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Wise Young, Ph.D., M.D.
W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience
Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
email: email@example.com
update: 13 May 2005
Is it important to know whether you have a spinal cord injury, a conus injury, or a cauda equina injury? The three conditions have different prognoses and therapeutic implications. A spinal cord injury interrupts the spinal tracts that go from the brain and upper spinal cord to the lower spinal cord. Lower thoracic spinal cord injuries can damage not only the spinal cord but also spinal roots that run in the spinal canal in lower thoracic and lumbosacral spinal canal. A conus injury damages the sacral segments that are present at the tip of the spinal cord and, depending on the extension of the damage, may also damage spinal roots that are present in the spinal canal near the conus. Finally, a cauda equina injury damages only the spinal roots and not the spinal cord itself. Of course, one may have combination conus and cauda equina injuries but these are relatively rare.
Injury Level
Let me first review the anatomy of the spinal cord because people are always confusing spinal cord levels with bony vertebral levels. When a surgeon talks about levels, the surgeon is usually thinking about bony (vertebral) levels. During development and childhood, the spinal column grows more than the spinal cord and is much longer than the spinal cord. As figure 1 below shows, the spinal cord levels are defined by where the spinal roots enter the spinal cord. The vertebral levels are defined by where the spinal roots exit the vertebral column. The figure was relabeled from an article that I had posted earlier.
In the cervical region, vertebral and spinal cord levels are similar. There are 8 cervical spinal cord segments and only 7 cervical vertebral segments. In the cervical spinal cord, the spinal roots exit the spinal column close to the spinal cord level. Also, in the cervical spine, the spinal roots exit just above the vertebral level. For example, C1 root exits above the C1 vertebra and the C7 root exits above the C7 vertebra. However, the C8 root exits above the T1 vertebra and the T1 root exits the spinal column above the T2 vertebra.
Spinal cord levels and vertebral levels are not the same in the thoracic and lumbosacral segments. In the lower thoracic spinal cord, the spinal cord levels are progressively further away from the vertebral levels. So, for example, the T5 cord segment is located in the T4 vertebra. The L1 cord segment is located between T8 and T9 vertebral segments. The L5 cord segment is located in the T11 vertebral segment. The sacral spinal cord (S1-S5) is located between T11 to L1. The cauda equina is located from L2 vertebra to the coccyx (the tip the spinal column).
An injury to C1 to L1 vertebral levels will damage the spinal cord. In the lower thoracic and lumbosacral spinal cord, trauma not only damages the spinal cord but also the spinal roots that exit the spinal column at the level of injury, as well as spinal roots that may be present in the spinal canal. So, for example, if you have a C5 vertebral injury, it should have damaged your C6 spinal cord and possibly the C5 spinal roots that exit the spinal column between the C4 and C5 vertebral bodies. Your neurological level should start out at C4 and may descend over time to C5 and possibly C6. If you have a T6 vertebral injury, it should have damaged your T8 spinal cord but also the T6 and T7 spinal roots that exist the spinal column above and below the T6 vertebrae.
In summary, vertebral and spinal cord levels are not the same. In the cervical spinal cord, the vertebal and spinal cord levels are similar but there are 8 cervical spinal cord segments and only 7 cervical vertebrae. In the thoracic spinal cord, the spinal cord segmental level separates from the vertebral level progressively more as one gets lower down the spinal column. The lumbosacral spinal cord is located in vertebrae T8 to L1. Spinal roots run alongside the spinal cord from T8 to L1, where the conus is located. Beyond L1, the cauda equina occupies the spinal canal.
Lower Thoracic Injury
A lower thoracic injury, i.e. T8-T12, affects the lumbar cord and upper sacral spinal cord. As shown in figure 1, the lumbar cord is situated between T8 and T11 while the S1 and S2 segment is situated at T12. An injury to the lumbar and upper sacral spinal cord will cause damage to the motoneurons that innervate the pelvic and buttock muscles (L1-L3), the upper leg muscles (L2-4), and the lower leg muscles (L4-S1). In addition, injuries at these thoracic vertebral levels will interrupt descending tracts innervating the sacral spinal cord governing sexual, bladder, and bowel function (S2-S5). The injuries may also affect the spinal roots, firstly the spinal roots that are exiting at the level of the injury and secondly the spinal roots that are descending through the spinal canal at the injury site.
A person with a T10 vertebral injury should have an injury to the L3 or L4 spinal cord, the T9 and T10 roots that exit above and below the T10 vertebra. In addition, the T10 to L4 spinal roots pass through the spinal canal at T10 may be affected. A person with a T11 vertebral injury should have an injury to the L5 spinal cord, as well as T11 and T12 spinal roots that exit the spinal cord and the spinal roots from L1 to L5 that pass through the spinal canal of the T11 vertebra. Likewise, a person with a T12 vertebral injury should have an injury to the S2 and S3 spinal segment, as well as the spinal roots of L1 to S2.
