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Computers provide connections for older adults
The rapid evolution of computers makes it challenging for computer savvy users to keep up, but what about older Americans? How useful are computers to the aging population? As the rate of technology change accelerates, there is a need to understand how older adults use technology and what factors influence their adoption of new technology.
A team of researchers from Georgia Tech and Florida State University are investigating the perceptions older adults have of the usefulness of computers as a communication tool. This study, being presented at the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, examined the degree to which demographic variables, technology and computer experience, and the perceived importance of an activity for older adults quality of life influenced the older adults perceived importance of the computer for communication activities.
Wendy Rogers, Georgia Tech School of Psychology professor and principal investigator on the NIH-funded project, explained, This research will broaden our understanding of technology acceptance for older adults. Our findings will help guide the design of future systems as well the development of better instruction and training for current computer systems.
Although some findings were anticipated based on previous work, the research did uncover some unexpected results that may lead to future research.
One of the more surprising findings was that within this sample of older adults, the oldest individuals found a computer more useful for communication activities, said John Burnett, a graduate student on the research team. There could be several reasons for this finding, and it deserves more research.
According to Burnett, It could be that older computer users are less mobile and therefore more likely to find certain types of communication tools more important to them.
Researchers believe that this type of research is important because it has implications for how products are developed and how the United States designs for an aging population.
It is not that older adults are afraid of technology, but maybe that technology is not designed in a way this is useful to or usable by older adults. It could also be that older adults are not aware of some of the potential benefits of these communication technologies, Burnett said.
The research showed that those surveyed preferred certain types of computer communication. Email and emailing photos were the most important communication tool for those older adults surveyed, whereas video conferencing and social networking were not as important.
The research revealed that older adults generally strongly preferred specific computer-based communication technologies. For designers, this would suggest a need for making technologies more usable for older adults. For example, including video conferencing or forums that are difficult to use or poorly understood by the user may only increase the complexity of a computer, making its use less likely.
Burnett suggests, A comprehensive assessment of user needs and preferences for activities can assist designers in developing computer-based communication technologies that older adults perceive as being more useful.


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What You Should Know About DIATHERMY (Jul, 1957)
What You Should Know About DIATHERMY
New rigid controls enforced by FCC prevent communication snag EARLY IN 1954, a Chicago housewife innocently became responsible for the murder of a bank guard and the subsequent escape of the criminal with over $10,000 in unmarked Federal bills. Her rented diathermy machine had jammed radio police calls emanating from a local police transmitter, preventing the prowl cars from receiving the robbery tip-off in time.
In the same year, the FCC published warnings that illegal diathermy machines had been known to interfere with instrument landing signals, causing the crash of at least one large airliner, and had blocked a nearby radar screen used by airports to prevent midair collisions. Another terrifying story was told of a doctor's ultra-short-wave machine which had thrown a guided missile—the new Army NIKE—off its course and started it homing toward the doctor's office itself. Only at the last moment was the tragedy averted by emergency control from the ground.
These machines that bedevil radio communications are strange crossbreeds between the dissimilar sciences of electronics and medicine. Their history and present use are filled with hopeful promise for the art of healing, yet clouded by so many false notions that it seems timely to sift fact from fancy and tell plainly what these machines can and cannot do.
"Live" Test Rig. The idea of beaming a concentrated field of radio waves into the human body may seem odd at first. But we must remember that the science of electricity has from its beginnings been allied with biology. The twitching frog leg was the first indicator of electric current, long before the electroscope or other indicating instruments were invented. The effect of electricity on living organisms has ever since been a subject of research.
Convulsion—the sickening cramp most of us have experienced as an "electric shock"—was the only known human reaction to electricity. This occurred with direct current or with alternating current of low frequency, such as ordinary, 60-cycle house current. Toward the end of the last century, fast-turning generators made it possible to step up the alternating current to several thousand cycles per second. It was then discovered that such currents did not cause the familiar and often lethal convulsion.
The French scientist d'Arsonval (remembered chiefly for his invention of the modern meter movement) experimented courageously along these lines, with himself as chief guinea pig. In 1891, using a ¦ newly invented spark-gap generator, he revved up his a.c. to a million cycles. Then he did something seemingly suicidal. He hooked himself into the circuit, holding a light bulb to see if he was "drawing juice." Everyone was shocked except d'Arsonval. When the bulb lit up, all he felt was a pleasant, relaxing warmth deep inside his body. D'Arsonval didn't know it, but he had just given himself the world's first diathermy treatment.
Brief Hope. Radio, the new wonder of the 1920's, provided the next big push.
Vacuum-tube oscillators made it possible to control the frequency used for medical treatment within narrow limits, rather than spray out a broad band as did the old spark generator. Particularly, the newly developed short-wave circuits suggested the possibility of aiming focused radio beams at diseased parts of the body.
In 1924, Dr. Schereschewsky succeeded in killing a malignant tumor with 150-megacycle waves. This announcement created a sensation. It was front-page news to the public. Even medical journals dreamed of bloodless surgery, in which the short-wave electrode would replace the knife. To doctors and the public alike, this seemed like the millenium of medicine. For the surgeon's knife, though it can halt decay and sometimes repair damage, can never accomplish positive good. Surgeons themselves, though confident and practiced in their art, often share their patients' sense of mystic dread—for cutting of the living body brings to mind that all flesh is mortal and that the realm of medicine is ultimately powerless against the greater domain of death.
Yet medical hope fell as quickly as it rose. It was simply impossible to focus radio waves sharply enough to localize their effect to knife-edge exactness. Instead of becoming a substitute for surgery, short-wave therapy or diathermy simply remained a means of internal heat treatment.
The Healing Wave. In effect, shortwave diathermy is like a heating pad wrapped around a distressed organ or muscle inside the body. Doctors use the expression "point heating in depth" to describe the action. Such diathermy is now widely used to reduce inflammations of the internal organs, ease the pain of neuritis, neuralgia and bursitis. It has also been applied successfully in cases of pneumonia, tuberculosis and heart disease.
Just how it works, nobody knows. The patient is placed between antenna-type electrodes—but what happens within the body is still a mystery. We know that heat is generated by the motion of molecules, and apparently the molecules of the body are stirred into a fast jig by the fluctuations of the high-frequency field. But aside from mere heat, there seems to be some unique organic effect having to do with still unknown forms of physiological energy transformation.
Only within recent years has the science of physical chemistry begun to investigate the action of complex organic molecules when placed within fields of electric energy. Much remains to be learned. Meanwhile, diathermy is prescribed by countless doctors as a welcome pain-reliever and accelerator of natural healing.
Pain in the Neck. The new pain-soothers, however, created a new pain—right in the neck of the FCC. Every day, thousands of these machines burst into the radio spectrum—into practically every part of it. From all over the country came a flood of complaints from the radio services that diathermy machines were jamming the communications frequencies.
The FCC took quick action. After consultation with medical authorities, the commission in 1947 assigned two specific frequencies to which the machines were to be confined: 27.12 mc. and 13.56 mc. At the same time, owners of existing machines were given until June 30, 1953, to get back their original investment. On that date, the old machines were to have been discarded. Yet in flagrant violation of these regulations, the onset of 1957 saw over 10,000 of these illegal machines still in operation. Such machines were evidently responsible for the incidents reported at the outset.
FCC-approved machines must be fully shielded and metal-enclosed, must stay on frequency and not radiate spurious or harmonic frequencies. Notice that the permissible frequencies—27.12 and 13.56 mc.— are already harmonically related so that a diathermy operating on the lower frequency can produce a second harmonic only on the other diathermy frequency, thus limiting the chances of interference.
Safety Circuits. Modern diathermy machines employ special filters consisting of heavy choke coils and capacitors to prevent any radiation other than the approved 27.12 mc. to pass as interference through the over-all shield. The signal itself is usually generated by a push-pull oscillator of the grounded plate "TNT" type (tuned plate/untuned grid). The frequency of oscillation is preset at the factory by means of a shunt bar sliding along the center-tap rods of the plate tank circuit.
Unusual circuit features protect the patient. Most high-power oscillators are operated with their cathodes grounded; in this case, the plates of the oscillator tubes are grounded to the shielding enclosure, chassis, and all other metal structures, while the cathodes (filaments in this circuit) are made highly negative with respect to ground. Thus, should the pickup coils of the output circuit somehow become shorted to the tuning coils, the electrodes will still be at ground potential and the patient will not be in danger of possible electrocution!
After placing the patient between two suitable electrodes, the machine is tuned until a milliammeter in the plate circuit swings to maximum. This shows that the entire load circuit, including the patient himself, is in resonance with the oscillator. In effect, the patient acts as a dielectric between the electrodes.
Although the FCC has approved several different models of self-excited oscillator diathermies, some manufacturers claim that such equipment can never be relied upon to remain on the legal frequency. These manufacturers swear by crystal-controlled units which provide pin-point frequency stability and remove all the guesswork during the life of the machine regardless of tube changes or dislocation of wiring or components. As for output power, about 400 watts is considered by the medical profession as just about right to produce deep-seated heating in bone and cartilage tissue.
The erstwhile "miracle of medicine" that sprang directly from radio experimentation is now shorn of false claims and unreasonable expectation. Yet its very real merits have earned for it a firm and respected place in the doctor's office for specific, limited application. In the home, diathermy equipment should be used only on a doctor's advice. In either case, increasing public dependence on radio-operated devices demands that every diathermy user know the necessary precautions to safeguard radio service from interference.

subset: commoncrawl


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Brian McGrory
BC = better contribute
By Brian McGrory Globe Columnist / April 16, 2010
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Suppose for a second that the ball fell through Gerard Phelan's fingertips and bounced to the Orange Bowl turf on that famous November afternoon in 1984, the Miracle in Miami rendered but a dream. (Full article: 664 words)
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For my Grandmother's birthday today, I thought I would put together a picture history of her life from the photos I have. I don't think I will write a whole lot, just share photos of her life in chronological order, as much as I can. I hope you enjoy it.
Colleen Mary Andra was born 27 May 1928 in Preston, Franklin, Idaho to Mary Louise Wanner and William Fredrick Andra. The fifth child to her parents. She married Wilburn Norwood Jonas 27 September 1946 in Elko, Elko, Nevada. Three children were born to her and Norwood; Douglas in 1952, Sandra in 1954, and Jackie in 1960. After he died in 1975, she remarried Evan Kay Elliott 9 April 1976 in Idaho Falls, Bonneville, Idaho. After their divorce around 1987, she married Ivan "Bud" Walter Lloyd 31 January 1998 in Dingle, Bear Lake, Idaho. She died in Boise, Ada, Idaho 14 November 1999 and was buried in Dingle on the 18th.


