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The following OECD assessment and recommendations summarise chapter 5 of the Economic Survey of Japan published on 30 September 2009.
Addressing the challenge of climate change…
Japan has been active in the global effort to limit climate change and increase energy efficiency. Under the Kyoto Protocol, it committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 6% relative to 1990 over the period 2008-12 from an already relatively low level among advanced economies. However, emissions were up by 9% by 2007 and its emissions per capita have risen faster than the OECD average since 1990. Japan has relied primarily on voluntary measures, largely in the manufacturing sector, without binding commitments and price signals. In June 2009, Japan established a medium-term target of reducing emissions by 15% from the 2005 level by 2020 (through domestic reductions alone) as a step to its long-term objective of cutting emissions by 60% to 80% by 2050.
Overview of the Kyoto and mid-term emission targets in Japan
Emissions in million tonnes of CO2
1. Percentage change relative to the 1990 base year.
2. The mid term target of a 15% decline by 2020, through domestic reductions alone, from the 2005 level of emissions, implies a fall in emissions to 1 154 Mn tonnes.
3. Japan is committed to reducing GHG emissions by 6% relative to the 1990 base year under the Kyoto Protocol. The 15% decline is calculated as the 9% increase between 1990 and 2007 and the 6% decline.
Source: Ministry of the Environment.
The commercial and residential sectors account for most of the increase in CO2 emissions from energy use in Japan since 1990
Source: Institute for Environmental Studies and GHG Inventory Office of Japan.
…requires market instruments that set a price on carbon…
Achieving these targets requires changing the policy framework by introducing market-based instruments to reduce emissions in a cost-effective manner. Market instruments are efficient insofar as they equalise abatement costs across all emitters and, over the long run, provide incentives to develop new technologies that lower abatement costs. Japan should shift from its voluntary emissions trading system (ETS) to a mandatory, system based on cap-and-trade that covers the entire economy, including transport, drawing lessons from the experience of other countries and Japan's voluntary system. Ideally, the initial permits should be allocated by auctioning, which would help generate much needed revenue. The scheme should include banking of permits, and possibly borrowing as well, to limit volatility, risk and uncertainty. Additionally, consideration should be given to applying a carbon tax to sectors not covered by the ETS. As Japan is already relatively energy-efficient, meeting the long-run target requires linking its ETS to those in other countries, which should substantially reduce the cost of emission abatement in Japan. Another option to reduce the cost is greater use of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which allows countries to meet their emission targets through credits earned from projects that reduce emissions in developing countries. Greater use of a well-functioning CDM to utilise the vast low-cost abatement potential in developing countries is thus a cost-effective option for Japan. Financing CDM projects, though, should not lead to a decrease in Official Development Assistance (ODA) funds.
…and other instruments, while ensuring adequate R&D
Price-based measures should be accompanied by other policy instruments in markets that are less responsive to price signals. Ideally, these should take the form of performance-based regulations that allow the choice of the most efficient technology. Moreover, price signals alone do not ensure adequate R&D and innovation, especially in the area of climate change. Public investment in R&D, particularly basic research, is important. Finally, transparent and effective instruments are necessary to accelerate the development of renewable energy in the short run while relying on market instruments in the longer run, which will minimise the cost of meeting emission reduction targets.
The use of renewable energy in Japan is relatively low
1. Geothermal, wind, solar and tide.
2. As a share of total primary energy supply.
3. Excludes Iceland, Mexico and Portugal.
Source: OECD (2008e), Renewables Information, OECD, Paris and IEA/OECD (2008), Energy Balances of OECD Countries, Paris.
The complete edition of the Economic Survey of Japan is available from:
Readers from subscribing institutions can access the online edition via SourceOECD our online library.
Non-subscribers can purchase the PDF e-book and/or paper copy via our OECD Online Bookshop
Order from your local distributor
Government officials with accounts (subscribe) can go to the "Books" tab on OLIS
Access by password for Accredited journalists
The Policy Brief (pdf format) can be downloaded in English. It contains the OECD assessment and recommendations. For the Japanese version please click here.
