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One of the most frightening tragedies in life is witnessing dementia rob a loved one of their memory, personality, and dignity. While there are not yet cures for these mind-destroying diseases, scientists are discovering that cognitive deterioration need not be an "inevitable" result of aging. In fact, increasing evidence suggests that cognitive decline and even dementia are preventable, and to some extent perhaps even reversible.(1)
According to a report from the Alliance for Health and the Future, "individuals can take steps to maintain cognitive health throughout life."(1) In this article, we will explore targeted strategies to help readers take those steps and provide updates from new studies that corroborate these findings.
|What You Need to Know: Preserving Cognitive Function with Aging
The Aging Brain – The Molecular View
A remarkable review article by the Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University in Boston provides a comprehensive summary of what we know about brain aging and the special significance of nutrients in slowing down or preventing this process.(2) According to scientists, many factors at the cellular and molecular levels account for the behavioral deficits so long assumed to be part of "normal" aging, especially changes in the way cells handle neurotransmitters (the molecules that nerve cells use to communicate with one another).(3-6) The resulting loss of neuron function is manifested as changes in both cognitive and motor behaviors that we associate with the aging brain.(7,8)
Critically, the scientists observe, "substantial research indicates that factors such as oxidative stress and inflammation may be major contributors to the behavioral decrements seen in aging."(2,9-11) According to growing research, there is just no question that oxidative stress is one of the most important deleterious factors for aging brain cells, resulting in decreased availability of natural antioxidants such as glutathione and increased oxidative destruction of vital lipid molecules in cell membranes(12) – all of which impair cells' ability to communicate effectively. Not only is the central nervous system especially vulnerable to oxidative stress in general, but it becomes progressively more so with advancing age,(13,14) as structural changes in cells accumulate.
Inflammation adds insult to oxidative injury in the central nervous system.(2) Even by middle age, there is an increase in the production of inflammatory proteins;(15) by the time "old age" has set in, it no longer even requires a true inflammatory stimulus to launch the process.(16) Still worse, when a genuine inflammatory stimulus arises (say, a minor infection or further oxidant stress), older brains react by producing still more inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) than younger brains.(17,18) In fact, scientists have noted that, "up-regulation of C-reactive protein [a ubiquitous marker of inflammation] may represent one factor in biological aging."(2)
The interactions of inflammation and free oxygen radicals perpetuate a cycle of cell damage and dysfunction.(2) Animal models of the central nervous system demonstrate that inflammation produces changes that mimic aging in the ways they influence cellular interactions, and in the ways they influence actual behavior. The Tufts review recounts a stunning series of experiments, for example, showing that injection of a potent bacterial toxin into brain tissue "can reproduce many of the behavioral, inflammatory, neurochemical, and neuropathologic changes seen in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease… as well as producing changes in spatial learning and memory behavior."
The ability of many plant food components to reduce or block the effects of the oxidation-inflammation-oxidation cycle has captured the attention of researchers. The benefical way these plant compounds affect behavioral and neuronal aspects of aging has stimulated intense research into this area of dementia prevention.(2)
Let's take a systematic tour of the world of cognition-enhancing nutritional ingredients that show promise in protecting against some of the long-term effects of age-related oxidant/inflammatory damage on the human brain.
Berries and Grapes: Plant Polyphenols Preserve Memory
Polyphenols are plant molecules with a remarkable array of characteristics, notably their potent antioxidant capabilities;(19) people with a high consumption of these molecules have lower rates of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease.(20) Grape skins and seeds are especially rich in a group of polyphenols known as proanthocyanidins, which are proving to have astonishing anti-aging effects in the brain. Interestingly, grape seed extracts were first studied for their beneficial effects on cardiovascular function;(21) cardiovascular disease is an important risk factor in the development of dementia.(22)
Grape seed extracts have subsequently been shown to have anti-stress and neuroprotective capabilities, preserving rats' cognitive function in the face of stressors – clearly a highly valuable benefit.(23) Interestingly, the reduction in oxidant injury to brain cells increases concentrations of the vital neurotransmitter acetylcholine in animals fed grape seed extract.(24) We have recently learned that grape seed extract induces actual neuroprotective changes in brain protein composition, suggesting in the words of one researcher that "grape seed extract may have impact on the actions of psychoactive drugs by maintaining an overall viability of the nervous system."(25)
The most exciting and dramatic research on grape seed extract and cognition is in Alzheimer's disease, where it has long been known that moderate red wine consumption is protective.(26) Researchers in psychiatry at Mt. Sinai in New York demonstrated why: in mice fed a concentrated grape seed extract, there was significant reduction in deposits of the damaging amyloid-beta proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease, and a concomitant reduction in cognitive deterioration.(27) The observation that grape seed extract not only blocks amyloid formation but also prevents the resulting brain cell injury suggested to UCLA researchers that "[grape seed extract] is worthy of consideration as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease."(26)
Tufts University researchers led by Dr. James Joseph have long pursued other sources of antioxidant polyphenols as a means of preventing changes associated with the aging brain.(28,29) In 1999, Dr. Joseph's group demonstrated that blueberries are potent sources of these neuroprotective polyphenols, improving rats' performance on a host of cognitive tasks, as well as enhancing the release of vital neurotransmitters from aged brain cells.(30)
Groundbreaking work in 2003 demonstrated that in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, blueberry supplementation prevented cognitive deficits even while brain levels of amyloid-beta remained high.(31) Since these mice have actual human genes that predispose them to this disease, scientists concluded "for the first time that it may be possible to overcome genetic predispositions to Alzheimer disease through diet."
Not content to stop there, scientists explored the mechanisms by which blueberries enhance learning and memory in a study of the hippocampus – the brain region where memories are processed, and which loses neurons with age.(32) When they supplemented aging animals with blueberries, the researchers identified improvements in the rate at which hippocampal cells form and develop receptors for neurotransmitters. They found that these structural changes correlated well with actual improvements in spatial memory. The research team also showed that blueberry polyphenol molecules can cross the vital blood-brain barrier, and hence that they exert their potent neuroprotection directly within the brain.(33)
Finally, in late 2008, neuroscientists at the University of South Florida discovered that blueberry extracts actually prevent the final steps in formation of the dangerous amyloid-beta proteins in Alzheimer's disease.(34) They concluded that these findings could explain the recovery seen in supplemented animals and that supplementation could tip the scales away from formation of these destructive proteins in those at risk for Alzheimer's disease.(34)
Vinpocetine Manages Brain Blood Flow
To support its many vital functions, the brain receives a huge proportion of total blood flow, and has a powerful and exquisitely sensitive mechanism for regulating that flow through control of blood vessel tone.(35) One cause of cognitive decline with age is the gradual diminution of blood flow to vital areas, along with a decreased responsiveness to moment-by-moment needs, much of which results from oxidant damage to vessels.(36,37)
A little-known compound called vinpocetine, derived from the common periwinkle plant, has shown great promise in improving cerebral blood flow and restoring lost cognitive abilities. Vinpocetine appears to work by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1), resulting in relaxation of cerebral blood vessel walls and increased cerebral blood flow. This mechanism is similar to that of much better-known drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra®),(38,39) which helps restore vital blood flow by inhibiting phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). Additionally, vinpocetine helps support cerebral glucose metabolism by enhancing glucose supply to brain tissue.(40,41)
As early as 1987, geriatricians showed that vinpocetine could produce a significant improvement in elderly patients with chronic cerebral dysfunction.(42) The researchers gave vinpocetine supplements to 42 sufferers for 90 days, while control patients received placebo. Supplemented patients scored better on all effectiveness scales, which included measures of cognition and overall mental status. No side effects were reported.
A much larger, controlled, randomized trial followed in 1991, when another group of Britons studied 203 patients with mild-to-moderate forms of cognitive impairment, giving them vinpocetine or placebo for 16 weeks.(43) Again, no side effects were noted, and there were significant improvements in the supplemented group's performance on cognitive performance scales.
In 2003, a Bulgarian research group summarized evidence that vinpocetine can actually protect brain tissue from the effects of asymptomatic cerebrovascular disease, the silent blood vessel damage that precedes a stroke.(44) Their landmark paper cited the supplement's ability to interfere at various stages in the cascade of events leading to stroke, including its antioxidant powers, its inhibition of damage caused by overstimulation of nerve cells, and prevention of free radical release. They showed that vinpocetine passes rapidly across the blood-brain barrier, and that it is selectively accumulated in parts of the brain most closely related to cognitive function. Finally, the review cited the known beneficial effects of vinpocetine on cerebral blood flow. The paper concluded, "vinpocetine may also become a new therapeutic approach to prophylactic neuroprotection in patients at high risk of ischemic stroke."
A 2005 clinical study in Hungary clinched the effects of vinpocetine on brain blood flow.(45) In this elegant study, patients with multiple past strokes underwent ultrasound scans of brain blood vessels to examine flow, and three months later performed a battery of cognitive tests. Supplemented patients' brain blood flow was significantly improved compared with placebo recipients – and on cognitive tests, placebo patients deteriorated significantly while supplement recipients had no change at three months. This study dramatically demonstrated both the cause and the effect of neuroprotection by vinpocetine!
Most of the groundbreaking work on vinpocetine has been done in European countries, and experts there recently wrote that the supplement "improves the blood flow and the metabolism of the affected brain areas. There is increasing evidence that vinpocetine improves the quality of life in chronic cerebrovascular patients."(46) Such findings are leading more researchers to recommend the use of vinpocetine for the treatment of patients with mild cognitive impairment.(47)
Phosphatidylserine Maintains Cellular Integrity in the Brain
