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Former France hooker Laurent Benezech said people are turning a blind eye to doping in rugby, in the same way that was once the norm in cycling.
Speaking to Le Monde, Benezech said: "The proofs [of doping in rugby] are in front of our eyes, but no-one's interested. Rugby is in exactly the same situation that cycling was before the Festina affair."
The Festina affair is an infamous case from 1998, in which the Festina team doctor was stopped by customs officers at the France-Belgium border and found to be carrying various doping products.
The fallout saw several doping investigations and admissions from cyclists, and in many people's eyes that was the catalyst to a new commitment to tackle doping in the sport.
Benezech's comments come just a week after former France scrumhalf Jean-Pierre Elissalde claimed amphetamines were widely taken in the sport during the 1970s and 1980s.
He also admitted doping during his career.
Just a few days before that, high-ranking French anti-doping official Francoise Lasne claimed rugby had returned the highest proportion of positive dope tests in France last year.
According to Benezech, who was capped 15 times from 1994 to 1995, one need only look at the statistics to see the evidence.
"We went from 20 minutes of effective action to 30 minutes at the end of the 1990s, which was the normal evolution because of the players becoming professionals," he said. "But now we're explaining, even though we're already at 40 minutes, that we can hit 50 and even, why not, 60."
"That's what happened in cycling at the end of the 1990s, when logic saw us lengthening the Tour de France's stages and increasing the difficulties, without it posing any problems physically to the riders," he added.
Benezech blamed clubs for being complicit in abetting doping by authorizing the use of banned substances for therapeutic reasons.
"In certain clubs there is the legalization of the use of authorizations given by the doctors, the famous AUTs [authorizations for therapeutic usage], otherwise players would test positive," he said.
"The use of AUTs has developed in the sense that the doctor justifies the use [of banned substances] for medical reasons, when it's clear that they are used to improve performance," he added.
Benezech said rugby authorities had to stop burying their heads in the sand or the systematic use of doping would continue.
"As long as we remain in the dark and refuse to be transparent, we will not be able to avoid endangering the health of sportsmen," Benezech said.


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About the Nikon D300s (no lens included)
Enjoy high-speed, pro-quality shooting
Enjoy high-speed, pro-quality shooting
Capture stunningly detailed still images and smooth HD videos like a pro with Nikon's advanced D300s. This digital SLR's responsiveness and intuitive, hands-on controls deliver nearly limitless photographic possibilities. Demanding shutterbugs will love the D300s's flexibility, extensive range of settings, and rock-solid build. Everyone will love the brilliant pictures it takes.
Precision 51-point autofocus system
You can count on shot after shot of crisply focused images with the D300s thanks to Nikon's sophisticated autofocus system. It features an amazing 51-point array of AF sensors that can quickly and accurately lock on to your subjects, no matter where they appear in the frame. This lets you easily capture an off-center portrait on a whim, or snap high-speed action shots without getting into a lot of manual adjustments. The camera also employs 15 cross-type sensors in the center of the frame for ultra-precise focusing.
Shoot at a blazing 7 frames per second
Nikon's advanced image processor provides near-instant camera startup and shutter response. It also makes it possible to shoot images continuously at up to seven frames per second. (You can even shoot at up to eight frames per second with Nikon's optional battery grip.) All that speed is great for capturing high-quality photo sequences, like your favorite skateboarder performing a kick flip on the half pipe or a horse and rider clearing the fence at a steeplechase.
Self-cleaning 12.3-megapixel image sensor
The D300s's powerful 12.3-megapixel CMOS image sensor provides beautiful high-resolution photos you can crop heavily and still use to make big, crisp prints. Advanced CMOS technology delivers vibrant images with exceptionally wide dynamic range, allowing you to accurately capture subtle photographic detail on both strongly lit and deeply shadowed areas of your picture at the same time. And the self-cleaning sensor unit vibrates at ultrasonic frequencies to efficiently remove dust from its surface ensuring that your images remain spot-free.
3" high-resolution LCD with live view
This camera's bright LCD screen provides a sharp, crystal-clear window for shooting high-def videos and reviewing your shots. It also boasts two live view modes that let you compose photos on-screen in real time just like you would with a point-and-shoot cam. The Tripod mode is ideal for shooting still subjects in a studio environment, allowing you to magnify the image up to 13 times on the LCD for ultra-precise focusing. Handheld mode works great for active shooting from tricky high or low angles that make it difficult to see through the viewfinder.
Versatile SLR design
The D300s gives you a wide range of shooting options, from an easy-to-use automatic mode to advanced hands-on manual adjustments. Convenient button placement makes it easy to adjust camera settings on the fly, so you can concentrate on shooting. Dual media slots let you save images to your choice of optional CompactFlash® or SD/SDHC memory cards. Use one card after the other for increased storage, write backup images to the second card, RAW and JPEG images to different cards, or even split still photos to one card and videos to the other.
Built to last
Nikon wraps all this versatile technology in a strong magnesium alloy body with rubberized surfaces for a superior grip. Additional environmental sealing of the D300s's body provides enhanced protection against dust and moisture. The result is a camera that's rugged and solidly built, yet surprisingly lightweight and easy to hold.
Product highlights:
- 12.3-megapixel effective recording
- APS-C-size CMOS image sensor (23.6 x 15.8 mm)
- high-def movie mode with sound
- high-res 3" LCD (920,000 dots) with Live View for composing shots on-screen in real-time
- pentaprism optical SLR viewfinder (with diopter adjustment)
- Dynamic Integrated Dust Reduction System to keep image sensor clean for spotless photos
- Nikon EXPEED image processor for fast, accurate shooting and longer battery life
- 51-point autofocus system for rapid, precise autofocusing
- 1005-pixel 3D Color Matrix Metering II for accurate automatic exposure control, plus center-weighted and spot metering modes
- Active D-Lighting mode for better shadow and highlight detail in high-contrast shooting conditions
- built-in flash and flash exposure compensation
- in-camera image editing functions, including: edit movie, D-Lighting, image overlay, monochrome, NEF (RAW) processing and more
- warranty: 1 year
- Our 60-day money-back guarantee
Compatible Lenses:
- DX Nikkor lenses: all functions supported
- type G or D Nikkor lenses (except PC Micro and IX Nikkor): all functions supported
Exposure Modes and Controls:
- continuous shooting mode: up to 7 frames per second
- quiet shutter-release mode reduces noise levels for less intrusive shooting
- shutter speed range: 30-1/8,000 seconds, bulb
- sensitivity or ISO (film speed equivalent) range: 100-6400
- program auto, shutter-priority, aperture-priority, and manual exposure modes
- auto exposure and white balance bracketing (from 2 to 9 frames for each)
- metering: 3D Color Matrix, center weighted, and spot
- flash sync at 1/250 second (flash X-sync at 1/250)
File Formats and Storage:
- image storage modes: RAW (12-bit or 14-bit uncompressed, lossless compressed or compressed), TIFF, JPEG or RAW+JPEG
- JPEG options (pixels): 4,288 x 2,848; 3,216 x 2,136; 2,144 x 1,424
- AVI movie files (Motion JPEG) up to 1280 x 720 resolution at 24 frames per second with mono sound
- dual media slots accept optional CompactFlash® memory cards, SD, and high capacity SDHC memory cards
Connections and Dimensions:
- high-speed USB interface
- mini HDMI output (cable not included)
- external stereo microphone input jack (microphone not included)
- 10-pin terminal for optional Nikon wired remote and GPS unit
- 6"W x 4-9/16"H x 3-1/8"D
- weight (without battery and media): 30 oz.