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Whitmire says he was target of death plot
State Sen. John Whitmire, who leads the committee in charge of Texas prisons and whose crusade to block cellphone calls from prisons is coming to fruition, said an informant told authorities that a prison gang was trying to kill him.
The Houston Democrat learned of the "hit" last Wednesday morning and that it came from the Polunsky Unit - the location of the state's "supermax" cells and Texas death row. Texas Department of Criminal Justice officials had been attempting to reach him since late Tuesday.
"(The Mexican Mafia) were fairly unhappy with the conditions on death row," the senator said. "The Mexican Mafia - they play for keeps. It is a very dangerous prison gang."
He believes the threat, if credible, is related to his efforts to jam cellphone calls from behind bars.
"I'm taking it very serious because it's the only smart thing to do," he said. Texas Department of Criminal Justice officials informed him that they've taken certain measures.
The senator said he was told the hit would take place in a Mexican restaurant that he frequents and that a Mexican Mafia member wanted to negotiate for two years off his sentence.
Whitmire received the news within hours of the world learning about the death of Colorado corrections chief Tom Clements, who was gunned down at his home. The suspected shooter, Evan Ebel, died in a gunfight with authorities in north Texas.
"That gave it special significance," Whitmire said.
The senator has received prisoner threats before. In 2008, a death row inmate made threatening calls to him, prompting Gov. Rick Perry to order an unprecedented lockdown of the entire 150,000-inmate system - the nation's largest - to sweep for contraband.
In 2008, officials confiscated at least 19 cellphones from death-row prisoners, who are held in isolation and are forbidden contact with the outside world.
Murderer Richard Tabler called Whitmire to request a pro-bono attorney to revisit his case and to coax prison officials to allow him to see his mother and grandmother. The killer, who confessed to slaying a pair of teen girls and two adult men in 2004, told Whitmire he knew where the senator's daughters lived.
Whitmire also said he may be targeted for helping to end a special final meal for condemned prisoners.
Though Whitmire is taking precautions, he plans to be at work Tuesday in the Capitol.
"My main concern is my family," he said. "They are being taken care of."
According to an Associated Press report, Texas corrections officials seized 630 cellphones from inmates in 2011 and 738 last year, including 110 from the Stiles unit.
Texas prison officials could not be reached for comment.


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The organic Navy Blue carrier is awesome as expected. You can use it up to 45 pounds! Both the body and lining are made of 100% organic cotton. It is lightweight and rolls up nicely to fit inside your diaper bag. There is a small pouch on the front of the carrier which houses the sleeping hood. There is also a zippered pouch on the front to store small accessories.
I love that one can use the Ergobaby carrier in three positions: front, hip and back. The carry is ergonomic meaning that proper facing-in spread-squat seating position supports baby's hip, pelvis, and spinal development. I primarily used the carrier in front and back with Kenzie. The carrier also have a wide range of fit: Adults from 5' to 6'5" body height. To wear the carrier in the front just buckle on waist, place tot in carrier facing you, pull shoulder straps over shoulders and buckle behind. So simple and quick. It works in the same manner for the back carry but you just flip the carrier around. I love the generous size of the sleeping hood (you can see it is almost the length of the carrier). It snaps onto the shoulders with ease.


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There was a time when I just lived for glitter liners but now – those days have gone. Nowadays the glitter liner is saved for special occasions and for days when I can't see properly…
"Did you do your make up in the dark?"
MeMeMe's rather cute offering is the Flitter me Up dual ended eyeliners, launched as limited edition products.
There are 5 shades to choose from, I have two Xenon and Neon:
So one side is a regular bright liquid eyeliner the other side is a complimentary glitter eyeliner. Mix and match as you please, my friends, mix and match…
I have a fear of crap liquid eyeliners I really do. I hate insipid watery formulas that are clearly not pigmented enough and take forever to dry. This is what a lot of liquid eyeliners are like. That is why I love my Japanese formula liquid liners and gel liners so much…
The plain side isn't up to much – you can see it's medium pigmented and watery – just the kind of formula I am not a fan of. The glitter side is better, the Neon glittery blue side is gorgeous as you can see – like proper mermaid territory. The NYX glitter liners are quite similar in texture and consistency.
The only way I would personally use the plain side is as a base or liquid eyeshadow – not as a liner.
Anyway that's what I did with Neon. It's lovely! I basically used the liquid as a base and smudged the glitter in on top:
Yes yes, my eyes are red, I am very tired. They should put 'Tired' into questionnaire forms, so that you can tick things like FEMALE, ASIAN and TIRED when describing yourself.
Creasing is a big issue here as you can see. If I was wearing this out I would lightly powder my eye, use an eye primer then apply this to reduce creasing somewhat. Otherwise…it's too creasy to wear out – creasing eyeshadow makes you look like a greaseball, no?
Overall I think this is a cute idea, aimed at the teens. I would use the glittery side again but not the plain.
Buy here for £4.99 each.


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Long awaited, much hyped, you'll finally be able to throw down with goalies in NHL 12, out next month. We look forward to having these every game, despite the fact that they happen once or twice every year in the real world (EA Sports: It's In The Game!), but this is kind of underwhelming. Maybe it's the lack of buildup: real goalie fights are the final escalation of a mass brawl, and are heralded by the arena losing its collective mind as the netminders skate slowly to center ice. All that's missing here.
Or maybe it's the wall-eyed Luongo.


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Thread: 1000 most common thai words used
05-03-15, 07:13 AM #41Senior Member
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Re: 1000 most common thai words used
It is a good list! In fact it's the best one I've seen and I've got all those previous lists too.
Taking into consideration he was working OFF Chula's 2013 list and given the breakdown of categories they used in compiling their list is;academic texts, non-academic, news, fiction, law, and miscellaneous. They make up 28.6%, 16.7%, 15.2%, 22.8%, 3.9%, and 12.6% of the total count (the exact composition changes slightly after deleting entries and also for each version of the raw list, but these are approximate numbers),
Now as far as the word ทรง. Every single gurl (who wears a brassiere) knows the word ยกทรง! . Also anyone who's ever changed the style of their hair would know it as ทรงผม. To a lesser extent it's used for "remembering" ทรงจำ, and for "having knowledge or being qualified for" ทรงคุณวุฒิ.. Again the last ones aren't used but the first two are...
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Grandview's Greg Bird signs with Yankees for $1.1 million
Grandview catcher Greg Bird has signed with the Yankees organization, bypassing his commitment to Arkansas.
Bird got a signing bonus of $1.1 million, according to Baseball American's Jim Callis. Yesterday was the final day 2011 draft picks could sign with the team that selected them.
Bird may project to first base at the major league level. He's 6-foot-4 and 210 pounds — big for a catcher. He hit .553 with 12 homers and 38 RBI for Grandview last season.


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Hey there. It's the end of the week and I'm sure you're dying to get out of the office, so we're gonna try and help make the rest of your day bearable. For the next hour, the entire Giz staff will be hovering around this thread, willing to shoot the shit about whatever your little hearts desire. What do you all want to talk about?
Image via Shutterstock/IR Stone


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I became a traveling midwife after I realized that in Kansas the choices were limited. I have traveled as far as 4 hours to a birth. I am willing to travel because I do believe that women need a choice in childbirth care, and sometimes it can be challenging for families in rural areas to find a midwife.
Because of the distance there are added criteria to my policies. And of course differences in my fees. I am willing to travel 4 hours or less. I am also willing to look at any creative ideas that you may have. I am currently in the Colorado Springs area. I am a certified professional midwife (CPM), and am awaiting my license in the state of Colorado. Thank you for considering my services and congratulations on seeking options in childbirth.
Please visit my website for more detailed information about my practice in Colorado Springs.
Thank your for considering my services and congratulations on seeking options in childbirth. There are many to choose from. It is one of the most important events in your life, and it is at least equally important that you choose the birth option that is best for you. Enjoy your pregnancy.
Dana Allen McLaren, CPM