Brain cells' electrical activity and hence overall function depends critically on the status of their membranes, which are composed of a complex mix of proteins and specialized fat molecules called phospholipids, the most predominant being phosphatidylserine.(48,49) Since 1990, evidence has been growing that phosphatidylserine therapy is beneficial for preserving and even restoring brain function.(50)
In 1992, memory experts in Bethesda studied 51 people who met criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease, treating them with phosphatidylserine (300 mg/day) or placebo.(51) Phosphatidylserine recipients showed improvement on several cognitive measures compared with placebo recipients; benefits were most prominent among those who began with less severe impairment. The researchers noted that "phosphatidylserine may be a promising candidate for study in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease."
As scientists' interest grew in preventing the inflammation produced by amyloid-beta in the brain cells of patients with Alzheimer's disease, many researchers naturally turned to phosphatidylserine as a potential inhibitor of inflammation. Japanese neuropsychiatrists discovered that they could inhibit production of free oxygen radicals, and of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha, if they pretreated amyloid-infested brain cells with phosphatidylserine,(52) demonstrating powerful neuroprotective properties. Those properties were demonstrated in live animals by Canadian scientists who supplemented aged beagles with phosphatidylserine along with ginkgo biloba, vitamin E, and vitamin B6.(53) The aged dogs, previously impaired on tests of visuo-spatial memory, improved their accuracy significantly after supplementation – and the improvement was long-lived.
In mid-2008, German sports physiologists demonstrated positive effects of phosphatidylserine supplements on brain activity and cognition following mental stress (stress tends to worsen any given degree of cognitive impairment).(54) They tested 16 healthy subjects on a cognitive test battery while they were connected to a brainwave scanner (EEG), enabling them to monitor actual brain activity along with cognitive performance. After baseline testing, the subjects were given phosphatidylserine or placebo for 42 days, and were then re-tested and re-scanned. Supplemented patients demonstrated brainwave activity strongly associated with a greater state of relaxation than was experienced by the placebo group. This exciting work suggests that, in addition to objective improvement in cognitive tasks, phosphatidylserine can also cut down on stress that interferes with performance of those tasks.
Evidence for phosphatidylserine has finally managed to convince the ever-skeptical FDA. In 2003, the agency gave "qualified health claim" status to phosphatidylserine, noting that "consumption of phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly" and "consumption of phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly."(55)
GPC Reverses Cognitive Impairment
Studies suggest that GPC (glycerophosphocholine), a compound related to phosphatidylcholine, may help prevent, halt, or even partially reverse cognitive impairment in the early stages of senile dementia.(56,57)
GPC helps boost brain function via several mechanisms. GPC helps stimulate the manufacture of new acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory and cognition. It also stimulates release of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), making more GABA available to brain cells. Dwindling levels of GABA in the elderly may partly account for early cognitive impairment, contributing to the dementia, mood disorders, and confusion seen in degenerative brain conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.(58)
The cognitive benefits of GPC have been demonstrated in numerous human studies. A multicenter study of patients with probable Alzheimer's disease showed that GPC improved cognition and was well tolerated.(59) In a review of 13 published clinical trials involving 4,054 patients with age-related memory loss or vascular dementia caused by stroke or mini-stroke (transient ischemic attack), scientists found that GPC helped improve memory and attention, and significantly improved patients' clinical conditions.(56)
A controlled, multicenter study showed that GPC improved cognitive function in 261 patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Each day for six months, the patients received either GPC or placebo. At the study's end, patients who received GPC performed better on several standardized psychological tests of cognitive function. In contrast, a measure of cognitive function worsened in the placebo group. Individuals who received GPC also demonstrated behavioral improvements and improvements in physician ratings. The study findings support GPC's efficacy in treating the cognitive symptoms of dementia disorders such as Alzheimer's.(60)
Remarkably, these results resemble those achieved with Alzheimer's disease drugs such as Aricept® and Exelon®. Unlike those drugs, however, GPC is easy to tolerate, with no serious side effects.(60)
UMP's Role in Cognition Enhancement
Another approach to cognition and memory enhancement is the use of a substance known as uridine-5′-monophosphate (UMP), which helps comprise RNA, the DNA-like structure that cells use to create proteins from blueprints in genes. UMP supplementation in animals dramatically increases the production of vital brain cell membrane structural molecules, such as CDP-choline.(61) Such structural molecules are vital for cell growth and repair, and even more importantly, for proper function of the synapses, the relay points at which brain and nerve cells communicate with each other.(62)
UMP supplementation in animals not only increases the synthesis of those vital proteins and phospholipids, but it actually helps stimulate production of neurotransmitters and of the tiny but critical cell outgrowths called neurites63 that are themselves formed and then remodeled in the process of learning(64-66) and of cell repair.(67)
Brain scientists at MIT took those observations to a higher level when they supplemented nutritionally impoverished rats with UMP and studied the effects on memory.(68) The animals were given either a control or a UMP-supplemented diet, and assessed for learning and memory skills. As expected, the impoverished animals fed a control diet did poorly on memory-dependent learning tasks, but those deficits were dramatically prevented in the UMP-supplemented group. One result of studies such as this one is the now-routine addition of UMP to infant formulas to promote healthy brain development.(69)
Declining ability to produce or respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders of memory. In 2007, the MIT research group found that they could increase acetylcholine concentrations in aged rats with UMP supplementation.(70) This is a stunning finding, since drugs like Aricept® that are used to treat Alzheimer's disease work by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine – an approach that has had mixed success and may cause serious side effects.(71)
The same MIT researchers, partnering with Turkish neuroscientists, have recently shown that UMP, together with the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can restore function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease as well.(72) And the same team demonstrated in late 2008 that they could actually enhance the learning and memory improvements caused by DHA in gerbils by adding UMP to the supplementation.(73) They concluded, "these findings demonstrate that [UMP/DHA supplements] can enhance cognitive functions in normal animals" (emphasis added).(74) In other words, one needn't already have cognitive impairment to enjoy the potential benefits of UMP supplementation on learning and memory – and who wouldn't want better memory even at baseline?
|Promoting Youthful Cognitive Function with Pregnenolone
Ensuring optimal levels of pregnenolone is another crucial aspect of supporting nervous system health with aging. Derived from cholesterol, pregnenolone acts as a precursor for numerous key hormones in the body including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.(94)
With aging, individuals experience a dramatic decline in pregnenolone production, as well as in the hormones for which pregnenolone is a precursor.(95-97) Decreasing levels of these essential hormones have been linked with many disorders that commonly accompany aging.
Scientists believe that pregnenolone is intimately connected with cognitive performance. In fact, pregnenolone directly influences release of the crucial neurotransmitter acetylcholine in regions of the brain linked with memory, learning, cognition, and sleep-wake cycles. Furthermore, administration of pregnenolone reverses the decline in new nerve growth (neurogenesis) that commonly occurs in disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Pregnenolone particularly enhances nerve cell growth in the hippocampus, the brain region responsible for memory, which undergoes marked deterioration in Alzheimer's patients.(98,99)
Supplemental pregnenolone may thus support youthful cognition and health by contributing to optimal hormone levels, supporting acetylcholine activity, and promoting nerve cell growth in the brain's memory center.
Because pregnenolone may affect hormone levels, those with hormonally related cancers such as prostate or breast cancer should avoid using pregnenolone.
Ashwagandha Relieves Stress, Enhances Cognition
Numerous herbs from ancient India are reputed to promote physical and mental health, improve defense mechanisms of the body, and enhance longevity. Among the most promising of these for promoting cognitive health is a plant known as ashwagandha.
Indian researchers characterized the powerful antioxidant capabilities of ashwagandha extracts in 1997, showing that they increased concentrations of natural antioxidants in animal brains after supplementation.(75) These researchers concluded that their findings explained the anti-stress, immunomodulatory, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging effects reported by other researchers in animal and clinical studies.
The same group later found that they could reduce the chronic stress effects of a mild, unpredictable foot shock in rats if they first supplemented them with ashwagandha extracts.(76) Untreated animals experienced elevated blood sugar, glucose intolerance, increased stress steroid levels, gastric ulcers, male sexual dysfunction, cognitive deficits, and depression – common findings in humans exposed to chronic stress – but administration of ashwagandha extracts an hour before shocks dramatically attenuated all of these outcomes. As we noted with phosphatidylserine above, reduced stress allows increased focus on tasks and therefore better cognitive performance, in addition to simply improving quality of life.
A different Indian scientific group studied ashwagandha in diabetic rats, reasoning that the memory impairment seen in diabetes is in part related to oxidative damage in brain regions that are pivotal in memory and the ability to detect and process new information.(77) They found a significant increase in production of oxidation end products in those brain regions, and a decrease in cognitive function, after the rats became diabetic. But following supplementation, the oxidative damage in the relevant brain regions was significantly reduced, as were blood glucose levels. Dramatically, memory impairment and motor dysfunction were also improved in the supplemented animals.
In 2007, further support for the use of ashwagandha extracts in Alzheimer's disease was provided by the discovery that the extracts are among the most potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the vital memory-related neurotransmitter acetylcholine.(78) Drugs that block acetylcholine breakdown (such as Aricept®) are utilized in the management of Alzheimer's disease. The researchers correctly observed that "these results partly substantiate the traditional use of these herbs for improvement of cognition." Western research into the benefits of ashwagandha is very recent, so stay tuned for additional exciting news on this extract's memory- and cognition-enhancing properties.
Herbal Extracts Spice up Memory