Supplied Accessories:
- rechargeable EN-EL3e lithium ion battery
- battery charger
- adjustable neck strap
- USB and audio/video cable
- body cap, eye-piece cap, and LCD monitor cover
- software CD-ROM (PC and Mac)
What's in the box:
Nikon D300s (no lens included) owner's manual
- D300s digital camera body (with attached body cap and LCD monitor cover)
- EN-EL3e Rechargeable Lithium ion battery pack (7.4V/1500mAh) with plastic terminal cover
- MH-18a Quick charger
- 6.5" AC cord
- 5' USB cable (has a USB type-A connector on one end a mini-USB 2.0 on other end)
- 5' A/V cable with a composite video connector and mono-RCA audio connector on one end and a 3.5mm minijack connector on other end
- Adjustable camera strap
- Eyepiece cap
- Nikon Software Suite CD-ROM
- User's Manual (English)
- User's Manual (Spanish)
- Quick Guide (English)
- Quick Guide (Spanish)
- Limited Warranty sheet
- Online Product Registration sheet
- Software Installation Guide
- AC cord requirements notes
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More details on the Nikon D300s (no lens included)
Features & specs
|LCD Screen Size
|Adjustable-angle LCD
|Lens 35mm Equivalent
|Optical Zoom
|Digital Zoom
|Filter Diameter
|Manual Focusing
|Manual Exposure
|Built-in Flash
|HDMI Output
|Internal Memory
|Memory Media
CompactFlash Type I
|Sensor Size
|23.6 x 15.8mm CMOS
|Image Stabilization
|Highest Resolution
|4228 x 2848
|4K Video
|Video Resolution
|1280 x 720
|Width (inches)
|Height (inches)
|Depth (inches)
|Weight With Battery (ounces)
|Parts Warranty
|1 Year
|Labor Warranty
|1 Year
Product Research
Overview: The Nikon D300s (body only) includes the Nikon D300s digital SLR camera body and a rechargeable Lithium Ion battery (EN-EL3e) pack with an AC quick charger adapter (MH-18a). The Nikon digital SLR camera also includes a USB cable to connect the camera to your PC and a audio/video cable to connect the camera to your television. The camera does not include a lens (lenses sold separately).
Record Features
Play, Edit, and Print Functions
Battery Information
Computer Requirements
Estimated Image Capacity
Record Features
Digital SLR: The Nikon D300s is a digital SLR camera that combines fast start up time with super-fast shutter response and rapid-action shooting at up to 7 frames per second. Images will be recorded in a 3:2 aspect ratio similar to a 35mm film camera.
Live View LCD Monitor: The Nikon D300s's 3.0-inch super density 920,000-dot VGA, low-temperature polysilicon color TFT LCD monitor with 170-degree wide-angle viewing and tempered-glass protection features 100% frame coverage with adjustable brightness control. You can set the LCD monitor to turn off after 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes or 10 minutes of no use to prolong battery life. The D300s features a Live View LCD monitor that lets you use the 3-inch high-resolution LCD monitor in place of the camera's viewfinder to confirm your subject and composition while shooting. The camera features two Live View LCD modes.
- Hand-Held Mode: Hand-held mode is useful when you want to recompose before shooting or shoot freely from various angles.
- Tripod Mod: Tripod mode is highly effective in achieving pinpoint focus on still subjects when attaching the camera to an optional tripod.
Optical Viewfinder: The D300s uses a fixed eye-level pentaprism single-lens reflex viewfinder with a diopter adjustment knob. The diopter allows you to adjust the focus in the viewfinder to suit your eyesight (with or without eyeglasses). The bright and sharp viewfinder makes focusing in low-light situations possible. The viewfinder offers approximately 0.94x magnification with a 100% vertical and horizontal frame coverage. The viewfinder uses a Type-B BriteView clear matte Mark V screen with superimposed focus brackets and on-demand grid lines for clear and accurate focusing of your subject.
Control Panel: The camera features a small LCD control panel, located on the top of the camera, which shows the status of numerous camera settings, such as sensitivity, battery level, image quality and size, exposure mode, shutter speed, and flash mode.
12.3-Megapixel DX-Format CMOS Image Sensor: The D300s features a 23.6 mm x 15.8 mm Nikon SLR DX format image sensor with a total pixel count of approximately 13.1 million pixels and an effective pixel count of approximately 12.3 million. Nikon SLR DX format image sensors incorporate individual micro-optics on each of the sensors pixels. Micro Optics construction ensures that the image from the camera's lens will be precisely aligned with each pixel's sensor and that performance will be optimized. Nikon's DX format CMOS image sensor also delivers vivid color and sharp detail exceptional enough to provide detailed enlargements of 24 x 36 inches and beyond. Its high resolution also provides the ability of creative cropping.
EXPEED Digital Image Processing: Nikon's comprehensive new EXPEED Digital Image Processing developed for the D300s applies optimized technologies based on the EXPEED concept, with custom-tuned algorithms delivering processing power that greatly improves system performance while extending the achievable levels of image quality and tone reproduction. The exceptional image quality in the DX-format SLR digital camera also benefits from lateral chromatic aberration reduction, which effectively controls color bleeding around the image periphery, high-precision color reproduction, smooth tones and advanced noise reduction. Also engineered to maximize speed, EXPEED contributes to improved system performance, including quicker response, faster memory card access and faster data transfer.
Dust Reduction System: The Nikon D300s integrated ultrasonic Self-cleaning Sensor Unit, which employs four different resonance frequencies to vibrate the optical low-pass filter and shake dust away from the sensor. Image sensor cleaning can be set to operate automatically when the camera is turned off or on, or can be operated from the camera's menu. Nikon's integrated Self-Cleaning Sensor Unit implements a comprehensive system that helps reduce dust by minimizing dust generated from within the camera through the removal process. The camera utilizes internal mechanisms that generate as little dust as possible during operation. The shutter unit and all moving parts are designed to minimize dust generation, and are operated adequately before mounting within the camera so that they do not disperse dust following camera assembly. The mechanisms are then operated again after assembly to further ensure that they do not generate dust. To make sure dust does not adhere to internal surfaces, anti-static finishing is used around the image sensor and optical low-pass filter (OLPF), while surrounding areas are specially treated. In addition, the space between the OLPF and image sensor is sealed to prevent dust particles from entering the assembly. Enough distance is left between the OLPF and image sensor that dust is less likely to affect the final image. The effects of dust can be reduced for images shot in NEF (RAW) format by using the Dust Off feature in Capture NX, Nikon's optional photofinishing software.
Magnesium Alloy Body: The magnesium alloy body for the D300s combines rugged durability with mobility to provide reassuring reliability that frees you to concentrate on your photography, even when shooting in rough conditions. Nikon's enhanced sealing system seals body seams with rubber gaskets to effectively help protect against moisture and dust
Dual Recording Media: Images are recorded onto CompactFlash (CF) memory cards up to 16GB (Type I UDMA compliant), or SD/SDHC memory cards up to 32GB. There is not a memory card supplied with the camera. When both types of memory cards are inserted in the camera, you can choose one as the primary card and the other as an overflow (secondary card is only used when primary card is full) or backup (each picture is record to both the primary and secondary card) card. You can also copy images between memory cards when two memory cards are inserted in the camera.
Note: Type II CompactFlash memory cards and microdrive memory cards cannot be used.
Memory Buffer: The camera is equipped with a memory buffer for temporary storage, allowing shooting to continue while photographs are being saved to the memory card. Up to 100 photographs can be taken in succession.
Image Size/Quality: The D300s records still images in JPEG and NEF formats. Images are recorded in a 3:2 format similar to a 35mm film camera. The D300s supports the following image quality options.
|Quality Option
|File Type
|NEF (RAW)-Lossless compressed: 12-bit
|NEF images are compressed using a reversible algorithm, reducing file size by about 20-40% with no effect on image quality at a bit-depth of 12 bits
|NEF (RAW)-Lossless compressed: 14-bit
|NEF images are compressed using a reversible algorithm, reducing file size by about 20-40% with no effect on image quality at a bit-depth of 14 bits producing file roughly 1.3x larger than 12-bit files and increasing the color data recorded
|NEF (RAW)-Compressed: 12-bit
|NEF images are compressed using a non-reversible algorithm, reducing file size by about 40-55% with almost no effect on image quality at a bit-depth of 12 bits
|NEF (RAW)-Compressed: 14-bit
|NEF images are compressed using a non-reversible algorithm, reducing file size by about 40-55% with almost no effect on image quality at a bit-depth of 14 bits producing file roughly 1.3x larger than 12-bit files and increasing the color data recorded
|NEF (RAW)-Uncompressed: 12-bit
|NEF images are not compressed at a bit-depth of 12 bits while recording time increases slightly
|NEF (RAW)-Uncompressed: 14-bit
|NEF images are not compressed at a bit-depth of 14 bits producing file roughly 1.3x larger than 12-bit files and increasing the color data recorded while recording time increases slightly
|Records uncompressed TIFF-RGB images at a bit depth of 8 bits per channel (24-bit color). TIFF is supported by a wide variety of imaging applications.
|JPEG fine (4,228 x 2,848)
|Records JPEG images at a compression ratio of roughly 1:4 (fine image quality)
|JPEG normal (3,216 x 2,136)
|Records JPEG images at a compression ratio of roughly 1:8 (normal image quality)
|JPEG basic (2,144 x 1,424)
|Records JPEG images at a compression ratio of roughly 1:6 (basic image quality)
|NEF (RAW) + JPEG fine
|Two images are recorded, one NEF (RAW) image and one fine-quality JPEG image
|NEF (RAW) + JPEG normal
|Two images are recorded, one NEF (RAW) image and one normal-quality JPEG image
|NEF (RAW) + JPEG basic
|Two images are recorded, one NEF (RAW) image and one basic-quality JPEG image
Note: RAW data from the image sensor is saved directly to the memory card in Nikon Electronic Format (NEF). Once transferred to a computer, NEF (RAW) images can only be viewed using compatible software such as the supplied ViewNX software.
