text:
Land of the Free, or Home on the Open Range?
Jul 1, 2014 7:07 PM PT
Here in the Linux community, there's never any shortage of opportunities to wax philosophical about the success of our favorite operating system. After all, the traditional (read: proprietary) model had nothing to do with it, strictly speaking, so FOSS fans can't be blamed for wanting to extol the virtues of the free and open source model instead.
Recently, however, none other than our friends at Linux Voice brought the point into the limelight.
"It might seem like a pernickety argument, but 'Free Software' and 'open source' emphasize different things," the mavens over at Linux Voice explained. "Free Software, as defined by the mighty Richard Stallman, stresses the importance of freedom for users and programmers to share things with their neighbors, for the betterment of society.
"Open source, meanwhile, was a term created to be more appealing to businesses, highlighting the practical benefits of having source code that anyone can look at," they added.
"So we want to hear from you," they wrote. "Which term do you use? Is it really important to you?"
Down at the blogosphere's heavily air-conditioned Broken Windows Lounge, Linux Girl had scarcely read the words when a stampede threatened to overwhelm the capabilities of her Quick Quotes Quill.
'Even Closed Binary Blobs'
"I will go with free software when possible," Google+ blogger Kevin O'Brien told Linux Girl. "Some things should be matters of principle, and for me this is one."
Free software "respects my rights as a user, and it is the only kind that does so," O'Brien added. "For me, things like open source and open core suggest the camel's nose entering the tent and turning my freedom into a corporate opportunity."
All other things being equal, "I prefer free software," Hyperlogos blogger Martin Espinoza agreed.
"I don't like the idea of even my bug reports being used to help create software which can be taken to closed-source and used against me later," Espinoza said. "But I will certainly use open source or -- heck -- even closed binary blobs when necessary.
"You get the job done however it gets done," he said.
'Sometimes, Rules Increase Freedom'
"I noticed a lot of people complaining in the comments of that thread that 'free software' is an inappropriate name due to the supposed viral nature of the GPL, but the situation is analogous to economics in that you cannot have a 'free market' without rules, either," Espinoza noted.
"Sometimes, rules in fact increase freedom for the majority," he suggested.
In this case, "the minority whose freedom is reduced is not only vanishingly small, but often actively works not just against the will of the majority but against its good," Espinoza said.
'A Tendency to Be Confused'
The term, "free and open source" -- or FOSS -- is preferable "if I'm writing it out," consultant and Slashdot blogger Gerhard Mack offered. "It makes what I am saying more exact."
Indeed, "I think it is important to try to communicate clearly with labels that are understood," agreed Chris Travers, a blogger who works on the LedgerSMB project. "This means one has to meet one's target audience and let this determine which labels to use rather than ideology if you want to get a point across."
Free software is "a label I mostly use when working with specific groups who know and use the label," Travers added. "Otherwise, it has a tendency to be confused by many users with ad-laden freeware."
'That's What People Know'
Most of the time "I use 'open source' when addressing potential users because that's what people know," Travers explained. "I also use the label to emphasize the capacity for peer review -- this is especially important when contrasting with adware-based freeware."
Travers' next most commonly used label is "community-developed software," he said.
"This is how I reach out to other software developers, and it's a subset of open source and free software which is not dominated by a single vendor," he noted. "MySQL may be open source and free software, but it is not community-developed in the way that PostgreSQL or MariaDB are."
All free and open source software is a potential basis for community development, but "many projects are vendor-dominated," Travers concluded. "To my mind the real promise is the freedom which comes with common ownership, and this is significantly broader than Stallman's Four Freedoms."
'Stupid Religious Zealotry'
The argument is "stupid religious zealotry," SoylentNews blogger hairyfeet told Linux Girl. "RMS does NOT care about software quality, does NOT care if something is actually useful to the masses -- the fact that the OLPC wasn't 'free enough' for his extremism unless you crippled it by killing the wireless shows he doesn't care if a tool is even suitable for its purpose. Most importantly, he does NOT care if a programmer can pay his student loans, feed himself or even have a roof over his or her head.
"Nope, the ONLY thing RMS cares about is the pushing of his political agenda," hairyfeet said.
"Frankly, the fact that actually having the source code in your hands isn't 'good enough' should be all that needs to be said," hairyfeet added. "I mean, why would ANY company want to spend a single cent supporting FOSS when they could be labeled as the bad guy in GPLv4 as RMS did to TiVo with GPLv3?
"RMS can use his doublespeak all he wants, but it won't change the fact that by following his 'doubleplusgood' definitions, the FOSS landscape has been left with a pittance compared to the commercial world," he said.
"Where is the medical transcription software? Where is the digital photo software that has the same features Photoshop had half a dozen releases ago?" hairyfeet concluded. "They don't exist, because if your software can't fall under the 'blessed three' -- selling support contracts; selling hardware; or 'e-begging' -- then you WILL end up on the street and the precious code can join all the failed projects on the equally dead Freshmeat."
'The Right Way to Do IT'
Last but not least, blogger Robert Pogson saw it differently.
"I use free software," Pogson told Linux Girl. "It's the right way to do IT because software is produced at the lowest possible cost -- developers don't have to pay licensing fees on dozens of software libraries and they can hire as many developers as they need for a lot or a little money."
On the other hand, "one can have 'open source' but with all the restrictions hundreds of salesmen and lawyers can coalesce into one 'licensing agreement,'" he noted. "Just read the EULA of M$. If they allowed the world to see the code, would it be any less abusive? How about the connection limits, permission ceded to M$ to romp all over your computers, only having one copy, and not being able to modify anything?
"Free software is a lot better for the user because the user actually gets to use the software instead of being used by it," Pogson concluded. "Free software is a lot better for the developer because the user is not the enemy but a partner in development."
In short, "we should celebrate the triumph of software everyone may use, examine, modify and distribute over that other stuff," he said, "rather than arguing about which variety of free software or terminology is superior."


text:
Hove Street, Hove
Alternative retail therapy in Brighton & Hove
With so many high streets looking the same these days, the city is refreshingly different with its alternative shops and street markets. Where else could you find a tatooist, a 'peace' shop and a vegetarian shoe outlet all on the same street? Of course, it wasn't always like this, but gone are the days when large department stores dominated. Hannington's and Courts closed their doors long ago, but thankfully some independents are holding out.
These are the photographs you have chosen to use.
Choose how you would like to display the photographs.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Messages are the building blocks of apps and bots. Start from "Hello, world," or connect a service you already use.
Your app can respond to user activity, and buttons let users complete simple tasks (like requests and approvals).
Add a bot to talk with users and automate tasks (and add a little fun).
Need a slash command or a bot just for your team? All our tools can be used for internal integrations.
Submit your app to the Slack App Directory, and reach millions of daily active Slack users.
These handy links will help you get on your way.


text:
by Colin Ellard
An excerpt from Aurora, by Kim Stanley Robinson.
Our most up-close-and-personal shot of the (dwarf) planet yet.
An excerpt from the new biography Elon Musk, by Ashlee Vance.
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text:
The Iraq War is over, and the remaining troops are coming home.
Feds issue a scathing report of Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio, saying his treatment of Hispanics constitutes extensive civil rights violations.
Man sentenced to 10 years for distributing oxymorphone pills at a party. A 15-year-old died.
Top five places your car will get stolen in Albuquerque.
The Army made a sandwich that's good for two years.
Golden Globe nominees.
CEOs in America enjoyed a pay hike between 27 percent and 40 percent last year.
African-American legislator called the governor a Mexican.
Nob Hill merchants are banding together for a sales day today after that apocalyptic windstorm besieged the Shop and Stroll.
Girl forced to eat jalapeños on nacho day at a Rio Rancho elementary.
Michael Jackson's daughter on that mask her dad made her wear.
The AG's looking to throw the book at Jerome Block Jr.
Chomsky encourages occupiers to keep going through neighborhood-based political organizing.
The most boring celebs of 2011.