Lower thoracic injuries are therefore combinations of spinal cord and spinal root injuries. They involve both upper and motoneuronal injuries. Upper motoneuronal injuries refer to loss of motor connection between the brain and the spinal cord. Lower motoneuronal injuries refer to damage of the motoneurons themselves or the axons that connect them to the muscles. They also cause loss of ascending spinal sensory tracts as well as sensory input to the spinal cord through the spinal roots. For that reason, their neurological presentation is complex. Careful and detailed neurological examinations are required to decipher the neurological losses.
Because the thoracic cavity is strongly reinforced by the ribs, injuries to the thoracic spinal cord require massive accelerative forces and most injuries at lower thoracic levels tend to cause severe damage to the spinal cord. However, even the most severe injuries tend to spare some spinal roots passing through the canal at the injury site. So, one often sees a so-called "complete" spinal cord injury with a neurological level at L1-L5 but some sensory loss as high as T8 and involvement of abdominal muscles. In general, lower motoneuronal symptoms are restricted to the upper legs.
The classic clinical presentation of a person with lower thoracic spinal injuries is paraplegia with some preservation of proximal (hip flexors and extension) muscles, flaccid paralysis of leg muscles depending on the precise level of injury, and spastic paralysis of muscles and bladder below that level. Depending on the severity of injury, there may be sparing of sexual, bladder, and bowel function. However, even in the case of severe injuries, the persons often have spastic bladders and bowel, and spasms, indicating that the spinal cord below the injury site is still alive and kicking.
In summary, lower thoracic spinal injury usually damages a lower part of the spinal cord than indicated by the vertebral injury level. For example, a T10 vertebral injury damages the L3 and L4 spinal cord while a T12 vertebral injury damages the S2 and S3 spinal cord. The lumbosacral spinal cord is situated between T8 and L1. Injury damages not only the spinal cord but also the spinal roots that exit at the site of injury, as well as spinal roots running in the canal. Lower thoracic spinal cord injuries present with complex distributions of upper motoneuronal injuries, lower motor neuronal injuries at the site of injury, injuries to spinal roots that exit the vertebral level of injury, and damage to the spinal roots that are running in the spinal canal.
Conus Injury
A conus injury is damage to the tip of the spinal cord, involving S4/5 spinal cord segments located in the L1 vertebrae. Injury to the L1 vertebrae will also affect descending spinal roots from the L1-S3 spinal cord that exit from the L1-S5 vertebral bodies. So an L1 vertebral injury causes spinal cord gray matter damage in the S4 and S5 spinal cord segments but may also cause both motor and sensory loss due to damage to the L1-S3 spinal roots.
The first clue to the diagnosis of conus injury is evidence of damage to the L1 vertebra. Although injuries to higher vertebra such as T12 can sometimes extend down into L1 and sometimes multiple level injuries can occur, the diagnosis of a conus injury requires evidence of damage to the conus itself. This should be looked for on MRI and CT scans of the lower spinal cord at the time of injury, for any evidence of compression of the conus at L1. There may be some MRI changes of the conus that may also reveal the presence of ischemic damage (i.e. increased signal).
The second clue to the diagnosis of conus injury is the distribution of neurological deficits. These fall into three categories:
• Loss of S4 and S5 function. The S4 and S5 dermatomes are located at and around the anus. There should be loss of sensation around the anus and absent anal sphincter tone. The anal sphincter should be flaccid if the conus injury is severe. If there is partial preservation of anal and sphincter function, there may be dissociation of pinprick and touch sensations and both should be tested.
• Damage to T12 and L1 spinal roots. The T12 root exits the spinal column just above L1 vertebral body and the L1 spinal root exits just below the L1 vertebral body. Both of these roots may be affected by dislocation of the L1 vertebra. Therefore, there may be loss of sensation in the T12 dermatome situated just above the pelvic girdle and the L1 dermatome which covers most of the front of the groin and extends around the back. The T12 and L1 roots also innervate deep pelvic and hip flexion muscles and these may be affected.
• Sensory loss from injury to descending L2-S3 spinal roots. The L2 through S3 spinal roots are present in the spinal canal of the L1 vertebral body. Depending on the severity of the injury, these roots may be affected as well but these should be variable. L2, L3, L4, and L5 dermatomes cover the front of the leg while the S1 and S2 dermatomes are located in the back of the leg. Please note that the S2 and S3 dermatomes innervate the penis and scrotal area and penile sensation may be spared in a conus injury. A careful and detailed examination of sensory dermatomes should be done to identify roots that have been damaged. Please note that because these are root injuries, both touch and pinprick sensations should be affected. Sometimes in incomplete spinal cord injuries, there is sparing of pinprick while touch is absent or vice-versa; however, this should be rare when the sensory loss is due to damage to the spinal roots.
• Motor loss from injury to descending L2-S3 spinal roots. The L1 through S3 spinal roots of course innervate a great many muscles in the legs but there may be selective sparing of individual muscle groups. If the S1 root is involved, the ankle reflex should be absent. If the L3 and L4 roots are affected, the patellar (knee jerk) reflex should be absent. Severe injuries of the spinal roots may result in flaccid paralysis and atrophy of multiple leg muscles. However, there is often sparing of some muscle groups, particularly the muscles of the upper leg. Sexual and bladder function which is controlled by S2-3 may be spared or recover partly in people with conus injuries.
