text:
Corporate governance
Shareholder meetingsarchive
Annual general shareholders meeting 2019 (01 jan '01)Convening notice AGM
- GAV_20190425_Oproepingsbericht pdf
- GAV_20190425_Proxy_NL-ENG pdf
- GAV_20190425_Minutes_ENG pdf
- GAV_20190425_Notulen_NL pdf
- BAV1_20190322_ConveningNotice pdf
- BAV1_20190322_Oproepingsbericht pdf
- BAV1_20190322_Proxy_NL-ENG pdf
- BAV1_20190322_NoticeOfInsufficientQuorum pdf
- BAV1_20190322_MeldingOntoereikendQuorum pdf
- BAV2_20190425_ConveningNotice pdf
- BAV2_20190425_Oproepingsbericht pdf
- BAV2_20190425_Proxy_NL-ENG pdf
- BAV2_20190425_Minutes_ENG pdf
- BAV2_20190425_Notulen_NL pdf
Corporate governance charter & compliance
In line with its mission and vision, Barco attaches great value to corporate governance practices. Openness and transparency are at the heart of Barco and are also reflected in its corporate governance approach published on the website and the corporate governance statement in its annual report.
Disclosure of major holdings
Persons discharging managerial responsibilities and persons closely associated with them must notify the Financial Services Market Authority ("FSMA") of any transactions involving shares or other financial instruments of Barco within 3 business days after the transaction.
Disclosure of insider tradingTrading disclosure archive
Find out everything about Barco warrants, stock options & traded shares.
Capital & articles of association
Get in touch
Barco company address
Beneluxpark 21BE-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
Tel: +32 56 23 32 11
Barco registered office
Pres.Kennedypark 35BE-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
Tel: +32 56 23 32 11


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Axle Bearing Option:
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H/t Ben


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We often think of contracts as crucial for limiting risk and protecting our companies in business transactions. They are good for that, it's true. This narrow definition can lead us to believe we don't need one, when outsourcing to someone we know or have worked with before, for example.
A written work agreement serves a number of purposes and no SEO project should start without one. In addition to offering protection, it clarifies expectations, eases communication throughout the project, and helps to keep the project on track. Email history and a handshake just aren't enough to get a project off the ground, regardless of how well you think you know someone.
Disclaimer: I'm not a lawyer. This isn't legal advice. You should seek the opinion of a qualified legal professional before entering into any business relationship or contract. This is based on my own experience having bought and sold services online for a number of years.
With that out of the way, let's have a look at the key components of a SEO Work Agreement and why you need to include them in your contract before starting any new project. These are the bare bones for any work agreement; yours may require additional information based on the project.
Contact Information
Basic contact information seems like a no-brainer, yet many work agreements lack one important piece: an emergency contact. This isn't so much a concern if you're working with a large company (on either side). Individual service providers can often do the job just as well as large companies, but who do you contact if they are unavailable?
It's just good business for SEOs (and all other types of companies) to have measures in place to ensure work continues if a key person on the project can't complete the work, for any reason. Even if they were to become completely incapacitated, you need to get in touch with someone to kill the project and close it out. Who is that person and how do you reach them?
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Work Agreement Life and Termination
Include the start and end dates, as well as any stipulations on canceling the project before the end date. This should include any notice required and penalties applicable if either party is unable to continue until completion.
SEO Project Scope & Deliverables
This is the nitty gritty of the project. Hammering out the scope of the project and actually putting it to paper allows both parties to foresee the unforeseen and ask questions. Consider, at the very least:
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- Acceptable file formats: For exchanging information.
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- Inclusions and exclusions: Such as software or membership fees.
- Equipment: If you are providing any equipment for the SEO provider, list the specifics and any liabilities.
- Other providers or players: Will the SEO provider be responsible for corresponding with your developer or other in-houseor outsourced professionals? How and when will this happen and what information can they share?
- Intellectual property rights assignment.
- Physical property rights: Hardware, CDs or other physical materials.
- Ancillaries: Such as scheduled meetings or phone/email support.
- Procedure for changing scope of work agreement during the life of the project.
Payments & Milestones
Milestones are an important part of work agreements that are often overlooked. These are the dates certain aspects of the project are to be completed, with corresponding payments. This is especially important in SEO, as it is an ongoing process.
Whether a provider can guarantee results is a point of contention in the SEO world; you will find some who offer a guarantee, while others say it's impossible and steer clear. However, milestones can be based on deliverables and not results. The point is to outline clear dates by which certain aspects of the project will be completed and how the success of each step will be measured.
Payment terms must be clear and include amounts, dates, conditions where applicable, discounts, penalties, and method of payment.
This is an important consideration for most companies.
- What type of information can the SEO provider share about your company or project and with whom?
- Can they include your work in their portfolio, whether redacted or in full?
- Are you willing to act as a reference for them?
You may choose to use a separate non-disclosure agreement if you already have one.
Dispute Resolution
If, despite all of your careful planning, a dispute arises, it's important to have a clear process for managing and resolving it.
The dispute resolution section of your work agreement with a SEO provider should contain clear instructions for voicing a complaint, with method of contact and a timeline for response by the other party.
- If you're unable to come to an agreement, what are the next steps?
- Will you use a mediator, take legal action, leave online reviews?
All of this needs to be covered ahead of time because as much as we try, things just don't work out sometimes. A dispute resolution policy can help prevent problems from spiraling out of control and degenerating into a public argument that can harm both parties (especially true in the online world).
Legal Considerations
SEO is serious business; the benefits can be massive, but so can the risks. You are giving someone the keys to your online business and reputation in the hopes their work will increase your visibility and profitability. As with any other type of business service, the risks are manageable and you shouldn't avoid SEO because of them.
Legal considerations could include (but are certainly not limited to):
- The nature of the working relationship (work-for-hire, independent contractor, in-house or remote)
- Warranties
- Liabilities
- Income tax or any benefits
- Process for legal recourse
Large SEO contracts may require specific legal advice for each new project. Smaller companies still need to work with a lawyer to make sure they are legally protected as much as possible, even if that means having one all-encompassing contract done up that could apply to most of your SEO buying needs. There may be some overlap in sections but it's better to have as many eventualities covered as possible.
Related reading
How to make the most of Google's "People also ask" results
We may have no power over Google's SERP elements but here's how digital marketers can boost their clients' organic visibility through "People also ask".
How encryption can enhance your SEO ranking
Cyber criminals earn $3.25 billion per year. Isn't this a good reason why you should consider encryption to save your business online? Key details shared.
Six must-know international SEO tips to expand your business
International SEO is not a cookie-cutter approach. Must-know tips that can help you pass the tricky differences in language, culture, and search habits.
Searchmetrics report: How Amazon and Google help each other
Searchmetrics take a detailed look at how Amazon uses a combination of organic and paid listings to vie for shoppers' clicks, which strategies Google follows in the battle for product search, and how Amazon continues to fight back.


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Remove the seal from the top of the bottle. Don't touch the
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Remove the plunger lock, the plastic clip that keeps the
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Insert the needle of the syringe into the bottle that contains
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Push the plunger of the syringe to force the diluent from the
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Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & Jennifer Hone, MD - Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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- Library Overview
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Did you know...
William Wirt Papers, 1784-1864, MS .1011
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the
William Wirt Papers, 1784-1864
Maryland Historical Society
(Text converted and initial EAD tagging provided by Apex Data Services, March 1999.)
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the
William Wirt Papers, 1784-1864
Maryland Historical Society
Contact Information:
Manuscripts Department
Maryland Historical Society Library
201 West Monument Street
Baltimore MD 21201-4674
Fax: 410.385.2105
Descriptive Summary
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the
William Wirt Papers, 1784-1864
Maryland Historical Society
Baltimore MD 21201-4674
by John B. Boles
Towson State College
Sponsored by the National Historical Publications
Commission 1971
John B. Boles
This microfilm meets standards established
by the NATIONAL HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS COMMISSION
General Services Administration and was produced with its assistance.
The Documentary Publication Program includes letterpress volumes and microfilm reproductions and is a program designed to help achieve equal opportunities for scholarship.
This pamphlet is intended to serve as a guide for the users of the microfilm edition of the William Wirt Papers as well as those desiring information on its contents prior to acquisition.
The accompanying microfilm meets standards established by the National Historical Publications Commission, General Services Administration, and was produced with the assistance, advisory and financial, of the Commission.