D-Movie HD Video: The Nikon D300s also allows you to record standard definition and high definition video at 24 frames-per-second with monaural audio in Live View mode. Standard definition video is recorded with a 3:2 aspect ratio, while high definition video is recorded with a 16:9 aspect ratio. Video is recorded in Motion-JPEG format.
|Frame Size
|Frame Rate
|File Format
|1280 x 720 (16:9)
|24 fps
|record 16:9 aspect ratio movies at a frame rate of 24 fps with each frame at 1280 x 720
|640 x 424 (3:2)
|24 fps
|record 3:2 aspect ratio movies at a frame rate of 24 fps with each frame at 640 x424
|320 x 216 (3:2)
|24 fps
|record 3:2 aspect ratio movies at a frame rate of 24 fps with each frame at 320 x 216
Note: Individual movies files can be up to 2GB in size. The maximum length is 5 minutes for high definition movies, and 20 minutes for standard definition movies.
Two-Stage Shutter-Release Button: The camera has two-stage shutter-release button. The camera focuses when the shutter-release button is pressed halfway. To take the photograph, press the shutter-release button the rest of the way down.
Shooting Modes: The shooting mode determines how the camera takes photographs. You can choose from the following shooting modes:
- Single Frame: Camera takes one photograph each time the shutter-release button is pressed.
- Continuous Low Speed: While shutter-release button is held down, the camera records 1-7 frames per second (the frame rate can be chosen from the camera's menu).
- Continuous High Speed: While the shutter-release button is held down, the camera records up to 7 frames per second.
- Quiet Shutter Release: The camera does not making any sound when camera focuses.
- Self-Timer: Use self-timer for self-portraits or to reduce blurring caused by camera shake; you can set the self-timer to 2, 5, 10 or 20 seconds.
- Mirror Up: Choose this mode to minimize camera shake in telephoto or close-up photography or in other situations in which the slightest camera movement can result in blurred photographs.
Interval Timer Photography: The D300s is equipped to take photographs automatically at preset intervals. Shooting will begin about 3 seconds after the interval is set or you can set a start time. You can also select the number of shots taken per interval.
High Density 51-Point Autofocus System: The D300s is equipped with Nikon Multi-CAM 3500DX autofocus module, which features up to 51 focus points. The system selects the focus point that best applies to the subject, demonstrating an outstanding level of precision, even when shooting in constantly changing conditions. All 51 focus points, including the array of 15 cross-type sensors located in the center, maximize the potential of lenses with maximum apertures of f/5.6. Working in tandem with the camera's Scene Recognition System and the information it computes from the 1,005-segment RGB sensor, this system exhibits the ability to lock onto your subject, and to predict the subject's movement. The result is more precise autofocus performance.
AF-Area Modes: The D300s offers a choice of three focus areas that together cover a wide area of the frame. The AF-area mode determines how the focus area is selected and what happens if the subject moves out of the selected focus area while the camera is still focusing. You can choose one of the following AF-area modes:
- Single Area AF: In this mode, you select the focus area manually and the camera focuses on the subject in the selected focus area only.
- Auto Area AF: In this mode, the camera automatically detects subject and selects focus point.
- Dynamic Area AF: The D300s offers Dynamic-area AF modes that use information from surrounding focus points to provide precise focus, even if the subject momentarily moves outside the user-selected focus point. Dynamic-area AF allows a choice of three different size areas to match the movement of the subject, using groups of 9, 21 or all 51 focus points. Also available is 51-point Dynamic-area AF with 3D-tracking, which takes full advantage of all 51 AF points as it uses color and light information to accurately track the subject and automatically switch focus points. This is particularly convenient when you want to freely compose shots of sporting events, or any scene in which the subject moves about in random fashion.
Focus Modes: You can choose from the following focus modes:
- Single-servo Autofocus (AF-S): Camera focuses automatically when the shutter-release button is pressed halfway. The focus remains locked while the shutter-release button is pressed halfway. The picture will only be taken when the in-focus indicator is displayed. Recommended for stationary subjects.
- Continuous-servo Autofocus (AF-C): Camera focuses continuously while the shutter-release button is pressed halfway. Photographs can be taken whether or not the camera is in focus. Recommended for moving subjects.
- Manual (MF): Focus must be adjusted manually using the lens focusing ring.
Predictive Focus Tracking: In continuous-servo AF, the camera will initiate predictive focus tracking if the subject moves toward or away from the camera while the shutter-release button is pressed halfway or the AF-ON button is pressed. This allows the camera to track focus while attempting to predict where the subject will be when the shutter is released.
Focus Lock: Focus Lock can be used to change the composition after focusing, making it possible to focus on a subject that will not be in a focus area in the final composition.
Electronic Range Finder: The camera's Electronic Range Finder can be used to confirm whether or not your subject in the selected focus point is in focus (the focus point can be selected from any of the 51 focus points).
AF Assist Illuminator: The built-in AF assist illuminator enables the camera to focus even when the subject is poorly lit. The illuminator has a range of approximately 1'-8" to 9'-10".
Metering: When the camera is set to one of the exposure modes, you can choose one of the following metering modes:
- 3D Color Matrix II: Camera meters a wide area of the frame using a 1005-segment RGB sensor and sets exposure according to distribution of brightness, color, distance, and composition for natural results
- Center-weighted: Camera meters the entire frame but assigns greatest weight to the area in the center of the frame (8mm circle).
- Spot: Camera meters circle 3mm in diameter (approximately 2% of frame); the circle is centered on current focus area, making it possible to meter off-center subjects.
Exposure Modes: The Exposure Modes determine how the camera sets shutter speed and aperture when adjusting exposure. You can choose from the following Exposure Modes.
- Programmed Auto (P): Camera sets shutter speed and aperture for optimal exposure according to built-in program; recommended for snapshots and other situations in which there is little time to adjust camera settings.
- Shutter-Priority Auto (S): User chooses shutter speed while camera sets aperture for best results; use to freeze or blur motion.
- Aperture-Priority Auto (A): User chooses aperture while camera sets shutter speed for best results; use to blur background for portraits or bring both foreground an background into focus for landscape shots.
- Manual (M): User controls both shutter speed and aperture for complete control over exposure.
AE/AF Lock: If your subject is off-centered in the frame, it can become difficult to achieve proper exposure and focus. By engaging the AE/AF Lock feature, you can focus and meter on your subject, lock the exposure and focus by pressing the shutter release button halfway, then recompose your shot before taking the picture. You can choose from the following AE/AF Lock settings.
- AE/AF Lock: Both focus and exposure lock while the AE/AF lock button is pressed.
- AE Lock Only: Exposure locks while the AE/AF lock button is pressed while the focus is unaffected.
- AF Lock Only: Focus locks while the AE/AF lock button is pressed while the exposure is unaffected align.
- AE Lock Hold: Exposure locks when the AE/AF lock button is pressed and remains locked until the button is pressed again.
- AE Lock Reset: Exposure locks when the AE/AF button is pressed and remains locked until the button is presses a second time, the shutter is released or the exposure meters turn off.
Exposure Compensation: You can alter the exposure from the value suggested by the camera, making pictures brighter or darker. You can adjust the exposure from -5.0 to +5.0 EV in 1/3 EV steps.
White Balance: White balance is used to preserve natural colors under different types of lighting. When the camera is set to one of the exposure modes, you can choose one of the following white balance options:
- Auto: White balance is automatically adjusted to suit the lighting conditions.
- Incandescent: For use under incandescent lighting.
- Fluorescent: For use under most fluorescent lighting.
- Direct Sunlight: For use with subjects under direct sunlight.
- Flash: For use with built-in Speedlight or optional Nikon Speedlights.
- Cloudy: Use when taking pictures under overcast skies.
- Shade: Use under sunny skies when subject is in shade.
- Color Temperature: Choose color temperature from list of values - 2,500 to 10,000.
- Preset: A white object is used as reference to set white balance under unusual lighting conditions. You can also copy the white balance setting from an existing photograph on the memory card.
White Balance Fine Tuning: The camera's white balance setting can be fine tuned to compensate for variations in the color of the light source or to introduce a deliberate color cast into an image by adjusting the amber, blue, green and magenta color settings.
