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This presentation is by Ron Tanner and yes he is my cousin.
Where do we want to take Family Tree?
- Remove bad data and relationships
- Better sources to validate
- Communicate with contributor
- My-Tree-itus - ownership of the information
They will be opening up all the data. I'm laughing too hard to write, sorry.
How many want to fix bad data?
Let everybody clean the fridge (data)
Everybody helps to to clean up the data?
What can the system do to make you feel better?
- Valid sources
- Talk to contributors
- Work together
- Know when someone changes the data
- Where's the proof?
- Change it back if it is wrong
Document the genealogy of mankind for generations to come.
Family Tree tools
- Justification of any changes
- Change Log and ability to reverse changes
- Link to Sources
- Accountability, your name is on everything you change
- Notifications of changes
- Change bad things not change good things
- This ancestor is correct and properly sourced
- GEDCOM contributed or removed without duplications
- Searchable and preserved and updatable
- Working together in Family Tree
Upload scanned images and link to source material.
(This is looking a lot like a wiki, without saying the word)
Automatic source creation from whatever location on the Internet...
Watch lists
Attach sources to relationships
Family Tree
The World's Genealogy


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Travel & Landscape Photography from over 90 countries of the world
Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn't do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover."
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Macau - Macao - 澳門 - 澳门 - SAR - Special administrative region of China - City Skyline View from Macau Tower - 澳門旅遊塔 - Torre Panorâmica - Macau Sky Tower - Casino area at Dusk - Twilight - Blue hour
MacauMacao澳門SARSpecial administrative region of ChinaAsiaFar EastSoutheast AsiaSoutheastern Asiaformer Portuguese colonyAsian

