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Add vehicles to compare. You can compare up to 3 vehicles at a time.
Tax, title, license and dealer fees (unless itemized above) are extra. Not available with special finance or lease offers. Tax, title, license (unless itemized above) are extra. Not available with special finance, lease and some other offers.
*EPA Estimates Only
**Tax, title, license and dealer fees extra. On 10% of select vehicles in dealer stock while stock lasts. Not available with lease, special finance and some other offers. Based on discount below MSRP and customer cash. Take delivery by 3/31/17.
The new Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD is a full-size, heavy-duty American pickup truck. It's a highly rated truck with a comfortable ride and quiet interior, effective in hauling the heavy cargo. It is available in a variety of trims and engines, and helps you get the job done, thanks to its amazing hauling and towing capacity. Hyde Park and Burlington customers, can choose from the three cab styles, two bed lengths, and three engines. Visit Lamoille Valley Chevrolet and get the vehicle you desire! Pick the color and options that you need. You can call us at (802) 851-5195 or contact us online to learn more about the buying or leasing options.
Hyde Park'S PREMIER NEW & PRE-OWNED VEHICLE DEALER | Lamoille Valley Chevrolet
Shopping for a new or used car in Hyde Park? At Lamoille Valley Chevrolet, we have a huge New selection, as well as Pre-Owned trucks, cars & SUVs in Hyde Park, near Stowe and Burlington. Shop our inventory online, or visit our dealership in Hyde Park to test drive any of our new & used vehicles. Our staff will be happy to help you find the right vehicle for your style, needs and budget. Have questions about auto financing in Hyde Park? We're here to help you through every step of your car purchasing experience. So if you're looking to test drive a new or used vehicle in Stowe or right here in Hyde Park, contact us online, or stop in and experience the difference with Lamoille Valley Chevrolet!


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Desperately in need of cash, the U.S. speedskating team has turned to that living embodiment of everything that is right and good about America: Stephen Colbert.
U.S. Speedskating found themselves $300,000 short, after their Dutch bank sponsor declared bankruptcy. With mere months before the Olympics, along came a hero.
With Dan Jansen as his guest on last night's show, Colbert announced that he would step in. Skaters will wear "Colbert Nation" on their hoods, and we should expect some offbeat promotions in the near future.
Notice it's "Colbert Nation" and not the actual show doing the sponsoring. That's because there's no cash in the deal; it'll be fans of the show who provide the material support. There's a fundraising link on his site. Nice, but I'm not sure pay-what-you wish sponsorships are the future of sports. I believe In Rainbows has made about $78.50 so far.
It's not all fun and games for the new philanthropist:
It still tragically involves a lot of Canadians," Colbert said. "It's kind of unseemly how many Canadians I'm going to have to be dealing with."

subset: commoncrawl


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The 30 Rock stars aren't as insane as their characters, but man, it looks like sitting in the back seat of a Jaaaaaag really gets people going.
As far as back seat escapades go, Tracy Morgan and Jane Krakowski singing "I'd Do Anything For Love" and then pretending to make out isn't that extreme.
Now if someone can find out what car (or cars) Tracy Morgan got sombeody pregnant in, let us know.


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Q: How many and what type of plants should I have in my pond?
Bryce – Myrtle Beach, SC
If you're a person – and we're going out on a limb here to assume you are – you understand the importance of eating a balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, grains and proteins. Variety, it seems, is more than just the spice of life. Like you, your water garden thrives on variety – in the form of a carefully selected mix of aquatic plants. But just as overeating is harmful to you, over-planting spells trouble for your pond. So, whether you're dining or planting, it pays to be prudent.
Ideal plant coverage is around 60% of your featured surface – this allows for enough nutrient absorption to help prevent algae from gaining a foothold in your pond. There are many types of water plants to choose from – bog plants, marginal plants, lilies, floating and submerged plants – and frankly, we recommend that you try and use them all because each type of plant brings a little something different to the water table if you get our drift.
For instance, submerged plants, like Hornwort or Anacharis, are oxygenators, providing critical support to a pond's eco-system by supplementing the water with oxygen, while floating plants, like the water hyacinth, provide shade that cools the water and cover under which fish can hide.
Our customers have found The Pond Guy® Choice Hardy Water Lilies, make lovely additions to their ponds. Position the root of the plant in a container of Microbe-Lift® Aquatic Planting Media, and locate the water lily so that its floating leaves are away from any splashing water for best results.
Blue Flag Iris, Water Hibiscus and Bog Bean are all lovely examples of bog plants that can be placed around the shallow edges of your pond for both aesthetic and ecological reasons. To keep your water garden in healthy, we suggest you treat your plants once a year to such products as the Laguna Temperature Activated Aquatic Plant Fertilizer Spikes or the nitrate and phosphate free supplement Bloom & Grow™, formulated specifically for aquatic plants.
There's no doubt about it: variety is the spice of life. It's also the sign of a healthy, well-cared for pond.
Pond Talk: What types of plants do you have in your pond?
Filed under: Algae Control, Aquatic Plants, Feeding Fish, Fish Diseases, Fish Population, Koi & Goldfish, Oxygen Depletion, Pea-Green Algae, Uncategorized, Water Gardens & Features, Water Quality Issues | Tagged: aquatic plants, bloom, bloom and grow, fertilizer, grow, hyacinth, lilies, lily, Water, water hyacinth, water lilies, water lily |


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Special Events
Pfizer Support for Not-for-Profit Organization Special Events
Pfizer and its legacy companies have a strong tradition of funding external, independent, not-for-profit organizations to support and promote shared goals and to demonstrate our commitment to fund programs and initiatives that provide broad public benefit, advance medical care and improve patient outcomes. These external, independent, not-for-profit organizations include patient advocacy groups, professional medical associations, trade associations and other charitable organizations with a 501(c)(3) or similar status. Pfizer strives to ensure that our continued alignment with external, independent, not-for-profit organizations is conducted in strict compliance with relevant laws and regulations, industry codes, external standards and internal Pfizer policies and procedures.
One category of funding that Pfizer provides to external, independent, not-for-profit organizations involves activities known as "Special Events." Pfizer provides limited support for certain special events.
Definition: For purposes of Pfizer's funding of external, independent, not-for-profit organizations, Special Events include, but are not limited to fundraising dinners, walks, biking and golf events, galas, awards ceremonies and other similar events that do not provide Pfizer with a tangible benefit. Pfizer will not provide input into the content or strategic direction of such Special Events. We recognize that there may be diverse understandings of the term Special Events. Pfizer has its own specific definition of this term that complies with our internal policies. We encourage external, independent, not-for-profit organizations to look at other Pfizer resources for guidance on funding of activities that do not fit our definition of Special Events. One such resource is www.musaahmad.com/grantsandcontributions.
Application Process: All requests should be submitted via the Special Event Grant System accessible on the right. You may also contact the Pfizer public affairs representative in your state, Pfizer's office in Washington, DC, or Pfizer's External Medical Affairs group in New York. Completion and submission of an application in accordance with these instructions does not guarantee Pfizer's provision of funding for the Special Event.
Examples of Funding Requests That Will Not Be Considered
Pfizer will not provide funding:
- For an activity in which the start date has already passed
- For any activity aimed at improperly influencing any entity, including but not limited to healthcare professionals or government officials
- To improperly influence prescribing, formulary positioning or recommendation of Pfizer products
- For any activity that may result in off-label promotion of Pfizer products
- That would undermine in any way the organization's independence
- As quid pro quo for service or support
- For capital support of an organization, including building costs or other similar requests related to "start up" costs
- For programs that do not provide broad public benefit, primarily benefit patient care, advance medical science or otherwise do not align with Pfizer's policy or business goals
- To individual persons
- For non-research grant proposals and donations to individual healthcare professionals or group practices
Note: This page is not meant to be inclusive of all funding provided by every division within Pfizer, but focuses only on the funding that the public affairs group might be able to provide. More information about other Pfizer sources of funding, including application requirements and procedures for submission and review, is available online at www.musaahmad.com/grantsandcontributions. Please note that many divisions within Pfizer are unable to provide funding for healthcare charitable contributions. Pfizer is working to streamline and centralize the applications process for all of our stakeholders. Pfizer may publicly post on its website payments to healthcare-related organizations or for healthcare-related activities pursuant to its Transparency in Grants (TIG) initiative.


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Thursday, June 13, 2013
A Tale of Two Arches, But Not in Arches
We heard an ungodly screeching all around us while at the arch, and it didn't take long to find the noisemaker: a bunch of cicadas. They look like horrifying beasts of Hades, but are essentially harmless.
My posting will be very spotty over the next two weeks. I had so much fun on my one week exploration of Grand Canyon, Bryce and Zion that I am headed back out there again, this time with two dozen students. We're making a huge loop through the plateau country, with no wi-fi motels, and rare access of any kind. I might actually have to breath the air, hike around for entertainment, and gaze at stars at night. I'll try to maintain a positive attitude!
2 comments:
- Gaelyn said...
You'll get WIFI at the North Rim campstore. See ya' next week.
- June 13, 2013 at 9:10 AM
There's always a good signal in Bryce with AT&T! ;)
- July 17, 2013 at 8:00 PM
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Hot Docs, North America's largest documentary festival, conference and market, proudly returns for its 18th annual edition from April 28 – May 8, 2011. Showcasing the best of Canadian and international documentaries, Hot Docs is set to welcome delegates, filmmakers and audiences to Toronto for this 11-day event. This year, Hot Docs will screen a total of 170 films from more than 35 countries across the Toronto downtown core.
In the office, in the theatres and at special events, Hot Docs counts on its volunteers to help the Festival run smoothly. We value our volunteers and truly believe that, year after year, we have the most helpful and dedicated volunteers around. Sign-up sessions for Hot Docs take place throughout the month of April — register online for details. With weekend, weekday, and evening shifts available for various volunteer positions, there is something for everyone!
To find out more about how to become a Hot Docs Festival volunteer, visit: www.hotdocs.ca/about/volunteer_opportunities
Registered volunteers will be e-mailed April sign-up dates