text:
(***update***: Scot McKnight made a very good criticism of what follows below, and I want to address it here. You will frequently see me talk about Jewish "canons". I simply use the term to describe sets of books read in an authoritative way. Certainly using the term and applying its modern connotations to second Temple Judaism is anachronistic. As you will see in the notes, I have cited VanderKam on this [cf. n. 42]).
At the heart of Christianity is the Word of God. The Fourth Gospel, of course, reveals Christ as the Word (John 1:1, 14). Thus, in Christian tradition, the Word of God Incarnate is made known to us through the Word of God Inspired, that is, Scripture. All of this is to say that Christology and Scripture are closely interrelated.
In fact, in Christian theology there has long been a recognition that there is an analogy between (1) the Christian understanding of Jesus as the God-Man and (2) belief in Scripture as the inspired Word of God. As the divine and eternal was united with the human and historical in the person of Christ required so too Scripture involves both divine and human / historical elements. Moreover, just as the Christology underwent a development of doctrine, so too the church's understanding of Scripture involved a historical process.
This essay will focus on the latter aspect of Christian faith in Scripture. Indeed, although there was much debate in the first few centuries concerning what exactly constituted the "New Testament," the list of the twenty-seven books eventually canonized by the late fourth century councils received virtual universal acceptance from that point on.[1] In this essay, we will look at the more complex issue of the Old Testament canon. Not only did the canonical list develop over time, as we shall see, the very concept of a "canon" itself took time to crystalize in Christian understanding. As we examine this history, we will find that many common presuppositions regarding the canonical process are unhistorical—e. g., the notion of a closed Hebrew canon by 100 C. E.; the assertion that the canon contains the exhaustive books of "inspired" books, etc.[2]
Part I: The "Hebrew Canon"
The term "canon" comes from a Greek word which originally meant "reed," "rod," or "measuring stick."[3] In the Greco-Roman world the term came to describe the criterion or standard by which things are judged. Aristotle, for example, spoke of the just man as the "canon and measure" of truth.[4] The word was soon applied to literature to describe those works which represented models of literary purity.[5]
Interestingly, the term "canon" was not first used in Christian circles to refer to the recognized sacred books of the church, but, rather, in terms of the the standards of orthodoxy, i.e., what was known as the "rule of faith" [6] Hence, the earliest councils of the church began to use the term in reference to their decrees, a practice that continued long after the biblical "canon" was established.[7] Eusebius is credited with the application of the term in reference to the Scriptures, although his exact meaning is unclear.[8] Athanasius' Festal Letter, written in the late 4th century, uses a verbal from of the term (= "canonized") to define the set list of sacred books received as authoritative for the church. However, it wasn't until the 18th century that the specific term "canon" was used to describe the closed set of all the recognized biblical books.[9] Thus for most of Christian history, the word "canon" was much more frequently associated with ecclesiastical decrees and the orthodox "rule" of faith than to a closed set of scriptural books.
"Scripture" in Israel
There is no doubt that the concept of sacred, authoritative books was already present in ancient Israel.[10] Scripture itself records several early instances of "scripture reading"—although using such a term may be a bit anachronistic. Moses is the first to read from the book of the covenant (Ex. 24:7). During the days of Josiah, the "book of the law" was rediscovered in the temple by the priest Hilkiah (2 Kings 22-23; 2 Chr. 34). Much later, Ezra read from the "book of the law" to those who had returned from exile (Neh. 8:18). Likewise, in the account of Nehemiah's re-dedication of the temple, we read that the Levites read from the "book of Moses" (Neh. 13:1ff). Much later, in the Maccabean restoration, Judas is also said to have "collected all the books" (2 Macc. 2:14).
It was once commonly believed that the Hebrew Scriptures gained acceptance in three stages corresponding to its tripartite structure. This view held that the Torah stabilized around 400 B.C.E., the Prophets by 200 B.C.E. and the Writings by 100 C.E. This view, however, has been largely discarded by scholars.
Ever since the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, scholars have come to see the problem of referring to a "normative" Second Temple Judaism. [11] As the differences between the various Jewish sects of the period have been more sufficiently recognized, some scholars now even speak of first century "Judaisms."[12] Even the major groups themselves, such as the Pharisees, were divided into different schools.[13]
With the numerous Jewish groups arose diverse conceptions regarding the Hebrew "canon." The Sadducees appear to have accepted no books outside of the Torah.[14] The Pharisees accepted a broader authoritative collection.[15] Jews in the Diaspora also had a broader list of sacred books.[16] Likewise, the Essenes and those who lived at Qumran seem to have had their own set of authoritative writings.[17]
After the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, it became especially clear that there was no normative Jewish canon in second Temple Judaism. The Qumran collection evidences no hint of a defined canon. There we find the earliest copies of all the books of the Hebrew Bible, except Esther.[18] Notably, copies of works identified as "apocryphal" were also found, such as Sirach, Tobit, and the Letter of Jeremiah[19] as well as numerous other works, such as 1 Enoch, Jubilees, and many sectarian documents.
These documents do not seem to have been distinguished from one another. In other words, there is no trace of canonical distinctions between these works, leading scholars to conclude:
"There is no list of canonical books at Qumran… Indeed, it appears that some sectarian works… had a much greater use and influence than any of the apocrypha or Old Testament Writings, apart from the Psalms."[20]
The Emergence of a Three Part Structure
Despite the differing opinions of the various groups, it does seem clear that an early tripartite division of the Hebrew Bible—the Law, the Prophets and the Writings—was already emerging in the second Temple period. 4QMMT, a scroll found in the Qumran collection, refers to the books of "Moses, the Prophets and David." However, the cryptic reference to David hardly serves as evidence for an early recognition of a closed set of writings. It is probably simply a reference to the Psalms.[21]
The book of Sirach gives us more evidence of an early tripartite structure. The prologue, apparently a later addition to the book, refers to "the law and the prophets and the other books" three times. Interestingly, Sirach makes reference to Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the twelve minor prophets. While the reference to "the other books" is clearly evidence of an emerging tripartite structure, this vague reference says nothing about a closed group of books.[22] Even if it did refer to such a set--which it clearly doesn't--such a statement could only be evidence that the author Sirach recognized such a set, not that it was a widely held view among Jews at that time.
In addition, there are numerous references in the New Testament to "the law and the prophets," which are clearly meant to describe the Hebrew Scriptures (e.g., Matt. 5:17, 7:12, etc.). There is even a mention of "the law, the prophets, and the psalms" (Lk. 24:44). However, the latter term can only refer to the psalter (though which psalms would be included in that is unclear) and not a third collection of books. It would certainly be a stretch to argue that this is evidence of a closed set of authoritative books![23] Others have argued that Jesus referred to the closed Hebrew Bible when he spoke of the death of Zechariah as the final stage in the history that began with Cain's murder of Abel (Mt. 23:35; Lk. 11:50). Yet, this interpretation also reads too much into the text.[24]
There is also a possible reference to a tripartite structure in Philo's work, On The Contemplative Life, in which he describes the "laws and oracles delivered through the mouths of prophets, and psalms and anything else which fosters and perfects knowledge" (25). Here again we must be careful not to read too much into what he says. It is unclear which books constitute the "prophets" and what psalms in particular he has in view.
Developing a Hebrew "Canon"
The earliest and most explicit testimony of a Hebrew canonical list comes from Josephus:
"For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from and contradicting one another [as the Greeks have], but only twenty-two books, which contain all the records of all the past times; which are justly believed to be divine; and of them five belong to Moses, which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death… the prophets, who were after Moses, wrote down what was done in their times in thirteen books. The remaining four books contain hymns to God, and precepts for the conduct of human life."[25]Though scholars have reconstructed Josephus' list differently, it seems clear that we have in his testimony a list of books very close to the Hebrew canon as it stands today. Nonetheless, his canon is not identical to that of the modern Hebrew Bible.[26] Moreover, it is debatable whether or not his canon had a tripartite structure.[27] Thus, one should be careful not to read too much into Josephus' statement. For one thing, Josephus was clearly a member of the Pharisaic party and, although he might not have liked to think so, his was not the universally accepted Jewish Bible—other Jewish communities included more than twenty-two books.[28]
The Council of Jamnia
For a long time it was believed that the Hebrew Bible was closed at the end of the first century C. E. It was believed that a group of Rabbis made an official binding decision at a gathering known as "the Council of Jamnia." Today, however, it is largely recognized that there is virtually no evidence that such a "council" ever occurred. While some Rabbis may have gathered in Jamnia at the end of the first century C. E. to discuss the status of some disputed books such as Ecclesiastes or Song of Songs, they most certainly did not make any binding decisions about the canon.[29] This is apparent in the fact that rabbinic debate over the canon continued to rage on until 200 C.E.! Strikingly, Sirach is quoted as Scripture in the Babylonian Talmud.[30] In addition, Ecclesiastes was disputed in some rabbinic circles and there remained lingering doubts over the book of Esther.[31]
The LXX
By the third century B.C.E. there is solid evidence that the Hebrew Bible had begun to be translated into Greek.[32] A legend arose that seventy elders had translated it, but the historical evidence for this story is rather sketchy.[33] Whoever the scribes were, it seems as though the Torah (i.e., the five books traditionally attributed to Moses) was the first to be translated. Beyond that it is virtually impossible to determine when each of the other various books were incorporated into the Greek collection of the Hebrew scriptures.[34]
Indeed, the LXX did not develop among solely Hellenistic circles, isolated from Palestinian Judaism, as was once thought. Scholars believe that many of the books—including Ruth, Esther, Qoheleth, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Judith, 1 Maccabees—were translated in Palestine. Wisdom and Sirach were likely translated by an Alexandrian Jew of Palestinian origin. Indeed, it is now recognized that the Greek Bible was even used in Palestine.[35] Most surprisingly, Greek texts have even been found in the highly segregated community who lived in Qumran, a group especially "hostile to all Greek cultural influence."[36]
The myth that there was a closed Hebrew canon of second Temple Judaism is further challenged by the textual variants found in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Up until recently it was assumed that "apocryphal" additions found in the books of the LXX represented later augmentations in the Greek to the Hebrew texts. In connection with this, the Masoretic text (MT) established by the rabbis in the medieval period has been accepted as the faithful witness to the Hebrew Bible of the first century. Yet this view has been problematized by the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Copies of some biblical books found at Qumran reveal sharp divergences from the MT. For example, scholars were amazed to find that the Hebrew copies of 1 and 2 Samuel found in Cave 4 agree with the LXX against the MT. One of these fragments is dated into the third century B.C.E. and is believed to be the very oldest copy of a biblical text found to date. Clearly the Masoretic version of 1-2 Samuel is "significantly inferior here to the LXX exemplar."[37]
F. M. Cross explains his reaction at the time of this discovery:
"I suddenly realized I had found something that to me and to other textual critics of the Hebrew Bible was earthshaking. My manuscript of Samuel was related to the Hebrew manuscript of Samuel used by the Jewish translators of the Hebrew Bible into Greek. It proved that the translator of the Old Greek had been faithful to the Hebrew text he was translating. Thus the differences between the traditional Hebrew text and the Old Greek translation, for the most part, rested on different textual traditions of the Hebrew Bible. The manuscript of Samuel promised to break the logjam in text-critical studies of the Hebrew Bible. I held a key discovery."[38]Discoveries such as this one have helped to reshape scholarly understanding of the relationship between the MT and the LXX. The great textual critical scholar Emmanuel Tov writes, "The preference for the MT seems to go counter to accepted scholarly procedures."[39]
Important to our discussion of the canon is the discovery of a Hebrew version of the Letter of Jeremiah, excluded by the MT, but included in the LXX. This letter was recognized later by the church as part of the "deuterocanonical" collection and was included as a sixth chapter to the book of Baruch. Likewise, Hebrew fragments of Sirach have also been found at Qumran and Masada, while an ancient Aramaic version of Tobit was discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls.[40]
As we have seen, the traditional presupposition that the Hebrew Bible was closed by the end of the first century is simply unhistorical. [41] James VanderKam explains, "As nearly as we can tell, there was no canon of Scripture in Second Temple Judaism."[42] Moreover, from the variant textual traditions at Qumran, we see that the MT did not represent the Hebrew vorlage known to the translators of some of the books in the LXX. Indeed, not only were there variant canons but variant textual traditions! [43]
