text:
Brown rat
|Brown rat
|Brown rat
|Scientific classification
|R. norvegicus
|Binomial name
|Rattus norvegicus
(Berkenhout, 1769)
|Brown rat range
The brown rat, also referred to as common rat, street rat, sewer rat, Hanover rat, Norway rat, brown Norway rat, Norwegian rat, or wharf rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the best known and most common rats.
One of the largest muroids, it is a brown or grey rodent with a body up to 25 cm (10 in) long, and a similar tail length; the male weighs on average 350 g (12 oz) and the female 250 g (9 oz). Thought to have originated in northern China, this rodent has now spread to all continents except Antarctica, and is the dominant rat in Europe and much of North America—making it by at least this particular definition the most successful mammal on the planet after humans.[2] With rare exceptions, the brown rat lives wherever humans live, particularly in urban areas.
Selective breeding of Rattus norvegicus has produced the laboratory rat, a model organism in biological research, as well as pet rats.
- 1 Naming and etymology
- 2 Description
- 3 Biology and behavior
- 4 Distribution and habitat
- 5 Diseases
- 6 In captivity
- 7 Popular culture
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Naming and etymology[edit]
Originally called the "Hanover rat" by people wishing to link problems in 18th century England with the House of Hanover,[3] it is not known for certain why the brown rat is named Rattus norvegicus (Norwegian rat), as it did not originate from Norway. However, the English naturalist John Berkenhout, author of the 1769 book Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain, is most likely responsible for popularizing the misnomer. Berkenhout gave the brown rat the binomial name Rattus norvegicus, believing it had migrated to England from Norwegian ships in 1728, although no brown rat had entered Norway at that time.
By the early to middle part of the 19th century, British academics were aware that the brown rat was not native to Norway, hypothesizing (incorrectly) that it may have come from Ireland, Gibraltar or across the English Channel with William the Conqueror.[4] As early as 1850, however, a more correct understanding of the rat's origins was beginning to develop.[5] The British novelist Charles Dickens acknowledged the misnomer in his weekly journal, All the Year Round, writing:
"Now there is a mystery about the native country of the best known species of rat, the common brown rat. It is frequently called, in books and otherwise, the 'Norway rat', and it is said to have been imported into this country in a ship-load of timber from Norway. Against this hypothesis stands the fact that when the brown rat had become common in this country, it was unknown in Norway, although there was a small animal like a rat, but really a lemming, which made its home there."[6]
Academics began to understand the origins and corrected etymology of the brown rat towards the end of the 19th century, as seen in the 1895 text Natural History by American scholar Alfred Henry Miles:
"The brown rat is the species common in England, and best known throughout the world. It is said to have travelled from Persia to England less than two hundred years ago and to have spread from thence to other countries visited by English ships."[7]
Though the assumptions surrounding this species' origins were not yet entirely accurate, by the 20th century, it was established among naturalists that the brown rat did not originate in Norway, rather the species came from central Asia and (likely) China.[8] Despite this, this species' common name of "Norway rat" is still in use today.
The fur is coarse and usually brown or dark grey, while the underparts are lighter grey or brown. The brown rat is a rather large true murid and can weigh twice as much as a black rat and many times more than a house mouse. The length is commonly in the range of 20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 in), with the tail a further 18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 in), thus being roughly the same length as the body. Adult body weight averages 350 g (12 oz) in males and about 250 g (9 oz) in females.[9] Exceptionally large individuals can reportedly reach 900 to 1,000 g (32 to 35 oz) but are not expected outside of domestic specimens. Stories of rats attaining sizes as big as cats are exaggerations, or misidentifications of other rodents, such as the coypu and muskrat. In fact it is common for breeding wild brown rats to weigh (sometimes considerably) less than 300 g (11 oz).[10][11]
Brown rats have acute hearing, are sensitive to ultrasound, and possess a very highly developed olfactory sense. Their average heart rate is 300 to 400 beats per minute, with a respiratory rate of around 100 per minute. The vision of a pigmented rat is poor, around 20/600, while a non-pigmented (albino) with no melanin in its eyes has both around 20/1200 vision and a terrible scattering of light within its vision. Brown rats are dichromates which perceive colors rather like a human with red-green colorblindness, and their colour saturation may be quite faint. Their blue perception, however, also has UV receptors, allowing them to see ultraviolet lights that some species cannot.[12]
Biology and behavior[edit]
The brown rat is nocturnal and is a good swimmer, both on the surface and underwater, and has been observed climbing slim round metal poles several feet in order to reach garden bird feeders. Brown rats dig well, and often excavate extensive burrow systems. A 2007 study found brown rats to possess metacognition, a mental ability previously only found in humans and some primates,[13] but further analysis suggested they may have been following simple operant conditioning principles.[14]
Brown rats are capable of producing ultrasonic vocalizations. As pups, young rats use different types of ultrasonic cries to elicit and direct maternal search behavior,[15] as well as to regulate their mother's movements in the nest.[16] Although pups will produce ultrasounds around any other rats at 7 days old, by 14 days old they significantly reduce ultrasound production around male rats as a defensive response.[17] Adult rats will emit ultrasonic vocalizations in response to predators or perceived danger;[18] the frequency and duration of such cries depends on the sex and reproductive status of the rat.[19][20] The female rat will also emit ultrasonic vocalizations during mating.[21]
Rats may also emit short, high frequency, ultrasonic, socially induced vocalization during rough and tumble play, before receiving morphine, or mating, and when tickled. The vocalization, described as a distinct "chirping", has been likened to laughter, and is interpreted as an expectation of something rewarding.[22] Like most rat vocalizations, the chirping is too high in pitch for humans to hear without special equipment. Bat detectors are often used by pet owners for this purpose.
In clinical studies, the chirping is associated with positive emotional feelings, and social bonding occurs with the tickler, resulting in the rats becoming conditioned to seek the tickling. However, as the rats age, the tendency to chirp appears to decline.[23]
Rat chirp also can be used for mosquito control.[citation needed]
Other ultrasonic vocalizations, including a lower-frequency 'boom' or 'whoom' noise can be produced by bucks in a calm state, when grooming or settling down to sleep.[citation needed]
Audible communication[edit]
Brown rats also produce communicative noises capable of being heard by humans. The most commonly heard in domestic rats is bruxing, or teeth-grinding, which is most usually triggered by happiness, but can also be 'self-comforting' in stressful situations, such as a visit to the vet. The noise is best described as either a quick clicking or 'burring' sound, varying from animal to animal.
In addition, they commonly squeak along a range of tones from high, abrupt pain squeaks to soft, persistent 'singing' sounds during confrontations.
The brown rat is a true omnivore and will consume almost anything, but cereals form a substantial part of its diet.
Martin Schein, founder of the Animal Behavior Society in 1964, studied the diet of brown rats and came to the conclusion that the most-liked foods of brown rats include scrambled eggs, macaroni and cheese, and cooked corn kernels. According to Schein, the least-liked foods were raw beets, peaches, and raw celery.[24]
Foraging behavior is often population-specific, and varies by environment and food source.[2] Brown rats living near a hatchery in West Virginia catch fingerling fish.[25] Some colonies along the banks of the Po River in Italy will dive for mollusks,[26][27] a practice demonstrating social learning among members of this species.[28] Rats on the island of Norderoog in the North Sea stalk and kill sparrows and ducks.[29]
Reproduction and life cycle[edit]
The brown rat can breed throughout the year if conditions are suitable, with a female producing up to five litters a year. The gestation period is only 21 days, and litters can number up to 14, although seven is common. They reach sexual maturity in about five weeks. Under ideal conditions (for the rat), this means that the population of females could increase by a factor of three and a half (half a litter of 7) in 8 weeks (5 weeks for sexual maturity and 3 weeks of gestation), corresponding to a population growing by a factor of 10 in just 15 weeks. The maximum life span is up to three years, although most barely manage one. A yearly mortality rate of 95% is estimated, with predators and interspecies conflict as major causes.
When lactating, female rats display a 24-hour rhythm of maternal behavior, and will usually spend more time attending to smaller litters than large ones.[30]
Brown rats live in large, hierarchical groups, either in burrows or subsurface places, such as sewers and cellars. When food is in short supply, the rats lower in social order are the first to die. If a large fraction of a rat population is exterminated, the remaining rats will increase their reproductive rate, and quickly restore the old population level.[citation needed]
Social behavior[edit]
Rats commonly groom each other and sleep together.[31] Rats are said to establish an order of hierarchy, so one rat will be dominant over another one.[32] Groups of rats tend to "play fight", which can involve any combination of jumping, chasing, tumbling, and "boxing". Play fighting involves rats going for each other's necks, while serious fighting involves strikes at the others' back ends.[33] If living space becomes limited, rats may turn to aggressive behavior, which may result in the death of some animals, reducing the burden over the living space.
Rats, like most mammals, also form family groups of a mother and her young.[34] This applies to both groups of males and females. However, rats are territorial animals, meaning that they usually act aggressively or scared of strange rats. Rats will fluff up their hair, hiss, squeal, and move their tails around when defending their territory.[35] Rats will chase each other, groom each other, sleep in group nests, wrestle with each other, have dominance squabbles, communicate, and play in various other ways with each other.[35] Huddling is an additional important part of rat socialization. Huddling is often supposed to have a heat-conserving function. Nestling rats especially depend on heat from their mother, since they cannot regulate their own temperature. Huddling is an extreme form of herding. Other forms of interaction include, crawling under, which is literally the act of crawling underneath one another,walking over, also explained in the name, then there is allo-grooming, so-called to distinguish it from self-grooming. And lastly there is another type of contact called nosing, where a rat gently pushes with its nose at another rat near the neck.[34]
Rats are known to burrow extensively, both in the wild and in captivity, if given access to a suitable substrate.[36] Rats generally begin a new burrow adjacent to an object or structure, as this provides a sturdy "roof" for the section of the burrow nearest to the ground's surface.[37] Burrows usually develop to eventually include multiple levels of tunnels, as well as a secondary entrance.[36] Older male rats will generally not burrow, while young males and females will burrow vigorously.[36][38]
Burrows provide rats with shelter and food storage, as well as safe, thermo-regulated nest sites.[36] Rats use their burrows to escape from perceived threats in the surrounding environment; for example, rats will retreat to their burrows following a sudden, loud noise or while fleeing an intruder.[39] Burrowing can therefore be described as a "pre-encounter defensive behavior", as opposed to a "post-encounter defensive behavior", such as flight, freezing, or avoidance of a threatening stimulus.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Likely originating from the plains of Asia, northern China and Mongolia, the brown rat spread to other parts of the world sometime in the Middle Ages.[40][41][42] The question of when brown rats became commensal with humans remains unsettled, but as a species, they have spread and established themselves along routes of human migration and now live almost everywhere humans are.[43]
The brown rat may have been present in Europe as early as 1553, a conclusion drawn from an illustration and description by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his book Historiae animalium, published 1551–1558.[44] Though Gesner's description could apply to the black rat, his mention of a large percentage of albino specimens—not uncommon among wild populations of brown rats—adds credibility to this conclusion.[45] Reliable reports dating to the 18th century document the presence of the brown rat in Ireland in 1722, England in 1730, France in 1735, Germany in 1750, and Spain in 1800,[45] becoming widespread during the Industrial Revolution.[46] It did not reach North America until around 1750–1755.[44][47]
As it spread from Asia, the brown rat generally displaced the black rat in areas where humans lived. In addition to being larger and more aggressive, the change from wooden structures and thatched roofs to bricked and tiled buildings favored the burrowing brown rats over the arboreal black rats. In addition, brown rats eat a wider variety of foods, and are more resistant to weather extremes.[48]
In the absence of humans, brown rats prefer damp environments, such as river banks.[46] However, the great majority are now linked to man-made environments, such as sewage systems.