The third clue is the clinical presentation of a conus injury. A conus injury usually presents with sudden onset of lower back pain, bilateral motor and sensory loss, particularly anal sensation and sphincter function. Fecal incontinence is common. Patients often complain of severe low back pain and occasionally radicular pain (shooting pain from the back into the leg). If the predominant pain complaint is radicular pain, cauda equina injury should be suspected. If there is damage to the sacral spinal roots, there may be early loss of erection and the bladder may be flaccid. Knee jerks are often preserved (L3/4) but ankle jerks (S1) may be diminished. A majority will eventually recover bladder reflexes (Beric, et al., 1992)). Patients are sometimes able to walk after conus injuries.
In summary, a conus injury involves the S4/5 segment of the spinal cord situated in vertebral body L1. The injury may also involve the T12 and L1 spinal roots that exit respectfully above and below the L1 vertebral body. In addition, the spinal roots for L2 through S5 spinal roots pass through the spinal canal of the L1 vertebral body and severe occlusion of the spinal canal at L1 may result in damage to the spinal roots. The diagnosis of conus injury should include CT or MRI evidence of compression or other damage to the tip of the spinal cord at L1. Many patients may recover erection and bladder function, as well as walking, after conus injuries.
Cauda Equina Injury
The cauda equina consists of the spinal roots that descend from the spinal cord to end of the spinal column, exiting at each lumbar and sacral levels. Injury to L2 and any of the vertebral bodies below L2 may result in a cauda equina injury. The injury seldom damages all the spinal roots in the canal. The cauda equina syndrome frequently occurs as a result of disc herniation, stenosis (narrowing), or gradual dislocation of the spinal column and thus the onset of symptoms may be slow. Generally, cauda equina injury involves one side more than the other and is associated with radicular pain (shooting pain going into the affected limb). There is typically less back pain than in conus injuries.
The classic presentation of a cauda equina syndrome is saddle anesthesia, i.e. loss of sensation in the areas that innervated by the lower sacral segments (where one sits on a saddle). There is areflexic or flaccid paralysis of certain muscle groups innervated by affected spinal roots. Loss of erectile function is less common than in conus injuries (depends on whether the S2/3 roots are affected) but may happen. The bulbocavernosus reflex, penile or clitoral sensation may be absent or diminished, indicating damage to the S2/S3 roots. The cremasteric reflex (L2-L3), stroking the superior and medial part of thigh to elicit contraction of the scrotum and testes in the side of the stroked limb, should be preserved. Sensory loss should follow a dermatomal pattern. Urinary retention, if present, tends to present later or more rarely than in conus injuries.
By definition, cauda equina injury is damage to the spinal roots. The distribution of neurological loss is variable, depending of the roots involved, and motor recovery frequently occurs but sensory recovery is limited. The reason is that some motor axons can regenerate in the peripheral nerve and reinnervate muscles. If the injury is very close to the spinal cord, motor regeneration is limited. Sensory axonal regeneration and recovery is rare because sensory axons that have been interrupted cannot re-enter the spinal cord (due to the CNS-PNS barrier stops growth of axons into the spinal cord). The spinal cord itself is not damaged in cauda equina injuries.
In summary, cauda equina injuries produce saddle anesthesia, areflexic paralysis of selected lumbosacral segments, possible loss of erectile function and the bulbocavernosus reflex (S2/5) but intact cremasteric reflex (L2/3), and bowel/bladder dysfunction. Depending on the severity of injury, many people with cauda equina injuries end up with paralysis and sensory loss in certain muscle groups. Paralysis may reverse but sensory recovery is more rare. Patients often complain of radicular pain for one spinal cord segment that emanates into the affected limb. Bladder function is often affected but may be spared.
Implications for Treatment
Most of the therapeutic approaches to spinal cord injury have focused on damage to the spinal cord and regeneration of spinal tracts. People with lower thoracic spinal cord injury should benefit from such therapies. Thoracic and conus injuries would both benefit from neuronal replacement therapies. Cauda equina injuries will benefit from therapies that allow regrowth of sensory axons into the spinal cord and treatments that encourage peripheral axonal regeneration.
There are several alternative therapies that can be used to restore function in people who have spinal root damage. One is to identify those roots that are not damaged and then do nerve bridging to connect those roots with muscles and sensory nerves supplied by damaged roots. In China, for example, Dr. Shaocheng Zhang at the Second Military Hospital in Shanghai has been doing nerve rerouting in hundreds of patients. He bridges the nerves from an intact root to the distal end of a damaged root. Although not quite like a tendon transfer, it allows a patient to move muscles and feel in areas of the body.
Another approach is to stimulate regeneration in spinal roots that have been damaged. There is considerable research on methods to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. In the case of spinal roots, there is an additional problem that must be solved: the regrowth of sensory axons into the spinal cord. Because the cell bodies of sensory axons are situated in the dorsal root ganglia just outside of the spinal cord, injury to nerve roots disrupts the sensory connections to the spinal cord. Sensory axons do not grow into the spinal cord. There are some animal studies that suggest that olfactory ensheathing glia may facilitate the entry of sensory axons into the spinal cord.