The Criteria of the RabbisSo how did the Jewish rabbis come to agreement over which books to canonize? There is no clear answer. It seems as though the canonical status of the books were decided, at least in part, on the grounds of the date of their composition—no books believed to be written later than the period of Ezra were included. This was based in large part on the Pharisaic thesis that prophetic inspiration ended after Ezra and Nehemiah.[44] However, this presupposition is a problematic criterion for Christians who affirm that the Spirit inspired the books of the New Testament. It is also problematic for some scholars who believe that several canonical books—e. g., Daniel, Esther, Song of Songs, Proverbs, the books of Chronicles—date to a much later period. According to some, Daniel is even later than some of the "apocrypha."[45]
One thing that is clear about the canonical process used by the Jewish rabbis is that it was motivated in part by an anti-Christian bias.
"Even the final closing of the Hebrew canon by the Pharisaic teachers, constituting themselves as rabbinate toward the end of the first century – a process that lasted into the middle of the second century with respect to individual books and that presupposes a long period of preparation reaching back into pre-Christian times – must be categorized as 'anti-heretical', indeed anti-Christian."[46]The various discussions in the Mishnah regarding the exclusion of Sirach and the latter apocrypha indicate that they were rejected because they were read among the Christians. It is well-known that the stabilization of the MT text and canon was shaped by an anti-Christian polemic—something many Christian scholars find problematic. [47]
(Read Part 2.)
[1] Of course, there are some variant canons in the East, but restraints here do not allow a thorough discussion. On the history of development of the New Testament canon see F. Cross and E. A. Livingstone, eds. "Canon of Scripture" in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 232-233. One case that should be briefly addressed is the list given by Pope Innocent in the 5th century. When Pope Innocent I wrote a list of the canonical books to the bishop of Toulouse in 405 he omitted Hebrews (Epistle 6.7). However, once one looks at Innocent's letter, the reason for its silence on Hebrews is clear. In the letter Innocent condemns the reading of the pseudepigraphical writings, such as the Gospel of Thomas or the Acts of Thomas. Hebrews was said to be a work of Paul, yet, that was disputed. It seems likely, then, that the pope simply decided not to address the problem of Hebrews. It is extremely important to note that Innocent does not condemn it, even though he mentions many other non-canonical books – works that were much less popular than Hebrews! – that are read in the churches. Hence it seems probable that Innocent did not want to deal with the question of its status in the letter—whether to acknowledge its canonical status or to deny it. See F. F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture (Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press, 1988), 234.
[2] Of critical importance to this essay is the recent publication of a collection of essays entitled, The Canon Debate, edited by Lee Martin McDonald and James A. Sanders. The essays contained therein present the most up to date opinions regarding the formation of the Christian biblical canon. J. J. Collins has called it, "without a doubt the most comprehensive treatment ever published of canon formation in Judaism and Christianity" (back cover).
[3] Bruce Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origen, Development and Significance (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 289; Bruce, The Canon, 17; Beckwith, R. T. "The Canon of the Old Testament," in The Origins of the Bible, ed. P. W. Comfort (Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers, 1992), 51; Floyd V. Filson, Which Books Belong in the Bible? A Study of Canon (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1957). 15.
[4] Metzger, The Canon, 289; Bruce, The Canon, 17.
[5] Metzger, The Canon, 289.
[6] Examples of this usage are found in Clement of Rome, Irenaeus, and Clement of Alexandria. See McDonald, Lee Martin and James A. Sanders, eds. "Introduction" in The Canon Debate (Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 202), 12.
[7] Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament, 291. Indeed, one only needs to take a quick glance at the proceedings from practically any council to see that the decrees are given as "canons."
[8] This Eusebius does is Ecclesiastical History 6.25.3, where he only uses the term in association with the four Gospels. It is unclear whether his phrase "canon of the church" should be understood as a collection of sacred writings or in reference to the broader "rule of faith" received by the Christian Church. There is also a possible reference in Eccl. History (5.28.13). Regardless, Eusebius' preferred term for the recognized books of the church is "en-covenanted" (Eccl. Hist 3.25.6; also see 6.25.1). Typically in Eusebius the term "canon" is associated with church tradition or the rule of faith. See McDonald and Sanders, "Introduction," 12. Also see Bruce, The Canon, 18: "Before the word 'canon' came to be used in the sense of 'list', it was used in another sense by the church—in the phrase 'the rule of faith' or the 'rule of truth'. In the earlier Christian centuries this was a summary of Christian teaching, believed to reproduce what the apostles themselves taught, by which any system of doctrine offered for Christian acceptance, or any interpretation of biblical writings, was to be assessed." Also, see Paul Blowers, "The Regula Fidei and the Narrative Character of Early Christianity," Pro Ecclessia 6 (1997): 199-228.
[9] McDonald, et al, "Introduction," in The Canon Debate, 13: "We should be clear, however, that the current use of the term 'canon' to refer to a collection of scripture books was introduced by David Ruhnken in 1768 in his Historia critica oratorum graecorum for lists of sacred scriptures. While it is tempting to think that such usage has its origins in antiquity in reference to a closed collection of scriptures, such is not the case."
[10] James VanderKam, From Revelation To Canon: Studies in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (Leiden: Brill, 1999), 2.
[11] See, D. Harlow, "Jewish Context of the NT," in Dictionary for Theological Interpretation (ed. K. Vanhoozer; Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005), 375.
[12] N. T. Wright, The New Testament and the People of God (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992), 167.
[13] For example, the Pharisees were divided among themselves into different schools of thought. However, they themselves "were not an official body." Wright, The New Testament, 189. For a full discussion of the Pharisees, see Wright, The New Testament, 181-203. Also see, Julio Trebolle Barrera, The Jewish Bible and the Christian Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 223: "Phariseeism has usually been considered as an 'orthodox' and official variant of Judaism and Pharisees have been considered as real leaders, political even, of the Jewish people… This view of Phariseeism, however, depends on the witness of rabbinic literature and on Josephus, who provide a distorted version of Judaism before 70 C.E. The Judaism of the Hellenistic period, however, took on very many forms. The Pharisees comprised one of the many groups that did exist, the largest and later the most influential, but not the only representative of 'normative Judaism.'" Also see S. Mason, "Pharisees," in Dictionary of New Testament Background (ed. C. Evans and S. Porter; Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2000), 785.
[14] Albert Sunberg, "Sadducees," IDB 4:160-3; Gary Porton, "Sadducees," ABD 5:892-895; Barrera, The Jewish Bible, 217-220. Thus when Jesus responds to the Sadducees' question about the resurrection of the dead, Jesus turns only to the Torah (Mark 12:26).
[15] Barrera, The Jewish Bible, 222-224. See, for example, Josephus, whom we will talk about later.
[16] Sunberg, Albert C., "The Septuagint: The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism," The Canon Debate. McDonald, Lee Martin and James A. Sanders, eds. (Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 202), 82.
[17] Here we will not deal with the issue of whether or not the members of the Dead Sea Community were Essenes. Our point here is that there were many Jews in Jesus' day who apparently held to a rather broad set of authoritative writings. It is clear, for example, that the sectarian documents at Qumran are quoted with the same authority as the biblical and apocryphal books. See B.J. Roberts, "The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Old Testament Scriptures," BJRL 36 (1953/54): 84; also see Sunberg, "The Septuagint," 86. For a full discussion of the Essenes, see Gabriele Boccaccini, Beyond the Essene Hypothesis: The Parting of the Ways Between Qumran and Enochic Judaism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing, 1998.
[18] Bruce, The Canon, 39; Barrera, The Jewish Bible, 227.
[19] Harrington, Daniel. "The Old Testament Apocrypha in the Early Church and Today" in The Canon Debate, 197.
[20] Harrington, "The Old Testament Apocrypha," in The Canon Debate, 197. For more citations see Sunberg, "The Septuagint," in The Canon Debate, 86.
[21] 4QMMT 86-103. See Martinez, Florentino Garcia. The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English, 2nd ed. (Leiden: Brill, 1992), 84. Also see Barrera, The Jewish Bible, 162. That the reference to David refers to the Psalms, see Barrera, "Origins of a Tripartite Old Testament Canon," The Canon Debate, 129. Other sectarian works at Qumran make similar statements (131).
[22] Some have found the tripartite division in Sirach's words, "… he who devotes himself to the study of the law of the Most High will seek out the wisdom of all the ancients, and will be concerned with prophecies" (Sir. 39:1). Those who advocate an early closing of the Writings argue that this passage gives us the outline for the Hebrew Scriptures—"the law… wisdom… prophecies." However, "wisdom" is more likely a reference to wisdom literature in general, not necessarily specifically Israelite. Barrera, "Origins," 129; Craig Evans, "The Scriptures of Jesus and His Earliest Followers," in The Canon Debate, 187-188.
[23] Evans, "The Scriptures of Jesus and His Earliest Followers," 187-188; Barrera, "Origins," 131.
[24] Evans, "The Scriptures of Jesus and His Earliest Followers," 190; Barrera, "Origins," 131. There is also a possible reference to a tripartite structure in Philo's work, On the Contemplative Life, 25, in which he describes the "laws and the sacred oracles of God annunciated by the holy prophets, and hymns, and psalms and all kids of other things by reason of which knowledge of piety are increased and brought to perfection" [trans., C. D. Yonge, The Works of Philo (New Updated Version; Peabody: Hendricksen, 1993), 700]. Here again we must be careful not to read too much into what he says. For further analysis see, L. M. McDonald, Formation of the Christian Biblical Canon (2d ed.; Peabody: Hendricksen, 1995), 39; Evans, "The Scriptures of Jesus," 188. However, even if this citation does refer to a tripartite structure, the third set of writings, the reference to "the psalms," is not clear enough to make much of.
[25] Josephus, Against Apion, 38-40. The Works of Josephus. Translated by William Whiston. Peabody: (Hendrickson Publishers, Inc.1987), 776.
[26] "The number of only twenty-two documents raises difficulties since Palestinian Judaism speaks of twenty-four. They were later supposed to have already been available to the 'men of the Great Assembly'… Either Josephus, like the Church Fathers later, counted Ruth with Judges and Lamentations with Jeremiah, or, as seems more likely to me, he operated with a smaller canon. Perhaps it did not include Canticles or Qoheleth, which were translated into Greek very late and were still controversial among the rabbis of the second century." Martin Hengel, The Septuagint As Christian Scripture: Its Prehistory and the Problem of Its Canon (trans. M. E. Biddle; Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 2002), 101.
[27] John Barton, Oracles of God: Perceptions of Ancient Prophecy in Israel after the Exile (London: Longman and Todd, 1986), 47.
[28] Jack N. Lightstone, "The Rabbis' Bible: The Canon of the Hebrew Bible and the Early Rabbinic Guild," in The Canon Debate, 170-175.
[29] F. M. Cross, "The Text Behind the Text of the Hebrew Bible," Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls (ed., H.Shanks; New York: Random House, 1992), 152-153. Also see Jack Lewis, "Jamnia Revisited," The Canon Debate, 146-162.
[30] Jack Lewis, "Jamnia Revisited," 158 . Sunberg, "The Septuagint: The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism," 88.
[31] For further analysis see Barrera, The Jewish Bible, 164-165.
[32] Stanley Porter, "Septuagint/Greek Old Testament," in Dictionary of New Testament Background (eds., C. Evans and S. Porter; Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2000), 1100; Barrera, The Jewish Bible, 302; also see, H. B. Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek (rev., R. R. Ottley; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 17-8.
[33] For a treatment of the legend of the seventy(-two) translators see Hengel, The Septuagint, 25-41.
[34] See Hengel, The Septuagint, 19-101.
[35] Sunberg, Albert C. "The Septuagint: The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism" in The Canon Debate, eds. McDonald, Lee Martin and James A. Sanders (Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 202), 83.
[36] One of the significant findings is 7Q2, the "apocryphal" Letter of Jeremiah written in Greek. For more discussion see, See James VanderKam, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1994), 34-36; Hengel, The Septuagint, 82; Sunberg, "The Septuagint", 88-89.
[37] Hengel, The Septuagint, 84-85. For a fuller treatment see, VanderKam, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, 129-30.
[38] Hershel Shanks, ed. Frank Moore Cross: Conversations with A Bible Scholar (Washington, D. C.: Biblical Archeology Society, 1994), 123.
[39] Tov, Emmanuel. "The Status of the Masoretic Text in Modern Editions of the Bible." The Canon Debate, 244.
[40] See Harrington, "The Old Testament Apocrypha," 202-203.
[41] See Nancy de Claisse-Walford, "The Dromedary Saga: The Formation of the Canon of the Old Testament," in Review and Expositor 95 (1998): 3.
[42] James VanderKam, "Questions of Canon Viewed through the Dead Sea Scrolls," in The Canon Debate, 91.
[43] Joseph Fitzmyer, The Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian Origins (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing, 200), 7.
[44] James Sanders, "The issue of Closure in the Canonical Process," in The Canon Debate, 91.
[45] "The inclusion of Qoheleth, Daniel and Esther (and other relatively late writings such as Canticles, the final version of Proverbs, and the books of Chronicles) was based… on historical error." Hengel, The Septuagint, 91.
[46] Hengel, The Septuagint, 44.
[47] Hengel, The Septuagint, 44-45. Also see Albert Sunberg, "The Protestant Old Testament Canon: Should It Be Re-examined?" in CBQ 28 (2001): 198ff. Also, see Eugene Ulrich, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999), 31 n. 34.