The Maryland Historical Society, with the cooperation and sponsorship of the National Historical Publications Commission, takes pride in making available to a wider public its rich collection of William Wirt papers. William Wirt was a man of notable talents. Not only was he a successful author, essayist, and historian, but he was perhaps more famous as a popular orator and eminent lawyer. He capped his legal career by serving twelve important years (1817-1829) as Attorney General of the United States. In both his private and public careers he participated in almost every significant litigation from the Callender trial in 1800 to the Cherokee cases of 1831-1832. He also ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in 1832 on the Anti-Masonic ticket. Wirt was away from his family on legal business much of the year, and conducted a voluminous correspondence with Mrs. Wirt. His extensive letters and papers, and those of his immediate family, provide an invaluable insight into the cultural, social, political, and legal history of the nation for over three event-filled decades.
This microfilm publication includes only the Wirt papers that are owned by the Maryland Historical Society. The Society's collection is the largest and hitherto the least used. This project should make the Wirt papers better known.
The editor is indebted to many persons for their aid and advice. P. William Filby, Librarian of the Society, initiated the project, and with Fred Shelley of the National Historical Publications Commission made the entire project both feasible and ultimately a reality. T. Wistar Brown of Scholarly Resources, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware, extended expert photographic advice. Evelyn and Irving Paxton, Anthony J. Gonzales, and Bayly Ellen Marks gave freely of their time, enthusiasm, and experience. Edward G. Howard, Consultant on Rare Books to the Society, carefully read the pamphlet and made incisive suggestions. Harold R. Manakee, Director of the Society, also gave me the benefit of a helpful reading. Nancy Boles, Curator of Manuscripts at the Society, served most ably as Project Director and most encouragingly as my wife. Cheryl Florie was indispensable in helping prepare the manuscripts for filming, typing targets, and operating the camera. The project would have been long delayed without her cheerful assistance. Upon me must fall ultimate responsibility for any errors that might remain.
Although the papers and correspondence of the prolific William Wirt and his immediate family are deposited in a wide variety of libraries, the largest and in many ways most valuable collection is housed at the Maryland Historical Society in Baltimore. In May 1952 Mrs. John M. Cates gave the Society two Wirt letterbooks for the years 1806-1816 and 1832-1834, together with a half dozen letters. This valuable gift was appropriately complemented six years later when Mrs. W. Bladen Lowndes, Sr., made her previous deposit of approximately 7,500 Wirt items a permanent gift. In 1961 these papers were sorted and arranged in twenty-six boxes by Kenneth R. Bowling, which made them more useful to scholars. Mrs. Wirt, at her husband's suggestion, had carefully sewn many of the letters together into packets. Bowling properly unstitched those dealing with public matters and filed them chronologically. In preparation for filming, all the rest of the letters were unstitched and filed chronologically. The papers which were not correspondence—essays, poems, notes, legal briefs—were sorted and filed under appropriate categories. Just prior to filming the material filled fifty-three boxes.
Only the items contained in the William Wirt Papers (MS. 1011) and the William Wirt Letterbooks (MS. 1014) at the Maryland Historical Society have been filmed. There are several letters to or from Wirt in other Society collections, for example, the Glenn Papers (MS. 1017) and the John Pendleton Kennedy Papers (MS. 1336). There are very useful Wirt papers at the Library of Congress, the National Archives, Duke University, the Virginia State Library, the Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina, and the James Monroe Memorial Foundation, Fredericksburg, Virginia. There is scattered Wirt correspondence at numerous other libraries. The University of Virginia's Alderman Library has unusually good complementary material, especially in such collections as the Francis Walker Gilmer Correspondence and the Joseph Carrington Papers.
Neither time, money, nor space permitted the Maryland Historical Society to collect copies of all extant Wirt material and thus present a complete microfilm edition of the papers of William Wirt. Because of the obvious problems involved, the National Historical Publications Commission seldom finances attempts to collect all the extant material for microfilming. Nevertheless, the 8,000-odd items filmed in twenty-four rolls represent the major group of Wirt papers, a collection astonishingly rich in both scope and depth.
Biographical Sketch of William Wirt
William Wirt, widely known as a literary symbol of the Old Dominion, was born November 8, 1772, in the small Maryland village of Bladensburg, near present-day Washington. He was the sixth and last child of Jacob and Henrietta Wirt, of Swiss and German ancestry respectively, who operated a tavern in Bladensburg. Before he was eight years old both his parents had died, so, with the help of a small inheritance, William was reared by his uncle, Jasper Wirt, and a family friend, Peter Carnes, who eventually married William's oldest sister. William was a handsome, vivacious youth whose sparkling blue eyes, musical talents, and bouncy disposition quickly endeared him to potential benefactors. Characteristically he won as a child the applause of weary revolutionary soldiers by his spirited drumming.
After a brief period of schooling in his home village, young William was sent to a classical academy near Georgetown, but after less than a year he transferred to another school in Charles County, Maryland. Not until 1783, when he moved to the Reverend James Hunt's academy in Montgomery County, did he find a congenial place of learning. The kind Hunt opened his modest library to his students and often performed simple scientific experiments for them. He more than anyone else ignited in Wirt a lifelong enthusiasm for literature and learning. Already Wirt showed a happy skill at finding good mentors, a skill which served him well after 1787, when Hunt's school closed. Wirt, then fifteen, his patrimony exhausted, had happened to befriend a younger classmate, Ninian Edwards, who would one day be Governor of Illinois. Ninian, understanding William's homeless plight, showed his father a specimen of William's writing. So impressed was the gentlemanly Benjamin Edwards that he offered William a home under the guise of a tutorship to Ninian. Benjamin Edwards was well read, dignified, and versed in politics, and recognizing unusual promise in William, he showered affection and fatherly advice on the boy. Indeed, Benjamin Edwards was to be the truest father William Wirt ever knew. Mr. Edwards guided his reading, inspired him to study law, and encouraged him to overcome a certain timidity in speaking.
In late 1789, after twenty happy months in the Edwards household, Wirt visited the Carneses, now living in Georgia, for reasons both of family and health. The warm southern winter restored him to vigor; he returned to Maryland in the spring of 1790 determined to enter the bar. After a whirlwind course of study first in Montgomery County with William P. Hunt, the son of his former teacher, and then, moving to Virginia in 1792, a five-month period of reading law in the office of Thomas Swann, William Wirt was ready to enter his chosen profession. Through some combination of competence and bluff he passed the Virginia bar examination despite not meeting the year residency requirement, and consequently opened his legal career in Culpeper County, near Albemarle County. Legend has it that his
beginning library consisted of one copy of Blackstone, a two-volume Don Quixote, and an edition of Tristram Shandy, but he brought with him more substantial intellectual baggage. Even though he still had difficulty in public speech, his brilliant personality won friends if not cases.
Piedmont Virginia was a fortuitous location for beginning a career, for this nature-endowed neighborhood claimed a marvelous company of gifted men. Wirt quickly became almost a member of the family of Dr. George Gilmer, an aristocratic gentleman of great learning, humanity, and hospitality. Gilmer introduced Wirt to his library and friends. Thus the young transplanted lawyer soon discussed law and literature with Virginia intelligentsia like Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Dabney Carr. In this choice circle Wirt's talents bloomed. His marriage to Dr. Gilmer's daughter Mildred in 1795 assured his entrance into Virginia society.
Wirt was now on the road to success, the possessor of a quick mind, infectious personality, and good connections. He made friends for life with Dabney Carr, Junior, Francis Walker Gilmer, and Peachy Gilmer. Yet at times his conviviality and the frolicsome company of lawyers riding circuit led him into excess. A carefree attitude overcame his natural sagacity. But this golden era of youthful extravagance was short-lived. In September 1799, his beloved Mildred suddenly died. Wirt's joyful life collapsed around him. To escape sad reminders of happier days he moved to Richmond, where he was soon elected clerk of the Virginia House of Delegates. A new phase of his career was opening.
Richmond was an exciting city, teeming with cultivated lawyers, good bookstores, flashy rhetoric, a lively press, political gossip. The Alien and Sedition Acts had given new importance to politics, and Wirt entered into this relatively cosmopolitan world with zeal. He gained quick local fame by his unusual actions in the celebrated libel case against James Callender; his new-found confidence in his oratory was exhibited on July 4, 1800, when he delivered the anniversary address for the Richmond democratic party. He seemed to lose his sadness in rapid absorption into the city's political and social life. In fact, the rich diversion offered by Richmond society threatened to ruin him in dissipation, and it was with some sense of relief in 1802 that he accepted a unanimous appointment as Chancellor of the Eastern District of Virginia, for the appointment required residence in sedate Williamsburg. Luckily also for his subsequent career, Wirt in September married the eminently sensible daughter of a prominent Richmond merchant, Robert Gamble. With his newly won bride Elizabeth, William Wirt moved to Williamsburg in November of 1802.