subset: commoncrawl


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Search the Internet for "how to make piping," and you're likely to find yourself smack dab in the middle of a cake decorating class. It seems learning to pipe frosting into something decorative is a highly sought-after skill. Well, so is making and attaching piping to sewn projects! Watch out, cake decorators; next time you search, you'll find yourself smack dab in the middle of a Sew4Home tutorial.
What are the most popular projects for piping: garment sewing, home décor, accessories, heirloom, crafting? You can check the "all of the above" box, because piping is one of the most popular trims in every category. You can even find piping (usually known as welting in these examples) on your living room sofa and your car's upholstery.
Piping preamble
Okay... so piping is Ms. Popularity, but do you have to add it to your projects to be part of the in-crowd? Of course, the answer is no. But all peer pressure aside, maybe you're asking yourself the wrong question. You should be asking, "Why do I want to add piping to my project?" The answer is because it's a professional-looking finish that can add texture, a hint of contrasting color, and/or define the shape of the object being sewn. It's also used as a way to strengthen a seam (think: kids jumping on a couch).
We love piping at Sew4Home, and have included it in numerous projects.
We added some flare to an Outdoor Piped Pillow Trio by mixing-and-matching contrasting piping around each.
Conversely, we chose to define the circular shape of our Color Block Queen Bolster Pillow with matching piping.
Traditionally, piping (or welting) is used as the finished edge or between the seams on upholstered items, which is why we added it to our Chic Ottoman Slipcover.
When it comes to defining the shape of something, bold piping is perfect. We used this approach for our Kitchen Confections Toaster Cozy, our Cheater Quilt With Piping Detail, and our Romantic Retreat Toss Pillows with their dramatic black velvet piping. And remember, piping does not have to be used only around the edge of something. It can also be inserted into a seam. For example, in the Turquoise Floral Duvet with Schoolgirl Plaid Piping, we added visual interest with contrasting piping along the inner border seam.
Coordinated piping is a good repeating theme to use to tie together diverse elements within one room. In our Michael Miller Citron-Gray nursery, we added piping to a number of items, including the Fabric Storage Basket and Crib Bumpers with Jumbo Piping. We used a larger cording inside our custom piping to create a pronounced, "chubby baby" look.
As mentioned above, piping doesn't only hang out in home décor. It's a fine finish for garments, accessories, and crafting items too. We used piping along the top edge of our Romantic Cottage Style Hostess Apron and around this Satin Lined Sleep Mask. In both these examples, the piping does a beautiful job of defining the curvy shape of the project.
As we explained in our tutorials: Terrific Trims and Terrific Trims Take #2, piping lives in the "trim" category. This means you can find plenty of pre-made piping in the trim section of your local fabric store on online resource. However, often times, pre-made options just don't fit the bill. In fact, at S4H, nine times out of ten, we make our own piping. After today's tutorial, you'll be piping up a storm as well!
Cording types and sizes
We need to start our conversation with the type and size of cord you will cover with fabric. The cord inside pipingis referred to as filler cord, welting, twist cord, or simply piping cord. (We'll be referring to it as cording for our purposes because it's fast to type; just don't confuse that with the many decorative cords available.)
There is a wide array of cording made specifically for the purpose of creating custom piping. This type of cording is sold both in packages and by the yard. Depending on its size, the "by the yard" variety may be on a small reel or in a box. If you're having trouble locating the options, check the home décor section. Below is a picture from one of our local fabric stores to give you an idea of what this area might look like.
You can find cording that is 100% cotton, cotton covered polyester, 100% polyester, or even paper, plastic or foam (more of an upholstery grade item). It's pretty simple to decide which type to use. The key is to decide how stiff or strong you need the piping to be when finished. In certain projects, like garments, you want the piping to be soft in order to go smoothly around the shape of the body and be comfortable for the wearer. Piping around a pillow requires more body. In upholstery, durability is key, so you'll go with the strongest options. There is even such a thing as double cording (again, mostly used in upholstery).
NOTE: Some cording is pre-washed, but shrinkage can still be an issue. Check the label and make a note of the washing instructions - especially if the piping will end up as part of an item that will be regularly laundered.
Once you've determined the type of cording, it's time to consider size. Get ready to remember how to simplify fractions; cording comes in a range of sizes that can make your head hurt! You'll see common sizes, such as ⅜" and 1", but don't be surprised to also see sizes like 3/16" and 16/32". After you "simplify" - those are basically ¼" and ½". When you're working with a pattern, it will provide the exact size (and sometimes type) of cording required. If you don't want to bother with figuring out the size, carry a little pocket tape measurer to determine the general size. Even though it is often referred to as "width," you actually want to measure the circumference of the cord (as shown in the photo below) to use our formulas.
This may seem like a lot of upfront work, but type and size of cording is a very important aspect of making piping. You need the appropriate piping for your project. For example, you wouldn't use jumbo piping on the bottom of a little girl's heirloom dress. And, tiny piping isn't likely to fly on that outdoor seat cushion.
Fabric Selection
Because making and attaching your own piping is a 100% custom finish, the fabric you use is 100% your decision. Most of the time, you'll select from a similar fabric type, if not the exact fabric, you're using for the project being piped. But not always; as evidenced by our Romantic Retreat Toss Pillows listed above, which use velvet for the piping on pillows made of standard cotton. Piping can also be a good way to use up leftover fabrics from other projects.
The most important part to the fabric portion of custom piping is how you cut it. Regardless of the shape of your sewn project, the first choice is always to cut the fabric on the bias (that means on an angle, usually 45°). This angled cut allows the fabric to stretch, making the fabric covering as pliable as the cording inside it. Now, this is not to say you can't ever use straight grain fabric strips. In fact, we have a number projects here on S4H where we've done just that. If your project is all straight edges, and you are trying to be conservative in the use of your fabric, you can get away with using straight strips. It also helps if you have some piping practice under your belt. But, if you can afford to use more fabric and always cut on the bias, you will get a consistently smoother finish.
To show you the difference, we've covered some piping with a straight strip of fabric (cut across from selvage to selvage) and a bias cut strip of fabric. See how the fabric is twisting and kinking on the straight example (the one on the right)? This is why professionals recommend cutting the fabric on the bias. We'll go into more detail on actually cutting the fabric in the steps below.
Determining length and yardage
Once you've made your selection of type and size, you'll need to tell the folks at the cutting table not only how much cording you want, but also how much fabric. You'll be happy to know there are easy formulas for determining both! But, first things first, you have to actually measure where you plan to attach the piping.
Before you head out the fabric store, you need to measure the length of the area where you will be attaching the piping. For example, if you plan to sew piping around an 18" square pillow, you can take a tape measure and guide it around the square to see the total measurement. Or, in this case, we can simply multiply 18" x 4 = 72". This tells us we need 72" of finished piping. Not so quick! You have to consider turning the corners, and finishing off the ends. Therefore, it's recommended to add 4" to your measurement. The total length of piping we need is 72" + 4" = 76".
Now that we know the total length we need, we also automatically know how much cording we need for the inside of the piping. It's safe to assume you will be purchasing the cording by the yard. To determine the yardage, simple divide 76 by 36 (total inches in a yard). 76 ÷ 36 = 2.11. Round up the number to the next ¼ or ½ yard. We need a total of 2¼ yards of cording for our example.
See, not bad so far… A+ for math. On to fabric!
As we mentioned above, you should cut your fabric on the bias whenever possible. Unless your project is very short, you'll likely need a number of bias strips, which will be sewn end to end, to cover the cord. There's no better group to help us with a formula for determining bias strip fabric yardage than quilters. Quilters use bias strips to make the bindings that finish the edges of their quilts. The bias strips we use for making custom piping are the same! Thankfully, the quilting community has made it easy for us to figure this out, using a handy formula.
We already know the total inches we need because we figured out how much cording we need (the inches, not the yardage). But, before you start cutting random strips of fabric, you have to figure out how wide they need to be. Of course, we have a formula for this too!
You'll have to go back into your fourth grade brain cells and remember how to add fractions. The formula is: double the size of your cord plus double the width of your seam allowance. Remember, measure around the cord to determine the size. Say we have ½" cord and we're using a standard ½" seam allowance. Our example formula would be (½" x 2) + (½" x 2) or 1" + 1" which equals 2". Our strips need to be 2" wide.
We default again to our quilter friends. Now, obviously our little pillow example does not begin to compare to the length of bias strips needed for binding an entire quilt, but we think this will help you to determine exactly how much fabric you will need for any project to which you want to attach piping.
Quilters refer to this as the "Magical Math Formula!" Here we go…
Multiply the total inches of bias binding you need by the determined cut width. For us, that means 76" x 2" = 152".
Use a calculator to determine the square root (there are also square root tables online). The square root of 152 is 12.328. Round up to 13.
This tells us we need to start with an 13" x 13" square in order to cut enough bias strips to go around our 18" x 18" pillow.
Add an additional 2" to 3" for seaming the strips. 13" + 3" = 16". We should start with a 16" x 16" square of fabric.
NOTE: You can use a rectangle to make bias binding, but we like to use a square because it keeps things nice and simple, and we know Sew4Home visitors like it simple!
Divide 16" by 36" (the inches in a yard) to figure out the total yards needed. 16 ÷ 36 = 0.4444 yards, just under ½ yard, so round up to the next common cut measurement; ½ yard is 18".
If calculating yardage on your own seems overwhelming, there are charts available online (search "calculate bias binding"), in books, and as laminated cards. These helpful cheat-sheets quickly tell you how much yardage you need to make bias binding of various widths and lengths. Since our quilt example is on the small side, we do not need more than 1 yard of fabric. Most likely, the majority of projects you make will require ½ to 1 yard of fabric for the bias strips. Of course, if you're following a pattern, you should be provided with the size, type, and length required.
Before we go onto the next section, we want to mention that before you actually cut your square, you may want to preshrink or prewash your piece of fabric.
NOTE: A half yard may sound like a lot for a simple square pillow, but this is assuming you will only need to sew two strips together to give you enough length to cover the cording. And, it assumes you are cutting the strips at a full 45° angle, which is the only bias angle quilters like to use. For economy, you can certainly use a smaller piece of fabric. You will simply end up with more seams in your strip. You can also cut at a smaller angle; but the piping will not be as pliable as that cut on a true 45° bias.
Making the bias tape
Enough with the math already! It's time to start making our bias tape. The first step is to cut the bias strips. In our example above, we need to cut two 2" bias strips.
- Lay your fabric flat on your work surface, right side up and with the selvedge running along one side.
- Fold the fabric back diagonally so a cut edge is parallel to the selvage. We used a stripe fabric in the picture below so you can clearly see how the fabric should be folded.
NOTE: This will automatically start you with a 45° angle for making the bias tape. You can also use the angle markings on your quilt ruler.
- Press the diagonal fold to set a crease line. This crease will be your starting guide from which to cut (or mark) the subsequent parallel lines. (Yep... we're back to our plain fabric now to better show the rest of the steps.)
- Cut the bias strips at the width your determined. As you remember, our width is 2". You can use a quilt ruler and rotary cutter, or draw some nice straight parallel lines to cut on and use a sharp pair of scissors.
NOTE: Going forward, we used a bright colored thread so you could see each step clearly. You should select a thread that coordinates with your fabric.
- The idea behind joining bias strips is to make the seams in the strip as "invisible" as possible. To do this, it's best to seam the strips at a 45° angle. Yep, another 45° angle!
- Place one strip on a flat surface, right side up. Place a second strip on top of the first one at a right angle. The ends of each strip will extend beyond one another.
- Draw a diagonal line, from corner to corner, with a ruler and fabric marking pen or pencil. Pin in place.
- Using a straight stitch, sew along the drawn line.
- Trim the seam allowance back to ¼".
- Trim off the tiny overlapping edges as well. These are the little points; trim them away so your fabric line is straight in both directions.
- Continue joining any remaining strips in the same manner until you have the full length needed to cover your cording.
- Press the seams open.
NOTE: If you have a point at the ends of your strips from the bias cut, you can trim those straight too.
- You just made your own bias tape! And you did a whole bunch of math. Have a cookie.
Insert the cording
- Place the cord in the center of the strip.
- Firmly wrap the fabric around the cord. Match the raw edges of the fabric to create a lip or flange. Pin in place.
NOTE: You can line up the cording flush with the end of your fabric strip, or leave excess cord hanging out the end of the fabric. Regardless of how you will finish the ends later, you will eventually trim this excess.
- Attach a Zipper foot.
- Place the piping under the foot with the cording portion to the left of the needle.
- Sew with the cording pressed against the edge of the Zipper foot. This is why you use a Zipper foot, so you can sew close to the cord, but not so close that the needle goes through the cord.
NOTE: For accuracy, we always recommend sewing slowly. Depending on your machine, it's best to select a left-needle-position straight stitch, or to move the needle as far left as you can so the needle is as close to the cord as possible. You can also consider a Narrow Base Zipper foot, which many manufacturers offer as an optional foot. Also, be sure to remove the pins as you sew.
- As you sew the bias strip in place around the cording, keep an eye on the cording behind the machine. It may begin to twist. If it does, simply roll it between your fingers to straighten it out again.
Attaching piping
You now have your own beautiful handmade piping. Better attach it to something! Let's go back to our pillow example.
- Leaving about 2" free at the head, pin the piping on the right side of what will be the pillow front. The raw edges of the piping flange/lip should be flush with the raw edge of the pillow fabric.
- Use just a few pins to hold the piping in place. Don't try to pin the piping all the way around the square (or trim the ends). This never works! You need to work with the piping as you baste it in place to get a perfect fit.
NOTE: You always start attaching any piping, trims, binding, etc. on one side of an object, never at the corner. It's much easier and more professional to join the ends on the side.
- Using a basting stitch on your sewing machine, baste the piping in place about ¼ - ½" from the raw edge. This basting should be just to the outside of the original seam line that created the piping flange/lip.
- This basting step insures that when you sew the pillow front and the pillow back right sides together, the piping will already be secured; it won't be shifting around between the layers.
NOTE: To learn more about how to use your sewing machine to baste, check out Machine Basting 101.
- Continue to sew around the pillow, guiding the piping in place, lightly pinning as need be, but - of course, removing the pins as you go.
NOTE: Be sure to review the next sections on corners, curves, and joining the ends before heading over to your sewing machine, there's more to know!
- Place the two sides of the pillow right sides together.
- Sew around the edges of your pillow cover again.
- Remember to leave an opening for filling or an insert. We just completed a great tutorial with professional pillow stuffing tips.
NOTE: In this example we used a Zipper foot for making and attaching the piping. Depending on the brand/model sewing machine you own, there's most likely a Piping Foot available. Take caution, not all Piping feet are meant to sew piping larger than ¼". To learn more read our tutorial on Specialty Feet And Tools For Working With Trims.
- Turn the pillow cover right side out. The piping around the pillow edge should "pop out" from the seam and look look similar to the picture below.
- Be accurate with your stitching! Otherwise you will see the stitching from the piping peeking out beyond the seam where it was inserted (see our picture below). This is another reason we recommend basting the piping in place first.
NOTE: If you like to use zippers for your closure, you can still do so with piping in the seam. Just remember to baste the piping first!
Going around corners and curves
Learning how to properly sew piping around corners and curves is no different then if you were sewing them without the piping. To learn more review our tutorials: Sewing Successful Curves and Are You Stitching & Clipping Corners Correctly?
- When sewing the piping in place, as you approach the corner, stop, with the needle in the down position, at the point where you would normally turn the corner (approximately ½" from the corner, depending on your seam allowance).
- Raise the presser foot and clip into the flange/lip of the piping. Do not cut through your original stitching which secured the fabric around the cording!
- Rotate the fabric slightly to turn the corner. Depending on the size of the piping, you most likely will have to do what's called "angle sew" across the corner a stitch or two (again, our Corner tutorial addresses this trick).
- Rotate the fabric again to completely turn the corner and continue to guide the piping in place as you sew toward the next corner.
- Repeat these same steps at each corner.
NOTE: If you are hesitant about cutting while you sew, you can also clip the piping at the stage where you are lightly pinning it in place. The technique we show above is the most professional way to handle piping, and is the best way to account for any "fabric creep" encountered as you sew. In other words, if you clip first, while pinning, there is a chance your clipped corner will no longer be exactly at the corner when you sew because the fabric can shift as you sew. The main thing to remember is that you will need to clip the corner at some point in order to get it to curve.
- The main goal when sewing along a curve is to maintain the shape of the curve. In order to do this, the piping needs to have what's referred to as "give." You can achieve "give" by clipping away portions of the seam allowance (on both the piping and the item you're sewing).
- Follow the same steps as above for corners: starting with 2" at the head, using a few pins to hold in place, and using a basting stitch to attach the piping to one side of the project first.
- The difference is, after you sew, most likely the fabric along the edge will look wavy. This waviness is telling you the curve needs to be clipped
- Since our example is an outer curve, we have to remove some of the bulk by clipping small "Vs" into the seam allowance. Again, you want to clip up to the line of stitching, but not through it.
NOTE: In our photo is looks like we clipped into our original seam line, but we didn't - that's just the basting stitch line. No worries there as the piping will be fully secured within your final seam.
- When we turn the curve right side out again, you can see how smooth the edge is now!
Joining the ends
- Once you've sewn around the edge of the pillow (or whatever item you're sewing), you have to address how to join the ends. There are two options: 1) overlap the ends into the seam, or 2) create what's called "continuous" piping. We recommend the continuous approach, as this is the one preferred by professionals.
NOTE: Depending on the shape of your final project, you may not have to be concerned with joining the beginning and end because you will be sewing across the ends with another seam, such as down the seam of a pant leg.
- To overlap the ends, simply cross one end over the other. Secure in place during the basting stage referenced above, and trim the tails even with the seam allowance.
- For continuous piping, stop sewing approximately 2" before you come back around to your starting point.
NOTE: If needed, you can remove the project from the machine completely to do the following steps. You can also sew a few hand stitches where the cording meets so the two ends don't shift out of place.
- With a seam ripper, open up the piping fabric on the tail end. Pull back the fabric to expose the cording inside.
- Cut the cording only, not the fabric, so the tail of the cording is even with the head of the cording.
- Pull the fabric portion of the tail back into place and fold under the raw edge ½" to create a clean edge.
- Wrap the folded fabric of the tail around the head, enclosing the matched ends of the cording. Pin in place.
- Finish sewing the piping in place, matching this final portion of the seam with the already sewn seam.
Other Helpful Tips
You can use Stitch Witcheryor a similar temporary fusible tape to help hold the cord inside fabric strip. This eliminates the need to stitch the fabric around the cording. Plus, it eliminates ending up with any stitching peeking out of the seam (as we showed you above).
Striped fabric cut on the bias makes a fun finished piping!
For a shortcut, use store bought bias tape instead of cutting your own.
Use leftover scraps to make shorter pieces of binding to put on a pocket edge. Or, mix and match scraps, piecing them together for another interesting look.
Think about adding piping to areas of a project that you would otherwise leave bare.
One last tip! There is such a thing as flat (or faux) piping – where no cording is inside the fabric strip. Sometimes this is also called a "flange." It's basically the bias strip folded in half and inserted into a seam in the same manner as you would insert piping. However, it's easier to work with because you don't have to sew around the bulk of the cording. We used this idea in the seam between the top and bottom fabric in our Tab-Top Panel Curtains with Button Accents.
Sample Creation and Instructional Outline: Jodi Kelly


