EJBObject type. Valid values are
Local or
ejb-ql: Used for all EJB QL finders. It contains the EJB QL query string that defines the finder or
ejbSelect query. Leave this element empty for non-EJB QL finders.
TopLink provides a predefined finder that takes a
DatabaseQuery such as a
ReadAllQuery. To use this feature in a bean, add the following finder definition to the
Home interface of your bean:
public Collection findManyByQuery(ReadAllQuery query) throws RemoteException, FinderException; public <EJBLocal/Remote> findOneByQuery(ReadObjectQuery query) throws RemoteException, FinderException;
To execute a
ReadAllQuery finder, create the query on the client, as Example 111-11 shows.
You can implement an EJB finder method (including TopLink predefined finders) as a named query. For more information, see Section 109.3, "Using Named Queries". You execute such a finder as you would any other.
TopLink provides a predefined finder (
findByPrimaryKey) that takes a primary key as an
EJB QL is the standard query language first defined in the EJB 2.0 specification. TopLink supports EJB QL. EJB QL finders let you specify an EJB QL string as the implementation of the query.
Note:Use a combination of an escape character and a double-quote ( \" ) when defining your query using EJB QL. For more information on correct query syntax, see a note at the end of Section 188.8.131.52, "Configuring Named Query Selection Criteria".
EJB QL offers the following advantages:
It is the EJB 2.0 and 2.1 standard for queries.
You can use it to construct most queries.
You can implement dependent object queries with EJB QL.
The disadvantage of EJB QL is that it is difficult to use when you construct complex queries.
To create an EJB QL finder, use this procedure:
Declare the finder on either the
LocalHome or the
RemoteHome interface.
Start TopLink Workbench.
Reimport the
ejb-jar.xml file to synchronize the project to the file.
TopLink Workbench synchronizes changes between the project and the
ejb-jar.xml file.
The following is an example of a simple EJB QL query that requires one parameter. In this example, the question mark ( ? ) in
?1 specifies a parameter:
SELECT OBJECT(employee) FROM Employee employee WHERE (employee.name =?1)
To create an EJB QL finder for an entity bean with container-managed persistence, use this procedure:
Declare the finder in the
ejb-jar.xml file, and enter the EJB QL string in the
ejb-ql tag.
Declare the finder on the
Home interface, the
LocalHome interface, or both, as required.
Start TopLink Workbench.
Specify the
ejb-jar.xml file location and choose File > Updated Project from the
ejb-jar.xml file to read in the finders.
Go to the Queries > Finders > Named Queries tab for the bean.
Add a finder, and give it the same name as the finder you declared on your bean's home. Then add any required parameters.
Select and configure the finder.
The following is an example of a simple EJB QL query that requires one parameter. In this example, the question mark ("?") in
?1 specifies a parameter.
SELECT OBJECT(employee) FROM Employee employee WHERE (employee.name =?1)
You can use custom SQL code to specify finder logic. SQL lets you implement logic that might not be possible to express with TopLink expressions or EJB QL.
To create a SQL finder, use this procedure:
Declare the finder in the
ejb-jar.xml file, and leave the
ejb-ql tag empty.
Start TopLink Workbench.
Specify the
ejb-jar.xml file location and choose File > Updated Project from the
ejb-jar.xml file to read in the finders.
Go the Queries > Named Queries tab for the bean.
Select the finder, select the SQL radio button, and enter the SQL string.
Configure the finder.
The following is an example of a simple SQL finder that requires one parameter. In this example, the number sign character ( # ) is used to bind the argument
projectName within the SQL string:
SELECT * FROM EJB_PROJECT WHERE (PROJ_NAME = #projectName)
Redirect finders let you specify a finder in which the implementation is defined as a static method on an arbitrary helper class. When you invoke the finder, it redirects the call to the specified static method.
For more information about redirect queries, see Section 108.10, "Redirect Queries".
The finder can have any arbitrary parameters. If the finder includes parameters, TopLink packages them into a
Vector and passes them to the redirect method.
Redirect finders offer several advantages. Because you define the redirect finder implementation independently from the bean that invokes it, you can build the redirect finder to accept any type and number of parameters. This lets you create a generic redirect finder that accepts several different parameters and return types, depending on input parameters.
A common strategy for using redirect finders is to create a generic finder that does the following:
Includes logic to perform several tasks
Reads the first passed parameter to identify the type of finder requested and select the appropriate logic
The redirect method contains the logic required to extract the relevant data from the parameters and uses it to construct a TopLink query.