The Chancellorship was a distinct honor, but it brought more accolades than money. Because Wirt felt pressed to maintain his bride in the style to which she was accustomed, he seriously considered moving to booming
Kentucky where life was more primitive but the rewards sweet. Only the hesitancy of his cultured wife and the offer of a law partnership by talented Littleton Waller Tazewell in prosperous Norfolk convinced Wirt to tie his career to Virginia. A married man again, Wirt worried about assuring his present and future dependents a comfortable life. It was because he worried about his income that he resigned the Chancellorship in May 1803, and accepted Tazewell's offer. For the rest of his life Wirt was bound to the necessity of earning a living. He would never find himself able to retire to a life of writing and thinking. But his mind and pen were too creative to remain confined to legal briefs.
August 1803 found Wirt and his wife in Richmond, escaping the fevers that plagued Norfolk in the summer and awaiting the birth of their first child. To relieve his anxiety, the father-to-be whiled away the hours writing a series of letters as though he were a concealed British spy describing Virginia manners and peccadilloes. Wirt submitted one of his essays to the Virginia Argus almost tongue-in-cheek; no one was more surprised than he when the anonymously printed essay, and its sequels, proved enormously successful. From September through October all Richmond seemed spell-bound by the well written, mildly critical Letters of the British Spy. Essentially a paean to oratory, the essays with their succinct thumbnail critiques of contemporary figures were so popular they were immediately published in book form, quickly going through many editions. Wirt was correctly guessed to be their author, and indeed the ten essays displayed several of his characteristics: skillfully done but not really original; concerned with oratory as a conscious art form; spriteful but a little overdrawn. Wirt correctly gauged their worth while he basked in fame, promptly calculating the merit of additional literary productions. Perhaps, he wondered aloud in a letter to Dabney Carr, Virginians were ripe for an updated Plutarch.
For the next decade and a half Wirt managed to combine a distinguished legal with a promising literary career. In August 1804, another series of anonymous essays began appearing in the Richmond Enquirer. Written by a group of minor literati, The Rainbow Association, of which Wirt was a leader, the first ten were published as a book in late 1804. Like The British Spy, The Rainbow: First Series consisted of essays slightly rationalistic in tone, but the southern mood seemed to be changing, for these never achieved the success of their forerunners. Although sixteen more Rainbow essays appeared in the Enquirer through the spring of 1805, they were never reprinted.
Wirt was already at work searching for material for his prospective biography of Patrick Henry when he moved back to Richmond in mid-1806. His legal fame, aided by a rare gift of eloquence and his literary promise,
catapulted him into national prominence in 1807 when the Government chose him to aid in prosecuting the treason indictment of Aaron Burr. Burr possessed an uncanny charisma that almost concealed the boldness of the plot charged against him. The political eyes of the nation were focused on the judicial stage in Richmond, for here was a cast sure to be explosive: Aaron Burr, Luther Martin, the Federal bulldog, William Wirt, John Marshall—and back in the wings, Thomas Jefferson himself. The arguments were tangled and beautiful, and although Burr won his case, Wirt won the crowd. His romanticised fantasy of an Edenic West, the innocent world of a victimized Burr accomplice, Blennerhasset, immediately became a memorized peroration. Even the defense had been captivated by Wirt's words. His future seemed unlimited.
In the midst of a concurrent patriotic outburst following the Chesapeake-Leopard affair of June 22, 1807, Wirt briefly dreamed of military glory, but this escaped him. Yet in 1808, when Jefferson's chosen successor, James Madison, met unexpected resistance in Virginia, Wirt engaged in political warfare. Here he was successful, for his caustic essays in the Enquirer blasted the opposition to Madison. Even Jefferson wanted Wirt to enter the national political arena, but Wirt refused. National politics offered too little money and too much pain; a two-year stint in the Virginia legislature, 1808-1810, only convinced Wirt that politics was not his future. The law and writing were more to his liking. In 1810 he was composing more articles in Madison's defense and planning moral and literary essays to inspire the youth of Virginia. Another series of didactic essays began appearing in the Enquirer, and these, showing a definite shift toward romanticism, were much more popular than The Rainbow. Wirt wrote most of these Old Bachelor essays, and coordinated the writing of the rest. Thirty-three were eventually serialized, 1810-1813, and The Old Bachelor (1814) was into its third edition by 1818.
During these years of happy residence in Richmond, Wirt seemed to find success at everything except his study of Patrick Henry. Wirt's busy legal duties left little time for historical research, and Henry was an enigma at best. To complicate matters, Patrick Henry had left no archival records; because his career was so controversial, his contemporaries gave very contradictory accounts of him. Wirt found truth impossible to recapture and dullness hard to escape. His solution was romanticized history and didactic fustian. Before the vogue of Sir Walter Scott and homegrown plantation novels, Wirt recognized the attractiveness of the romantic view. He portrayed Henry as the perfect hero for present-day youth to emulate. Wirt had written doubtful history but sure myth, and his mythologized Patrick Henry has lived ever since enshrined in the popular American pantheon.
Appropriately the Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry
was published the very year, 1817, Wirt reached the apex of his legal career, appointment as Attorney General of the United States. From this date the press of his legal career never permitted him to return to the literary pursuits he dreamed of; from this date financial necessity and official duties kept him bound to the law.
When William Wirt accepted President Monroe's offer of the Attorney Generalship on November 13, 1817, he gained a position that had neither an office, clerks, nor records of previous decisions, and an inadequate salary. William Pinkney had even resigned the position three years earlier when he was asked merely to reside in Washington. To this apparently undistinguished office Wirt brought energy and administrative skill. He immediately began an elaborate system of record keeping,
Original official records available in the National Archives and Records Service, Washington, D. C., include the General Records of the Department of Justice (Record Group 60), especially the series of letters sent and received in the office of Attorney General, and the Records of the Supreme Court of the United States (Record Group 267). Two microfilm publications, pertinent to a study of Wirt, have been prepared from each of the record groups cited: Letters Sent by the Department of Justice: General and Miscellaneous, 1818 [1817]-1904, M-699, 29 rolls; Opinions of the Attorney General, 1817-1832, T-412, 3 rolls; Minutes of the Supreme Court, 1790-1950, M-215, 41 rolls; Appellate Case Files of the Supreme Court, 1792-1831, M-214, 96 rolls.
and acquired office space and a clerk. Notwithstanding the limits of his position, Wirt could not have come to Washington at a more auspicious time. The War of 1812 had set into motion developments which matured American law. The conflict produced a number of admiralty and prize cases; the upsurge in home manufactures resulted in the growth of patent law; increased domestic trade gave rise to numerous commercial and contract cases. The law became more important than ever. If this were not enough, 1817 marked the midpoint of the judicial reign of John Marshall. Never again has there been such a magisterial Chief Justice, and perhaps never again would the Supreme Court play such a decisive role in American history. Wirt seized an inconsiderable office at an opportune time, turned it into one of dignity and respect, and took an important part in the whole series of great court decisions which so strengthened the position of the Federal Government.
Every student can name the important cases of this era, the Dartmouth College Case, McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden. Wirt participated in every one. In an era of great lawyers—William Pinkney, Littleton Waller Tazewell, Daniel Webster—Wirt was considered as good as the best. The concept of conflict of interest was then rudimentary, and in view of the small salary of his public office and the expenses of his large family, Wirt maintained a huge and lucrative private practice in addition to his federal one. He regarded the Attorney Generalship as meaning he was retained by the
government as its attorney and that, while it had first claim on his time and talents, he was otherwise free to engage in private practice. As a matter of fact, the feasibility of so enhancing his private career was a dominant reason for his acceptance of Monroe's appointment. Wirt insisted on limiting his official duties strictly to the letter of the Judiciary Act of 1789 both because of Jeffersonian principle and because he needed time for his private practice. His prestige and oratorical fame attracted large fees; his ability and even disposition won him the respect and favor of all.
William Wirt arguing a case or delivering an address was a spectacle in an age that appreciated rhetoric. A large man, inclining toward dignified portliness, with a broad forehead, intriguing blue eyes, and sandy hair, Wirt was the physical image of eloquence. Yet his voice was his prize: soft but powerful, of great range, hauntingly melodious. With an artist's feel for sound and metaphor Wirt constructed verbal symphonies. Mixing poetry with law, literature with history, with a dash of wit and a ready smile, Wirt appealed to the intellect and emotions of his hearers. As competent as he was in belles-lettres, Wirt was an extremely hardworking legal scholar. Especially after he began practicing before the Supreme Court, he recognized that his frothy eloquence needed a firm legal foundation. Moreover, because he was regarded as such a decent person (unlike the vain Pinkney and often overbearing Webster), juries and the gallery believed him incapable of a disingenuous argument. Not a legal statesman who made precedents, Wirt instead followed precedents to great effect. In the courtroom he had amazing success and a popular following. But he did not have the impact on constitutional law that Marshall or Webster had.