Additional information
List of recent Surveys of Japan
For further information please contact the Japan Desk at the OECD Economics Department at firstname.lastname@example.com.
The OECD Secretariat's report was prepared by Randall Jones, Byungseo Yoo and Masahiko Tsutsumi under the supervision of Vincent Koen. Research assistance was provided by Lutécia Daniel.
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The first debate: High stakes for Obama, Romney
Just 34 days out from the November election, there's little argument that tonight's presidential debate - in which President Obama and Mitt Romney will go head-to-head for the first time in this campaign - is a high-stakes affair for both men.
With polls increasingly showing Mr. Obama leading Romney by varying degrees, both nationally and in battleground states, the Colorado match-up offers each candidate a critical opportunity: For the president, it's a chance to shore up his support and solidify what appears to be a recent advantage; Romney, meanwhile, has perhaps his best remaining shot at seizing a much-needed boost in momentum after a disappointing couple of months.
"The stakes are enormous for Mitt Romney," said Steve Schmidt, a Republican strategist who served as a top adviser to 2008 Republican presidential nominee John McCain. "He goes into the debate behind, after a difficult summer, a failed convention, and a series of self-inflicted wounds in September. The hour is growing short to make up ground and come from behind in the swing states where he needs to win if he wants to become elected president."
One debate may not be enough for Romney to take over the lead, analysts say, but a strong performance tonight could certainly put him on the right path - a fact both that will surely weigh deeply on the minds of both candidates.
"I don't think Romney can change the entire trajectory of the campaign at the debate," said Democratic strategist Jamal Simmons. "But he can jump-start that change."Can debates alter an election outcome?
Romney: Debate about more than just winning
Obama, Romney camps agree: The other guy is a great debater
Obama debate prep details? Mum's the word
Despite ongoing efforts by both camps to tamp down debate expectations, there's no question that the event will have bearing on the public consciousness. According to Nielsen estimates, 52.7 million people watched the first match-up between Mr. Obama and McCain in the 2008 presidential contest - and that was down 16 percent from the first presidential debate in 2004, when 62.5 million people tuned in.
Given the stakes, both candidates have been assiduously preparing.
Romney has spent several days over the last month prepping with senior advisers and Ohio Sen. Rob Portman, who is playing the president in preparatory sessions, and dedicated three days during the Democratic National Convention to mock debates with the senator.
And even while the Obama campaign said the president had to cancel several sessions due to events in the Middle East, he headed to Nevada earlier this week to log some serious prep time with 2004 Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, who is standing in for Romney in practice debates.
Eager though each campaign may be to claim underdog status -- and both have proven exceptionally eager to do just that in recent weeks -- by many accounts it's Romney who has the most ground to make up going into the event.
"Romney doesn't need to try to win the election [tonight]," said Dan Schnur, a former Republican strategist now at the University of Southern California. "There are never magical transformational moments in a presidential debate that's going to fundamentally remake the race. But for a challenger, being on the stage toe-to-toe with an incumbent is an important opportunity to prove that you can be trusted with the responsibilities of the presidency."
Schmidt argues that, thanks to missed opportunities at the Republican convention, Romney still faces the task of defining himself and his vision to the American people. Moreover, some analysts argue he must also use the platform as an opportunity to woo new voters - including some of Mr. Obama's - if he wants to make a play for swing states like Ohio, where some recent polls show him outside the margin of victory.
"Not only does he have to stand side by side with the president and just get through it, so to speak, he's also going to have to change some minds," said Democratic strategist Michael Feldman, who advised Al Gore in his 2000 presidential bid.
According to Feldman, it's critical that Romney present his own policy ideas while effectively challenging the president's record - all without sacrificing his gravitas. Given his past struggles relating to everyday Americans, that's something he isn't sure will come easily to the candidate.
"He hasn't quite connected to voters yet on a variety of levels," Feldman said. "And it's hard when you're delivering a hard hit on your opponent to come across as being likeable at the same time. But that's what he has to do."