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Thermal coal: end of the road?
With thermal coal under pressure from economic and environmental considerations, investors in mining firms need to make sure they take a realistic approach.
Of the major fossil fuels used to generate energy, coal emits the highest proportion of carbon dioxide when burned. The transition from coal-fired power to lower-carbon and renewable energy is already underway in developed economies.
The proportion of increased energy demand from large emerging economies that will be met by thermal coal will reduce over time. Bolstered by the success of the Paris climate talks in December 2015, we believe these countries' transition to low-carbon sources of energy will arrive more quickly than markets have anticipated. With thermal coal already suffering at the bottom of the commodity cycle, it is unlikely to recover.
The 'stranded asset' debate has moved many analysts to think about the amount of potential 'unburnable' carbon in the ground, but little has been done on a company and mine level. Companies producing thermal coal will now have to move faster to reposition their portfolios and reconsider how capital is allocated to costly, long-term coal projects.
Shift in approach at the big miners
We have reviewed the top four global diversified mining companies, assessing the proportion of coal in their portfolios, production costs, changing demand for coal in the key markets they serve, and any portfolio adjustments. In a very tight commodity environment, we have analysed which mines operate at a cash costs above breakeven, and assessed the amounts of reserves held in the most expensive-to-operate mines.
The four miners initially tackled the stranded assets debate quite cautiously. Now, their approach is more nuanced and solution-driven. Each has made some investment in cleaner coal and/or research into carbon capture, and most have been quietly exiting thermal coal.
Mines operating above cash cost of $60 per tonne
Source: Schroders, Exane. Data as at 31 December 2015
Domestic coal players… cleaner coal will win
It is important to also consider the key domestic markets and their key players. Their coal production is so directly linked to local demand, supply, and regulation that any small factor – such as carbon regulation – can have lasting effects.
• India – a wild card: India still has big growth potential for coal. It is set to reduce thermal coal imports in the next 2-3 years which will favour domestic players, but increased carbon regulation will eventually limit that growth. Capital expenditure on solar energy is set to overtake that spent on coal by 2019, and India has targeted for renewable energy to account for 40% of electricity generation capacity by 2040.
• China – hunger for cleaner coal: Coal currently accounts for 66% of China's energy consumption. Demand will very soon be met by domestic companies, and that demand will start to fall as growth slows and climate change and anti-pollution drives become stricter. Domestic companies already investing in cleaner coal will benefit in the short to medium term.
• US – diversify or export: The decline of the US coal market is broadly linked to the rise of cheaper shale, but new regulations on emissions from coal-fired power plants have been the nail in the coffin. Domestic coal companies are diversifying their portfolios or reaching for the export market.
The better positioned companies will demonstrate: progressive and realistic attitudes to coal in their portfolios; an understanding of local and regional carbon regulation; investment in cleaner coal strategies; and strict energy efficiency measures. Investors should be questioning if the book value of coal assets is under threat – with debt levels high and coverage ratios trending down, some companies are in a poor position to weather further write-downs. Finally, investors should review and encourage longer-term incentives for management of mining companies – the average life of a coal mine is generally much longer than a CEO's tenure.


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Here's a pretty neat art installation in Sydney for the launch of the Nissan LEAF electric car into the market, illustrating the things we might just be doing with petrol bowsers when there is no future need for them. With almost 40 unique, interactive, re-purposed petrol bowsers on display, people are free to walk up and have a play, then vote online here for their favourite.
The installation transforms petrol bowsers into everything from mini-golf holes and popcorn stands to water fountains, pianos and pokermachines. A beautiful ambient piece from Nissan.


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On 2013-02-19 00:12, Noah Mendelsohn wrote: > > On 2/18/2013 4:18 PM, Julian Reschke wrote: >> Unless your XSLT engine indeed renders incrementally (which IMHO is the >> case for IE's). And yes, it limits the complexity of the XPath >> expressions >> you use in the XSLT. > > Just curious: does using an XPath that "looks ahead" really not work, or > does it just prevent streaming behavior? I would have thought that if > someone was building a streaming transform system they would produce > output when possible given the input received so far, and in other cases > wait until sufficient input is buffered. Is IE doing something else? > ... No, as far as I recall, this is exactly what IE is doing. Best regards, JulianReceived on Tuesday, 19 February 2013 08:22:20 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.4.0 : Friday, 17 January 2020 22:56:53 UTC


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Legendary venture capitalist Tom Perkins conducted an interview with Bloomberg television on Monday to explain his controversial opinion that the rich in this country are being "threatened" by haters.
The controversy began on Sunday when the Wall Street Journal published a letter from Perkins in which he likened the anger toward the rich to what the Jews endured in Nazi Germany during "Kristallnacht," one of the first raids on Jews at the start of the Holocaust.
Perkins is 82 and a multimillionaire thanks to the venture capital firm he founded, Kleiner Perkins, which has funded many huge tech companies like Amazon, AOL, Compaq, Genentech, Google, and Netscape.
In his interview on Monday, he apologized for using the word Kristallnacht, but stood by the sentiment of his letter: that the rich are a "minority" being unfairly "demonized."
He said he believed his co-founder, Eugene Kleiner, who had "fled Hitler from Austria and fought in the US Army" would have "understood my Wall Street Journal letter and would have agreed with the warning."
He said the rich are not to blame for the nation's rising income disparity. He called them the "creative 1 percent."
He believes the blame lies with government taxes and regulation and that solution is to let the "rich get richer by creating opportunities for others."
When asked if he understood the frustrations of the 99% he said:
"Of course I do. I – I have members of my own family that are living in trailer parks. Not my immediate family, but relatives."
He admitted he wrote the letter because of a public spat between his ex-wife, Danielle Steel, and the San Francisco Chronicle over the massive hedge surrounding her 55-room French chateau in the middle of the city.
"I thought since I'm a knight, I'm a literal knight of the kingdom of Norway, I would get on my horse and charge forth in her defense."
He also joked about being called the King of Silicon Valley saying:
"I certainly have enough arrogance to be royal."
He explained that Silicon Valley's indulgent tech culture, sometimes caused a tech bubble, is justified.
"It's a bubble that has .. created incredible wealth around America and around the world. And maybe you have to put up with a little techno geek arrogance ... to get the results of those sort of folks' thinking."
He discussed his own indulgences, too, saying he had an "underwater airplane" and an extremely expensive watch:
"This isn't a Rolex. I could buy a six pack of Rolexes for this, but so what?"
He also expressed displeasure with the firm he founded for not standing by his letter to the Wall Street Journal.
"My letter was not about Kleiner Perkins. ... They didn't need to say anything, but they chose ... to sort of throw me under the bus."
He added:
"I think as I've distanced myself from the firm there's been a corresponding decline in the firm."


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My entry this week for the Photofriday is two pictures earlier published on my blog (in august, on a rainy day.)
As the theme is "reflected" I thought this might be relevant. The roof of a garage, but also a deck, connecting the apartment buildings in a district of Göteborg called Majorna.


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Freshly added to the game (well, its beta), here's the Juggernaut from Valve's upcoming DotA 2.
He looks like one of the guys outta From Dust. If they grew a pair instead of just standing around begging for help all the time. What, you need me to do everything? Make a sword and do it yourself. Like this guy. He's got initiative.
You have summoned Juggernaut [DotA 2]
You can contact Luke Plunkett, the author of this post, at firstname.lastname@example.com. You can also find him on Twitter, Facebook, and lurking around our #tips page.


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I want to create cobweb diagrams with tikz (if that is possible - but reading in the internet about all the things tikz can do, I would believe it is) - or pstricks or some other graphing program - of some fairly simple functions. For an illustration of what I have in mind, see the pictures from this site. My problem is that my approach to this problem was totally wrong: I did all my cobweb diagrams in GeoGebra, because from there I can export them to tikz/pstricks - but after doing that I realized that that doesn't work very well: The conversion from the GeoGebra plot to tikz/pstricks often contains glitches.
So now I did all the work for nothing - and on top I don't even know tikz good enough to do that just by code. So could you please give me on example of how to code one cobweb diagram of one function (for simplicities sake, lets take x^2) that I can afterwards adapt for my other functions ? It should have to parameters: One with which I can tell it at which point of the function it tikz how many iterations it should do from that point on.


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I've come to feel as if this blog is our own little, private place to communicate with each other - me and all of you who comment or send me messages - a place for friends to chat honestly and openly. But, of course, nothing on the internet is private, and I should be more aware that anything I say here can (and will) be copied and repeated...forever.
So, in the interest of accuracy, here are some further corrections and clarifications:
- WPI found antibodies AGAINST, not IN, the envelope protein of XMRV. (I told you I didn't understand what she meant by envelope!)
- The first studies to detect XMRV (Urisman et. al) found partial sequences of XMRV (that is all that can be determined from PCR). WPI has since fully sequenced XMRV.
- Xenotropic doesn't mean human, it refers to a virus that can grow in the cells of a species foreign to the normal host species. Other mammals can have the XPR1 receptor too. However, in her talk, Dr. Mikovitz DID emphasize that XMRV and PMRV are found in humans but not in mice. Further, I misstated that MLV's are not mouse viruses (I got the terminology mixed up). In fact, MLV's are mouse viruses, but there is confusion about this because MLV-related viruses (e.g. XMRV and PMRV) are not MLV's and not mouse viruses. So, XMRV and PMRV are not MLV's (not mouse viruses) but they are only MLV-related human viruses. Follow that?
- It was Tufts, not Johns Hopkins that tested 75 mouse strains.
- Retroviruses are not "constantly changing", but may recombine with other RVs or mutate over time.
- Cheney clinic is in Asheville, not Dallas.
Thank you to those readers who have stood up for me in various public forums and who took the time to kindly help clarify these points.
(No comment to those who left me nasty messages!)