Two incidents in 1826 exemplify the respect in which Wirt was held. Through an amazing quirk of history, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. William Wirt, of all the superb American orators then living, was chosen to deliver the official eulogy before a joint meeting of Congress. And this Wirt did with a flourish now distasteful but then in demand. Earlier that year Jefferson had offered Wirt both the professorship of law at the University of Virginia and an office created especially for him, the presidency of the university. Wirt declined the honors, and the conditional office of president was not realized until 1904.
Despite many rewards, offers, and requests for speaking and writing, Wirt remained immersed in the practice of law. As Attorney General Wirt considered himself a non-partisan government official. When John Quincy Adams became President in 1825, Wirt quite naturally continued, unruffled by the change in leadership. He was studiously apolitical; sometimes this led him to miss the political significance of legislative and judicial decisions. But by his lights he was serving the Federal Government, not men or regions.
The erstwhile Jeffersonian had unmistakably become a quiet nationalist: John Marshall had worked his subtle magic. Yet the non-partisan Attorney General passionately opposed the rise of Andrew Jackson, who seemed to Wirt hell-bent on devising his own—extra-legal—definitions of military and then presidential leadership. Wirt had held an unfavorable opinion of the headstrong general since 1818, when he had rashly invaded Florida and almost caused an international incident.
Jackson's actions and techniques in subsequent years only exacerbated Wirt's view. Wirt was a nationalist almost self-consciously of the school of 1776; he believed men of dignity and learning—natural aristocrats—should rule the nation, and nothing was more distasteful to him than the new political procedures of pandering to the popular whim. A leader should not run for office, but rather the people should somehow bestow the office upon him. Perhaps then there was a hint of the past and of cultural snobbery in Wirt's opposition to Jackson, who in 1824 had begun campaigning for the 1828 election. Nevertheless, the politically naive Wirt briefly considered trying to remain in office in 1829 after Jackson's election. Jackson, of course, a keen practitioner of politics, appointed his own man, John M. Berrien, Attorney General.
A private lawyer again after twelve years in Washington, Wirt moved his large family and huge legal practice to congenial Baltimore. Still his name and fame attracted many cases and high fees. He was popular in the Monumental City, and in mid-1830 there were even some requests that he run for the Baltimore congressional seat. Wirt, however, would hear nothing of it, for he abhorred the idea of campaigning and was weary of the recriminations of national politics. Even his involvement in the politically motivated Peck impeachment trial was painful. Events in the nation were going against Wirt's ideals; demagoguery, he felt, was replacing merit. A melancholic apprehension that had mostly remained submerged in his personality since the day he first conceived his inspirational Patrick Henry biography came almost to dominate him. The death in January 1831 of his favorite daughter Agnes cast a pall over his last years from which he never completely recovered.
Soon after this, in March 1831, Wirt became involved in one of his most touchy cases. Out of a long-time devotion to the cause of Indians, and possibly his dislike of Jackson, Wirt undertook to defend the rights of the Cherokees against Georgia's encroachments. The Jacksonians were committed to a callous expulsion of all Indians to the westward, so in a real sense Wirt was entering a political fracas. Against this background Wirt's career in 1831 took an unexpected turn. The apolitical man almost innocently became the Anti-Masonic candidate for president.
The Anti-Mason Party was a conglomeration of Jackson foes who had
congealed around opposition to Masonry after the mysterious murder of one William Morgan for revealing the fraternity's secrets. Many Anti-Masons were also strong nationalists who favored Clay's American System and the Bank of the United States. Assembling in Baltimore on September 26, 1831, as the first national nominating convention, the Anti-Masonic delegates were confident Judge John McLean of Ohio would be their candidate. But McLean refused, and so did John Marshall. Desperately looking around for an honorable candidate who had no obvious liabilities, the convention leaders looked to William Wirt. On September 28 he was offered the nomination, and within several hours he wrote his acceptance.
Wirt knew he was no politician in the Jacksonian sense; he honestly had no ambition for the office. Yet he believed that a good man had to run against Jackson, hoping all the while that the Anti-Masons would sensibly switch their support to Henry Clay, or that the National Republicans would choose another viable candidate the Anti-Masons could accept. Wirt was inept in the thicket of presidential politics: his transitory dreams of potentially being a conciliatory candidate around whom Jackson's defeat could be effected were naive. The National Republicans chose Clay, the Anti-Masons refused to shift to him as Wirt had hoped, and Jackson won in a landslide. Perhaps Wirt had tried to re-enact Patrick Henry's courageous re-entry into politics late in life for conscience' sake. For whatever reason, Wirt vastly miscalculated the political tide. Certainly it seemed to him in late 1832 that the nation had forsaken the republican ideals of the founding fathers and accepted the tyranny of the majority.
More melancholy than ever in his life, Wirt in the midst of the campaign year had resigned himself to Jackson's victory and returned to arguing the cause of the Cherokee Indians. His eloquence moved moralists and John Marshall, but left Old Hickory untouched. It was with a sense of resignation in late 1832 that Wirt returned to conventional law and his beloved family. Surely for him the age of Jackson represented an unhappy revolution; in terms of his ideals, the world was turned upside down. Yet, as he wrote his friends, he had been blessed with more fame and a happier home than he really deserved. His religious interests rekindled as he settled into a comfortable routine in Baltimore. His gracious and gifted wife Elizabeth, with whom he had corresponded so voluminously and candidly during the many years when his practice had carried him away from home; his cultured children, several now married; his devoted friends; all these made Wirt's last months rich and rewarding. His innately sunny disposition once again surfaced; his genuine nobility of character conquered what might have been bitterness. In 1833, in cooperation with one of his sons-in-law, Wirt tried to promote a free-labor German immigrant colony on his Florida lands, but the experiment never proved successful.
Yet even in the face of this final defeat, Wirt in early 1834 in his sixty-second year could reflect on a life far more spectacular than he could have dreamed of half a century before as an obscure Maryland orphan. Content in such reflections, William Wirt died peacefully after a short illness in Washington, where he had been preparing for a case, on February 18, 1834. The Supreme Court, hearing of his death, adjourned, and Marshall himself pronounced a moving eulogy. Impressive burial ceremonies, attended by most of official Washington, were held on February 20. The next morning, as the Speaker called the House of Representatives to order, John Quincy Adams, then a delegate from Massachusetts, arose to pay his respects to Wirt. Dismissing a eulogy, Adams wanted the Journal of the House simply to mention the respect almost universally felt for the late Attorney General. If a mind stored with all the learning appropriate to the profession of the law, he pronounced,
and decorated with all the elegance of classical literature—if a spirit imbued with the sensibilities of a lofty patriotism, and chastened by the meditations of a profound philosophy—if a brilliant imagination, a discerning intellect, a sound judgment, an indefatigable capacity, and vigorous energy of application, vivified with an ease and rapidity of elocution, copious without redundance, and select without affectation—if all these, unified with a sportive vein of humor, an inoffensive temper, and an angelic purity of heart—if all these, in their combination, are the qualities suitable for an Attorney General of the United States, in him they were all eminently combined.
Register of Debates in Congress, 23 Cong., 1 Sess., vol. 10, part 2, pp. 2758-59. Adams' judgment of Wirt may have been inflated by his very low opinion of the incumbent Jackson administration. Wirt's had been a life as remarkable and enigmatic in its own way as that of his cultural model, Patrick Henry. And each, perhaps, has been more remembered by later generations for what he said, and how he said it, than for what he did.
Bibliographical Essay
William Wirt was such an important figure in early nineteenth century America that mention of him can be found in a wide range of books and manuscripts. This selective bibliography can mention only a few of the printed sources. The most convenient beginning place is Thomas Perkins Abernethy's sketch in the Dictionary of American Biography, XX, 418-21. Still the only full length study of Wirt is John P. Kennedy's laudatory Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1849; revised ed., 1850), the most valuable feature of which is the publication of many Wirt letters. Another good sample of Wirt's correspondence, this time to Ninian Edwards, may be found in Ninian Wirt Edwards, History of Illinois, from 1778 to 1833; and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards (Chicago, 1870), pp. 404-76. A colorful interpretation of Wirt is given by Vernon L. Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought, 2 vols. (New York, 1927), II, 30-35. William R. Taylor provides a more sophisticated view in his Cavalier and Yankee; the Old South and American National Character (New York, 1961), pp. 67-94.
Several of Wirt's contemporaries published studies of him. The earliest were Francis Walker Gilmer's Sketches of American Orators (Baltimore, 1816), written in the style of Wirt's British Spy, and the more substantial Biographical Sketch of William Wirt, written by Peter Cruse as an introduction to the tenth edition of The Letters of the British Spy (New York, 1832), pp. [9]-91. Another first-person account appears in F. W. Thomas, John Randolph, of Roanoke, and Other Sketches of Character, Including William Wirt (Philadelphia, 1853). For the opinions of a brilliant but biased commentator, see the Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, Comprising Portions of His Diary From 1795 to 1848, ed. Charles Francis Adams, 12 vols. (Philadelphia, 1874-1877). One should also consult two eulogies, John P. Kennedy's Discourse on the Life and Character of William Wirt (Baltimore, 1834), and Samuel L. Southard, A Discourse on the Professional Character and Virtues of the Late William Wirt (Washington, 1834).