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Our videographer Elena Parker -- a serious food and film buff -- is really good at throwing movie-themed dinner parties. She and her friends cook together, serve up, and eat while they watch.
We've asked her to start sharing the menus for her favorite films with us -- here's the third installment: the 1931 Charlie Chaplin classic City Lights.
- Elena
One of the greatest tragedies of my existence is that I lived more than 19 years without having seen a single movie by Mr. Charlie Chaplin. Thankfully, my first year of college, I was introduced to his most famous incarnation, the Tramp, in the best way possible: City Lights.The beauty of City Lights obviously lies in its last shot, which—for you CL newbies, I will not ruin with a gratuitous description here. However, I will say that, if you emerge this film with dry eyes, you have a heart of stone and I applaud your fortitude.
Fabulously sentimental finales excluded, City Lights is no less than charming. While traipsing around the streets, the homeless Tramp encounters a beautiful, sweet and blind flower girl who, upon their meeting, mistakes him for a millionaire. Taken with the girl, the Tramp obliges the mistake. Luckily, that evening, he accidentally saves a drunken, suicidal man of means from a watery demise. The real millionaire takes the Tramp under his wing. Obviously, hijinks ensue. For our purposes, I will mention that City Lights contains some of the funniest food and drink gags this side of the spit-take. Most notably, at a party, the Tramp mistakenly devours the better part of a paper garland while attempting to consume a plate of spaghetti. Yet, as noted above, the Tramp has a little more to him than just the laughs.
The genius behind Mr. Chaplin's creation—and, perhaps, the reason why we're still talking about him 70 years later—is that, even though the Tramp is the most poorly dressed man on the street, his kindness, loyalty and sheer innocence make him seem like the biggest man in town. Similarly, this "Millionaire's Meal" is by no means the glitziest thing you'll ever put on the table. It is, however, honest, quiet and majestic in its own, delightfully tramp-ish way.
Dinner for a "Millionaire"Caesar Salad with Pancetta by Marie Viljoen
Cold Sauce by Roxanne DeRosa
Luciana's Porchetta by Aliwaks
Millionaire's Shortbread by merrill
See what Elena's serving with The Age of Innocence and Vicky Cristina Barcelona.
See what other Food52 readers are saying.