Bracketing: The Nikon D300s offers three types of bracketing - exposure bracketing, flash bracketing and white balance bracketing. In exposure bracketing, the camera varies exposure compensation with each shot; while in the case of flash bracketing, the flash level is varied with each shot. Only one photograph is produced each time the shutter is released, meaning that several shots are required to complete the bracketing sequence. Exposure and flash bracketing are recommended in situations in which it is difficult to set exposure and there is not enough time to check results and adjust settings with each shot. In white balance bracketing, the camera creates multiple images each time the shutter is released, each with a different white balance adjustment. Only one shot is required to complete the bracketing sequence. White balance bracketing is recommended when shooting under mixed lighting or experimenting with different while balance settings.
Multiple Exposure: This feature allows you to record a series of two to ten exposures in a single photograph. Multiple exposures can be recorded at any image quality setting and produce results with colors noticeably better than photographs combined in an imaging application because they make use of RAW data from the camera image sensor.
ISO Sensitivity: When lighting is poor, the camera will automatically increase sensitivity, permitting faster exposures, and minimizing blur caused by inadvertent camera movement, up to a maximum equivalent of ISO 3200. ISO sensitivity can also be manually set to a value between ISO 200 and ISO 3200 in steps equivalent to 1/3 EV. Settings of from approximately 0.3 to 1 EV below ISO 200 and 0.3 to 1EV above ISO 3200 are also available for special situations.
Long-Time Exposures (Bulb): The shutter will remain open while the shutter-release button is head down. Use for long-time exposure photographs of moving lights, the starts, night scenery, or fireworks.
Preset Picture Controls: The camera offers four preset Nikon Picture Controls. You can choose a Picture Control according to the subject or type of scene.
- Standard: Standard processing for balanced results; recommended for most situations.
- Neutral: Minimal processing for natural results; recommended for photographs that will later be extensively processed or retouched.
- Vivid: Pictures are enhanced for a vivid, photo-print effect; recommended for photos that emphasize primary colors.
- Monochrome: Takes monochrome photographs.
Picture Control Settings: The D300s features the following custom Picture Control settings.
- Quick Adjust: Allows you to reduce or exaggerate the effect of the selected Picture Control Preset from -2 to +2.
- Sharpening: Controls the sharpness of outlines from 0 to 9; you can also select Auto which adjust the sharpness automatically according to the scene.
- Contrast: Adjust contrast automatically according to the type of scene or chose from values between -3 to +3 to increase or decrease the contrast of your subject.
- Brightness: Reduce or enhanced brightness level from -1 to +1; this does not affect exposure.
- Saturation: Automatically adjust saturation according to the type of scene or choose from values between -3 to +3 to lower or increase your subject's saturation.
- Hue: Adjust your subject's hue from -3 to +3 to change the level of Hue.
- Filter Effects: Simulated the effect of color filters on monochrome photographs from yellow, orange, red, green or off.
- Toning: Choose the tint used in monochrome photographs from B&W, Sepia, Cyanotype, Red, Yellow, Green, BlueGreen, Blue, PurpleBlue, or RedPurple.
Active D-Lighting: Setting Active D-Lighting before shooting produces results that are automatically corrected to faithfully reproduce the contrast of the scene as the photographer viewed it. Rather than correcting the entire image, localized tone control technology adjusts highlights, shadow areas, and midtones to achieve natural looking contrast across the entire image. This function is particularly helpful with high contrast scenes, such as shooting a brightly lit outdoor scene from inside a relatively dark room, or shooting at the beach on a sunny day. Active D-Lighting offers three application strength levels - High, Normal and Low.
Built-In Speedlight: Nikon's innovative i-TTL flash control built-in speedlight evaluates flash exposure with precision to achieve better automatic flash balance. The built-in Speedlight creates beautiful exposures in darkened conditions as well as adds sparkle for fill flash in outdoor situations for enhanced twilight shots or an added impact to daylight images.
Flash Modes: The Nikon D300s supports the following flash modes.
- Front-Curtain Sync: This mode is recommended for most situations. In programmed auto and aperture-priority auto modes, shutter speed will automatically be set to values between 1/250 and 1/60 seconds.
- Red-Eye Reduction: The AF-assist lamp lights before the flash fires to reduce the red-eye effect.
- Red-Eye Reduction With Slow Sync: Combines red-eye reduction with slow sync for use with portraits taken against a backdrop of night scenery.
- Slow Sync: Flash is combined with shutter speeds as slow as 30 seconds to capture both subject and background at night or under dim light.
- Rear-Curtain Sync: The flash fires just before the shutter closes, creating effect of stream of light following moving subjects.
Flash Compensation: Flash compensation is used to alter flash output from -3 EV to +1EV in increments of 1/3EV to change the brightness of the main subject relative to the background. Flash output can be increased to make the main subject appear brighter or reduced to prevent unwanted highlights or reflections.
FV Lock: This feature is used to lock the flash output, allowing photographs to be recompose without changing the flash level and ensuring that the flash output is appropriate to the subject even when the subject is not positioned in the center of the frame. The Flash output is adjusted automatically for any changes in ISO sensitivity and aperture.
Noise Reduction: This option controls whether photographs taken at high sensitivities or shutter speeds slower than 8 seconds are processed to reduce noise before being recorded to the memory card.
Histogram: The D300s features the ability to view an RGB histogram on the LCD monitor screen. A histogram is a graph showing the distribution of tones in the image.
Optional Lens Compatibility: The D300s is compatible with the following Nikon lenses - DX AF NIKKOR (all functions possible), D-/G-type AF NIKKOR excluding IX Nikkor lenses (all functions possible excluding PC Micro-NIKKOR), AF NIKKOR other than D-/G-type excluding lenses for F3AF (all functions except 3D-Color Matrix Metering II possible), AI-P NIKKOR (all functions except Autofocus/3D-Color Matrix Metering II possible), Non-CPU AI NIKKOR (can be used in exposure modes A and M/electronic range finder can be used if maximum aperture is 5.6 or faster/Color Matrix Metering and aperture value display supported if user provides)
Optional Flash Compatibility: The D300s is equipped with an accessory shoe that allows you to use the optional Nikon CLS-compatible flash units: SB-400, 600, 800, SBR-200, and SU-800. The camera is also compatible with the following non-TTL auto and manual Nikon flash units: SB-80DX, 50DX, 30, 29, 29S, 28DX, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, and 22S.
GPS Compatible (optional): With the optional GPS Unit GP-1 (sold separately) attached to the D300S, time and geographic location information, received via satellite, is automatically recorded to each image's Exif data. This makes it easy to display the location of an image on Google Maps using ViewNX.
Play, Edit, and Print Functions
Multi-Language Display Menu: The camera features 16 menu display languages to choose from including English, Spanish and French.
Image Review: When this setting is enabled, the camera displays the image on the LCD monitor after the picture is taken.
Auto Image Rotation: Images are automatically oriented to fit the camera's LCD screen. This function can be turned off.
Single-Image Playback: During single-image playback, you can view all the pictures stored on the memory card one at a time.
Playback Zoom: During single-image and thumbnail playback, you can zoom in on the selected image. You can zoom in up to 27x for large images, up to 20x for medium images, and up to 13x for small images. Once the image is enlarged, you can move it around on the LCD monitor using the multi selector.
Thumbnail Playback: This feature allows you to view up to 72 images at once on the LCD monitor so that you can search for an image quickly.
Slideshow Playback: Select a slide show of the pictures in a current playback folder.
Movie Playback: Movies can be played back on the camera's LCD monitor. The camera offers playback functions such as Play, Stop, Pause, Fast Forward and Rewind.
Retouch Menu: The Retouched Menu allows you to create trimmed, resized or retouched copies of the photographs you have taken on the memory card. The Retouch Menu gives you the following editing options:
- D-Lighting: Brightens dark or back-lit subjects or produces effects similar to a flash.
- Red-Eye Correction: Corrects "red-eye" caused by the flash.
- Trim: Creates cropped copies of existing images.
- Monochrome: Copies photographs in black/white, sepia or cyanotype color tones.
- Filter Effects: Creates copies with color filter effects; you can choose from Sky Light, Warm filter, or Color Balance.
- Color Balance: Creates a copy of your recorded image with modified color balance.
- Image Overlay: Combines two RAW images into a single image.
- Side-by-Side Comparison: Compare retouched copies to the original photographs.
- NEF (RAW) Processing: Create JPEG copies of NEF (RAW) photographs.
- Resize: Create small copes of selected photographs.
- Movie Edit: You can trim unwanted footage to create edited copies of movies.
PictBridge Printing Capability: Using the supplied USB cable, you can connect this camera directly to a PictBridge compliant printer. PictBridge is a standard that allows you to connect a PictBridge compliant camera directly to a PictBridge compliant printer and make prints, regardless of brand.