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Hank Williams, Jr. to Receive Patriot Award From Operation Troop Aid
Hank Williams, Jr. has been a longtime supporter of U.S. troops, and now he's being recognized for his efforts. The singer will be given the Patriot Award by Operation Troop Aid (OTA), a nonprofit organization which supports deployed U.S. troops.
Williams, Jr. will receive the Eagle Trophy on Dec. 31, when he headlines the New Year's Eve 'Bash on Broadway' in Nashville. He'll be ending 2013 on a very good note, joining past Patriot Award recipients Toby Keith, Charlie Daniels and many others.
The prestigious trophy is presented annually by OTA to celebrities that champion the men and women serving in the American Armed Forces, and the southern rock and country legend has given his share of service. Well-known for his role as an American Patriot, Williams, Jr. has performed at various military bases and continues to meet military personnel at every concert appearance. Plus, the 'Family Tradition' singer has participated in countless endeavors to support troops overseas and at local hospitals, and for supporting numerous military charities.
"I am extremely honored to award Hank Williams, Jr. the 2013 Patriot Award," says OTA founder Mark Woods. "His art, legacy of family and spirit of patriotism is exactly why this award exists. He never forgot his roots and why we have the freedom we do in America."
The country star recently wrapped up a 2013 summer headlining tour, where he combined his deep passion for patriotic songs with his charismatic stage presence. Williams, Jr., one of the most political country singers, may disagree with the current President, but he shows that he has a big heart for our troops.


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Music, and talent with it runs deep in my family. My children have it, like their father has it, and his father has it, and his father had it. Music saturates the backdrop and ambience of my childhood memories. It is also quite important to my sons. My eldest composed one of the most beautifulContinue reading
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The word "amazing" tends to get overused these days… like "awesome," and "literally." I am loathe to contribute to such overuse, but this little boy is amazing. In fact, that word doesn't do this boy, nor his amazing parents any justice at all. Young Noah Wall developed a rare form of spina bifida while inContinue reading
Fighting Against Hostile-Aggressive Parenting
Hostile-Aggressive parenting is another evil that often raises its head in split custody arrangements after divorce. It is one methodology used by a parent to degrade the child's view, perception of, or thoughts about the other parent. With the absence already an issue, this method can have far-reaching and long-lasting, deleterious effects on your kids,Continue reading