The main disadvantage of redirect finders is that they are complex and can be difficult to configure. They also require an extra helper method to define the query. However, because they support complex logic, they are often the best choice when you need to implement logic unrelated to the bean on which the redirect method is called.
To create a redirect finder, use the following procedure:
Declare the finder in the
ejb-jar.xml file, and leave the
ejb-ql tag empty.
Declare the finder on the
Home interface, the
localHome interface, or both, as required.
Create an amendment method.
For more information, see Section 119.35, "Configuring Amendment Methods".
Start TopLink Workbench.
Choose Advanced Properties > After Load from the menu for the bean.
Specify the class and name of the static method to enable the amendment method for the descriptor.
The amendment method then adds a query to the descriptor's query manager, as follows:
ReadAllQuery query = new ReadAllQuery(); query.setRedirector(new MethodBaseQueryRedirector (examples.ejb.cmp20.advanced. FinderDefinitionHelper.class,"findAllEmployeesByStreetName")); descriptor.getQueryManager().addQuery ("findAllEmployeesByStreetName", query);
The redirect method must return either a single entity bean (object) or a
Vector. Here are the possible method signatures:
public static Object redirectedQuery(oracle.toplink.sessions.Sessions, Vector args)
public static Vector redirectedQuery(oracle.toplink.sessions.Sessions, Vector args)
When you implement the query method, ensure that the method returns the correct type. For methods that return more than one bean, set the return type to
java.util.Vector. TopLink converts this result to
java.util.Enumeration (or Collection) if required.
Note:The redirect method also interprets a TopLink session as a parameter. For more information about a TopLink session, see Part XXI, "TopLink Sessions".
At run time, the client invokes the finder from the entity bean home and packages the arguments into the
args vector in order of appearance from the finder method signature. The client passes the vector to the redirect finder, which uses them to execute a TopLink expression.
Example 111-13 A Simple Redirect Query Implementation
public class RedirectorTest { private Session session; private Project project; public static void main(String args[]) { RedirectorTest test = new RedirectorTest(); test.login(); try { // Create the arguments to be used in the query Vector arguments = new Vector(1); arguments.add("Smith"); // Run the query Object o = test.getSession() .executeQuery(test.redirectorExample(), arguments); o.toString(); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Exception caught -> " + e); e.printStackTrace(); } } public ReadAllQuery redirectorExample() { // Create a redirector MethodBasedQueryRedirector redirector = new MethodBasedQueryRedirector(); // Set the class containing the public static method redirector.setMethodClass(RedirectorTest.class); // Set the name of the method to be run redirector.setMethodName("findEmployeeByLastName"); // Create a query and add the redirector previously created ReadAllQuery readAllQuery = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); readAllQuery.setRedirector(redirector); readAllQuery.addArgument("lastName"); return readAllQuery; } // Call the static method public static Object findEmployeeByLastName( oracle.toplink.sessions.Session session, Vector arguments) { // Create a query and set Employee as its ref. class ReadAllQuery raq = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); raq.addArgument("lastName"); // Create the selection criteria ExpressionBuilder employee = query.getExpressionBuilder(); Expression whereClause = employee.get("lastName").equal(arguments.firstElement()); // Set the selection criteria raq.setSelectionCriteria(whereClause); return (Vector)session.executeQuery(raq, arguments); } ... }
ejbSelect method is a query method intended for internal use within an entity bean instance. Specified on the abstract bean itself, the
ejbSelect method is not directly exposed to the client in the home or component interface. Defined as abstract, each bean can include zero or more such methods.
Select methods have the following characteristics:
The method name must have
ejbSelect as its prefix.
It must be declared as public.
It must be declared as abstract.
throws clause must specify the
javax.ejb.FinderException, although it may also specify application-specific exceptions as well.
result-type-mapping tag in the
ejb-jar.xml file determines the return type for
ejbSelect methods. Set the flag to
Remote to return
EJBObjects; set it to
Local to return
The format for an ejbSelect method definition should be similar to the following:
public abstract type ejbSelect<METHOD>(...);
ejbSelect query return type is not restricted to the entity bean type on which the
ejbSelect is invoked. Instead, it can return any type corresponding to a container-managed relationship or container-managed field.
Although the
ejbSelect method is not based on the identity of the entity bean instance on which it is invoked, it can use the primary key of an entity bean as an argument. This creates a query that is logically scoped to a particular entity bean instance.
To create an ejbSelect method, use this procedure:
Update the
ejb-jar.xml file as follows:
Declare the
ejbSelect method.
