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Electronic voice phenomenon
Within ghost hunting and parapsychology, electronic voice phenomena (EVP) are sounds found on electronic recordings that are interpreted as spirit voices that have been either unintentionally recorded or intentionally requested and recorded. Parapsychologist Konstantīns Raudive, who popularized the idea in the 1970s, described EVP as typically brief, usually the length of a word or short phrase.[1]
Enthusiasts consider EVP to be a form of paranormal phenomenon often found in recordings with static or other background noise. However, scientists regard EVP as a form of auditory pareidolia (interpreting random sounds as voices in one's own language) and a pseudoscience promulgated by popular culture.[2][3] Prosaic explanations for EVP include apophenia (perceiving patterns in random information), equipment artifacts, and hoaxes.[4][5]
- 1 History
- 2 Explanations and origins
- 3 Organizations that show interest in EVP
- 4 Cultural impact
- 5 See also
- 6 References
As the Spiritualist religious movement became prominent in the 1840s–1920s with a distinguishing belief that the spirits of the dead can be contacted by mediums, new technologies of the era including photography were employed by spiritualists in an effort to demonstrate contact with a spirit world. So popular were such ideas that Thomas Edison was asked in an interview with Scientific American to comment on the possibility of using his inventions to communicate with spirits. He replied that if the spirits were only capable of subtle influences, a sensitive recording device would provide a better chance of spirit communication than the table tipping and ouija boards mediums employed at the time. However, there is no indication that Edison ever designed or constructed a device for such a purpose.[6] As sound recording became widespread, mediums explored using this technology to demonstrate communication with the dead as well. Spiritualism declined in the latter part of the 20th century, but attempts to use portable recording devices and modern digital technologies to communicate with spirits continued.[7]:352–381
Early interest[edit]
American photographer Attila von Szalay was among the first to try recording what he believed to be voices of the dead as a way to augment his investigations in photographing ghosts. He began his attempts in 1941 using a 78 rpm record, but it wasn't until 1956 — after switching to a reel-to-reel tape recorder — that he believed he was successful.[8] Working with Raymond Bayless, von Szalay conducted a number of recording sessions with a custom-made apparatus, consisting of a microphone in an insulated cabinet connected to an external recording device and speaker. Szalay reported finding many sounds on the tape that could not be heard on the speaker at the time of recording, some of which were recorded when there was no one in the cabinet. He believed these sounds to be the voices of discarnate spirits. Among the first recordings believed to be spirit voices were such messages as "This is G!", "Hot dog, Art!", and "Merry Christmas and Happy New Year to you all".[8] Von Szalay and Raymond Bayless' work was published by the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research in 1959.[9] Bayless later went on to co-author the 1979 book, Phone Calls From the Dead.
In 1959, Swedish painter and film producer Friedrich Jürgenson was recording bird songs. Upon playing the tape later, he heard what he interpreted to be his dead father's voice and then the spirit of his deceased wife calling his name.[8] He went on to make several more recordings, including one that he said contained a message from his late mother.[10]
Raudive voices[edit]
Konstantin Raudive, a Latvian psychologist who had taught at the Uppsala University, Sweden and who had worked in conjunction with Jürgenson, made over 100,000 recordings which he described as being communications with discarnate people. Some of these recordings were conducted in an RF-screened laboratory and contained words Raudive said were identifiable.[1][7]:352–381 In an attempt to confirm the content of his collection of recordings, Raudive invited listeners to hear and interpret them.[7]:353, 496[8][9][10][11] He believed that the clarity of the voices heard in his recordings implied that they could not be readily explained by normal means.[7]:352–381 Raudive published his first book, Breakthrough: An Amazing Experiment in Electronic Communication with the Dead in 1968 and it was translated into English in 1971.[12]
Spiricom and Frank's Box[edit]
In 1980, William O'Neil constructed an electronic audio device called "The Spiricom". O'Neil claimed the device was built to specifications which he received psychically from George Mueller, a scientist who had died six years previously.[7]:352–381[13] At a Washington, DC press conference on April 6, 1982, O'Neil stated that he was able to hold two-way conversations with spirits through the Spiricom device, and provided the design specifications to researchers for free. However, nobody is known to have replicated the results O'Neil claimed using his own Spiricom devices.[14][15] O'Neil's partner, retired industrialist George Meek, attributed O'Neil's success, and the inability of others to replicate it, to O'Neil's mediumistic abilities forming part of the loop that made the system work.[13][16]
Another electronic device specifically constructed in an attempt to capture EVP is "Frank's Box" or the "Ghost Box", created in 2002 by EVP enthusiast Frank Sumption for supposed real-time communication with the dead. Sumption claims he received his design instructions from the spirit world. The device is described as a combination white noise generator and AM radio receiver modified to sweep back and forth through the AM band selecting split-second snippets of sound. Critics of the device say its effect is subjective and incapable of being replicated, and since it relies on radio noise, any meaningful response a user gets is purely coincidental, or simply the result of pareidolia.[17] Paranormal researcher Ben Radford writes that Frank's Box is a "modern version of the Ouija board... also known as the 'broken radio'".[18]
Modern interest[edit]
In 1982, Sarah Estep founded the American Association of Electronic Voice Phenomena (AA-EVP) in Severna Park, Maryland, a nonprofit organization with the purpose of increasing awareness of EVP, and of teaching standardized methods for capturing it.[19] Estep began her exploration of EVP in 1976, and says she has made hundreds of recordings of messages from deceased friends, relatives, and extraterrestrials whom she speculated originated from other planets or dimensions.[20]
The term Instrumental Trans-Communication (ITC) was coined by Ernst Senkowski in the 1970s to refer more generally to communication through any sort of electronic device such as tape recorders, fax machines, television sets or computers between spirits or other discarnate entities and the living.[13][21] One particularly famous claimed incidence of ITC occurred when the image of EVP enthusiast Friedrich Jürgenson (whose funeral was held that day) was said to have appeared on a television in the home of a colleague, which had been purposefully tuned to a vacant channel.[13] ITC enthusiasts also look at the TV and video camera feedback loop of the Droste effect.[22][23]
In 1979, parapsychologist D. Scott Rogo described an alleged paranormal phenomenon in which people report that they receive simple, brief, and usually single-occurrence telephone calls from spirits of deceased relatives, friends, or strangers.[24] Rosemary Guiley has written "within the parapsychology establishment, Rogo was often faulted for poor scholarship, which, critics said, led to erroneous conclusions."[25]
In 1995, the parapsychologist David Fontana proposed in an article that poltergeists could haunt tape recorders. He speculated that this may have happened to the parapsychologist Maurice Grosse who investigated the Enfield Poltergeist case. However, Tom Flynn a media expert for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry examined Fontana's article and suggested an entirely naturalistic explanation for the phenomena. According to the skeptical investigator Joe Nickell "Occasionally, especially with older tape and under humid conditions, as the tape travels it can adhere to one of the guide posts. When this happens on a deck where both supply and take-up spindles are powered, the tape continues to feed, creating a fold. It was such a loop of tape, Flynn theorizes, that threaded its way amid the works of Grosse's recorder."[26]
In 1997, Imants Barušs, of the Department of Psychology at the University of Western Ontario, conducted a series of experiments using the methods of EVP investigator Konstantin Raudive, and the work of "instrumental transcommunication researcher" Mark Macy, as a guide. A radio was tuned to an empty frequency, and over 81 sessions a total of 60 hours and 11 minutes of recordings were collected. During recordings, a person either sat in silence or attempted to make verbal contact with potential sources of EVP.[13] Barušs stated that he did record several events that sounded like voices, but they were too few and too random to represent viable data and too open to interpretation to be described definitively as EVP. He concluded: "While we did replicate EVP in the weak sense of finding voices on audio tapes, none of the phenomena found in our study was clearly anomalous, let alone attributable to discarnate beings. Hence we have failed to replicate EVP in the strong sense." The findings were published in the Journal of Scientific Exploration in 2001, and include a literature review.[13]
In 2005, the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research published a report by paranormal investigator Alexander MacRae. MacRae conducted recording sessions using a device of his own design that generated EVP.[27] In an attempt to demonstrate that different individuals would interpret EVP in the recordings the same way, MacRae asked seven people to compare some selections to a list of five phrases he provided, and to choose the best match. MacRae said the results of the listening panels indicated that the selections were of paranormal origin.[8][28][29]
Portable digital voice recorders are currently the technology of choice for some EVP investigators. Since some of these devices are very susceptible to Radio Frequency (RF) contamination, EVP enthusiasts sometimes try to record EVP in RF- and sound-screened rooms.[30]
Some EVP enthusiasts describe hearing the words in EVP as an ability, much like learning a new language.[31] Skeptics suggest that the claimed instances may be misinterpretations of natural phenomena, inadvertent influence of the electronic equipment by researchers, or deliberate influencing of the researchers and the equipment by third parties. EVP and ITC are seldom researched within the scientific community, so most research in the field is carried out by amateur researchers who lack training and resources to conduct scientific research, and who are motivated by subjective notions.[13]
Explanations and origins[edit]
Paranormal claims for the origin of EVP include living humans imprinting thoughts directly on an electronic medium through psychokinesis[32] and communication by discarnate entities such as spirits,[33][34] nature energies, beings from other dimensions, or extraterrestrials.[35] Paranormal explanations for EVP generally assume production of EVP by a communicating intelligence through means other than the typical functioning of communication technologies. Natural explanations for reported instances of EVP tend to dispute this assumption explicitly and provide explanations which do not require novel mechanisms that are not based on recognized scientific phenomena.
One study, by psychologist Imants Barušs, was unable to replicate suggested paranormal origins for EVP recorded under controlled conditions.[36] Brian Regal in Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia (2009) has written "A case can be made for the idea that many EVPs are artifacts of the recording process itself with which the operators are unfamiliar. The majority of EVPS have alternative, nonspiritual sources; anomalous ones have no clear proof they are of spiritual origin."[37]
Natural explanations[edit]
There are a number of simple scientific explanations that can account for why some listeners to the static on audio devices may believe they hear voices, including radio interference and the tendency of the human brain to recognize patterns in random stimuli.[38] Some recordings may be hoaxes created by frauds or pranksters.[38]