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In this post, I will summarize what the recent scientific literature says are the key impacts we face in the coming decades if we stay anywhere near our current emissions path. These include:
- Staggeringly high temperature rise, especially over land — some 10°F over much of the United States
- Permanent Dust Bowl conditions over the U.S. Southwest and many other heavily populated regions around the globe
- Sea level rise of around 1 foot by 2050, then 4 to 6 feet (or more) by 2100, rising some 6 to 12 inches (or more) each decade thereafter
- Massive species loss on land and sea — perhaps 50% or more of all biodiversity
- Unexpected impacts — the fearsome "unknown unknowns"
- Much more extreme weather
- Food insecurity — the increasingly difficult task of feeding 7 billion, then 8 billion, and then 9 billion people in a world with an ever-worsening climate.
- Myriad direct health impacts
Remember, these will all be happening simultaneously and getting worse decade after decade. Equally tragic, a 2009 NOAA-led study found the worst impacts would be "largely irreversible for 1000 years."
The single biggest failure of messaging by climate scientists (until very recently) has been the failure to explain to the public, opinion makers, and the media that business-as-usual warming results in simultaneous, ever-worsening impacts that, individually, are each beyond catastrophic, but combined are unimaginablly horrific. For these impacts, terms like "global warming" and "climate change" are essentially euphemisms. That is why I have prefered the term "Hell and High Water."
By virtue of their success in promoting doubt and inaction, the climate science deniers and disinformers have, tragically and ironically, turned the worst-case scenario into business as usual.
Business-as-usual typically means continuing at recent growth rates of carbon dioxide emissions, which we now know would likely take us to atmospheric concentrations of CO2 greater than 850 ppm if not above 1000 ppm (see U.S. media largely ignores latest warning from climate scientists: "Recent observations confirm … the worst-case IPCC scenario trajectories are being realised"). We are at about 8.5 billion metric tons of carbon a year (31 billions metric tons of CO2) and, until the recent global economic recession, were rising about 3% per year.
What is less well understood is that even a very strong mitigation effort that kept carbon emissions this century to 11 billion tons a year on average would still probably take us to 1000 ppm (A1FI scenario) — a little noted conclusion of the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report (see "Nature publishes my climate analysis and solution").
Until recently, the scientific community has spent little time modeling the impacts of a tripling (~830 ppm) or quadrupling (~1100 ppm) carbon dioxide concentrations from preindustrial levels. In part, I think, that's because they never believed humanity would be so stupid as to ignore the warnings and simply continue on its self-destructive path. In part, they lowballed the difficult-to-model amplifying feedbacks in the carbon cycle.
So I pieced together those impacts from available studies and from discussions with leading climate scientists for my 2006 book, Hell and High Water. But now as climate scientists have sobered up to their painful role as modern-day Cassandra's, the scientific literature on what we face is much richer.
In a AAAS presentation last year, the late William R. Freudenburg of UC Santa Barbara discussed his research on "the Asymmetry of Scientific Challenge": New scientific findings since the 2007 IPCC report are found to be more than twenty times as likely to indicate that global climate disruption is "worse than previously expected," rather than "not as bad as previously expected."
This post will review the latest findings. It will be a cornerstone of the Climate Progress archive I promised. Please add links to more studies in the comments.
Three of the best recent analyses of what we are headed towards can be found here:
- M.I.T. doubles its 2095 warming projection to 10°F — with 866 ppm and Arctic warming of 20°F
- Hadley Center: "Catastrophic" 5–7°C warming by 2100 on current emissions path
- Our hellish future: Definitive NOAA-led report on U.S. climate impacts warns of scorching 9 to 11°F warming over most of inland U.S. by 2090 with Kansas above 90°F some 120 days a year — and that isn't the worst case, it's business as usual!
As Dr. Vicky Pope, Head of Climate Change Advice for the Met Office's Hadley Centre has explained:
… where no action is taken to check the rise in Greenhouse gas emissions, temperatures would most likely rise by more than 5 °C by the end of the century. This would lead to significant risks of severe and irreversible impacts.
That likely rise corresponds to roughly 9°F globally and typically 40% higher than that over inland mid-latitudes (i.e. much of this country) — or well over 10°F.
[Note: The MIT rise is compared to 1980–1999 levels see study here). So you can add at least 0.5 C and 1.0°F for comparison with pre-industrial temperatures.]
Based on two studies in the last few years:
By century's end, extreme temperatures of up to 122°F would threaten most of the central, southern, and western U.S. Even worse, Houston and Washington, DC could experience temperatures exceeding 98°F for some 60 days a year. Much of Arizona would be subjected to temperatures of 105°F or more for 98 days out of the year — 14 full weeks.
Yet that conclusion is based on studies of only 700 ppm and 850 ppm, so it could get much hotter than that.
And the Hadley Center adds, "By the 2090s close to one-fifth of the world's population will be exposed to ozone levels well above the World Health Organization recommended safe-health level."
The MIT press release calls for "rapid and massive" action to avoid this. Study co-author Ronald Prinn, the co-director of the Joint Program and director of MIT's Center for Global Change Science, says, it is important "to base our opinions and policies on the peer-reviewed science…. There's no way the world can or should take these risks." Duh!
MIT put together a good figure that compares the temperatures we risk on our current do-nothing path with those we might expect if we took serious action [see figure above]. Note that in the "no policy case" there is an extremely high probability of more than 4°C (7°F) global warming, an about a 25% chance of more than 6°C (11°F) global warming.
In a terrific March 2010 presentation, Climate scientist Katherine Hayhoe has a figure of what 1000 ppm would mean (derived from the 2010 NOAA-led report):
For more of the literature on U.S. warming, see "Mother Nature is Just Getting Warmed Up."
The Hadley Center has a huge but useful figure which I will reproduce here:
Note again that this is not the worst-case scenario. It's just business as usual out to 2100.
In the worst case, we get both continuing high levels of emissions and high carbon-cycle feedbacks. That possibility was discussed here:
- Royal Society Special Issue on Global Warming Details 'Hellish Vision' of 7°F (4°C) World — Which We May Face in the 2060s! "In such a 4°C world, the limits for human adaptation are likely to be exceeded in many parts of the world, while the limits for adaptation for natural systems would largely be exceeded throughout the world."
This would be the worst-case for the 2060s, but is in any case, close to business as usual for 2090s:
This is indeed 13–18°F over most of U.S. and 27°F in the Arctic.
And there is every reason to believe that the earth would just keep getting hotter and hotter:
- Science stunner — On our current emissions path, CO2 levels in 2100 will hit levels last seen when the Earth was 29°F (16°C) hotter: Paleoclimate data suggests CO2 "may have at least twice the effect on global temperatures than currently projected by computer models"
UPDATE: Steve Easterbrook's post "A first glimpse at model results for the next IPCC assessment" shows that for the scenario where there is 9°F warming by 2100, you get another 7°F warming by 2300. Of course, folks that aren't motivated to avoid the civilization-destroying 9°F by 2100 won't be moved by whatever happens after that.
Dust-bowlification — and its impact on food security — may well be the impact that harms the most number of people over the next few decades.
As far back as 1990, scientists at NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies projected that severe to extreme drought in the United States, then happening every 20 years, could become an every-other-year phenomenon by mid-century [Rind et al., 1990].
A number of major recent studies have confirmed those early findings. They warn that the Southwest, parts of the Midwest, and many other highly populated parts of the globe are likely headed toward sustained — if not near permanent — drought and Dust Bowl-like conditions if we stay anywhere near our current emissions path (see "USGS on Dust-Bowlification").
- Back in October 2010, the National Center for Atmospheric Research published a complete literature review, "Drought under global warming: a review," (See NCAR analysis warns we risk multiple, devastating global droughts even on moderate emissions path). That study makes clear that Dust-Bowlification may be the impact of human-caused climate change that hits the most people by mid-century, as the figure below suggests (click to enlarge, "a reading of -4 or below is considered extreme drought"):
The PDSI [Palmer Drought Severity Index] in the Great Plains during the Dust Bowl apparently spiked very briefly to -6, but otherwise rarely exceeded -3 for the decade (see here).
The large-scale pattern shown in Figure 11 [of which the figure above is part] appears to be a robust response to increased GHGs. This is very alarming because if the drying is anything resembling Figure 11, a very large population will be severely affected in the coming decades over the whole United States, southern Europe, Southeast Asia, Brazil, Chile, Australia, and most of Africa.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research notes "By the end of the century, many populated areas, including parts of the United States, could face readings in the range of -8 to -10, and much of the Mediterranean could fall to -15 to -20. Such readings would be almost unprecedented."
For the record, the NCAR study merely models the IPCC's "moderate" A1B scenario — atmospheric concentrations of CO2 around 520 ppm in 2050 and 700 in 2100. We're currently headed much higher by century's end, but I'm sure with an aggressive program of energy R&D we could keep that to, say 800 ppm.
- The UK Met Office came to a similar view four years ago in their analysis, projecting severe drought over 40% of the Earth's habited landmass by century's end (see "The Century of Drought").
The projection of extended if not endless drought for the US Southwest has been studied a great deal:
- In 2007, Science (subs. req'd) published research that "predicted a permanent drought by 2050 throughout the Southwest" "" levels of aridity comparable to the 1930s Dust Bowl would stretch from Kansas to California. And they were also only looking at a 720 ppm case.
- "The unexpectedly rapid expansion of the tropical belt constitutes yet another signal that climate change is occurring sooner than expected," noted one climate researcher in December 2007. A 2008 study led by NOAA noted, "A poleward expansion of the tropics is likely to bring even drier conditions to" the U.S. Southwest, Mexico, Australia and parts of Africa and South America."
- In December 2008, the Bush Administration quietly released a US Geological Survey stunner: SW faces "permanent drying" by 2050, which found:
The serious hydrological changes and impacts known to have occurred in both historic and prehistoric times over North America reflect large-scale changes in the climate system that can develop in a matter of years and, in the case of the more severe past megadroughts, persist for decades. Such hydrological changes fit the definition of abrupt change because they occur faster than the time scales needed for human and natural systems to adapt, leading to substantial disruptions in those systems. In the Southwest, for example, the models project a permanent drying by the mid-21st century that reaches the level of aridity seen in historical droughts, and a quarter of the projections may reach this level of aridity much earlier.
An unprecedented combination of heat plus decades of drought could be in store for the Southwest sometime this century, suggests new research from a University of Arizona-led team"….
"The bottom line is, we could have a Medieval-style drought with even warmer temperatures," [lead author Connie] Woodhouse said.
The literature makes clear future droughts will be fundamentally different from all previous droughts that humanity has experienced because they will be very hot weather droughts (see Must-have PPT: The "global-change-type drought" and the future of extreme weather).
- A 2011 Environmental Research Letters article, "Characterizing changes in drought risk for the United States from climate change," comes to a similar conclusion as the NCAR study, "Drought frequencies and uncertainties in their projection tend to increase considerably over time and show a strong worsening trend along higher greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, suggesting substantial benefits for greenhouse gas emissions reductions." See especially Figure 4C.
Another 2011 study, "The Last Drop: Climate Change and the Southwest Water Crisis," that actually looks in some detail at the scientific literature for just one region, finds that drought and reduced precipitation in the U.S. SW alone could cost up to $1 trillion by century's end.
Finally, while the Dust Bowl lasted under a decade, the NOAA-led study found permanent Dust Bowls in Southwest and around the globe on our current emissions trajectory would be irreversible for 1000 years.
- NOAA: Climate change "largely irreversible for 1000 years," with permanent Dust Bowls in Southwest and around the globe. This January 2009 PNAS paper finds
Again, this is all just business as usual.