text: Libertarianism can only be sold to people who are convinced that it is *never* going to happen and completely utterly *impossible* that their neck would ever be the one under the boot of the "free" individual actor. This is exactly why libertarianism is always bound up in the continuation of systems of oppression such as racism, misogyny, christianism, nativism, and the like. It is also exactly why libertarianism is invested in the elimination of empathy as both an individual subjective experience and as an institutional structure.


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text:
Two solid days at VMworld 2011 and I got to do and see a lot. Here is a breakdown of the top 5 things I saw at VMworld.
#1 The SiliconAngle / Wikibon Cube
You couldn't miss it. You walk into the show floor and there they were, larger than life. The SiliconAngle / Wikibon Cube broadcasting live from VMworld2011. Guests that were on the cube included, Tom Georgens (NTAP), Pat Gelsinger (EMC), David Scott (HP), Rick Jackson (VMware) as well as many more. The Cube also had 12 Industry Spotlights. The most interesting spotlight had to do with Storage Optimization, especially for VMware.
Oh the times they are a changing. Now that you can deliver HD TV live over the internet, the Cube has broadcast from a number industry shows and user conferences. The great part about this, it is like the ability to watch a sporting event being covered by ESPN but for tech. The Cube brings all of the highlights of these events right into your computer screen. Now if you can't make an event, no problem, you can catch all the most important messages from the Cube. The Cube is now the new mechanism for delivering content to users in the way they want to receive the content, TV. For more, check out www.siliconangle.tv
#2 Storage Optimization – Industry Spotlight
In the Storage Optimization industry spotlight, the first 15 minutes Dave Vellante and his co-host John Furrier tee up the concept. They discussed storage optimization, where it has come and were it is going, especially in VMware environments. We are hearing more and more about storage efficiency technologies. During the next 15 minutes Dave and I discussed the 5 essential storage efficiency technologies including:
- Tiering
- Thin Provisioning
- Virtualization
- Compression
- Deduplication
We also discussed the fact that the IBM Real-time Compression technology is not only the most efficient and effective compression technology in the industry; we also learned that IBM really acquired not just a real-time "compression" technology but a platform that can do a number of things in real time. In fact, the 5 IBM storage efficiency technologies all operate in real time which is the most effective for customers.
We have been hearing a great deal about storage optimization in a VMware environment due to the fact that virtualizing servers was successful for the server side of the house but it didn't do all it set out to do, it didn't fix the overall IT budget.
Virtualizing servers only pushed the financial problem to the storage side of the house. Users have told us that when they virtualize their servers, storage grows as much as 4x. By leveraging the right storage optimization technologies together, users can get their budgets back under control and also deliver the promise that server virtualization set out to do.
#3 More Free Time for "Real-life"
While on the Cube as a panelist with my good friend Marc Farley (HPsisyphus, formally @3ParFarley) Dave asked us what was the most interesting thing we saw on the show floor while walking around. I didn't hesitate in my response. There were two in my mind. First, it couldn't be any more obvious at how fast data is growing. Over 50% of the 19,000 people there had cameras taking pictures and taking video. That data is going to be stored somewhere. Additionally, they had these cameras for a reason. Either we have more bloggers and tweeters than we know about, more marketing people are going to these events or more people are using social media to inform and educate others. The way in which users want to receive data is always changing and evolving, and at least at VMworld 2011 we were delivering content in a number of ways especially photos and video. All that data will end up in the "cloud" somewhere.
The second thing I noticed was the amount of free time VMware has given back to the IT user. I heard, on more than one occasion, end users talking about family, vacations and travel instead of the usual banter about how challenging their jobs are and the issues they have with their vendors which is the normal think I hear at these shows. This was not an anomaly. I am chalking it up to the fact that VMware makes people's lives easier.
#4 Proximal Data
These "most interesting things" are not in any particular order. I say this because I believe that Proximal Data is THE most interesting thing I saw at the show. Now Proximal Data just came out of "stealth" in early August. They didn't have a booth at VMworld but they did have a "whisper suite". So, I have to confess, since I used to be an analyst, sometimes people will ask me to come take a look at their technology and their message to see if it is in line with what is going on in the industry so I got to hear the pitch.
Proximal Data's message is right on. It hits a very important and growing topic with VMware these days, the I/O bottle neck on virtual servers, and they solve this problem in a very unique and intelligent way.
First, the problem. One of the issues facing VMware today is the number of virtual machines that can be hosted by one physical machine. The more users can get on one system, the more efficient they can be. The problem is, today systems are running into I/O workload bottlenecks that are causing a limitation in the number of virtual machines one system can run.
One way to solve this problem is add more memory to the host but that could be very very expensive. You can add more HBA's or NIC cards but that can be expensive and also difficult to manage. You can add more flash cache to your storage to improve the I/O bottleneck but doing that only solves ½ the problem, you still need to solve the challenge on the host side, again with memory or host adaptors.
The solution: Proximal Data. With some advanced I/O management software capabilities combined with PCI flash cards on the host, for a very reasonable price per host. The software combined with the card is 100% transparent to both the virtual servers and to the storage, which to me is one of the most important features of the implementation. Transparency is the key to any new technology. IT has a ton of challenges and has done a great deal of work to get their environment to where it is today. To implement a technology that causes all of that work to be undone is very painful. Remember, the hardest thing to change in IT is process, not technology. It's important to preserve the process. That is what Proximal Data does. Proximal Data can increase the I/O capability of a VMware server with just a 5 minute installation of the PCI card and their software. This technology can double and even triple the number of virtual machines on any physical server and that is a tremendous ROI. A new win for efficiency.
There are a number of folks entering this market these days; however Proximal does it transparently with no agents making it the most user friendly implementation. While these guys won't have product until 2012, when it hits the market, I am sure it will be very successful.
#5 Convergence to the Cloud
Are we seeing the coming of the "God Box"? A number of vendors are talking more and more as well as investing in public / private cloud. There are more systems popping up that have servers, networks, high availability and storage all in one floor tile. These systems are designed to integrate, scale, manage VM's simply, increase productivity and ease the management of all possible application deployments in any business. Additionally these boxes help you to connect to the cloud to ease the cost burden. Is the pendulum swinging back to the "open systems" main frame? Only time will tell.
One more for fun. The first meeting I had at VMworld was with a potential OEM prospect of the IBM Real-time Compression IP. I have always said that this technology could revolutionize the data storage business much like VxVM did for Veritas many years ago. Creating a standard way to do compression across a number of system can help users with implementation as well as ease the storage cost burden. I hope this moves forward and I hope more folks step up who want to OEM the technology.