DPOF: The DPOF feature enables you to create a digital "print order" for PictBridge-compatible printers and other devices that support DPOF.
Exif Print (Exif 2.21): The D300s conforms to "Exif Print", a worldwide standard. Vital camera settings (such as exposure mode, white balance, exposure time) and scene data are recorded to the image file when it is captured. Printers compatible with "Exif Print" are able to use this information to produce high quality photographs, exactly the way they were intended at the time of capture. This intelligent communication process also allows the printer to correct for poor lighting or mistakes, resulting in photos that can be even better than the originals.
Wireless Camera Operation (optional): If the optional WT-4 Wireless Transmitter (sold separately) is attached to the camera, photographs can be transferred or printed over wireless or Ethernet networks and the camera can also be controlled from a network computer running Camera Control Pro 2 software (available separately).
USB Connection: The Nikon D300s utilizes a mini-USB high-speed 2.0 connection and come supplied with a USB cable to connect to your PC.
AV Output: The camera features a 3.5mm minijack audio/video output plug and a mini-HDMI output connector to playback still images and video on your TV or monitor using the supplied composite AV video cable or optional mini-HDMI cable (sold separately). The camera's LCD monitor turns off automatically when an HDMI device is connected. You can set the camera to the following HDMI formats to match your television's resolution - 480p, 576p, 720p, 1080i or Auto. You can also select between NTSC or PAL video playback.
Microphone: The Nikon D300s features a 3.5mm external stereo Microphone input for adding stereo sound to your video recordings.
Battery Information
Rechargeable Lithium Ion Battery: The included EN-EL3e Lithium Ion battery can last up to approximately 950 shots.
Quick Charger: The D300s comes supplied with an AC quick charger that allows you to recharge the supplied EN-EL3e Lithium Ion battery pack (1500 mAh). The EN-EL3e will charge fully in approximately 2 hours and 15 minutes using the supplied AC quick charger.
Optional AC Adapter: Use of the optional EH-5a AC adapter or optional EH-5 AC adapter is recommended for extended playback.
Computer Requirements
Software Suite CD-ROM: The supplied Software Suite CD-ROM contains Nikon Transfer, ViewNX and related software. Nikon Transfer is used to copy (transfer) pictures from the camera to the computer and to perform such other transfer-related functions as making backups and embedding information in pictures as they are transferred. ViewNX is used to view pictures after transfer; among the other tasks it can perform are grouping pictures, restoring and making simple adjustments to NEF (RAW) images and converting the file format.
System Requirements: The supplied software will work with Windows and Macintosh. You computer will need to meet the following system requirements.
|CPU: Intel Celeron, Pentium 4, or Intel Core series with clock speed equivalent to 1GHz or better
|CPU: Power PC G4, Power PC G5, Intel Core series, or Intel Xeon (with Universal Binary)
|OS: Pre-Installed versions of Windows Vista (32-bit) SP1 or Windows XP Home Edition/Professional SP3
|OS: MAC OS X version 10.3.9, 10.4.11, or 10.5.6
|RAM: Windows Vista = 1 GB or more, Other versions of Windows = 512 MB or more (1 GB or more recommended)
|RAM: 512 MB or more (1 GB or more recommended)
|Hard-Disk Space: A minimum of 1 GB free hard disk space required when Software Suite applications are running
|Video Resolution: 1,024 x 768 (XGA) or greater with 24-bit color (True Color/millions of colors) or more
Image Comment: The camera allows you to input up to 36 characters of alphanumeric text to a recorded image and is then stored in the Exif header. The comment can be viewed in Capture NX (software available separately) or the supplied PictureProject software.
Image Authentication: You can embed image authentication information in new photographs as they are taken, allowing alterations to be detected using Nikon's optional Image Authentication software (sold separately). Image authentication information cannot be embedded in existing photographs.
Estimated Image Capacity
Estimated Image Capacity of an Optional 4GB CompactFlash Memory Card:
|Image Quality
|Image Size
|File Size (MB)
|Number of Images
|Buffer Capacity
|NEF (RAW)-Lossless compressed: 12-bit
|NEF (RAW)-Lossless compressed: 14-bit
|NEF (RAW)-Compressed: 12-bit
|NEF (RAW)-Compressed: 14-bit
|NEF (RAW)-Uncompressed: 12-bit
|NEF (RAW)-Uncompressed: 14-bit
|JPEG fine
|JPEG normal
|JPEG basic
The Nikon D300s (no lens included) replaces these items
- high-resolution 3" LCD with live view shooting
- high-definition movie mode (up to 720p resolution)
- 51-area autofocus for accurate, high-speed focusing
- 51-area autofocus for accurate, high-speed focusing
- 3" color LCD screen (307K pixels) with "live view" modes
- built-in dust reduction system
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Browsing Working Papers (CBDS) by Title
Previous Page
Now showing items 8-21 of 21
A Model for Analysing the Progress of Knowledge Development in Developing Country FirmsLehmann, Sanne (København, 2007)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper addresses the crucial call for upgrading to more value-added production in developing country firms in the light of increased global competition and suggests that such upgrading demands a shift in focus from investment in technology to investment in people, knowledge and learning. In this line of thinking, the aim is to propose a model for analysing the progress of knowledge improvements in developing countries as an outcome of the management of human, social and organisational capital. In this regard, the paper considers relevant practices and strategies in the context of developing country firms, the challenges that effect firms and institutions in this process, and the appropriate level and method of the analysis. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6759
Files in this item: 1wps-2007_no.2_sanne.lehmann.pdf (203.7Kb)
Towards An Analytical FrameworkPyke, Frank; Lund-Thomsen, Peter (Frederiksberg, 2015)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In this article, we explore the relationship between industrial clusters and social upgrading in developing countries. Our article focuses on the hitherto little-considered influence of the economic and regulatory environment on the social upgrading of a cluster and on its governance system. In doing so, we develop an analytical framework that seeks to explain how the enabling environment and different actors in cluster governance can either facilitate and/or hinder the process of social upgrading in cluster settings in developing countries. Finally, the conclusion outlines our main findings, the research and policy implications of our analysis. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9155
Files in this item: 1Pyke_Lund-Thomsen.pdf (293.8Kb)
A Survey of 210 Food Processing Firms from Tanzania, Kenya and ZambiaSchmidt, Amelie; Hansen, Michael Wendelboe (Frederiksberg, 2017)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The increasing integration of global markets creates opportunities, as well as challenges for developing countries. Even though the picture of Africa as a 'hopeless continent' (Economist, 2000) has changed to the 'next Asia' (Deloitte, 2016), poverty, unemployment and business failure rates remain high (Mol, Stadler, & Arino, 2017). More precisely, African firms have to cope with the difficult environment in their local economies, which are often dominated by institutional voids, corruption and market risks (Tvedten et al., 2015). At the same time, local companies face fierce competition by foreign companies entering their local markets due to the trade liberalization reforms that took place since the 1980s (Moini, Kuada, & Decker, 2016). These factors contribute to the poor performance of African companies, which is reflected by stagnating exports, particularly in the manufacturing sector (Söderbom & Teal, 2003). URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9566
Files in this item: 1
FDI with chinese characteristicsCrabtree, Andrew (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: China's FDI to Africa has drawn much attention recently, partially because of the high profile China has given it, and partially because of the political and economic effects it is having on Africa. This paper begins by outlining the political context which is needed to understand Chinese outward FDI, namely the introduction of the "open door" policy and, more particularly, its policy towards Africa. The paper then goes on to give an overview of Chinese FDI in Africa. The paper then turns to ask the question: Is Chinese FDI developmental? To answer this question, it examines the notion of development and argues that much of the "western FDI" debate is severely limited in as far as it concentrates on income poverty and ignores other aspects of multidimensional poverty. After giving an overview of China's involvement in Africa, the paper turns to four case studies of Chinese FDI, examining the developmental impacts on a variety of dimensions (as far as is possible) of different types of FDI in different regimes, namely resource seeking and manufacturing in Zambia, an infrastructure project in Botswana and construction/tourism in Sierra Leone. It warns against generalising from these cases, but suggests that the developmental effects so far have been limited. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6753
Files in this item: 1wps-2008_no.9.pdf (167.5Kb)