Psychology and perception[edit]
Auditory pareidolia is a situation created when the brain incorrectly interprets random patterns as being familiar patterns.[39] In the case of EVP it could result in an observer interpreting random noise on an audio recording as being the familiar sound of a human voice.[38][40][41] The propensity for an apparent voice heard in white noise recordings to be in a language understood well by those researching it, rather than in an unfamiliar language, has been cited as evidence of this,[38] and a broad class of phenomena referred to by author Joe Banks as Rorschach Audio has been described as a global explanation for all manifestations of EVP.[42][43][44][45]
Skeptics such as David Federlein, Chris French, Terence Hines and Michael Shermer say that EVP are usually recorded by raising the "noise floor" – the electrical noise created by all electrical devices – in order to create white noise. When this noise is filtered, it can be made to produce noises which sound like speech. Federlein says that this is no different from using a wah pedal on a guitar, which is a focused sweep filter which moves around the spectrum and creates open vowel sounds. This, according to Federlein, sounds exactly like some EVP. This, in combination with such things as cross modulation of radio stations or faulty ground loops can cause the impression of paranormal voices.[6] The human brain evolved to recognize patterns, and if a person listens to enough noise the brain will detect words, even when there is no intelligent source for them.[46][47] Expectation also plays an important part in making people believe they are hearing voices in random noise.[48]
Apophenia is related to, but distinct from pareidolia.[49] Apophenia is defined as "the spontaneous finding of connections or meaning in things which are random, unconnected or meaningless", and has been put forward as a possible explanation.[50] According to the psychologist James Alcock what people hear in EVP recordings can best be explained by apophenia, cross-modulation or expectation and wishful thinking. Alcock concluded "Electronic Voice Phenomena are the products of hope and expectation; the claims wither away under the light of scientific scrutiny."[51]
Interference, for example, is seen in certain EVP recordings, especially those recorded on devices which contain RLC circuitry. These cases represent radio signals of voices or other sounds from broadcast sources.[52] Interference from CB Radio transmissions and wireless baby monitors, or anomalies generated through cross modulation from other electronic devices, are all documented phenomena.[38] It is even possible for circuits to resonate without any internal power source by means of radio reception.[52]
Capture errors are anomalies created by the method used to capture audio signals, such as noise generated through the over-amplification of a signal at the point of recording.[38][53]
Artifacts created during attempts to boost the clarity of an existing recording might explain some EVP. Methods include re-sampling, frequency isolation, and noise reduction or enhancement, which can cause recordings to take on qualities significantly different from those that were present in the original recording.[38][54]
The very first EVP recordings may have originated from the use of tape recording equipment with poorly aligned erasure and recording heads, resulting in the incomplete erasure of previous audio recordings on the tape. This could allow a small percentage of previous content to be superimposed or mixed into a new 'silent' recording.[55][citation needed]
Sporadic meteors and meteor showers[edit]
For all radio transmissions above 30 MHz (which are not reflected by the ionosphere) there is a possibility of meteor reflection of the radio signal.[56] Meteors leave a trail of ionised particles and electrons as they pass through the upper atmosphere (a process called ablation) which reflect transmission radio waves which would usually flow into space.[57] These reflected waves are from transmitters which are below the horizon of the received meteor reflection. In Europe this means the brief scattered wave may carry a foreign voice which can interfere with radio receivers. Meteor reflected radio waves last between 0.05 seconds and 1 second, depending on the size of the meteor.[58]
Organizations that show interest in EVP[edit]
There are a number of organizations dedicated to studying EVP and instrumental transcommunication, or which otherwise express interest in the subject. Individuals within these organizations may participate in investigations, author books or journal articles, deliver presentations, and hold conferences where they share experiences.[59] In addition organizations exist which dispute the validity of the phenomena on scientific grounds.[54]
The Association TransCommunication (ATransC), formerly the American Association of Electronic Voice Phenomena (AA-EVP),[60] and the International Ghost Hunters Society conduct ongoing investigations of EVP and ITC including collecting examples of purported EVP available over the internet.[61] The Rorschach Audio Project, initiated by sound artist Joe Banks,[42][43][62][63] which presents EVP as a product of radio interference combined with auditory pareidolia and the Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Biopsychocybernetics Research, a non-profit organization dedicated to studying anomalous phenomena related to neurophysiological conditions.[64] According to the AA-EVP it is "the only organized group of researchers we know of specializing in the study of ITC".[65]
Parapsychologists and Spiritualists have an ongoing interest in EVP.[66] Many Spiritualists experiment with a variety of techniques for spirit communication which they believe provide evidence of the continuation of life.[67] According to the National Spiritualist Association of Churches, "An important modern day development in mediumship is spirit communications via an electronic device. This is most commonly known as Electronic Voice Phenomena (EVP)".[68] An informal survey by the organization's Department Of Phenomenal Evidence cites that 1/3 of churches conduct sessions in which participants seek to communicate with spirit entities using EVP.[69]
The James Randi Educational Foundation offers a million dollars for proof that any phenomena, including EVP,[54] are caused paranormally.[70]
Cultural impact[edit]
The concept of EVP has influenced popular culture. It is popular as an entertaining pursuit, as in ghost hunting, and as a means of dealing with grief. It has influenced literature, radio, film, television, and music.
Investigation of EVP is the subject of hundreds of regional and national groups and Internet message boards.[71][72] Paranormal investigator John Zaffis claims, "There's been a boom in ghost hunting ever since the Internet took off." Investigators, equipped with electronic gear—like EMF meters, video cameras, and audio recorders—scour reportedly haunted venues, trying to uncover visual and audio evidence of ghosts. Many use portable recording devices in an attempt to capture EVP.[71]
Films involving EVP include Poltergeist, The Sixth Sense, and White Noise.[73]
TV and radio[edit]
It has been featured on television series like Ghost Whisperer, The Omega Factor, A Haunting, Ghost Hunters,[74] MonsterQuest, Ghost Adventures, The Secret Saturdays, Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files, Supernatural, Derren Brown Investigates, Ghost Lab and Buzzfeed Unsolved: Supernatural
- Coast To Coast AM hosts George Noory and Art Bell have explored the topic of EVP with featured guests such as Brendan Cook and Barbara McBeath of the Ghost Investigators Society, and paranormal investigator and 'demonologist' Lou Gentile.[75][76]
- The Spirit of John Lennon was a pay-per-view séance broadcast in 2006, in which TV crew members, a psychic, and an "expert in paranormal activity" claim the spirit of former Beatle John Lennon made contact with them through what was described as "an Electronic Voice Phenomenon (EVP)."[77]
- The Doctor Who episode "Dark Water" features a fictional facility which was allegedly based on this principle.[citation needed]
- The Egyptian series Nasiby w Kesmetk episode 6[citation needed]
Legion, a 1983 novel by William Peter Blatty, contains a subplot where Dr. Vincent Amfortas, a terminally ill neurologist, leaves a "to-be-opened-upon-my-death" letter for Father Dyer detailing his accounts of contact with the dead, including the doctor's recently deceased wife, Ann, through EVP recordings. Amfortas' character and the EVP subplot do not appear in the film version of the novel, The Exorcist III, although in Kinderman's dream dead people are seen trying to communicate with the living by radio.
In Pattern Recognition, a 2003 novel by William Gibson, the main character's mother tries to convince her that her father is communicating with her from recordings after his death/disappearance in the September 11, 2001 attacks.'
Theater and music[edit]
In Nyctivoe a 2001 vampire-inspired play by Dimitris Lyacos the male character as well as his deceased companion are speaking from a recording device amidst a static/white noise background.
In With the people from the bridge, a 2014 play by Dimitris Lyacos based on the idea of the return of the dead, the voice of the female character NCTV is transmitted from a television monitor amidst a static/white noise background.
EVP is the subject of Vyktoria Pratt Keating's song "Disembodied Voices on Tape" from her 2003 album Things that Fall from the Sky, produced by Andrew Giddings of Jethro Tull.
Laurie Anderson's "Example #22", from her 1981 album Big Science, interposes spoken sentences and phrases in German with sung passages in English representing EVP.
During the outro to "Rubber Ring" by The Smiths, a sample from an EVP recording is repeated. The phrase "You are sleeping, you do not want to believe," is a 'translation' of the 'spirit voices' from a 1970s flexitape. The original recording is from the 1971 record which accompanied Raudive's book 'Breakthrough', and which was re-issued as a flexi-disc in the 1980s free with The Unexplained magazine.
Bass Communion's 2004 album Ghosts on Magnetic Tape was inspired by EVP.[78]
The band Giles Corey, founded by Dan Barrett composed a song called 'Empty Churches' which features track 2 called 'Raymond Cass', track 36 called 'Justified Theft' and track 38 called 'Tramping' from the album An Introduction to EVP by The Ghost Orchid which features excerpts from different EVP experiments produced by many researchers, although most are unknown, some have been pointed out to be more known researchers who studied EVP recordings including Friedrich Jurgenson, Raymond Cass and Konstantin Raudive.
In 2017 in Poland was published music cd Katharsis (A Small Victory) of Teatr Tworzenia by Jarosław Pijarowski with background recorded used EVP recordings (second track - "Katharsis – Pandemonium").
See also[edit]
- Parapsychology
- Mediumship
- Speech synthesis
- Speech recognition
- Backward message
- Ghost hunting
- Reverse speech
- Auditory hallucination
- List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
- Pattern recognition
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- ^ " "About the NSAC Churches". National Spiritualist Association of Churches. 2005-11-29. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
- ^ James Randi Educational Foundation offer page
- ^ a b Schlesinger, Victoria (2005-03-10). "Ghost hunters in search of the paranormal". AZCentral.com. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
- ^ " Appleton, Roy (2006-10-28). "Paranormal investigators not afraid to scare up some ghosts". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
- ^ " "Long awaited movie White Noise - A major disappointment". Lone Star Spirits.com. Spring 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Ghost Hunters Episodes". SciFi.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- ^ Noory, George (2006-04-02). "Demonology & EVPs". Coast to Coast AM. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- ^ Bell, Art (2006-04-15). "Recorded Spirit Communications". Coast to Coast AM. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- ^ "TV psychics claim Lennon contact". BBC News. 2006-04-25. Archived from the original on 2006-06-22. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-08-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)