It is often said that there are as many rats in cities as people, but this varies from area to area depending on climate, living conditions, etc. Brown rats in cities tend not to wander extensively, often staying within 20 m (66 ft) of their nest if a suitable concentrated food supply is available, but they will range more widely where food availability is lower. There is great debate over the size of the population of rats in New York City, with estimates from almost 100 million rats to as few as 250,000.[49] Experts suggest that New York is a particularly attractive place for rats because of its aging infrastructure, high moisture, and high poverty rates.[49] In addition to sewers, rats are very comfortable living in alleyways and residential buildings, as there is usually a large and continuous food source in those areas.[50]
In the United Kingdom, some figures show that the rat population has been rising, with estimations that 81 million rats reside in the UK.[51] Those figures would mean that there are 1.3 rats per person in the country. High rat populations in the UK are often attributed to the mild climate, which allow them higher survival rates during the winter months.
The only brown rat-free zones in the world are the continent of Antarctica, some (although not all) parts of the Arctic, some especially isolated islands, the province of Alberta in Canada,[52] and certain conservation areas in New Zealand.[53][54]
Antarctica is almost completely covered by ice and has no permanent human inhabitants, making it uninhabitable by rats. The Arctic has extremely cold winters that rats cannot survive outdoors, and the human population density is extremely low, making it difficult for rats to travel from one habitation to another, although they have arrived in many coastal areas by ship. When the occasional rat infestation is found and eliminated, the rats are unable to reinfest it from an adjacent one. Isolated islands are also able to eliminate rat populations because of low human population density and the geographic distance from other rat populations.
Rat Island in Alaska was infested with brown rats after a Japanese shipwreck in 1780. They had a devastating effect on the native bird life. An eradication program was started in 2007 and the island was declared rat free in June 2009.
Alberta, Canada[edit]
Alberta, Canada, is the largest rat-free populated area in the world. Rat invasions of Alberta were stopped and rats were eliminated by very aggressive government rat control measures, starting during the 1950s.[55][56][57]
The only species of Rattus that is capable of surviving the climate of Alberta is the brown rat, which can only survive in the prairie region of the province, and even then must overwinter in buildings. Although it is a major agricultural area, Alberta is far from any seaport and only a portion of its eastern boundary with Saskatchewan provides a favorable entry route for rats. Brown rats cannot survive in the wild boreal forest to the north, the Rocky Mountains to the west, nor can they safely cross the semiarid High Plains of Montana to the south. The first brown rat did not reach Alberta until 1950, and in 1951, the province launched a rat-control program that included shooting, poisoning, and gassing rats, and bulldozing, burning down, and blowing up rat-infested buildings. The effort was backed by legislation that required every person and every municipality to destroy and prevent the establishment of designated pests. If they failed, the provincial government could carry out the necessary measures and charge the costs to the landowner or municipality.[58]
In the first year of the rat control program, 64 tonnes (71 short tons) of arsenic trioxide were spread throughout 8,000 buildings on farms along the Saskatchewan border. However, in 1953 the much safer and more effective rodenticide, warfarin was introduced to replace arsenic. Warfarin is an anticoagulant that was approved as a drug for human use in 1954 and is much safer to use near humans and other large animals than arsenic.[59] By 1960, the number of rat infestations in Alberta had dropped to below 200 per year. In 2002, the province finally recorded its first year with zero rat infestations, and from 2002 to 2007 there were only two infestations found.[60] After an infestation of rats in the Medicine Hat landfill was found in 2012, the province's rat-free status was questioned, but provincial government rat control specialists brought in excavating machinery, dug out, shot, and poisoned 147 rats in the landfill, and no live rats were found thereafter.[61] In 2013, the number of rat infestations in Alberta dropped to zero again. Alberta defines an infestation as two or more rats found at the same location, since a single rat cannot reproduce. About a dozen single rats enter Alberta in an average year and are killed by provincial rat control specialists before they can reproduce.[62]
Only zoos, universities, and research institutes are allowed to keep caged rats in Alberta, and possession of unlicensed rats (including pet rats) by anyone else is punishable by a penalty of up to $5,000 or up to 60 days in jail.[63] The adjacent and similarly landlocked province of Saskatchewan initiated a rat control program in 1972, and has managed to reduce the number of rats in the province substantially, although they have not been eliminated. The Saskatchewan rat control program has considerably reduced the number of rats trying to enter Alberta.[64]
New Zealand[edit]
First arriving before 1800 (perhaps on James Cook's vessels),[65] brown rats have posed a serious threat to many of New Zealand's native animals. Rat eradication programmes within New Zealand have led to rat-free zones on offshore islands and even on fenced "ecological islands" on the mainland. Before an eradication effort was launched in 2001, the sub-Antarctic Campbell Island had the highest population density of brown rats in the world.[66]
Similar to other rodents, brown rats may carry a number of pathogens,[67] which can result in disease, including Weil's disease, rat bite fever, cryptosporidiosis, viral hemorrhagic fever, Q fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. In the United Kingdom, brown rats are an important reservoir for Coxiella burnetii, the bacterium that causes Q fever, with seroprevalence for the bacteria found to be as high as 53% in some wild populations.[68]
This species can also serve as a reservoir for Toxoplasma gondii, the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, though the disease usually spreads from rats to humans when domestic cats feed on infected brown rats.[69] The parasite has a long history with the brown rat, and there are indications that the parasite has evolved to alter an infected rat's perception to cat predation, making it more susceptible to predation and increasing the likelihood of transmission.[70]
Surveys and specimens of brown rat populations throughout the world have shown this species is often associated with outbreaks of trichinosis,[71][72] but the extent to which the brown rat is responsible in transmitting Trichinella larvae to humans and other synanthropic animals is at least somewhat debatable.[73] Trichinella pseudospiralis, a parasite previously not considered to be a potential pathogen in humans or domestic animals, has been found to be pathogenic in humans and carried by brown rats.[74]
Brown rats are sometimes mistakenly thought to be a major reservoir of bubonic plague, a possible cause of the Black Death. However, the bacterium responsible, Yersinia pestis, is commonly endemic in only a few rodent species and is usually transmitted zoonotically by rat fleas—common carrier rodents today include ground squirrels and wood rats. However, brown rats may suffer from plague, as can many nonrodent species, including dogs, cats, and humans.[75] The original carrier for the plague-infected fleas thought to be responsible for the Black Death was the black rat, and it has been hypothesized that the displacement of black rats by brown rats led to the decline of bubonic plague.[76] This theory has, however, been deprecated, as the dates of these displacements do not match the increases and decreases in plague outbreaks.[77]
In captivity[edit]
Uses in science[edit]
Selective breeding of albino brown rats rescued from being killed in a now-outlawed sport called rat baiting has produced the albino laboratory rat.[78] Like mice, these rats are frequently subjects of medical, psychological and other biological experiments, and constitute an important model organism. This is because they grow quickly to sexual maturity and are easy to keep and to breed in captivity. When modern biologists refer to "rats", they almost always mean Rattus norvegicus.
As pets[edit]
The brown rat is kept as a pet in many parts of the world. Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are just a few of the countries that have formed fancy rat associations similar in nature to the American Kennel Club, establishing standards, orchestrating events, and promoting responsible pet ownership.
The many different types of domesticated brown rats include variations in coat patterns, as well as the style of the coat, such as Hairless or Rex, and more recently developed variations in body size and structure, including dwarf and tailless fancy rats.
Working rats[edit]
- See Working rat.
Popular culture[edit]
- Ratzilla – In 2014, an exceptionally large brown rat nicknamed "Ratzilla", with a body length of 40 cm excluding the tail and weighing 1 kg, was caught in a Stockholm residence and the story went viral.[79][80]
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- ^ Bourne, John (1 October 2002). "The History of Rat Control In Alberta". Agriculture and Food. Alberta Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, McDonald H, Douketis JD, Crowther M, Wells PS (May 2005). "Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions". Arch. Intern. Med. 165 (10): 1095–106. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.10.1095. PMID 15911722.
- ^ J. Bourne, P. Merril (28 November 2011). "Rat Control in Alberta". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ^ Barb Glen (2 October 2012). "Alberta eradicates rat infestation near Medicine Hat". The Western Producer. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ Rose Sanchez (6 February 2014). "Alberta maintains its rat-free status for another year". Prairie Post. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development (8 January 2002). "Agricultural Pests Act and Regulation". Government of Alberta. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ^ "Rat Control in Saskatchewan" (PDF). Saskatchewan Agriculture, Food and Rural Revitalization. 1 October 2003. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ Atkinson, I.A.E. (1973). "Spread of the Ship Rat (Rattus r. rattus L.) in New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 2 (3): 457–472. doi:10.1080/03036758.1973.10421869.
- ^ "NZ routs island rats". BBC News. 26 May 2003. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
- ^ Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A (2009). "Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health". Crit Rev Microbiol 35 (3): 221–70. doi:10.1080/10408410902989837. PMID 19548807.
- ^ Webster, JP; Lloyd, G; Macdonald, DW. (1995). "Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) reservoir in wild brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations in the UK.". Parasitology 110: 31–55. doi:10.1017/S0031182000081014.
- ^ Dubeya, J. P.; Frenkel, J. K. (1998). "Toxoplasmosis of rats: a review, with considerations of their value as an animal model and their possible role in epidemiology". Veterinary Parasitology 77 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00227-6. PMID 9652380.
- ^ Berdoy, M; Webster, JP; MacDonald, DW (2000). "Fatal attraction in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii." (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B 267 (1452): 1591–1594. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1182. JSTOR 2665707. PMC 1690701. PMID 11007336.
- ^ Samuel et al. (2001) Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 380–393. ISBN 0-8138-2978-X.
- ^ Leiby, D. A.; Duffy, C. H.; Darwin Murrell, K.; Schad, G. A. (1990). "Trichinella spiralis in an Agricultural Ecosystem: Transmission in the Rat Population". The Journal of Parasitology 76 (3): 360–364. doi:10.2307/3282667. JSTOR 3282667.
- ^ Stojcevic, D; Zivicnjak, T; Marinculic, A; Marucci, G; Andelko, G; Brstilo, M; Pavo, L; Pozio, E (2004). "The Epidemiological Investigation of Trichinella Infection in Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) and Domestic Pigs in Croatia Suggests That Rats are not a Reservoir at the Farm Level". Journal of Parasitology 90 (3): 666–670. doi:10.1645/GE-158R. PMID 15270124.
- ^ Ranque, S; Faugère, B; Pozio, E; La Rosa, G; Tamburrini, A; Pellissier, JF; Brouqui, P (2000). "Trichinella pseudospiralis outbreak in France." (PDF). Emerging Infectious Diseases 6 (5): 543–547. doi:10.3201/eid0605.000517. PMC 2627956. PMID 10998388.
- ^ "Merck Veterinary Manual". Retrieved 11 January 2010.
- ^ See e.g.,
- John M. Last. "Black Death", Encyclopedia of Public Health, eNotes website. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
- Ethne Barnes. Diseases and Human Evolution, University of New Mexico Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8263-3066-6, p. 247.
- ^ See e.g.:
- Alfred J. Bollet. Plagues & Poxes: The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease, Demos Medical Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-888799-79-8, p. 23.
- Tracy Hamler Carrick, Nancy Carrick, Lawrence Finsen. The Persuasive Pen: An Integrated Approach to Reasoning and Writing, Jones and Bartlett Learning, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7637-0234-2, p. 162.
- J. N. Hays. Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History, ABC-CLIO, 2005, ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9, p. 64.
- ^ Baker, Henry J.; Lindsey, J. Russel; Weisbroth, Steven H. (1979). The laboratory rat: volume I – biology and diseases. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
- ^ "Giant rat: Swedes agog at 'Ratzilla' in Stockholm". BBC News.
- ^ "Swedes catch 40 cm 'rat from hell' in their kitchen". thelocal.se.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rattus norvegicus.
|Wikispecies has information related to: Rattus norvegicus
- Rat behaviour and biology A detailed set of pages by biologist Anne Hanson
- Norway (Brown) Rat Fact sheet including information on habits, habitat, threats and prevention tips
- Rattus norvegicus at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
- Life cycle data sheet for Rattus norvegicus written by biologist João Pedro de Magalhães
- Rats and Mice: Overview Online version of the Merck veterinary manual
- ARKive Still photos and videos
- Wild rats – the world's first website and forum (English interface is available) about wild rats, it is the home of a unique interactive JavaScript rat. The English version is expected to be available in 2010.
Rattus norvegicus genome and use as model animal
- Nature: Rat Genome
- Rat genome database
- View the rat genome in Ensembl