The Garment Industry in its Economic, Political and Social ContextJeppesen, Søren; Bezuidenhout, Andries (Frederiksberg, 2019)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This special CBDS Working Paper originates from a longer-term collaboration between Associate Professors Søren Jeppesen, CBS and Andries Bezuidenhout, UFH. The collaboration started more than 10 years ago and will have its main output with the forthcoming book (preliminarily) titled, 'Enclave Development: State, Market, And Society in Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland's Garment Manufacturing Industries'. The collaboration has benefitted from primary and secondary data from two research projects and support from our institutions. The first project was part of a large research project, titled 'The Outsourcing for Development project', based at CBS and Aalborg University, Denmark. The project was funded by the Danish Development Research Council and investigated different aspects of the contemporary situation among firms from developing countries in an era of globalisation and outsourcing of production from North to South. As part of a sub-study on 'CSR, Development and Outsourcing' we undertook a comparative investigation of the impact of codes of conduct on working conditions in garment factories in different countries in Southern Africa. The second project was part of a large comparative study on the role of Labour movements in Southern Africa, anchored at the Sociology at Work Unit, Witwatersrand University, South Africa. The project also supported the comparative study of the impact on codes of conduct, with funding from the Norwegian Development Agency (Norad). Over the years, our respective institutions (Department of Intercultural Communication and Management, later renamed Department of Management, Society and Communication (MSC) at CBS and Sociology of Work, Wits University, Department of Sociology, University of Pretoria and lastly Department of Development Studies (DDS), University of Fort Hare (UFH)) have supported us collegially and with funds for travel, student assistance and more. We highly appreciate this. During the project, we have benefitted from the work of numerous student and research assistants. They include; Lasse B. Jensen, Alvin P. Ljosa, Sameer Azizi, Amanda Haarmaan, and Zartashia Ahmed (CBS), and Hamadziripi Tamukamoyo, Wits University (and other SA assistants). We would like to thank all for the great help. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9735
Files in this item: 1Country Background Lesotho 04.06.19.pdf (1.249Mb)
Chandran, V G R; Rasiah, Rajah; Wad, Peter (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The study of innovation and technological upgrading experienced a significant interest in the academic literature, especially within the developing countries (Lall, 1998, 2001; Kim and Nelson, 2000; Ariffin and Figueiredo, 2004). The lack of involvement by developing countries in radical innovative capabilities (Rasiah, 1994; Hobday, 2005) and the interest of scholars in learning technological capability building and technological catch up processes has directed researchers to analyze various mechanisms or drivers that contribute to technological upgrading, especially in developing countries, more so in the manufacturing sector. This study aims to investigate the R&D activities and the internationalization of these activities undertaken by foreign firms within the Malaysian manufacturing sector. The study aims to provide answers to the following questions: 1. What is the status of the systems of innovation within the Malaysian manufacturing sector? 2. What is the role played by the agents of innovation, in particular TNCs or MNCs, in relation to R&D activities and its internationalization? and, 3. How is the Malaysian manufacturing (local and foreign) technological and R&D progress to date? This study confirms that the Malaysian manufacturing systems of innovation is weakly positioned but shows limited evidence of process innovation and not product innovation. However, evidence of innovation differs among states and sectors owing to differences in the systems of innovation. Although, Malaysia has not been chosen as a site for offshoring or outsorcing of R&D activities to a significant degree, it is found that one very important driver of innovation is the central role that multinational enterprises play in the Malaysian manufacturing systems of innovation. Process innovation is conducted by foreign subsidiaries and is on the rise in key the electronics industry. It is also found that technological learning by local firms is mainly through linkages, sub-contracting and technological transfer. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7972
Files in this item: 1MSI_and_internationalization_of_R&D.pdf (282.8Kb)
(Re) Integrating the strategic management perspective in the theory of multinational corporationsHoenen, Anne Kristin; Hansen, Michael W. (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The contemporary literature on foreign direct investment (FDI) has to some extent 'forgotten' a key insight of the early FDI literature, namely that FDI to a large extent is driven by strategic interaction of firms in oligopolistic industries. Instead the FDI literature has focused, at first on FDI as a way of generating efficiency in cross border transactions, and later on FDI as a way to effectively leverage and build capabilities across borders. These efficiency and capabilities perspectives on FDI may have been adequate in a situation where global competition still was in its infancy. However, in recent years, we have seen the emergence of truly global oligopolies, e.g. in electronics, aerospace, aviation, software, steel, automotive, construction, brewing, etc. These oligopolistic industries have been consolidated through massive waves of cross border M&As in the second half of the 90s and from 2003-2007. We argue that in such industries it is not adequate to analyze FDI only in terms of efficiency or resource leverage; FDI must also be understood in terms of its contribution to the global strategic positioning of the investing firm. The paper seeks to re-discover' the oligopolistic competition perspective, drawing on the early insights of the Hymer-Kindleberger-Caves tradition as well as on the recent Strategic Management literature, but bringing these into the context of globalization. It is argued that global strategic interaction in oligopolistic industries is manifest in well known FDI phenomena such as follow-the-leader, client follower, and first-mover. While the paper attempts no formal testing, evidence indicative of oligopolistic competition motivated FDI is presented, e.g. from the recent cross border M&A waves and from the recent surge of FDI in emerging markets. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7956
Files in this item: 1WPs-2009_no.10.pdf (193.7Kb)
Towards a developing country firm perspectiveSchaumburg-Müller, Henrik; Pottenger, Eugene; Hansen, Michael W. (København, 2007)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Changes of the global economy have led to a much deeper integration of firms from developing countries. Multinational corporations are increasingly using offshore-outsourcing to maintain competitiveness and market shares. While the implications of this trend has been studied from the point of view of the multinational firm and its home economy, far less attention has been paid to the developing country firm participating in the outsourcing arrangement and its strategic options. From this point of view this paper reviews the outsourcing literature and identifies theoretical contributions that can be employed to build a platform for analyzing the strategic implications of outsourcing for local firms in developing countries. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6758
Files in this item: 1wps-2007_no.4.pdf (220.9Kb)
Theory and evidenceHansen, Michael W. (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Indian outward foreign direct investment (FDI) has risen dramatically in recent years. This reflects that Indian multinational corporations (MNCs) are asserting an increasingly important role in the global economy, not only as resource and market seekers in less developed countries, but increasingly competing on par with western MNCs in their home markets. When we confront the Indian outward FDI path with theories of outward foreign direct investment from developing countries, a number of puzzles and anomalies becomes evident: Normally, we would expect strong inward FDI performance to precede strong outward FDI performance, however in India the rise in outward FDI has been almost simultaneous with the rise in inward FDI; Normally, we would expect developing country MNCs to invest in like or less developed countries, however Indian MNCs have in a rapid sequence moved into developed economies; Normally, we would expect developing country MNCs to be operating with less advanced technologies and business models, however Indian MNCs have moved directly into FDI in advanced sectors and technologies. This paper will offer a number of explanations for the unique Indian outward investment path, explanations that take their point of departure in the idiosyncratic nature of Indian industrialization. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6754
Files in this item: 1wps-2007_no.8.pdf (248.0Kb)
Entry Barriers for Food Processors to Supermarkets in KenyaThomsen, Lotte; McCormick, Dorothy; Kamau, Paul (Frederiksberg, 2017)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper addresses the domestically owned food-processing industry in Kenya and explores the sale of processed food products to the domestic 'modern' retail sector. Food processing represents a step up in the value chain compared to fresh food production and may thus, at least potentially, lead to economic development. In focusing on food-processing businesses and on domestic rather than global market sales, this paper distinguishes itself from studies on Sub-Saharan African suppliers to global value chains. The potential importance of domestic 'modern' retail formats to Kenyan food suppliers is underlined by the fact that after South Africa, Kenya is Africa's second largest market for 'formal' retail, mostly because of the growing Kenyan middle class (EIU, 2013; Business Daily, 2015). What is not clear, however, is the extent to which retailers in Kenya currently source processed food products locally and thus whether food processing – as opposed to fresh food exports – retains importance for suppliers as well as for the Kenyan economy. This paper aims to contribute knowledge to this subject on which very little research exists. Based on fieldwork, the paper shows that a variety of entry barriers exist for Kenyan food processors that attempt to supply the emerging 'modern' retail sector domestically. The paper also shows how the requirements that processors must meet, especially for larger domestic supermarkets, tend to resemble those commonly described in the export sector, calling into question the extent to which domestic retail is a viable alternative in the longer run. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9525
Files in this item: 1cbds_working_paper_1_2017_250917.pdf (1.330Mb)
Chong, Sabrina; Wad, Peter (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Offshore outsourcing of business activities from the Global North to the Global South does not only relocate investments and jobs, but has also brought about new business demands on suppliers activities and their social and environmental impact. The article explores whether, how and why offshore outsourcing transactions between foreign firms and Malaysian firms affect the upgrading of the CSR activities of Malaysia incorporated firms, taking the particular institutional context of Malaysia into consideration. The focus is on recipient country vendors, contract manufacturers or subcontractors and their reception of and strategising about corporate social responsibility. The findings of the study indicate, firstly, that the amount of foreign (sub)contracting influences the CSR strategising of domestic firms while the global value chain position is only conditioning the offshore outsourcing portfolio. Secondly, both the corporate governance of Malaysian affiliate and the Malaysian government play an important role shaping the perception, rhetoric and organisation of CSR activities by firms in Malaysia with a domestic value chain position. Hence, firms in Malaysia are squeezed by international business linkages and the local institutional context. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6757