Luckily a recent study by Joseph Charles Burke, William Wirt: Attorney General and Constitutional Lawyer (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1965) puts the legal aspect of Wirt's career in scholarly perspective. Valuable secondary accounts which also discuss Wirt within a wide framework are Charles Warren, A History of the American Bar (Boston, 1911), and his Supreme Court in United States History, 3 vols. (Boston, 1923); and Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (New York, 1951). For Wirt's emerging anti-Jackson sentiment, see the recent article by Marvin R. Cain, William Wirt against Andrew Jackson: Reflection on an Era, Mid-America: An Historical Quarterly, 47 (April, 1965), 113-38. The earlier work by Samuel Rhea Gammon, Jr., The Presidential Campaign of 1832 (Baltimore, 1922), is still useful. Of
course there is a great abundance of historical literature for this whole period, as the works of Henry Adams, George Dangerfield, and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., indicate.
Perhaps the best starting place for Wirt's literary career is Frank P. Cauble, William Wirt and His Friends: A Study in Southern Culture, 1772-1834, (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1933), which is detailed though not particularly interpretative. Richard Beale Davis in many works has portrayed the whole cultural generation of which Wirt was a part. See, for example, his Francis Walker Gilmer: Life and Learning in Jefferson's Virginia (Richmond, 1939), esp. pp. 41-119; and Intellectual Life in Jefferson's Virginia, 1790-1830 (Chapel Hill, 1964). And one should not miss Jay B. Hubbell's definitive work, The South in American Literature, 1607-1900 (Durham, 1954). There have been specialized essays on Wirt's individual literary efforts. Again see Hubbell, William Wirt and the Familiar Essay in Virginia, William and Mary Quarterly, 2d ser., 23 (January, 1943), 136-52; and Davis's Introduction to the Southern Literary Classics edition of the British Spy (Chapel Hill, 1970), pp. [vii]-xx. Wirt's romanticized biography of Patrick Henry has received two excellent critiques, Bernard Mayo's Myths and Men (Athens, Ga., 1959), and William R. Taylor, William Wirt and the Legend of the Old South, William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 14 (October, 1957), 477-93. There is also an article on Mrs. Wirt's gift volume, Flora's Dictionary: see Sarah P. Stetson, Mrs. Wirt and the Language of Flowers, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 57 (October, 1949), 376-89.
Even with a substantial literature of secondary sources, there has still not been a modern interpretative biography of William Wirt. Perhaps this microfilm publication will contribute toward filling this important gap. Wirt's life certainly has much to reveal about early nineteenth century American culture and politics.
Description of the Papers
Most of the William Wirt Papers at the Maryland Historical Society are what might best be termed personal correspondence. The earliest letters concern Wirt's youth, and deal with family and educational matters. The letters grow successively more interesting to the historian as Wirt becomes a lawyer, moves to Richmond, takes part in the political, legal, and literary life there, participates in the Burr trial, eventually moves on to Washington, the Attorney Generalship, and a presidential nomination. Most of the letters are either to and from Wirt's second wife, Elizabeth Washington Gamble Wirt, and later their children, or his personal friends. Several hundred letters are copies, the originals of which are either lost or in other libraries, made in preparation for John Pendleton Kennedy's Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt. On many of these Kennedy imposed obvious editorial changes and omissions, providing the reader with an example of nineteenth century editorial practices. The copies have been filmed with targets identifying them.
Yet the general term personal or family papers gives an incorrect image of the value of the Wirt papers. The half century from 1785 to 1835 was a period when letterwriting was considered an art. People—and especially Wirt—took great pains in writing and keeping letters. How-to-do-it books on the epistolary art were common; much of the literature, like Wirt's own British Spy, was in the form of letters. Wirt possessed real literary skill, but unfortunately for modern readers the kind of prose then in favor was flowery, filled with classical allusions, and sometimes even ostentatious. But in his letters, where he was not writing for either the public or critics, Wirt's natural grace of style, colorful description, and good humor had free rein. The result, whether in the form of letters to his wife and children or to such close friends as Dabney Carr or Peachy Gilmer, is a magnificent correspondence. His candid, often gossipy letters are filled with information on Richmond, Washington, and Baltimore; people and cases Wirt was associated with; the events, political intrigues, personalities, and topics of conversation of the day. Every phase of Wirt's varied career, as outlined in the biographical sketch, is represented in his personal correspondence. Especially valuable is the detailed portrait of court and government life of the 1820's. Here we also see the inner man, mostly unconcealed by the polite conceits of his era. Emotions, motivations, insights are lying in store for the alert reader.
But the personal correspondence contains more than just an inside view of the public man. The Wirts were deeply in love, and had a large, refined family. Mrs. Wirt also became a best-selling author, for her gift book, Flora's Dictionary, went through several editions, each more ornate than the last. Because comparatively few southern figures preserved such an extensive family record, the Wirt papers portray a kind of domestic history
almost unique among ante-bellum Southerners. Family relations, child rearing, education, all are there in profusion. The children discuss their games and lessons with their father; he good-naturedly takes all they do very seriously. As the children grow up, and go to West Point or the University of Viriginia, or marry, or travel, the correspondence provides a continuing panorama of genteel society in the early national period.
The family correspondence continues after Wirt's death in 1834. Primarily that of Catharine Wirt Randall, his daughter, it presents an interesting account of the adult lives of the various Wirt children. The Wirt daughters married prominent men; Wirt's sons entered the professions. There is some interesting correspondence, first with Washington Irving, then with John P. Kennedy, as Catharine sought a proper biographer for her father.
At the conclusion of the regular personal correspondence there are some undated letters arranged by correspondent. Then there are two groups of letters from Wirt to Francis W. Gilmer (1818-1822) and Peachy Gilmer (1802-1833) respectively that have for convenience been filmed as letterbooks. They are copies, apparently made by or for Kennedy, and are written on consecutive pages which made an interfiled, normal chronological filming impossible. Following these are two genuine letterbooks, containing Wirt's professional and business correspondence for the years 1806-1816 and 1832-1834. Addressee indexes for these two letterbooks have been filmed at the beginning of each.
The remaining material, which fills two boxes, is an interesting miscellany. It begins with the various papers of the Wirts' first son, Robert G. Wirt (1805-1824). Robert was an introspective lad who had something like a nervous breakdown at West Point. The letters describing the academy and his subsequent illness are in the regular correspondence; here are filmed the boy's brief journal, essays, notebooks, and so forth. Traveling to Europe in 1824 searching for health, Robert died of what seems to have been a pulmonary disease.
The next items are of great interest but are tantalizingly incomplete. They consist of Wirt's legal, political, literary, and unpublished literary writings. Unfortunately notes and arguments for only a few cases exist in this collection. They are of course filmed, chronologically, in their entirety. Some scattered political writings, on such subjects as the Missouri Compromise, the nullification crisis, Wirt's Anti-Masonic presidential campaign, and on his opposition to Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford, are filmed next. Drafts, fragments, several page proofs and the like relating to Wirt's published literary efforts appear next. Although in the regular correspondence there is a great deal concerning his Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry, there are in this collection no related notes or drafts.
There are, however, several unpublished essays, notes on various addresses, even some poetry. These conclude Wirt's miscellaneous writings.
Friends occasionally sent Wirt poems, and many unsolicited honors, such as memberships in college debating or literary societies, came in the mail. These items are filmed in obvious order. The collection continues with material written to or by the various members of the Wirt family. There are brief diaries, extracts from the Old Testament, assorted honors, sentimental poetry, and similar ephemera. The final group filmed has been termed an undefined Miscellaneous. It contains items ranging from an account of Wirt's life carried in the June 4, 1841, issue of The Florida Sentinel to the signature of Justice Joseph Story. The very last items consist of completely undated material best described as odds and ends.
The Microfilm
Microfilm publications sponsored by the National Historical Publications Commission lie between more normal microfilmed documents and costly letterpress editions. They require much more substantial targeting and organization than the former, and less editorial scaffolding than the latter. The purpose of the Microfilm Publication Program is to make available to scholars as quickly and inexpensively as possible, important documentary source materials, and to present them in such a format that the microfilm user has all the finding aids and advantages he would have if using the original materials in their home repositories.