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Raja Casablanca striker Iajour up for Bayern test
Raja Casablanca striker Mouhssine Iajour has fired a warning shot to Bayern Munich ahead of Saturday's FIFA Club World Cup final.
The Moroccan outfit – who needed to win a play-off against amateur side Auckland City to feature in the tournament – have backed up their success with triumphs over Monterrey and Atletico Mineiro.
That has booked them a spot in the final against the European champions, an occasion that Iajour, who has already scored twice in the tournament, is excited about.
"The dream is far from over yet and we'll be giving it all we have against Bayern, right up to the final whistle," Iajour told FIFA's official website.
"We never give up. This team has got so much mental strength to draw on."
Raja Casablanca sit ninth in the Moroccan top flight and poor domestic form saw coach Mohamed Fakhir lose his job just days before the start of the Club World Cup.
The change has reaped immediate rewards, with new coach Faouzi Benzarti having a positive impact on the squad, according to Iajour.
"He's definitely got the best out of us and given us fresh confidence after an unfortunate run of results," he added.
"And his approach is more attack-minded than our previous coach. He always wants us to attack, no matter what the state of the game is."


text:
For much of the universe's first billion years, the searing brightness born of the big bang faded to black. This dark age represents the least-understood chapter in the history of the cosmos scientists have compiled.
On Friday, researchers report they have glimpsed – via computer simulations – the birth of the first small, stable clumps of gas that would have served as seeds for the first generation of stars. Within 10,000 years, the scientists say, these seeds would blossom into blazing orbs at least 100 times more massive than the sun.
The simulation is part of a broad effort to fill the dark-age gap. Astronomers worldwide are pushing ground-based optical telescopes to their limits, building vast radiotelescope arrays and looking to a new generation of space- and ground-based telescopes to probe this crucial period.
The nuclear furnaces in the first stars would have formed the first atoms of carbon, silicon, oxygen, and other heavy elements, researchers hold. These elements would become incorporated into later generations of stars, which in turn would add their contributions to the chemical inventory.
Over time, clusters of stars would form galaxies whose combined radiation would eventually shift the cosmos from opaque to transparent. The heavier elements the stars forged and launched into the cosmos would form basic organic and inorganic molecules, and become the raw material for planets.
"We have a good understanding of what the universe looked like shortly after it originated about 14 billion years ago. We also have a good idea of what the universe looks like now," says Lars Hernquist, a Harvard University astrophysicist and member of the team. "But there's a significant gap in our understanding of how the universe made this transition from what it looked like after the big bang to how it appears to us today."
Until new tools can peer more deeply into that gap, simulations remain the only vehicles for exploring the transition.
In a young, dark universe
The research team, led by Nagoya University's Naoki Yoshida, started with a universe dominated by recently discovered dark energy and by cold dark matter, which astronomers currently detect by its gravitational influence on matter they can see. Hydrogen dominates the small percentage of "normal" matter in this young, denser universe. It's in a form that renders it opaque to light.
The simulation picks up the story when the universe was roughly 300 million years old and 20 times more compact that it is today. The afterglow of the big bang had long since faded. Subtle variations in the density of dark matter across space led to regions where dark matter was more dense than others.
The simulation focuses on one of these denser areas, or halos. There, dark matter's enhanced gravity corrals hydrogen. The hydrogen cloud undergoes alternate periods of heating and cooling as it contracts due to gravitational collapse. It also shifts from cloud to flattened disk and finally to a stable, spherelike proto-star.
At this stage, with 1 percent of the sun's mass (or about 10 times Jupiter's mass), the proto-star's internal temperature has risen high enough to generate an outward pressure that prevents further collapse.
The stimulation stops there, but additional calculations suggest that within 1,000 years, the proto-star would have grown into a star 10 times more massive than the sun. By 10,000 years, the star would have topped 100 times the sun's mass.
Such huge stars are thought to have lived only for about 1 million years, compared with an expected lifetime of roughly 10 billion years for the sun.
The new results are important, says Tom Abel, a researcher at the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at Stanford University who published his own group's simulations in 2002. They confirm his team's results, which showed that these first stars probably grew in isolation from each other, and that they don't fragment along the way, as some have suggested.
But the new work also traces the formation of the first stable proto-stars. No star could form without these stable proto-stars, even in today's universe, Dr. Hernquist says.
New tools to see more stars
Now, cosmologists who focus on theory have their work cut out for them, Dr. Abel says in an e-mail. "We know exactly what happens until the first stars are one-hundredth the mass of the sun. We know they will attain approximately 100 times the solar value."
The task is to provide accurate pictures of what goes on in between, while a star's mass is burgeoning by a factor of 10,000, he adds. This will require far more complex programming and more computer horsepower.
Meanwhile, astronomers are pressing existing tools into action to try to push back the veil on the dark ages, notes Elizabeth Barton, an astronomer at the University of California at Irvine. For instance, astronomers have reported the discovery of large galaxies when the universe was roughly 780 million years old. Some tantalizing but disputed evidence has emerged for galaxies or galaxy-wannabes some 300 million years earlier.
Studies of second or third-generation stars will help, many of which may be orbiting in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy.
Astronomers in the US and China are also building an enormous radiotelescope array consisting of about 10,000 antennas in China's Xinjiang Province. They plan to use it to map the first glowing "bubbles" that appear as radiation from galaxies begins to ionize the dense fog of hydrogen between them and light it up.
"The only way we're ever going to understand this is when the theoretical work that's progressing rapidly in this field meets up with the observations work, which is coming from the other direction" of the timeline, says Dr. Barton.
"It's a big puzzle," she adds, and the new results, which appear in Friday's edition of the journal Science, represent a small but important piece.