Enter the EJB QL string in the
ejb-ql tag.
Specify the return type in the
resultEtype-mapping tag (if required).
Declare the
ejbSelect on the abstract bean class.
Start TopLink Workbench.
Click the project icon in the Navigator, and select: Selected > Update Project from ejb-jar.xml to read in the finders.
Go the Queries > Named Queries tab for the bean.
Select and configure the
ejbSelect method.
Cursors and streams are related mechanisms that let you work with large result sets efficiently. See Section 108.5.3, "Stream and Cursor Query Results" for more information.
Table 111-1 lists the methods that TopLink provides for all subclasses of
DataReadQuery and
ReadAllQuery that you can use to make your query return its results as a cursor or stream.
Table 111-1 Stream and Cursor Query Result Options
|Query Returns
Allows you access a database result set cursor, allowing you to move forward and backward through the result set.
Allows you to access results one at a time in sequence, as results become available to the underlying database result set cursor.
Using a
ScrollableCursor or
CursoredStream combines the features of a TopLink with the ability of the database to cursor data, and breaks up the result set into smaller, more manageable pieces.
The behavior of a query that uses a
ScrollableCursor or
CursoredStream differs from other queries in that the elements requested by the client are sent to the client.
This section describes the following:
The TopLink scrollable cursor lets you scroll through a result set from the database without reading the whole result set in a single database read operation. The
ScrollableCursor class implements the Java
ListIterator interface to allow for direct and relative access within the stream. Scrollable cursors also let you scroll forward and backward through the stream.
The following methods let you navigate data with a scrollable cursor:
relative(int i): advances the row number in relation to the current row by one row
absolute(int i): places the cursor at an absolute row position, 1 being the first row
Several strategies are available for traversing data with cursors. For example, to start at the end of the data set and work toward the first record, do the following:
Call the
afterLast method to place the cursor after the last row in the result set.
Use the
hasPrevious method to determine whether there is a record above the current record. This method returns
false when you reach the final record in the data set.
If the
hasPrevious method returns
true, call the
previous method to move the cursor to the row prior to the current row and read that object.
These are common methods for data traversal, but they are not the only available methods. For more information about the available methods, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Java API Reference for Oracle TopLink.
To use the
ScrollableCursor object, the JDBC driver must be compatible with the JDBC 2.0 specifications.
Java streams let you retrieve query results as individual records or groups of records, which can result in a performance increase. You can use streams to build efficient TopLink queries, especially when the queries are likely to generate large result sets.
Cursored streams provide the ability to read back a query result set from the database in manageable subsets, and to scroll through the result set stream.
useCursoredStream method of the
ReadAllQuery class provides cursored stream support.
Example 111-15 Cursored Streams
CursoredStream stream; ReadAllQuery query = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); query.useCursoredStream(); stream = (CursoredStream) session.executeQuery(query);
The query returns an instance of
CursoredStream rather than a
List, which can be a more efficient approach. For example, consider the following two code examples. Example 111-16 returns a
List that contains all employee objects. If ACME has 10,000 employees, the
List contains references to 10,000
Employee objects.
ReadAllQuery query = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); Enumeration employeeEnumeration; List employees = (List) session.executeQuery(query); employeeEnumeration = employee.elements(); while (employeeEnumeration.hasMoreElements()) { Employee employee = (Employee) employeeEnumeration.nextElement(); employee.doSomeWork(); }
The following example returns a
CursoredStream instance rather than a
List. The
CursoredStream collection appears to contain all 10,000 objects, but initially contains a reference to only the first 10
Employee objects. It retrieves the remaining objects in the collection as they are needed. In many cases, the application never needs to read all the objects:
ReadAllQuery query = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class); query.useCursoredStream(); CursoredStream stream = (CursoredStream) session.executeQuery(query); while (! stream.atEnd()) { Employee employee = (Employee) stream.read(); employee.doSomeWork(); stream.releasePrevious(); } stream.close();
releasePrevious message is optional. This releases any previously read objects and frees system memory. Even though released objects are removed from the cursored stream storage, they may remain in the identity map.
To optimize
CursoredStream performance, provide a threshold and page size to the
useCursoredStream(Threshold, PageSize) method, as follows:
The threshold specifies the number of objects to read into the stream initially. The default threshold is 10.
The page size specifies the number of objects to read into the stream after the initial group of objects. This occurs after the threshold number of objects is read. Although larger page sizes result in faster overall performance, they introduce delays into the application when TopLink loads each page. The default page size is 5.