This, then, has been the philosophy underlying the microfilm edition of the papers of William Wirt. The papers have been organized into what seems a logical arrangement: the correspondence, arranged chronologically, followed by the letterbooks, and concluding with a variety of miscellaneous items, as outlined above in the description of the papers. Envelopes and addresses have been filmed before the text of the letters; enclosures are filmed after the covering letter. Targets have been filmed which identify names, give dates when determinable, indicate missing, torn, or illegible pages, and contain any other information pertinent to the document filmed. When there are several letters of the same date, they have been filmed alphabetically by sender. Items dated only by the month are put at the end of that month; those dated only by year are put at the end of the year; sometimes completely undated letters are put at their approximate chronological location. All information supplied is indicated by brackets. Some undated letters for which approximate dates could not be assigned, have been filmed grouped by sender at the end of the regular correspondence. A small group of undated, unsigned, and fragmentary letters has been filmed at the very end of the miscellaneous material.
Probably a majority of all the letters written were between William Wirt and his wife Elizabeth. Although they both addressed and signed their letters in various ways—Your husband to My dear love, W. W. to my love, Eliza to my dearest husband, E. W. W. to my husband, etc.—no targets have been prepared for the variations. Their letters to each other are immediately recognizable however they addressed or signed them.
The collection has been filmed in format II-B (the sides of the letter perpendicular to the edges of the film) at a reduction ratio of 15 to 1. When an unusually large item required a different reduction ratio, the fact is indicated by an appropriate target. To make the year targets more noticeable, they have been filmed against a background of eyecatching diagonal stripes. Each frame is numbered by an automatic numbering device; the small numbers are located on the lower right side of the frame adjacent to the running target which names the collection and the repository.
Because much of the correspondence is with the Wirt children, they are
listed below:
Laura Henrietta, September 3, 1803-December 17, 1833; m. Thomas Randall, August 21, 1827.
Robert Gamble, January 31, 1805-October 31, 1824.
(Emily and Betsy were born, and died, sometime between the births of Robert and Elizabeth.)
Elizabeth Gamble, c. 1807-1808-?; m. Louis M. Goldsborough, November 1, 1831.
Catharine G., c. 1807-1808-?; m. Alexander Randall, September 22, 1841.
Rosa E., 1810-May 7, 1849; m. Dr. Alexander Robinson, 1832.
Ellen Tazewell, 1812-?; m. Edmund Brooke Vass, May, 1838, (d. September 28, 1839); m. 2d Dr. Charles McCormick, September, 1842.
Dabney Carr, c. 1814-1815-?
Agnes C., 1815-January, 1831.
Henry G., June 1, 1818-June 26, 1850; m. Louisa Anderson?, January 2, 1844.
William C.,?-?; m. Bettie S. Payne, March, 1845.
Roll List
August 13, 1786-June 27, 1810
July 14, 1810-July 28, 1815
August 7, 1815-May 15, 1820
May 19, 1820-November 15, 1822
November 16, 1822-May, 1824
June 20, 1824-May 15, 1825
May 16, 1825-May 20, 1826
May 21-1826-January 25, 1827
March 11, 1827-November 29, 1827
December 3, 1827-May 31, 1828
June 1, 1828-December 14, 1828
December 16, 1828-January 31, 1830
February 1, 1830-February 15, 1831
February 16, 1831-January 14, 1832
January 22, 1832-January, 1833
February 1, 1833-February 27, 1834
February (undated), 1834-October 21, 1836
November 1, 1836-August, 1841
September 11, 1841-September 15, 1843
September 18, 1843-May 14, 1846
June 2, 1846-April 10-11, 1850
April 14, 1850—Undated correspondence between Mr. and Mrs. William C. Wirt and Mrs. Catharine W. Randall.
Miscellaneous undated to Catharine W. Randall; letterbooks to Francis W. Gilmer and Peachy Gilmer; Wirt letterbooks, 1806-1816, 1832-1834; Papers of Robert G. Wirt; Wirt's legal papers through 1828.
Continuing Wirt's legal papers, political papers, published literary papers, unpublished literary papers; miscellaneous material sent to Wirt; miscellaneous material written to or by members of the Wirt family; miscellaneous papers; completely undated material, fragments.
Selected List of Correspondents
John Adams
William H. Cabell
Peter Carnes
Dabney Carr
Salmon P. Chase
Henry Clay
Joseph Correa de Serra
Benjamin Edwards
Ninian B. Edwards
Edward Everett
Albert Gallatin
Robert Gamble
Francis W. Gilmer
George H. Gilmer
Peachy Gilmer
George Hay
Thomas Jefferson
Reverdy Johnson
John P. Kennedy
John H. B. Latrobe
James Madison
John Marshall
John McLean
Jonathan Meredith
James Monroe
Thomas H. Pope
William Pope
Thomas Randall
John Holt Rice
Joseph Story
Thomas Swann
Henry St. George Tucker
St. George Tucker
Severn Teackle Wallis
Robert Walsh, Jr.
Bushrod Washington
Daniel Webster
Most of the correspondence, however, is among the immediate members of the Wirt family.
Subjects Covered in the Papers
Alien and Sedition Acts
Anti-Masonic candidacy of Wirt, 1832
Attorney General office
Burr Trial
Callender Trial
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
William H. Crawford
Dartmouth College Case
Florida land speculation and settlement
Gibbons v. Ogden
Andrew Jackson
Indian removal
Intellectual, legal, political, and social life in Richmond, Baltimore, and Washington
Letters of the British Spy
McCulloch v. Maryland
The Old Bachelor
Peck impeachment trial
William Pinkney
Practice of law, 1795-1834
The Rainbow: First Series
Second Bank of the United States
Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry
Springs of Virginia
Supreme Court, 1816-1834
War of 1812
Daniel Webster
Publication and Microfilm Copying Restrictions
The written permission of the Maryland Historical Society must be obtained before any manuscript from its collections can be published in any form.
The user is further cautioned that unauthorized publication of manuscripts may be construed as a violation of literary property rights. These rights derive from the common-law principle that the author of an unpublished letter or other manuscript, or his executors, heirs, or legatees, has the sole right to publish the contents thereof; unless he or another authorized person affirmatively parts with that right, it subsists regardless of the ownership of the physical manuscript. It is the responsibility of the would-be user or his publisher to secure from the owner of the literary rights permission to publish.
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Inquiries regarding permission to publish manuscripts from this collection should be addressed to the Curator of Manuscripts, Maryland Historical Society, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.
Availability of the Microfilm
The microfilm edition of the William Wirt Papers may be used at the Maryland Historical Society or purchased at $55 a roll. A copy of the pamphlet Guide is included in the purchase price of a complete set and is otherwise available at $1.00.
Please address all inquiries and orders to the Curator of Manuscripts, Maryland Historical Society, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
Other Maryland Historical Society Microfilm Publications:
Robert Goodloe Harper Family Papers, 5 rolls.
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text: Thursday, June 21, 2012 New in the Literature: Exercise and Physical Therapy in Children With CF (Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012 May 2. [Epub ahead of print]) Supervised outpatient exercise and physical therapy are associated with improvements in quality of life and exercise tolerance, a reduction in IV antibiotic days, and a trend toward reducing lung function decline in children with cystic fibrosis (CF), say authors of an article published in Pediatric Pulmonology. The cost of IV antibiotics was reduced by $104,000 in 2010 when compared with 2009. Such cost benefit may have implications for workforce planning and service provision, they add. Twelve children (6 girls) with CF aged 10 years or older (mean age 13.3 years) who had received 4 or more courses of IV antibiotics in 2009 were enrolled in the study. The children participated in supervised exercise and physical therapy once every 2 weeks throughout 2010. In addition, they were expected to exercise 3 times weekly. If unwell, the children completed additional physical therapy sessions to usual chest physical therapy. Assessments of exercise capacity using the Modified Shuttle Test (MST) and quality of life (QOL; CFQ-UK) were recorded at baseline and after 1 year. Regular spirometry was performed before and throughout the study. Data were collected on IV antibiotic days. A significant reduction in IV antibiotic days from 60 days in 2009 to 50 in 2010 was noted, along with improved MST distance (735 vs 943) and level attained (9.4 vs 11.1). Significant improvements in CFQ-UK scores for physical (59 vs 83), emotional (63 vs 84), treatment (41 vs 61), and respiratory (54 vs 76) domains were noted. The mean rate of change of FEV(1) was -4 (-18, +10)% in 2009, but was +6 (-2, +13)% in 2010, although this did not reach statistical significance.


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Our trend of way above normal temperatures continues today into the weekend and beyond. We will reach the upper 70s again today and this weekend we have a chance to see 80 on both Saturday and Sunday with some very muggy air moving in. Our normal high this time of year is supposed to be 62.
There is a chance of a stray shower on Saturday and Sunday but it will likely stay dry. In fact, we've actually been pretty dry lately. No rain has fallen so far in the month of October but that should change Monday and Tuesday when we get some soaking rain from the remnants of Tropical Storm Nate.