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The look on my six-year-old daughter's face when she saw the size of the bed she was sleeping in was just one of the memorable moments during a weekend stay at Warwick Castle.
Warwick Castle has always been a favourite destination for the family. It is one of the most relaxing, enjoyable and entertaining day out in the region.
Now there is the option to stay overnight and extend your visit by an extra day, it makes it all the more special.
We stayed in one of the medieval glamping tents. They are all themed to tie-in with the magic of Warwick Castle and are just a short walk from the castle itself.
Each tent is decked out with a four poster bed and additional single beds – all incredibly comfy – and decked out with coats of arms and decorations. All the tents are fully lit, with wooden floors, power sockets, free Wifi, a mirror and a large oak storage chest.
Outside of the tent, there is a decking area with seats and is set in beautiful parkland with plenty of spaces for children to play in and for everyone to relax and enjoy the view.
Glamping is available throughout the summer, until September 9.
I took two of my children – one aged six and the other 12 – and they absolutely loved their stay.
You can arrive at the camp site at 10am to start your day in the park, check in is later in the day at 4pm. Once there, you are given a code to enter the main parkland through a gate specially for campsite guests – much easier than queuing!
Warwick Castle has changed over the years and there is so much more to do than I remember as a young child.
The highlight, as always, is the castle itself. Both inside and out, it is an imposing and impressive building that leaves children in awe whenever they visit.
Away from the castle, there is lots to see and do.
For my children, their favourite was the new War of the Roses show. Performed in a custom-built arena, it is an impressive and engaging show based on the battle between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians. With jousting, sword-fighting, dramatic confrontations and romance, the show has it all. Performed largely on horseback, the stars of the show are the horses, but the actors are all equally talented and the half-hour raced by. When we were planning the second day, it was first on the list to see again.
There are other shows to see at Warwick – the birds of prey demonstration is excellent and seeing those fantastic birds in the majestic setting of the castle is something special. The trebuchet demonstration is equally impressive – the power of the 13th-century weapon is awesome. For both shows, the quality of the presentation and the information from both speakers was engaging and informative.
Elsewhere, the Horrible Histories Maze was another highlight the children really enjoyed – the love Horrible Histories and the maze captured the balance between humour and history the show is famous for brilliantly.
For those dreaming of being a princess, my six-year-old definitely fits into that category, a visit to the Princess Tower is a must.
A trip to Warwick Castle always feels so relaxing. Although busy, you never feel rushed or cramped. There is plenty of time between the shows and other attractions to just sit and relax in the beautiful grounds.
And, with the added benefit of an overnight stay, you have two days in the castle grounds, so you can take your time and revisit the things you enjoyed the day before.
Dinner at the campsite restaurant is a must – great food, the chance to quiz a knight and entertainment for diners through the evening.
Put simply, we had a brilliant, family-orientated weekend and one that I would thoroughly recommend.
For more information about Warwick Castle and the weekend breaks, visit https://www.warwickcastlebreaks.com


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ExquisiteNorah video. All videos (5)ExquisiteNorah webcam
I am a cheerful and communicative person, up for both light and laid back, but also deeper subjects. Sexually, I enjoy teasing, tempting you, putting on a sensual show, showing off one of my many sexy negligee s, my silk and satin lingerie paired with som


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Diamond Carat Weight Guide
The Objective "C"
Carat Weight is the simplest and only truly objective factor of the 4C's. Diamond carat weight is also the biggest influence on price followed by the other 4Cs of Diamond Clarity, Diamond Color, and Diamond Cut.
Photo: Sotheby's
The Lesotho One – 71.73 carat emerald cut diamond
BOB线上娱乐The original rough diamond named "The Lesotho" was over 601 carats, and was purchased by Harry Winston in 1968. The rough was cut into 18 gems, and the Lesotho One was the largest at 71.73 carats.
What is a "Carat?"
BOB线上娱乐1 carat = 200 milligrams or .200gm
BOB线上娱乐1 carat = 100 points – so a point is 1/100 of a carat
Sometimes you may hear a jeweler refer to a diamond in points. A 25 point (25pt) diamond is a .25ct or 1/4ct.
*Fun FactBOB线上娱乐 – The origin of the word "carat" comes from the carob seed. Gemstones were once weighed on balance scales, and gem dealers used carob seeds as counterweights, because of their uniform shape, size and roughly equivalent mass. Carat weight was standardized to .20gm in the early 20th century.
Carat Weight Vs. Size
The two diamonds pictured below illustrate that weight does not equal size. Both gems are the same diameter, but the well cut diamond on the left weighs .84ct and the overly deep cut diamond on the right weighs 1.00ct. Both stones could be cut from the same piece of rough shown between them. The deep cut 1.00ct will most likely sell for a higher price, because it is heavier. Round diamonds with excessive depth appear smaller and show less brilliance and life than stones that are well cut.
BOB线上娱乐 Carat Weight does not equal size
*Note – While excess depth is undesirable in round diamonds, depth is function of design with some Fancy Shape DiamondsBOB线上娱乐, which are cut to different specifications.
Carat Weight and Value
When all other factors are equal, carat weight will have the greatest impact on diamond prices. A 1.2ct G VS1 will cost more than a 1.0ct G VS1, but a 1.0ct D IF will cost more than a 1.5ct K SI1. Remember different combinations of the 4Cs affect price, but carat weight trumps all when comparing similar quality.
Carat Weight – The Nitty Gritty
"Magic" Weights
Diamond price increases exponentially at certain weights. You will see prices jump at .50ct, .75ct, and 1.00ct etc. The 1.00ct weight is particularly popular, and it is economically tempting for a cutter to leave a little more weight on the crown, pavilion, and the girdle to push the stone to 1.00ct or more. Savvy shoppers will search for diamonds just under these magic weights to get a little more for their money, but these diamonds are often harder to find.
The chart below shows that diamond cutters are successful at achieving magic carat weights, and it also reflects consumer demand.
BOB线上娱乐 Carat Weight does not equal size
International Carat Weight Rounding
International weight rounding is not the same as what you learned in school. Diamond weights are rounded up from the third decimal point only when it is a nine.
0.995ct = 0.99ct
0.998ct = 0.99ct
0.999ct = 1.00ct
Estimated Carat Weight for Mounted Diamonds
Diamonds set in a piece of jewelry cannot be weighed, so carat weights are estimated by measuring the outside dimensions of the stone. This is common for an appraisal, which is a report that states the value of a finished article. Such an appraisal should state "estimated" or "approximate" weight, and a margin of error of about 5% is common.
Total Carat Weight
Remember to pay attention to total carat weight when considering mounted diamonds in finished jewelry. A diamond halo ring may have a .75 carat center stone with .25 carats in small surrounding diamonds, but may be advertised as 1ctw or 1 carat total weight. Pay attention to the carat weight abbreviation, and make sure you ask any pertinent questions related to the carat weight of a jewelry piece.
Ring Size and Carat Weight
Wondering what size/weight to buy? The chart below illustrates general diamond size in mm per carat weight in relation to finger size. The chart represents round diamonds. Fancy Shapes will have varying spread, and should be evaluated individually.
BOB线上娱乐 Relative size on finger in relation to carat weight
Carat Weight and Spread
The girdle or edge thickness is also important. If a diamond has a very thin girdle, the stone can have a better spread, but it can chip more easily. Medium to slightly thick girdles are safest, but thicker girdles add extra weightBOB线上娱乐 or reduce the spread.
BOB线上娱乐Related Threads and Articles:
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Diamond Cut »