It is likely that no single therapy will work for all people with lower thoracic, conus, or cauda equina injuries. The therapies must be specifically tailored for every person, depending on which and how many spinal roots are involved, and the extent to which the spinal cord is affected by the injury. Treaments must address both upper and lower motoneuronal deficits. We must also remember that motor function requires sensory input, i.e. reflexes, proprioceptive (position sensing), and muscle feedback, essential for coordinated motor control. Thus, a solution that restores muscle innervation is not likely to restore motor control without addressing the sensory component.
Lower thoracic, conus, or cauda equina injuries often result in flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy. Can it be reversed or prevented? Most of the atrophy that occurs is very likely to be due to non-use. In people with cervical or upper thoracic spinal cord injuries, spasticity helps maintain the muscle. However, people who have conus or cauda injuries are less spastic. There is growing evidence that intense electrical stimulation with high electrical currents can build and maintain denervated muscles. On the other hand, it may be a number of years before we will be able to replace motoneurons in the spinal cord to reinnervate muscles.
Recommended Web Reading
Neurological Exams: Sensory Nerves and Deep Tendon Reflexes by Susan Spinasanta. This article from Spineuniverse.com describes reflexes and sensory testing. Might be helpful for you to read if you are wondering what your doctor is doing when tapping your knee with a rubber hammer.
Spinal Cord Hemorrhage by Richard M. Zweifler, M.D.. Hemorrhage or bleeding of the spinal cord often happens after trauma or vascular malformations. This article from Spineuniverse.com discusses how the blood damages the spinal cord.
Tumors of the Conus and Cauda Equina by Amiram Schneiderman, Joseph T. Alexander. Tumors are a major cause of conus and cauda equina injuries. This is a review in Emedicine both the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Spinal Cord injury: Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology by Segun T. Dawodu, M.D. This is a general article from Emedicine that provides definitions of the various ways of classifying spinal cord injury, conus medullaris syndrome, and cauda equina syndrome.
Spinal Cord Injury: Anatomy and Physiology of the Spinal Cord by Fintan Sheerin. This article in Emergency Nurse Vol. 12 (8 December 2004) has some nice illustrations of spinal cord anatomy.
Spinal Anatomy. This article of the Sofamordanek site has some nice pictures of spine anatomy.
Thoracolumbar Vertebral Fractures: A Review of the Literature by V. M. Thomas, et al. A review of different thoracolumbar fractures published in the Journal of Orthopedics in 2004.
Conus Medullaris and Cauda Equina Syndrome as a Result of Traumatic Injuries: Management Principles by James S. Harrop, Gabriel E. Hunt, Jr., and Alexander R. Vaccaro in Medscape. This 2004 article includes MRI and CT images of L1 burst fractures and other injuries that lead to conus or cauda equina injuries.
Neurogenic Bladder, Neurogenic Bowel, and Sexual Dysfunction in People with Spinal Cord Injury by Barbara T. Benevento and Marca L. Sipski. This review article in Physical Therapy Volume 82, June 2002 summarizes some of the bladder, bowel, and sexual changes that occur with lower spinal cord injury.
Cauda Equina Syndrome by Michael S. Beeson, M.D. This review article in eMedicine was last updated on 7 April 2005. It provides a good review of the cauda equina syndrome.
Cauda equina syndrome cased by lumbar disc herniation: Commentary by John P. Kostuik. This comment in Neurosurgery Focus, Volume 16, June 2004, states that cauda equina syndrome is frequently misdiagnosed or unrecognized but can have a relatively good outcome if rapidly decompressed. Delaying surgery by more than 48 hours produces significantly worse recovery.
Cauda Equina Syndrome: Is it a Surgical Emergency? by Jason W. Nascone, William C. Lauerman, and Sam W. Wiesel of Georgetown University in 1999. This review suggests that decompression should be performed when medically feasible in patients with chronic cauda equina compression but that early decompression is important for acute cauda equina syndrome.
Non-painful sensory phenomena after spinal cord injury by Phillip J. Siddal and Joan McClelland (1999), Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Volume 66: 612-622. According to this article from Sydney, Australia, 83% "non-painful" phantom sensations in spinal cord injury,
[This message was edited by Wise Young on 05-19-05 at 10:23 AM.]


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My family tree is rather boring. Everyone is WASPY. Most arrived in New England with the Great Migration or before 1650, and if they left they returned within one or two generations. My grandmother and her parents came through Ellis Island, which sounds exciting, but they were English just like everyone else. I remember one aunt saying to me, "Didn't you even find an Irishman?" Later, I found one German Hessian, and a Dutch ancestor, and several Scots. How is that for diversity? My DNA test came up 63% British Isles, 25% Scandinavian, 12% uncertain.
Well, I finally did find an Irish ancestor! He was an Ulster Protestant, but at least it shakes up the family tree a bit. My Boston Brahmin ancestors can now properly roll over in their graves!
My Northern Ireland ancestry dates back to Margaret Homes, born 28 February 1696 in Straban, Tyrone, Ireland. She came from a family of Presbyterian ministers. Her father, Rev. William Homes, was a minister in both Ireland and on the island of Martha's Vineyard off the coast of Massachusetts, and on her maternal side her grandfather, Rev. Robert Craighead, was a minster in Londonderry, Ireland. Katherine's brother, Rev. Thomas Craighead, became a Presbyterian minister in Pennsylvania.