text:
Mar 10 2010
The events of the past two weeks (here, here, here, here and here) have clarified the BBC's stance on allowing interoperability with open-source iPlayer clients. I have therefore decided to withdraw get_iplayer with immediate effect.
Ian Hunter's post (Managing Editor, BBC Online) provided very clear guidance on the way the BBC feels about open-source applications accessing iPlayer streams. I have no desire act against the BBC's wishes in this respect.
The BBC iPlayer is built on many open-source products and yet, in this case, they have failed to let open-source clients access the very same service. The BBC have clearly not followed the spirit of open-source here.
From the outset, exactly 2 years ago when I developed get_iplayer, my intentions have been to never harm the BBC but to just provide a convenient way for me to watch iPlayer programmes on my TV with the hardware that I own. However, the BBC clearly considers such methods to be somehow detrimental to their service and therefore with great regret I have decided to cease development.
I sincerely hope that, in the future, the BBC will make steps to support open source given that they have gained so much from it.


text:
The mission of The Wisconsin Chiari Center is to advance the diagnosis, understanding of and treatment of the Chiari 1 malformation and related disorders in the hope of eliminating delay in diagnosis and treatment in the future. We seek to identify the most likely cause or combination of causes of these symptoms in any given patient, be it the Chiari 1 malformation, cervical stenosis, syringomyelia, tethered spinal cord, POTS.
Read what our patients have to say about the care they received at the Wisconsin Chiari Center. View all stories.
The Wisconsin Chiari Center can assist you in determining whether or not your patient warrants an investigation to exclude the Chiari malformation. We can answer questions regarding the type of investigation or imaging that is required and about different treatment options.


text:
Support for students with families
Striking a balance
We recognize that taking on graduate studies while negotiating parenting, family and other life commitments is no easy feat. From finances to child care, there are many important factors to consider. Striking a balance between school, work and home can be difficult no matter how prepared you are for the challenge. With this in mind, we aim to support you and your loved ones as you advance your academic aspirations. In addition to our flexible program options, our financial, career, wellness and family supports are here to help.
Resources for students with families on this website
In addition to our general resources for graduate students, check out some UVic links that may be of interest to you as a student with a family.
- Child Care Bursaries
- Child Care Services
- Co-op and Career Services
- Family housing
- Family Centre
- Graduate student resources
- Graduate Students' Society
- Health Services
- Join the conversation
- My page (your personalized registration, timetable and records information)
Related resources
Resources for students with families on non-UVic websites
External websites can also help students with families to learn more about how to prepare for graduate studies.