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Title 31: Money and Finance: Treasury
§594.503 Exclusion from licenses and other authorizations.
The Director of the Office of Foreign Assets Control reserves the right to exclude any person, property, or transaction from the operation of any license or from the privileges conferred by any license. The Director of the Office of Foreign Assets Control also reserves the right to restrict the applicability of any license to particular persons, property, transactions, or classes thereof. Such actions are binding upon all persons receiving actual or constructive notice of the exclusions or restrictions.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hi beecee,
Belated WELCOME TO CARE CURE!! Glad you found us but as we say wish you didn't have to find us. You've come to the right place for help & morale support.There are a lot of great folks that post on this site including the Great SCI NURSES, the FORUM Moderators & OUR GREAT FOUNDER DR. WISE YOUNG from Rutgers University.You can also post questions etc to them also & they will answer you.
I sent you a Friend Request to be my friend here on Care Cure. Hope you will accept my invitation.
Please finish filling out your profile so that if others check it they will know whether you have a Spinal Cord Injury/Disease or not.
Thanks beecee!!
Oldsmar, Fl
Senior Member


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This is a Great Designer Option for 9 Square Meter two Side Open Exhibition Stall provided on hire basis. Variation of EC-332S-2 combo in different print option.
Design Inclusion:
– Structure Construction as per Design.
– Display section as per Design
– Branding Panel as Per Design
– Printing Panel as per Artworks
– Furniture as per design and as per requirement
– Designer Reception as per Design


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South Dakota Post-Licensing COURSE
Commercial Ethics
A solid ethical foundation is an essential part of any good business practice. That's why the National Association of REALTORS® asks its members to follow its Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. Updated regularly, this Code was first adopted in 1913 and consists of 17 Articles along with supporting Standards of Practice.
The Commercial Ethics course reviews each Article, highlighting pertinent changes, and offers important takeaway points you can apply to your day-to-day business dealings. After all, most ethical issues aren't black or white. Understanding and applying the Code of Ethics to your commercial real estate practice can help you navigate these areas of uncertainty and make the smart decision for your client and your business.
Course highlights include:
- A review of recent revisions and additions to the Code of Ethics
- Tips for applying the Code's principles and guidelines to your commercial real estate practice
- A discussion on the benefits of mediation
- Commercial-specific examples and activities to illustrate the practical application of the new information and frame it in everyday context
*This course meets the REALTORS® Code of Ethics Training Requirement. You will need to confirm with your local REALTOR association if they will accept it.


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Search News
IDB launches Superheroes of Development contest to recognize executing agencies
March 04, 2019
In its second edition, the call for proposals will be open from March 4th to May 17th, 2019. The Superheroes of Development Award will recognize executing agencies of IDB-financed projects that have successfully addressed challenges during its implementation. The contest will identify eight finalists from across Latin America and the Caribbean who will travel to IDB's Headquarters in Washington, D.C. to present their solutions.
IDB to join new Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator to facilitate $1bn of investments
August 09, 2018
Backed by 26 Caribbean governments and the private sector, the Accelerator will fast-track investments which support climate action and economic growth The Inter-American Development Bank announced today that it will partner with the Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator to program and implement the additional $1 billion in funds that it pledged for climate smart-investments across the Caribbean region at the Paris One Planet summit on December 12, 2017.