The most interesting part of all this is the family connection to Londonderry, Ireland, since now I live in Londonderry, New Hampshire. I'm living in a town that was settled in 1719 by Ulster Scots who fled Northern Ireland after witnessing the siege of Derry. They settled in the Nutfield Grant, and renamed their town Londonderry. It's funny how things worked out, isn't it?
Margaret Holmes's father, William Homes came to America in 1686 and taught school on the island of Martha's Vineyard. In 1691 he returned to Ireland to enter the ministry, and he was ordained on 21 December 1692 as the pastor at Strabane. He received a degree from the University of Edinburgh in 1693. Then in October 1714 the Reverend William Homes and his brother-in-law Reverend Thomas Craighead came to Boston from Londonderry, Ireland on the ship "Thomas and Jane". Samuel Sewall welcomed them to Boston. Reverend William Homes went back to Martha's Vineyard to be the minister at Chilmark until his death in 1746.
In Rev. E. L. Parker's History of Londonderry, page 34 he wrote that a young man named Homes, son of a clergyman, told the people of Ireland the opportunities in New England. He supposed that this was Captain Robert Homes, son of Rev. William Homes. In 1717 John McClelland and James Jameson visited Rev. Homes in Chilmark. William Homes went to Boston to meet with Reverend Cotton Mather at the North Meeting House in Boston. With Mather's blessing, five ships of Presbyterians arrived in Boston in 1718 to settle in New England.
John Craighead
Thomas Craighead m. Janet Ferguson
Rev. Robert Craighead m. Agnes Hart
Rev. William Homes (1663-1746) m. Katherine Craighead (1678-1754)
Margaret Homes (1696 – 1778) m. John Allen
For more information, please see The History of Londonderry by Rev. E. L. Parker, 1851 page 34.
For more information, please see The History of Londonderry by Rev. E. L. Parker, 1851 page 34.
The Diary of Rev. William Homes of Chilmark, Martha's Vineyard, 1689-1746, can be found at the Maine Historical Society in Portland, Maine. This diary was transcribed in the Register of the New England Historic Genealogical Society over three years in the following issues:
Volume 48 (1894), Pages 446 – 453
Volume 49 (1895), pages 413- 416
Volume 50 (1896), pages 155 – 166
There was also a genealogy of the extended family at the NEHGS Register Volume 91 (1937), pages 159 – 176.
You can also see the Biography of William Homes from the book Scotch Irish Pioneers in Ulster and America by Charles Knowles Bolton (the entire book is view-able at Archive.org)
Ok, my ancestor was Scots Irish, but now I can officially celebrate St. Patrick's Day!
Ok, my ancestor was Scots Irish, but now I can officially celebrate St. Patrick's Day!
Heather Wilkinson Rojo, "I found an Irish Ancestor!", Nutfield Genealogy, posted March 14, 2013, ( https://nutfieldgenealogy.blogspot.com/2013/03/i-found-irish-ancestor.html: accessed [access date]).

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To say that Michael Dyer's life on and off the football field has gone downhill over the past couple of years would be the understatement to end all understatements.
Now, though, the the former running back swears he's a changed man.
Speaking to ESPN.com's Joe Schad, Dyer stated that he "[wants] a chance to show people my character is better than it was in the past." Two years removed from this level, Dyer is hoping to get one last shot with an FBS program.
"I want to clear my name," Dyer told Schad. "I understand the reasons I am in this situation. I placed myself here. I take responsibility. …
Unfortunately for Dyer, but understandably at the same time, no FBS program from automatic qualifying conferences has shown the least bit of interest.
"I understand their reasoning of not taking me," Dyer said. "It's been very, very hard. But I'm not the same person I was. I've changed. I've grown up."
The fact that no top-tier team wants to take a chance on the talented but troubled player is hardly surprising.
In January of 2011 as a freshman, Dyer was named the offensive MVP of Auburn's BCS title game win. After rushing for 1,000 yards each of his first two seasons with the Tigers, Dyer was "granted a release from his scholarship" in January of 2012, one month after he was suspended for the Tigers' appearance in the Chick-fil-A Bowl for failing multiple drug tests. He transferred to Arkansas State that same month in a reunion with former AU offensive coordinator and then-ASU head coach Gus Malzahn; six months later, he was dismissed by Malzahn for "undisclosed violations of team rules."
In August of 2012, Dyer landed at Arkansas Baptist, where he sat out the football season to focus on academics.
In April of this year, it was reported that Dyer would take a visit to TCU. Shortly after a report surfaced that Dyer "should've" been declared academically ineligible for the BCS title game against Oregon, that visit was scuttled. That same month, Dyer expressed an interest in playing for Arkansas, although the Razorbacks did not reciprocate the interest.
The glimmer of hope for Dyer is that, according to his uncle, two FBS programs have shown interest. One of those, Western Kentucky, is coached by former Arkansas head coach Bobby Petrino. The Sun Belt's Troy is the other FBS team, while FCS-level Illinois State is another to show interest.