"The problem Romney has is, you never want the words 'make-or-break' associated with your name. So here he is under so much pressure from the media and his supporters and his donors to really deliver something, and yet it's really hard to do that," said Alan Schroeder, a professor at Northeastern University and the author of "Presidential Debates: 50 Years of High-Risk TV." "He has expectations that are in some ways lower, because he's the underdog, but in some ways they're higher - because there's so much pressure on him to succeed."
Romney, of course, is not alone in facing challenges. The president's backers have noted repeatedly that his rhetorical style doesn't mesh with the traditional debate format, and efforts to lower expectations on his behalf went unrewarded: According to a recent Pew Research study, a majority of voters - 51 percent - think the president will win the debate, while only 29 percent said the same of Romney.
To boot, debate moderator Jim Lehrer is also playing with a looser format -- which may not be the ideal set-up for a president known for speaking in long, complex sentences.
"The fact is, the president is a smart guy and his rhetorical style is that he likes to explain things," said Feldman. "If his challenge is to be brief then maybe some structure is helpful for that."
"The double-edge of the expectations sword for President Obama right now is that people are expecting him to do better ... which makes his job tougher," Feldman said. A function of those expectations, he says, is that the bar is higher for the president than it is for his rival.
When it comes to preparedness, however, Romney is expected to have the edge.
"Romney's strengths are experience and preparedness. He has spent a lot of time preparing for these debates, by all accounts, over the course of the summer. And he's had a lot of experience over the last four years participating in these debates," said Schmidt. "When you watch the arc of his progress - from 2008 to 2012 - it's clear he has the capacity for improvement and he gets better. Obama simply hasn't participated in the number of debates that Romney has, and he hasn't, by all accounts, spent the time preparing that Mitt Romney has."
Nevertheless, Simmons argues that despite expectations and his proclivity for long-winded answers, the president's biggest responsibility tonight is "to not drop the ball in any significant way."
"A tie is perfectly fine for the president," he said. "The pressure is clearly on Governor Romney to change the dynamic. The president needs to do no harm."
At this point, there's only so much either candidate can do to prepare. But according to Simmons, there are a few last-minute nuggets of advice that apply to all debaters - Republican or Democrat.
"Wear good makeup. Don't sigh. Don't look at your watch," he said. "Those things are probably point number one."


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Donald G. Prigmore 1932-2012
El Dorado Times
October 26. 2012
El Dorado, KS
Donald G. Prigmore
Donald G. Prigmore, 80, passed away at his home in Danville, Calif., on Oct. 23, 2012. He was the fourth son of Harry and Mary Prigmore of Leon. He was preceded in death by brother, Robert; his parents; and his wife, June. Surviving are: his son, Marc (Dianne) Prigmore of Kansas City, Mo.; daughters, Libby (Ralph) Rulo of Overland Park, Mary Catherine of Boston and Christine Prigmore of Charlotte, N.C.; and four grandchildren.
Don was born in rural Butler County and attended Haverhill Grade School prior to graduating from El Dorado High School in 1950. He was an excellent student and an outstanding baseball player. He was offered two opportunities upon graduation - a scholastic scholarship at Kansas State or an invitation to join the New York Yankee baseball organization. He chose the scholarship and played four years at shortstop for the K-State varsity baseball team. He graduated in 1955 with a Civil Engineering degree and then obtained a master's degree in corporate management from Michigan University. His entire working life was spent with General Telephone (GTE)/Spring Communications, where he rose from a right-of-way buyer to GTE National Plant Manager, Operating Vice President of GTE Indiana and GTE Southwest; President of GTE Michigan and GTE Southeast before becoming president of Sprint Communications where he retired.
Despite his numerous personal and corporate recognitions he was most proud of having been inducted into the El Dorado Baseball Hall of Fame in 2003. A private memorial service will be held. Memorial gifts may be made to the American Cancer Society.