text:
For the third consecutive year, world class tennis returns to Charlottesville. Some of the finest up and coming players in women's tennis are in town to battle it out on the courts in Boyd Tinsley's $50,000 USTA Women's Pro Championship. The tournament, hosted by the Boar's Head Sports Club, has become one of the most highly regarded stops on the USTA women's pro-circuit tour.
Following two days of qualifying matches, the official tournament kicked off Monday, May 8 with an opening reception at the Boar's Head Inn Ballroom. The reception brought together players, officials, sponsors, members, and staff who noshed and mingled to tunes of local musician Travis Elliott.
In addition to court time, the players are scheduled to participate in a couple of programs to bring tennis to the community, including a kid's clinic and a school outreach program.
Interested in catching some of the action? Semifinal matches are set for Saturday, May 14, singles and doubles finals Sunday, May 15. A complete and updated schedule is available after 4pm on match days at procircuit.usta.com.
Be sure to check out the tennis channel: From left Charlie, John, Lauren, Charlene Pitek, Nancy Pingitore, and Cassie Cool of Adelphia
(From left) Grand Slam winner Anne Smith, Coach Bev Raws, and USTA Tour Supervisor Missy Malool
The "coolest" part of the evening: The Boyd Tinsley $50,000 USTA Women's Pro Championship ice sculpture
On this side of the room: The hosts (members, staff, and officials) with the most
(From left) UVA Foundation's CEO Tim Rose with Boar's Head's Jorg Lippuner, and chef Chris Ferrier.
Graceful on and off the court: These women have it all!
Speech, speech! The players step up to the mic.
Avery Chenoweth with Cynthia Schroeder, owner of local boutique Spring Street and a sponsor of the championship


text:
High court divided on warming / Justices comment on arguments in case against EPA
2006-11-30 04:00:00 PDT Washington -- The U.S. Supreme Court, tackling its first case on climate change, appeared divided and somewhat baffled Wednesday over how the government should respond to the warming of the planet.
Justice Antonin Scalia, reflecting the skeptic's view, pressed the lawyer representing Massachusetts and other states about how soon the dire effects of global warming would begin. "When is the predicted cataclysm?" Scalia asked with some sarcasm.
Chief Justice John Roberts, echoing the Bush administration's view, wondered why the United States should reduce its greenhouse gas emissions if China's output of gases will rise sharply in coming years.
Justice Stephen Breyer suggested that a more active response by government could halt global warming.
"Suppose, for example, they regulate this, and before you know it, they start to sequester carbon with the power plants, and before you know it, they decide ethanol might be a good idea, and before you know it, they decide any one of 15 things, each of which has an impact, and lo and behold, Cape Cod is saved," Breyer said. "Now, why is it unreasonable?"
The clashing views gave just a hint of what the justices might decide in Massachusetts vs. Environmental Protection Agency, a case aimed at settling whether the federal government must regulate vehicle emissions of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act. The ruling, expected by July, also could determine whether California can proceed with its first-in-the-nation law restricting tailpipe emissions of greenhouse gases, which is set to take effect in 2009.
Regardless of the court's decision, Congress could soon limit emissions of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases. Sen. Barbara Boxer, the incoming chair of the Environment and Public Works Committee, said she will begin hearings when Democrats take power in January on measures to curb greenhouse gases from vehicles, power plants and other sources.
"We have to go after carbon and reduce it wherever we find it, and the fact is about a third of the problem is from vehicles," Boxer said Wednesday.
She believes it's likely the high court will stake out a middle ground -- ruling that EPA has the authority to regulate greenhouse gases but that the agency is not required to do so. She added, "If the court were to say that the EPA cannot regulate carbon, then we clearly will have to fix the Clean Air Act."
The case is being watched closely in California. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been sitting for a year on the state's request for a waiver to implement its vehicle emissions rules, even though Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger has written President Bush several times asking him to approve it. If the high court rules against the states, it could give EPA the legal justification to deny California's request.
"It would be a blow to us," said Linda Adams, secretary of California's Environmental Protection Agency.
The case before the court is being pushed by 12 states, including California, one U.S. territory, three cities and 13 environmental groups that want to prod the Bush administration into regulating greenhouse gases.
In 2003, the federal EPA denied a petition by environmentalists to label four greenhouse gases -- carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and hydrofluorocarbons -- as air pollutants. The agency said Congress never intended to address climate change with the Clean Air Act.
The EPA also asserted that even if the agency had the authority to regulate greenhouse gases, it wouldn't because of scientific uncertainty around global warming and because limiting U.S. emissions could hurt the president's ability to persuade other countries to reduce their greenhouse gas output.
Massachusetts Assistant Attorney General James Milkey, arguing the case for the petitioning groups, told the justices that EPA's view was a clear misreading of the Clean Air Act, which he said requires the federal agency to regulate any pollutant that "may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare." The act includes climate and weather in its definition of welfare.
Several justices on the court's liberal wing appeared sympathetic to his view. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg twice noted that the EPA, under former President Bill Clinton, had come to a different conclusion than it expresses now -- that the agency has the authority to regulate carbon dioxide.
Justice John Paul Stevens also took on the agency's assertions about scientific uncertainty on climate change, saying the EPA deliberately ignored key findings from a respected National Academy of Sciences report on global warming.
"In their selective quotations, they left out parts that indicated there was far less uncertainty than the agency purported to find," Stevens said.
Deputy Solicitor General Gregory Garre, who argued the case for the Bush administration, was left in the uncomfortable position of challenging the consensus among climate scientists that human activity is contributing to global warming.
"Is there uncertainty on the basic proposition that these greenhouse gases contribute to global warming?" Stevens asked.
"Your honor, the (National Academy of Sciences) report says that it is likely that there is a connection, but that it cannot unequivocally be established," Garre said.
However, the justices on the conservative wing of the court expressed sympathy with the administration's view. Justice Samuel Alito suggested EPA was right to propose that United States wait to cut emissions until other countries agreed to the same.
"What is wrong with their view that for the United States to proceed unilaterally would make things worse?" Alito said.
Roberts and Scalia pressed Milkey on whether the states could even prove they were injured by vehicle emissions in order to show legal standing in the case. Milkey responded: "The injury doesn't get any more particular than states losing 200 miles of coastline, both sovereign territory and property we actually own, to rising seas."
Court observers said the key swing vote will be Justice Anthony Kennedy. On Wednesday, he pointed out holes in both sides' arguments, making his opinion tough to gauge.
Boxer said she's betting that Kennedy will be the decisive vote in forcing the administration to take action on climate change.
"I don't think we should lose sight of the fact that Justice Kennedy is from California, and California has an ethic when it comes to the environment that cuts across party lines," Boxer said. "I have to believe he has that ethic. Let's put it this way, I'm praying he does."
The case is Massachusetts vs. EPA, 05-1120.
Science in the court
Justice Antonin Scalia, in a question and answer with Massachusetts Assistant Attorney General James Milkey, showed he hadn't yet seen Al Gore's documentary on global warming, "An Inconvenient Truth." Here is an excerpt from the official transcript of Wednesday's hearing as posted on the Supreme Court's Web site: www.supremecourtus.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/05-1120.pdf
Justice Scalia: "Mr. Milkey, I had -- my problem is precisely on the impermissible grounds. To be sure, carbon dioxide is a pollutant, and it can be an air pollutant. If we fill this room with carbon dioxide, it could be an air pollutant that endangers health. But I always thought an air pollutant was something different from a stratospheric pollutant, and your claim here is not that the pollution of what we normally call 'air' is endangering health. That isn't, that isn't -- your assertion is that after the pollutant leaves the air and goes up into the stratosphere it is contributing to global warming."
Mr. Milkey: "Respectfully, Your Honor, it is not the stratosphere. It's the troposphere.
Justice Scalia: "Troposphere, whatever. I told you before I'm not a scientist."
Justice Scalia: "That's why I don't want to have to deal with global warming, to tell you the truth."
The justices' views
Comments from several of the justices during Wednesday's oral arguments in the global warming case before the Supreme Court:
"There's a difference between the scientific status of the harm from lead emissions from vehicles that - when you have lead in the gasoline, to the status, the status of scientific knowledge with respect to the impact on global warming today. Those are two very different levels of uncertainty."
Chief Justice John Roberts
"Is it an air pollutant that endangers health? I think it has to endanger health by reason of polluting the air, and this does not endanger health by reason of polluting the air at all."
Justice Antonin Scalia
"I find it interesting that the scientists who worked on that report said there were a good many omissions that would have indicated that there wasn't nearly the uncertainty that the agency described."
Justice John Paul Stevens
"They don't have to show that it will stop global warming. Their point is that it will reduce the degree of global warming and likely reduce the degree of loss, if it is only by 2 1/2 percent. What's wrong with that?"
Justice David Souter
"And so the reduction that you could achieve under the best of circumstances with these regulations would be a small portion... would it not?"
Justice Samuel Alito
"... how far will you get if all that's going to happen is it goes back and then EPA says our resources are constrained and we're not going to spend the money (to regulate greenhouse gases)?"
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg
"Now what is it in the law that says that somehow a person cannot go to an agency and say we want you to do your part? Would you be up here saying the same thing if we're trying to regulate child pornography and it turns out that anyone with a computer can get pornography elsewhere? I don't think so."
Justice Stephen Breyer