From a worst-case perspective, Princeton has done an analysis on "Century-scale change in water availability: CO2-quadrupling experiment," which is to say 1100 ppm. The grim result: Most of the South and Southwest ultimately sees a 20% to 50% (!) decline in soil moisture.
Finally, the heat and drought drives wildfires. Here's a National Academies figure from a presentation made by the President's science adviser Dr. John Holdren in Oslo last year, about conditions projected for mid-century:
The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) report ignored dynamic ice-sheet disintegration, which was already happening (see Nature: "Dynamic thinning of Greenland and Antarctic ice-sheet ocean margins is more sensitive, pervasive, enduring and important than previously realized"). The IPCC therefore low-balled sea level rise estimates, suggesting seas might rise "only" a foot or two this century, greatly delighting the anti-science crowd (see here)
Within a year, even a major report signed off on by the Bush administration itself was forced to concede that the IPCC numbers were simply too out of date to be quoted anymore (see US Geological Survey stunner: Sea-level rise in 2100 will likely "substantially exceed" IPCC projections). About half a dozen major studies since the IPCC report concluded that we face much higher sea level rise this century:
- PNAS Study (12/09): Sea levels may rise 3 times faster than IPCC estimated, could hit 6 feet by 2100" [see figure above]. Note: We are currently close to the A1F1 emissions trajectoryand thus appear to be on track for 1.4 meters (56 inches) of sea level rise.
- JPL bombshell (3/11): Polar ice sheet mass loss is speeding up, on pace for 1 foot sea level rise by 2050
- Startling new sea level rise research: "Most likely" 0.8 to 2.0 meters by 2100
- High Water: Greenland ice sheet melting faster than expected and could raise East Coast sea levels an extra 20 inches by 2100 — to more than 6 feet.
- West Antarctic ice sheet collapse even more catastrophic for U.S. coasts
- Nature sea level rise shocker: Coral fossils suggest "catastrophic increase of more than 5 centimetres per year over a 50-year stretch is possible." Lead author warns, "This could happen again."
- NatureGeoscience: Sea levels may rise 5 feet by 2100
Needless to say, a sea level rise of one meter by 2100 would be an unmitigated catastrophe for the planet, even if sea levels didn't keep rising several inches a decade for centuries, which they inevitably would. The first meter of SLR would flood 17% of Bangladesh, displacing tens of millions of people, and reducing its rice-farming land by 50 percent. Globally, it would create more than 100 million environmental refugees and inundate over 13,000 square miles of this country. Southern Louisiana and South Florida would inevitably be abandoned.
In 2007, the IPCC warned that as global average temperature increase exceeds about 3.5°C [relative to 1980 to 1999], model projections suggest significant extinctions (40–70% of species assessed) around the globe. That is a temperature rise over pre-industrial levels of a bit more than 4.0°C. So a 5.5°C rise would likely put extinctions beyond the high end of that range.
Many more studies have raised similar concerns:
- Study finds "mass biodiversity collapse" at 900 ppm, and possibly a "threshold response … to relatively minor increases in CO2 concentration and/or global temperature."
- Last fall, the Royal Society ran a special issue on "Biological diversity in a changing world," concluding "There are very strong indications that the current rate of species extinctions far exceeds anything in the fossil record."
- Nature Climate Change (9/11): "The proportion of actual biodiversity loss should quite clearly be revised upwards: by 2080, more than 80% of genetic diversity within species may disappear in certain groups of organisms"
And, of course, "When CO2 levels in the atmosphere reach about 500 parts per million, you put calcification out of business in the oceans." There aren't many studies of what happens to the oceans as we get toward 800 to 1000 ppm, but it appears likely that much of the world's oceans, especially in the southern hemisphere, become inhospitable to many forms of marine life. A 2005 Nature study concluded these "detrimental" conditions "could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously."
- A 2009 study in Nature Geoscience warned that global warming may create expanding "dead zones" in the ocean that would be devoid of fish and seafood and "remain for thousands of years."
- A 2010 Nature Geoscience study found that Oceans are acidifying 10 times faster today than 55 million years ago when a mass extinction of marine species occurred.
- "Geological Society (8/10): Acidifying oceans spell marine biological meltdown "by end of century."
As for the worst-case scenario, we have
- Nature Stunner — "Global warming blamed for 40% decline in the ocean's phytoplankton": "Microscopic life crucial to the marine food chain is dying out. The consequences could be catastrophic."
Yes, some scientists disputed the analysis, but I have seen no refutation in the scientific literature.
If we go to 800 ppm — let alone 1000 ppm or higher — we are far outside the bounds of simple linear projection. Some of the worst impacts may not be obvious — and there may be unexpected negative synergies. The best evidence that will happen is the fact that it is already happened with even a small amount of warming we have seen to date.
"The pine beetle infestation is the first major climate change crisis in Canada" notes Doug McArthur, a professor at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver. The pests are "projected to kill 80 per cent of merchantable and susceptible lodgepole pine" in parts of British Columbia within 10 years — and that's why the harvest levels in the region have been "increased significantly."
As quantified in the journal Nature, "Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change," (subs. req'd), which just looks at the current and future impact from the beetle's warming-driven devastation in British Columbia:
… the cumulative impact of the beetle outbreak in the affected region during 2000–2020 will be 270 megatonnes (Mt) carbon (or 36 g carbon m-2 yr-1 on average over 374,000 km2 of forest). This impact converted the forest from a small net carbon sink to a large net carbon source.
No wonder the carbon sinks are saturating faster than we thought (see here) — unmodeled impacts of climate change are destroying them:
Insect outbreaks such as this represent an important mechanism by which climate change may undermine the ability of northern forests to take up and store atmospheric carbon, and such impacts should be accounted for in large-scale modelling analyses.
And the bark beetle is slamming the Western U.S. and Alaska, too (see "Oldest Utah newspaper: Bark-beetle driven wildfires are a vicious climate cycle").
The key point is this catastrophic climate change impact and its carbon-cycle feedback were not foreseen even a decade ago — which suggests future climate impacts will bring other equally unpleasant surprises, especially as we continue on our path of no resistance.
One of the basic predictions of climate science is that extreme weather will make the hydrological cycle more extreme. I discussed the extensive literature on how dry areas will get drier. But wet areas will also get wetter:
- Two seminal Nature papers join growing body of evidence that human emissions fuel extreme weather, flooding that harm humans and the environment:
1) Here we show that human-induced increases in greenhouse gases have contributed to the observed intensification of heavy precipitation events found over approximately two-thirds of data-covered parts of Northern Hemisphere land areas. These results are based on a comparison of observed and multi-model simulated changes in extreme precipitation over the latter half of the twentieth century analysed with an optimal fingerprinting technique.
Changes in extreme precipitation projected by models, and thus the impacts of future changes in extreme precipitation, may be underestimated because models seem to underestimate the observed increase in heavy precipitation with warming.
2) Occurring during the wettest autumn in England and Wales since records began in 1766 these floods damaged nearly 10,000 properties across that region, disrupted services severely, and caused insured losses estimated at £1.3 billion….
… it is very likely that global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions substantially increased the risk of flood occurrence in England and Wales in autumn 2000.
That post ended with its own review of the literature on the connection between global warming and extreme weather. Here are a couple more studies:
- Study: Global warming is driving increased frequency of extreme wet or dry summer weather in southeast, so droughts and deluges are likely to get worse
A new study by a Duke University-led team of climate scientists suggests that global warming is the main cause of a significant intensification in the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH) that in recent decades has more than doubled the frequency of abnormally wet or dry summer weather in the southeastern United States….
The models — known as Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) models — predict the NASH will continue to intensify and expand as concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases increase in Earth's atmosphere in coming decades."This intensification will further increase the likelihood of extreme summer precipitation variability — periods of drought or deluge — in southeastern states in coming decades," Li says.
The team calculates that a 1 ºC increase in sea-surface temperatures would result in a 31% increase in the global frequency of category 4 and 5 storms per year: from 13 of those storms to 17. Since 1970, the tropical oceans have warmed on average by around 0.5 ºC. Computer models suggest they may warm by a further 2 ºC by 2100.
In over two decades of tracking world food prices, the U.N. Food and Agricultural organization index has never stayed so high for so long.
This represents true suffering for hundreds of millions of people who live on the edge, for whom food is a large fraction of their income like, say, North Africa (see Expert consensus grows on contribution of record high food prices to Middle East unrest).
Population growth, dietary shifts, growing use of crops for biofuels, peaking conventional oil production and increases in extreme weather have all played a part.
As the literature above makes clear, on our current emissions path, we face
- Dust-Bowlification's devastating impact on farming;
- Sea level rise and the accompanying salt water infiltration, threatening some of the richest agricultural deltas in the world, such as the Nile and Ganges (see "Rising sea salinates India's Ganges").
- Ocean acidification, warming and overfishing severely depleting the availability of seafood.
- Extreme weather harming crops — see NOAA: Monster crop-destroying Russian heat wave to be once-in-a-decade event by 2060s (or sooner)
One analysis just of the impact of temperature rise on food finds "Half of world's population could face climate-driven food crisis by 2100." And this is just a 700 ppm analysis with no discussion of the impact of soil drying up or other well-understood climate impacts.
In April the British Medical Journal warned that climate change "poses an immediate and grave threat, driving ill-health and increasing the risk of conflict, such that each feeds upon the other." The UK's Hadley Center notes that on our current one related impact, "By the 2090s close to one-fifth of the world's population will be exposed to ozone levels well above the World Health Organization recommended safe-health level."
A June 2011 peer-reviewed report released by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) — "Climate Change and Your Health: Rising Temperatures, Worsening Ozone Pollution" — shows that the harm to Americans, especially children, from human-caused warming is upon us now.
A just-released September 2011 report by the European Lung Foundation finds:
Climate change set to increase ozone-related deaths over next 60 years
Scientists are warning that death rates linked to climate change will increase in several European countries over the next 60 yrs.
Earlier this year, Climate Progress reported on what the top medical and health groups warn are the health risks Americans face from climate change:
- More than doubled asthma rates and lengthened asthma season (already 20 days longer)
- Threatened access to clean drinking water
- Increases in airborne and insect borne illnesses (e.g. mosquitos, ticks, tapeworm)
- Increases in diarrheal, respiratory, and heart disease
- Increased risk of salmonella spread as average temperatures rise
- Increase in hospital use results in rising health care costs
- Particular risk among low-income communities, children, the elderly, and the obese
See also The Lancet's landmark Health Commission: "Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century"
The possibility that unrestricted emissions of greenhouse gases would not do unimaginable harm to humanity has become vanishingly small. That's because we remain near the worst-case emissions pathways, there is little prospect of national or global action any times soon (thank you, deniers), many impacts are coming faster than the models projected, and the overwhelming majority of the scientific literature in the past 5 years has been more dire than the 2007 IPCC report, which itself was more than enough motivation for the overwhelming majority of climate scientists and countries to call for urgent action to reduce emissions.
And I haven't even discussed the many, many studies that suggest in fact carbon-cycle feedbacks (like the defrosting tundra) are almost all positive (amplifying) and yet largely ignored in most climate models — see NSIDC bombshell: Thawing permafrost feedback will turn Arctic from carbon sink to source in the 2020s, releasing 100 billion tons of carbon by 2100 and links therein.
We can't let this happen. It is indeed humanity's self-destruction. We must pay any price or bear any burden to stop it.