When you execute a batch-type operation, use the
dontMaintainCache method with a cursored stream. A batch operation performs simple operations on large numbers of objects and then discards the objects. Cursored streams create the required objects only as needed, and the
dontMaintainCache ensures that these transient objects are not cached.
n CMP Finders
Large result sets can be resource-intensive to collect and process. To give the client more control over the returned results, configure TopLink finders to use cursors. This combines TopLink's
CursoredStream with the ability of the database to cursor data, and breaks up the result set into smaller, more manageable pieces.
Note:If you use the transactional attribute
REQUIRED for an entity bean, wrap all read operations in
UserTransaction methods
begin and
commit to ensure that read operations beyond the first page of the cursor have a transaction in which to work.
You can configure any finder that returns a
java.util.Collection to use a cursor. When you create the query for the finder, add the
useCursoredStream option to enable cursoring.
Example 111-17 Cursored Stream in a Finder
ReadAllQuery raq = new ReadAllQuery(ProjectBean.class); ExpressionBuilder bldr = raq.getExpressionBuilder(); raq.useCursoredStream(); raq.addArgument("projectName"); raq.setSelectionCriteria(bldr.get("name"). like(bldr.getParameter("projectName"))); descriptor.getQueryManager().addQuery ("findByNameCursored", query);
TopLink offers the following additional elements for traversing finder results:
isEmpty method: As with
isEmpty method returns a
boolean value indicating whether or not the
Collection is empty.
size method: As with
size method returns an integer indicating the number of elements in the
iterator method: As with
iterator method returns a
java.util.Iterator for enumerating the elements in the
TopLink also offers an extended protocol for
oracle.toplink.ejb.cmp.wls.CursoredIterator (based on
close method: Closes the cursor on the server. The client must call this method to close the database connection.
hasNext method: Returns a
boolean value indicating whether or not any more elements are in the result set.
next method: Returns the next available element.
next(int count) method: Retrieves a
Vector of at most count elements from the available results, depending on how many elements remain in the result set.
Example 111-18 illustrates client code executing a cursored finder.
Example 111-18 Cursored Finder
// import both CursoredCollection and CursoredIterator import oracle.toplink.ejb.cmp.wls.*; //... other imports as necessary getTransaction().begin(); CursoredIterator cursoredIterator = (CursoredIterator) getProjectHome().findByNameCursored("proj%").iterator(); Vector projects = new Vector(); for (int index = 0; index < 50; i++) { Project project = (Project)cursoredIterator.next(); projects.addElement(project); } // Rest all at once ... Vector projects2 = cursoredIterator.next(50); cursoredIterator.close(); getTransaction().commit();
You can configure a query to retrieve a result set in pages, that is, a partial result as a
List of
pageSize (or less) results. Example 111-19 demonstrates paging through the result set of a query using
ReadQuery methods
setMaxRows and
For more information, see the following:
Section 12.12.8, "How to Use Result Set Pagination for Optimization"
Section 12.12.6, "How to Use JDBC Fetch Size for Optimization"
Example 111-19 Using setMaxRows and setFirstResult to Page Through a Result Set
int pageSize = 100;
int firstResult = 0;
int maxRows = pageSize;
boolean hasNext = true;
List page = null;
while (hasNext) {
page = (List)sesssion.executeQuery(query);
// process this page of results
if (page.size() == 0) {
hasNext = false;
} else {
firstResult = firstResult + pageSize;
maxRows = maxRows + pageSize;
This section describes how to use caching options in TopLink queries, including the following:
By default, each time you execute a
ReadQuery, TopLink applies the current query configuration to the read operation. In doing so, TopLink will access the session cache, the data source, or both.
Some queries are known to return the same result set (for example, the number of units sold last year by the current sales person). After the first query execution, there is no need to actually execute the query if it is invoked again.
For these types of queries, you can use any TopLink
ReadQuery and configure it to store its query results in an internal query cache.
After its first execution for a set of query parameters, the query will return its cached result set each time it is invoked with the same query parameters. This improves query performance for frequently executed queries. By default a query will cache the results sets for the last 100 queries of specific parameters. You can configure this query cache as part of the
Enable this feature using
ReadQuery method
cacheQueryResults or by calling the
ReadQuery method
setQueryResultsCachePolicy with an instance of
QueryResultsCachePolicy, and disable it using
ReadQuery method
Before using this feature, consider the restrictions in Section 188.8.131.52, "Internal Query Cache Restrictions". For more information, see Section 108.16.7, "How to Cache Query Results in the Query Cache".