Click Here to read more about why Mr. Prigmore was inducted into the El Dorado Baseball Hall of Fame.


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Happy National Serger Month! It may be the last day of April, but it's still a sergerific day! Sergers solve so many sewing problems; they finish seams nicely, can make a rolled hem in a flash and add a professional look to any project. Love your serger all the more by using these five serger troubleshooting tips. Then learn to make a super quick and fun knit headband!
1. The Dreaded Thread: When your overlock stitch isn't forming properly, be sure to rethread the machine. This tends to solve 90% of all serging and sewing problems, a quick rethread can make all the difference. If you rely on tying knots in your thread and pulling them through the serger, take the time to learn how to properly thread the machine. Use the tweezers provided with the machine (or purchase a pair online/from your local dealer) to get into the nooks and crannies and pull the thread through.
2. Dusty Dilemmas: Sometimes your serger just needs a good cleaning. Refer to your machine manual to determine the best way to clean your machine. Often a quick dusting using canned air and a nylon brush are all you need to get your serger back to serging happily.
3. In a Jam: To safely remove a jam, turn off the machine and unplug it. Remove the serger presser foot. Clip the needle threads close to the stitches. Clip the upper looper thread as close to the fabric as possible. Pull slack in the lower looper thread below the tension dial. Gently remove the fabric from the stitch finger by pulling to the back of the machine until it is released. Remove the stitches from the fabric. Rethread the needles and upper looper. Remember, when the knives are disengaged, the fabric should not extend beyond the right side of the needle plate.
4. Seam Woes: If your seams pull open after serging, loose needle tension is the culprit. Always test the stitch length and tension on scraps before seaming the garment. If your seams will be put under additional stress (such as crotch seams) be sure to add an extra stitching line for reinforcement. With a conventional straight stitch, sew on or just inside the serger needle line.
Quick Knit Headband Tutorial!
In need of a headband in a pinch? Make this easy headband in under 10 minutes using scraps from your stash!
Two 5″ by 21″ rectangles of two way stretch fabric
Serger thread
Removable fabric marker
Lay one rectangle on a work surface, place the second rectangle perpendicular to the first as pictured above. If working with a print knit, place the print knit right side down on the work surface.
Pick up the lower fabric, capturing the second fabric in the fold. Hold the lower fabric in your left hand and the upper fabric in your right. Allow the two fabrics to scrunch together in the center.
Center the knot on your forehead and pull the ends to the back of your head. Pull the fabric slightly to give the headband a bit of a stretch when worn. Mark the seamline where the fabrics meet at the back of your head.
Align the four short ends carefully. Noting the marked seamline (on mine, I didn't need to trim off any fabric to fit my head so a seamline isn't marked).
Serge the four ends together. Add a drop of seam sealant to each end, once dry clip off excess threads. Don't worry about the raw edges, the knit will roll over creating a hem and it won't fray.
I love this headband as it's so quick to make and versatile. You can pull it wide and hide your messy hair as a mock turban or you can scrunch it up and wear it like a headband.
I hope you enjoyed this project and the quick troubleshooting tips! The content here was originally published in Serger Update from April '87.
For more fun serger projects and inspiration, visit the National Serger Month website.
Happy Serging!


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©2013 Trion Worlds, Inc. Trion, Trion Worlds, Defiance and the Defiance logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Trion Worlds, Inc. Portions ©2013 Universal Television Networks. All other trademarks and logos belong to their respective owners. All rights reserved.


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Robot-Training Program for Educational Institutions
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Tuesday, July 1, 2008
Fanuc Robotics America, Inc., Rochester Hills, MI, has introduced a certified education robot training (CERT) program for qualified high schools, community colleges and universities. The program certifies instructors to train their students to program Fanuc robots.
Along with the CERT program, eligible schools also can purchase an accessory tooling package that includes an industrial robot, integrated vision system, programmable logic controller and simulation software.
See also: FANUC America, Inc.