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Let's stop harassing couples who finally commit
Live-in couples are caught in a subculture of sex without commitment, says Father Andrew Greeley. But when they finally decide to get married, the church (and their parents) should cheer them on, not give them the third degree.
Every Catholic priest ought to see the film High Fidelity. I offer this advice not because it stars Chicagoans John and Joan Cusack and not because it's filmed in Chicago—the Chicago of driving rain and somber elevated tracks. Rather, priests should see it so that they might understand the commitment terror of superannuated adolescent males. Parents should see it so they might have sympathy with their sons and daughters.
Priests are exercised today about how they should respond to couples who have been cohabiting when they come into the rectory to arrange for marriage. Some of us say that it's none of our business, that we have no right to pry into their private lives, and that canon law forbids us to deny them the sacrament of Matrimony. We should treat them like everyone else, celebrate their courage in deciding to get married, and make the wedding ceremony such a happy event that even the crustiest of fallen-away Catholics will have some second thoughts.
Others, however, say that we ought not to let young people "get away" with living in sin. They should be punished for their sinfulness and denied the sacrament until they reform their lives. They insist on measures that will cause the couple to seek a church wedding elsewhere. One of them should move out of the apartment, they should not sleep together in the time remaining before the marriage, they should go to Confession the day before the marriage so they don't receive the sacrament in the state of mortal sin. Some priests even advocate delaying the sacrament until the couple shows some signs of repentance.
Some parents, it is much to be feared, agree with the priests. They don't want their son to marry a "tramp" that lived with him before they were married.
Priests argue that sociological data show that there is a correlation between cohabitation and future divorce. Therefore we have to "get tough" on people who are cohabiting. Sure, everyone knows that if you deny the sacraments to enough young men and women who have cohabited, then everyone else will stop cohabiting, right? Moreover, the correlation is probably spurious. Most likely those who cohabit as a "preparation" for marriage seem already to have the kind of family backgrounds that incline them to divorce.
John Cusack is perfect as the 26-year-old adolescent male who drifts through life without goals or commitments, mortally afraid of closing off his options by making a commitment to anyone, much less the "high fidelity" of marriage. He is capable of hesitant love and fierce jealousy, but, alas, not of choice. To choose to commit yourself to one woman is to foreclose the option of someday finding someone else who would make an even better wife. He imagines that young women always end their relationships with him when in fact it is the other way around. He is a pathetic sad sack, and, worse yet, he knows it.
You have children like that? Your son is living with a beautiful young woman like the Cusack character is? She's not Catholic either? (How can she be when she's Danish!)
This is the kind of young man who is likely to wash up on the rectory steps these days. He has taken the big leap toward marriage and eventual parenthood, but is terrified. He needs understanding and encouragement rather than draconian rules.
One may lament the culture that has created the dilemma that it is possible to have sex regularly without commitment. One may argue that adolescent men like the Cusack character deserve what they get. However, turning the sacrament of marriage into an obstacle course is not going to change that culture. He is trying, however belatedly, to become an adult. Exchanging cohabitation for marriage is a major step toward maturity. How in God's name, quite literally, can we punish him for wanting to make that step? Ought we not to celebrate the transformation of life on which he is cautiously embarking?
At the end of the film I sat in the theater and wondered about what the scene at the rectory would be when the Cusack character and his blond bride-to-be showed up. What if he encountered a priest who, persuaded that he was God, would want to punish the past instead of rejoicing in the future?
Maybe I'm wasting my time recommending the film to priests. Those who think they're God would not get the point. In the film his mother is vastly relieved. She likes the girl and thinks she'll make a good wife and mother. In fact, she's on her side against her boy child. Sometimes it is that way in the world outside the movies (perhaps more often than not). But in other families the parents (and the siblings) make it clear to the bride-to-be that they think she's a whore and they will never like her. Never.
In defense of both of the young people, it must be said that they are caught in a terrible subculture in which marriage is delayed all through people's 20s. There aren't many young people who delay sex that long. Therefore it is predictable-though not praiseworthy-that there be many different kinds of premarital sex. One would very much like to see the subculture change, but one doesn't change it by being nasty to those who are caught up in it. Sympathy and understanding do not mean approval.
I think the subculture will change eventually-it always does. But it will change because those who live in it figure out that it is a hellish way to live.
Eventually, of course, marriages come about the same way they always do-the woman often demands closure and the man often discovers he doesn't want to lose her. It's a time for celebration in both the home and the rectory office. It is a happy ending and a new beginning.
This article appeared in the June 2001 issue of U.S. Catholic (Vol. 66, No. 6, pages 24-25).