If Dyer is unable to find a new football home at the collegiate level, he will likely make himself available for the NFL's supplemental draft this month.


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|Livermore, Calif.
|High School:
|House Affiliation:
Career Highs
Goals: 3 vs. Connecticut College (4/2/11)
Assists: 2 (3x) last vs. Siena (2/24/13)
Steals: 4 vs. Villanova (2/12/12)
2014 (Senior)
Finished the season with 26 goals, four assists and 11 steals ... Chipped in three steals against VMI (Feb. 8) … Recorded four goals against Iona (Feb. 8) … Had three goals and an assist versus Wagner (Feb. 9) … Netted a goal against Wagner (Feb. 22) … Had an assist against Iona (Feb. 23) … Scored a goal against San Diego State (March 8) … Tallied two goals and had a steal against UC San Diego (March 16) … Buried a goal at Cal State Northridge and two scores against Cal Lutheran (March 20) … Had two goals at UCLA (March 22) … Tallied a goal at Brown (April 2) … Registered two goals and an assist one assist (April 6) ... Netted two goals against George Washington and registered a theft versus Princeton on day one of the CWPA Southern Division Championships (April 12) ... Recorded a goal and a steal in the third place game at Southerns (April 13).
2013 (Junior)
Voted team's Most Improved Player ... Recorded 18 goals, 11 assists and 18 steals ... Started the season off with one goal and one assist in a victory over Iona (Feb. 2) ... Tallied one goal, two assists and two steals against Villanova (Feb. 2) ... Had a pair of thefts against CAMO (Feb. 2) ... Recorded one steal against Princeton (Feb. 9) ... Netted one goal versus NYAC (Feb. 10) ... Dished out one assist against Villanova (Feb. 10) ... In a game against Wagner, had two goals (Feb. 23) ... Registered one goal, two assists and a steal versus Iona (Feb. 23) ... Netted two goals in a victory over Villanova (Feb. 24) ... Recorded a goal, two assists and one steal in a win versus Siena (Feb. 24) ... Scored a goal against Mercyhurst (March 2) ... Tallied a goal, an assist and a steal versus Occidental (March 17) ... Handed out an assist against Fresno Pacific (March 18) ... Contributed a goal and a steal against Pacific (March 19) ... Scored and stole the ball once against No. 10 San Jose State (March 21) ... Found the back of the net at No. 2 Stanford (March 22) ... Swiped the ball twice versus No. 5 California (March 23) ... Recorded one goal in a win over George Washington (April 6) … Credited with one assist in a contest against Princeton (April 6) … Tallied one goal and three steals versus Cal State Bakersfield (April 7) ... Credited with one assist and one steal in a win over Mercyhurst (April 13) … Registered one goal in a victory against George Washington (April 14) ... Scored one goal in a win over Notre Dame (Ohio) (April 26) … Registered one goal in a matchup with Hartwick (April 26) … Grabbed one steal in a victory against George Washington (April 27) … Recorded one goal and one steal against Brown (April 28).
2012 (Sophomore)
Finished with six goals, three assists, and 13 steals ... Made a season-high four steals during a win over Villanova, 14-3, Feb. 12 ... Scored twice in a 12-3 win over Mercyhurst in the first round of the CWPA Southern Division Championship.
2011 (Freshman)
Had four goals, two assists and 10 steals in rookie campaign ... Handed out first career assist and recorded first career steal against Villanova Feb. 5 ... Scored first career goal and had one takeaway versus Brown Feb. 23 ... Grabbed one steal versus Fresno Pacific March 14 ... Collected one takeaway at Cal March 19 ... Tallied a hat trick with a season high three goals, while dishing one assist and getting two steals versus Connecticut College April 2 ... Had two steals against Gannon in the CWPA Eastern Championship April 29.
Before Harvard
Four-year letterwinner in swimming and water polo … Three-year starter on water polo team … Earned all-league honorable mention honors in 2007 and second-team all-league honors in 2008 and 2009 … Received North Coast Section honorable mention as a senior … Named most valuable offensive player as a junior and senior … Three-time North Coast Section participant for the swim team … Scored 94 goals as a senior on the first Granada team to advance to the second round of the North Coast Sections … Two-time Academic All-American Outstanding Achiever … Valedictorian … AP Scholar with Honors .. Student of the Month … Volunteered as a science fair judge for two years … Coaches water polo and a recreational swim team as well as lifeguarded … Sister, Ana, plays lacrosse at California-Berkley.


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This question is related to the previous discussion here.
Due to the result of Noga Alon et al., there is an $O((2k)^kn)$ algorithm for deciding whether a planar graph $G$ contains a fixed subgraph $H$ of size $k$, and the time complexity is reduced to $O(2^kn)$ if the graph $H$ is of bounded treewidth. Take $k = O(\log n)$ yields a polynomial time algorithm for the latter case, say the $k$-path problem mentioned by Ryan Williams in this paper.
There is an open problem in the result:
If we want to solve $k$-path problem in a planar graph with slightly larger $k$, say $k = O(\log^2 n)$, is there a polynomial time solution at this point? If so, what is the best time complexity at present?


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Jacob B necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 24 diseños de 10 diseñadores freelance.