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It's important to perform regular lawn mower maintenance to ensure your machine is running well when you need it. Follow these simple steps for replacing walk-behind mower parts and performing push mower maintenance to help extend the life of your mower.
Depending on your model, the instructions below may vary slightly. If while performing lawn mower maintenance you find there are any safety features missing or broken, you should take the mower to an Authorized Service Center. For more detailed instructional videos on specific repairs, please see our how-to and video libraries. Also, have a pad and paper handy so you can note any walk-behind mower parts you need to order. It's important to purchase the Original Equipment Manufacturer's mower parts so your machine continues to run smoothly and safely. Other walk-behind mower parts can wear out more quickly or cause damage to the mower or its operator.
To begin, place the mower on a flat, level surface.
Then, disconnect the spark plug wire to avoid unintentional starting.
One of the walk-behind mower parts you may need to replace is your spark plug. Check it every 100 hours or prior to storing and pay attention to the numbers on the old plug so you can order the right replacement. Damaged or worn plugs can decrease fuel efficiency, power output and increase carbon build-up. Plus, using a spark plug with the wrong specifications can damage your engine.
You should change your lawn mower's oil every 50 hours and prior to storing the machine in the fall. It is important to change your engine oil because heat and friction break down the oils' ability to lubricate moving parts and removes worn particles from the engine. If you don't change your lawn mower's oil, you could cause the engine to wear prematurely. To drain the oil, use one of three methods:
The drain plug, if your push mower has this feature.
The Arnold Siphon Pump for mowers without a drain plug.
Tilt the mower and drain the oil through the dipstick tube if the above options aren't available. When you change lawn motor oil with this method, ALWAYS tilt the mower so the air filter is facing up.
Refer to your operator's manual for the type and amount of oil needed to refill. Remember, overfilling can be as harmful as under-filling.
The air filter should be replaced during lawn mower maintenance performed after every 100 hours of use. As dirt accumulates in air filters, it can choke out the engine, robbing it of power and causing abnormal fuel use. Dispose of the dirty air filter and add a new air filter to the list of walk-behind mower parts you need to order. You may want to order commonly replaced walk-behind mower parts like this ahead of time so you can have them on hand when you need them.
If your mower is equipped with a pre-filter, clean it with liquid detergent and water. Thoroughly dry it before reinstalling. Never operate your mower without a proper fitting air filter to avoid dirt or grass in your engine.
Difficulty starting the engine is a common problem often caused by faulty fuel. With today's emissions standards, small, air cooled engines cannot tolerate untreated fuel that has been sitting in a gas can for over 30 days or fuel with more than 10% ethanol. To prevent these problems, add a fuel stabilizer to your gas can every time you refill it. Fuel stabilizers help to keep fuel combustibility levels up to specifications so you can use it for more than 30 days.
Dull or worn mower blades are harmful to your lawn. They tear the blades of grass, making it susceptible to disease and causing it to appear brown. If the mower blade is chipped, bent or damaged - replace it. Running a mower with a bent blade can cause excess vibration and unsafe mowing conditions. Replacement mower blades, the blade removal tool and the balancer/sharpener kit are available through our Part Finder.
If your mower is self-propelled, check the self-propel drive belt for wear or damage and replace it if necessary. If you need to replace it, write down the part number and order genuine factory lawn mower belts from MTD Parts. These walk-behind mower parts are designed specifically for your machine's pulley system and torque needs. Non-original belts may not set in the pulley properly or they may stretch, causing premature wear and replacement. It's also a good idea to clean any debris build-up from the underside of the deck as you perform lawn mower maintenance.
Check the trail shield at the back of the mower for wear or damage during lawn mower maintenance. If this or any other safety feature is not functioning properly, immediately take your mower to an authorized service center. A service locator can be found on your mowers brand's website.
Check your lawn mower's grass catcher for wear or damage. If there are holes or tears, operating the product could be very dangerous.
Remove grass or debris from the discharge chute and mulching plug.
Check your drive wheels for excessive wear or damage.
Inspect the cables for the drive, operator presence bar, speed control and throttle. Look for fraying at the ends or kinks and possible cracks where the handle bars fold down for storage. Any needed service should be performed by an authorized service center.
Once all of the necessary parts have been replaced, check to make sure all fasteners are tight.
Wipe up any fuel or oil spilled during the repair and reconnect the spark plug wire.
Last, fill the fuel tank with FRESH fuel and start the mower. Try to purchase fuel with the lowest amount of ethanol possible as ethanol attracts water and water corrupts an engines fuel system. Don't forget to add fuel stabilizer!
Be aware, sometimes after being tilted on its side the engine will smoke on startup. This should stop after a short period of run time. Now, you are good to go!


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Drought causes lower water levels in Illinois River
Latest monitor shows worse conditions in northwest Arkansas
The heat is causing more than just sweat. According to the National Weather Service in Little Rock, Ark., many parts of northwest Arkansas are experiencing dry conditions.
The Illinois River looks pretty normal at first glance, but several business owners in the area said the water levels are a lot lower than usual.
The latest Arkansas drought monitor shows some parts of Arkansas have worsened in drought conditions. This includes counties in the northern part of the state such as Washington and Benton counties. Some areas are under moderate to severe drought conditions.
What does this mean for businesses along the river?
"When the water levels are low, floaters have to drag their rafts down the river, which creates more work for them and if the water is too low, the river doesn't flow as strong, which will slow down floaters' boat rides," said Donna McReynolds, a campground owner.


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Obama seems determined to push ahead, despite the fears of some Democrats.
The White House appears to be moving full-speed ahead on an executive order that would provide widespread protection to illegal immigrants from deportation, Republicans—and maybe some Democrats—be damned.
Those close to the process expect an order in the first few weeks of September—and expect it, in the words of one immigration advocate, to be "significant."
White House aides stress that nothing has been finalized. Yet the administration's posture has been one of anticipating—even inviting—a highly public confrontation with Republicans over the issue. And while the concerns of vulnerable Senate Democrats in key races are being taken into account, they don't seem to be persuading the White House to deviate from its course—suggesting that the matter is viewed less in terms of the politics of the moment and more in terms of President Obama's long-term liberal legacy.
"Have no doubt, in the absence of congressional action, I'm going to do what I can to make sure the system works better," Obama told reporters at the White House on Thursday.
Even as the ultimate scope of the order remains unclear, Obama is in a position where he almost has to go big, because no matter what he does, it will be construed that way by the GOP. Already, this week, Republican Sen. Marco Rubio of Florida, among others, has suggested that the order could fuel a showdown over funding the government at the end of the month. Another lawsuit, too, is nearly inevitable.
Obama's aides have been anticipating this response almost since the end of June, when the president first pledged to act on the issue in the face of a paralyzed Congress. At a breakfast with reporters last month, Dan Pfeiffer, a top adviser, seemed to relish the idea of a GOP freak-out, saying he was certain the president's order would provoke an "aggressive" response. And this week White House press secretary Josh Earnest has been dismissive of Republican threats.
All of it is rooted in the belief that painting Republicans as extremists willing to shut down the government (or impeach the president) over the issue helps both Obama and midterm Democratic candidates. But that view isn't universal.
"There is growing concern about the issue creeping into '14 in a bad way," says one Democratic strategist. "No question where the long-term advantage lies, but right now, in an ugly year, it's raising an uglier head."
Nervous Senate Democrats such as Kay Hagan of North Carolina, Mark Pryor of Arkansas, and Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire in recent days have urged Obama to go slow. "Sen. Shaheen believes Congress must address our broken immigration system with a comprehensive fix and would not support a piecemeal approach issued by executive order," says Shaheen spokesman Shripal Shah.
New Hampshire has been one state where the immigration issue—brought to a head by the border crisis earlier this summer—is being credited for narrowing the gap between Shaheen and her likely challenger in the fall, former Sen. Scott Brown. A recent poll showed Shaheen's lead over Brown, once in double digits, to be crumbling. Brown, more than most candidates, has been hitting the executive-authority issue hard. "Immigration has been a top-tier issue in New Hampshire for years," says Jeb Bradley, a former GOP congressman in the state.
Shaheen's particular problem is that she supported both the comprehensive reform bill passed last year that died in the House and backed Obama's unilateral move in 2012 to provide deportation relief to so-called "dreamers"—children brought across the border by undocumented parents. Any criticism now can be framed as backtracking. Other at-risk Democrats such as Hagan and Pryor also supported the reform measure.
Moreover, once it became clear that the House wasn't going to act on the Senate bill, high-profile Senate leaders such as Chuck Schumer of New York called for Obama to act on his own. Schumer's office said that he hasn't shifted from that stance and has not asked the White House to delay the order until after the midterms.
Indeed, there's a school of thought that if Obama waits until after the midterms to act, he may be doing so in advance of a Republican Senate that will dedicate itself to rolling back the order. Doing it now at least affords the possibility that the ensuing controversy will galvanize base voters and ward off a handover of the chamber to the GOP.
Unfortunately for Democratic incumbents, however, the map affords them very little opportunity to use the issue to drive Hispanic turnout. The only state where it could conceivably make a positive difference is in Colorado, where Sen. Mark Udall is matched up in a tight race with Rep. Cory Gardner.
Otherwise, it's more than possible in states such as Arkansas, Michigan, New Hampshire, and North Carolina that Obama's order will feed the Republican narrative of an out-of-control chief executive, perhaps serving as the wedge issue that puts the GOP candidates there over the top. The National Republican Senatorial Committee points to polls that show that a majority of independents who favor legislative reform oppose unilateral action.
Compounding the issue from a messaging standpoint is that Obama spent much of the first part of the year talking about how he lacked the power to make bold moves to reshape the nation's immigration system. Those words will certainly be used against Obama and Democratic candidates in GOP campaigns.
But the White House appears to not be overly concerned about any of this—and that's in line with its approach to the midterms to date. While the president has been a voracious fundraiser for the party, he hasn't held back from pursuing what might be called legacy issues—even if those actions might harm moderate Democrats. (A similar view helped cost Democrats the House in 2010.)
Immigration is one example. Another is climate change. The administration's proposed limits on coal-fired power plants were released this summer, much to the consternation of Sen. Mary Landrieu, fighting for her survival in energy-producing Louisiana. And the administration is pursuing a global climate agreement that could be executed without congressional approval, another action likely to feed that building GOP narrative. Nor has the administration shown any inclination to approve the Keystone XL pipeline, which would at least give someone like Landrieu a positive talking point.
The long-term political view is that granting widespread deportation relief will accrue to the Democrats' advantage in 2016, helping to ensure that the Obama Coalition doesn't fray, the president is succeeded by a Democrat who will safeguard his signature accomplishments, and the Senate, if lost, is regained. "This will be a generational-defining move," says Frank Sharry, president of America's Voice, which has been lobbying for a dramatic executive order.
If some eggs are broken along the way, so be it.
Alex Roarty contributed to this article.
(Image via spirit of america/Shutterstock.com)