It is now apparent that many traditional spices, in addition to adding interest to our food, can provide vital anti-inflammatory and antioxidant function that is having an impact on how we think about chronic illness and aging.(79) Three of these in particular deserve special mention for their powerful effects on learning and memory.
Ginger is an age-old part of Asian kitchens and pharmacopeias,(80) and we focus on it here especially for its ability to regulate platelet aggregation, which contributes not only to cardiovascular disease but also to cerebrovascular disease risk.(81-84) Experimental studies demonstrated early in the millennium that ginger extracts could protect cells from the inflammatory action of the Alzheimer's disease-related protein amyloid-beta.(85-87) By its blood pressure-lowering effects, ginger can protect against the chronic brain injury caused by hypertension.(82)
Rosemary is an herb more familiar in Western kitchens, but has an equally distinguished record as a neuroprotectant through its antioxidant constituent, carnosic acid.(88) Rosemary extracts block damaging lipid peroxidation, the destruction of brain cells' fatty membranes that impairs cognitive performance.(89) Rosemary also protects cell nuclei from DNA damage that results from both oxidant stress and ultraviolet light(90) – such damage is at the root of many cancers, but short of cancer it can impair a cell's ability to function normally.
Neuroscientists in England recently showed a remarkable capacity of rosemary: humans exposed just to the aroma of its essential oil performed significantly better on overall memory quality compared with controls.(91) Subjects also had increased states of alertness compared with controls or those exposed to lavender aroma.
Completing the culinary triad of memory-enhancing herbs is hops, the bitter ingredient of beer. Hops' value may be primarily in its ability to promote relaxation and sleep – in one study, the combination of hops with valerian compared equally with a Valium®-like, sleep-inducing drug, and had none of the "hangover" effects seen with the drug.(92) Similar results were found in another study comparing a Valium®-like drug with a hops/valerian combination: both groups did equally well on sleep, relaxation, and quality of life improvement, but patients experienced withdrawal symptoms when they stopped taking the drug.(93)
Far from being an "inevitable" consequence of aging, we now understand that cognitive decline and memory deficits are the predictable results of a lifetime of oxidative and inflammatory injury that damages brain cells' ability to communicate with one another. A vast array of valuable nutrients are available to help block that damage – and in some cases to actually reverse it. Strong evidence abounds that the nutrients described in this review have important roles in improving the quality of life of older adults, keeping their wits sharp and their experiences vivid. These nutrients together, therefore, make up a vital part of any long-term brain health regimen.
* This article is excerpted with kind permission from the March 2009 issue of Life Extension Magazine (www.LEF.org/magazine). ©1995-2013 Life Extension® All rights reserved.
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49. Araki W, Wurtman RJ. How is membrane phospholipid biosynthesis controlled in neural tissues? J Neurosci Res. 1998 Mar 15;51(6):667-74.
50. Maggioni M, Picotti GB, Bondiolotti GP, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine therapy in geriatric patients with depressive disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1990 Mar;81(3):265-70.
51. Crook T, Petrie W, Wells C, Massari DC. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1992;28(1):61-6.
52. Hashioka S, Han YH, Fujii S, et al. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine-containing liposomes inhibit amyloid beta and interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Apr 1;42(7):945-54.
53. Araujo JA, Landsberg GM, Milgram NW, Miolo A. Improvement of short-term memory performance in aged beagles by a nutraceutical supplement containing phosphatidylserine, Ginkgo biloba, vitamin E, and pyridoxine. Can Vet J. 2008 Apr;49(4):379-85.
54. Baumeister J, Barthel T, Geiss KR, Weiss M. Influence of phosphatidylserine on cognitive performance and cortical activity after induced stress. Nutr Neurosci. 2008 Jun;11(3):103-10.
55. Available at: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-ltr36.html. Accessed December 16, 2008.
56. Parnetti L, Amenta F, Gallai V. Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Nov;122(16):2041-55.
57. Manev H, Uz T, Sugaya K, Qu T. Putative role of neuronal 5-lipoxygenase in an aging brain. FASEB J. 2000 Jul;14(10):1464-9.
58. Cummings JL, et al. Neurobiological basis of behavior. In: Coffey CE, Cummings JL, eds. Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry. American Psychiatric Press; 1994:72-96.
59. Parnetti L, Abate G, Bartorelli L, et al. Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Drugs Aging. 1993 Mar;3(2):159-64.
60. De Jesus Moreno MM. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2003 Jan;25(1):178-93.
61. Cansev M, Watkins CJ, van der Beek EM, Wurtman RJ. Oral uridine-5′-monophosphate (UMP) increases brain CDP-choline levels in gerbils. Brain Res. 2005 Oct 5;1058(1-2):101-8.
62. Wang L, Pooler AM, Albrecht MA, Wurtman RJ. Dietary uridine-5′-monophosphate supplementation increases potassium-evoked dopamine release and promotes neurite outgrowth in aged rats. J Mol Neurosci. 2005;27(1):137-45.
63. Sakamoto T, Cansev M, Wurtman RJ. Oral supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid and uridine-5′-monophosphate increases dendritic spine density in adult gerbil hippocampus. Brain Res. 2007 Nov 28;1182:50-9.
64. Drees F, Gertler FB. Ena/VASP: proteins at the tip of the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2008 Feb;18(1):53-9.
65. Yamauchi T. Molecular mechanism of learning and memory based on the research for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Aug;127(8):1173-97.
66. Skaper SD. Neuronal growth-promoting and inhibitory cues in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2005 Aug;1053:376-85.
67. Carulli D, Buffo A, Strata P. Reparative mechanisms in the cerebellar cortex. Prog Neurobiol. 2004 Apr;72(6):373-98.
68. Teather LA, Wurtman RJ. Chronic administration of UMP ameliorates the impairment of hippocampal-dependent memory in impoverished rats. J Nutr. 2006 Nov;136(11):2834-7.
69. Wurtman RJ. Synapse formation and cognitive brain development: effect of docosahexaenoic acid and other dietary constituents. Metabolism. 2008 Oct;57(Suppl 2):S6-10.
70. Wang L, Albrecht MA, Wurtman RJ. Dietary supplementation with uridine-5′-monophosphate (UMP), a membrane phosphatide precursor, increases acetylcholine level and release in striatum of aged rat. Brain Res. 2007 Feb 16;1133(1):42-8.
71. Hansen RA, Gartlehner G, Webb AP, et al. Efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging. 2008;3(2):211-25.
72. Cansev M, Ulus IH, Wang L, Maher TJ, Wurtman RJ. Restorative effects of uridine plus docosahexaenoic acid in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Res. 2008 Nov;62(3):206-9.
73. Holguin S, Huang Y, Liu J, Wurtman R. Chronic administration of DHA and UMP improves the impaired memory of environmentally impoverished rats. Behav Brain Res. 2008 Aug 5;191(1):11-6.
74. Holguin S, Martinez J, Chow C, Wurtman R. Dietary uridine enhances the improvement in learning and memory produced by administering DHA to gerbils. FASEB J. 2008 Nov;22(11):3938-46.
75. Bhattacharya SK, Satyan KS, Ghosal S. Antioxidant activity of glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997 Mar;35(3):236-9.
76. Bhattacharya SK, Muruganandam AV. Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 Jun;75(3):547-55.
77. Parihar MS, Chaudhary M, Shetty R, Hemnani T. Susceptibility of hippocampus and cerebral cortex to oxidative damage in streptozotocin treated mice: prevention by extracts of Withania somnifera and Aloe vera. J Clin Neurosci. 2004 May;11(4):397-402.
78. Vinutha B, Prashanth D, Salma K, et al. Screening of selected Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jan 19;109(2):359-63.
79. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S. Suppression of the nuclear factor-kappaB activation pathway by spice-derived phytochemicals: reasoning for seasoning. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1030:434-41.
80. Hoffman T. Ginger: an ancient remedy and modern miracle drug. Hawaii Med J. 2007 Dec;66(12):326-7.
81. Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) on blood lipids, blood sugar and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997 May;56(5):379-84.
82. Ghayur MN, Gilani AH, Afridi MB, Houghton PJ. Cardiovascular effects of ginger aqueous extract and its phenolic constituents are mediated through multiple pathways. Vascul Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;43(4):234-41.
83. Koo KL, Ammit AJ, Tran VH, Duke CC, Roufogalis BD. Gingerols and related analogues inhibit arachidonic acid-induced human platelet serotonin release and aggregation. Thromb Res. 2001 Sep 1;103(5):387-97.
84. Young HY, Liao JC, Chang YS, et al. Synergistic effect of ginger and nifedipine on human platelet aggregation: a study in hypertensive patients and normal volunteers. Am J Chin Med. 2006;34(4):545-51.
85. Kim DS, Kim DS, Oppel MN. Shogaols from Zingiber officinale protect IMR32 human neuroblastoma and normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells from beta-amyloid(25-35) insult. Planta Med. 2002 Apr;68(4):375-6.
86. Grzanna R, Phan P, Polotsky A, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger extract inhibits beta-amyloid peptide-induced cytokine and chemokine expression in cultured THP-1 monocytes. J Altern Complement Med. 2004 Dec;10(6):1009-13.
87. Kim DS, Kim JY, Han YS. Alzheimer's disease drug discovery from herbs: neuroprotectivity from beta-amyloid (1-42) insult. J Altern Complement Med. 2007 Apr;13(3):333-40.
88. Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Aeschbach R, Loligers J. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of active rosemary constituents: carnosol and carnosic acid. Xenobiotica. 1992 Feb;22(2):257-68.
89. Haraguchi H, Saito T, Okamura N, Yagi A. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and superoxide generation by diterpenoids from Rosmarinus officinalis. Planta Med. 1995 Aug;61(4):333-6.
90. Slamenova D, Kuboskova K, Horvathova E, Robichova S. Rosemary-stimulated reduction of DNA strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites in mammalian cells treated with H2O2 or visible light-excited Methylene Blue. Cancer Lett. 2002 Mar 28;177(2):145-53.
91. Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, Duckett P. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Jan;113(1):15-38.
92. Gerhard U, Linnenbrink N, Georghiadou C, Hobi V. Vigilance-decreasing effects of 2 plant-derived sedatives. Praxis Bern. 1994;85:473-81.
93. Schmitz M, Jackel M. Comparative study for assessing quality of life of patients with exogenous sleep disorders (temporary sleep onset and sleep interruption disorders) treated with a hops-valarian preparation and a benzodiazepine drug. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1998;148(13):291-8.
94. Meieran SE, Reus VI, Webster R, Shafton R, Wolkowitz OM. Chronic pregnenolone effects in normal humans: attenuation of benzodiazepine-induced sedation. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 May;29(4):486-500.
95. Karishma KK, Herbert J. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) stimulates neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the rat, promotes survival of newly formed neurons and prevents corticosterone-induced suppression. Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Aug;16(3):445-53.
96. Goncharova ND, Lapin BA. Effects of aging on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system function in non-human primates. Mech Ageing Dev. 2002 Apr 30;123(8):1191-201.
97. Zietz B, Hrach S, Scholmerich J, Straub RH. Differential age-related changes of hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis hormones in healthy women and men – role of interleukin 6. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2001;109(2):93-101.
98. Mayo W, Lemaire V, Malaterre J, et al. Pregnenolone sulfate enhances neurogenesis and PSA-NCAM in young and aged hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Jan;26(1):103-14.
99. Mayo W, George O, Darbra S, et al. Individual differences in cognitive aging: implication of pregnenolone sulfate. Prog Neurobiol. 2003 Sep;71(1):43-8.