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Bruce Jackson in The Buffalo News
Tuesday, May 21, 2013
A fractured look at the sprawling life and career of Bruce Jackson by Colin Dabkowski
Read more at www.BuffaloNews.com
If you ask longtime University at Buffalo professor, photographer and writer Bruce Jackson a question about his life or career, there's a good chance he'll respond with a quote from a beloved film or a famous friend.
"You ask me a question about how I got into this, I tell you a story," Jackson said in a conversation in the Burchfield Penney Art Center, where his photography exhibition, "Being There," hangs through June 16. "My friend John Barth used to say, 'The story of your life is not your life; it's your story.' "
The particular patchwork story of Jackson's life now on view in the center's towering east gallery – captured in photographs of life on death row and on prison farms, landscapes of the Alaskan and Mexican wilderness and the great thinkers whose lives intersected with Jackson's – is a jumble of information that seems destined to confound newcomers to Jackson's life and work. It is a collection of visual quotes from different periods in Jackson's life, held together by mostly invisible threads.
For those already familiar with Jackson's indispensable work in human rights, his innumerable books and articles on issues of local and national import and his far-reaching magnanimity and intelligence, this show is like flipping through a family photo album. For everyone else (which is to say: almost everyone), it is likely to seem scattershot.
The show, organized by Burchfield Penney curator Scott Propeack in collaboration with Jackson, confronts us with the individual beauty of Jackson's photographs, certainly. It lets us feel the vague weight and panoramic breadth of his career. But, by design, it doesn't tell us an awful lot about his individual accomplishments.
The show contains three bodies of work that bleed into one another: Jackson's prison photography, which he began in the '60s as a note-taking device and later developed into a major pillar of his multifarious career; his landscape photographs and studies of Buffalo's abandoned properties and light-drenched grain elevators; and a series of 166 candid or posed portraits of famous and less-than-famous figures.
The show also contains cases filled with objects and honors Jackson has collected, ranging from his nomination for a Grammy Award and his medals from French dignitaries to shanks from prison wardens around the country that give concrete form to the violence implied in many of his pictures.
As beautiful as Jackson's portraiture and landscape photographs can be, they pale in comparison to his phenomenal prison work – perhaps the grand achievement of his career. His panoramic images of the Cummins prison farm in Arkansas from the 1970s, shot on a Widelux F6B camera with a swiveling lens that allows for panoramic images with no distortion, evoke the fresh pain of slavery in a manner few other contemporary photographs have done.
The menace of the guards, whether on horseback or enjoying cool beverages as prisoners in stark white uniforms toil in the sweltering fields, practically bleeds through the frame. The photographs depict the prisoners as tiny figures hunched over cotton plants in the distance or, closer up, directing thousand-yard stares through the lens of Jackson's camera to a place far outside the prison walls.
Equally arresting is Jackson's body of work documenting prisoners' lives on Texas' death row in the late 1970s, a place where time becomes more of an abstraction than a reality.
"Death row is a prison unlike any other in that it's the only prison we have, other than Guantanamo, where time does not count," Jackson said. "You're not sentenced to time on death row, you're sentenced to be killed. So the time on death row is limbo."
And that sense of "timeless time," a phrase Jackson used for the title of one of his excellent recent books – co-authored with his wife, colleague and longtime collaborator Diane Christian – comes across in many of the era's photographs. It's visible in the cold but slightly wistful stare of Excell White, who was killed by the state in 1999 after decades of numb suffering, through the bars of his cell. You can sense it a color portrait of Kerry Max Cook, who was exonerated in 1997 on DNA evidence that proved he didn't commit the rape and murder for which he was convicted, and in an image of a pair of hands reaching through cell bars to play a game of dominoes.
Look at these pictures long enough, and you can almost hear the meaningless ticking of the meaningless clock.
They make the rest of the work seem like frosting.
Panoplies of portraits, arranged without frames in big blocks, communicate a sense of Jackson's ever-expanding social circle of cultural and political figures but not much else. There are sensitive portrayals of figures like philosopher Michel Foucault and comical shots of Jackson's friend and UB colleague Raymond Federman, among dozens and dozens of others.
Elsewhere, we see enormous enlargements of party scenes from Jackson's house, Buffalo's grain elevators and a photograph of a house made out of rocks shot on a 2011 trip to Salt Flat, Texas. None of this, nicely shot as it is, does much more than attempt to convince us that this man has done a great deal of living, thinking, writing and photographing.
Maybe that's as much as any attempt to capture a career as varied and productive as Jackson's is able to achieve. Even Jackson seemed to suggest as much, as he talked about the collection of business cards, awards and prison shanks on view in glass cases.
"You can't make sense of it. It's just a lot of stuff," he said of the contents of the cases. "But that's really what life is. You can't make sense of it; it is a lot of stuff. I talk to you, and I try to make it coherent. It's not."
Jackson, like his photographic muse Walker Evans and the author after whom his professorship at UB is named, James Agee, understands this in his bones. He knows that life is messy and confusing and doesn't always make the sort of sense you'd like it to make.
But not every museum exhibition works best as a scrapbook, as a fragmented poem like the Burchfield's recent show "McCallum Tarry: Intersections," or as a map with no key. "Being There" ends up as a tale, told by a genius, full of disparate memories, signifying too much to comprehend.