** I've got enough designs for now!! No more entries please! **
We need a clean looking, simple yet professional design for the Abel Tasman Airport Motor Inn. The Abel Tasman is a member of Best Western. We'd like to give it a bit of a 'luxury' feel, eg better than your average motel :-) You will design the Home Page, which we will then carry through the rest of the site.
Best Western Abel Tasman Airport Motor Inn
The Abel Tasman Airport Motor Inn offers its guests quality accommodation (as part of the Best Western Chain) at affordable prices. They have a current website (abeltasman.bestwestern.com.au) that is contained within the main Best Western site. We want to create a stand-alone website that will allow more flexibility with content, and be more search engine friendly.
Navigation will include:
Home Page;
Accommodation Page (a more detailed overview of the rooms etc)
Attractions Page (a list of local attractions, restaurants, etc)
Contact Page
We'd like to give the site a bit of a 'luxury' feel, to show the Abel Tasman is better than your average motel. Obviously, it's not 5 star, so try not to go overboard, but the design should be inviting!
- logo should be taken from existing website
- images can be taken from existing website - you will need to grab screenshots from the existing site (tip - view the Online Tour, and grab screenshots from there).
- Horizontal Navigation please
- Fixed width, 760px wide
- Image supplied as a layered PSD
- similar colours can be used, although they don't have to be exactly the same!
- the basic contact info (address and phone number) needs to be shown on every page, so you should place it either in the header or footer.
- We like repeating the main navigation structure in the footer (just as quick links)
- Footer to contain (c) Copyright 2008 Abel Tasman Airport Motor Inn, and Launceston Web Design : JKB Web Solutions
- bold, bright colours or 'tacky' feel to it


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Hi all,
With winter coming on I was starting to have the fly fishing blues and so on a whim I did an internet search and found a review of real world flyfishing. I ordered and downloaded at lunch today so when I got home I could try it out. Install went fine and I registered and received an email with activation code. When I start the game the register/activation window opens, I type in the activation code I was given and a box opens saying I have successfully registered and to push OK to start the game. I do this and the windows close and then......nothing. The game won't start. If I hit the shortcut again I'm back to the register/activation window and same cycle.
Any thoughts? I was really looking forward to trying out the game tonight.
I use windows XP sp3
Thanks for any thoughts on how to get this going. (I also emailed Paul directly)


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Watch: Keith Wade on the economic impact of Brexit
How is the UK's exit from the EU going to impact its economic prospects, and what will the knock-on effects be on Europe and the rest of the world?
Brexit will have a major impact on the UK economy; we expect it to slow GDP growth down, such that next year our forecast for GDP growth has now been reduced from 1.6 to 0.8%.
With the appointment of the new Prime Minister Theresa May, the uncertainty is beginning to lift a little. This means we will be able to get a negotiating position on trade and we will be able to define a policy on migration.
However, it will take some time to put a deal together. The longer it takes, the more the uncertainty will last, and the more we are likely to see weakness in investment spending in the UK.
The willingness of people to invest and do business in the UK is clearly going to be impacted by the kind of trade deal that they expect to have in the future.
The process is probably going to be held up by the fact that there are elections in Germany and France next year which means that for 2017 I think negotiations will be very slow, and it may not be until 2018 that we really make some progress.
On top of that, the recent trade deal with Canada has meant that all 27 countries across the EU want to ratify that deal in their parliaments. So, again, once we have agreed a trade deal, we will then have to go through the process of waiting for ratification. It could take four or five years before we really know where we stand.
In terms of the rest of the world, the most directly impacted of course is the eurozone, which will experience weaker trade. But the real concern is that we see lots of other referenda. Indeed, Hungary has now announced it's going to have a referendum on migration.
One challenge is whether or not the core countries in Europe can reassure the peripheral countries that the EU is still going to hold together.
I think there are a couple of tests for that. The first one is in Italy and whether it will be allowed to bail out its banks, and that will help to solve their banking crisis. There is a referendum on the constitution later on in October, and if that goes wrong then we could see the fall of the government.
The other important test will be whether or not the fiscal compact, the excessive deficit procedure, is implemented. Spain and Portugal have exceeded their budget deficit targets and under the EU rules they would be due to be fined. We would expect the EU to waive those rules in these circumstances.
Looking at the world economy more generally, the impact of Brexit is not that great.
It is worth remembering that the UK only accounts for about 4% of global GDP and so a big slowdown or a recession in the UK is not going to sink the rest of the world. In addition,rate cuts from central banks around the world will help to support economic activity.


text:
Sage CEO Coby Zelnik recently talked with us about how design rules need a formal methodology to account for all the permutations of each rule for today's and the next generation's chip designs.
What I found alarming was that he noted how design rules are being built today. An engineer writes the rule based on…well, based on…um…gut feel? The point is that the design rule creation process currently has no specification to govern the creation of the design rule.


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USCB America is a leader in providing innovative business process outsourcing and accounts receivable management solutions to some of the largest private and public institutions and healthcare providers in the Nation. Utilizing "best practices" and leveraging decades of experience in the Receivable and Resource Management industry, USCB America delivers to its clients customized, turn-key A/R Management Solutions that improve cash flow, streamline workflow processes, reduce administrative redundancy and optimize revenue cycle management.