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Manny Ramirez signs minor league contract with Rangers
- 41-year-old has been out of MLB since 2011
- He will report to the Class AAA Round Rock %28Texas%29 Express on Thursday
- Ramirez hit .352 for the EDA Rhinos of the Chinese Professional Baseball League this year
After a short stint playing baseball in Taiwan, 41-year-old Manny Ramirez has signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers, the team announced Wednesday.
He will report Thursday to the Class AAA Round Rock (Texas) Express, where he will work out for a few days before being activated.
MANNY BEING MANNY:Relive Ramirez's best moments
Ramirez, a 12-time All-Star, has been out of the major leagues since 2011, when he played five games in April with the Tampa Bay Rays. He chose to retire when faced with a 100-game suspension after failing a test for a performance-enhancing drug. In December 2011, his appeal reduced the suspension to 50 games, which he served after signing a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics before the 2012 season.
"Obviously, with our history, we like giving guys second chances," Rangers general manager Jon Daniels told reporters Wednesday. "We know on and off the field the good and the bad in Manny's career. We're inclined to give him an opportunity here. When it comes to playing for the Rangers, two things are critical to us. One, obviously, you have to be talented and productive, and, just as important, you've got to fit our winning culture here in Arlington and throughout our organization."
YASIEL PUIG:Manages rare award double in 1st month
This season, playing for the EDA Rhinos of the Chinese Professional Baseball League, the designated hitter was batting .352 with eight home runs, 13 doubles and 43 RBI. His on-base percentage was .422, and he was slugging at a .555 clip.
Ramirez, whom Rangers second baseman Ian Kinsler called "one of the greatest right-handed hitters of all-time" Wednesday, is a career .312/.411/.585 big-league hitter. He ranks 14th on the all-time home run list with 555. After spending the first eight years of his Major League Baseball career with the Cleveland Indians, Ramirez won two World Series in his next eight seasons with the Boston Red Sox. The first time he won with the Red Sox, in 2004, he led the American League in homers with 43 and was named World Series MVP. His career has also included stays with the Los Angeles Dodgers and Chicago White Sox.
"If he's productive and we feel he'll fit our culture in the clubhouse, we'll give him an opportunity," Daniels told reporters. "If either of those ends don't pan out, kind of no harm, no foul."