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The Caves in Matala. They were apparently used as housing by prehistoric people. Many of them contained rock-hewn tombs dating to the Greec-Roman times and the Early Christian period. They became popular after the 1970's, as they were a must see destination especially of young tourists.
Kamares cave, NE of the Kamares village, is situated on the southern slope of Mount Ida (or Psiloritis) at an altitude of 1520 m (the ascent to it takes 1 h). The cave was discovered in 1890 by a villager, while excavations conducted later (1913) by British archaeologists uncovered important Minoan findings; among the latter the most outstanding ones were abundant quantities of the famous Kamares ware, multicoloured pottery of the Middle Minoan period. Exquisite examples of this style of pottery were also found at the great palaces of Knossos and Phaistos. They are displayed at present in the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion. The cave, which served as a dwelling to Neolithic people, was dedicated to the worship of the great Minoan deity. A visit to the cave entails a long ascending walk.
Arkalochori cave. The Minoan sanctuary-cave, where many ceramics were found. Particularly impressive are the votive offerings - probably to some war deity, including swords, knives and a series of gold, silver and bronze double-bit axes, some of which bear engraved decoration. Also, there are signs suggesting that the cave had been destructed violently at the beginning of the Late Minoan Period.
Viglas Cave features stalactite and stalagmite formations. It served as a shelter during the Turkish occupation (13 km, passable road).
Northwest of Skotino village and after a route of approximately 2 km you will see Aghia Paraskevi cave. The cave's length in sectional view is 170 m and extends over 2.500 sq. m. Its touristic route is 40 m. Scientists have not systematically excavated the cave but after some studies it was revealed that during the Minoan period it was place of worship.
After its entrance you will see a great chamber called "Megas Naos" (Great Temple) (130m long, 33m wide and 30m high) where you will be amazed by its stalactites and stalagmites. Afterwards there is a descent of 6m leading to "Aditon". This is an underground chamber with dimensions 15x8x3 m. This rising pathway leads again to the first chamber but from different entrance. Between Vomos and Aditon is a pathway (12m long and 1,5-2,5m wide) leading to "Ethousa Latrias" (chamber of worship) (12x12x14m) that looks like a vault and has an amazing natural decoration. After going up for 4m you will enter "Ethousa Prosefchis" (chamber of pray) and after that you will see a small narrow chamber (locals call it "Ekklisaki" - small church). The descent to Adito is not advised as apart from its difficulty, its floor is a shelter for cave crickets and other cave animals which can feel threatened by human presence.
Sarchou Cave, alternatively referred to as CHONOS CAVE or NYCHTERIDOSPELIO, lies in Sarchos, 4.5 km to the N. It has about 300 m length, and is overhung with stalactites and filled with water.
Elithyia Cave (1 km S of Amnissos). It was also mentioned by Homer. One of the most important places of worship dedicated to Elithyia, goddess of childbirth. It was discovered in the late 19th century and was known to the locals as Neraidospilios (i.e. the cave of the fairy). It is oblong (60 m long and 9 to 12 m wide) and, as excavations proved (by archeologists Chatzidakis and Marinatos) it was place of worship from the Neolithic Era up to the 5th century B.C. (the ceramic findings depict all periods). Almost in the centre of the cave, there is a rectangular altar or nave, around two cylindrical stalagmites that remind human figures.
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Global Fixed Income Bulletin
March 20, 2019
Where To From Here?
Global Fixed Income Bulletin
Where To From Here?
March 20, 2019
February proved to be a month of consolidation after January's remarkable comeback. Performance in government bonds varied: U.S. Treasury and German government bond yields modestly increased, while Australian and Spanish government yields decreased. Nongovernment sectors also consolidated their stellar January performance. This is not surprising as markets needed to digest the flow of news: central banks becoming more dovish; economic data still weakening while geopolitical risks centered on U.S.-China trade negotiations and Brexit continued to hang over markets. Growing optimism that both issues are likely to be resolved in market-/economy-friendly ways also helped the rally in risk markets continue. But, as we all know, the proof is in the pudding.
Asset prices cannot continue to rally unless fundamentals eventually move in a favorable direction. And on this front, ambiguity reigns. Industrial data is still weakening, albeit with modest signs that the worst may be past, but the lagged effects of previous monetary tightening, particularly in the United States, are still to be felt. That said, the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) must be relieved that financial conditions have eased, reducing pressure to be even more dovish. With risk assets having performed well and reasonable uncertainty remaining about the direction of economies and political negotiations, we have not increased our risk exposures and continue to remain neutral on overall interest rate positioning. We expect more clarity in the weeks and months ahead, and assuming prices are right, we will make adjustments.
While the generally benign market conditions of January continued into February, with risky assets performing well and government bond markets only modestly weaker, the outlook in March is more uncertain as valuations are not as cheap as they were, and the macro outlook remains uncertain. There is some evidence that the Chinese and eurozone economies are bottoming, but the evidence is at best mixed, with data relating to the manufacturing sector or to trade generally surprising to the downside, while labor market and consumer demand releases have been more positive. Q4 earnings releases were generally better than expected, but analysts have been revising down their forecasts.
Other macroeconomic risks, like Brexit, remain unresolved, and while there appears to be progress on the U.S. and China achieving a trade deal, the market is already discounting good news on this front. Similarly, subdued inflation means central banks are not under pressure to tighten monetary policy rapidly, if at all, but the market has already priced this in. The Fed is not priced to raise interest rates at all in 2019, and European Central Bank (ECB) rate hikes have also been pushed out into 2020. In fact, the ECB is expected to ease monetary conditions by providing new lending facilities to replace maturing targeted long-term refinancing operations (TLTRO) programs, but, given the market is already anticipating such measures, the impact on markets (in particular Italian banks and BTPs) may be modest if announced but severely negative if not.
So while the environment for risky assets is still positive, it is less so than it was before, and we have reduced our exposure to corporate credit and emerging markets (EM). We think the case for owning these asset classes is still positive: EM should be supported by the Chinese and eurozone economies bottoming, a potential China-U.S. trade deal as well as low inflation should keep developed economy central banks accommodative, and in turn enable developing economy central banks to run looser monetary policy than they otherwise would. Credit is supported by robust earnings reports, a potential renewal of TLTRO facilities by the ECB, and expectations of a U.S. recession being continually pushed out (aside from a flat yield curve, very few indicators suggest a recession is likely within the next 12-24 months). In securitized markets, we are more exposed to credit-oriented product and are underweight agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS) due to supply concerns from the Fed normalizing its balance sheet. However, we will need clearer evidence that the economic growth outlook is indeed improving for the risky asset rally to be sustained through the year, as well as the expectation that central banks will not tighten very quickly.
In government bond markets we have moved to a neutral stance. The market has already priced in the shift from gradual monetary policy normalization to being more accommodative, and with yield curves very flat (so that carry is modest) and valuations very rich relative to history, it is difficult to be bullish on the asset class. At the same time, the downside risks look limited if inflation remains subdued and developed economy government bonds play an important potential diversification[1] role in portfolios, doing well when most other assets do badly. One market where the outlook is particularly uncertain is the U.K. gilt market, where tightening labor market data would normally have caused the Bank of England (BoE) to raise rates several times already. However, uncertainty around Brexit has put monetary policy on ice. If the current political uncertainties can be resolved positively, then the market may have to price in a far faster pace of rate hikes.
Developed Market (DM) Rate/Foreign Currency (FX)
Monthly Review: In February, risk assets rallied and investor sentiment continued to recover. Global 10-year yields rose in the U.S., U.K. and Germany, while yields fell in Australia, New Zealand and Japan. A slowdown in global growth remained a concern, despite a rebound in consumer confidence. The U.S. Dollar (USD) increased marginally against other G10 currencies, with the notable exception of sterling (GBP) which strengthened on expectations that the probability of a disorderly U.K. "no deal" exit from the European Union (EU) had decreased.
Outlook: U.S. growth is likely to be lower, but not collapse, in 2019 as the fiscal impulse wears off and the lagged effect of higher rates bite. Recent speeches from Fed policymakers give us further confidence that they are cognizant of the risk of tightening monetary policy too far and the need to move (at some point in the near future) to a more data dependent policy. We don't expect any substantial policy changes in the near future, given our outlook of a tame inflation path for the next 12 months. It is therefore likely that the market may also acknowledge that the peak in the U.S. Treasury 10-year yield is likely to be below 3.50 percent and the low likely above 2.50 percent. In the shorter term, despite the dip lower toward the end of December, we believe that the U.S. 10-Year Treasury yield is likely to spend a majority of the next few months between 2.60 and 3.00 percent.
Emerging Market (EM) Rate/FX
Monthly Review: EM fixed income asset returns were mixed in February as EM currencies weakened versus the U.S. dollar, while local bond performance and external debt returns were positive. Within the hard currency segment, high yield outperformed investment grade, and corporates outperformed sovereigns. Optimism for the U.S.-China trade talks was supported by U.S. President Donald Trump's announcement that the U.S. would delay the March 1st deadline for the implementation of additional tariffs. China's government also signaled that it would increase commodity purchases from the U.S. Given the weaker inflation and external backdrop, many EM central banks have turned more dovish, which should allow for selective rate cuts to support economic growth.
Outlook: We remain constructive EM debt over the coming weeks, predicated on several factors. Firstly, the latest high-frequency data in China and the eurozone suggest that activity may have already bottomed out. Secondly, the absence of global inflationary pressures combined with a moderation in growth is prompting central banks in the developed world to postpone or abandon plans for monetary policy normalization. Thirdly, the solid year-to-date performance of EM debt assets, which took place amid a largely stable dollar, should be buoyed in the future provided our expectation of USD weakness begins to materialize. Finally, the U.S.-China trade conflict, a major source of uncertainty last year, appears to be heading toward a provisionary agreement, boosting sentiment for risky assets in the near term.
Monthly Review: The recovery of credit markets continued in February as global investment grade and high yield spreads continued to rally back from last quarter's weakness. Over the course of February markets digested 4Q earnings that were decent overall with few signs of material deterioration. Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) grew at a slower pace, as has been expected, but remained sufficient to keep leverage broadly unchanged. These results, coupled with no meaningful negative surprises on the macroeconomic front, helped to allow the year-to-date rally to continue.
Outlook: Fourth quarter earnings, which have been stable on balance, coupled with solid 4Q U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) data and improving sentiment, have helped to create a supportive environment for the credit markets. As we have been saying for some time, a near-term recession remains unlikely, defaults rates will remain low and earnings growth, while slowing, should support deleveraging where necessary. The Fed remains dovish and has recently discussed inflation targeting— a development that if adopted is likely to lower the likelihood of rate hikes even further. Outside the U.S., the ECB also remains dovish and is considering another round of TLTROs while China looks to relax policy as well. Easier monetary policy will help to extend the cycle, supporting the corporate sector.
Monthly Review: Mortgage and securitized markets performed relatively well in February, as interest rates drifted higher and credit spreads tightened across most sectors. Agency MBS outperformed Treasuries again in February as the stable rate environment and low volatility continues to minimize the embedded option cost and negative convexity of agency MBS. Credit-sensitive securitized sectors outperformed agency MBS as fundamental credit conditions remain supportive and higher yields/carry continue to drive outperformance.
Outlook: Mortgage and securitized markets are off to a decent start in 2019, although lagging behind the bounce-back performance in many other markets that were hit harder in 2018. From a fundamental perspective, we believe the U.S. economy is strong with healthy consumer and real estate market conditions, and we remain overweight credit-oriented securitized investments. We are underweight agency MBS due to potential supply headwinds the sector could face as the Fed has ended its MBS purchases and U.S. banks could potentially reduce their agency MBS holdings if their risk-based capital requirements are eased. Agency MBS have performed reasonably well year to date, outperforming Treasuries, as interest rate volatility remains low and mortgage option costs are minimized as a result. We continue to expect a benign rate volatility environment for 2019, which should continue to benefit agency MBS in 2019, but this benefit could be offset by the supply pressure from the Fed balance sheet run-off. Overall, we expect agency MBS to continue to outperform Treasuries but underperform credit-oriented securitized opportunities.
Fixed income securities are subject to the ability of an issuer to make timely principal and interest payments (credit risk), changes in interest rates (interest rate risk), the creditworthiness of the issuer and general market liquidity (market risk). In the current rising interest rate environment, bond prices may fall and may result in periods of volatility and increased portfolio redemptions. Longer-term securities may be more sensitive to interest rate changes. In a declining interest rate environment, the portfolio may generate less income. Certain U.S. government securities purchased by the strategy, such as those issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. It is possible that these issuers will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future. Public bank loans are subject to liquidity risk and the credit risks of lower-rated securities. High-yield securities (junk bonds) are lower-rated securities that may have a higher degree of credit and liquidity risk. Sovereign debt securities are subject to default risk. Mortgage- and asset-backed securities are sensitive to early prepayment risk and a higher risk of default, and may be hard to value and difficult to sell (liquidity risk). They are also subject to credit, market and interest rate risks. The currency market is highly volatile. Prices in these markets are influenced by, among other things, changing supply and demand for a particular currency; trade; fiscal, money and domestic or foreign exchange control programs and policies; and changes in domestic and foreign interest rates. Investments in foreign markets entail special risks such as currency, political, economic and market risks. The risks of investing in emerging market countries are greater than the risks generally associated with foreign investments. Derivative instruments may disproportionately increase losses and have a significant impact on performance. They also may be subject to counterparty, liquidity, valuation, correlation and market risks. Restricted and illiquid securities may be more difficult to sell and value than publicly traded securities (liquidity risk). Due to the possibility that prepayments will alter the cash flows on collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs), it is not possible to determine in advance their final maturity date or average life. In addition, if the collateral securing the CMOs or any third-party guarantees are insufficient to make payments, the portfolio could sustain a loss.
in England. Registered No. 1981121. Registered Office: 25 Cabot Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 4QA, authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Dubai: Morgan Stanley Investment Management Limited (Representative Office, Unit Precinct 3-7th Floor-Unit 701 and 702, Level 7, Gate Precinct Building 3, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai, 506501, United Arab Emirates. Telephone: +97 (0)14 709 7158). Germany: Morgan Stanley Investment Management Limited Niederlassung Deutschland Junghofstrasse 13-15 60311 Frankfurt Deutschland (Gattung: Zweigniederlassung (FDI) gem. § 53b KWG). Ireland: Morgan Stanley Investment Management (Ireland) Limited. Registered Office: The Observatory, 7-11 Sir John Rogerson's, Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland. Registered in Ireland under company number 616662. Regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. Italy: Morgan Stanley Investment Management Limited, Milan Branch (Sede Secondaria di Milano) is a branch of Morgan Stanley Investment Management Limited, a company registered in the U.K., authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), and whose registered office is at 25 Cabot Square, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4QA. Morgan Stanley Investment Management Limited Milan Branch (Sede Secondaria di Milano) with seat in Palazzo Serbelloni Corso Venezia, 16 20121 Milano, Italy, is registered in Italy with company number and VAT number 08829360968. The Netherlands: Morgan Stanley Investment Management, Rembrandt Tower, 11th Floor Amstelplein 1 1096HA, Netherlands. Telephone: 31 2-0462-1300. Morgan Stanley Investment Management is a branch office of Morgan Stanley Investment Management Limited. Morgan Stanley Investment Management Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom. Switzerland: Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc, London, Zurich BranchI Authorised and regulated by the Eidgenössische Finanzmarktaufsicht ("FINMA"). Registered with the Register of Commerce Zurich CHE-115.415.770. Registered Office: Beethovenstrasse 33, 8002 Zurich, Switzerland, Telephone +41 (0) 44 588 1000. Facsimile Fax: +41(0)44 588 1074.