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Negative stereotypes of patients with mental illness have a long history in Hollywood. Inaccurate portrayals have an important and underestimated negative effect on the perception of people with mental disorders--by the public, legislators, families and patients themselves. In this update of a 1991 presentation given by Glenn Gabbard, M.D., Irving Schneider, M.D., and myself, I will review some of the common stereotypes seen in film and television and discuss several recent films that perpetuate such myths.
Homicidal Maniac
This stereotype dates back to early one-reel films. Several years before his famous Birth of a Nation (1915), D. W. Griffith gave the American public The Maniac Cook (1909). In this film, Griffith introduced the stereotype of the "deranged" mental patient who is dangerously violent and requires incarceration lest he or she wreak havoc upon society. Later versions of this stereotype can be found in the genre of horror films that first appeared in the 1960s, such as Psycho (1960), Halloween (1978) and the Friday the 13th series (1980 and later), and continue to the present. Recently, several popular films that reinforce this stereotype have appeared. Silence of the Lambs (1991) brought to the screen the character of Hannibal Lecter, the homicidal psychiatrist who killed his victims and, in one case, ate his liver "with some fava beans and a nice Chianti."
Other recent films of this genre include American Psycho (2000), adapted from the controversial book of the same name by Bret Easton Ellis. Christian Bale plays Patrick Bateman, the ultimate yuppie homicidal maniac. The film never resolves whether the character is actually committing the gruesome murders or whether they exist solely in his imagination. In any event, the title and the message are that psychosis is equivalent to homicidal mania. Summer of Sam (1999), directed by Spike Lee, tells the story of the summer of 1977, when all of New York City was paralyzed with fear by the Son of Sam, David Berkowitz. The murders are depicted in chilling detail, and there are vivid demonstrations of the protagonist in the throes of his psychosis, howling at the moon and wrecking his room. There were many other films of this genre, including The Bone Collector (1999) and Primal Fear (1996).
In actuality (with certain exceptions, e.g., substance-induced psychoses), individuals with mental disorders are not more likely to commit violent crimes than is the general population. Hollywood's equating mental illness with violence reinforces stereotypes that commonly appear as tabloid-press headlines that focus on the violent acts of the few individuals who have mental disorders. What is likely to be the cumulative effect on audiences who see the mental patient frequently depicted as a homicidal maniac? Are viewers likely to be sympathetic to people with mental illness or to welcome warmly (or even with a neutral reaction) psychiatric halfway houses or day-treatment centers in their community? What effect might the perception of mental illness as akin to demonic possession, as per The Exorcist (1973), have on legislators who vote whether to allocate limited funds for mental health research? If the equation is that Mad = Bad, is it any surprise that incarceration in correctional facilities in the United States is at the highest level in history, while the census in mental facilities is at an all-time low?
Narcissistic Parasite
The stereotype of mental patients as self-centered attention-seekers involved in a narcissistic relationship with their therapists has been popularized in many Woody Allen films (e.g., Annie Hall [1977]), as well as in Lovesick (1983), Love at First Bite (1979) and Mel Brooks' High Anxiety (1978). In Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986), there is even a psychoanalyst, Dr. Von Zimmer, who treats neurotic canines. Although not as overtly noxious as the homicidal maniac, this stereotype serves to stigmatize actual patients by ridiculing them and trivializing their problems. This stigma makes it unlikely that patients will reveal to others their positive experiences with psychiatric treatment.
A new stereotype that has appeared in the past few years is a hybrid of these two stereotypes. It combines features of both of them to coalesce into what I will name "Mob Boss with Anxiety Disorder." This is typified in Robert De Niro's portrayal of Paul Vitti, a patient being treated by Billy Crystal's Dr. Ben Sobel in the films Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002). This character is so dependent on the utterances of Dr. Sobel that he parrots back to him all the psychobabble he is offered and demonstrates the veracity of the doctor's interpretations. The Tony Soprano character (played by James Gandolfini) in the critically acclaimed HBO television series The Sopranos is another example. Whether accidentally or deliberately, these shows both present highly neurotic organized crime overlords who suffer from panic attacks and who are in therapy (and on medication) for their symptoms. Why this characterization has been so wildly popular is difficult to determine. Perhaps the fish-out-of-water characterization of the macho mob boss suffering from the same neurotic symptoms as the rest of the population makes them warmer and cuddlier and less threatening and dangerous, alleviating our fears. While we may be entertained by these characterizations, it is important not to lose sight of their clinical implications. What effect might these stereotypes have on executives of a medical insurance company, health maintenance organization or managed care company who make decisions about coverage of psychiatric outpatient treatment and determine reimbursement rates for such treatments? Might not the trivialization of the difficulties faced by people with genuine mental disorders influence insurance executives to decide that company employees might be better served by offering dental coverage rather than outpatient mental health coverage?
Female Patient as Seductress
The stereotype of the female patient as a seductress--a nymphomaniac of mythic proportions--appeared in the films Spellbound (1945), The Caretakers (1963), Lilith (1964) and Dressed to Kill (1980). A recent film character illustrating this stereotype is Lisa Rowe (played by Angelina Jolie) in Girl, Interrupted (1999). In one scene, Lisa casually mentions that she has had sex with several of her previous therapists. This certainly reinforces the stereotype of male therapists acting out their own countertransferential impulses by sleeping with their attractive female patients. Imagine the possible effect of the stereotype of the female mental patient as seductress on a woman with genuine emotional problems or a past history of abuse who is grappling with the issue of whether she should consult a psychiatrist. Might she postpone or decide against seeking help for a clinically significant depression, anxiety disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder?