Related Enterprise Zones: Automation


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Stanczyk has not been riveted by a story since the DC Sniper story of October 2002. So today, I chronicle the sad saga of Tsarnaevs (царнаев Tsarnaev in Russian Cyrillic). My story source materials are listed at the end. There are similarities to the DC Sniper story, both were on the east coast. Both had an older man and a younger man dynamic (Allen/Boyd, Tamerlan/Dzhokhar). Both were senseless killings of people. Let's see what motive Dzhokhar ascribes for his and his brother's actions. John Allen Muhammad (JAM) said his motive was an Islamicist jihady-thing.
Possibly estrangement played/plays a role in both stories. The DC Sniper case was not allowed to prosecute a case based upon JAM's estrangement from his wife/kids. Tamerlan/Dzhokhar seemed to be separated from their father and estranged from an aunt and two uncles in the US/Canada. Tamerlan said he was estranged from America, unable to form any friendships (except for a murdered friend?). That estrangement of the brothers Tsarnaev may have been felt more strongly when their father left America to go have a brain hematoma operated on … in Russia. Why not the US? Was it a stroke or a tumor. Someone said it was brain cancer — albeit a tumor could be interpreted as an early stage of cancer. Certainly Anzor, thought he was going to die [perhaps he wanted to die on Russian soil], perhaps the sons thought he would too. In 2011, the FBI asked questions of Tamerlan, at the behest of some foreign nation, if he was involved with a terrorist organization (which the FBI had cleared him and his family of). Perhaps an aunt who is(or will be) a lawyer and two uncles who are doctors made the brothers Tsarnaev feel inadequate (or maybe only Tamerlan). Perhaps Tamerlan was feeling angry and tied down by a wife and daughter and rueing his inability to compete in Olympic boxing.
Anzor (Анзор) Tsarnaev (Царнаев) fled Chechnya for the neighboring safe-harbor of Kyrgyzstan. After a few years of this self-imposed exile, he moved his family to Dagestan, and a year later he comes to the USA in March 2002, under refugee status; This was with help from his sister, Maret (a lawyer or studying law in Canada). Ruslan & Alvi the two brothers of Anzor are doctors (MDs) living in Maryland. In 2003, Tamerlan and his sisters (Bella & Ailina) emigrate to the US and rejoin their family.
The Tsarnaev (Царнаевых) Family (Father, Mother, Tamerlan (Тамерлан), Dzhokhar (Джохар), and two daughters, Bella & Ailina) relocated to USA in 2002/2003 under refugee status with the aid of the aunt (Maret).
October 1986 Tamerlan Tsarnaev born, Kyrgyzstan
About 1987 Bella Tsarnaev born, Kyrgyzstan
About 1990 Allina Tsarnaev born Kyrgyzstan
22 July 1993 Dzokhar Tsarnaev born, Kyrgyzstan
Before 1993 Ruslan Tsarnaev (brother of Anzor, uncle to the alleged bombers) emigrates to US
2001 Family moves to Makhachkala, Dagestan (Russian Federation)
2002 Maret Tsarnaeva – after she helped them [Anzor, her brother and his family] apply for refugee status to the US. [source: Maret's words, from Wash. Post article 4/19/2013]
March 2002 Family moves to US, apply for refugee status (Exact Location unknown), Except Tamerlan & two sisters; [Dzhokhar's principal said they left March 2002 for US; source: http://www.freeinews.com/global/alvi-and-ruslan-tsarni-two-uncles-speak-on-bombing-suspects]
2003 Tamerlan & two sisters come to US
2003 Tsarnaev family move to Boston area (source: uncle Ruslan in MD)
2006-2008 Tamerlan at Bunker Hill Community College; 2007 Tamerlan becomes legal permanent resident [source: NBC].
2011 Dzokhar graduates Cambridge Rindge & LatinSchool, Receives $2,500 Cambridge city grant, enrolls in UMASS-Dartmouth pre-med program.
about 2011 Anzor returns to Russia [after treatment in Russia for brain cancer or a brain hematoma?]