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text: Thank you for visiting the Jewellery Section. If you have questions or want to know a Shipping Quote before you purchase, please use the Contact page to get a hold of us. Include your postal code or zip code and the item's SQU number. The SQU number can be found under the Details with each listing. Thank you again for shoppng at FFI.


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[dropcap]B[/dropcap]y now I'm sure you have heard about the Slingbox 500. It's a neat gadget that goes about $300 USD (mostly under that) and it lets you do some pretty cool things like watch live television from your cable box (yes even HBO stuff like True Blood and Game of Thrones) on your phone or tablet while you are out of the house. Outside of this purpose it does a few more gimmicky things like show some pictures from your phone (jump through a few setup hoops first) but nothing worth mentioning.
The key thing here is two fold: 1) You can watch live tv which is a big deal. I can already stream my entire 2500 movie collection to my truck's radio now when I'm on the road anyone else (myself excluded of course) can watch that content with Playon. That said, what I can't do is watch live television. Sometimes that's what I want to do. I'll be in a doctor's office waiting forever, or waiting for my wife to get out of an appointment, or maybe I'm just on the train to Chicago. Whatever it is, I sometimes (more often than not) would rather watch live TV. [pullquote align="right"]For the love of God run out and get him one and show him you are sorry for putting him through all the crap you did when you were a teenager and thought he was a moron![/pullquote]So that's what the Slingbox 500 does, and it does it well. 2) The second part is the most important part. There is no ongoing monthly fee. I can't tell you how sick of monthly little service fees. "It's just 7 bucks", "it's just 3 bucks"… that stuff adds up and it's annoying as heck to remember all of it without putting it on an automated billing plan and then you are locked in because you will likely forget about the fact that you are paying for it long after you stopped using the service. No… I like to keep my buying bead on things that don't have a monthly fee associated with them, and the Slingbox 500 is one of those cool gadgets that give you a lot for a little.
Yes, $260-$300 is a lot of money to simply watch television where-ever you are. But if you factor in that cost is really the total cost of ownership it now becomes an issue of a one time payment to have a luxury/treat yourself. That's where the father's day thing comes into play. This is an excellent Father's Day gift idea because it is _just_ the kind of luxury that your dad might not be willing to splurge on but really wants.
I'd give the Slingbox 500 4 out of 5 stars. It's a good solid piece of gadgetry and a worthy addition to anyone's life style.


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A forum about Atari 16/32 computers and their clones. This forum is in no way affiliated with Atari Interactive.
Moderators: Mug UK, moondog/.tSCc., [ProToS], lp, Moderator Team
030falcon030 wrote:I did. There was a whole thread on it not long ago.
So if Nick's ran out how are we going to get this game?
Gunstar wrote:This is something I'm interested in getting. I've drooled over the description at 16/32 systems for years, hoping to buy a copy if I ever got a Falcon. Now I finally have a Falcon and there are no more left to buy? Also, I've been a bit confused by this thread, am I to understand that even the released game that 16/32 systems sold was not a complete game? Or just that expansion disks haven't been released?
I downloaded the demo version, but It's to big to transfer via floppies, so i have to wait until I get another high-volume memory transfer set up (as in USB drive, or Zip drive, or CDR/rom drive, etc.)
lotek_style wrote:Sources are not available anymore as far as I know... Björn had a harddisc-crash as far as I remember... I was in touch with him a few years ago when I was working on fading twilight and trying to get the modfiles from the game.
lotek_style wrote:https://web.archive.org/web/19990203051717/http://www-public.tu-bs.de:8080/%7Ey0001569/
lotek_style wrote:Not sure what to tell here... Björn was the head behind all this... they planned to be a commercial falcon software house and I think they all had ST's before but where not involved into any productions. I think most of them used the German "Maus-netz" where Scy got in touch with them.
mikro wrote: Interesting, that page lists 1.4A being the la(te)st version however the biggest version number I have seen is 1.3B (which accidentally seems to be the la(te)st version for 040 and the history on the very same page goes only up to 1.3B as well?)
Has anyone ever seen a 1.4 version?
LaurentS wrote:Any possibility to make a kryoflux of the floppy ?
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 4 guests


text: Sometimes you want coverage, but you don't full full-on DH pads. POC's Joint VPD Air Knee pads are perfect for rowdy trails where you're pedaling most of the way. The pads use Visco-Elastic Polymer Dough that forms to your body and is flexible when moving, then turns rigid upon impact. They're breathable, stay where they're supposed to and are so light, you don't know they're there. Until you need them.


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If you were worried that Apple had shut us down I can tell you it's not so.
Our hosting provider was hit by a power outage followed by a router failure. ()
Everything seems to come back online as I write this.
Moderator: The00Dustin
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text:
Kelsey Fenix begins her fifth season with the Lady Bisons after joining head coach Kevin O'Brien's coaching staff in March 2012. The Westlake, Ohio native will have a myriad of responsibilities for the Lady Bison program.
Fenix played her college soccer at the University of Kentucky, captaining the Wildcats to the 2006 SEC title and an NCAA Tournament appearance. She earned All-SEC honors in 2007. She graduated with a bachelor of science in Kinesiology.
More recently, she played semi-pro soccer for the Charlotte Lady Eagles in the W-League.
Fenix has coached on the club level for a few years now, starting with the Jessamine (Ky.) Storm from 2007-08. She has also coached the Winston-Salem Twins (2009-11) and Charlotte United (2011-12) and holds a USSF National "B" License.
Fenix assisted Coach Kevin O'Brien in making Lipscomb history during the 2013 season. The team made it to the Atlantic Sun Tournament for the first time in program history. They finished the year with an overall record of 6-8-5 and a conference record of 3-3-3, a program best.


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I was on forum a few weeks ago.i still at work a posting with a figure of a stick man hands behind his head pedaling a trike.looking like he was in a recliner.does anyone know if this item is available or know of it?
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text: It's not Silvio Berlusconi's, though. The former Italian PM still claims he never had sex with Karima el Mahroug, aka "Ruby Heartstealer," though his trial for soliciting an underage prostitute continues. El Mahroug, now 19, has just given birth to a healthy baby. The father, 42-year-old Italian club owner Luca Risso, says his "happiness is impossible to describe." We hope he's a good dad, because el Mahroug seems to have had a pretty rough life already.


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Clearly, there aren't enough Rachels in Hollywood these days.
Talk-show host and famous chef Rachael Ray felt the wrath from Beyonce fans all around the world this weekend. But as it turns out, all the anger and attacks were directed at the wrong person. The likely target is none other than designer Rachel Roy.
It all started Saturday night when Beyonce released "Lemonade," her sixth studio album, on Tidal. In one of the songs titled "Sorry," Jay Z's leading lady sings about a cheating lover with the words, "He only want me when I'm not there / He better call Becky with the good hair."
U.S. & World
Stories that affect your life across the U.S. and around the world.
While nobody was (and is) 100 percent sure who Becky is, some started to speculate that it's Roy, the fashion designer. After all, her Instagram post that has since been deleted didn't do her any favors.
"Good hair don't care, but we will take good lighting, for selfies, or self truths, always," she cryptically wrote on Instagram following the release of the album. "Live in the light #NoDramaQueens."
According to reports at the time, Roy had spurred a confrontation between Beyonce's husband Jay Z and her sister Solange Knowles in a hotel elevator in 2014. Leaked surveillance video of the incident went viral.
Perhaps it was an act of rage. Maybe people were just hangry. Regardless, followers began swarming Ray's social media platforms with lemonade emoji's and plenty of not-so-nice comments.
"30 minute meal hoe," one wrote on Sunday afternoon. Another added, "Go caramelize SOME onions." Wait, is that really an insult because we're pretty sure Ray would enjoy it?
"Oh I loved hot chicken fajitas but I will never make them again after what you did you did to the Queen," wrote another user.
If you're not surprised by the news, perhaps this will put you over the edge.
BuzzFeed pointed out that Black Lives Matter activist DeRay McKesson – who is one of just 10 people Beyonce follows on Twitter – was confused by the Rachels.
As a result, he tweeted, "I thought Rachel Roy was Rachel Ray. I've never heard of Rachel Roy. I thought it was a typo."
Rachael Ray has not responded to the case of mistaken identity.
10 Juicy Lyrics From Beyonce's New Lemonade Album That Have Everyone Talking