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Which characters should I play with thread
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Cereal Toucher
Joined: 23 Mar 2009
Posts: 18
Posted: Sat Aug 29, 2009 4:07 am
Post subject: Which characters should I play with thread
Well, last time, I played with Ionae, Ferwin, and Enshadu, but mostly because Enshadu and Ionae interest me the most.
However, I heard Kaltos, Charlotte, and Enshadu is a good mix. Well, actually I saw someone in another thread say "aka the characters everyone uses", or something like that.
Also, I find the mix of Ionae, PyanPau, and Denever a interesting mix too, and I'm interested in trying the mix of Mericious, Ferwin/Charlotte/PyanPau and one of the other three 3rd characters. I didn't plan that out well.
But, I don't want two of the same classes in my party, and like I said, I picked Ionae and Enshadu because they seemed the most interesting and I feel like may make the plot more interesting. There is some side plot including the characters in the party, right?
And since story is a important essence but I'm also willing to try a few other characters, I don't know.
So, which mix should I give a try?
Also, what's a good name for a party? All I can think of that sounds remotely good or cool is Champions and The Watchmen.
Actually, I just viewed a thread on which single character is the most fave, and Enshadu and Kaltos and Ionae got the highest votes.
Also, two (or I think more) said they like to play with Ionae, Ferwin, and Enshadu and for similar (if not same) reasons I did!
It's too bad the thread and poll is locked, I assume it is. Because I can't post in it.
So, I guess there's not popular mix?
Also, I noticed how Charlotte's has some grammar problems, when I read her diary/journal.
sh3 b spwellin l9ke tis nd stwuff and spwelling twings funy.
Like weight. She may spell it like wate.
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Joined: 06 Feb 2009
Posts: 35
Posted: Sat Aug 29, 2009 8:55 am
Post subject:
Why are you averse to playing with the same classes? There are some interesting combinations in them, I think, like Mericious and Pyanpau, and Kaltos and Denever.
Kaltos, Charlotte and Enshadu is popular because it has a rather lenghty subplot between Kaltos and Charlotte, and Enshadu is there for the priest slot.
I suggest you try Mericious, Ferwin and Grace. Especially if you haven't had Grace in your party before, she changes the plot somewhat.
But really, you should play the game through with every possible combination of characters.
I usually go for a "neutral" and accidental name for the party, like the Wanderers or Jolly Three or such.
Charlotte's diary(and everyone elses for that matter), that's one of the very great touches in the game. Since Charlotte is mostly illiterate, her diary reflects this, which I found wonderful. And Enshadu's diary is full of ramblings and so on. Truly superb.
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Mark Pay
Site Admin
Joined: 09 Aug 2006
Posts: 626
Location: Margate, UK
Posted: Sun Aug 30, 2009 4:09 pm
Post subject:
I'm thrilled to hear that you liked the diaries Tiavals!
Charlotte's was surpisingly hard to write. First to try and keep a fairly consistent pattern to her poor spelling and second to try and stop it from being painful to read.
I agree with your party recommendation. Grace gives a noticeably different spin on the main storyline and is a good choice for a second play-through. I really enjoyed writing all the alternate dialogue between her and Batiste.
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Joined: 08 Mar 2010
Posts: 2
Posted: Mon Mar 08, 2010 8:00 am
Post subject:
Funny. I plan on playing through twice (once on normal and once on absurd) and I decided to omit Kaltos, Charlotte, and Enshadu (now I find that's the norm). Kaltos and Charlotte didn't quite interest me enough (though I like Charlotte's journals) and I decided I was more curious about Grace's backstory than Enshadu's.
My first playthrough was Ionae, PyanPau, and Denever. I liked the idea that they are all outcasts, in a way. Ionae and Denever are both foreigners and Denever is a war hero but now retired, so I imagined he must have mixed feelings about a country that he has served but has no need for him anymore at his age. I just finished the game with them and the character development at the end really moved me. I hope the same goes for my "Absurd run" Mericious/Ferwin/Grace party. I loved Ionae but I'm equally excited about Mericious.
I've heard Grace is difficult to play without powder imps, so I may regret this choice for Absurd level. However, this is the team I want, so I'm going for it. I'll post here again with strategies if I make it through alive...
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Joined: 27 Feb 2010
Posts: 22
Location: Arizona, USA
Posted: Sat Mar 13, 2010 4:39 pm
Post subject:
I'm on my 3rd play-through, and right now I like my current group of Mericious, Denever, and Charlotte.
Although afaik right now Denever is the least interesting of characters.
My first playthrough was the typical Kaltos, Charlotte, and Enshadu party. I honestly think that's the best group in terms of actual potential. Charlotte's only missing high fire and enshadu's missing...idonremember but it's not too important.
My second playthrough was Pyan-Pau (sp?), Ionae, and Grace. That worked out well with two musketeers, but Pyan-Pau's lack of damn was difficult to work with.
I ended up accidentally overwriting that game btw with my current party.
The Game Maker Desert
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Joined: 13 Aug 2008
Posts: 96
Posted: Sun Mar 14, 2010 4:52 am
Post subject:
If you want the strongest "one of each" party, Mericious is your priest. Sure, Ionae's lost skill is completely meaningless which puts her a bit above the other two, and having your healer be the guy who gets "angry" status put on him most often isn't great, but Damn and Trick are both staples for me. Plus he gets all that bonus equipment. Charlotte beats Grace as a sharpshooter, since powder imps are less replacable than aim high (aim high is useful near the end, but in general anywhere you could use aim high enpowdered thunderstrike would probably do), and Ferwin's special event in chapter 7 generally makes things harder, so Denever becomes the knight. That's ignoring unbalanced parties of course; a person wanting an easy game might find the extra healing from two priests and a knight to be easier (and via bless, damn and charge you shouldn't have too much trouble in the damage crunch levels, though you'll have trouble hitting the back rows).
In terms of who's mots interesting, that's a matter of opinion. Ionae kicks ass, but so does Mericious (Kaltos is cool but not as cool as them). Few will argue that the Kaltos-Charlotte subplot isn't the best 2-character interaction, though I also like the dynamic between Ionae and PyanPau and between Mericious and PyanPau (what little I've seen of that one so far, which is basically the first two chapters). Charlotte is probably my favorite of the second row because I like her plot the best, with PyanPau coming in second and Ferwin not really appealing to me. For the last column, I found all three compelling, but Enshadu's probably the most intriguing (though Grace's extra plot info is a plus).
So I guess my "favorite characters" party is either Ionae-Charlotte-Enshadu or Mericious-Charlotte-Enshadu. Probably the latter simply because Mericious is more unique and his character depth is achieved without actually doing anything immoral (except running away I suppose), which was relied upon for both of the other slot one characters' flaws. Plus I can't be sure how much my liking of Ionae was influenced by knowing before starting that everybody else loved her, while Mericious doesn't seem to have many fans.
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Joined: 28 Jan 2008
Posts: 49
Location: Australia
Posted: Thu Mar 18, 2010 6:59 am
Post subject:
Lonae is the greatest, u should no why. She is the most epic hero u can choose from. Mercious is quite cool 2 he has some great scenes.
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Cereal Toucher
Joined: 23 Mar 2009
Posts: 18
Posted: Sat Mar 27, 2010 12:12 pm
Post subject:
I forgot. How does Grace add a spin? Actually, this is getting more technical and stats based than I thought.
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Joined: 06 Feb 2009
Posts: 35
Posted: Sat Mar 27, 2010 5:57 pm
Post subject:
If by spin you mean a difference in the plot, her personal history is somewhat entwined with our dear Parliamentarian.
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Cereal Toucher
Joined: 23 Mar 2009
Posts: 18
Posted: Sat Mar 27, 2010 11:55 pm
Post subject:
Oh, ok. Thank you.
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Cereal Toucher
Joined: 23 Mar 2009
Posts: 18
Posted: Mon Mar 29, 2010 9:47 pm
Post subject:
Ok. A party with Charolette for second play through for two slightly different plot lines.
I might go with Kaltos, Grace, and Enshadu, but for some reason, I don't want to.
What are the different Priests like? Like Enshadu, PyanPau, and what's-his-name. Which one is more interesting or better? From the sounds of it, Enshadu suprisingly isn't as interesting, despite looking interesting.
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Joined: 27 Feb 2010
Posts: 22
Location: Arizona, USA
Posted: Tue Mar 30, 2010 5:01 am
Post subject:
I might go with Kaltos, Grace, and Enshadu, but for some reason, I don't want to.
That's good. The game doesn't want to either, since both Grace and Enshadu fill that third "voice of reason" person slot.
Oh, the priests are really cool. I've only beaten the game with Mericious and Enshadu, but I've gotten up to Ch. 7 with Pyan-Pau.
Mericious gets some really nice equipment at the beginning of chapter 6 I think. Some of that stuff I used all the way to the end of the game. As he is also the first "temperamental" character slot, he does often argue. I was very happy with how well his inner spiritual struggle turned out, especially with Charlotte and Denever. (Denever + Mericious makes for a good ending I thought)
Enshadu has an...erm...interesting history, perhaps the most intriguing, or at least tied with Ionae imho. The second half of the game reveals a lot about Enshadu. I would definitely get a play-through in with him.
Pyan-Pau is obsessed with his grandpa...I've heard using both Mericious and him makes for some nice dialogue. (gonna do a Mericious + Pyan-Pau + Grace run-through, maybe on Absurd, after I finish my Ionae + Ferwin + Enshadu Hard run)
The Game Maker Desert
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Cereal Toucher
Joined: 23 Mar 2009
Posts: 18
Posted: Tue Mar 30, 2010 5:16 pm
Post subject:
I might use Mericious on second play through, if I do, if not Kaltos.
You make Enshadu sound very interesting. PyanPau looks cool, and grandparents are great too, but PyanPau doesn't quite interests me as much as Ensha-do.
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Communication Course Catalog
Prerequisite Grade
Any course listed in this department with a prerequisite assumes a grade of C– or better in the prerequisite course.
Core Courses
- Lower division: Communication 002 and 003;
- Upper division: Communication 100; and
- Plus three upper-division electives (one of which is an upper-division application course).
Lower Division
002 Communication and Social Understanding
This course intends to acquaint students with ways of critically assessing the everyday communication practices and texts (spoken, visual, and mediated) which construct and transmit social knowledge. Introduces students to issues such as language, meaning, rhetoric, persuasion, definition, mediation, representation, visual culture, social knowledge, understanding the "self," the relationship between culture and communication, the social construction of reality, and the assessment of the influence of mass communication. Students will participate in in-depth discussions based in primary texts of communication theory and produce analytical projects that demonstrate their grasp of course content.
003 Communication Inquiry
This intensive discussion course utilizes important communication texts as the basis for learning many of the questions and terms that define the discipline of communication. Readings will concentrate in the areas of interpretation, identity, rhetoric and culture to better understand how we construct culture, society and the self through the various forms of communication, and how we analyze those constructions. Emphasis will be on developing the ability to use the readings to build theoretical literacy, to interpret written and visual texts with that theory, and to use the theory to analyze notions of identity.
010 Argument and Advocacy