You can apply a cache invalidation policy to the query's internal cache (see Section 111.13.2, "How to Configure Cache Expiration at the Query Level"). For more information, see Section 102.2.5, "Cache Invalidation".
Example 111-20 shows how to configure a
ReadQuery to cache its results.
Example 111-20 Configuring a ReadQuery to Cache Its Query Results
ReadObjectQuery query = new ReadObjectQuery(Employee.class); // Instruct the ReadQuery to cache its query results query.cacheQueryResults(); // The first time you invoke it, the ReadQuery reads from the database, session // cache, or both and stores the result set in its internal query cache Employee employeeFirst = (Employee) session.executeQuery(query);
Example 111-21 shows how to configure the
ReadQuery to stop caching its results. The next time the query is executed, TopLink does not use the query cache. Instead, the query accesses the data source.
Example 111-21 Configuring a ReadQuery to Stop Caching Its Query Results
// Disable query caching query.doNotCacheQueryResults(); // The ReadQuery does not use the query cahce and instead accesses the database Employee employee = (Employee) session.executeQuery(query);
Alternatively, you can clear the query's internal cache using
ReadQuery method
clearQueryResults passing in your session. This clears the currently cached results and ensures that the next query execution reads from the database.
You can configure a
ReadQuery with a
If you configure a query to cache results in its own internal cache (see Section 111.13.1, "How to Cache Results in a ReadQuery"), the cache invalidation policy allows the cached query result set to expire, based on a time-to-live or daily-expiry. This invalidation time is calculated from the time of the query execution that cached the query result set for the specific set of query parameters.
Example 111-22 shows how to configure a
ReadQuery so that a
TimeToLiveCacheInvalidationPolicy is applied to all the objects returned by the query and cached in the query's internal cache.
Example 111-22 Configuring a CacheInvalidationPolicy on a ReadQuery for the Query's Internal Cache
// The TimeToLiveCacheInvalidationPolicy applies to all objects returned by the query and // cached in the query's internal cache readQuery.setQueryResultsCachePolicy( new QueryResultsCachePolicy(new TimeToLiveCacheInvalidationPolicy(1000)) );
For more information, see Section 102.2.5, "Cache Invalidation".


text:
Parent and grief experts Dr. Michele Borba and Dr. Tamar Chansky joined Everyday Health for a HealthTalk on Monday, Dec. 17 to discuss the psychological effects of the Newtown, Conn. school shooting. They offered advice on how to talk to children about the tragedy and how adults can cope themselves. Check out the recap below.
Last Updated:12/18/2012
Important: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and not Everyday Health. See More
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text: Catherine M. Sicoli and Luke C. Darling were married at 2 p.m. April 27 in St. Mary of the Cataract, Niagara Falls. Guests gathered for a reception at Tonawanda Castle, Tonawanda. The Rev. Jasek P. Mazur of St. Mary of the Cataract heard the couple's vows. The bride's parents are David M. & Kathryn J. Sicoli of Lewiston. Mother of the groom is Grace Haymes of Williamsville. The bride is a graduate of Lewiston-Porter High School. She earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from Canisius College and a associate degree in veterinary technology from Medaille College. Catherine is a licensed veterinary technician at Gerber Small Animal Hospital. The groom is a graduate of Canisius High School. He earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics and electrical engineering from University at Buffalo. Luke is a system analyst II at First Niagara. After a cruise to Europe and the Greek Isles, the couple is making their home in Niagara Falls.


text:
A special evening
Proceeds from Living History Farms' Farmstasia will benefit education and outreach education programs
By Matt Miller
Set as a 500-acre open-air museum, Living History Farms enlightens thousand of visitors each year taking them back in time to experience the Midwest's fertile prairies and five historical time periods spanning 300 years. But as Living History Farms closes its door on yet another successful season, officials don't want to go out without a bang. On Oct. 31, the grounds will be transformed as it will host its first annual Farmstasia — an evening of spooky celebration.
"We wanted to book-end our season similar to how we started it — with a big party," said Ruth Haus, president of Living History Farms. "Each year we've done events for children, but we wanted to host an adults-only event this year."
The costumed event will have a Victorian era theme to it as guests will have the opportunity to participate in a number of Victorian games such as physic and tarot card readings. There will also be live entertainment and a live and silent auction on art, which will showcase the 2009 season theme of "Art at the Farms."
"It's going to be a fun night," said Kenzie Piper, development officer at Living History Farms. "We're really looking forward to it."