Speaking of Nate, as of this morning the storm had sustained winds of 45 mph as it headed toward the Yucatan Peninsula. It should strengthen some before hitting Mexico and then weaken before it makes it to the Gulf of Mexico. Once it reaches the Gulf of Mexico on early Saturday it is forecast to build into a hurricane before striking the United States, probably very early on Sunday. Hurricane watches have been posted for Louisiana and it would appear that New Orleans is right in the targeted area of this storm.


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Martyn Brown
Team 17 co-founder to lead Activision's new UK mobile studio
Activision has lured Martyn Brown, co-founder of Worms developer Team 17, to head a new studio in the UK.
Martyn Brown headlines
Ex-Team17 boss Martyn Brown consulting Double Eleven
Ex-Team17 boss Martyn Brown has taken on the role of a consultant for independent developer Double Eleven.
Martyn Brown and Team17 part ways
Team17 studio head and co-founder Martyn Brown has just announced on Facebook that's he has left the UK developer.
Team 17 shifts focus to digital instead of boxed products
UK-based studio Team 17 has said it's planning to increase the number of downloadable games it produces, and forgo boxed products in the future.
PSP go issues are not digital-related, says Team 17 boss
Team 17 boss Martyn Brown has said problems with PSP go have nothing to do with the fact it's a digital device, but more so because of the price and available library.
Alien Breed Evolution hitting Steam and PSN this summer
Team 17 has announced that Alien Breed Evolution will be released on Steam and PSN this summer, complete with a new name.
Worms Reloaded: New 2D Worms for PC hitting Steam
Team 17's Martyn Brown has tweeted that a new 2D Worms title is heading to PC.
Team 17: Microsoft bribery claims are "bollocks"
Team 17 boss Martyn Brown has said that claims of bribery from Microsoft over the timed exclusivity of Alien Breed: Evolution for Xbox Live Arcade, are "bollocks", although understands there are PS3 owners who are pissed at the exclusivity deal. "I understand that. It's difficult. Obviously we'd like everything on every platform day one. The […]
Alien Breed Evolution to debut on XBLA because of faith shown by Microsoft, says Team 17's Brown
In a video interview with VG247 last week, Team 17 boss Martyn Brown said that Alien Breed Evolution will release on Xbox Live Arcade first due to the faith Microsoft showed in the developer from an early stage. "I think XBLA still leads PS3 in terms of user base and probably the amount of people […]
Vid interview - Alien Breed to appeal to Gears and Halo fans, says Team 17's Brown
Team 17 boss Martyn Brown's told VG247 that downloadable actioner Alien Breed Evolution should appeal to Xbox 360 fans' traditional loves in Halo and Gears of War. The UK studio manager said the title, the first of a trilogy that's cost $2.5 million to develop so far, could replicate the company's significant online console success […]
Alien Breed Evolution - 5 minutes of gameplay video
There's a five-minute, off-screen movie of Team 17's Alien Breed Evolution after the break. We saw the frankly awesome-looking shooter today at Develop in Brighton. The detail really doesn't come over in this video, but it's a joy to behold in the flesh. You'll get a good idea of what's going on in the footage. […]
Alien Breed trilogy: PS3 version coming later
Team 17's Martyn Brown has told VG247 that the Alien Breed trilogy will be released on PS3, but for now it's a timed Xbox 360 exclusive. The first episode will have five levels, each at an hour long. There's another three hours of co-op, which is separate content. More on our interview with Martyn is […]
Worms PSN - Holy Hand Grenade confirmed
Team17 studio boss Martyn Brown's confirmed to VG247 that the PSN Worms version coming later this year includes the holy hand grenade. "We can confirm, before we're besieged, that Worms PSN does have the Holy Hand Grenade," said Brown. The PS3 version's essentially a bumped out take on the current XBLA title. "Worms PSN is… […]
Team 17 boss cautious of DSi SD feature
Speaking to GI, Team 17 head Martyn Brown's welcomed the ability to slot and SD card into the newly announced DSi, but has warned the feature may bring more widespread piracy to the platform. "Adding an SD slot makes a bunch of sense for downloadable content given the way things are going," he said. "I […]
Rein to speak at Nordic Game 2008
Epic head Mark Rein is to speak in the business and production track at this year's Nordic Game. Rein will sit on a round-table discussion called Art of the Deal, which will focus on the publisher pitching process. Othe panelists include MGS business development director Peter Zetterberg, Ross Erickson, VP acquisitions at Sierra Online, studio […]
Martyn Brown latest
Team 17 co-founder to lead Activision's new UK mobile studio
Alien Breed Evolution to debut on XBLA because of faith shown by Microsoft, says Team 17's Brown
Vid interview – Alien Breed to appeal to Gears and Halo fans, says Team 17's Brown


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Kiki & Johnny: Week 2
Or is it 3? No matter. The point is, unlike her brief flings with Andy Samberg and Adrien Grenier and Adam Brody which only lasted a week, Kiki has managed to keep Johnny Borrell's interest for more, going so far as to follow him to the UK where she is supposedly shacked up in his flat, lovesick to the point that she follows him everywhere – to every gig, to every afterparty, to every town, to every country…and he can't get enough.
Here they are the other day in London, walking the same, looking the same, smelling the same – I imagine it like overnight pizza, a pack of cigarettes, and flat beer. Kinda gross…but also kinda works for her, you know what I mean?


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I was inspired to write this post based off how I currently feel on this cold, foggy day. I'm working from home, and I want nothing more than to cuddle up with my dogs and hibernate. However, that's not an option as work has to be done. So, what do I do to motivate myself? Here are some tips that work for me, so if you can relate to what I'm saying, please try these suggestions out!
1. Eat fat.
Our brains are made up of about 60% fat and need fat to promote clear thinking and focus. Outdated research suggested people stay away from products containing fat, so for me growing up I typically ate fat-free products. I can't tell you how relieved I am to now know that healthy fats are actually an essential part of our diet. Foods like avocado, salmon, coconut oil, organic grass-fed butter and egg yolks are all examples of healthy fats that most people should consume on a daily basis. I personally don't eat much dairy, but it makes me sad that I deprived myself of the delicious goodness that is whole milk and 2% Greek yogurt for so many years. Fat-free products not only taste unsatisfying, but they are typically packed with preservatives and hidden sugars in attempt to improve flavor. By eating more fat, especially earlier in the day, you can power your brain, enhance learning and memory, and protect yourself again future brain diseases.
To give you an idea of how I fit fats into my diet, here is an example of what I might eat in a day:
Early Morning Meal — My Daily Green Smoothie, which always includes chia seeds and hemp seeds
Breakfast — Two eggs fried in either ghee or coconut oil with vegetables sautéd in either coconut oil or olive oil over rice.
Lunch — Mixed green salad with avocado and a little olive oil with lemon and lime for dressing.
Snack — Apple with almond butter.
Dinner — Baked salmon with steamed broccoli over quinoa.
Fat sources for the day = chia seeds, hemp seeds, egg yolks, ghee, coconut oil, avocado, olive oil, almond butter and salmon. If you focus on eating whole foods, it's not so hard to get your daily fat!
2. Experiment with Essential Oils
Aromatherapy has been used for thousands of years to improve mood, aid with sleep, energize, fight disease, and so much more. There's pretty much an essential oil for just about anything you can think of. For me, after years of taking pharmaceuticals to manage ADHD, essential oils, in addition to diet, have become my all-natural solution for staying focused. There are different oils you can use, and there are also oils made of a combination of different scents. My absolute favorite oil is by DoTerra and it's called InTune. It's a combination of several oils, but it's my go-to scent whenever it's time to get working. Other oils that work well, which are mostly found in InTune, are lavender, Roman chamomile, mandarin, ylang ylang (I love this scent!), frankincense (I love this one too!), vetiver, and patchouli.
3. Use Cannabis
This recommendation might sound counterintuitive and also may not be a solution for everyone. For me, I have found with certain strains of cannabis that I can manage my ADHD-tendencies. I do live in California where just about anyone can get a medical marijuana card, so apologies to those of you who unfortunately don't have access to legal medicine. For those of you who do, certain strains can actually give you clarity, laser-sharp focus, and can get those creative juices flowing. Of course, it's always important to consult your doctor or bud tender first, since they will be able to recommend the best strains for your specific needs, but definitely ask if cannabis can be a good solution for you too.
4. Set Daily Goals
There's something about writing out your daily to-do list that makes it much easier to get work done during the day. I think it's because lists hold you accountable and help with time management. I actually prefer to write my list the night before, so that I can know exactly what needs to be done when I wake up the following day.