subset: commoncrawl


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Now you can skip hours of internet research and jump straight to getting answers with our meaningful at-a-glance Demographics Spreadsheet Report. With the most current & most popular demographic data, it's the perfect starting point for your research about Albion and the rest of Illinois.
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All Albion population data above are from the US Census Bureau.
The population data for Albion are from the Census' American Community Survey 2017 5-year estimates and the Census' 2018 Population Estimates. The demographic data for DeKalb, Hodgkins, McLeansboro, and Venice are the most current, comparable demographics available from the US Census Bureau, are from the American Community Survey 2017 5-year estimates, and were downloaded on 6 December 2018. Check out our FAQ section for more details.
With 1,889 people, Albion is the 511th most populated city in the state of Illinois out of 1,367 cities. But watch out, Albion, because Hodgkins with 1,885 people and Venice with 1,878 people are right behind you.
The largest Albion racial/ethnic groups are White (93.6%) followed by Hispanic (2.6%) and Asian (1.9%).
In 2017, the median household income of Albion residents was $41,019. Albion households made slightly more than DeKalb households ($41,009) and McLeansboro households ($41,010) . However, 16.2% of Albion residents live in poverty.
The median age for Albion residents is 38.3 years young.
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New Fordham books now online
May 19, 2016
18 new titles have been published on Fordham Scholarship Online (FSO), adding to 7 modules including Anthropology, Religion, and Society and Culture. These books cover a diverse range of subjects, from Milan Kundera's philosophy to German idealism, and from explorations in historical poetics to American exceptionalism after 9/11 - and much more!
This brings the total amount of scholarly works available on FSO to almost 500. Start browsing FSO now, and find out how your institution can sign up to a free trial of University Press Scholarship Online.


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To celebrate the fast-approaching return of Community, the comedy production group Hot Chocolate Party Productions has mashup the audio from the Dark Knight Rises trailer with footage from the geeky sitcom. After all, Greendale has enjoyed just as much chaos and mayhem as Gotham City, just with more blanket forts.
[via The Mary Sue]


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There are two types of neurofibromatosis. Type 1 (NF-1), also called von Recklinghausen's disease, causes multiple benign (noncancerous) tumors of the nerves and skin. Type 2 (NF-2) causes benign tumors of the nerves that transmit sound from the inner ears to the brain. In some cases, NF-2 causes visions problems and increases the risk of developing specific brain and spinal cord tumors. NF-1 can also cause a change in the color of the skin. Areas of unusual skin color may appear on the trunk of the body as well as cause freckling under the arms or in the groin area. Abnormal skin color may be seen in the patient by one year of age, and the area affected gets bigger over time.
At birth or early childhood, patients may have rather large benign tumors that consist of bundles of nerves. They may also develop harmless tumor-like nodules of the colored parts of the eyes or tumors of the optic nerves, which send nerve impulses from the innermost membrane of the eyes (retinas) to the brain. More rarely, patients may develop certain malignant (cancerous) tumors.
NF-1 may also cause the head to become unusually large and the body to be short. Other symptoms, which can vary greatly from case to case, may include seizures, curvature of the spine, learning problems, speech difficulties, hyperactivity, bowed legs and poor bone development.
Symptoms of NF-2 may show up during childhood, adolescence or early adulthood. Depending on the location and size of the tumors, other symptoms may include problems with balance and walking; dizziness; headache; facial weakness, numbness or pain; ringing in the ears; and/or progressive hearing loss. In some cases, NF-2 causes vision problems and heightens the risk of developing specific brain and spinal cord tumors.
Causes and Risk Factors
NF-1 is caused by changes in a gene that controls production of a protein. This gene is believed to work as a tumor suppressor. In about 50% of individuals with NF-1, the disorder results from gene mutations that happen for unknown reasons. In others with the disorder, NF-1 is an inherited trait.
NF-2 results from changes in a different tumor-suppressing gene. As with NF-1, some people with NF-2 experience a gene mutation that occurs for reasons unknown, while others inherit the trait.


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Q. Sometimes I receive a letter written by someone else. Why doesn't my sponsored friend write?
A. There are a variety of reasons why a letter may be written by someone other than your sponsored friend. When this occurs, CFCA asks that the person writing the letter clearly identify themselves so you will know.
Letters to sponsors sometimes are written by parents, relatives, social workers or project staff on behalf of the child or aging person. It may be that the parents or project staff want to help a child write a more meaningful letter, or the child may be too young to write.
If your sponsored friend is elderly, conditions such as vision problems, illness or illiteracy may make it necessary for a representative to write on their behalf.
For some people in developing countries, oral communications are the norm and letter writing is a challenge. Composing a simple letter may require the assistance of a family member or a project staff member.


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Tapped out: the coming world crisis in water and what we can do about it
Welcome Rain, 1998 - Nature - 198 pages
Former Senator Paul Simon delivers stirring eveidence of a catastrophic water crisis which will explode upon the global community unless drastic measures are taken in all corners of the world, including in our own backyards.
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Tapped Out: The Coming World Crisis in Water and what We Can Do about it
Paul Simon
No preview available - 2001
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Former Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Terry Glenn was arrested Tuesday night on a charge of auto theft after failing to return a rented car on time, Irving police said.
Glenn's attorney, Luis Vera, of San Antonio, called the arrest a "crock of garbage."
After renting a 2009 Chevrolet Suburban on Nov. 10, Glenn failed to return the vehicle to National Rent-A-Car on time, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport police said.
The latest news from around North Texas.
Vera told the Associated Press that Glenn rented the sport utility vehicle while his Bentley was in the shop. He said Glenn was on his way to return the vehicle when police stopped him and arrested him, telling him National had reported the vehicle stolen.
Glenn was booked at about 7 p.m. Tuesday and released at about 1 a.m. Wednesday on his own recognizance.
Vera told the Dallas Morning News that his client rented the vehicle under the direction of an insurance company while his car was being repaired. He said National had his Glenn's credit card number and could have charged whatever balance was owed before reporting the car stolen. He also told the newspaper that Glenn was very upset about incident and how it was being portrayed in the media.
National Car Rental spokeswoman Laura Bryant said there had been communication between its agent and Glenn before the vehicle was reported missing. She didn't elaborate.
Glenn was previously arrested on Jan. 25, 2009 on a charge of public intoxication, possession of marijuana and for four outstanding traffic warrants at an Irving hotel. He was also arrested on suspicion of public intoxication in 2005 when officers caught him urinating behind a fast-food restaurant dumpster, and on suspicion of assaulting the mother of his then-5-year-old son in 2001, according to the Dallas Observer.
Glenn was drafted in the first round of the NFL draft in 1996 by the New England Patriots. He played 12 NFL seasons with the Patriots, the Green Bay Packers and the Cowboys.
Injuries plagued the receiver the last few years of his career, leading up to the Cowboys releasing him from its roster July 25, 2008.
NBCDFW's Ashanti Blaize contributed to this report.