The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign in the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901. The era was one of great prosperity for the British people. Clothing during the Victorian era was generally custom-made by seamstresses, milliners, tailors or other specialized tradespeople. Women wore corsets and ball gowns that bared the shoulders. Men's clothing was apparel that was formal and stiff. Entertainment consisted of interests in theatre, art, drama, music and opera.
Living History Farms hopes to raise $50,000 with proceeds from the event benefiting its education and outreach program that take place throughout the year. Living History Farms offers enrichment and outreach programs, learning excursions, adult classes and internship opportunities. Popular excursions are tours through the 1700 Ioway Indian Farm, the 1850 Pioneer Farm, the 1900 horse-powered farm and 20th century farming. Living History Farms can also sends interpreters to educational sites to bring the farm experience to the classroom.
"We have more than 30,000 kids involved in outreach each year," Haus said. "We believe it's very important to educate the youth on Iowa's history."
As the year winds down, Haus says the season at Living History Farms has been one of much success. Attendance is up 6 percent, and the grounds hosted the Urbandale Farmers' Market (runs through Monday, Oct. 12), allowing consumers to purchase fresh produce, baked goods and handcrafted items. Last week, Living History Farms also celebrated the 30th anniversary of Pope John Paul II's visit, which took place on Oct. 4, 1979.
"It's been a fantastic season for us, and this is the perfect way to end the year before we begin our Historic Dinners," Haus said. "The programming has been great, and the weather has certainly helped."
Plans are already in the works for next year's event, which will be a hoedown on Oct. 16, 2010. Living History Farms will be celebrating its 40th anniversary.
"Our goal is to have an evening of fun and to raise as much money as we can to help further the overall experience at Living History Farms," Piper said.
We the People note: Guests are encouraged to RVSP for Living History Farms' Farmstasia by Oct. 16. Tickets are $150 per person; member price of $100 per person. A table of 8 is $1,000 or for members it is $750. Volunteers are also needed for the event. For more information, visit www.lhf.org or call 278-5286. CV
Caption: Wagon rides will be a part of Living History Farms' first annual Farmstasia on Oct. 31. Photo courtesy of Living History Farms


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Все хорошо,спасибо. Отличного дня!
Hi, countryman, what news? How are you feeling and doing?
hey hey! yea i've had the mattress for over a month now.. was dfinitely firm at first but after 2 weeks use its gotten rather soft.. in a lot less pain and much better on my back than the old mattress.. plus if anyone wanted to see what mem foam is like b4 buying a more expensive brand, u cant go wrong here.. thanks for ur recomendation.
any time
thanks for the info! hopefully i wont need the topper though.. but like u said, if its a fail, i didnt waist too much $$$..
hey Comrad! i just ordered the memory foam mattress from walmart as well.. just wondering, can u stay on ur side for 7 or 8 hours on this mattress without turning? still awaiting delivery, but the walmart reviews seem great.. although they aren't sci. either.. thanks for taking the time to read. NASTROVIA! (ok thats my russian for the day)
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text:
Decumano Superiore - Via Anticaglia
From "vico San Gaudioso", passing by "largo SS Apostoli" up to Piazza Sant'Anna a Capuana, the "decumano superiore" is integrating part of the greek-roman city. For Sure the most important part is the one of the "Duomo"(the Dome), where is possible to admire the "La Cappella del Tesoro di San Gennaro" (protector Saint of the city), the archaeological complex of the Dome and the same Dome, classic example of historical stratification. There are also the Archiepiscopal palace and the former convent of the SS Apostles. Even here the frame, typically Neapolitan, will not lack to astonish you and to fascinate you. In this decumano there are also the rests still visible of greek-roman Naples, all of them have been used in the middle age and modern structures: among these there are the rests of a roman theatre, just visible for the presence of an arch near "Largo Avellino" (other rests are present in the courtyard of the near palace); in this theatre Nerone sang because he wanted to be admire by a greek culture public, as it was in those times the Neapolitan. We have to notice also another structure in Via Carminiello ai Mannesi, used since the antiquity uninterruptedly, through the Middle Ages until our days: in the '90 it was used as illicit stable of illegal horses for race managed from the racket.