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Wordscapes In Bloom Sun-Fresh 13 Answers
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Spring is here, and so are flourishing germs and viruses. Many children and adults are calling in sick to schools and companies because of stomach flu, viral infections and the like. Could the major cause of many of these illnesses be the lack of people washing their hands?
I was raised by my parents and teachers to wash my hands several times during the day — before and after I ate, when I went to the restroom, when I came in from playing outside and whenever they felt that my hands were dirty. My grandmother and mother called this type of action "home training."
Their teaching and coaching became a habit that I maintain today. However, I am saddened by the fact that many people do not wash their hands even after leaving a public restroom. Yuck! That sickens me because public health officials always stress that citizens should constantly wash their hands to avoid spreading germs.
I suspect that Rockfordians can avoid some hospital visits, stomach dysentery and pharmacy visits if we would simply wash our hands, cover our mouths when we cough and encourage others to do likewise. Just this week, I observed a middle-aged man leaving a public restroom without washing his hands. He gave it no thought, probably because of poor habits.
He quickly joined hands with a small boy waiting outside the restroom for him and went merrily about his shopping. Would you want to shake someone's hand if you knew that they left the bathroom without washing their hands? What kind of other poor habits is the man teaching the small boy?
Would you want to hold hands and pray with someone if you knew that they blew their nose and did not clean their hands afterwards? Would you want to eat in a restaurant where the cooks, waiters, hostesses and customers did not wash their hands? Would you want to shake your boss or co-workers' hands if you knew that they did not regularly wash their hands?
What about hand hygiene in hospitals? When I worked as a seminary chaplain at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta, we were trained to wash our hands before we entered a patient room and when we exited the room. I am happy to report that my doctor and nurse wash their hands before and after meeting with me. I do the same even to this day. Many illnesses in hospital are complicated due to infections. I believe that many infections flourish and spread due to the failure of some people to wash their hands.
While we must work to remove illegal guns off the streets of Rockford so that we can reduce the violence in our city, we must first reduce the public sicknesses that dirty hands are causing.
Be kind, thoughtful, loving and sensitive to others by washing your hands constantly during the day. Teach your children, siblings and employees to wash their hands. After all, the first life that you may be saving by washing your hands is your own. A civilized people can transform our city by washing one hand at a time.
Yes, I have already washed my hands several times today, and after I finish writing, I will wash them again. Please join me at the sink.
The Rev. Dr. Kenneth Board is the senior pastor of Pilgrim Baptist Church of Rockford and a community member of the Rockford Register Star Editorial Board. If you would like to comment, email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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SAN JOSE, Calif. — With five days until their 2011 season begins, the San Jose Earthquakes are about to slot in what they hope will be the final piece of their roster puzzle.
Still looking to add more firepower after an offseason purge from their attacking ranks, San Jose have reached an agreement in principle to bring over Tottenham Hotspur reserve Simon Dawkins on loan.
Dawkins, a 23-year-old who can play as a second forward or in the midfield, still needs some necessary paperwork, but he could potentially be available Saturday when the Quakes host Real Salt Lake.
"It's hard to turn down a good young player that's available," Quakes coach Frank Yallop told MLSsoccer.com.
Dawkins originally joined Spurs' academy as a youth player in 2004, but he was eventually dropped by the club after a series of injuries derailed his progress. He had been training with the team for months on an out-of-contract basis before signing a new deal on Monday that runs through June 2013.
"He's very good on the ball, and good at keeping the ball, good at passing, good range," Quakes general manager John Doyle said. "He had a lot of qualities. I don't think a team like Tottenham keep a kid around that long if he doesn't have those qualities. Sometimes it just doesn't quite work, and their goal for him is to come over here, get a lot of playing time and really take off. And that's the same for us."
[inline_node:330756]The Quakes, who have a club partnership with Spurs, had an eye on Dawkins for months. He trained and played with San Jose during the Quakes' 10-day preseason trip to England in February and impressed with his play in central midfield, although he has versatility.
"We were over there and got to take a look at him in a game with our guys, and he looked good," Doyle said. "I don't think we would have pursued it if we didn't think he could add something to the team."
The Quakes already have Khari Stephenson and Chris Wondolowski playing centrally, with still-rehabbing Scott Sealy waiting in the wings. But Dawkins certainly impressed San Jose with his ability to control play from that spot, and ball possession is something the Quakes are putting greater emphasis on this season with their new 4-3-3 formation.
Alternatively, Dawkins could play elsewhere although Joey Gjertsen — probably the least-heralded player in San Jose's front six — has had a superlative camp on the right wing.
"Simon is technically very, very good and can play in a number of positions," said Tim Sherwood, Tottenham's technical coordinator. "He scores goals. ... I think he will do well over there. It is the perfect fit for him."
Dawkins' loan deal runs through the end of the MLS season, and a strong year for him would be a win-win-win situation for everyone involved.
"It'll be good for all parties if he has a good season with us," Yallop said. "We may try to keep him, [or] at least he goes back to Tottenham with a good season in a tough league to play in under his belt."
Geoff Lepper covers the Earthquakes for MLSsoccer.com. He can be reached at email@example.com . On Twitter: @sjquakes


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Short-term memory key to Andrus' progress
PHOENIX -- Earlier in his career, Elvis Andrus didn't handle failure on the diamond well. When the Rangers' shortstop made an error that cost his team a run, it stayed in his head.
With all the natural ability Andrus possessed, it was difficult for him to forget his mistakes and move on.
Now in his fifth season in the big leagues, Andrus has started to grasp the concept of short-term memory.
"I'm still working on it, I know when you make an error, you can't really think about it, you can't get mad, just turn the page," Andrus said. "If you make an error and nothing happens in the inning, you take it easy. But when you make an error and they score, that's when I got mad because you know you're the reason.
"Now it's different, if you play every day you have to understand you're going to make errors. Just try to stay with the positives and turn the page on the negatives."
Andrus has had to implement that mantra recently. The 24-year-old made one error in the Rangers' first 45 games, but entering Monday, the shortstop had committed three miscues over his past four games.
"Sometimes he just losses his mental edge," manager Ron Washington said. "But the thing you forget about Elvis is that he's 24. He's still got a lot of upside, by the time he reaches 26 or 27 years old, he'll have it figured out. He already plays well beyond his years, we just expect more out of him because of his talent. He's a young kid still learning."
Despite his recent rough stretch in the field, Andrus still ranks second in the Majors in defensive Wins Above Replacement at 1.1, trailing only the Braves' Andrelton Simmons. Washington thinks sooner rather than later everything will click and translate into a Gold Glove Award for Andrus, who lost out to J.J. Hardy of the Orioles last season.
"He's got the potential to get one," Washington said. "Just has to be able to play through mental fatigue. Once he learns how to get through that, it's going to happen. The three or four mistakes he has made recently were because he was mentally tired. It's going to start happening for him."
Washington knows about coaching Gold Glove Award winners, too. Adrian Beltre has won two straight for the Rangers while Eric Chavez, who Texas faced on Monday, earned six consecutive Gold Glove Awards from 2001-06 in Oakland with Washington as a coach.
Individually, Andrus admitted winning a Gold Glove Award is high atop his list of goals for his career, but he knows it all happens with time.
"I think any player would want to win a Gold Glove, it means you're consistent and mentally ready every day," he said. "It comes with experience, for sure. You have to adapt to different situations."


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To celebrate National Hispanic Heritage Month, which is September 15 through October 15, this month's podcast spotlights two talented Venezuelan harp players: José Palmi and Jesús Rodríguez. Both musicians immigrated to Florida and have enriched American culture by sharing their unique tradition through performances and apprenticeships.
The harp was introduced to Latin America by Spanish missionaries primarily during the 17th and 18th centuries. It was adopted into the indigenous music of the continent as both a solo instrument and accompaniment for vocalists and instrumental ensembles. Many varieties of harp thrive throughout Venezuela, Paraguay, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico.
In Venezuela, the celebratory joropo, with its regional variations, is perhaps the most prominent type of traditional music from los llanos, or plains. Its rhythm is in triple meter like a waltz, but driven by syncopation and a fast-paced tempo—well suited for quick-footed couple dancing. The type of harp corresponding to this region is known as arpa llanera, on which Palmi and Rodríguez play many examples of Venezuela's música llanera, or music of the plains.
The performances featured in this podcast were recorded on two separate occasions. José Palmi was recorded to digital audio tape at his home in Miami on June 27, 1993. Jesús Rodríguez, accompanied by his seven year-old-son Henry on maracas, was recorded to open reel tape at the 1986 Florida Folk Festival.