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California will seek to reduce inmates' sentences while increasing its use of private prisons to meet a court-ordered population cap by the end of the year, under a plan Gov. Jerry Brown filed late Thursday.
The plan calls for increasing early release credits for inmates and freeing elderly and incapacitated prisoners, while slowing the return of thousands of inmates who are being held in private prisons in other states.
The Democratic governor intends to seek a delay of those steps while he appeals the ruling on overcrowding, which already has been upheld once by the U.S. Supreme Court.
He filed the plan after federal judges last month threatened to cite him for contempt it they find he is not following their previous order to cut the number of inmates.
The state already is sentencing thousands of lower-level offenders to county jails instead of prison, and Brown argues that he can't do more without endangering public safety.
California needs to shed another 9,300 state inmates after the judges ruled that greatly reducing the prison population is the most effective way to improve medical and mental health care for inmates. Current treatment has been ruled unconstitutional.
Options in the state plan include:
- Granting more early release or "good time" credits to inmates, including second-strike inmates who have serious prior convictions.
- Releasing elderly and medically incapacitated inmates who are deemed unlikely to commit new crimes.
- Increasing the use of drug treatment centers.
- Paying to house more inmates at private prisons within California.
- Slowing the return of the 8,400 inmates who are being housed in private prisons in three other states at an annual cost of about $300 million.
- Adding space for 1,700 sick and mentally ill inmates when a new $1 billion treatment facility opens in Stockton this summer.
- Freeing a projected 900 inmates because voters in November softened the state's tough three-strikes lifetime sentencing law for career criminals. Proposition 36 changed the law to require that the third strike be a violent or serious felony and lets third-strikers with lesser offenses apply for shorter sentences. The administration argued against a proposal to release about 2,800 eligible inmates without a court hearing.
The administration argued against many of the proposals even as it presented the options to the court in a series of legal filings.
Under the court order, the state must reduce the population in its 33 adult prisons to about 110,000 inmates by year's end.
The population already has been reduced by about 25,000 inmates under a two-year-old law that is sending felons convicted of what are deemed to be non-serious, non-violent and non-sexual offenses to county jails instead of state prisons.
Brown argues that most of the less serious offenders already have been filtered out of the state prison system. He also says the state can no longer afford to provide "gold plate" prisons at the expense of schools and other social services.
The federal judges ruled that the state can reduce the prison population by about another 8 percent without increasing crime. Absent a stay of the order, Brown will have to begin moving immediately.
"They could provide increased good-time credits and modestly shorten the terms of people without any effect on public safety at all," said Don Specter, director of the nonprofit Prison Law Office, which filed a lawsuit over prison crowding.
Below is the plan and a timeline of events that led to Thursday's filing:
California's response to court order requiring list of proposed population reduction measures; court ordere...
- California's prison population reached an all time high of 173,429 inmates. That was twice the number of inmates the system was designed to hold. California's Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) refers to this as "202 percent of design capacity."
- CDCR converted gyms and day rooms to dormitories with double- and triple-bunks.
- Attorneys for inmates in two class-action lawsuits that ordered improvements to medical and mental healthcare asked the U.S. District Court of Northern California to consider whether to cap the population. Overcrowding, they argued, thwarted efforts to ensure inmates get adequate healthcare.
- Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in the prisons and ordered the immediate transfer of inmates to other states. California has transferred more than 8,000 prisoners.
- The U.S. District Court of Northern California granted the motion to convene a three-judge court that would examine prison conditions.
- In an effort to prevent judges from imposing a population cap, California lawmakers enacted Assembly Bill 900. The measure allocated $7 billion to expand prison capacity by 40,000 beds, but only a fraction of funds got released.
- The three-judge court held a two-week trial in San Francisco on whether overcrowding is the primary reason why inmates lack access to care.
- The judges ruled that overcrowding was the primary reason inmates lacked adequate mental and medical care.
- The federal judges ordered California to reduce the prison population to 137.5 percent of design capacity — a reduction of 40,000 inmates — within two years.
- California officials appealed the ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court.
- The prison population cap order was stayed during the appeals process.
- The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the prison population reduction order. The District Court reinstated its order for California to reduce the inmate population.
- California's legislature enacted the AB109 Realignment Law, which diverted certain low-level felons and parole violators to counties. The law took effect in October.
- Realignment reduced the state prison population by 25,000 inmates.
- In January, Governor Jerry Brown declared the prison crowding crisis over and filed a motion to vacate the population cap. Inmates, he said, were getting "gold-plated" healthcare at current population levels.
- In April, the court rejected the motion and ordered state officials to submit and begin implementing a detailed plan by May 2 on how the state will reduce the prison population by 9,500 more inmates by the end of the year. If the state fails to meet the population cap by then, the federal court may order the early release of those inmates.
- Judges gave California 100 days to design a system for deciding which inmates pose little threat to the public if they were to be released early.
As of April 24th, California's prisons held 119,506 inmates. The prisons are at 149.5 percent of design capacity.


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Mahtomedi, Minn.
Judge Donovan Frank was just an average student at his Spring Valley, Minn., high school in 1969, and back then average meant college wasn't necessarily in the picture. His guidance counselor even recommended Donovan choose vocational school instead of college.
Luckily, his parents placed a very high value on education, and Donovan enrolled at Luther, graduating in 1973—magna cum laude—with a political science major. He then studied law at Hamline Law School and received a juris doctorate—magna cum laude—in 1977, graduating third in his class.
Donovan began his legal career in northern Minnesota, serving eight years as the assistant St. Louis County attorney. In 1985 he was appointed to the state district court bench and served as the chief judge of the sixteen-judge Sixth Judicial District from 1991 to 1996, earning the respect of colleagues and staff members along the way. In 1998 Judge Frank was appointed as federal district judge, United States District Court in Minnesota, and is chambered in St. Paul.
According to Judge Frank, "There's no such thing as a small case or an unimportant case to a citizen or a litigant. Citizens want equal access and treatment and need to be treated with dignity and respect."
He has an impressive judicial record. In Judge Frank's many years of service in the state judicial system, not a single decision was reversed on appeal to the state Supreme Court. In addition to his prudent judgment, excellent analysis, good common sense, and integrity, Judge Frank is known for his strong sense of community, friendliness, and approachability.
In 1996 he was named Trial Judge of the Year by the Minnesota Conference of Chief Judges; in 2006 he received the Elaine R. "Boots" Fisher Award at the annual Federal Bar Association Convention for his outstanding public service and dedication to diversity in the legal community. He has served as an adjunct professor at William Mitchell College of Law and a judicial faculty member for Minnesota Supreme Court continuing education. Over the years, Judge Frank has worked on numerous task forces and committees dedicated to diversity awareness, disability issues, drug education programs, and domestic abuse issues, including the "Open Doors to Federal Courts" program, which has the goal of communicating the significance of the Bill of Rights to high school juniors and seniors. Judge Frank is currently serves as the 2010-11 resident of the Minnesota Chapter of the Federal Bar Association and as Chair of the National Federal Bar Association's Diversity Committee.
Judge Frank explains, "I like to work and I like making a difference. I like having as my guide the public interest and the interest of justice."
Judge Donovan Frank is married to Luther alumna Kathy (Jacobson) Frank '74; they have 5 daughters.


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187 Search Results
Access Disability Project - CYCD
Centre for Youth and Community Development94 - 106 Leagrave RoadLutonBedfordshireLU4 8HZ
Access Disability Project (ADP) aims to change negative attitudes towards disability within the South Asian Communities by focusing on each young person's abilities, by giving them opportunities to develop to their full potential and by demonstrating that each child or young person is valued.
Acorn Day Nursery
2 Roman RoadLutonBedfordshireLU3 2QT
Age range: 3 months to five years oldNumber of current vacant places: Under 1 year: five morning and six afternoon sessions1 to 2 years old: four morning and four afternoon sessions3 to 5 years old: six morning and nine afternoon sessionsDate of update: March 2019Why…
Activities for children with additional needs or disabilities
There are many activity providers in Luton who run events and trips for children and young people who have additional needs or disabilities. Sometimes these types of events and trips are referred to as Short breaks & activities. At the bottom of this page there is…
Aliesha Catherine Kemp
34 Dordans RoadLutonBedsLU4 9BS
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Autism Bedfordshire
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Autism Bedfordshire is an independent charity providing information, advice, emotional and practical support to individuals with Autistic Spectrum Conditions, (A.S.C.) their parents/carers, families and associated professionals throughout Bedfordshire and Luton. Information, Advice and Carer Support Telephone helpline Information packs Newsletter Website Library…
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The world has lost a tireless champion in the war against HIV/AIDS and other health concerns in the Black community. On March 24, 2011, Mark Colomb, Ph.D., founder and CEO of My Brother's Keeper, a national organization devoted to reducing health disparities in Black America, passed away at his home in Ridgeland, Mississippi. He was 45 years old.
Dr. Colomb was a lifelong southerner. Born in Lafayette, La., when others left the South for the North and/or West, contributing to the brain drain in the region, Dr. Colomb chose to stay and help build public-health innovations that were imitated across the country.
Dr. Colomb held academic positions at Jackson State University and Tougaloo College and was a lifetime member of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. He brought all of his education, innumerable skills and passion to his more than two decades of work serving the Black community.
His professional dedication to improving the lives of others began as a graduate assistant with the Jackson State University National Alumni AIDS Prevention Project in 1988. After receiving his master's degree in 1992, he began working at the Mississippi State Department of Health, Division of STD/HIV, where he served as a division branch director until 1999. Over the next four years he worked at Jackson State University as director of the Mississippi Urban Research Center, otherwise known as MURC, where he served as project director/principal investigator for 13 federally- and state-funded projects.
Through this work, Mark was able to secure more than $9 million in grant money -- the largest of 12 five-year national awards from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- in 2000. The much-needed funds put Jackson State University on the map as a premier HIV/AIDS-prevention training agency.
He did this while helping to lead four regional organizations tasked with providing HIV/AIDS prevention training to African American community-based organizations throughout the U.S. and its territories.
Under his leadership, MURC became one of the founding members of National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day, an HIV/AIDS testing and treatment community-mobilization initiative.
On a policy level, Dr. Colomb played an integral role in shaping state and national HIV/AIDS legislation on behalf of Black America, through his work with a variety of constituents -- from grassroots advocacy groups to national legislative bodies. Through a consultation with the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, the federal agency was able to establish the Minority AIDS Initiative (MAI) in 1997. MAI provides critical resources to enhance and increase minority access to lifesaving HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment services.
And although he retired from Jackson State University in 2003, Dr. Colomb's advocacy work was far from over. Next he set his sights on helping to reduce health disparities in minority populations -- particularly Black men who have sex with men -- through the promotion of better health habits and an overall commitment to well-being.
As president and chief executive officer of My Brother's Keeper, Inc., a nonprofit organization based in Ridgeland, Miss, and with offices in Jackson, Miss., and Atlanta, Ga., Dr. Colomb petitioned for funding from national organizations to conduct HIV/AIDS, heart disease, obesity, breast, cervical and prostate cancer, and childhood lead poisoning prevention education and services projects locally and nationally.
Most recently, Dr. Colomb was a founding member of the National Black Gay Men's Advocacy Coalition (NBGMAC), a Washington, D.C.,-based organization that recommends and advocates for sound HIV/AIDS policy on the behalf of Black men who have sex with men (MSM).
"Mark was a driving force behind the Black community's mobilization around HIV/AIDS in the U.S. His death has dealt a devastating blow," says Phill Wilson, president and CEO of the Black AIDS Institute. "Mark was a visionary leader and talented researcher. He was among a very small group of openly gay men working in the rural south. His death is a tremendous loss to the AIDS movement, particularly among Black gay men."
Donations to "My Brother's Keeper" in Dr. Colomb's name can be mailed to My Brother's Keeper, 404 Orchard Park Ridgeland, Miss., 39157-5160.