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|Game 10
|Navy (3-6, 1-3 PL) at Lehigh (6-4, 2-0 PL)
|Date and Faceoff
|March 30 at 1:00 pm ET
|Bethlehem, Pa. | Ulrich Sport Complex (1,200)
Game Preview
• Looking to snap a three-game losing skid, the Navy men's lacrosse team will battle 2012 Patriot League Champion Lehigh on Saturday in Bethlehem, Pa. … meeting for the 32nd time in series history, the Mids and 18th-ranked Mountain Hawks will face off at 1:00 pm at Ulrich Sports Complex.
• The Midshipmen were dealt their third conference loss of the year last Saturday when Colgate attackmen Peter Baum and Ryan Walsh combined for 7 goals in leading the Raiders to an 11-3 win over Navy in Baltimore at the Face-Off Classic. Colgate jumped out to a 4-0 lead and after Navy clipped the lead to 2 at 4-2, the Raiders held the Mids off the scoreboard for 31 minutes and rattled off 7 straight goals of their own en route to the victory.
• Meanwhile, after finding itself down 2-1 after the first quarter of play, Lehigh's David DiMaria (3G) helped the Mountain Hawks outscore Holy Cross 7-3 the rest of the way to post an 8-5 victory over the Crusaders last Saturday in Worcester, Mass.
Scouting the Mountain Hawks
• Sixth-year Lehigh head coach Kevin Cassese has led the 18th-ranked Mountain Hawks to a 6-4 record this spring which features Patriot League wins over Army (10-6) and Holy Cross (8-5) … Lehigh has also picked up wins over Saint Joseph's (14-1), Villanova (11-9), VMI (18-2) and Penn State (12-10) … its losses have come at the hands of Denver (18-10), Air Force (15-10), Penn (6-4) and Massachusetts (6-4).
• Similar to last year, Lehigh fields one of the nation's best defensive units, giving up just 7.80 goals per game and owning a #7 national ranking.
• One of the keys to the success of the defense is reigning Patriot League Goalkeeper of the Year sophomore Matt Poillon … Poillon boasts a 59.1 save percentage which is sixth nationally and his 7.65 goals-against average is the ninth best in the country.
• Additionally, All-Patriot League defenseman Ty Souders leads the way with 17 caused turnovers and 21 grounders while Mike Noone has 14 takeaways and 16 ground balls.
• Newcomer Tripp Telesco has recently stepped up his production on the defensive end and was named the Patriot League Rookie of the Week this past Monday.
• Senior David DiMaria is pacing the Mountain Hawks with 40 points on 20 goals and 20 assists and is ranked 16th in points per game (4.00) and assists per game (2.00).
• Fellow starting attackmen Dan Taylor and Dante Fantoni have contributed 27 (15-12) and 26 (16-10) points, respectively.
• Senior Ryan Snyder has taken the bulk of the draws for Lehigh once again this season, winning 81 of the 153 faceoffs (52.9) and is ranked 28th nationally. He also is pacing the team in ground balls (49), averaging 4.90 per contest.
• While Lehigh is ranked in the top 20 in just two categories, the Mountain Hawks fall no worse than 38th in any given stat. Averaging 10.70 saves per game, Lehigh is ranked 38th, while its 29.5 ground balls per game average is 37th.
Navy vs. Lehigh – The Series
• Saturday's contest between Navy and Lehigh marks the 32nd game in a series that began in 1910 … the Midshipmen own a commanding 28-3 series advantage.
• The Mids won the first three contests before suffering their first loss in the series, a 4-3 decision in 1913 … Navy had won 25 in a row against the Mountain Hawks until Lehigh dealt the Mids a 14-10 loss in Bethlehem in 2011. The Mountain Hawks put together their first winning streak against the Mids by tacking on a 9-4 victory over the Mids last spring.
• Last year's game marked the first time Navy and Lehigh had met in Annapolis since 2008 … the two played one another three-straight years in Bethlehem … Saturday's game marks the fifth among the last six contested in Bethlehem.
• Navy owns a 6-1 series advantage in games played in Bethlehem … the Mids' lone loss at home was the 2011 game.
• Since Navy joined the league in 2004, the Mids have scored double-figure goals in six of the 11 contests … Navy has produced nine goals in three of the other five games during that stretch.
• Navy and Lehigh have met twice in the Patriot League Tournament, 2005 and 2006, with the Mids winning both.
Weekend Rewind
• Colgate jumped out to an early 4-0 lead and weathered a short-lived rally by the Mids en route to dealing Navy its third straight loss. After Navy cut the lead to two at 4-2, the Mids were held scoreless for over 30 minutes while Colgate reeled on 7 consecutive goals en route to the 11-3 victory last Saturday in Baltimore at the Face-Off Classic.
• It was the third time this season that Navy has experienced 20-plus minute dry spells – 51:08 vs. Bucknell, 31:02 vs. Colgate, 22:17 vs. Towson.
• The game marked the second straight in which Navy played its foe at a professional sports venue … the previous week the Mids faced Holy Cross at Citi Field, home of the New York Mets.
• Navy snapped its four-game streak of being held without an extra-man goal when rookie Patrick Keena found the back of the net in the second quarter … Keena has scored 3 of the Mids' 6 man-up goals this season.
• Junior attackman Sam Jones had his 11-game point-scoring streak snapped by the Raiders … going into the game, he was the only player on the roster to have scored a point in every game this season.
• Meanwhile, sophomore midfielder Gabe Voumard also had his 7-game goal-scoring streak end against Colgate.
• Junior midfielder Sean Price fed Austin Heneveld for the Mids' final goal of the game … it was Price's first collegiate assist.
• Rookie T.J. Hanzsche has scored in three games for the Mids and in all three games he has been responsible for Navy's first goal of the game.
• Senior defenseman Austin Miller recorded 3 caused turnovers in the loss to move into a tie with former teammateMichael Hirsch (2008-11) for second on the Mids' all-time caused turnover list. He owns 37, while teammate Pat Kiernan has registered 48 over his career.
Scoring Adventures
• Navy is outscoring its opponents 19-13 in the opening quarter of its 9 games this season, however, the competition has outscored the Mids, 27-19, in the final quarter.
• The Mids own a 41-32 scoring advantage in the first half, but trail 48-36 in the second half (does not include the OT goal by Bucknell).
• In Patriot League games, Navy has been outscored by 18 (40-22) … Navy is struggling in the middle portion of its conference games as the opponent has outscored the Mids 22-10 in the second and third quarters combined.
• Navy averaged 12.0 goals per game (48G) in its first 4 contests … over the last 5 games, Navy is average 5.8 goals per game (29G).
• Overall, the Mids are averaging 8.56 goals per game (77G) and in Patriot League contests they are averaging 5.50 goals per contest (22G) … in nonleague contests, Navy is averaging 11.00 goals per game (55G).
• In 4 of Navy's 6 losses this season, it has taken an early lead and lost.
• Navy owned a 4-1 lead in the second quarter over Georgetown and lost in OT, 9-8.
• The Mids held a 2-1 advantage against Bucknell and were outscored 10-0 over the last 50 minutes to lose 11-2.
• Against Towson, Navy held 3-0 and 4-1 leads before succumbing, 8-7.
• The Mids jumped out to a 2-1 advantage over Holy Cross early in the second quarter, but dropped a 7-5 decision.
National Leader Board
• According to the latest national statistics released on Monday by the NCAA, the Mids are ranked among the top 20 in five categories.
• Navy has maintained its position as the nation's leader in caused turnovers for the last 3 weeks, forcing 11.44 turnovers per game. Junior long pole Pat Kiernan is #4 nationally, averaging 2.56 takeaways per game while senior close defenseman Austin Miller is #5, causing 2.44 turnovers per game.
• Navy's man-down defense has lost its mojo as of late. The Mids had not surrendered a man-down goal in 3 games and held their opponents to an 0-for-11 mark. However, Navy has given up man-down goals on 8 of its last 17 opportunites over the last 4 contests. The Mids are now ranked 12th, giving up goal on 75.6 percent (31-41) of the opportunities.
• Navy is ranked 11th in ground balls per game (33.56) which is a huge improvement over 2012. The Mids were ranked 43rd in ground balls per game, averaging 27.67.
• The Mids are also ranked among the top 20 in scoring defense (20th, 9.00) and faceoff win percentage (20th, 53.2).


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Waiting... Trailer (2005)
A hilarious comedy about frustrated waiters, stingy tippers and dicey food, Lions Gate Films' Waiting... stars Ryan Reynolds, Justin Long and Anna Faris as young employees battling boredom at Shenanigan's, a generic chain restaurant.
A waiter for four years since high school, Dean (Justin Long) has never questioned his job at Shenanigan's. But when he learns that Chett, a high school classmate, now has a lucrative career in electrical engineering, he's thrown into turmoil about his dead-end life. Dean's friend Monty (Ryan Renolds) is in exactly the same boat, but he couldn't care less. More concerned with partying and getting laid by underage girls, Monty is put in charge of training Mitch (John Francis Daley), a shy new employee. Over the course of one chaotic shift, Mitch gets to know the rest of Shenanigan's quirky staff: Monty's tough-talking ex-girlfriend, Serena (Anna Faris), Shenanigan's over-zealous manager, Dan (David Koechner), and head cook Raddimus (Luis Guzman), who's obsessed with a senseless staff-wide competition known only as 'The Game'...
Featuring stoned busboys, unsanitary kitchen antics, and lots of talk about sex, Waiting... is a hysterical, behind-the-scenes look at the restaurant industry, and an affectionate ode to those lost, and thoroughly unproductive, days of youth.
2 min 19 sec
Posted On
October 23, 2007
Rob McKittrick
Rob McKittrick
October 7, 2005
Justin Long
Anna Faris
Ryan Reynolds
Kaitlin Doubleday
Alanna Ubach
No Music Available


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Viser treff 1-1 av 1
Fracture resistance of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing-generated composite resin-based molar crowns
(Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2015-02-16)
The aim of this study was to investigate whether different fabrication processes, such as the computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system or the manual build-up technique, affect the fracture resistance of composite resin-based crowns. Lava Ultimate (LU), Estenia C&B (EC&B), and lithium disilicate glass-ceramic IPS e.max press (EMP) were used. Four types of molar crowns were ...


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Do You Want To Be a Star on HGTV's House Hunters?
Hawaii Realtor takes us behind the scenes and offers tips.
Every so often, national television shows come to Hawaii to showcase our homes, realtors, buyers and sellers. On Monday, Sept. 1 at 10 p.m., HGTV will air its latest episode featuring a family looking for a $1 million-plus home in Windward Oahu with realtor Yvonne Ahearn of Home Shoppe Hawaii.
Although Ahearn couldn't reveal which home her clients eventually selected, she did offer some tips for other Hawaii realtors who are interested in being on the show — which isn't as easy as it looks.
The first step is actually having clients who are willing to be on camera. Most people are skittish about privacy, and they need to commit to being at the filming every day for five days.
"It's quite fun to do the filming, but five days is a lot of time and the compensation is minimal, with zero for the realtors," Ahearn says. "It has to be something you and your clients really want to do, and for the fun of it."
Ahearn had to submit an audition tape to the producers. Prior to taping, she coached her clients on camera presence and what she thought the producers might be looking for.
"They prefer upbeat, energetic people, with personality and a sense of humor. They also need to be articulate on camera," Ahearn says. "I also think they like to see fairly nice-looking properties that look good on TV. It's a little depressing to show dumpy fixer-uppers when the price point in Hawaii is so high."
Time commitment
They allot three days for viewing properties, one day for after the clients move in to their home, and one day for scenic shots of the area and anything else that was missed.
"It often takes several takes to get a scene, plus each scene is taken from various angles," Ahearn explains. "The show is not scripted — it is totally ad libbed — but we do have to take the same scene several times over."
Ahearn points out that the listing agents are not featured in this show, and they don't show a realistic amount of interaction between realtors and clients due to time constraints. "I discuss the pros and cons of a home and help them make decisions on the spot," she says.
In addition, if there is art in the homes for sale, it is removed from the walls due to copyright concerns. During one home filming, Ahearn had to substitute the listing home's art with some from her own home.
Finally, keep in mind that it may not be possible to find homes for sale in the area and price range. Although the clients had a budget of $1.5 million, it was actually difficult to find properties that fit their criteria.
Still interested? Call us when you're the next real estate reality show star!