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The Triumph of Dr. Johnson
Samuel Johnson
W. J. Bate has produced a superb biography of Samuel Johnson. His sympathy admits the reader to Johnson's uneasiest emotions without harm to the hero's dignity. Even when he discusses sexual intimacies—Johnson's pathetic relation to a wife who refused to sleep with him, Johnson's soliciting of caresses from his wife's nurse-companion—Bate refuses to serve as voyeur or wisecracker, and keeps the narrative sympathetically respectful.
At points the attitude becomes defensive; and one wishes that Bate would place the blame in so many words. An example is the letter that Johnson wrote to the widowed Mrs. Thrale when she planned to marry Gabriel Piozzi, an Italian musician: "If you have abandoned your children and your religion, God forgive your wickedness" (and so forth). It is true that Johnson's loneliness at this time, his terrible illnesses, and the near approach of death weakened his self-control. But it is also true (as Bate reminds us) that Johnson had quietly tolerated Henry Thrale's vices and indecent behavior to his wife; nor had Johnson tried to console her for Thrale's misconduct. Johnson's own marriage, fifty years earlier, had seemed grotesque and had produced the same division in the bride's family that Piozzi's attachment produced in Mrs. Thrale's. Instead of recognizing the parallel or appreciating the wretched woman's needs, Johnson suppressed such insights, giving way to language that his more considerate letter, following close afterward, could not redeem.
Yet Bate's idea of Johnson's character is subtly coherent. The old and common view of a hearty assertor of hand-me-down morals hardly suited the distasteful facts of Johnson's private or domestic life. If a man was half-blind, hard of hearing, given to twitches, tics, and compulsive gestures, if he dressed himself like a charity patient and offended listeners by his ruthlessness in conversation, how could one ever accept his moral guidance? It is a token of Johnson's genius and wisdom that he triumphed over such defects.
Bate, unlike Boswell, does not present Johnson as implanted with the essential nobility that marked his mature character. Instead, he is at pains to trace the evolution of the personality. By meticulous accounts of Johnson's melancholy he reveals the many forms which the same dark impulses could take as the disappointments of maturity replaced the self-doubt of youth. One realizes that Johnson at thirty was far from the heroic stature of the Rambler, that his emotional and intellectual nature altered under the pressure of terrible strains. Best of all, one realizes that his moral teachings relied not on innate confidence but on continually fresh approaches to frightening challenges. When Johnson gives us counsel, he tells us what is true for common, vulnerable, almost defeated humanity.
So also Bate establishes the links between Johnson's personality and his literary achievement. From childhood Johnson knew that he possessed the rarest gifts of mind along with crippling faults of personality. He expected great accomplishments of himself, and…
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text: For most of the 20th century, animals weren't allowed to have emotions. Your dog didn't actually love you—it (and it was an "it" back then) was just a stimulus–response machine conditioned to act a specific way in a specific situation. Scientists who said otherwise—that animals actually had minds capable of thoughts and emotions—were accused of "anthropomorphizing" and ridiculed by their peers. Even researchers as famous as chimp specialist Jane Goodall spent years sitting on evidence that animals could do more than just salivate at the sound of a bell. But over time, that bias waned. Just consider the first sentence (and the title) of Virginia Morell's new book, Animal Wise: The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures: "Animals have minds." "Not so long ago," she writes later, "I would have hedged these statements." After six years of reporting in 11 different countries, the longtime science journalist arrived at the same conclusion that scientists like Goodall have known for a long while: that animals feel. And strongly, it turns out. But how complex are these emotions? Fear and panic are one thing; but do animals lust, even love? We went to Morell for some answers. Animals might not celebrate Valentine's Day, but their relationships still look a lot like ours. Here are some of her favorite examples. Parrotlets Parrot porn, anyone? That's what Morell was treated to in Venezuela, where scientists are studying the calls of green-rumped parrotlets. One of their racier findings? Little birds be bangin' like mammals: pushing, clawing, clutching, thrusting. But that's not all. These parrots lead soap opera–ready lives. "They were very, very fun to watch," Morell said. In one of her favorite stories, a parrot widow gets remarried to a neighbor, only to have her new husband leave her a day later for his first wife. Bad General Parrotreus! All that drama is meticulously documented in a field log, which Morell calls "a parrotlet version of Desperate Housewives." Photo: Male (right) and female (left) green-rumped parrotlets. Ninoska Zamora/Flickr.Dolphins Dolphins depend on bromances: They need other guys to help them overpower the females they likely intend to bed. But the scientists Morell spoke to in Australia haven't actually observed males and females mate, despite years at sea. What they do see, constantly and exclusively, is male-on-male action. It's how the dolphins seal their precious alliances: "You do me, I do you, then we might both do her." (Dolphins give new meaning to friends with benefits.) Morell was surprised by the frequency of the behavior. "While we were out on the boat, researchers would call out what they were witnessing," she says. "One of more common calls was, 'Erection!'" Hey, they're only human. Photo: Richard ConnorElephants If you still doubt that animals love, read Morell's chapter on elephants. That baby calf who won't leave his dead mother's side? Or that family confused by the call of a dead relative? Don't look, we're weeping. But elephants also celebrate life. After an elephant pair finishes mating, the others erupt in trumpets and cheers. Morell was lucky enough to be present for one such performance. "There was joy and pandemonium," she says. "The female spun around, everybody was urinating; there was a lot of communication going on. It was an extraordinary thing to see." Photo: Virginia MorellRats Play is crucial to the social development of mammals. Morell found that out when she visited the laughing rats at Jaak Panksepp's Washington lab. If you keep a rat isolated from its friends, it won't grow into a well-adjusted adult. Playtime is so important that it even affects future relationships. Morell cites one researcher who says rats know the difference between good sex and bad. It may be the case, Morell adds, that the most play-experienced rats are also the best in the sack. So ditch the videogame and go run around outside, kids. Photo: surprise truck/Flickr.Cheetahs On a drive through Tanzania's Serengeti National Park, Morell spotted a cheetah on a small hill. He was pacing and crying out piteously. Her guide said the cheetah was probably looking for his lost friend. If he didn't find him, he'd likely perish himself; cheetahs need partners to survive. But it's what the guide said next that stuck with Morell, and convinced her that we're entering a new age of animal understanding. "Really," the guide said, "he'll probably die of a broken heart." Photo: Michael McRae


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We're all talking about it: the devastating impact budget cuts are having on education. State and local budgets being stretched to the limits and now, the new leadership in the House of Representatives is vowing to cut $100 billion from domestic spending, which includes education.
In response to these proposed cuts, U.S. Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan stated, "millions of students with special needs wouldn't get the services they need."
Help CEC combat these threats to education funding by sharing with us (either by blog posting or email@example.com) how budget cuts in your state and/or school district are impacting you, children/youth, and your school, in areas such as:
- Impact on student learning/achievement;
- Change in class size;
- Change in workload/caseload;
- Impact on collaboration time;
- Layoffs;
- Impact on services/resources provided;
- Impact on professional development opportunities;
- Any in any other way!
These threats to education funding will intensify over the next few months as Congress will be tasked with finalizing Fiscal Year 2011 funding levels and creating Fiscal Year 2012 funding levels. CEC will use your feedback as examples of the REAL impact of funding cuts in our advocacy initiatives.
Help CEC inform policymakers of the dangers of cutting education funding today!!
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American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) (Teacher)
STARTALK Multi-State Pathways to Teaching
Arabic, Chinese, Hindi, Korean, Persian, Russian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Portuguese, Swahili
- June 12, 2019 – July 17, 2019: Pre-Institute Online Sessions (Online)
- July 24, 2019 – July 31, 2019: Summer Institute (On-Site) (Face-to-face)
- August 12, 2019 – August 31, 2019: Post-Institute Online Sessions (Online)
- University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, NC
Program Setting
The STARTALK Multi-State Pathways to Teaching Institute focuses on closing the gap for heritage school teachers by creating a Personalized Learning Plan (PLP) to earn state certification in order to be placed during the 2019-2020 school year in a K-12 public school classroom as an alternative entry or provisionally licensed teacher. This teacher training program recruits and supports up to 50 prospective teachers in 10 targeted STARTALK languages to address the critical need for K-12 language programs in Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia, as well as a limited number of Spanish teachers to serve in dual language/immersion programs in those states. The Institute design includes 75 hours of instruction delivered online and face-to-face in four stages through a variety of learning experiences: Stage 1 Pre-Institute (6 hours online; June 12-July 17); Stage 2 Summer Institute (45 hours on-site; July 24-31); Stage 3 Post-Institute (24 hours over a seven-month period, August 2019 - February 2020); and finally Stage 4 Extended Institute (additional individual work as needed to complete certification requirements, will be outlined in each participant's PLP). This Institute ensures that teachers are coached and prepared to meet the licensing requirements of the state where they will be teaching and enter the classroom as effective educators with the skills to plan, deliver, and assess instruction using the STARTALK-Endorsed Principles.
Contact(s)(703) 894-2900 ext 131
Program Website