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Opel has unveiled its new Astra OPC known as the Vauxhall VXR in some markets. OPC stands for Opel Performance Centre and is the Euro brand's in-house tuning division so this is the hottest Astra in the range.
The performance hatch is powered by a 2.0 litre turbocharged engine producing a huge 206 kW of power and 400 Nm of torque. These figures make it the most powerful Astra ever built and allow it a top speed of 250 km/h.
The large dose of power is sent exclusively to the front wheels through a six-speed manual transmission. To help the hot hatch put that grunt to ground there's a mechanical limited-slip differential on the front axle. The front suspension is a version of Opel's 'High Performance Strut' suspension package and the car also comes with Opel's adaptive suspension system FlexRide which includes a sports setting.
Visually the VXR is distinguished over its lesser kin by an aggressive body kit that includes aerodynamic front and rear bumpers, deep side skirting and a hatch spoiler. There's also integrated dual exhaust outlets and XL-size alloy rims. Continue reading "Opel Astra OPC hot hatch debuts in Europe" »


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The Luminizer
theBalm The Luminizer is a highlighter that retails for $24.00 and contains 0.3 oz. ($80.00 per ounce). There are 3 shades in our database, which you can select from in the View a Shade dropdown menu below or jump to these sections: Review, or Description.
The average rating based on all reviewed shade(s) in this formula is shown below.
Meet Mary-Lou Manizer, a seemingly innocent honey-hued luminizer that catches everybody's eye. This highlighter, shadow and shimmer diffuses light so your skin looks softer and younger while adding a subtle glow.
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Reader Reviews
Based on 10 Reviews, 57 Quick Reviews
The Good: Blendable (34), Great Value (33), Smooth (31), Easy To Apply (29), Long-wearing (23), Buttery (22), Travel-friendly (10), Creamy (7)
The In-Between: Luminous (39), Highly Pigmented (32), Buildable (23), Natural (10), Sheer (2)
The Bad: Emphasizes Pores (5), Powdery (3), Chalky (1), Hard To Apply (1), Hard To Blend (1)
10 Written Reviews
By Clara 2 years ago.
True to its reputation. Very creamy, pigmented blendable and long-wearing. Maybe not the most metallic and blinding highlighter, but you can still get a damn good glow with this. It is very easy to apply and shows up on skin beautifully. The texture is very very creamy and buildable, so you can wearit on an every-day basis if you keep a very light hand. My favourite to this day, even compared to all the new launches in the past few years. Only draw-back : breaks VERY easily (talking from experience here!) so i strongly recommend to NOT travel with it but keep it on your vanity. Also, i've been using it regularly for 3 years now, can barely even see a dent in it!
By Heather 3 years ago.
I really classic champagne highlighter shade, great for fair skintones. Can be a little intense and sparkly at times, but if you use a light hand it looks really nice. Perfect highlighter for beginners, and there's a lot of product in the pan. I usually don't use the mirrors in compacts, but for highlight I do so that I can do it by a window in natural light, making the large mirror in this highlight very useful.
By Kjellsea 4 years ago.
By far my favorite highlighter! The pigmentation is fantastic and beautifully blendable. It suits my skin so well and I almost always use it under my brow bone and the inner corner of my eyes, in addition to the highlighter in my contouring routine. This is one of my all time favorite products.
By Sasha 5 years ago.
My favorite highlighter! It's all glow, no gold streaks or heavy glitter. You just need a tiny bit of this to get a fabulous glow and with the amount of product you get, it's going to last forever. It can get heavy if not applied with caution! Can also be used to turn any matte shade into a shimmery shade.
By Emma 6 years ago.
This is the most highly pigmented highlighter I've ever used. You barely need to use any in order to get a beautiful golden glow to the face.The pan is also large so you really are getting good value for money, too! I have very pale skin, and although this product is very pigmented it still suits me where other tinted highlighters can make my face look dirty.
By Rad 6 years ago.
The colour of this highliter is a light gold, so if like me you have indian/ asian skin, it may look a little too bright so I recommend using this sparingly. The product is highly pigmented and with the right brush, it blends out beautifully to give a really nice soft finish. In fact, it gives a nice dewy glow that most highlighters (even expensive ones) don't give. Its such a great value product too as you get quite a lot product and the price is very affordable. I wish this would come in more colours because I really do consider this product as one of my favourites.
By Mariella 7 years ago.
This has become my favourite highlighter of all time. I've set aside far more pricey products like Guerlain in favour of this. I applies beautifully and you can take it anywhere from very subtle to a far more "full on" look if you want (not my style at all but if you club a lot or go to a lot of "events", it's perfect). This also doubles as an eye shadow or eye brow highlighter. And the price is had to beat too. Great packaging, with a mirror - something you don't get with some higher end highlighters.
By Katrina 7 years ago.
I've never had a highlighter look so greasy on me! I have extremely dry skin, so it was a shock for me to see what looked like oil after applying this. I think it was a mix of my Asian skin with cool skintone that made it appear that way.
By Budziak 7 years ago.
If you blend this out, it looks great but you really have to blend it out because there is so much shimmer. My favorite use of this is as eyeshadow, I use this and the Betty Lou Manizer to contour my eyes; the combination of the two results in a great neutral everyday look. I love how large the compact is, I can use this product liberally with no fear of running out. Although be careful with it, my Betty Lou started to crack near the hinge. I would say this is a powder version to a yellow toned champagne-y highlighter that Benefit would have.
By Serena 7 years ago.
I bought this a few months ago after reading and hearing all the great reviews. It's a great product if you know how to use it. I haven't really ventured to much into highlighting so for me it's a very big eyeshadow. I did try this a few times as a highlighter but I felt it had to much shimmer for my liking. I do however enjoy it for under the brow and the inner corner of my eyes. One thing I do have to mention is the packaging, it's a great looking compact with a big mirror great for throwing in your purse.