Files in this item: 1wps-2007_no.7.pdf (420.9Kb)
The Case of Roshan, An Afghan Telecommunication CompanyAzizi, Sameer A. (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: CSR is a rising phenomena in Afghanistan – but why are firms concerned about CSR in a least-developed context such as Afghanistan, and what are the strategic benefits? This paper is one of the first to explore these CSR issues in a least-developed country. It does so by focusing on CSR in the Afghan telecommunication sector and in particular on 'Roshan' as a case company. The findings of this paper are two-folded. First, it provides an overview of the CSR practices in the telecommunication sector in Afghanistan. Second, it focuses on one case and explains whether Roshan can gain strategic advantages through CSR in Afghanistan, and if so which and how these strategic benefits are gained. The paper shows that the developmental challenges of Afghanistan are the key explanations for why companies engage in CSR. Roshan has engaged in proactive CSR to overcome the contextual barriers for growth. Based on an analysis of five CSR projects, it can be assessed that Roshan enhances its competitive advantage through CSR in internal, external, and wider- society levels. It is analyzed that Roshan influences its competitive context both from inside-out and out-side in dimensions, and that the CSR projects could all live up to the strategic CSR criteria drawn from the academic work of Porter and Kramer, Burke and Logsdon and Blowfield. Finally, the paper discusses how in a context of a weak state and civil society, and massive developmental challenges, CSR is not a matter of an 'add-on choice', but is based on a 'license to operate' motivation, where businesses have free room for maneuvering CSR towards their strategic priorities and business goals. Whether this creates a 'shared value' for both business and in particularly for the society is however still questionable. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8444
Files in this item: 1Azizi_CBDS_nr _1_2012.pdf (704.0Kb)
Schaumburg-Müller, Henrik (København, 2007)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper looks at the export developments of Vietnamese garment producers after the Multi-Fibre Arrangement was removed by the beginning of 2005. It uses a Global Value Chain approach and analyses what happens when there is a major change in the institutional context, in this case shift in the basic institutional international trade arrangements. The focus is on Vietnam and the Vietnamese garment suppliers looking at how they have performed after the removal of the quota systems and what kind of strategies they have pursued. The results show that Vietnamese suppliers have been able to compete internationally after the quota removals although many of them appear to be locked in the low value end of the chain. The data show, however, that they are not only able to compete and grow but also to change between buyers and markets, which provides them with the flexibility of shifting between chains. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6752
Files in this item: 1wps-2007_no.3_hsm.pdf (97.40Kb)
Hansen, Michael W.; Gwozdz, Wencke (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: MNCs are increasingly investing in developing countries to be part of rapid market growth, to enhance the efficiency of their value chains, and to access abundant resources and talent. The potential gains are high, however so are the risks. Some developing country subsidiaries become top performers in terms of growth and revenue and assume key roles in the MNCs' global value chains, but other subsidiaries fail to meet expectations, struggling to produce positive returns and frequently experiencing stop of operations. While the issue of subsidiary performance should be at the heart of any International Business (IB) enquiry into MNC activity in developing countries, surprisingly little research has examined this issue. Based on a unique data base of approx. 800 MNC subsidiaries established between 1969 and 2008, this paper examines the evolution in subsidiary performance and the factors influencing this performance. The analysis reveals that MNC subsidiaries in developing countries have improved enormously on their performance since the early investments in the 1960s and 70s, but also that the risks of failure remain high. The paper moves on to analyze factors shaping subsidiary performance. Inspired by received IB theory, it is hypothesized that subsidiary performance is essentially shaped by five dimensions: location, industry, MNC capabilities, subsidiary role, and entry mode. A variance component analysis is employed to identify the sources of subsidiary performance. Especially MNC capabilities and subsidiary role appear to explain variance in performance, while location and industry factors appear to have less explanatory power. This suggests that while locational and industry factors affect subsidiary performance, strong MNC capabilities and appropriate strategy can make MNCs succeed regardless of location and industry. The findings of the study have important implications for the IB literature, for managers and for policy aimed at promoting FDI in developing countries. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8829
Files in this item: 1Hansen_Gwozdz.pdf (1.109Mb)
Previous Page
Now showing items 8-21 of 21


text:
Hey guys, I'm clearly new here, scoured the internet for a solution to my problem but could not find one, so I figured I'd make a post on the first forum I found, which is this one! (congratulations).
import java.io.*; public class UpdateACL { private FileOutputStream fos; private DataOutputStream dos; private static String projectName = ""; private static String projectPath = "xcopy C:\\st22615_SharedTools_mainline_intg\\vobs\\sharedtools\\src\\ClearCase\\triggers\\acl\\project\\" + projectName + "\\* \\0\\cm\\acl\\project\\" + projectName + "/y /r /s /i" + "pause"; public void ChangeACL() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException { File file; file = new File("C:\\samplenote.bat"); fos=new FileOutputStream(file); dos=new DataOutputStream(fos); dos.writeBytes(projectPath); } public static void main(String args[]){ try{ System.out.print("Enter the project name:"); InputStreamReader converter = new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(converter); projectName = in.readLine(); ChangeACL(); //Calling this method gives non-static method call in static context error } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.err.println("FileNotFoundException: " + e.getMessage()); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Caught IOException: " + e.getMessage()); } } }
I'm basically trying to generate a batch file that will hold that string, that I can run immediately after it is generated...however I cannot call Change.ACL(), even though it is in the same class? Confusing...
If anyone could provide insight on this that would be great.


text:
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This figure illustrating the carbon cycle is part of the booklet Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science. The image is free for any use.
Click here to download a very large, high-resolution, printer-ready version of this image (LARGE FILE - 33MB).
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No reason to put it off any longer. Congratsworst to 3rd in the league i'll take that. good luck in the cupKeithGO FLYERS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Hey that's really cool. I met Bernie at our Profit Sharing meeting a couple years ago. It was fun to rag on him a bit about the Pens.
Rag on one of the best goaltenders in NHL history?
and what kind of profit sharing?
bassman are you alittle superstitious
nope that is the air of confidence. Pens should have little trouble blowing the wings off the ice.
Oh boy!!!! Its going to be alot more than LITTLE TROUBLE
No I'm just giving you a hard time I think this series has seven games written all over it. both teams are fast with great blue liners and superb goalies. it should be a great series


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Man shot in attempted robbery in NW Jacksonville
Police searching for suspect who shot man at gas station
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. – Police are searching for a suspect or suspects in a shooting early Thursday morning in Northwest Jacksonville.
The Jacksonville Sheriff's Office homicide unit was called out to 33rd Street at Moncrief Road after midnight after police received a call about a man shot in the parking lot of the Pipeline gas station.
"A witness drove a black man in his 20s to Shands hospital. He had a gun shot wound to his torso. He was taken in critical condition. They stabilized him, took him to surgery. He is still considered to be in critical, life-threatening condition," said Sgt. Lonnie Mills with JSO's homicide unit.
Police believe the shooting happened during an attempted robbery.
"The information that we're receiving at this time is he was at the location at 33rd and Moncrief... the store. He was approached by someone who attempted to rob him. He was shot a single time and that person fled," said Mills. "At this point we don't have any real suspect information, or really anything more than that to go on. We're still looking for evidence at the crime scene such as shell casings and such."
Police are asking for the public's help in search for a suspect in this case. Anyone with information can contact the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office at 904-630-0500 or Crime Stoppers at 1-866-845-TIPS (8477).
Copyright 2013 by News4Jax.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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April 6, 2016, 9:37 pm
Jeff Green left Wednesday's game during the second half with a bruised right knee and did not return.
Green was laughing on the bench and this doesn't sound serious. We're calling him day-to-day and Wesley Johnson gets a bump if Green misses any time.
Fantasy News
February 23, 2020, 11:50 pmBruce BrownSG, Detroit Pistons
Bruce Brown Jr. put up eight points with 10 boards on 3-of-10 shooting in a loss to the Blazers on Sunday.
Brown Jr. is the first guard in Pistons history to have 10 or more rebounds in four consecutive games. He can be left on the wire as the Pistons rotation is a complete mess and his role is unknown.