September 2011 Tamerlan's friend Brendan Mess is murdered in Waltham, MA
January 2012 Dzokhar visits Dagestan [his father? for operation ??]. It appears Tamerlan went too and stayed for six months in Dagestan area.
13 June 2012 Mother (Zubeidat Tsarnaev) is arrested for alleged shoplifting at Lord & Taylors store
11 Sept 2012 Dzhokhar becomes a Naturalized US citizen (at TD Banknorth Garden, Boston)
15 April 2013 2:50PM Tsarnaevs are alleged to have planted and exploded two bombs at Boston Marathon.
18 April 2013 Photos, Videos place both brothers at scene of crime, Eye Witness and Victim Jeff Bauman witnesses a suspect (Tamerlan) drop bag which blows up 2 minutes later and identifes him to FBI. FBI releases photos & video of two suspects.
19 April 2013 1:35am Tamerlan Tsarnaev dies of wounds: gunshots, explosive burns, injuries from being run over and dragged by car by his younger brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev according to eye witness accounts.
19 April 2013 8:45pm Dzhokhar is captured after a final shoot-out at his hide-out in boat; Captured alive, conscious & transported to hospital.
What does the father say?
Анзор Царнаев, отец Джохара и Тамерлана Царнаевых (Aznor Tsarnaev, father of Dzhokar & Tamerlan — the brothers Tsarnaevich).
The father is sowing the seeds of misinformation in the Russian Federation in a predominantly Muslim state. He has claimed the US has framed his sons (a charge echoed by the Canadian aunt, Maret). Read the Interview from Izvestia. The FBI should, look at the timeline of the father's comments and the phone records and translate them. Notice the father never came back to the US and supported his children (who had become adults, though Dzhokhar was too young to live alone with an older brother, who was young and married and had a baby, with no adult relatives for support). Stories of 20-April-2013 indicate the mother is in Dagestan. I did not see whether the charges against the mother were resolved (was she innocent or guilty of the crime? Was she deported?). Now the father wants permission to enter the US again??? After his fomenting dissent abroad, I do not think we can risk the father coming back to the US. What crime might he commit because his one son is dead and his other son faces numerous capital crime charges. There is a reason that the doctor brothers have disassociated from the rest of the family. These men are doctors. We must think about their safety too. Who knows what the father might do. The father spoke poorly of our nation to his nation/peoples. We cannot let that kind of radical inside the US, not under the present circumstances. Every American needs to write/call/email their Congressperson and let them know we do not want ANZOR TSARNAEV back in the USA. I also think that MARET TSARNAEV should not be allowed back in for similar reasons, even though she appears to live in Canada.
http://youtu.be/MZIb5xMSoLE (Youtube of father, see translated Interview [below] in Izvestia newspaper with the father from 19-April-2013 about 5:00am EST). The father is either lying or woefully misinformed about his family. Sad.
Izvestia newspaper interview (URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/549078), translated:
Father of Tsarnaevich brothers, some years living in Dagestan, is confident that his sons were not involved in bloody events that took place a few days ago in Boston in the United States. The eldest son of Tamerlane, he said, was happily married – with his American wife, that he raised his daughter. And the younger Johar – honors and pride of the family. Tsarnaev Anzor, who lost one son, fears that security forces would kill both.
[Anzor] – My children just set up. One killed, how could they? The same intelligence agencies. They had to hold it simple. Now I'm afraid for the second son. I keep in touch with them. Yes, I live far away, but I know what my kids are doing.
Q: When was the last time you spoke with your sons?
– With Tamerlane, immediately after the terrorist attack in Boston. As soon as I heard on TV, how awful it happened, I immediately dialed the phone the elder son answered, I asked, "Were you there? Since you did not happen? "He said, 'Dad do not worry, we did not go there. Weare alive and well. "
Q: When you last saw sons?