The other part of goal setting, especially when you're feeling unmotivated, is to set what I call "power hour" goals. It doesn't necessarily need to be an hour, but what I'll do is set a timer for typically about 20-30 minutes and during this time I have to stay completely focused on one task, like writing a blog post. When my timer goes off I then allow myself a five minute break to walk around and stretch. Sometimes on my break I even let myself check Facebook 🙂 The point is that this system forces my lazy brain to work hard with the promise of a reward. Because I get to take breaks I don't get burnt out this way, not to mention I get in a little exercise!
For more tips like these, please leave a comment or drop me a line on my website. Let's talk!


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about six years ago
St. Louis, MO (SportsNetwork.com) - Zac Stacy posted a game-high 133 yards and one touchdown on 28 carries as St. Louis jumped out to an early 17-0 lead and held on to beat New Orleans, 27-16, in Week 15 action. Kellen Clemens was an effective 14-of-20 for 158 yards with TD strikes to Cory Harkey and Lance Kendricks for the Rams (6-8), who snapped a two-game slide and beat their Sunday foes for the fourth time in the last six meetings. "Everybody contributed and everybody last night felt like we had a chance to win the game," noted Rams head coach Jeff Fisher. "We got a couple early turnovers which really helped us put them in a hole." Drew Brees threw for 393 yards and one touchdown on 39-of-56 attempts but was intercepted twice for the Saints (10-4), who have dropped two key road contests in a three-game span and failed to lock up a playoff berth. Marques Colston topped an eight-man receiving corps with 92 yards and a TD catch on eight receptions, to counterbalance Darren Sproles and Pierre Thomas being limited to a combined 45 yards on 15 attempts. "Today's game was unacceptable and it's on me," said Saints head coach Sean Payton. " We did all the things a team does to keep itself from winning. That was pretty ugly and it was an extremely disappointing loss." Capping an 80 yard drive on the 14th play, Brees went over the top from one yard out but the conversion run failed, and New Orleans trailed 27-9 early in the fourth quarter. It was a 27-16 game on the Saints' ensuing possession, as Brees found Colston for a touchdown on 4th-and-5 and the visitors recovered the onside kick at their own 44. However, the potential momentum-turning drive was wasted when Garrett Hartley dug his toe into the turf and shanked a 26-yard attempt wide left. St. Louis took over on its own 20 and ran off the remaining time in four plays. "Anytime you win, it's a good feeling, regardless of who you're playing," Stacy said. Brees was picked off on the first snap of the Saints' first drive, with T.J. McDonald doing the honors before being tackled at the New Orleans 31. On the next play, Clemens connected with Harkey for a touchdown. New Orleans reached the St. Louis 10 on the following possession, but Trumaine Johnson stepped in front of a Brees offering at the goal line and advanced the ball seven yards. Clemens ended that 9-play series with a 4-yard strike to Kendricks for a 14-0 edge. The Rams recovered the ensuing onside kick at the Saints' 47, and Greg Zuerlein's 31-yard make on the first play of the second quarter made it 17-0. On the following series, Hartley's 45-yard make put the Saints on the board, then after both teams exchanged punts, Stacy rumbled 40 yards to paydirt on a 2nd-and-4 to give the Rams a 24-3 advantage that stood at halftime. Brees was sacked and coughed up the ball on New Orleans' first drive of the third quarter, but the Rams didn't capitalize. That wasn't the case on their next possession, when Zuerlein booted a 35-yarder and the hosts took a 27-3 lead to the fourth. Game Notes New Orleans plays at Carolina next Sunday ... The Saints outgained the Rams by a 432-302 margin and gained 30 first downs to 17 for the hosts ... St. Louis converted 7-of-14 third downs and held the Saints to 5-of-15 efficiency.
2020 Taylorville Daily News,
Miller Media Group
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Taj Fitted Sheet Queen Blue
Our linen is weaved in France from the flax plant creating a luxury bedding collection that just gets better with use. Each piece is lovingly hem stitched then stone washed for irresistible softness that caresses the body for the ultimate nights sleep.
- Linen is cool in summer and warm in winter
- Anti-bacterial and hypoallergenic
- Softens with each wash
- long lasting and resistant to friction
- Size: 153 x 203 x 40 cm
In stock


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Beating The Heat
Tips From The Pros To Keep Your Brakes Cool
An overheated racing engine can mean, among other things, an increased rate of failure. When you fail at racing, it means you dont make money. The same holds true for the brake system on your racing car. When the brakes are applied to slow your car, friction is created. One of the by-products of friction is heat, and excessive heat can and will destroy your brakes.
Overheated brakes are hot enough to boil the brake fluid, increasing the chances for brake failure. As a function of their use, brakes are one of the most stressed parts on the car and they need constant attention, both from the driver on the track and the crew in the shop, to keep them cool.
With an eye toward reducing your heat-related brake problems, Circle Track went to Butch Stevens at BSR Products; Jeff Smallwood at US Brake; Mel Kluhsman at Kluhsman Racing Components; Bill Swiderski of Outlaw Racing Disc Brakes and Herb Bellmore at Dan Press Industries for some tips to help you keep your cars brakes in their coolest form. Check out their comments in the sidebars below.


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Rainfall is expected for much of the Central Plains, but will it reduce drought conditions in the region?
By: Nora Hertel, Associated Press
PIERRE, S.D. (AP) — A spring forecast of above-average rainfall in parts of the Plains region is raising hopes for a break in drought conditions plaguing much of the area.
"It looks pretty good for conditions to improve into the early summer," said Sioux Falls-based National Weather Service hydrologist Mike Gillispie about predictions for precipitation in parts of Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota.
Brian Fuchs, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center in Lincoln, Neb., also expects extra precipitation through April in the central and northern Plains.
But while some drought relief might be on the way, representatives from the agriculture industry and municipal water departments are still wary.
Nathan Fields, with National Corn Growers Association, said the 2012 drought showed how quickly it can set in and damage crop production.
Parts of eastern South Dakota are abnormally dry and the stretch from southern Minnesota and Iowa through Nebraska is in moderate drought, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. North Dakota , meanwhile, largely has escaped drought conditions.
Conditions worsen farther south, with parts of Texas and Oklahoma suffering through a severe and persistent drought.
Fields, the association's director of biotechnology and economic analysis, said the weather "is the biggest variable that nobody really has control over."
He said once a drought settles in, all farmers can do is hope they selected a drought-resistant seed.
Jason Kontz farms corn, soybeans and alfalfa on 2,500 acres near Coleman, S.D.
In dry times, Kontz said, "we just plant and hope for rain or try and put the seed deep enough to reach moisture in the soil."
Kontz said conditions in the southeastern corner of the state are not too bad currently but it feels dry.
"I think it's going to be dry this spring," the 35-year-old farmer said. "It was dry last fall, and in this area of the world, we didn't get a lot of snow."
Jerry Obrist, chief engineer for water works in Lincoln, Neb., has been monitoring drought conditions as well. In Nebraska, exceptionally dry weather affects aquifers that provide water for communities across the state.
Drought severity varies across Nebraska, and Obrist said precipitation has been below average this year.
"South Dakota's been getting all our rain and snow," he said with a laugh. He is hoping for a wet spring. But if the city's water resources become pressed, officials will restrict outside water use, Obrist said.
Al Dutcher, Nebraska's state climatologist, said drought recovery can take years, so the region will need good rain for more than a few months in order to recover from the 2012 drought.
He said it could take several years for some areas of Texas and Kansas to recover from severe drought.
Dutcher and other scientists said temperature is also a factor this spring for farmers. Temperatures are expected to remain below average, meaning there's less fuel for the thunderstorms that bring precipitation.
Gillispie said cooler temperatures might also shorten the growing season in the northern Plains.
However, Gillispie said, "if we can get this wet spring, we should be in good shape."
Market Snapshot, Noon CT (VIP) -- April 16, 2014
Changing Nature of Oil Production Challenges Transportation Systems


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August 14, 2012, 11:29 am
"Borgen," the best show you've never heard of, streaming for free
[media-credit name="LinkTV" align="alignright" width="270″][/media-credit]
I'm in awe of "Borgen," a political drama smarter than "The West Wing," more subtle than "Boss," a Copenhagen- based series from the producers of the Danish hit "The Killing" (not the widely derided American version).
"Borgen" doesn't use expensive sets or fancy special effects, instead relying on taut plot lines, sharp dialog and great performances. The story chronicles the rise to power of Prime Minister Birgitte Nyborg, the first female to hold the office (played by Sidse Babett Knudsen), and how she is changed by power. "Borgen" is beautifully constructed, terrifically acted and directed, and utterly engrossing.


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Our Price for Taxi from Notting Hill to stansted Airport all fixed there is no extra charge only for pick up from stansted Airport to Notting Hill will be extra for parking and driver waiting on arrival with ABC Cars Kensington Board with your name on it. Also we can take any Booking from Hotels in Notting Hill to stansted Airport.
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