Communication scholar, Rod Hart, writes that advocacy "is the human creature's most natural way of changing the world. It is also the most civilized way of doing so. Bombs, torture and mayhem change the world too, but those are primitive modalities and they lead to unstable outcomes. Symbolic influence is better. It lasts longer and it's less noisy." In this spirit, this course examines general principles of argument and advocacy as they relate to rhetorically creating change in different spheres of social life. Students will explore how the conventions of argument change — and how advocacy functions —in law, science, religion and politics. Students will develop an understanding of argument and evaluation theories, while also embodying those theories by developing practical advocacy and critical appraisal strategies.
Upper Division:
First-year students are not eligible for entry into upper division coursework.
100 Communication Theory
This course provides students with a review of major theories applicable to communication among individuals, within organizations, in politics and in the elite and mass media. Through readings and discussion of seminal core texts, students are encouraged to judge for themselves the strong and weak portions of alternative concepts, models and theoretical concepts, as well as to evaluate the empirical methods from which these theories are derived.
110 Quantitative Methods
An introduction to communication research approaches that allow us to generalize our understanding to specific instances. For example, we might wish to investigate the influence of mediated political message characteristics on voting behavior or how nonverbal cues influence the formation of romantic relationships. The course provides an overview of research designs, sampling, data collection, and data analysis for the empirical construction of these knowledge bases. Prerequisites: 2, 3, and 10 (Transfer students need permission of the chair).
111 Qualitative Methods
This course introduces students to qualitative methodology and offers students an opportunity to design and practice qualitative methods. Topics addressed will include origins of qualitative methodology, ethnography, participant observation, interviewing, formulating research questions, collection and analysis of data, writing the literature review, and authoring the qualitative-grounded essay. Prerequisites: 2, 3, and 10 (Transfer students need permission of the chair).
196 Senior Capstone
Senior standing required. Students conceptualize and conduct their own research methodological approach (including performative or narrative) addressing a socially significant communication issue under the approval and supervision of an instructor. Students are encouraged to explore a question/issue that will represent the culmination of their undergraduate experience and reflect their finest work as a college student. At the conclusion of the term, students will present their work to interested members of the college community. Prerequisites: 100, 110, and 111 (Transfer students need permission of the chair).
Upper Division Electives
Two of the four must be upper-division application courses, denoted by the word "Application" after the title.
105 International Communication
A review of our "global village," which is dangerously divided not only by power struggles and interest conflicts but by message flows that create confusion and justified or unjustified suspicion. Special attention is given to the role of the United Nations (and its specialized agencies dealing with communication) as a vital mode of cross-cultural communication among the leaders of nations, and to the role of the media in defining global policy issues.
106 Intercultural Communication
An exploration of intercultural communication within various national contexts, though primarily U.S.-based. The course will include an examination of the roles of identity, history, power, language, cultural values, nonverbal communication, migration, cultural space, popular cultural communication and realtionships. Students will also become familiar with intercultural communication theories and with approaches to studying intercultural communication. This course seeks to provide a basis for comprehending the relationship between culture and communication and for understanding cultural practices, differences and similarities.
107 Political Communication
The interplay of the press, politics and public policy is a key feature in understanding our democracy today. This course examines the role of communication, information, and media technologies in the electoral and legislative processes. Special attention is given to how the Internet and other media have altered the political landscape.
109 Visual Communication
In this course, students study visual culture, learn to do visual analysis, and explore key ideas in visual communication including visual methodologies, such as compositional interpretation, semiotics, discourse analysis, and psychoanalytic analysis. Possible topics include exploration of the visual components of gay window advertising, video games, video camera technology, photography, film, television, news, the body, comics, theme parks, and museums. Other possibilities include discussing art, representations of race, and taking a walking visual tour of campus.
112 Interpersonal Communication
Upper-level course treating major theories and concepts in interpersonal communication. Lecture, discussion, readings, and activities integrating concepts such as nonverbal communication, listening, intimate relationships, family relationships, interracial relationships, conflict, conflict management, forgiveness, negotiation, gender, perception and self-concept, technology's role in communication, as well as relationship development, maintenance, struggles, and termination.
113 Rhetorical Criticism [Application]
This course will provide students the opportunity to learn and practice rhetorical criticism. Students will analyze artifacts (textual, visual, online) by employing methods such as Neo-aristotelian criticism, metaphor criticism, narrative criticism, pentadic criticism, generative criticism and queer criticism.
116 Advertising and Civic Engagement [Application]
This course is designed to give students an understanding of both the theory and practice of advertising through the medium of civic engagement projects. The first half of the course will allow you to study the underlying theories of the practice of advertising; in the second half, students will have the opportunity to apply these theories as they generate and possibly implement advertising campaigns for on-campus clients.
117 Public Relations [Application]
This course provides an in-depth understanding of the theories of public relations and the ways in which they are practiced throughout our society, both in the marketplace and in the political realm. Emphasis is on application of these theories in student-authored projects that focus on civic engagement in the community. This course affords students the opportunity to research, plan, execute, and evaluate a public relations campaign.
118 Media Law
This course examines the function of the laws regulating media and communication and explores how legal, political, social, administrative, economic, and technological factors contribute to determining public policy on media issues. Of primary concern is the First Amendment's relationship to intellectual property, torts, and telecommunication law.
122 American Journalism [Application]
An introduction to the craft of news writing and reporting in print and electronic news media. Historical development of newspapers, journals, blogs, and magazines — in print, on television/radio, and online; emphasis on journalism as a profession and ethical conduct.
123 Sports Journalism
American culture, its contests and celebrations have moved from the sports page to the front page. This course explores the history, literature and practice of sports journalism in print, TV/radio, and new media. Students will examine issues of gender and ethics, develop editorial criteria for sports coverage, and learn the "best practice" in writing for print and broadcast. Prerequisite: 122
125 Introduction to Media, Technology, and Culture
This introductory core course focuses on the critical and technical concepts and skills necessary for understanding communication practices in the 21st century. The course emphasizes three aspects of digital literacy: computer literacy, information literacy and visual literacy. As the digital revolution has become commonplace, this course places today's communication technologies in a broader historical context. The course involves both theory and practice. Students will be required to create multimedia projects, as well as learn key theories about digital communication strategies and approaches in a global, networked digital age. This course is the prerequisite to all upper-division media application courses.
132 Audio Production [Application]
Recognizing the importance of the sonic arts in contemporary forms of media, this course introduces students to:
(1) Basic acoustical theory;
(2) Musical concepts as related to media production;
(3) Aesthetic and technical elements of sound design;
(4) Audio field recording; and
(5) Non-linear audio editing and post-production techniques.
Prerequisite: 125
133 Video Production [Application]
This course introduces students to the basics of digital video production. Topics covered include: (1) introduction to film language and sound design, (2) video camera basics and video-production workflow, (3) cinematography and lighting, (4) non-linear video editing, and (5) post-production techniques. Prerequisite: 125
143 Advanced Media Production I [Application]
This course is a continuation of media skills and concepts developed in 132 and 133. These are upper-division media courses that delve into areas of specialization and advanced applications in media production. Possible topics include web design, digital photography, motion graphics, video game design, animation, DVD authoring, and advanced audio engineering. Prerequisite: 132 or 133
144 Advanced Media Production II
This course is a continuation of media skills and concepts developed in 143. These are upper-division media courses that delve into areas of specialization and advanced applications in media production. Possible topics include web design, digital photography, motion graphics, video game design, animation, DVD authoring, and advanced audio engineering. Prerequisite: 143
147 Persuasion
This course examines the theory and practice of persuasive communication in a variety of forms ranging from public relations campaigns to visual media, political debate, film, fiction, religion, and music. Course emphasizes the utility of classical and modern rhetorical frameworks for understanding contemporary persuasive efforts in a broad range of contexts, as well as other persuasive theories, including Robert Cialdini's influence theory, Sherif's social judgment theory, and Miller's information processing theory.
158 Film
This course examines film history and film theory through the lens of communication. As a dominant mode of communication and as a major art form, the study of film itself ranges from theatrically-based Hollywood films to digital cinema. This course emphasizes the centrality of film to the visual imagination and the development of visual culture.
161 Communication and Social Justice [Application]
This course engages the power of communication as a transformative act. In the pursuit of social justice, communication can be a tool, a weapon and a witness on behalf of community service, social change and political struggle. The role of communication in relation to social justice is not just studied abstractly, but passionately practiced and embodied through real-world projects and first-hand experiences. This course involves a service-learning component.
163 Seminar in Special Topics
These are topical, special interest courses exploring an area of study or particular problem in the field of communication. Topics cover the range of communication theory, rhetoric and persuasion, law and public policy, and visual media.
170 Communication Management [Application]
The development of techniques and strategies for formal rhetorical argument as applied to informal and formal group processes in contemporary businesses. Includes communication management within multicultural settings, discussion and analysis of organizational needs assessment, communication auditing, and decision-making.
190 Student Media Practicum (.25)
One quarter academic credit may be applied to student participation in radio, video, visual, film, journalism, internship, digital media, public relations, advertising or independent study. Macken Collegiate Forensics Program may be taken for full or fractional credit. Please Note: Does not satisfy an area requirement.
195 Internship
Work in an appropriate internship position in the field of communication, under the supervision of a faculty member. Normally open only to communication majors in the senior year, with approval of the department chair and supervising instructor. Majors may qualify with a B average or better. Please Note: Does not satisfy an area requirement in the pre-2012 general education requirements.
197 Special Study
An independent study or research course for upper-division majors with a B average or better in communication courses. Permission of the instructor and department chair required.