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Omikron: The Nomad Soul (PC) review
"In The Nomad Soul, you dont play as any of the main characters. Instead, you play as all of them. Sort of. In fact, you play as a person playing a computer game, in which the player plays as a soul who can transfer between different bodies. Yes. And its all absolutely merrily acknowledged by the game. None of this is real, it tells you. Its just a game."
Freelance review by Lewis Denby (December 30, 2011)
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As a parent, you're quite possibly obsessed with your child's name. First, there was that agonizing process of selecting it in the beginning. And now that your baby's been born you often fantasize about it signed at the bottom of a ground-breaking masterpiece or impressively calligraphed on a Yale diploma. Well, we at PoshTots are no more clairvoyant than you are, but we do offer these beautiful and unique 18" block letters you'll be proud to hang in your child's room now. Choose from our twenty different styles to coordinate with any design scheme you have in mind. Want to mix and match? No problem; call a PoshTots Design Consultant at 1-800-927-5164 and work together to customize your order.
Be sure to designate your letter choices in the "Personalize Your Item" section below. Letters Q, U, X, Y, and Z are unavailable. Images of each pattern can be found to the left under "Product Swatch Options."
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Travel between
Whether you're volunteering with the Costa Rican Humanitarian Foundation or enjoying the adrenaline rush from adventure, this program will expose you to the magic of Costa Rica. In your interactions with the communities, you'll enjoy direct experience with the warm and inviting locals and truly make a difference in their lives. After this 10 day journey, Pura Vida will take on a whole new meaning.
Central Valley, Flamingo, Rincon de la Vieja
Immerse yourself in the community and authentic culture of a small rainforest town in Costa Rica as you plan and run a day camp for local children in Monteverde. This experience offers a specialized avenue to work with children in a formalized role. You will develop and execute leadership skills acting as both a camp counselor and activity specialist. Outside of camp, explore Costa Rica, zip-line high above the forest canopy, whitewater raft, surf the Pacific and relax in natural hot springs.
Central Valley, Monteverde, Flamingo, Arenal
Costa Rica's natural beauty and the warmth of its people are going to blow you away this summer. Run a day camp for the children of La Carpio and volunteer in the community for a most rewarding summer. Learn to surf, zip-line over the canopy and unwind in thermal hot springs for an unforgettable summer. It is guaranteed you will fall in love with all things Costa Rican and the Pura Vida lifestyle.
Central Valley, Rincon de la Vieja, Flamingo, Arenal
Separate departure dates are assigned to create compatible co-ed age groups.
Welcome to La Pura Vida! Upon arrival, you are quickly struck by this small country's natural beauty and the warmth of its people. Whether you are building a home with Urbarium or running a day camp for the children of La Carpio, you are sure to develop strong connections and have a significant influence on the communities you will be supporting. Compliment your volunteering with exciting adventure activities like learning to surf and zip-lining over the forest canopy, you will return home with a love for all things Costa Rican.
Central Valley, Arenal, Monteverde, Rincon de la Vieja, Flamingo, Dominical, Manuel Antonio
2020 Travel, Learn, or Volunteer Brochure
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Serie A: Adem Ljajic completes 11million euros move from Fiorentina to Roma
Roma have moved to offset the anticipated sale of Erik Lamela by signing Fiorentina's Adem Ljajic for 11million euros.
Last Updated: 28/08/13 8:20pm
The 21-year-old Serbian refused to sign a new contract in Florence after it emerged both Roma and AC Milan were interested in his services, and the Giallorossi have now won the race to secure the playmaker on a four-year contract.
A statement published on Roma's official website read: "Roma have agreed a deal with Fiorentina to acquire the playing rights of Adem Ljajic, in return for 11million euros.
"The agreement also recognises the payment of up to 4million euros in bonuses relating to achievements of both Roma and the player.
"The player has signed a four-year deal which takes effect from today and expires on June 30, 2017."
The announcement followed Roma's decision to agree the sale of influential Argentina forward Erik Lamela to Premier League club Tottenham for 30million euros, plus 5m in bonuses.
Ljajic scored 16 goals in 85 appearances for Fiorentina across the four seasons that followed his arrival from Partizan in 2009.
He courted controversy when sarcastically applauding former Viola boss Delio Rossi in May 2012, an action which prompted the coach to punch his player.
A return of four goals from six games towards the end of the 2012-13 season inspired Fiorentina to open contract talks with the Serbian but, after a summer of stalling, he was left out of the team that beat Catania on Monday due to the impasse.


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Jay Demars
Faribault High Class of 1986
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An international showcase and cuisine will provide a sampling of cultural heritage from around the world during Hope College's "IMAGES: A Reflection of Cultures" on Saturday, Nov. 17.
"Images" will begin with a dinner from 4:45 p.m. to 6:15 p.m. in the Phelps Hall dining room that will feature cuisine from Vietnam, Northern Italy, Japan, Ethiopia, Southern India, Mexico and more. For those not on the college's meal plan, admission to the dinner will be $5 per person, payable at the door.
The international showcase, to which admission is free, will begin at 7 p.m. at the Knickerbocker Theatre. The showcase will feature an array of poetry, skits, dance, song and other clips of culture through languages and fashions. More than 60 students will participate from several countries.
"IMAGES: A Reflection of Cultures" is sponsored by the Hope College Office of International Education.
The Knickerbocker Theatre is located in downtown Holland at 86 E. Eighth St. Phelps Hall is located at 154 E. 10th St., on 10th Street at Columbia Avenue.


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My cousin Esther got married this past spring, and I was happily recruited to help with all the decorations, flowers, and event design for the joyous occasion! Esther is like a big sister to me, especially since we share the exact same genes (I'm not sure how scientific this is, but my dad is her dad's brother and my mom is her mom's mother). We have all the same relatives and call them all the exact same titles in Chinese, and if you know Chinese extended relative titles, you know there are always too many to remember on your own! My sister and I were blessed to be able to see Esther and her brother Jere twice as much during our childhood and even now, as our family gatherings can be few and far between.
Esther's wedding was definitely a reason for our families to gather and celebrate! And, oh my, it was a blast. :) We feasted, we wedding-prepped, we stayed up late, and we walked around and lounged around doing nothing in particular, but loved every minute of togetherness.
Here are some photos from Esther and Silas' wedding day, captured by her talented photographer Jaime Delaine. More pictures can be found on her blog.
You might remember that when I got married (5 years ago just last week :)), I put together my own wedding bouquets and flower arrangements (and Esther actually helped out SO much too!). This time, I think I was better prepared for the daunting task — I did a lot of research, made "recipes" and sketches for my helpers and knew a little bit more in general about flower care and aesthetics.
Esther wanted a romantic, lush bouquet with lots of white, pink, and peonies. We also worked in some ranunculus, roses, pink spray roses, silver brunia berries, and dusty miller. I love the texture and color that the silver berries and dusty miller leaves add to the bouquet.
Esther also requested silk boutonnieres since Silas is highly allergic to many flowers. I put these together before we even put in the flower order, but it was a happy coincidence that we ended up using a lot of the same flowers! We even had pussy willows incorporated into the altar decorations up front.
Oh, and we can't forget to mention the cutest little ring bearer and flower girl (aka my nephew and my cousin's daughter)!
The venue was a beautiful light-filled church in Vancouver. It had a gorgeous, exposed-beam ceiling and little twinkle lights strung up all over. We didn't have to do too much to the space, since it was decorated in purple for Easter already. We decided to keep the purple up and just added some pink in there. You can also see the large arrangements up front that one of Esther's bridesmaids helped me put together.
Over at the reception site (Westwood Plateau), I had another team of people who helped me set up everything for the dinner. What a lifesaver they all were! Here are some shot of the reception area. I love that we included fresh flowers on the seating chart and the banner (flowers can be surprisingly resilient; we used hot glue!)
For the table centerpieces, we decided to pair some rustic touches to match the reception room with some softer, romantic florals. Each table centerpiece consisted of a twine-wrapped wine bottle, a lace-covered mason jar with soft florals, a white pillar candle, and a framed table number. All the elements sat on top of a wooden tree slice, which rested on top of a linen table runner.
As favors, we decided to set up a tea buffet for guests to help themselves to various flavors of tea. My sister hand-carried all of this tea to Vancouver from China! She spoke to the tea vendors she purchased the tea from and made brewing and tasting notes for each different type of tea. We typed those up and made little cards for guests to take home with them along with their teas.
Here are a couple of photos of my (and Esther's) grandparents from the photo garland behind the tea table. The black and white one in the middle top is a photo of my dad's parents, and the one to the right of that is a photo of my mom's parents.
For the head table, I wanted to keep it pretty simple with just one main element that draws your attention. I enlisted the help of my cousin Janet to help me create a banner with Esther and Silas' names in calligraphy. She did a fabulous job, and it looked beautiful with fresh flowers and hung up in front of the white drapery and twinkle lights (that Esther's architect/pastor friend Jon put up for us!).
The wedding ceremony was so beautiful, and the reception was filled with AMAZING food (Hello king crab legs, raw oysters, mussels, cocktail shrimp, and smoked salmon. And that's just what was on my first plate.), corny MC jokes courtesy of Esther's brother Jere, and plenty of heartfelt speeches. It was so markedly evident that Esther and SIlas are dearly loved! Love you, Es! Welcome to the family, Silas. :)


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The largest order is for Vattenfall's Clashindarroch, where construction has already started, and which will feature 18 of Repower's MM82 2MW turbine. The project is expected to be completed by March 2015.
Eye Airfield, developed by Ventus funds and managed by Temporis Capital, will consist of two turbines with a total capacity of 6.8MW, while Good Energy's Hampole will be made up of four 2MW turbines.
The Westnewton Wind Farm, developed by Broadview Energy, will consist of three turbines with a total capacity of 6.15MW.
Delivery of the turbines is expected to begin in March 2014.