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For oil and gas companies, "business as usual" is no longer a winning strategy. Amid the supply and demand disruptions that are rocking the industry, competitive agility is a must.
Some leading players are already becoming leaner and more adaptive with new operating models, processes and digital technologies. They are also embracing an entirely new approach to spending—one that optimizes costs with zero-based budgeting and aligns spending to a strategy for growth and profitability.
Others would be wise to follow their lead.READ THE REPORT [PDF]


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Setting up my phone
If you are an iPhone customer with OS3.0 or above, text the word MMS to 1010 to get MMS working!
When you put your O2 SIM in a phone that doesn't have the O2 settings, we automatically send you them so that you can send picture messages and use internet on your mobile. Please save and activate them if asked. If you have any problems with the settings, try switching your mobile on and off.
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Networking I
Fundamental concepts of operation, installation, and configuration of the hardware and operating system software for computer networks. Emphasis on the hands-on, practical experiences needed to service enterprise computing systems used in industry. Network topologies, protocols, cabling systems, and server operating system software installation and service configuration are covered, with an emphasis on entry-level skills for network professionals.
4 Credits: 3 Lecture, 3 Lab
Placement by Examination; or


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Dear Daughter,
Asslamo Allaikum Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuh
It seems like just yesterday when you were taking your first steps and trying to walk. You tried to stand and then fell down with a thump so many times but you kept trying and eventually you took your first steps.
Alhumdolillah, I was proud of you then and I am proud of you now.
My daughter, you have all grown up but the challenges you faced when you were learning to walk and the challenges you face now, remain. Their nature may have changed, their severity hasn't. Yesterday when you fell on your back while trying to stand wasn't anything major and you were able to stand again. Today, when you fall on your back it may not be so easy for you to get up and walk again because the injuries may be to your soul and to your Eeman; so watch out!
My daughter, I bought you a phone and laptop for your personal use because I trust you will use them conscientiously and that Allah Ta'aala will guide you in your decisions when doing so, I still fear Shaytaan's meddling and fear for your innocence. You will forever be "my little daughter" and nothing will change that. No matter how many times I am told how you are all grown up now, as your father I will always be protective and look out for you. I can't help it so forgive the silliness of this old man!
I love you and I care dearly about you. I was there when you were born, I called the Adhan in your ear, and I took you home on your first day; so, I can't help it... By Allah! I can't help but to look out for you!
We may have some differences of opinion and Allah (SWT) has given you the right to an opinion and to exercise it. Despite our disagreements, I will NEVER stand in your way but I would want you to go about taking decisions the right way.
Shura (consultation)
My daughter, you have the right to make your decision but if you make those decisions based on the commandments of Allah (SWT) and the noble Sunnah of Sayyidina Rasul-ullah (Sallallaho Alaihe Wassallam) then the Barakah and blessings of Allah (SWT) will be part of your decision and will enrich your life.
[42:38] and those who have responded to their Lord (in submission to Him), and have established Salah, and whose affairs are (settled) with mutual consultation between them, and who spend out of what We have given to them,
But in order to consult, you need to know who to consult with! My daughter, Allah (SWT) has commanded us to refer our matters to Scholars (Ulamah) and no aspect of our life as a Muslim is absolved from this commandment.
[16:43] So, ask the people (having the knowledge) of the Reminder (the earlier Scriptures), if you do not know.
You have trusted your father for so long and it is most appreciated but in order for you to move ahead in your Dunya and hereafter you need to learn to think for yourself. I won't be around forever and I advise you to ascertain the credibility of the Ulamah and Mashaykh whom you consult. Not everyone who is active on an Islamic forum or has millions of hits on facebook or appears persuasive on youtube can be trusted. Not everyone who can write eloquently or speak fluently is trustworthy. Refer your matters to Ulamah and Mashaykh who are trusted by "other Ulamah and Mashaykhâ€.
This Deen of Allah (SWT) was revealed upon Sayyidina Rasul-ullah (Sallallaho Alaihe Wassallam) through the noble and trusted Sayyidina Gibrael (AS) and then it was transmitted to the Sahaba (RA) and then onwards until it has reached us. We have ensured that we have acquired it from noble Ulamah and Mashaykh, men and women of trustworthiness and Taqwa who were (and are) trusted in their times by notable, credible and authentic Ulamah and Mashaykh of our times.
Facebook, twitter, youtube, WhatsApp Islamic forums don't change the rules of seeking Deen.
Sacred knowledge was in the hearts of men, then it moved into books, and the keys to these books are in the hands of scholars (rijal). This implies the necessity of acquiring knowledge from the people who master it.
My daughter, know that authentic knowledge will be taken away by the passing of sincere Ulamah and Mashaykh and that misguided fools will take over in their place.These fools will be utterly misguided and they will misguide!
Truly, Allah does not remove Sacred Knowledge by taking it out of servants, but rather by taking back the souls of Islamic scholars [in death], until, when He has not left a single scholar, the people take the ignorant as leaders, who are asked for and who give Islamic legal opinion without knowledge, misguided and misguiding [Bukhari]
My advice would be incomplete if I didn't leave you with the details of some Ulamah and Mashaykh who are trusted by other Ulamah and Mashaykh and whom you can contact for guidance. It is our duty as Muslims to propagate goodness. You should use your online skills to propagate and publicize information and Insha'Allah it will add to your treasure of rewards for the hereafter. Importantly, whoever finds this beneficial will remember you in their duas.
Shaykh (Mufti) Zubair Dudha (HA)
: Email him through the site or ring him on +44-(01924)450-422 between the hours of 17:00-19:00 Monday through Friday. If you wish to speak to his wife then request it
Shaykh Mufti Abdur-Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera (HA)
: You can email him on
Shaykh Zulfiqar Ahmad (HA)
: Specify gender as female
a. Women globally should contact this
b. Women in USA should contact this
c. Women in UK should contact
d. Women in Pakistan should contact this
Shaykh Abdul Hamid Ishaq (HA)
: Shaykh (HA) can be emailed on
or contacted in South Africa on +27 11 413 2786/+27 83 590 5123
5. Shaykh (Mufti) Zubair Butt (HA): Shaykh (HA) can be emailed on
Madrasa Madania Tahfeezul Quran
: An Islamically qualified sister can be contacted via MMTQ on
The second unshaken component of decision making is Istikhara, as suggested by Sayyidina Rasul-ullah (Sallallaho Alaihe Wassallam). Many are mistaken in thinking that Istikhara is only for marriage; but, know that it is for each and every need in your life - no matter how small. Those who beseech their Rabb and ask for guidance, are guided; and, the haughty who rely on their intellect, wisdom and experience, miss out. My daughter, don't be from the arrogant and the haughty because these are the traits of Shaytaan.
To perform Istikhara, pray 2 Rakaat and then make the following dua:
Allâhumma inni astakhiruka bi ilmika wa astaqdiruka biqudratika wa as'aluka min fadlikal-azimi, fa innaka taqdiru walâ aqdiru wa ta'lamu walâ a'lamu wa anta allamul ghuyâbi. Allâhumma in kunta ta'lamu anna hâdhal amra khayrun li fi dini wa ma-ashi wa aqibati amri faqdir-hu li wa yassir-hu li thumma barik li fihi wa in kunta ta'lamu anna hâdhal amra shari-un li fi dini wa maâshi wa aqibati amri fasrifhu anni wasrifni anhu waqdir liyal-khayra haythu kâna thumma ardini bihi.
0 Allah, I ask of You the good through Your knowledge and I ask You to grant me ability through Your power and beg Your favour of infinite bounty, for surely, You have power and I have none, You know all and I know nothing and You are the Knower of all that is hidden. 0 Allah if in Your knowledge, this matter be good for my faith (Din), my livelihood and the consequences of my affairs in the world and the Hereafter, then ordain it for me and facilitate it from me and grant me blessing in it. But, if in Your knowledge this matter is bad for my faith, my livelihood and the consequences of my affairs in the world and the Hereafter, then turn it away from me and turn me away from it and ordain for me the good wherever it be, and cause me to be pleased with it.
When you reach the words anna hâdhal amra, which means 'this matter', you should think about the matter which you are seeking blessings for. After that, you should lie down in a state of purity on a clean bed, with your face towards the Qiblah. Whatever comes firmly to your mind on waking is the best cause of action and should be adopted.
Istikhara should be done regardless of the feelings about a decision. If you feel strongly about a decision and secure in it then this feeling will be strengthened and the matter will be made easy for you. If nothing comes to your mind on the first day, and the anxiety and indecisiveness continues, you should repeat it the next day and so on for a week. By the grace of Allah you will come to know the good or evil of the matter. It isn't necessary for you to have dreams about the issue.
Marraige without Wali:
Now, let's talk about the issues pertaining to your friend Aisha which you briefly talked about this morning.
You said that Aisha met someone on Facebook whom she intends to marry and she believes that her father's objections to her choice are against Shariah. You also said that Aisha believes that, since she is Hanafi, she can go ahead and get married without a Wali. Masha'Allah, I remember little Aisha from Madrasa days – a likable little girl who always considered her words before speaking. In this case however, I think she may be getting a little ahead of herself and here's why:
1. Marriage without a Wali according to Imam Malik (RA), Imam Shaf'ae (RA) and Imam Ahmed Ibn Hanbal (RA) and their 3 Madhabs is invalid.
2. Marriage without a Wali according to Imam Abu Yusuf (RA), Imam Muhammad (RA) in the Hanafi Madhab is also invalid.
3. Marriage of a mature woman (baaligha) without a Wali according to Imam Abu Haneefa (RA) is valid, although the Sunnah is to involve the Wali.
A number of Hanafi Ulamah have given Fatwa upon the illustrious opinion of the students of Imam Abu Haneefa (RA) and regard marriage without wali as invalid. On the other hand, there are Ulamah who regard marriage without Wali as valid; nevertheless, they clearly discourage and advise against it.
Furthermore, if Aisha is choosing to take the dispensation within the Hanafi Madhab then she should also realize that the Hanafi Madhab has strict recommendations for Compatibility (kafa'a) in marriage and an Islamic Shariah council can rule in favour of her father and annul the marriage due to incompatibility. In other words, Aisha cannot take dispensation from the Hanafi Madhab on marriage without a Wali, but then ignore rulings pertaining to Compatibility (kafa'a).
I don't know why Aisha's father disagrees with her choice; but, regardless, I don't understand why Aisha thinks her father's reasons are invalid while hers are valid? To me, she should seek an independent opinion – she should remove herself and her father from the equation and discuss the issue with an Islamic Shariah council; and, if they deliberate and then rule that her father's reasons are invalid, then she can let a Mufti act as a Wali on her behalf. The noble Sunnah of Sayyidina Rasul-ullah (Sallallaho Alaihe Wassallam) has given us guidance in this matter:
If they dispute, then the ruler is the guardian of the one who has no guardian. [Tirmidhi, Abi Dawud]
Clearly, there is a dispute between Aisha and her father; however, instead of relying on her judgment and stripping her marriage of the blessings of Allah (SWT), she should contact her nearest Islamic Shariah council since we don't have any Muslim rulers. That way, not only will her decision be independently verified, but her interests and wishes will be protected as well.
Finally, Aisha should realize that Allah (SWT) has stipulated the condition of a Wali for Muslim women for a reason and she should reconsider breaking away from the protection He has given her through her Wali. While she has the right to marry the person of her choice, she should go about it the right way - ensuring the pleasure and blessings of Allah (SWT). To that end, Ulamah at the Islamic Shariah council will discuss the matter with her father and, if they determine his reasons are unfounded, they may even help convince him - so there is nothing but good in seeking consultation with Ulamah.
Seeking separation from marriage:
You seem to be affected by the situation of Khadeeja on facebook and the hardship which she is enduring. My daughter, first and foremost adhere to the advice of Shaykh (Maulana) Ashraf Ali Thanwi (RA) who said:
If a person comes to you with one of his eyeballs in his hand claiming that so and so has done it. Don't believe it until you hear the other side of the story because it could be that he removed the eye of the other person and in retaliation he punched and removed his eye and now he has come to you with a complaint!
I fully understand that the plight of Khadeeja as she has written it, it has affected you, Make dua for her, console her, comfort her but neither judge her nor issue a judgement. It is easy for someone to create an ID online and post a story. You are neither in a position to verify nor arbitrate and if you decide to favour one party over another based on reading a facebook wall or a post online then know that you have been emotionally affected. Detach yourself (emotionally) so you can retain your thinking and give the best advice.
The solution is to refer Khadeeja to Ulamah and an Islamic Shariah council and let them advise after correctly checking and ascertaining her circumstances. Since I don't know whether Kahdeeja is based in USA or UK, I will give you both.
a. Islamic Shariah Council (UK): Maulana Ijaz can be contacted in Dewsbury on +44 (1924) 464-122 between the hours of 09:30-12:30
Birmingham Fiqh Council
Rahmat-e-Alam Foundation
(Chicago): 7045 N. Western Avenue, Chicago, IL 60645 Telephone: (773)764-8274/Fax: (773)764-8497.
Shariah Board of New York
: 57-16 37th Avenue Woodside, NY 11365. Telephone: (718)426-3454
c. Darul Uloom Al Islamiyah Sacramento (California): 7285 25th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95822 Tel: (916)424-4770
Mufti Ikraum Haq (Rhode Island)
: 40 Sayles Hill Rd North Smithfield, RI 02896, Phone: 401-762-0107/Fax: 401-762-0107
Darul-Qasim (Chicago)
: 999 North Main St. Suite 108 Glen Ellyn, IL 60137
My daughter, in short what I am trying to say is that no new Deen has come and no new guidance has been revealed just because I have bought you a new phone and a laptop. The principles of Islamic Shariah remain the same:
1. Don't trust everything you read on the Internet!
2. Don't trust everyone who claims to be a Shaykh on the Internet!
3. Learn to trust and refer your matters to Ulamah & Mashaykh whom you can verify and whom others have issued a judgment (of trust) upon.
The difference between instant Internet celebrities and real Ulamah and Mashaykh can be beautifully gleaned from these verses of the Qur'aan:
[14:24] Have you not seen how Allah has set forth a parable: A good word is like a good tree, having its root firm and its branches in the sky. [14:25] It brings its fruits at all times with the will of its Lord. Allah sets forth the parables for the people, so that they may take lesson. [14:26] And the parable of a bad word is like a bad tree, removed from the top of the soil, having no firm root.
The 24/7 switched on world of the Internet and tweets of the unknown cannot be compared to the sincere efforts of those Ulamah and Mashaykh who sacrificed all to teach us our religion. Your father always considered it a source of pride to sit at the feet of the Ulamah and Mashaykh to gain his Islam and I strongly advise you to do the same.
There is nothing which I have seen in the past few decades, before and after your birth which has convinced me to change my mind. However, I have witnessed hundreds of sensational speakers and writers come and go!
Adopt and adhere to the Taqwa of Allah (SWT) because it will save you and deliver you from all your problems:
[65:2]...Whoever fears Allah, He brings forth a way out for him, [65:3] and provides him (with what he needs) from where he does not even imagine. And whoever places his trust in Allah, He is sufficient for him. Surely Allah is to accomplish His purpose. Allah has set a measure for every thing.
May Allah (SWT) keep both of us firm on the straight path until our end (Ameen).
Always rememer your father in your duas.
Asslamo Allaikum Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuh
Central Mosque
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With Amsterdam as one of the gateway markets of Europe, the Netherlands was one of the best performing European investment markets in 2017 with a record investment volume of € 19.5 billion. And with a strongly performing economy and expanding occupier markets, the prospects for 2018 are sound. Investors' risk appetite will increase in the year to come, putting more unconventional locations and investment classes more firmly on the radar. The crucial question will be whether there are enough high-quality properties on the market to satisfy investor demand.
Key Takeaways:
- Future growth outpacing 5-year average showing positive momentum for the Dutch economy.
- Key differences current upturn versus previous upturn are lower LTVs, softer pricing outside prime segment and more cautious investor behaviour.
- Strong investor demand, but scarcity of product putting investors under pressure to find creative ways to deploy capital.
- Lending terms increasingly favourable and growing appetite for debt in real estate transactions.