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General Information
- Name: Al Haram Masjid USA
- Type: Mosque
- Address: 3134 E 205th St, The Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- City/Locality, State: The Bronx, New York
- Established: Unknown
- Madhab (School of thought): Sunni
- Language Services: English
Local Date/Time Now
Feb 28, 2020 06:41 PM
(Timezone: America/New_York, Daylight Savings Time is not in effect)
Prayer Times
Embed on your website
(Waqt and Iqamah)
Seems we do not have verified iqamah times for one or more prayers. Please help fellow muslims by submitting iqamah times. Submit Iqamah Times
Odhu (wash)
- Adequate Odhu (wash) facilities
- Restrooms are available
- Shower facility may not be available.
- Nearby streets parking only
- Parking may be easily available
Facilities for Women
- Prayer space available in completely separate prayer hall.
- Odhu facilities available.
- Restrooms available.
- Shared entrance.
Wheelchair accessiblity
- Accessibility is unknown.


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1. Set up automatic bill pay reminders.
If you're not paying your bills on time, you're hurting your credit score. A late payment is never good, but the later the payment, the worse off you'll be. The occasional 30- or even 60-day late payment won't hurt your credit score too much, but just one 90-day late payment can damage your credit for up to seven years. The reason for this is that your credit is actually based not on the action of paying late, but on the likelihood that you're going to pay a bill late, according to Credit.com. Once you make one 90-day late payment, lenders assume you're more likely to be late, causing them to drive down your score.
To avoid getting into a situation where you're not making on-time payments, use a bill reminder and digital life organization service, such as Manilla.com, which sends you bill reminders when it's time to pay. Not only does this help keep your credit in line, but it also helps you avoid wasting money on late fees.
2. Monitor your credit report.
Check your credit report at least once a year to ensure there are no errors, fraud or issues of identity theft. One little mistake dinging your credit score could cost you the ability to buy a house, take out a personal loan, open a credit card and even get a job. Use a service like CreditSesame.com to check your credit score whenever you want for free. You can also use the service to purchase your credit report.
3. Diversify your credit.
Having a variety of different types of credit—credit cards, a mortgage, student loans, etc.—can give your score the boost you're after. "A credit report that reflects a mix of various types of loans shows lenders that you can readily manage your credit and can help boost your credit score," says Tony Wahl, credit expert for CreditSesame.com. "If you have only one type of credit—like a student loan—consider diversifying your credit with a credit card or auto loan."
4. Put more money toward loans.
If you've co-signed a loan for your child's education, you're accepting full responsibility for the debt if your child is unable to pay, so it appears in your credit report and it affects your score. To expedite the student loan repaying process to ensure the bills are always paid on time, you or your student can join Upromise by Sallie Mae, which is a rewards program from which you can earn cash back on purchases and apply the money directly toward the student loan balance. For instance, if you go through Upromise to shop on sites like BestBuy.com, Target.com or Expedia.com, you could earn 5% cash back that would go directly toward loan payments.
5. Keep your credit utilization ratio in check.
You may have heard that you should never close a line of credit because it could really hurt your credit score. In actuality, the action of closing the card isn't what's hurting it—it's what closing it could do to your credit utilization ratio. This ratio is the percentage of your credit limit that you actually use each month. So, for example, if your credit limit is $10,000 and you spend $1,000 on your credit cards each month, your utilization ratio is 10%, which is where it should be, according to FICO.
Here's how closing a credit card could affect it. Let's say you have three credit cards—one with a $2,000 limit, one with a $5,000 limit and one with a $10,000 limit, and among all of them, you spend around $1,700 each month, keeping your utilization ratio at 10%. But then, you decide to close the card with the $10,000 limit because you never really use it. If you continue to use the other two cards to spend $1,700 each month, your utilization ratio soars to almost 25%, which could cause your credit score to go down.
6. Adjust your budget.
Paying off your balance in full each month is essential to improving your credit, but if it's not possible to do so, you should come up with a plan to pay down your debt as quickly as possible. Rework your budget to see where you could cut back on spending so you can add more to your debt payments each month.
Sarah Kaufman is the editor-in-chief of The Manilla Folder at Manilla.com, the leading, free and secure service that helps you simplify and organize your daily life. Using just one password, Manilla lets you manage your finances, utilities, daily deals, travel and rewards programs, Netflix and magazine subscriptions, and more—all through Manilla.com or the top-rated iOS and mobile apps. Sarah is also a regular contributor to Yahoo! Finance, Good Housekeeping, The Motley Fool, The Jane Dough and other major sites. For more debt and credit tips, visit The Manilla Folder.


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The glass industry annually produces 21 million tons of consumer goods valued at $28 billion. Energy costs for this volume of goods account for approximately 15 percent of production costs. Theoretically, glassmaking requires about 2.2 million BTUs of energy per ton of glass, but usually more than twice that amount is actually used due to various system losses.
Read Full Article


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Darren Criss is mourning the loss of Glee costar Cory Monteith. Two days after learning of Monteith's tragic death, the 26-year-old actor attended a screening of his new movie, Girl Most Likely, at Landmark Sunshine Cinema in New York City on Monday, July 15.
As a tribute to Monteith, Criss wore a black ribbon on the collar of his gray suit, which can symbolize remembrance or mourning. An attendee tells Us Weekly that Criss "looked rather sad and somber" during the event. "He only smiled when he as posing for photos and obviously wanted to get off the carpet as soon as possible," the insider says.
Though Criss did attend the screening, the singer canceled has canceled his July 16 appearance on Live with Kelly & Michael. Glee costar Matthew Morrison also has canceled his performance on the show scheduled for July 18.
A source previously told Us that Morrison, 34, dedicated a song to Monteith during his encore engagement of Up Close and Personal with Matthew Morrison at 54 Below in NYC on July 14. Before the show started, the insider tells Morrison told the crowd, "'We lost a great young man too soon.' He said Cory was a beautiful person."
Monteith was found dead in his Vancouver hotel on July 13 at the age of 31. The British Columbia Corner's office told Us they "might" have an update on his cause of death on July 16, but that "final cause of death might be several days or even a couple of weeks after that."
For access to all our exclusive celebrity videos and interviews – Subscribe on YouTube!


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Census Records for Maine
This entry was originally written by Alice Eichholz, Ph.D., CG for Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources.
Population Schedules
• Indexed'1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930
• Soundex'1880, 1900, 1920
Ancestry.com has digitized images of the entire U.S. Federal Census Schedules 1790-1930 and created searchable indexes for the images. This collection can be accessed at U.S. Federal Census Collection.
Industry and Agriculture Schedules
• 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880
Mortality Schedules
• 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880
Union Veterans Schedules
• 1890
Although Maine was part of Massachusetts until the 1820 census, for research purposes the National Archives catalogs the 1790, 1800, and 1810 federal censuses under Maine. The 1800 censuses for some towns in Hancock and Kennebec indicate where the person resided before immigrating to Maine. A date of emigration is given for some people in Kennebec although this was not consistently noted for Hancock. See Walter Goodwin Davis, 'Part of Hancock County, Maine, in 1800,' New England Historical and Genealogical Register 105 (1951): 204-13, 276-91. All of the above census records are at the Maine State Archives on microfilm, and are widely available at other repositories and online through Internet subscription databases. York County is incomplete on the 1800 census, half of Oxford County is missing in 1810, and Houlton Plantation returns are missing for Washington County, 1820.
In 1837 a state census enumerating heads of households was taken, but only Bangor, Portland, and unincorporated towns survive on microfilm at the Maine State Archives. The Maine Historical Society Library holds the volume enumerating the town of Eliot.
External Links
- Maine Census Records - free up-to-date guide to accessing Maine census records. Identifies federal, state, and colonial censuses, as well as substitute records (FamilySearch Research Wiki).