- Increased Receivables Recovery Rates
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Parker McIntosh
Class of 2013
Major/Minor: Biology/Chemistry
Hometown: Berlin, MD
High School: Worcester Preparatory School
Favorite Prof. and Why: Dr. Ford. She's a lot of fun in class and challenges you more than you think is possible, but is always there to help.
Favorite place to eat in Chestertown: The Lemon Leaf Cafe
Favorite quote (at the moment): "It's nothing to be ashamed of. There comes a time in everything when you don't know something."
Campus Involvement
- Phi Beta Kappa
- Cater Society of Junior Fellows
- Presidential Fellow


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The CareOne Management's mission is to define excellence within the health care community. We are dedicated to Maximizing Patient Outcomes. We treat Residents, their families and each other with respect, dignity and compassion. Through a collaborative and consultative approach, we strive to provide a framework of strength and stability for our Centers and Communities. We work to maintain the highest standards of care and service for Residents, families and our valued employees.
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Valid through: 2020-3-18


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Stats and content for Invictus Gaming.
Stats updated through Aug. 13.
For more content about the 2018 League of Legends season, visit our League of Legends hub.
For more stats and content on League of Legends Pro League, visit our LPL stats and content hub.
K/D/A - Kill/Death/Assist
KDA Ratio - (Kills + Assist)/Deaths
DMG% - Damage Percentage
DPM - Damage Per Minute
KP - Kill Participation
DTH% - Death Percentage
G% - Gold Percentage
WPM - Wards Per Minute
Stats powered by


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|Aiken Learning Center Moves into New Facility, January 8, 2008
On January 3, 2008 the McGrath SeniorNet Learning Center in Aiken, SC held a Ribbon Cutting Ceremony to start 2008. The University of South Carolina at Aiken, the Center's host, upgraded an old police station into a wonderful classroom. Jim Jordy, the coordinator, served as an excellent Master of Ceremonies for the event. They also had an excellent turn out for their Open House on January 7. The Center is in its eighth year of teaching Seniors about computers.
Local dignitaries and volunteers attended the grand opening of the new SeniorNet Learning Center at USC Aiken, including (from left) Wayne Rickman, Bill Hayes, Jim Ward, Sue Charlesworth, Jim Jordy, Rep. Skipper Perry, Sen. Greg Ryberg, Mayor Fred Cavanaugh, USCA Chancellor Tom Hallman and Mary Anne Cavanaugh (USCA SeniorNet Representative).
Aiken Learning Center website
List of all SeniorNet Learning Centers


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I just got my first progressive press, the Lee Pro 1000 in 9mm. During the setup process, I was seeing how the primers would seat into the cases. I quickly noticed after a few rounds that some primers were coming in sideways, or upside down. It was obviously a little frustrating. I went ahead and removed all primers and cases and ran it dry several times to see if I noticed anything. What I have noticed that every so often, the primer rod would jam slightly against the shell plate (likely the cause of the tipped primers) when the shellplate was going back down. When I raised the ram again, the plate would click into place. I'm wondering...it this a case of the timing being off on the press and that I would have to that "zero index" procedure mentioned in the Lee help videos?
Possible timing issue with Lee Pro 1000?
For discussion, question and answers regarding Pro 1000 presses
Moderator: darwin
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Re: Possible timing issue with Lee Pro 1000?
Yes, adjust the indexing....
Pro 1000 Index Problem
If the Pro-1000 doesn't index correctly there are three common problems. The first correction to try is resetting the zero adjust screw. This is behind a semi-circular cutout along the bottom edge of the shell plate carrier. Always turn the zero adjust screw clockwise to adjust. Turn until you hear the ball bearing drop into the detent of the shell plate. Once that point is achieved, turn the screw 1/2 to 3/4 further . This ensures that the shell plate stops by the ratchet under the carrier instead of the ball bearing snapping into place. If you go too far, keep turning until the next slot in the shell plate advances around to the correct position.
If the zero adjustment will not correct the problem, the next step is to replace the hex ratchet. This is the small white plastic gear located inside the shell plate carrier. The shell plate carrier must be removed to install it (there should have been two extras included with the press). You can easily see how the old one comes out in order to determine how the new one goes on.
If replacing the hex ratchet does not solve the problem, replace the drive bolt. This is the short steel bolt that holds the shell plate to the shell plate carrier and that the "actuator" rod goes through and up through the middle of the press. Replacements are available for $5 from the Lee factory. If none of these measures corrects the problem, or if you feel uncomfortable doing it yourself, return the press to the factory for repairs.
Lee's address is:
Lee Precision Inc,
4275 Hwy. U
Hartford, WI 53027
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text: The Couple to Couple League of Central Indiana works to teach and promote Natural Family Planning (NFP). NFP is a safe, healthy, moral and effective way to plan your family. It is just as effective as contraception in postponing a pregnancy but works with God's design for a woman's fertility instead of circumventing it. NFP can be used to postpone a pregnancy or to become pregnant. It can also be very helpful in diagnosing reproductive problems and can help couples who are suffering from infertility.