Here some of the admirable wonders of this "DECUMANO":
SANTA MARIA DI GERUSALEMME or LA TRENTATRE'
The monastery of Santa Maria di Gerusalemme, with the annexed church of the Manger, become in the 1539 center of a group of "cappuccino",it was said of the Trentatrè (thirtythree), from the number of nuns that could be accommodated in It, and obvious call to the years of Christ. The nuns belonged to a order of recent creation, the order of the "Francescane del Terz'Ordine", wanted by San Gaetano of which he was the founder and Maria Longo, who created the "Ospedale degli incurabili". In 1585, pulled down the original church of the Manger during the construction of the chiostro, was erected a second church, demolished in 1600 to make place to the church of today. The inside of the building, extremely simple, conserves a decoration of XVIII century. On the greater altar there is a table of XVI century that represents the "Presentazione di Gesù al Tempio" framed in a wooden crown of late-baroque taste. Of the same age the "Presentazione al Tempio di Maria", placed up on the eardrum. In the entrance hall of the monastery there is a cycle of frescoes by Andrea Malinconico (1770)
During the 1611 four Neapolitan nobles, amon Them Ippolita and Caterina Ruffo, who moved in the convent of "Santa Maria degli Angeli", renaming it with the name of "San Giuseppe". During the the 1669, the church wich was already there, was pulled down and the costruction of a new one began under the direction of Dionisio Lazzari, who did not finish the job, interrupted during the 1674. The facade was finished during the beginnings of XVIII century by Guglielmelli Arcangelo, who built up the porch with the double flight of steps made of marble. The shape of the inside is "Latin cross" with a "cupola". There is also a rich baroque decoration, whose design is attributable to the same Lazzari. The frescoes of the "cupola", representing the "Triumph of Saint Giuseppe in Paradise", is a work of Francesco De Mura (1741).
The first testimonies of a convent of San Pietro del monte di Donnaregina go back to VIII century. The original church was damaged by the earthquake of 1293 and was Maria of Hungary, wife of Carl II d'Angiò, who financed the new construction. The jobs finished in 1316 and marked the affirmation in the reign of the order of "San Francesco", in coincidence with the adhesion to it of the two sons of Maria, Ludovíco and Roberto. The two sons are represented on the splendid monument of the mother, made by Tino da Camaíno and Primario Gagliardo. In 1390 a big fire destroyed the woodden roof. In the following century serious damages were produced by earthquakes. In the XVII century the nuns constructed a new church, Santa Maria di Donnaregina Nuova, because it was now possible to open the income door on the wide in front of the episcopal palace, in position of greater prestige. In the 1861 monastery was closed and the wing of the convent had many changes in order to increase via Duomo. Between 1928 and 1934 were lead the imposing restoration.
Made in the XVI century near the "Porta Capuana" as small chapel governed by the friars of the near convent of San Francesco di Paola, the church was widened during the centuries. The event of radical restructure, that gave to the building the aspect of today, was realized by the architect Giuseppe Astarita in 1751. The inside is of circular shape, with one nave and lateral aisles. Particularly interesting the apse with a singular altar, situated to a higher level, which it is approached through one double flight steps. In the space below the altar, currently used as a sacrestia, there was the chorus. On the "cupola", an oval framed of putties, there is a table of XVI century, representing the Sacred Family with Sant'Anna, attributed to Marco Cardisco. Paintings of XVIII century, made by Giovanni Cosenza and Francesco Narici, adorn the aisles of the church. The two organs were realized in the 1753 by Carlo and Nicola Mancini.
The building is on via Carbonara, name that derives from the term used in the Middle Ages in order to indicate the place destined to collect the refusals outside from walls. Its foundation is work of the generosity of the nobleman Gualtiero Galeota (1343). In the first years of the XV century the church was rebuilt up by the monarch Ladislao di Durazzo and in the following centuries it was modified, the last and more important modification in the XVIII century. Monumental flight of steps leads to the church,work by Ferdinando Sanfelice. Currently you can enter in the church from a lateral income. In the inside,rectangular plant, stands the "mausoleo" of the king Ladislao, rich of allegorical figures, realized between 1414 and 1428. Behind this monument there is the "Cappella Caracciolo del Sole", with the monument of Ser Gianni Caracciolo, great lover of Queen Giovanna. On the walls there are frescoes of the school of Giotto with scenes of life of monastery and the birth of the Vergine.
The jobs began in the first quarter of the XVI century on plan of architect Romolo Balsimelli and they were concluded in 1593. The inside" Latin cross" shape with one nave on which the aisles are opened. On ending of the XVII century, the nave had radicals changes that, also not modifying the original lines, overlapped scenes of more modern taste.


text:
This is one of the greatest cinematic achievements ever. Please make a sequel!