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Detailed within a press release earlier today, Logitech is launching the Harmony Touch this month in the United States and Europe. The Harmony Touch offers a 2.4-inch color touchscreen that allows the user to add up to fifty different channel icons. Rather than having to scroll through the channel guide provided by a cable or satellite company, the user can simply tap the icon that signifies the logo of their favorite channel in order to switch to the correct station. The 2.4-inch screen shows up to nine channel icons at a time and more icons can be viewed by swiping up or down on the touchscreen. In addition, icons can be specifically positioned and ordered based on the user's most watched channels.
The touchscreen also allows the user to swipe to the left and right in order to bring up alternate activities. For instance, the user can switch from watching cable programming to setting up the home theater system to play a video game by changing activities on the screen.
The number pad has also been shifted to the touchscreen, thus freeing up space on the rest of the remote control. Consumers that also own the Logitech TV Cam HD will find a Skype function on the Harmony Touch which can be used to place and accept calls, mute the volume during the call or control the camera's zoom and angle.
Similar to other Harmony remotes, the user sets up the Touch on MyHarmony.com to enable control of all components within a home theater. Similar to the Harmony One, the Harmony Touch uses a charging station rather than standard batteries. In addition to a smaller form factor, the Harmony Touch also offers back-lit keys for consumers that want to use their new remote in a dark home theater. While the Harmony Touch will roll out to retailers like Amazon and Best Buy later this month, it can be purchased for $249.99 on the Logitech site.
Editors' Recommendations
- The best universal remotes for 2020
- The best smart home hubs for 2020
- What is WiSA? The wireless home theater technology fully explained
- How to mirror your smartphone or tablet on your TV
- HDMI ARC and eARC: What they are and why you should care