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By Steve Gorman
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Unseasonably balmy weather settled over Southern California on Wednesday as a region already accustomed to celebrating Christmas without snow experienced temperatures some 15 degrees (9 degrees Celsius) above normal.
The warm spell baked the West Coast while the Midwest and Northeast were still dealing with the aftermath of a winter storm. Some 129,000 homes and businesses were without power on Christmas morning, energy companies reported.
Southern California temperatures climbed to record or near-record levels in the upper 70s Fahrenheit (low 20s Celsius) and low 80s (mid 20s Celsius), propelled by warm, dry Santa Ana winds blowing toward the Pacific from the high deserts, meteorologists said.
By midday, the temperature reached 81 degrees Fahrenheit (27 Celsius) in downtown Los Angeles and was expected to top out just short of the city's record Christmas day high of 85 degrees (29 Celsius), set in 1980.
The afternoon warmth followed an overnight low of 47. Temperature records for the city date to 1877.
The city of Long Beach, about 20 miles south of Los Angeles, saw the temperature soar to at least 83 (28 Celsius), 2 degrees Fahrenheit above the 1972 record for Christmas Day, according to National Weather Service meteorologist Curt Kaplan.
Daytime highs also were forecast to approach record levels in Burbank and San Diego. Southern California's normal daytime highs range in the mid- to upper 60s (18 to 20 Celsius) this time of year.
The region's coastal conditions likewise brought little Christmas cheer, with low waves expected to frustrate surfers who traditionally wear Santa Claus costumes to ride the swells at this time of year.
Capping a year of scant rainfall, the arrival of Santa Ana winds also prompted the Weather Service to post a "red flag" advisory for much of Los Angeles and Ventura counties, warning of a high risk of wildfires due to dry, blustery conditions.
The Santa Anas arise when a high-pressure area forms over Utah and Nevada, producing a strong, westerly air flow that heats up sharply as it blows through the desert mountains of southeastern California and descends into the coastal basins below, meteorologist Mark Moede said.
The winds were thought to have contributed to power outages that left some 5,000 homes without electricity Wednesday morning in Simi Valley, north of Los Angeles. Most customers were reported back on line by midday, according to Southern California Edison.
(Additional reporting by Curtis Skinner; Editing by Daniel Trotta and Bill Trott)


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Change of Heart - Change of Mind at Science Museum of Virginia
Thursday, 04 May, 2017|
Explore a collection of oil paintings featuring figures from Greek mythology reacting to human impacts on the planet – including climate change. Presented by the Science Museum of Virginia and staff scientist Dr. Eugene Maurakis, this gallery experience will be paired with poetry describing changes in our ecosystems. Change of Heart – Change of Mind is included in Museum admission.
Cost$14 for adults, $13 for youth and seniors
Science Museum of Virginia
2500 W Broad St.
Richmond, VA 23220
United States
Richmond, VA 23220
United States
Event ContactScience Museum of Virginia
Phone: 8048641400
Website: Click to Visit


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These are the November 1, 2019 winning numbers for Mega Millions. To stay up to date with the latest lottery information, download our mobile app.
Megaplier: 2X
Megaplier: 4X
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In November 1969 the New Jersey voters approved the creation of the NJ Lottery by an 81.5% majority. In December of 1970, the first lottery tickets went on sale at 2,000 retailer locations throughout the state.
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On the day of collection, you should:
Note: Any refuse placed at the side of the bin will not be collected. This waste can be taken to the Household Waste Recycling Centre.
After the bin has been emptied, it is your responsibility to return your bin within your property boundary. This should be undertaken by the end of the collection day.


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@Jay: There are a few reasons for that.
- The stats only started counting a little while before the steam release.
- They don't take into account any challenges a player did before they started counting up.
and also, the stats are uploaded at the time of the action, not stored and uploaded later, so there's a fair chance many stats didn't get through based on stuff like having no internet connection at the time, or the db reaching it's connection limit at the time of upload. We are going t look at solving these problems in the near future.