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NEW YORK (Reuters) - JPMorgan Chase & Co (JPM.N) and U.S. government officials have agreed on terms of a $4 billion consumer relief package that is to be part of a $13 billion deal to settle the bank's liability to government agencies over mortgage securities, according to a person familiar with the matter.
The $4 billion portion of the deal would pay for write-downs of mortgage loans, demolition in blighted areas and lower monthly payments for homeowners, the person said on Monday.
Shaun Donovan, secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, was involved with the negotiations which have come under the umbrella of a broader settlement between the bank and the U.S. Department of Justice, the person said.
Of the $4 billion, about $1.5 billion is to be earmarked for write-downs of loans that exceed the property value and as much as $500 million more would go for restructuring loans to lower monthly payments. The remaining $2 billion would go for assorted measures, including new loans for low- and moderate-income borrowers in areas that have been hard-hit by the housing crisis and demolition of abandoned homes, the person said.
The agreement is to require JPMorgan to spend the money by the end of 2016 under the watch of a independent monitor, the person said.
The final $13 billion deal is likely to be announced on Tuesday, the person said. Another source familiar with the matter said earlier in the day that that announcement could be in the next day or two. Both sources were not authorized to speak on the record about the matter.
The total deal is also to include a $2 billion penalty and at least $4 billion for federal housing finance agencies under a previously announced agreement.
The fact that the $13 billion deal would include $4 billion for some form of "consumer relief" has been known for weeks. The details of how the $4 billion would be spent were reported earlier on Monday by the Wall Street Journal.
Reporting by Aruna Viswanatha in Washington and David Henry in New York; Editing by Bernard Orr


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Anyone trying to figure out which kinds of innovation are most worth paying attention to has to come up with ways to, as Wired magazine puts it, "size up ideas and separate the truly world-changing from the merely interesting." Here are seven things to look for.
The terrific May Wired story "How to Spot the Future" notes that anyone trying to figure out which kinds of innovation are most worth paying attention to has to come up with ways to "size up ideas and separate the truly world-changing from the merely interesting."
How do you that? "At Wired, where we constantly endeavor to pinpoint the inventions and trends that will define the future, we have developed our own set of rules," writes executive editor Thomas Goetz. "We have seen some common themes emerge, patterns that have fostered the most profound innovations of our age."
Wired lists seven rules for what to look for: Look for cross-pollinators; surf the exponentials; favor the liberators; give points for audacity; bank on openness; demand deep design; and spend time with time wasters.
Here are details on just one of the rules: #6, Demand Deep Design.
"Too often in technology, design is applied like a veneer after the hard work is done. That approach ignores how essential design is in our lives," writes Goetz. Good design is "much, much harder than it looks," he says, but:
Thankfully, we are on the verge of a golden age of design, where the necessary tools and skills — once such limited resources — are becoming automated and available to all of us. This timing is critical. "Too much information" has become the chorus of complaint from all quarters, and the cure is not more design but deeper design, design that filters complexity into accessible units of comprehension and utility.
Forget Apple's overpraised hardware aesthetic; its greatest contribution to industrial design was to recognize that nobody reads user's manuals. So it pretty much eliminated them. You can build as many stunning features into a product as you like; without a design that makes them easy to use, they may as well be Easter eggs.
Consider Facebook. The service squashed MySpace, Goetz says, because it "helped people bring design into their lives as never before." Facebook lets us "curate our friends, categorize our family photos, and bring (at least the appearance of) continuity to our personal histories." Pinterest, he adds, does this too, promising "to let us organize our interests and inspirations into a clear, elegant form." Facebook and Pinterest "turn us into designers and our daily experience into a lifelong project of curation. This is deep design commoditized — the expertise of IDEO without the pricey consulting contract."
For more details, the full story is here.
(A side note: As someone who still likes to read on paper, I love the way this article looks in the hardcopy of the magazine. Paging through the main text, clever sidebars, rich art, and zippy Wired design is a satisfying way to consume this package of material. Deep-design-wise, online suffices, but print excels.)


text: 249-7x1,5 mm Application Adjustment disc for height adjustment of doors with journal-supported lift-off hinges. Material Steel, hardened and zinc coated. Ordering Options 460558200057 JUSTERBRICKA 249-7X1,5 Close 249-7x1 mmAdjustment disc for height adjustment of doors with journ… 248-28 Mounting plate 248 of steel is made for hinges for doors,… 2301Security pins of hardened steel for screwing through hing… Do you want to create a safe lock environment? ASSA OEM has created "The lock guide by ASSA OEM", and it's made to give you knowledge and tips about approved lock sets. We really encouring poeple to read our tips and guidelines here: The lock guide Want to download our product catalogues? If you prefer to download our product catalogue - you can download it here! We also provide instructions, declarations and other documents in our download documents section.Check it out!


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Handling Produce Safely
Fruits and vegetables are an important part of a healthy diet. However, during the growing, harvesting and shipping of produce, potentially harmful bacteria can come into contact with the surface of fruits and vegetables, and eating contaminated produce can lead to foodborne illness.
As you enjoy your fresh fruit and vegetables, keep the following tips in mind to help reduce the chance of food poisoning.
Know When to Wash Produce
Unless the produce is labeled as "ready to eat" or "washed," it should be washed before eating.
Even if you don't plan to eat the peel, the exterior of fruits such as melons needs to be thoroughly washed before slicing. Otherwise, any bacteria on the surface could get into the portion you plan to eat. Watch this video on the WDIV website to learn more about proper washing.
Avoid the Temptation to Sample Produce
When shopping for fresh produce, don't be tempted to sample (or let your kids sample) grapes, cherries or other similar produce until you get them home and wash them -- you don't know how many hands may have touched them before you selected them for purchase.
Wash With Tap Water
It isn't necessary or recommended to use a cleaner when washing produce. Rather, turn on the cold water tap and use either your finger tips or a clean vegetable brush to thoroughly wash the outer surface of the produce under a stream of cold running water.
Special Tips for Leafy Vegetables
When handling produce such as a head of lettuce, remove and wash each lettuce leaf separately, both front and back.
Don't Forget to Dry
Once thoroughly rinsed, produce should be dried on a clean cloth or paper towel. Just as with wet hands, wet or damp produce is a more attractive surface for bacteria to grow than a dry surface.
Refrigerate Sliced Produce
Once produce has been sliced or peeled, it becomes a perishable food product that needs refrigeration to reduce the chance for bacteria to grow. If you have leftover watermelon or other sliced or peeled produce, place it in a clean storage container in the refrigerator to eat later.


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150th anniversary of Gettysburg Address draws thousands
- Tribute included a naturalization ceremony
- Memorial wreaths were presented at the site
- Historic address was not universally respected at the time
The site of one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War was host to a solemn tribute to history Tuesday as thousands gathered in Gettysburg, Pa., to mark the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.
Lincoln's iconic speech came four months after a fierce, three-day battle in July 1863 left more than 7,000 soldiers dead and 40,000 wounded. Rolling farm fields were turned into graveyards, and Lincoln's visit was part of the ceremonies dedicating the Soldiers' National Cemetery. The area remains home to Gettysburg National Cemetery and Gettysburg National Military Park.
STORY:5 things to know about Gettysburg Address
PHOTO:Old photo may change history
The event Tuesday on a sunny but chilly morning included naturalization ceremonies led by Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia for 16 new citizens. Scalia, Interior Secretary Sally Jewell, Sen. Bob Casey, D-Pa., and National Park Service Director John Jarvis were among those presenting memorial wreaths.
Jewell drew applause for promising to keep her speech as short as Lincoln's two-minute oration, adding that his words "remind us of what it means to be an American."
"Lincoln's words stand at the vortex of our national consciousness," Jewell told the crowd. "Hearing them, we are reminded of the sacrifice of so many for freedom."
Casey said the nation must recommit itself to unfinished business. "The cause then was the Civil War and the future of the country," Casey said. Today's causes, he said, must include "increased devotion to our veterans."
In 1963, Martin Luther King, kicking off his "I Have a Dream" speech before a crowd of 250,000 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, noted that Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation took effect "five score years ago." The phrase invoked the Gettysburg Address, whose words were etched into the interior of the monument just a few steps behind the civil rights icon.
The address includes the line, "The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here" — and that may have rung true back then. It was ridiculed at first in some prominent quarters: The Chicago Times, for one, cited "silly, flat and dish-watery utterances."
The Patriot-News of Harrisburg, about 35 miles northeast of Gettysburg, was one of the early detractors. Last week, the newspaper apologized:
Seven score and ten years ago, the forefathers of this media institution brought forth to its audience a judgment so flawed, so tainted by hubris, so lacking in the perspective history would bring, that it cannot remain unaddressed in our archives.
We write today in reconsideration of "The Gettysburg Address," delivered by then-President Abraham Lincoln in the midst of the greatest conflict seen on American soil. Our predecessors, perhaps under the influence of partisanship, or of strong drink, as was common in the profession at the time, called President Lincoln's words "silly remarks," deserving "a veil of oblivion," apparently believing it an indifferent and altogether ordinary message, unremarkable in eloquence and uninspiring in its brevity.
Contributing: John Waggoner and Ed Brackett