Big Plump Wedding Blowout
Big Plump Wedding Blowout
What happens when five of the greatest and hottest babes of XLGirls team up? Back up, Jack, and give these ladies some F'ing room! Samantha, Maria Moore, Sapphire, Rose Valentina and Cassie Blanca point their big flesh cannons towards the SCORE studio and let them loose! Check out these candid shots of the foxy five as they whoop it up during the filming of My Big Plump Wedding in the dressing room and on the set. You always get a different perspective when you see snaps like these. The place explodes when the roosters arrive for a crazy-ass male strip show. All unrehearsed, all spontaneous and our camera was there to capture their tits-n-ass romping! The set of an XLGirls movie is always a hot party but this blow-out went through the roof!
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Featuring: Cassie Blanca, Maria Moore, Rose Valentina, Samantha 38G, and Sapphire
Date: November 2nd, 2009
Duration: 68


text:
Ceja Vineyards is an ultra premium Latino family owned winery founded by Amelia, Pedro, Armando and Martha Ceja – first generation Mexican-American winegrowers in the Napa and Sonoma Valleys. Our dedication to sustainable agriculture and the gentle handling of the grapes in the cellar can be tasted in every sip of our estate Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Syrah, blends and Dulce Beso late harvest white wine.
As you explore our website you'll see, repeated often, a bell with the Latin inscription: vinum (wine), cantus (song), and amor (love). In Mexico, church bells ring to reveal the time, announce community celebrations or call parishioners to church. We have adopted the bell as our trademark, and symbolically ring it now to invite you to become a part of Ceja Vineyards.
Open Fridays, Saturdays & Sundays | 11 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Last seating at 4:45 p.m.
Sonoma Wine Tasting Room
22989 Burndale Road
Sonoma, CA 95476
Enhance your wine knowledge as you learn about our rich heritage and see what makes the Carneros region such a premier grape growing region. Enjoy and sample a minimum of five wines from our portfolio that may include our Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, and Vino de Casa Red blend.
Situated right on the highway between Napa and Sonoma with lovely expansive views of the surrounding Carneros countryside, our wine tasting room is comfy and cozy inside and includes a private outdoor sitting area.
Ceja Vineyards produces a diverse range of award-winning varietal and blended wines – all from our Napa and Sonoma estate grown grapes. We love the characteristics and age-worthiness of Old World wines and are proud to incorporate elements of this with our New World heritage.
Making wines that are fruit forward while maintaining beautiful mineral structure and acidity reflects the classic hallmarks of a Ceja Vineyards bottle of wine: richness with elegance, concentration with approachability, and complexity with balance.


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Our unique bespoke personalised calendars capture and celebrate the lives of loved ones both past and present.
Printed on the highest quality paper, they are available in a choice of 7 designs, and make a timeless and precious gift for all family and friends.
See our choice of designs & Save up to 50% on your order!
'To live in the hearts of those we love is not to die'
Funeral Directors
Are you aware that not all funeral directors charge the same prces and some can vary by nearly 50% for exactly the same services? Here are 5 essentials facts that you should know before you make your choice.
Here we guide you through what you will need to do first.
We know how important it is to get the right services for your funeral day at the right price.
See how we've helped our clients achieve their wishes.
We have one of the largest choices of beautiful floral letters to create a very special tribute to your loved one.
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text:
Sir Frank Williams is convinced his team can fight their way back this season to again "challenge the very best".
Williams became the last team to unveil their latest car ahead of the new Formula One campaign, which starts with the Australian Grand Prix on March 17.
Taking the wraps off the FW35 at Barcelona's Circuit de Catalunya, Williams said: "A group of talented people with good imagination and plenty of courage have been working together to build the car. We will have to wait until Australia to truly see what we have, but we believe it is a step forward from last year's car which was also a very competitive vehicle."
He continued: "Williams has been at the top many times over the last 30 years. It's the nature of the sport to have ups and downs, but when we are down we always fight our way back.
"I'm hoping with the current team we have in place, our new FW35, the combined talent of Pastor (Maldonado), Valtteri (Bottas) and Susie (Wolff), we will be in a position to challenge the very best."
Maldonado returned Williams to the top step of the podium for the first time in seven-and-a-half years last season with his victory in the Spanish Grand Prix.
But the inconsistency of the Venezuelan and then team-mate Bruno Senna was frustrating, despite the car's potential.
Ahead of his third season with the team, Maldonado, described by Williams as "a delightful character who is massively determined", knows what is expected of him.
"Last year we won a race and were competitive, but this season we must be even more competitive which I believe is possible," said Maldonado.
"Consistency will be our aim to close the gap to the teams in front, with my goal to help take the team back to the top."