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AMD Athlon logo used for Zen-based models.
|General Info
|June 23, 1999 (most recent version released September 6, 2018)
|Common manufacturer(s)
|Max. CPU clock rate
|500 MHz to 2.33 GHz
|FSB speeds
|200 MT/s to 400 MT/s
|Architecture and classification
|Min. feature size
|0.25 μm to 0.13 μm
|Instruction set
|Physical specifications
|Products, models, variants
|Core name(s)
|Athlon 64
Athlon is the brand name applied to a series of x86-compatible microprocessors designed and manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). The original Athlon (now called Athlon Classic) was the first seventh-generation x86 processor and was the first desktop processor to reach speeds of one gigahertz (GHz). It made its debut on June 23, 1999.
AMD has continued using the Athlon name with the 64-bit Athlon 64 architecture, the Athlon II, and Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) chips targeting the Socket AM1 desktop SoC architecture, and Socket AM4 Zen microarchitecture.[1] Since 2007 launch of the Phenom processors, the Athlon name was used for mid-range processors (positioned above Sempron and below Phenom, later Phenom II and FX), more similarly to Intel's current usage of Pentium name. Since 2017 launch of Ryzen processors, the Athlon name is used for budget APUs, as the Sempron name was discontinued, and this time, situation is more similar to both Celeron and Pentium Gold from Intel.
Athlon comes from the Ancient Greek ἆθλον (athlon) meaning "(sport) contest", or "prize of a contest", or "place of a contest; arena".
AMD founder (and then-CEO) Jerry Sanders aggressively pursued strategic partnerships and engineering talent in the late 1990s, to build on earlier successes in the PC market with the AMD K6 line of processors. One major partnership announced in 1998 paired AMD with semiconductor giant Motorola[2] to co-develop copper-based semiconductor technology, and resulted with the K7 project being the first commercial processor to utilize copper fabrication technology. In the announcement, Sanders referred to the partnership as creating a "virtual gorilla" that would enable AMD to compete with Intel on fabrication capacity while limiting AMD's financial outlay for new facilities.
The K7 design team was led by Dirk Meyer, who had worked as a lead engineer at DEC on multiple Alpha microprocessors during his employment at DEC. When DEC was sold to Compaq in 1998, the company discontinued Alpha processor development. Sanders approached many of the Alpha engineering staff as Compaq/DEC wound down their semiconductor business, and was able to bring in nearly all of the Alpha design team. The K7 engineering design team thus now consisted of both the previously acquired NexGen K6 team (already including engineers such as Vinod Dham) and the nearly complete Alpha design team.
In August 1999, AMD released the Athlon (K7) processor.
By working with Motorola, AMD was able to refine copper interconnect manufacturing to the production stage about one year before Intel. The revised process permitted 180-nanometer processor production. The accompanying die-shrink resulted in lower power consumption, permitting AMD to increase Athlon clock speeds to the 1 GHz range.[3] Yields on the new process exceeded expectations, permitting AMD to deliver high speed chips in volume in March 2000.
The Athlon architecture also used the EV6 bus licensed from DEC as its main system bus. Intel required licensing to use the GTL+ bus used by its Slot 1 Pentium II and later processors. By licensing the EV6 bus used by the Alpha line of processors from DEC, AMD was able to develop its own chipsets and motherboards, and avoid being dependent on licensing from its direct competitor.
General architecture[edit]
Like the AMD K5 and K6, the Athlon dynamically buffers internal micro-instructions at runtime resulting from parallel x86 instruction decoding. The CPU is an out-of-order design, again like previous post-5x86 AMD CPUs. The Athlon utilizes the Alpha 21264's EV6 bus architecture with double data rate (DDR) technology. This means that at 100 MHz, the Athlon front side bus actually transfers at a rate similar to a 200 MHz single data rate bus (referred to as 200 MT/s), which was superior to the method used on Intel's Pentium III (with SDR bus speeds of 100 MHz and 133 MHz).
AMD designed the CPU with more robust x86 instruction decoding capabilities than that of K6, to enhance its ability to keep more data in-flight at once. The Athlon's three decoders could potentially decode three x86 instructions to six microinstructions per clock, although this was somewhat unlikely in real-world use.[4] The critical branch predictor unit, essential to keeping the pipeline busy, was enhanced compared to what was on board the K6. Deeper pipelining with more stages allowed higher clock speeds to be attained.[5] Whereas the AMD K6-III+ topped out at 570 MHz due to its short pipeline, even when built on the 180 nm process, the Athlon was capable of clocking much higher.
AMD ended its long-time handicap with floating point x87 performance by designing a super-pipelined, out-of-order, triple-issue floating point unit.[4] Each of its three units was tailored to be able to calculate an optimal type of instructions with some redundancy. By having separate units, it was possible to operate on more than one floating point instruction at once.[4] This FPU was a huge step forward for AMD. While the K6 FPU had looked anemic compared to the Intel P6 FPU, with Athlon this was no longer the case.[6]
The 3DNow! floating point SIMD technology, again present, received some revisions and a name change to "Enhanced 3DNow!". Additions included DSP instructions and an implementation of the extended MMX subset of Intel SSE.[7]
The Athlon's CPU cache consisted of the typical two levels. Athlon was the first x86 processor with a 128 KB[8] split level 1 cache; a 2-way associative cache separated into 2×64 KB for data and instructions (a concept from Harvard architecture).[4] This cache was double the size of K6's already large 2×32 KB cache, and quadruple the size of Pentium II and III's 2×16 KB L1 cache. The initial Athlon (Slot A, later called Athlon Classic) used 512 KB of level 2 cache separate from the CPU, on the processor cartridge board, running at 50% to 33% of core speed. This was done because the 250 nm manufacturing process was too large to allow for on-die cache while maintaining cost-effective die size. Later Athlon CPUs, afforded greater transistor budgets by smaller 180 nm and 130 nm process nodes, moved to on-die L2 cache at full CPU clock speed.
Athlon "Classic"[edit]
The AMD Athlon processor launched on June 23, 1999, with general availability by August '99.[9] It launched at 500 MHz and was, on average, 10% faster than the Pentium III at the same clock for Business applications, and even faster (~20%) for gaming workloads.[10]
The Athlon Classic is a cartridge-based processor, named Slot A and similar to Intel's cartridge Slot 1 used for Pentium II and Pentium III. It used the same, commonly available, physical 242 pin connector used by Intel Slot 1 processors but rotated by 180 degrees to connect the processor to the motherboard. The reversal served to make the slot keyed to prevent installation of the wrong CPU, as the Athlon and Intel processors used fundamentally different (and incompatible) signaling standards for their front-side bus. The cartridge assembly allowed the use of higher speed cache memory modules than could be put on (or reasonably bundled with) motherboards at the time. Similar to the Pentium II and the Katmai-based Pentium III, the Athlon Classic contained 512 KB of L2 cache. This high-speed SRAM cache was run at a divisor of the processor clock and was accessed via its own 64-bit bus, known as a "back-side bus" allowing the processor to both service system front side bus requests (the rest of the system) and cache accesses simultaneously versus the traditional approach of pushing everything through the front-side bus.[11]
One limitation (also afflicting the Intel Pentium III) is that SRAM cache designs at the time were incapable of keeping up with the Athlon's clock scalability, due both to manufacturing limitations of the cache chips and the difficulty of routing electrical connections to the cache chips themselves. It became increasingly difficult to reliably run an external processor cache to match the processor speeds being released—and in fact it became impossible. Thus initially the Level 2 cache ran at half of the CPU clock speed up to 700 MHz (350 MHz cache). Faster Slot-A processors had to compromise further and run at 2/5 (up to 850 MHz, 340 MHz cache) or 1/3 (up to 1 GHz, 333 MHz cache).[12] This later race to 1 GHz (1000 MHz) by AMD and Intel further exacerbated this bottleneck as ever higher speed processors demonstrated decreasing gains in overall performance—stagnant SRAM cache memory speeds choked further improvements in overall speed. This directly lead to the development of integrating L2 cache onto the processor itself and remove the dependence on external cache chips. AMD's integration of the cache onto the Athlon processor itself would later result in the Athlon Thunderbird.
The Slot-A Athlons were the first multiplier-locked CPUs from AMD. This was partly done to hinder CPU remarking being done by questionable resellers around the globe. AMD's older CPUs could simply be set to run at whatever clock speed the user chose on the motherboard, making it trivial to relabel a CPU and sell it as a faster grade than it was originally intended. These relabeled CPUs were not always stable, being overclocked and not tested properly, and this was damaging to AMD's reputation. Although the Athlon was multiplier locked, crafty enthusiasts eventually discovered that a connector on the PCB of the cartridge could control the multiplier. Eventually a product called the "Goldfingers device" was created that could unlock the CPU, named after the gold connector pads on the processor board that it attached to.[13]
In commercial terms, the Athlon "Classic" was an enormous success[citation needed]—not just because of its own merits, but also because Intel endured a series of major production, design, and quality control issues at this time.[citation needed] In particular, Intel's transition to the 180 nm production process, starting in late 1999 and running through to mid-2000, suffered delays.[citation needed] There was a shortage of Pentium III parts.[citation needed] In contrast, AMD enjoyed a remarkably smooth process transition and had ample supplies available,[citation needed] causing Athlon sales to become quite strong.[citation needed]
The Argon-based Athlon contained 22 million transistors and measured 184 mm2. It was fabricated by AMD in a slightly modified version of their CS44E process, a 0.25 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process with six levels of aluminium interconnect.[14][15] "Pluto" and "Orion" Athlons were fabricated in a 0.18 μm process.
- Specifications
- L1-cache: 64 + 64 KB (data + instructions)
- L2-cache: 512 KB, external chips on CPU module with 50%, 40% or 33% of CPU speed
- MMX, 3DNow!
- Slot A (EV6)
- Front-side bus: 200 MT/s (100 MHz double-pumped)
- VCore: 1.6 V (K7), 1.6–1.8 V (K75)
- First release: June 23, 1999 (K7), November 29, 1999 (K75)
- Clock-rate: 500–700 MHz (K7), 550–1000 MHz (K75)
Thunderbird (T-Bird)[edit]
The second generation Athlon, the Thunderbird, debuted on June 5, 2000. This version of the Athlon shipped in a more traditional pin-grid array (PGA) format that plugged into a socket ("Socket A") on the motherboard (it also shipped in the slot A package). It was sold at speeds ranging from 600 MHz to 1.4 GHz (Athlon Classics using the Slot A package could clock up to 1 GHz). The major difference, however, was cache design. Just as Intel had done when they replaced the old Katmai-based Pentium III with the much faster Coppermine-based Pentium III, AMD replaced the 512 KB external reduced-speed cache of the Athlon Classic with 256 KB of on-chip, full-speed exclusive cache. As a general rule, more cache improves performance, but faster cache improves it further still.[16]
AMD changed cache design significantly with the Thunderbird core. With the older Athlon CPUs, the CPU caching was of an inclusive design where data from the L1 is duplicated in the L2 cache. Thunderbird moved to an exclusive design where the L1 cache's contents are not duplicated in the L2. This increases total cache size of the processor and effectively makes caching behave as if there is a very large L1 cache with a slower region (the L2) and a very fast region (the L1).[17] Because of Athlon's very large L1 cache and the exclusive design, which turns the L2 cache into basically a "victim cache", the need for high L2 performance and size was lessened. AMD kept the 64-bit L2 cache data bus from the older Athlons, as a result, and allowed it to have a relatively high latency. A simpler L2 cache reduced the possibility of the L2 cache causing clock scaling and yield issues. Still, instead of the 2-way associative scheme used in older Athlons, Thunderbird did move to a more efficient 16-way associative layout.[16]
The Thunderbird was AMD's most successful product since the Am386DX-40 ten years earlier.[citation needed] Mainboard designs had improved considerably by this time, and the initial trickle of Athlon mainboard makers had swollen to include every major manufacturer. AMD's new fab in Dresden came online, allowing further production increases, and the process technology was improved by a switch to copper interconnects. In October 2000, the Athlon "C" was introduced, raising the mainboard front-side bus speed from 100 MHz to 133 MHz (266 MT/s) and providing roughly 10% extra performance per clock over the "B" model Thunderbird.
- Specifications
- L1-cache: 64 + 64 KB (data + instructions)
- L2-cache: 256 KB, full speed
- MMX, 3DNow!
- Slot A & Socket A (EV6)
- Front-side bus: 100 MHz (Slot-A, B-models), 133 MHz (C-models) (200 MT/s, 266 MT/s)
- VCore: 1.70–1.75 V
- First release: June 5, 2000
- Transistor count: 37 million
- Manufacturing Process: 0.18 μm/180 nm
- Clockrate:
Athlon XP/MP[edit]
AMD released the third-generation Athlon, code-named "Palomino", on October 9, 2001 as the Athlon XP. The "XP" suffix is interpreted to mean extended performance and also as an unofficial reference to Microsoft Windows XP.[18] The Athlon XP was marketed using a PR system, which compared its relative performance to an Athlon utilizing the earlier "Thunderbird" core. Athlon XP launched at speeds between 1.33 GHz (PR1500+) and 1.53 GHz (PR1800+), giving AMD the x86 performance lead with the 1800+ model. Less than a month later, it enhanced that lead with the release of the 1600 MHz 1900+,[19] and subsequent 1.67 GHz Athlon XP 2000+ in January 2002.
Palomino was the first K7 core to include the full SSE instruction set from the Intel Pentium III, as well as AMD's 3DNow! Professional. It is roughly 10% faster than Thunderbird at the same clock speed, thanks in part to the new SIMD functionality and to several additional improvements. The core has enhancements to the K7's TLB architecture and added a hardware data prefetch mechanism to take better advantage of available memory bandwidth.[20] Palomino was also the first socketed Athlon officially supporting dual processing, with chips certified for that purpose branded as the Athlon MP.[21] According to articles posted on HardwareZone, it was possible to mod the Athlon XP to function as an MP by connecting some fuses on the OPGA, although results varied with the motherboard used.[22][23]
Changes in core layout also resulted in Palomino being more frugal with its electrical demands, consuming approximately 20% less power than its predecessor, and thus reducing heat output comparatively as well.[24] While the preceding Athlon "Thunderbird" was capable of clock speeds exceeding 1400 MHz, the power and thermal considerations required to reach those speeds would have made it increasingly impractical as a marketable product. Thus, Palomino's goals of lowered power consumption (and resultant heat produced) allowed AMD to increase performance within a reasonable power envelope. Palomino's design also allowed AMD to continue using the same 180 nm manufacturing process node and core voltages as Thunderbird.