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Branchburg Township
Branchburg Township, NJ real estate market
Market news - January 2020
Homes On
Avg. Days
On Market
*Source - Trendgraphix and Garden State MLS. Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed.
We've got you covered. Looking for more in depth market statistics? Contact us directly. Click to contact us
SectionsBranchburg Township Biography
About Branchburg Township
Encompassing 20 square miles on the western border of Somerset County and characterized by two village areas, North Branch and Neshanic Station to the south, Branchburg Township features close proximity to conveniences ranging from dining and shopping to transportation and recreation.
Farmland and established suburban neighborhoods comprise the landscape of this semi-rural township bordered by the Lamington River on the north and the North Branch and South Branch of the Raritan River on the east and south.
Branchburg Township plays host to a wide array of notable attractions and institutions, including Raritan Valley Community College and Neshanic Valley Golf Course rated the 4th most playable public access course in New Jersey by Golf Magazine. The River Lea Farm, consisting of almost 1,000 acres and now in Farmland Preservation, was the first in the state to receive the Dairy of Distinction award.Back to top
Recently sold homes in Branchburg Township, NJ
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Flotek develops and delivers prescriptive, reservoir-centric chemistry technologies to oil and gas clients designed to address every challenge in the lifecycle of the reservoir and maximize recovery in both new and mature fields.
Flotek leaders are trusted experts and innovators with extensive industry experience. Flotek is headquartered in Houston, Texas.
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In Depth - People in Film : Matthew Macfadyen
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In Depth - People in Film : Matthew Macfadyen
Dans son dossier sur Anna Karenina, Focus Features a consacré six pages à la carrière de l'acteur, aussi bien au théâtre que sur le grand ou le petit écran.
-Matthew Macfadyen: Just Right (voir aussi l'extrait du texte en défilement ici)
-Matthew Macfadyen: Just Right (voir aussi l'extrait du texte en défilement ici)
-Matthew Macfadyen: Always an ActorFor Matthew Macfadyen, ANNA KARENINA marks a welcome reunion with director Joe Wright and star Keira Knightley. In 2005, Macfadyen (as the dashing Mr. Darcy) played opposite Knightley in Wright's adaption of another literary classic, PRIDE & PREJUDICE. But as Prince Stepan Arkadyevitch Oblonsky, Macfadyen couldn't be farther from his earlier part. As Anna's flirtatious older brother, Macfadyen is more ribald than romantic. "Oblonsky is incorrigible," explains Macfadyen, "he's disarmingly direct and brings humor and warmth to the story." To take on the role, Wright asked the actor to grow a moustache, a facial prop on which Macfadyen brilliantly hangs his very physical character. "Oblonsky is one of those people who lights up a dinner party when they come in," expresses Macfadyen. "He has a wandering eye. He likes the pleasures of the flesh, drinking and eating… I hugely enjoyed playing this part – except for the moustache I had to grow." In an epic tale of love in all its myriad forms, Macfadyen brings an unexpected depth to a character that could either be dismissed as comical or shallow – not that he doesn't also incorporate both of those characteristics into his performance. "Matthew is a hoot in this role," exclaims Kelly Macdonald (who plays his wife Dolly in the film). He plays "Oblonsky in just the right way: charismatic, frustrating, lovable – and selfishly addicted to passion." The character demonstrates not only Macfadyen's remarkable range (going from swooning Darcy to the salacious Oblonsky), but also his talent for bringing out the full humanity of the characters he plays.
.-Matthew Macfadyen: A Star on the Small ScreenBorn in England to a father who worked internationally in the oil industry and a mother who was both an actress and a drama teacher, Macfayden quickly gained a larger sense of the world being raised and educated across the globe, in Indonesia as well as Great Britain. He set his sights on the stage at an early age, studying drama at the Oakham School in Rutland, Leicestershire from 1985 to 1992, before gaining admittance to the prestigious Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (RADA), from which he graduated in 1995. Says Macfadyen, "I did lots of plays when I was at school and being on stage was when I felt happiest. I found it incredibly exciting and so I auditioned for all the school plays. I was certain that this was what I wanted to do and never really considered anything else." Unlike many struggling young actors who spend years trying to get a foot on stage, Macfayden started working right away – first with the celebrated Cheek By Jowl theater company. In his first few years out of school, he made a name himself in productions of The Duchess of Malfi and Much Ado About Nothing (for which Time Out singled him out for his "superb Benedick."). As he was establishing himself on the stage, Macfadyen in 1998 also began a career in television, appearing as Hareton in the BBC television production of Wuthering Heights, a role that would foreshadow his many future literary projects
-Matthew Macfadyen: A Romantic IdolIn the late '90 and early '00s, Macfadyen started working in television and film, creating a series of characters that were as striking as they were strikingly different. In 1999, he appeared as an emotionally scarred soldier in the BBC show Warriors (later called Peacekeepers in the US), a series dealing with soldiers returning from the conflict in Yugoslavia that flickfilospher called one of the "most emotionally real movies about the lives of soldiers I've ever seen, thanks to strikingly moving performances." A few years later he switched gears when he played the disreputable Felix Carbury in the BBC adaptation of The Way We Live Now, about whom Macfadyen said, "What's so great is that my character Felix is … a totally irresponsible spendthrift, a drunkard, a womaniser, gambler and all round cad. He can't really think further than this afternoon." Being an up-and-coming actor, Macfadyen had the freedom to redefine himself with each new project. But that freedom was slightly curtailed in 2002 when he took the part of Tom Quinn, the head counter-intelligence agent, in Spooks, the BBC spy series that, particularly in the post-9/11 climate, rocketed to popularity. Seemingly overnight, Macfadyen was a bone-fide pop icon. As he remembers, "They put huge billboards up to promote the series and the strange thing was, there was one right outside my flat! I would walk out of my front door and think to myself, 'Oh, there I am!' which was the weirdest thing." The series – which also became a hit in the US under the name MI-5 – garnered Macfadyen further attention. In a glowing review, Variety noted that "he's the serious British equivalent of John Cusack -- wry, smart and attractive but not too good looking." Strangely it was that quality of being "not too good looking" that helped him gain the next role that would change his life.
-Matthew Macfadyen: All Together NowWhile Spooks established Macfadyen, it also defined him. "Ever since Spooks," Macfadyen told The Daily Telegraph, "this perception of me as solemn, lantern-jawed and unsmiling has lingered, but that buttoned-up Englishness is only one facet of what I can do." Indeed in 2005, only a year after leaving his hit TV series, Macfadyen was transformed into a different sort of idol when he took on the role of Mr. Darcy opposite Keira Knightley in Joe Wright's PRIDE & PREJUDICE. While he wasn't necessarily everyone's first choice for the iconic part of Darcy, he was heavily pushed by the film's director and producer. Wright told the New York Times, "I wanted someone who is a proper manly man, and not just a pretty boy." While Macfadyen admitted to the Times, "I don't feel like a romantic lead; I guess I feel more like a character actor," his brooding, dark, even gawky interpretation of Austen's famous figure convinced more than a few doubters. USA Today's Claudia Puig remarked, "Macfadyen manages to make us swoon with his more boyish, vulnerable version of Darcy. … Macfadyen seems endearingly awkward. And Knightley and Macfadyen have chemistry."
-Matthew Macfadyen: Long-Running ActorAfter establishing himself as a top spy and one of literature's great romantic leads, Macfadyen choose roles that seemed to defy definition. After playing a fire-and-brimstone preacher in Brian Kirk's violent 2006 drama Middletown, a struggling pedophile in Rowan Joffe's Secret Life, Macfadyen lightened things up in Frank Oz' screwball 2007 comedy Death at a Funeral. In many of his roles, Macfadyen managed to both work as a lead and as part of an ensemble. Death at a Funeral director Frank Oz explained to LA.com why Macfadyen was essential to his story: "We needed someone who would be honest and subtle, and that would set the acting tone for everybody else." In the 2008 BBC miniseries adaptation of Charles Dickens' Little Dorrit, Macfadyen, as Arthur Clennam, the man whose cool perspective guides the narrative, again shone in a big ensemble cast. For the New York Times, he was "persuasive and touching" in a story "as rich at the margins as at the center with strange, and strangely believable, characters."
In 2010, Matthew Macfadyen won his first BAFTA for Best Supporting Actor in the BBC miniseries Criminal Justice. For The Daily Telegraph, Macfadyen "excelled as the grimly controlling lawyer who gets bumped off by his long-suffering wife." But the part, which unfolded over several episodes, highlights the careful nuance that he brings to his parts, especially those in long series. As The Daily Telegraph adds, "Few actors can deploy impassivity and understatement to such effect." Indeed many of his finest performances unfold in epic tales told as miniseries. In addition to Little Dorrit and Criminal Justice, Macfadyen appeared as the Prior Philip in the Starz sprawling miniseries The Pillars of the Earth, based on Ken Follet's book about the construction of a cathedral in 12th century England. And in 2010 he showed up as one third of the trio of actors – the others beings Sam Claflin and Jim Broadbent -- cast to play Logan Mountstuart in the miniseries Any Human Heart. Based on the novel by William Boyd, the life-long story follows Mountstuart, from youth to old age, in his pursuit to become a writer through some of the most turbulent and unforgettable events of the 20th century. Macfadyen played the character in middle-age as he struggles in New York with a midlife crisis and martial infidelity. For the actor, Mountstuart exemplified the full richness of any human experience, a richness he brings out in so many of his roles: "He's selfish, petty and vain, but he deals with everything like all of us, so he's very rounded and human."
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Philip B - Maui Wowie Beach Mist, 150ml - Colorless
Gorgeous tousled beach hair is only a spritz away thanks to Philip B's texturizing formula. Scented with fresh Coconut and Tahitian Gardenia and infused with thickening Sea Salt, this spray creates body and waves while Aloe Vera, Marine Extracts, pure Orchid and Kukui nourish your tresses. A vacation in a bottle. - Suitable for all hair types - Leaves hair bouncy and soft - For fine hair creates lift, volume, and texture; for thick hair creates definition, texture, ouncy and soft - For fine hair creates lift, volume, and texture; for thick hair creates definition, texture, fullness and bounce As seen in The EDIT magazine -Instructions for use: - Shake bottle well - Spray evenly on damp or dry hair - Air-dry or blow-dry with a diffuser - 150ml/5.07 fl. oz. Ingredients: Water/Aqua, Sea Salt/Maris Sal, Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan), Propylene Glycol, Citric Acid, Polysorbate 20, Fragrance/Parfum, Sodium Benzoate, Methylisothiazolinone, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Cymbidium Grandiflorum Flower Extract, Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil, Gardenia Tahitensis Flower Extract, Aleurites Moluccana Seed Oil, Blue 1/CI 42090… read more


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SKF online condition monitoring system increases reliability and reduces downtime at rolling mill
The challenge
The SKF Solution
SKF installed its online vibration and temperature monitoring system on the finishing blocks and stand gearboxes. The system included a user-friendly display enabling operators to monitor the overall condition and the operating state of the equipment. SKF regularly provided a detailed analysis of the data. Once a problem was detected, SKF worked with the customer to identify the root cause and develop a solution to improve the mean time between failures.
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Thanks to the online system, faults that could lead to catastrophic bearing failures are detected at a very early stage, allowing enough time to plan for their replacement. The mill also has implemented design improvements to increase the mean time between failures from three months to over one year. The online monitoring system provides valuable information enabling operators to adjust production parameters to reduce machine overloads and improve process reliability and machine service life.


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The New Mexico Border Authority is an executive branch state agency that provides leadership in the development of the state's international ports of entry as well as serving as the Governor's advisor and point of contact for those interested in opportunities at the ports of entry. This agency also facilitates new infrastructure, trade opportunities, job opportunities, job training capabilities and many other activities that contribute to development of a productive economy along the New Mexico border
Estimated wait times for reaching the primary inspection booth, the first point of contact with CBP when crossing the Canada/U.S. and Mexico/U.S. land borders. Each border location updates its estimated wait times hourly.
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Committee Opinion Number 748, August 2018
(Replaces Committee Opinion Number 639, September 2015)(Reaffirmed 2019)
ABSTRACT: Information from vital records is critical to identify and quantify health-related issues and to measure progress toward quality improvement and public health goals. In particular, maternal and infant mortality serve as important indicators of the nation's health, thereby influencing policy development, funding of programs and research, and measures of health care quality. Accurate and timely documentation of births and deaths is essential to high-quality vital statistics. This Committee Opinion describes the process by which births, maternal deaths, and fetal deaths are registered;...
Committee Opinion Number 665, June 2016
(Reaffirmed 2018)
ABSTRACT: Considerable uncertainty exists about what constitutes appropriate levels of protection for adolescents as research participants and about the need for parental permission. The ethical principles that govern research include respect for individuals, beneficence, and justice, as articulated in the Belmont Report. Researchers should be familiar with and adhere to current federal regulations 45 C.F.R. § 46, and federal and state laws that affect research with minors. Investigators should understand the importance of caregiver permission—and ethically appropriate situations in which to ...
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
409 12th Street SW, Washington, DC 20024-2188
Mailing Address: PO Box 96920, Washington, DC 20024-9998