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Find Our Latest Video Reviews on YouTube!
If you want to stay on top of all of our video reviews of the latest tech, be sure to check out and subscribe to the Gear Live YouTube channel, hosted by Andru Edwards! It's free!
GameOptics LCD Display
Posted by Oscar M. Cantu Categories: Peripherals,
Do your friends and family complain that you seclude yourself from the world when you are busy fragging away? Put an end to those complaints with the GameOptics X1620! This USB LCD interacts with your software such as Instant Messengers, POP email, music programs, stocks, local weather information, memos, and even display system information such as CPU usage/Memory usage/IP information. All that while playing your favorite game. The X1620 displays all that information through the use of a 2 line yellow/green display. I'm not sure if a 2 line display is enough to carry on a conversation on your favorite IM client, but at least it will bring some people one step closer to enjoying life outside of Half-Life 2 and Doom 3.
Read More | Think Geek
SPAMSHIRT: Spam Your Body
Posted by Andru Edwards Categories: Wearables,
People have always said "If you can't beat 'em, join 'em" (at least they say it on TV a lot). Spam has certainly been a thorn in the side of just about every Internet user in this modern age. Instead of getting upset, how about stealing those catchy spam email subjects and making shirts out of them? That is exactly what SPAMSHIRT allows you to do. You can now sport all your favorite spam subjects, like "Fr-e.e Ci@l1s 4 U!", right on your chest.
(Thanks illwon!)
Read More | SPAMSHIRT
Yahoo! Not Pledging Full Firefox Support
Posted by Andru Edwards Categories: Internet,
Looks like the Yahoo! official from the company's Australian offices was incorrect when they said that Yahoo! plans to ensure that all current and future services would be checked for full Firefox compatibility. Someone from the US office overruled that claim, saying that Firefox is still a relatively new technology, and some services just flat out might not work for the browser. Oh well.
Read More | The Inquirer
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Toshiba's 4GB MP3 Player
Posted by Oscar M. Cantu Categories: Portable Audio / Video,
Toshiba is currently working on a MP3 player that will utilize its new 0.85 inch 4GB hard drive. The picture was taken by AV Watch Japan at CEBIT. You can see that the unit does not have an LCD, and uses a remote control for its functions. The unit even appears to be upgradeable via an SD memory card. Hopefully Toshiba can rework its design to provide us with a better looking final product. Nonetheless, it's good to see that MP3 players are getting smaller without sacrificing drive space. We can only dream of the day when we are able to see a 20GB MP3 player which is the size of today's USB flash drives.
Read More | Dapreview
Lighted Underwear: A New Trend?
Posted by Oscar M. Cantu Categories: Wearables,
Could lighted underwear be the next big thing? Back in November we told you about GloThong, a glow in the dark thong. Now we bring you LED underwear by Puff-Buff. Much like the GloThong, expect to see these designs on the night club scene in the not so distant future. If clubbin just ain't yo thang, perhaps using the garment as a night light for some late night reading would be a more viable alternative.
Read More | Puff-Buff Designs
PSP Games Now Available At EB Games
Posted by Oscar M. Cantu Categories: Video Games,
While you can't pick up a Sony PSP from EB Games just yet, apparently they already have some games in stock and ready for sale. That's right, if you can't wait until Thursday to get your hands on one of 2005's hottest gadgets, head on over to your local EB Games store and pick up a game or two, close your eyes, and pretend you are playing that oh-so-coveted expensive gadget. Even better news is that EB Games is expecting to receive some PSPs as early as Monday to prepare for Thursday's release day. Sony sure wants to make sure its highly anticipated portable releases with as little problems as possible. Be sure to get your desktop countdown wallpaper to see the seconds melt away until the PSP launch.
Read More | GadgetMadness
GM To Support iPods
Posted by Oscar M. Cantu Categories: Portable Audio / Video,
GM wants to tap in to the Apple iPod market with its announcement of a new feature for some of its 2006 lineup. GM will now add an auxiliary channel and a front mounted auxiliary input jack. This will allow iPod users (as well as other audio player owners) to listen to their tunes via the stock stereo. The stereos will be offered as standard equipment on the 2006 models of Chevy HHR, Impala and Monte Carlo; Saturn VUE and ION; Pontiac Solstice; Buick Lucerne; and Cadillac DTS with other models seeing the new addition over the next few years. GM vehicles with DVD players will also allow an iPod or other audio device to be played though the on board stereo with the use of an adapter. GM is definitely making the right move in supporting these popular gadgets, but will this be the deciding factor when purchasing a new vehicle?
Read More | GM Press Release
Nintendo Revolution to Use Touchscreen Controllers?
Posted by Andru Edwards Categories: Video Games,
Still wondering what makes Nintendo's next console so revolutionary? It seems the ace up Nintendo's sleeve might be touchscreen controllers…I wonder how much one of these will cost to replace. The story is that the newest issue of Game Informer has a lengthy article on the all of the next gen consoles, including the one from the Big N. A touchscreen with no analog stick or shoulder buttons, fully customizable so the developer can configure the buttons any way they see fit. This could be great if developers decide that they want to create contrller configurations in addition to games. This does seem to make sense seeing as how the touch screen is currently being used in the DS. The thing is, though, that the technology hasn't been used in this way before. This also might be an answer to Iwata's statement that developers may be wary of the new technology on the Revolution.
Read More | Game Informer Article Scan
Yahoo Pledging Full Firefox Support
Posted by Andru Edwards Categories: Internet,
Yahoo! has made it known that they are going to ensure that all of their web products and services will be fully compatible with the Firefox browser. In fact, they will not release any new services until they are tested and confirmed to work on both Internet Explorer and Firefox browser platforms. This is great news, as many of Yahoo's features were previously only available to those running IE. This bit of news is just more proof that Firefox has what it takes. Hey, Microsoft - Internet Explorer 7 better be one hell of a piece of work.
EDIT: Looks like Yahoo! mispoke on this one.
Read More | News.com
Apple Wants 10% For Made For iPod Seal
Posted by Andru Edwards Categories: Corporate News,
In another wonderful turn of events, it appears that Apple wanted to charge companies who want to use the Made for iPod seal on their products 10% of the retail price on each item sold. After someone realized that this idea probably wouldn't fly, Apple changed its stance - now they only want 10% of the wholesale price. This is all probably because the iPod has been such a failure, and Apple has made barely anything on the rogue device. Charging a whopping 10% of the wholesale price just might help move the iPod into the mainstream market, while helping to get its name out there. Right.
(Thanks TheNewDeal!)
Read More | Cnet
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Shukk Episode 14 - ARY Zindagi Drama
1 Views
21 Jan 2020
Mistrust and jealousy are the biggest relationship killers. Drama
Serial "SHUKK" fosters the same philosophy. The story revolves
around three pivotal characters; Sherish, Ehtisham and Sania.
Sehrish and Ehtisham being a happily married couple have
always kept their relation free from all sort of deceit and dubiety,
despite being deprived of a child. But unfortunately an accidental
encounter of the couple with Sania, who was once engaged to
Ehtisham but is now married to Ali, infused a high level of
conflict and distrust in their relation. This suspicion not only
ruins the life of Sehrish and Ehtisham but also spoiled the bond
of love and affection between Sania and Ali, forcing Sania to face
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Hi! I'm back with another tutorial, this time requested by Dizzy_Duckie. This will teach you how to draw Swiftkill, a wolf from an awesome onine Graphic Novel called The Blackblood Alliance. Hope this helps those who are having trouble drawing her :D for this tutorial I used Paint.Net, but it doesn't realy matter what you use, pencil and paper or Photoshop it's all good.
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


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You know what sold me on the original Prototype? Protagonist Alex Mercer leaping onto a helicopter and punching his way inside. I'm sure Prototype 2's James Heller is a compelling new hero, but what about the whirlybirds? Ah yes, here they are.
Radical Entertainment and Activision, keen on the importance of proper helicopter destruction and hijacking to the game's success, have released a selection of screens and a pair of videos demonstrating how Heller will interact with the game's true starts.
Explosively, it seems, is the order of the day. That's just fine.
Prototype 2 is due out April 24 in North America. I'm holding out for helicopter action figures.


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Glint in Patina Embroidered Cotton Eyelet Drapery Fabric by Bravo. This is a high-end sheer drapery fabric. Uses include swags, window scarves and drapery panels. Note: sheer fabrics are photographed with a dark backdrop to better display any pattern.
- Width: 54" (inches)
- Pattern Repeat in Inches: (VxH) 1x1
- Fiber Content: Polyester
- Note: The price is per yard in this listing


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Cut down a tree. Drive a screw into a 2x4. Cut the wire to your demo charge and crimp the...whatever needs crimping thingy.
Then make a call.
Task One is currently on IndieGoGo. It's a multi-tool case for your iPhone, containing 16 tools made of aircraft aluminum, tool steels and polycarbonate. The tools are folded into an aircraft aluminum housing connected to your iPhone though polycarbonate bands and secured by spring assemblies. There is a raised bezel on the front of the screen to keep it undamaged when the tools are deployed.
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Assuming the case itself provides some sort of impact protection, I think this could be an interesting purchase, particularly for those who routinely carry a multi-tool as part of their EDC.
I'm going to pre-order one Indie GoGo and will advise what it's like when I have it in hand.
The Task One will be available in Slate Grey, Jet Black, Cherry Red and Orange Flame.
Tools include:
- 2.5" knife with 0.75" of serrations
- 1.8" Sawblade
- Small flathead screwdriver
- Large flathead screwdriver
- Medium Phillips screwdriver
- Needle-nose pliers
- Wire cutters
- 6 metric Allen wrenches
- Wire stripper
- 120mm ruler (110mm on iPhone 4/4s)
- Bottle opener
- Kickstand