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Monday, March 31, 2014
The Real Augustus Bulleit Revealed
"Hi," said the voice on the phone. "I am the great great grandson of Augustus Bulleit." No, it was not someone who promotes Bulleit whiskeys for Diageo. This descendant wanted to explain why no one can find a record of Augustus Bulleit in Louisville.
He wasn't in Louisville.
Except for a brief transition period after he arrived from France in 1836, Augustus never lived in Louisville. He never distilled there, nor ran a bar, nor did any of the other things Diageo claims about him. "My grandmother never said anything about a secret bourbon recipe," said the caller, laughing.
The caller's information is supported by sources readily found online, although the sources don't always agree. All seem to agree on the year Augustus was born, 1806, but not on the place. It's either Belgium, Alsace-Lorraine, or France. My caller says France and explains the confusion. Augustus married a Belgian girl. (More on her later.) Alsace-Lorraine may also be correct, since it was still controlled by France when Augustus lived there. My caller also mentioned an earlier spelling of the name, Boilliat.
Augustus made his way to America at age 25 or maybe 30. He stayed briefly in Louisville but soon moved west, across the Ohio River to Harrison County, Indiana, where he married and settled down. His bride, Mary Julia Dulieu, was from Lanesville and they settled on a farm on Buck Creek near Dogwood. (See, this is already better than the made-up stuff.) They were married on April 29, 1841. She was 21, he was 35. In that same year, he became a naturalized American citizen.
They had nine children.
Augustus and Mary Julia appear in census records for both 1850 and 1860. In 1850, his occupation is given as 'miller.' In 1860 it's 'farmer.'
That he was a miller makes it probable he was a distiller too, at least on a small scale. Millers were typically paid in grain. Whatever they were given to mill, they would keep 5 to 7 percent of it in payment. In a community where everyone grew grain, no one needed to buy it, so a miller would either raise livestock and use his grain as feed, or distill it into whiskey for sale. Whiskey was desirable because it didn't spoil and always sold.
From family lore, my caller said Augustus may have operated a tavern at one time and may also have been in the lumber business, but both of those enterprises failed.
Mary Julia Dulieu Bulleit is buried in the Catholic cemetery in New Middletown. No one knows where Augustus is buried or even when he died. In 1860, at the age of 54, he got on a flatboat with some goods he intended to sell in New Orleans and was never seen nor heard from again.
While we may never know exactly how or where Augustus Bulleit died, just as we may never know where Bulleit Bourbon is made, at least now we know who Augustus Bulleit really was.
On a Personal Note: Today is the last day of the month and I just want to thank Diageo for making March so much fun.
10 comments:
- Donna Mattingly said...
Love it! Chuck, I actually signed up for an Ancestry.com account after your search for those ancestors and did see the Indiana connection. Very cool that you were able to interview a descendant!
- March 31, 2014 at 5:37 PM
The puzzle of identity, origins, lineage. Fascinating.
- March 31, 2014 at 7:12 PM
- Rob K said...
I imagine it gives Diageo a real kick in the teeth too that it makes him a Hoosier and not a Kentuckian. If he made bourbon, it was Hoosier bourbon, not Kentucky bourbon. Fitting that Bulleit Rye is made at MGP!
- March 31, 2014 at 9:12 PM
Thanks so much for helping clear the air of the stench and muddy water that's stirred up by the big liquor marketers. Oh, Bulleit is a Diageo project/concoction? What a shocker. How low can they go? Guess we'll find out.
- March 31, 2014 at 11:37 PM
@ Anon: Just to be honest, it isn't just the huge companies which do this. A great many small "distillers" keep their sourced whiskies pretty well muddied up, or at least as much as they can. I can't say definitively there are no innocents here, but...
- April 2, 2014 at 9:33 PM
To play devil's advocate, and since you didn't provide the caller's name or his/her evidence, I take most individually done genealogical research with a big grain of sea salt. Just for starters, there could be more than one Augustus Bulleit (or whatever), in fact there very likely was. More importantly, hunting down someone with a spotty history involves a lot of leaps of faith, extrapolations and just plain guessing. Finally, that many generations removed, there may be *several* real great-great-grandsons, each with their own understanding of the family history (one researcher was able to definitively show that all currently living western Europeans could demonstrate direct descendency from Charlamagne).
Not saying this anonymous person is wrong, just that they may very strongly believe a family history that requires much more research, and it may not, in fact, disprove Diageo's (or Tom Bulleit's) version of the past.
My mom does a ton of that sort of research for several of her family trees, and it's always the big fun stories ("he was abducted by pirates!" "We are very distantly related to Celebrity X!") that end up having the most speculative gaps filled in ("there are 16 Tom Browns in Chester County, we think ours is the important Tom Brown in this chain").
But great first look anyway!
Robert H-P
- April 11, 2014 at 10:39 PM
- Chuck Cowdery said...
Your points are all valid, Robert. I would only point out that the caller identified himself to me and everything he told me checked out. I just chose not to publish his name. There is evidence that this Augustus Bulleit is the same one Diageo claims because Diageo has also used the 'disappeared on a trip to New Orleans' story for their Augustus.
- April 12, 2014 at 1:40 PM
- Chuck Cowdery said...
The Harrison County Augustus Bulleit shows up in two U.S. Census records and on three property deeds in the Harrison County Courthouse, dated 1836, 1837 and 1856. Also, we're not dealing with ancient history. Harrison County has property records back to 1809. We're not talking about Europe in the 10th century.
- May 8, 2014 at 4:21 PM
like Tom Bulleit I am great, great grandson of Augustus Bulleit through his grandson Paul Constantine Bulleit. My grandfather changed the spelling of our name from Bulleit to Bulliet in 1913 and went on to become a prominent newspaper art critic in Chicago from the 1920s onward. Though our branch of the family turned Protestant and gave up drinking, our tradition has it that Augustus owned an inn at one point where he presumably sold his distilled spirits. I myself am a history professor at Columbia University.
- June 9, 2014 at 5:21 PM
Very good read! I can say that I have written family histories to confirm a lot of what the caller said. My great grandmother was Laura Mae Bulleit, originally of Corydon, Indiana. She came from this line of Bulleits. I grew up hearing the story of Augustus as a child. According to family history, Augustus had an unsuccesful run as a tavern owner and operator in Lanesville, Indiana. He moved to a farm on Buck Creek and built a saw mill with success, turning over a large cash profit for the time. He built a flat boat which he was using to sell goods and produce down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. On one such trip to New Orleans, Louisiana Augustus disappeared and was never seen or heard from again. It was rumored he had met with foul play but nothing has ever been confirmed to my knowledge. It is fascinating I grew up hearing these stories and then I found the connection to the Bulleit Bourbon. Pretty wild stuff!
- March 31, 2017 at 3:12 PM


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We just added tons of more free books to the directory. Now the directory has over 100,000 free online books and ebooks, WOW!
Due to large number of books we have collected, it is impossible to manually sort each of them. All books are sorted and categorized automatically by a computer program. Some of them might have been misplaced in a wrong category. Please report any problem you might have here, and help us to improve the site to better serve you.
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30 September 2011, 10:00-12:00
The Swedish Institute of International Affairs
Lejonsköldska salen, Drottning Kristinas väg 37
Can intervention work? Lessons from Bosnia and Afghanistan
Book presentation by Gerald Knaus, Chairman of the European Stability Initiative (ESI)
Co-author with Rory Stewart, of Can Intervention Work?
"Rory Stewart and Gerald Knaus provide a fresh and critically important perspective on foreign interventions." (The Washington Post)
"Timely lessons in when to intervene" (Gideon Rachman, Financial Times )
"a fine new book" (The Wall Street Journal)
"Two experienced authors effectively identify what those who decide to make such interventions require for success, that what is required often does not exist and that brute force is not a viable alternative." (Kirkus Book Review)
Registration: http://www.ui.positionett.se/tillfalle.php?id=924
Seminar fee: UI members free. Non members 100 SEK. Cash only.


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Used with the ProteOn™ XPR36 protein interaction array system, ProteOn sensor chips are prepared with a modified alginate polymer layer bound to the gold surface of the sensor prism. This layer provides the net negative charge and active binding sites for ligand immobilization. The result is user-controlled sensitivity down to the subnanogram level.
The ProteOn GLC sensor chip is designed for general amine coupling and has a compact polymer layer with a binding capacity of approximately one protein monolayer. It is suitable for various applications including protein-protein interaction analysis.
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The ProteOn XPR36 system includes all of the components required for interaction analysis: instrumentation,ProteOn Manager™ software, sensor chips, buffer and reagent kits, and protocol development kits.
Manufacturer Bio-Rad | Available Worldwide
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Stephenson High (SHS) Class of 2019 Alumni List
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Missing some friends from Stephenson that graduated with you in 2019? Check the list below that shows the Stephenson Stone Mountain, GA class of '19.
Stephenson High School alumni can relive their experiences from high school by sharing memories and pictures, reconnecting with those alumni listed, and more.


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Florida Public Archaeology Network
The Florida Public Archaeology Network's mission is to promote and facilitate the conservation, study and public understanding of Florida's archaeological heritage through regional centers. The FPAN Coordinating Center is located in downtown Pensacola while other regional centers are located throughout the state of Florida.
About Us
To learn more about FPAN please visit our external website here. Or, to find out more about one of our regional centers use the regional links listed to the side.