text:
Andre Iguodala's 3-pointer with 7.1 seconds left in overtime sent the Denver Nuggets to their 12th consecutive win, a 119-118 victory over the Chicago Bulls on Monday night.
Reserve Wilson Chandler led the Nuggets with 35 points, Corey Brewer added 16 and Ty Lawson 13.
Iguodala finished with 12 points and 10 rebounds, and Andre Miller had 13 assists.
Nate Robinson scored 34 points for Chicago, which lost for the seventh time in 11 games. Luol Deng added 21 points, Marco Belinelli scored 18, and Joakim Noah had 12 rebounds and 14 points.
It was the 12th time in the last 13 games that Denver scored 100 or more points, and marked the first time in seven games that an opponent has scored 100 points on the Nuggets.
Chicago opened overtime with back-to-back baskets from Noah and Boozer to take their biggest lead of the night, 109-105.
Lawson's 3 with three minutes left got Denver within 111-110. Iguodala sank a pair of free throws to put the Nuggets back ahead 112-111.
Chicago took the lead 117-116 with 32.8 seconds left when Noah tipped in Robinson's missed layup.
Robinson then made one of two free throws left with 16.9 seconds left to give Chicago a 118-116 lead, setting the stage for Iguodala's winner.
Chicago looked like it might pull it out when Noah grabbed Belinelli's shot and sank it with 1.7 seconds left, but a review of the play ruled offensive interference on the Bulls.
Chicago's final inbound pass was tipped away, icing Denver's win.
Denver opened the fourth quarter with a 4-0 run to go up 83-73. But Robinson's four-point play closed the score to 83-79.
Chicago brought Denver's lead down to 96-91 with 3:41 left. Iguodala hit a 3 before Robinson countered with his own to make it 99-94 with three minutes left.
Robinson's 3-pointer tied the game 105-all with 13.4 seconds. Lawson last-second jumper fell short, sending the game into overtime.
After scoring just two points in the first half, Kenneth Faried scored six points early in the third quarter to keep Denver ahead. Chicago closed Denver's lead to five points early in the third quarter, 61-56, but the Nuggets went on a 9-4 run to go up 70-60 and ended the third period ahead 79-73.
Chandler came off the bench to score nine points in the first quarter to stake the Nuggets to a 21-20 lead heading into the second quarter.
Denver jumped ahead by 14 points at several points. Chandler scored 11 points to give him 20 in the first half, and Denver went into the break leading 53-45.


text:
chainbooks is a site dedicated to bringing authors of all skill levels and
experience together within a social network with the goal of writing short books...one chapter at a time
The concept of chainbooks is simply to finish what was started before you. Create
an account, log in and select your favorite genre, your writing level, and where in the book you would like to work. There are virtually hundreds of books
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Additionally, though there are guidelines to follow, our staff will never alter the
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If you are an artist, you may read the chapters to submit a piece of art
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FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS, Book 649Authored By Gina Martinmystery, intermediate


text:
Season 3 Episode 9 | 15m 17s
When Dean finds out his girlfriend Dani is pregnant, he decides to revisit an old high school experiment in his quest to prove his parenting abilities. A short film by Clare Sackler. Made at NYU.
Aired: 12/23/15Video has closed captioning.
Problems Playing Video?
Film School Shorts is made possible by a grant from Maurice Kanbar, celebrating the vitality and power of the moving image, and by the members of KQED.