Source: Johnny Kane on Twitter
February 23, 2020, 11:46 pmBrandon KnightPG, Detroit Pistons
Brandon Knight played well in a loss to the Blazers on Sunday as he put up 15 points on 4-of-8 shooting.
Knight knocked down three triples and added two rebounds and three assists to the box score. Langston Galloway chipped in 13 points with four rebounds and four assists. This is more of a fluke game for Knight, but Galloway should be owned in deeper leagues for his shooting and passing ability.
February 23, 2020, 11:41 pmChristian WoodPF, Detroit Pistons
Christian Wood put up 26 points with nine boards in 31 minutes of action in a 107-104 loss to the Blazers on Sunday.
Wood shot 9-of-15 from the field and 2-of-4 from beyond the arc. He also added one assist and two blocks to the stat sheet. Wood is undoubtedly the best fantasy player on the Pistons and should return top-50 value for the remainder of the season.
February 23, 2020, 11:35 pmMario HezonjaSG, Portland Trail Blazers
Mario Hezonja (left ankle sprain) returned from injury on Sunday and recorded one assist in 12 minutes of action.
Hezonja should not be on anyone's radar as he has fallen out of the fantasy spectrum. Leave him on the wire.
February 23, 2020, 11:32 pmCJ McCollumSG, Portland Trail Blazers
C.J. McCollum set season-highs with 41 points, nine rebounds and 12 assists in a win over the Pistons on Sunday.
McCollum shot 15-of-30 from the field and knocked down six triples. McCollum actually set a career-high with 12 assists as he found ways to get his teammates involved in this one. His value gets boosted when Damian Lillard is out, but he remains a middle-round value for the remainder of the season.
February 23, 2020, 11:27 pmCarmelo AnthonyPF, Portland Trail Blazers
Carmelo Anthony put up a season-high 32 points on 11-of-16 shooting in a 107-104 win over the Pistons on Sunday.
Anthony brought his efficiency back up after his recent struggles from the field, which helped the Blazers pull out a close victory. Trevor Ariza, who had been trending up as of late, put up just two points on 1-of-4 shooting in 36 minutes. Ariza should bring top-100 value, while Anthony remains a late-round option for standard leagues.
February 23, 2020, 11:17 pmTerrance FergusonSG, Oklahoma City Thunder
Terrance Ferguson exited the game early with back stiffness as the Thunder beat the Spurs on Sunday.
Ferguson had zero points, one rebound, one assist and one block on 0-of-2 shooting in 10 minutes. We should receive an update on the extent of his injury in the coming days.
February 23, 2020, 11:08 pmAndrew WigginsSF, Golden State Warriors
Andrew Wiggins had an awful shooting performance as he went 3-of-16 from the field for eight points against the Pelicans on Sunday, but salvaged this line to a degree with 10 rebounds, four assists, two blocks and one steal.
Wiggins has been surprisingly versatile with the Warriors thus far, and before tonight he had been shooting well as the number one offensive option. If Wiggins can continue to be a decent contributor in the steals and blocks department he will be a useful fantasy option in standard leagues. Once Stephen Curry takes the court Wiggins' offensive contributions are going to take a hit, and he will need to diversify his fantasy profile.
February 23, 2020, 11:00 pmJordan PoolePG, Golden State Warriors
Jordan Poole kept up his momentum while facing the Pelicans on Sunday, tallying 19 points, five assists, four rebounds and one 3-pointer.
Poole is worth a move in deeper formats as he has emerged with a reliable role for the Warriors lately. We've seen the Warriors play roulette with there roster all season though, Poole's turn in the spotlight is likely to end sooner than later. If you are looking for a hot flyer he is worth a pickup until Stephen Curry returns.
February 23, 2020, 10:55 pmJuan Toscano-AndersonPF, Golden State Warriors
Juan Toscano-Anderson had a night to remember against the Pelicans on Sunday, dropping 16 points, eight rebounds, three assists, three 3-pointers, two blocks and one steal.
The absence of Marquese Chriss (left calf) gave Toscano-Anderson the runway he needed to go off. It's hard to imagine JTA becoming a regular piece for the Warriors, who were also without Draymond Green, and Stephen Curry is supposed to return before the season is all said and done as well. Keep him in mind while Chriss is out, but Toscano-Anderson is not a pickup yet.


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An Oscar Tie: Marion & Michelle
It's Friday afternoon. The next time I post to the site it'll be early Monday morning and the Oscars will already have happened. This then is the final post of our Oscar retrospective. Until next year.
Thought I'd end on my two favourite Oscar dresses from the last decade. It's like choosing between your children. I can't. I love them both SO MUCH. And please, don't let the wearer affect you. Bring it down to the most superficial level possible.
Michelle Williams in Vera Wang
I'm not breaking new ground here. Michelle's Vera Wang in 2006 shows up on most Best All Time Oscar Dresses lists because... it IS.
Different people love this dress for different reasons. Duana, who has never said no to yellow and orange, is all about the colour. Me too. But it's not only the colour, obviously. It's also the exquisite pleated V, the gathering right where her legs meet, a perfect shade of red on her lips, sideswept hair that somehow isn't at all Carrie Underwood, that boldly impressive choice of metal accent accessory around her neck, and then nothing else, no earrings, no bracelets, bare but for a simple unremarkable ring that was probably more personal than sartorial.
Marion Cotillard in Jean Paul Gaultier
It's ok if you want to leave me and enjoy this for a while. This after all is what you expect when it's the Oscars, right? You want it to be extraordinary. You want it to be ART. That's the only way to describe this dress. Look at the scalloping. Come on!
And of course she knew how to best present it too, with the chain down the front, and the hair to one side, and who else but Marion Cotillard could be the sexy French mermaid and also the sweet grateful actress?
She picked a dress for a WINNER.
That's it for me, I'm out.
Happy Oscars!
GABRIEL BOUYS/Frazer Harrison/Vince Bucci/Kevin Winter/Frederick M. Brown/Getty


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Irton Hall
Holmrook, Cumbria
Irton Hall is a stunning holiday location with impressive history, set in the foothills of the Western fells of the Lake District between Wasdale and Eskdale. Parts of the magnificent hall, such as the Pele Tower, date from the 14th century.
Pub Hotel Bed And Breakfast


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Business areas
Anunay Arora, Unilever Internship Leadership Programme: Sales & Marketing
"Creating an impact, while being impacted"
We offer internships in the following business areas, your options are:
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At Unilever, we are proud to help young students and graduates around the world acquire work experience. In some countries, internships are legally mandated. If you are in such a country, please contact your local Unilever office for more details about how you can apply for such an internship with us.


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Saturday, May 29, 2010
Weekend Bento
Both kids had bentos, but Ben was eating his by the time I finished taking a picture of Faith's so pretend there are two of these here!
The kids had:
Cream cheese & strawberry jam sandwiches on Nature's Own Multigrain Sandwich Rounds topped with cheese animals (Faith had giraffes, Ben had bears)
2 happy eggs halves, leftover from Ben's preschool picnic
Celery & carrot sticks, and cucumber flowers for Faith
Sweet Potato Cupcake with cream cheese icing and a few sprinkles
All packed in their EasyLunchboxes!
Minimal work for me, the eggs & cupcakes were already made and the watermelon & veggies were already chopped in containers in the fridge. Just had to make the sandwich and cut out a couple of cheese animals. Bentos don't have to be time consuming!
I think I am going to add this one to KidsDreamWork's "Happy & Healthy" contest. I know it's healthy (even the cupcake is homemade with sweet potato) and the kissing giraffes and smiling eggs make me happy. :o)
8 comments:
Having a cow over how cute this is Shannon.:)ReplyDelete
That is the perfect box for the weekend! Those eggs still crack me up, they are just so cute :)ReplyDelete
You just amaze me. I love all of these wonderful bento lunches you make. So awesome.ReplyDelete
I love your bentos! Being new to the world of bentos, I have to ask, do you make them each morning or do you do them the night before? Obviously, with these, you had extra time with it being the weekend. Just wondering if I can really do this next school year.ReplyDelete
Those look so cute. I just bought my bentos and I can't wait to get started.ReplyDelete
So adorable! I'm envious of your creativity.ReplyDelete
Hello Shannon, thank you for submitting this lovely bento which really fits the "Happy & Healthy" theme of the contest! Glad to have one more bento friend! :DReplyDelete
Kit, during the school year, I almost always make them the night before. I might add in crackers or cookies or something like that in the morning, but the sandwiches, fruit, salads, are all together, in their boxes, in the fridge. It's only a few dry pieces that go in last minute and filling up the water bottles with ice. I'm not a morning person, so morning lunches just would not happen around here. ;o)ReplyDelete