The Palomino core debuted earlier in the mobile market—branded as Mobile Athlon 4 with the codename "Corvette". It distinctively used a ceramic interposer much like the Thunderbird instead of the organic pin grid array package used on all later Palomino processors.[20]
- Specifications
- L1-cache: 64 + 64 KB (data + instructions)
- L2-cache: 256 KB, full speed
- MMX, 3DNow!, SSE
- Socket A (EV6)
- Front-side bus: 133 MHz (266 MT/s)
- VCore: 1.50 to 1.75 V
- Power consumption: 68 W
- First release: October 9, 2001
- Clock-rate:
- Athlon 4: 850–1400 MHz
- Athlon XP: 1333–1733 MHz (1500+ to 2100+)
- Athlon MP: 1000–1733 MHz
Thoroughbred (T-Bred)[edit]
The fourth-generation of Athlon was introduced with the Thoroughbred core, and was released on June 10, 2002 at 1.8 GHz (Athlon XP PR2200+). The "Thoroughbred" core marked AMD's first production 130 nm silicon, and gave a significant reduction in die size compared to its 180 nm predecessor.
There came to be two steppings (revisions) of this core commonly referred to as Tbred-A (cpuid:6 8 0) and Tbred-B (cpuid:6 8 1).[25] The initial version (later distinguished as A) was mostly a direct die shrink of the preceding Palomino core with minimal design changes, and demonstrated that AMD had successfully transitioned to a 130 nm process with production ready yields. However, while successful in reducing the production cost per processor, the unmodified Palomino design did not demonstrate the expected reduction in heat and clock scalability usually seen when a processor design is moved to a smaller process. As a result, AMD was not able to increase Thoroughbred-A clock speeds much above those of the Palomino it was meant to replace. Tbred-A was only sold in versions from 1333 MHz to 1800 MHz, and mostly only to displace existing speeds of the more production-costly Palomino from AMD's lineup.
- Thoroughbred B
AMD thus reworked the Thoroughbred's design to better match the process node on which it was produced, creating a revised core that then became known as Thoroughbred-B. A significant aspect of this redesign was the addition of a ninth "metal layer" to the already quite complex eight-layered Thoroughbred-A. For comparison, the competing Pentium 4 Northwood only utilized six, and its successor Prescott seven layers. While the addition of more layers itself does not improve performance, it gives more flexibility for chip designers routing electrical pathways within a chip, and importantly for the Thoroughbred core, more flexibility in working around logic and power bottlenecks preventing the processor from attaining higher clock speeds. The resulting Tbred-B offered a startling improvement in headroom over the Tbred-A, which made it very popular for overclocking. The Tbred-A often struggled to reach clock speeds above 1.9 GHz, while the Tbred-B often could easily reach 2.3 GHz and above.[26]
The Thoroughbred line received an increased front side bus clock during its lifetime, from 133 MHz (266 MT/s) to 166 MHz (333 MT/s) improving the processor's ability to access memory and I/O efficiency, and resulted in improved per-clock performance. AMD shifted their PR rating scheme accordingly, making lower clock speeds equate to higher PR ratings.
The Thoroughbred-B was the direct basis for its successor—the Tbred-B with an additional 256 KB of L2 cache (for 512 KB total) became the Barton core.
- Specifications
- L1-cache: 64 + 64 KB (data + instructions)
- L2-cache: 256 KB, full speed
- MMX, 3DNow!, SSE
- Socket A (EV6)
- Front-side bus: 133/166 MHz (266/333 MT/s)
- VCore: 1.50–1.65 V
- First release: June 10, 2002 (A), August 21, 2002 (B)
- Clock-rate:
- Thoroughbred "A": 1400–1800 MHz (1600+ to 2200+)
- Thoroughbred "B": 1400–2250 MHz (1600+ to 2800+)
- 133 MHz FSB: 1400–2133 MHz (1600+ to 2600+)
- 166 MHz FSB: 2083–2250 MHz (2600+ to 2800+)
Barton and Thorton[edit]
Fifth-generation Athlon Barton-core processors released in early 2003 with PR of 2500+, 2600+, 2800+, 3000+, and 3200+. While not operating at higher clock rates than Thoroughbred-core processors, they were marked with higher PR by featuring an increased 512 KB L2 cache; later models additionally supported an increased 200 MHz (400 MT/s) front side bus.[27] The Thorton core was a later variant of the Barton with half of the L2 cache disabled, and thus was functionally identical to the Thoroughbred-B core. The name Thorton is a portmanteau of Thoroughbred and Barton.
By the time of Barton's release, the Northwood-based Pentium 4 had become more than competitive with AMD's processors.[28] Unfortunately for AMD, a simple increase in size of the L2 cache to 512 KB did not have nearly the same impact as it did for Intel's Pentium 4 line, as the Athlon architecture was not nearly as cache-constrained as the Pentium 4. The Athlon's exclusive-cache architecture and shorter pipeline made it less sensitive to L2 cache size, and the Barton only saw an increase of several percent gained in per-clock performance over the Thoroughbred-B it was derived from.[27] While the increased performance was welcome, it was not sufficient to overtake the Pentium 4 line in overall performance. The PR also became somewhat inaccurate because some Barton models with lower clock rates were being given higher PR than higher-clocked Thoroughbred processors. Instances where a computational task did not benefit more from the additional cache to make up for the loss in raw clock speed created situations where a lower rated (but faster clocked) Thoroughbred would outperform a higher-rated (but lower clocked) Barton.[28]
The Barton was also used to officially introduce a higher 400 MT/s bus clock for the Socket A platform, which was used to gain some Barton models more efficiency (and increased PR). However, it was clear by this time that Intel's quad-pumped bus was scaling well above AMD's double-pumped EV6 bus. The 800 MT/s bus used by many later Pentium 4 processors was well out of the Athlon XP's reach. In order to reach the same bandwidth levels, the Athlon XP's bus would have to be clocked at levels simply unreachable.[27]
By this point, the four-year-old Athlon EV6 bus architecture had scaled to its limit. To maintain or exceed the performance of Intel's newer processors would require a significant redesign.[27] The K7 derived Athlons were replaced in September 2003 by the Athlon 64 family, which featured an on-chip memory controller and a completely new HyperTransport bus to replace EV6.
- Specifications
Barton (130 nm)
- L1-cache: 64 + 64 KB (data + instructions)
- L2-cache: 512 KB, full speed
- MMX, 3DNow!, SSE
- Socket A (EV6)
- Front-side bus: 166/200 MHz (333/400 MT/s)
- VCore: 1.65 V
- First release: February 10, 2003
- Clockrate: 1833–2333 MHz (2500+ to 3200+)
- 166 MHz FSB: 1833–2333 MHz (2500+ to 3200+)
- 200 MHz FSB: 2100, 2200 MHz (3000+, 3200+)
Thorton (130 nm)
- L1-cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)
- L2-cache: 256 KB, full speed
- MMX, 3DNow!, SSE
- Socket A (EV6)
- Front-side bus: 133/166/200 MHz (266/333/400 MT/s)
- VCore: 1.50–1.65 V
- First release: September 2003
- Clockrate: 1667–2200 MHz (2000+ to 3100+)
- 133 MHz FSB: 1600–2133 MHz (2000+ to 2600+)
- 166 MHz FSB: 2083 MHz (2600+)
- 200 MHz FSB: 2200 MHz (3100+)
Mobile Athlon XP[edit]
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A Mobile Athlon XPs (Athlon XP-M) using a given core is physically identical to the equivalent desktop Athlon XPs counterpart, only differing by the configuration used to achieve a given performance level. Processors are usually binned and selected to become a mobile processor by their ability run a given processor speed while supplied with a lower (than desktop) voltage. This results in lower power consumption, longer battery life, and reduced heat over using a normal desktop part. Additionally Mobile XPs feature not being multiplier-locked and generally higher-rated maximum operating temperatures, requirements intended for better operation within the tight thermal constraints within a notebook PC—but also making them attractive for overclocking.
The Athlon XP-M replaced the older Mobile Athlon 4 based on the Palomino core, with the Athlon XP-M using the newer Thoroughbred and Barton cores. The Athlon XP-M was also offered in a compact microPGA socket 563 version for space constrained applications as an alternative to the larger Socket A.
Like their mobile K6-2+/III+ predecessors, the CPUs were capable of dynamic clock adjustment for power optimization, and also was the reason for the unlocked multiplier. When the system is idle, the CPU clocks itself down via lower bus multiplier and selects a lower voltage. When a program demands more computational resources, the CPU quickly (there is some latency) returns to an intermediate or maximum speed with appropriate voltage to meet the demand. This technology was marketed as "PowerNow!" and was similar to Intel's SpeedStep power saving technique. The feature was controlled by the CPU, motherboard BIOS, and operating system. AMD later renamed the technology to Cool'n'Quiet on their K8-based CPUs (Athlon 64, etc.), and introduced it for use on desktop PCs as well.
Athlon XP-Ms were popular with desktop overclockers, as well as underclockers. The lower voltage requirement and higher heat rating selected CPUs that were essentially "cherry picked" from the manufacturing line. Being some of the best cores "off the line", these CPUs typically overclocked more reliably than their desktop-headed counterparts. Also, the fact that they were not locked to a single multiplier was a significant simplification in the overclocking process. Some Barton core Athlon XP-Ms have been successfully overclocked as high as 3.1 GHz.
The chips were also liked for their undervolting ability. Undervolting is a process of determining the lowest voltage at which a CPU can remain stable at a given clock speed. As Athlon XP-M CPUs were already rated running lower voltages than their desktop siblings, it was a better starting point for lowering voltage even further. A popular application was use in home theater PC systems due to high performance and low heat output resultant from low Vcore settings.
Besides not being multiplier locked, XP-Ms curiously were not disabled from multi processor operation. Thus they could be used in place of the more expensive Athlon MP in dual socket A motherboards. Since those boards generally lacked multiplier and voltage adjustment, and normally only supported 133 MHz FSB, adjustments would still be needed for full speed operation. One method of modification known as wire-modding involves connecting the appropriate CPU pins on the CPU socket with small lengths of wire to select the appropriate multiplier. A typical overclock of a mobile 2500+ CPU to 2.26 GHz with 17x multiplier would result in being faster than highest official 2800+ MP CPU running at 2.13 GHz.
Athlon competitors[edit]
- Intel Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Celeron
- VIA C3 and C7
- Transmeta Efficeon
The fastest supercomputers based on Athlon MP:
- Rutgers University, Department of Physics & Astronomy. Machine: NOW Cluster—AMD Athlon. CPU: 512 AthlonMP (1.65 GHz). Rmax: 794 GFLOPS.
See also[edit]
- List of AMD microprocessors
- List of AMD Athlon microprocessors
- List of AMD Duron microprocessors
- List of AMD Athlon XP microprocessors
- List of AMD Athlon 64 microprocessors
- List of AMD Athlon X2 microprocessors
- List of AMD Phenom microprocessors
- List of AMD Opteron microprocessors
- List of AMD Sempron microprocessors
- List of Intel microprocessors
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
- ^ "AMD Announces New $55 Low-Power Processor: Athlon 200GE". AnandTech. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
- ^ "Motorola Prepares to Manufacture AMD's Upcoming K7 Chip". HP. August 7, 1998. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
- ^ AMD Announces First Revenue Shipments From Dresden "MEGAFAB", AMD Press Release, June 5, 2000, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ a b c d Paul Hsieh (August 11, 1999), 7th Generation CPU Comparisons, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ De Gelas, Johan. The Secrets of High Performance CPUs, Part 1, Ace's Hardware, September 29, 1999.
- ^ Pabst, Thomas (August 23, 1999), Performance-Showdown between Athlon and Pentium III, Tom's Hardware, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ Womack, Tom, Extensions to the x86 architecture, archived from the original on January 15, 2012, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ Transistorized memory, such as RAM, ROM, flash and cache sizes as well as file sizes are specified using binary meanings for K (10241), M (10242), G (10243), ...
- ^ "cpu-collection.de >> AMD >> athlon". www.cpu-collection.de. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
- ^ Lal Shimpi, Anand (August 9, 1999), AMD Athlon, retrieved January 6, 2012,
The performance of the K7, then clocked at 500MHz, was on par with a Pentium III 500.
- ^ De Gelas, Johan (September 29, 1999), Clash of Silicon, The Athlon 650, Ace's Hardware, archived from the original on December 25, 2001, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ Lal Shimpi, Anand (March 6, 2000), AMD Athlon 1 GHz, 950 MHz, 900 MHz, Anandtech, p. 2
- ^ Jim Noonan; James Rolfe (March 21, 2000), Athlon Gold-Finger Devices, Overclockers.com.au, archived from the original on February 1, 2009, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ Golden, Michael; et al. (1999), "A Seventh-Generation x86 Microprocessor", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 34 (11): 1466–1477, doi:10.1109/4.799851
- ^ Keith Diefendorff (October 26, 1998), "K7 Challenges Intel" (PDF), Microprocessor Report, 12 (14), retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ a b K7 microarchitecture information, Sandpile.org, archived from the original on October 13, 1999, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ Stokes, John (February 1, 2005), Inside AMD's Hammer: the 64-bit architecture behind the Opteron and Athlon 64, Ars Technica, p. 9, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ Introducing the AMD Athlon XP Processor (PDF), Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ Wasson, Scott (November 5, 2001), AMD's Athlon XP 1900+ processor: Pouring it on, The Tech Report, p. 1, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ a b Lal Shimpi, Anand (May 14, 2001), AMD Athlon 4 – The Palomino is Here, Anandtech, pp. 4–5, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ Lal Shimpi, Anand (June 5, 2001), AMD 760MP & Athlon MP – Dual Processor Heaven, Anandtech, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ Modding the Athlon XP into an MP
- ^ Modding the Barton XP to a Barton MP
- ^ Wasson, Scott (October 9, 2001), AMD's Athlon XP 1800+ processor: 1533 > 1800, The Tech Report, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ AMD Athlon Thoroughbred core, May 2, 2011, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ Lal Shimpi, Anand (August 21, 2002), Introducing Thoroughbred Revision B, Anandtech, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ a b c d De Gelas, Johan (February 10, 2003), Barton: 512 KB Athlon XP Reviewed, Ace's Hardware, archived from the original on March 24, 2003, retrieved January 6, 2012
- ^ a b Lal Shimpi, Anand (February 10, 2003), AMD's Athlon XP 3000+: Barton cuts it close, AnandTech, retrieved January 6, 2012
External links[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
- cpu-collection.de AMD Athlon processor images and descriptions
- amdboard.com AMD Athlon/Duron/Sempron CPU identification and OPN breakdown
- AMD's Technical Specifications for 7th generation CPUs (.pdf)
- Easy identification with Interactive AMD product ID
- Xbit Labs EV6 vs GTL+ System Bus
- motherboards.org Unlocking the Duron and Athlon Using the Pencil Trick


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