text:
Artist description:
so this is part1 it took so long since i didnt have much time on my hands this week im really sorry!)Part Two should be easier :)hope u like it! the guy's red*rouge's OC "Milo"and i dont know where to post the link 4 it...
Java Draw Created Nov 14, 2012 736 x 1024px Unless noted Copyright 2012 ChocoMiu.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
Post a comment
Lovley job!
Thank you!!! ^^
Haha, never seen him in action and I'd love to see more c:!
Thank you!!!


text:
Norm Bourassa
Norman Bourassa is a senior engineer and program manager, currently working within NERSC operations, providing facility & energy management engineering work for Shyh Wang Hall (Building 59). He also continues to assist the Home Energy Saver team (hes.lbl.gov(link is external), hespro.lbl.gov(link is external), homeenergyscore.lbl.gov(link is external)), which conducts software tool research within the Residential Building Systems Group(link is external). Additional past LBNL work includes building commissioning, auto-demand response and building simulation research. From 2005 to 2010, Mr. Bourassa worked at the California Energy Commission(link is external) in the Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Buildings End-use Energy Efficiency Program. His time there began as a contract manager, providing energy efficiency technical support and strategic research management for the program, until he assumed the PIER Buildings Team Lead program manager duties in late 2007 until his return to LBNL. He has degrees in Architecture from the University of California at Berkeley and Electronics Engineering Technology from the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology.


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Difference between revisions of "Australian Road Names"
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For place, feature, roadway & traverseable path naming, please see:
For place, feature, roadway & traverseable path naming, please see:
[[Abbreviations & Acronyms]]
[[Abbreviations & Acronyms ]]
==Road types==
==Road types==
Revision as of 07:50, 1 March 2013
This page covers road names for the country listed in the page title. For other countries see this page.
This forms part of Australian Editing Best Practice. Editors are encouraged to follow these guidelines.
Road Name & Number
Where a road exhibits both a road number and name, the following convention should be used:
<Number>" - " <Name>
Examples: 1. M3 - Eastern Fwy 2. M1 - Monash Fwy
This gives both a consistent appearance and allows a straightforward identification of the road type.
Adding the dash " - " will make the TTS wait 0.5 seconds before saying the road name. This will make the TTS better to understand. It will also allow the road name to be readable and easily distinguished from the road number.
The same can also be said for adding the direction of travel on single/dual carriageways with a lettered designation
<Number>" - " <Name> <Direction>
Examples: 1. M3 - Eastern Fwy (Outbound) 2. M1 - Monash Fwy (Inbound)
Abbreviations & Acronyms
For place, feature, roadway & traverseable path naming, please see:
Abbreviations & Acronyms (Australia)
Road types
The following convention is the recommended way to label road types in Australia.
The Australian route numbering system contains a mix of old shielded routes and newer alphanumeric routes, with some overlap. Judgement and discretion may be necessary sometimes, especially as some states have been slow in implementing the new national alphanumberic system. Some road types in Australia officially use a newer official designated type or name, but may use the road sign from a previous or discontinued classification. If it is too difficult or complicated to determine the road type, it is best to label the road type in a way that would be helpful to the driver on that road.
More information can be found Here.
|Waze Road Type
|Australian Road Types
|Road Shield Examples
|Freeway, motorway, expressway and tollway. There must be no intersections and there must be no access or exits except from ramps. Usually designated by a gold-on-green alphanumeric road number designation that begins with the letter "M", a road number inside a hexagonal blue-on-white sign, or in the case of tollways the sign is presented in a gold-on-blue style.
|Major Highway
|National highways. Usually designated by gold-on-green shields with the word "National" written at the top. May contain alphanumeric numbering with the letter "A" at the start of the number, or may just use a number. Also referred to as primary routes.
|Minor Highway
|State highways or State Roads. Usually designated by a numbered white-on-blue bullet sign, or by a gold-on-green alphanumeric designation starting with the letter "B" or "C". Also referred to as secondary and tertiary routes.
|Primary Street
|Main Roads, Regional Roads, Tourist Drives, Scenic Drives, etc that are not classified as highways. They connect suburbs and towns. May also include roads designated as"D" roads in some states. Also referred to as tertiary routes.
|Urban streets and rural roads not identified above.
Dual Carriageways
The following convention should be followed where possible, although it is acknowledged that you may need to deviate from it in some circumstances.
A road can be split into be 2 one-way roads if any of the following conditions are met:
- The central reservation is > 5m
- There's a visible gap between average of all GPS traces
- It is split by physical barrier (Concrete, Armco, pedestrian barrier etc)
Pedestrian refuges and painted road separation (cross hatching that can be driven over) should not normally be split.
Motorway Carriageway Naming Convention
Whenever possible, on split roads, name carriageways with the direction of travel. Insert the direction of travel at the end of the road name:
Examples: 1. M3 - Eastern Fwy (Inbound) 2. A4 - (W) 3. M25 - (ACW)
This makes traffic and incident reports much more useful and helps with navigation.
Exit ramps and Entrance ramps (on-ramps)
For the best balance between information and screen real estate, the following convention is best used for the ramp road type:
Exit ramps and Entrance ramps are to be set as Ramp road type. The name of the ramp should match the exit or entrance signage as closely as possible. Minimal disparity between sign and instruction is our goal. If done properly, the driver will not have to struggle to compare Waze's on-screen or verbal instructions with what he or she sees in real life on the road.
- If the exit sign shows a number as well as a street or highway name, the exit ramp should be named "Exit 24: Schwarzenegger Rd".
- A colon has been added because it adds a pause, making Text-to-Speech directions easier to understand.
- If the exit is not numbered, "Exit to Kindergarten Ct" will do.
- If a single exit serves multiple roads, use a slash with leading and trailing spaces: "Exit 32: Terminator Blvd / Total Recall Rd".
- If an exit number contains one or more letters, include it exactly as displayed on the sign: "Exit 33B: Running Man St", or "Exits 35C-B-A: Junior Dr / Twins Ave / Jingle Allthe Way". *NEW*
- Include everything that is present on the last sign prior to the exit. Do not combine all possible pre-ramp signage into the single ramp segment name.
- If the exit off the main interstate or highway serves multiple exits further down the road, it may be advisable not to name the first exit ramp, to name only the ramps which are the first one to a distinct destination. The Waze client will give all the proper exit and keep left or right instructions to guide the driver to the correct exit, even if the first one is not named. That said, this should only be done if the signage for the first ramp is the same as that on the subsequent, named ramp.
For entrance ramps, use this format: "to [street name] [direction] / [control city]", where applicable. For example,
- "to I-10 W / Baton Rouge"
- "to Clearview Pkwy N / Mandeville"
- "to US Hwy 90 Bus W"
- "to LA-1 Thibodaux / Lockport" *NEW*
- Similar to combined exit ramps, when multiple on-ramps combine before merging into the main interstate or highway, it is advised to name the last common ramp with the conventions listed above. This will usually be the last ramp which is the one which actually joins the main interstate or highway.
- Using "Ramp to", "West", "WB", and "Westbound" should be avoided as "WB" is pronounced "double-you bee" and not 'westbound.' Further, the "to" will be automatically omitted from Text-to-Speech instructions. Do not omit the word "to", because this could cause confusion with, say, the "Select entire street" function.
- State highways: When naming ramps and exits that lead to state highways, local naming should be used. This will maximize the clarity of navigation prompts for the majority of users in a given area.
- Similar to exit ramps, put multiple destination information, even from multiple signage, onto the single on-ramp name. Major destinations or highways/interstates can be included, but don't go crazy and add every possible town and city in that direction. "to US Hwy 90 Bus W to I-10 W Miss River Br / Baton Rouge" is fine.
Exit Ramps:
<Exit Number> (":' <Adjoining Road>)
Examples: 1. Exit 54: Stevens Rd 2. Exit 2: Domain Rd
Entry Ramps:
"Entry to:" <Road Number> (<Direction>)
Examples: 1. Entry to: M54 (E) 2. Entry to: M1 (Outbound)
- Fields marked in parenthesis (<field>) are optional.
- Onward roads should only added if they are shown on road signage as this is an aide to the driver to confirm they have the correct exit [Hint: look on streetview]
- Roads with clockwise or anticlockwise directions should have have ramp directions taken from signage [Hint: look on streetview]
To aid navigation instructions, roundabouts should typically remain unnamed - where the client comes across a segment with no name it will use the next named segment as the next named instruction whilst retaining any turn signals.
If the roundabout does have a proper, signposted name, then this can be labelled using a 'Junction/Intersection' type landmark that fills the centre of the roundabout.
- For further advice, see Editing Junctions and Roundabouts
Motorway Service Areas
Motorway Service Areas (MSA) should be mapped according to the following convention:
- Use "Ramps" on and off the motorway labelled as detailed in the Ramps section of the wiki.
- Use "Streets" for all through roads (linking the ramps).
- Use "Parking Lot Road" for Parking areas.
- Use "Service Road" for Petrol Station forecourts.
- Use "Private Road" for limited access roads (with no public right of way). Ensure that they are set to unknown connectivity, turn restrictions are set so that no-one can turn into the road and the segment(s) and connecting segments are locked to enforce the turn restrictions.
- Do not add a City or Street name to any road with the exception of the ramps.
- Set landmarks for the major buildings on site (i.e. Services Building, Fuel and Hotels etc).
For more information on how junction locking works in Waze see the forum thread: Modifying the lock option (and some explanations)
Bypass or By-pass?