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JungleJane necesitaba un nuevo diseño de botón o icono y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 18 diseños de 6 diseñadores freelance.
This logo will be used as a social networking avatar.
Jungle Jane
Please use your creativity to design an Avatar that can be used as a personal brand for the social profile - Jungle Jane.
Jungle Jane is the official blogger for The Jungle Store. She provides readers with "an animal fact a day." Jungle Jane will be used as a resource for educators and so should look child-friendly.
The Jungle Store is updating its look, so the current website may not help you much with style. The new store will be much brighter with less photography. Colors will be earth tones.
File formats - vector formats (.eps, .pdf or ai); layered formats(.psd or .tiff)
- Jungle Jane must be female.
- She should be a caricature or cartoon.
- She should have short, spikey, dark hair
- She should be dressed for safari
- She should appear friendly, confident and knowledgable
- If you want to make her eyes a color, they should be blue
- If you want, she can wear a hat.
- The image needs to be clear not cluttered
- We don't need to see all of her.
- Any colors should be earth tones
- Have fun
- We don't need the words "Jungle Jane"
- Don't spend time on details that will get lost in a thumbnail


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Mitsikeli mountain is the one extending behind Ioannina city. It has entered Natura 2000 network and has an organized shelter. The mountain is ideal for mountaineering (the international pathway E6 and the national pathway O3 pass through the area).
Visitgreece.gr is the official tourism web site for Greece, run by the Greek National Tourism Organisation, where you'll find information on the main tourist destinations, such as cities, beaches, as well as activities, events and much more!
All content included on this site consists intellectual property of GNTO and you are not allowed to reproduce the whole or part of this work in any way.
For information please contact: firstname.lastname@example.com. All Rights Reserved. GNTO © 2020.


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Home theater receiver placement tips
What you need to know before you set up your receiver
When you're ready to set up a new home theater receiver, the first step is figuring out where to put it. It may seem like a simple point, but there are several factors to consider. After all, every component and speaker in your system will need to be connected to your receiver.
Cabinets and stands
Most people choose to place their receiver in a cabinet or stand. You may already have one for your receiver. If not, you'll want to check out our selection of A/V furniture. There are benefits to furniture designed specifically for A/V equipment, which you can read about below.
How much space do you need in your cabinet or stand?
Just because your receiver will fit into the shelf space you've allocated, doesn't mean it should go there. You need a little more room than just enough to accommodate the physical dimensions of the unit. Here's why…
The BDI Novia 8421 cabinet's rear-panel holes allow proper ventilation while providing easy exits for cables.
All receivers have a vented top panel. This is to allow the heat generated by the amplifiers to dissipate, an important function for any amp to run cleanly and safely. If you cram your receiver into a tight shelf space, there's no place for this heat to go. Too much heat build-up, and your receiver can shut down.
Ideally, you should leave at least three inches of space above the top of your receiver. Furniture designed for home theater equipment will often allow for proper ventilation, with large openings on the sides or back to permit airflow.
Leave room for connections
Remember: you're going to be connecting cables to the back of your receiver. That means you'll need to leave some extra room at the back. At Crutchfield, we measure all our receivers in house, so you can be sure you're getting accurate dimensions. We even add an inch or two to our depth dimensions to allow for cable connections.
Removable back panels offer easy access for connections with cabinets like the BDI Avion 8929 Series II.
Cable routing
A home theater setup can easily lead to a tangled mess of wires behind your cabinet. This is something you'll want to avoid. Keeping cables neat and orderly not only looks better, it makes it easier to find which cable is going where when you need to troubleshoot a problem or swap out a component later on.
[Check out our selection of cable management accessories and our exclusive cable labels, which are free with the purchase of a home theater receiver.]
Look for home theater furniture with cable management features like plenty of rear-panel exit points, internal gaps and holes for running cables between components, and easy rear access for making connections.
This video provides a good overview of the features found in many A/V cabinets.
A component rack like the Sanus CFR2127 is ideal for storing lots of gear in a closet or adjoining room to keep it out of the way.
Controlling gear in hidden component racks
Most of us choose to set up our receiver and other components in a stand that also supports our TV. But what if you wall mount your TV over a fireplace? Or maybe you prefer to keep your gear out of sight and away from children. In that case, you may consider a component rack that you can place in a closet.
Putting your receiver out of sight begs the question: will my remote still work? There are two solutions to this problem. One is to use an infrared repeater system. This can extend a remote's reach to components that are hidden behind cabinet doors or in another room. These devices use a receiver and wired transmitters too pass along your remote's IR signal to your receiver and other components.
[Learn more about IR repeater systems]
Here's a diagram of an IR repeater system with components concealed in a cabinet. In this example, The IR sensor is attached to the front of the TV:
Wi-Fi® control with your smartphone or tablet
If you have a network-capable receiver, there is another solution. Most every home theater receiver with wireless or wired network connectivity also offers a free remote app. Download the app to your smartphone or tablet, and use your device to operate the receiver's main functions. Most apps are available for Apple® and Android™ devices and allow you to select sources, adjust the volume, choose listening modes, and listen to Internet radio stations.
Apps like Denon Remote allow you to use your smartphone or tablet as a Wi-Fi remote with network-connected receivers.
Protect your investment
There's one final question to ask yourself before connecting all your components and speakers: "Where am I going to plug in my receiver?" There is only one right answer to this question: a power protection device. Power spikes and surges are a fact of life, so it's important to protect your investment. Remember: any component plugged directly into an outlet can put your entire system in jeopardy. You'll need the extra outlets for your TV, cable box, and other components, too.
Don't even think about plugging your receiver directly into the wall. Protect your equipment from surges with a power protection device.
Cole from ClintonPosted on 5/16/2019
I recently purchased a Marantz Receiver from you guys and was curious on what is the average run temperature of the receiver? What's a dangerous temp and what is consider Average? Thank youDavid Brown from Crutchfield on 5/17/2019Cole, I've never seen that spec provided by a manufacturer. If you have concerns that your receiver may be running too hot, I highly recommend you call our Tech Support folks. They're super knowledgeable and can help you determine if you've got a problem.


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ALEX Toys Do-it-Yourself Wear Tile Jewelry
by ALEX Toys
Please check your favorite toy retailer for availability. Prices may vary.
Buy Online:
Product Description
Tile jewelry made by the best designer ever…YOU! Add sticker and gems to these wooden tiles then string them to make bracelets, earrings, necklaces and rings. Over 130 stickers to choose from! Use the letter stickers to make your initials or spell a name. Includes wood tiles, gems, stickers, beads, pearls, rings, jewelry findings, chain necklace, ribbons, elastic string, stretchy loop, beading needle and easy to follow instructions.
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Based on the European rating data up to 4th January 2009.
This page only checks the rating part of the qualification conditions. It is unable to check the 'played in all rounds' rule and the nationality and BGA membership rules. Manual confirmation is needed that you have qualified.
The list shows players from the UK rating list who either first achieved an EGF rating at or above 1900 in 2008 after the tournament shown against their name. Click the name link to see their rating graph. Click the tournament name link to see the results table.
Total 98 qualifiers.


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Preview Online
We allow you to preview your apps as you build them online or from your iPhone, iPad, or Android device.
Incredibly Easy
Our easy to use content manage system allows for beautiful app designs without any programming knowledge needed.
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Creative Mobile Apps allows you to create native apps for iPhone, iPad, & Android, and mobile websites.
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Download Otherwise Known As Sheila the Great – Judy Blume ebook
Sheila Tubman (Peter Hatcher's sworn enemy) sometimes wonders who she really is: the outgoing, witty, and capable Sheila the Great, or the secret Sheila, who's afraid of spiders, the dark, swimming and, most of all, dogs. When her family leaves the city for a summer in the country, Sheila has to face some of her worst fears. Not only does a dog come with the rented house, but her parents expect Sheila to take swimming lessons! Sheila does her best to pretend she's an expert at everything, but she knows she isn't fooling her new best friend, Mouse Ellis, who not only is an outstanding swimmer, but loves dogs! What will it take for Sheila to admit to Mouse and to herself that she's only human?


text: I am manufacturing and selling aluminum, rubber isolated, oil cooler kits for the Honda XR650L, XR600, XL600R and NX650/Dominator. This kit is of my own design and handcrafted with the highest quality parts that I could produce and the highest quality of materials. The Honda XR650L kit will fit the stock fuel tank with scoops, the Clarke, Acerbis, Aloop, and IMS tank as well. It works with "big fin" heads and FMF stainless head pipes. Frame Supported: NX650/Dominator Version with black cooler: Upgrade kit for the early design: I've added an upgrade kit for the people that purchased the original oil coolers. (Thank you all) This new guard is rubber mounted and still attaches to the frame. This kit includes low profile oil cooler bolts, aluminum counter-sunk washers, new motor mount bolt /washer, and new guard. This will fit the XR650L and the XR600. I inspect and clean up the threaded bosses on each oil cooler now. You will not have to do anything to them (we had a few with problems on the very 1st batch). For anyone not familiar with the evolution of this kit, they can follow the production process starting here at #34: http://www.advrider.com/forums/showthread.php?t=500646&page=3 I have posted over 100 photos of my trials and tribulations of the building process on that thread. Many questions about this kit can be answered there. I can answer one question right now: No, the hose does not come close to the exhaust header/pipe. This is not a issue. Stock XR650L fuel tank with scoops. (old oil cooler guard design shown) By-pass valve options: The Jagg by-pass valve directs the oil away from the cooler when you are riding in lower temperatures. It does not shut the oil off going to the cooler, but opens a passage of less resistance for the oil to travel, thus bypassing the cooler. By-pass valves are sold separately. _______________________________________________________________________________ I am now offering an emergency oil cooler by-pass repair kit. I case of damage to your oil cooler, you can easily make a repair and continue your ride. Includes: • A stainless steel, barbed "U" bend tube. • Two end caps to keep junk from getting lodged in the tube while it is bouncing around in your tool bag. • Two American made stainless steel hose clamps. The clamps are slightly smaller than the black ones supplied with the kit. They fit the oil line and are able to clamp down to 1/4 inch so you can use them for other repairs like fuel lines, etc. • Comes in a 4 mil plastic zip-lock so you can keep the kit in your tool bag or pocket. Price: $20.00 Including shipping in the USA. __________________________________________________________________ A note to all: I do not make motorcycle products for a living (I have a day job as a graphic artist). I am just a guy that has spent years building things in my shop for my own bikes. I have a small lathe and milling machine that I use for making parts. After showing my oil cooler design on the ADVrider forum, many people requested that I make this available. I agreed. This turned out to be a huge 6 month long undertaking. It has been on my bike since July, 2010 with no problems. I live in Arizona (USA) and ride to work year round, sometimes in 115+ degrees Fahrenheit. I decided that an oil cooler would help my Honda XR650L. I did a lot of research online on this topic before I decided to do this project, so I cut, machined, bent, and twisted a bunch of aluminum to mount a Jagg oil cooler to my bike. I did not take temperature measurements before and after I installed the cooler, though an inmate (Mr. Bill, thank you) using the same Jagg cooler, reported that he has a 25 degree F drop in temperature. This kit uses a Jagg oil cooler core (Jagg part #3110). Illustrated and detailed instructions will be provided with each kit. HOW TO ORDER: Choose the kit and add $15.00 for USPS Priority Mail Insured shipping in the USA. Contact me for international shipping quotes. firstname.lastname@example.com When ordering, please include a message with your bike model, oil cooler color. Price: XR650L, XR600, XL600R....$319.00 NX650 / Dominator............$309.00 Emergency Repair Kit..... $20.00 Including shipping in the USA. There are two options for the Jagg by-pass valve: • Manual by-pass................. $74.95 • Thermostat by-pass valve....$94.95 You can make a PayPal payment to: firstname.lastname@example.com or Personal check is okay. Send a check and your shipping address to: Mark Sutton PO Box 25185 Scottsdale, AZ 85255 If I run out of kits, don't worry. I will make as many as I have to. Please remember that I have a "day job" and my response to questions, orders and PMs might take longer than expected. Rest assured I will answer everybody ASAP. This Kit Is For Closed Course Competition Use Only. Not Intended for Street Use. This kit requires the relocation of the stock smog pump located on the left side of the engine. I do not supply the parts to relocate the stock smog pump. You should always check your state's laws with regard to the use of aftermarket parts. On NX650 models, the stock tool kit will have to be removed / relocated. This kit is sold without expressed or implied warranties, yet I am sure that I can help with any problems that you might have, short of replacing your engine. If your are not comfortable with this, please don't purchase it. Cheers Mark


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'All I Want For Christmas Is You' by Mariah Carey is the best festive feel-good song ever made, according to a poll.
The 1994 classic beat a string of other Christmas smash hits including 'I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day' by Wizzard and Slade's 'Merry Xmas Everybody' to claim top spot.
It also outstripped 'Last Christmas' by Wham! and 'Do They Know It's Christmas?' by Band Aid.
Other songs to make the definitive Christmas top 40 include 'It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The year' by Andy Williams which just pipped tub-thumping classic, Fairytale of New York - The Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl to sixth spot.
'Driving Home For Christmas' by Chris Rea, Shakin' Stevens' 'Merry Christmas Everyone' and Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town by Bruce Springsteen complete the top ten.
The study, conducted to coincide with the launch of Co-op's new Christmas advert which features a new rendition of Britpop classic, Blur's 'Tender', also probed the role Christmas songs play in boosting our moods amid what is often the busiest, and most expensive time of the year.
According to the stats 49 per cent of the nation say that Christmas truly begins when they start to hear Christmas songs on the radio or in stores.
A Co-op spokesperson said of the findings: "Our research released today shows how music is a huge factor to our Christmas celebrations and something that can bring people together over the festive period.
''All of our favourite Christmas activities like wrapping presents, cooking the family meal and putting up the tree, all seem to be enhanced by holiday tunes, lifting our spirits.
''It's interesting to see that for the majority of people, the 80's have proven to be the golden era for Christmas hits, with the nation clearly feeling a little underwhelmed with recent releases."
The study of 2021 adults also shows we listen to Christmas songs throughout all of our Christmas activities.
We chose 'Christmas Classics' as our favourite type of Christmas music with 35% of us agreeing.
Women overwhelmingly agreed with 41 per cent saying 'Christmas Classics' are their favourite type of Christmas music.
It also emerged 65 per cent of the nation say that they find themselves singing along to Christmas songs during the festive period… involuntarily, with wrapping presents and putting the tree up the most popular occasions.
The study also found the majority of us feel getting together with family is the most exciting part of Christmas, with turkey, roast potatoes and pigs in blankets the best edible elements.
1. All I Want For Christmas Is You - Mariah Carey
2. I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day - Wizzard
3. Merry Xmas Everybody - Slade
4. Last Christmas - Wham!
5. Do They Know It's Christmas? - Band Aid
6. It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year - Andy Williams
7. Fairytale of New York - The Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl
8. Driving Home For Christmas - Chris Rea
9. Merry Christmas Everyone - Shakin' Stevens
10. Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town - Bruce Springsteen
11. Lonely This Christmas - Elvis Presley
12. Blue Christmas - Elvis
13. Stay Another Day - East 17
14. When A Child Is Born - Johnny Mathis
15. Santa Baby - Kylie Minogue
16. Baby It's Cold Outside - Tom Jones and Cerys Matthews
17. Mistletoe and Wine - Cliff Richard
18. Wonderful Christmastime - Paul McCartney
19. Happy Xmas (War Is Over) - John and Yoko and The Plastic Ono Band with the Harlem Community Choir
20. Stop The Cavalry - Jona Lewie
21. Walking In The Air - Peter Auty and The Sinfonia Of London
22. Step Into Christmas - Elton John
23. Christmas Time (Don't Let The Bells End) - The Darkness
24. I Believe in Father Christmas - Greg Lake
25. The Power Of Love - Frankie Goes To Hollywood
26. Saviour's Day - Cliff Richard
27. Please Come Home For Christmas - Bon Jovi
28. A Spaceman Came Travelling - Chris de Burgh
29. Jingle Bells - Basshunter
30. If Every Day Was Like Christmas - Elvis Presley
31. It Won't Seem Like Christmas Without You - Elvis Presley
32. Mistletoe - Justin Bieber
33. Christmas Is All Around - Billy Mack
34. The Millennium Prayer - Cliff Richard
35. All Alone On Christmas - Darlene Love
36. Underneath The Tree - Kelly Clarkson
37. Proper Crimbo - Bo Selecta
38. Pretty Paper - Roy Orbison
39. Christmas Wrapping - The Waitresses
40. Winter World of Love - Engelbert Humperdinck