– A year ago. But all the time we called each other. They talked with myself, I know what my kids are doing. The elder son – a boxer, four-time champion of America, one of the versions[twice Golden Gloves]. In the U.S. everyone knows he is a celebrity [before the Boston Marathon bombing]. Tamerlane is also a musician, playing the piano jazz. Once wanted to become a professional boxer, we tried to dissuade him, we said, what about permanent injury, why do you need it? And then he got married and had a daughter, now she is three and a half years. And he changed his mind to go to the professionals [actually dropped out from accounting studies at Bunker Hill Community College].
Q: He worked somewhere?
– No, he studied at the acting school, and sat with the child. He has worked as a wife. In a social institution – do not remember the name – took care of the disabled. My son did not have any free time. Always is on the clock.
Q: And Johar? When did you last talk to him?
– Three days ago. I Called and asked how things and said that he should come here for a vacation. He agreed. After all, he is the last time the child was, when we left, so he never returned. I briefly talked to him, he was in a hurry to go to class.
– It is known that he went to Cambridge?
– Yes, my youngest – the pride of the family. Always straight A student, dreamed of becoming a great doctor. He received a scholarship to study as the most talented. Never in any radical groups did not participate, hate talkers. With the money he has, of course, there were problems. But I helped him, sent a little bit, and he himself worked. In his free time, got a job as a pool lifeguard. He did not have time for all sorts of nonsense. And then, he could not go for it against the will of Tamerlane and his older brother would not allow to deal with such things.
– You yourself why left the U.S.?
– I went back home to die. I had a hematoma of the brain. I was sure – this is the end. But it has taken out, literally at my grave. And my sons were there.
– They became citizens of the United States?
– No, both of them – the citizens of Russia. For Tamerlane, his wife – an American, but he himself Russian. And Johar too. I fear for my second son. I am afraid that they will kill him, too. But I know – they[my sons] are not to blame.
My Opinion
Neither the mother, the father, nor the aunt should be granted access to travel to the US. The father and mother both have sown the seeds of dissent against the US in a predominantly Muslim state of the Russian Federation. The aunt in Canada (Maret) I am on the fence about whether the aunt should be allowed into the US for access to the trial or to support Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Her rhetoric is inflammatory and this trial will already be a sensation and tension-filled event wherever it is held and we will have to have extra security if the aunt is allowed in her due to her remarks.
I think the presence of the father, mother, and aunt presents an element of risk and the potential to foment further violence, if not actually commit actual crimes [in the case of the parents].
I think Ruslan and his brother Alvi are fine/decent/honorable Americans and we should protect both of them as valuable members of American society who are estranged from their brother Anzor (and his sons). The presence of these other Tsarnaevs on US soil, risks injury to these two valuable Americans who are medical doctors. The two daughters might also be harmed by violent rhetoric if these Tsarnaevich are allowed to re-enter the US. The safety and the protection of our society will be at risk throughout the resulting trial of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev; There is no need to increase that risk further.
I wish Ruslan and Alvi and their families well. I feel empathy for Tamerlan's widow and 3 year old daughter. I hope for the best for the two sisters who remain in the US. The rest of the sad Tsarnaevich in this saga we should not support or entertain upon US soil. Dzhokhar the naturalized US citizen is due his legal rights — but those rights do not include the support of those who foment dissent against the US in nations abroad and then wish to egress to our nation afterwards and use the media focus of a sensational event for their own purposes.
What do you say, my fellow Americans? Say it loud enough to be heard in Washington D.C. !
Source Materials
- A Quick Search of Ancestry.com for "Tsarnaev"
- Google.RU search on Анзор, джохар , царнаев (Anzor/Dzhokhar , Tsarnaev) in Russian Cyrillic
- NYT/USA Today articles
- Washington Post/Baltimore Sun articles
- Boston Globe articles, timelines
- Izvestia Interview, Youtube Videos (Anzor, Ruslan)
- MyLife.com pages on Tsarnaevich with public declared names, ages


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Acta Theologica
On-line version ISSN 2309-9089
Print version ISSN 1015-8758
Acta theol. vol.34 suppl.19 Bloemfontein 2014
The relation between freedom, love, spirit and flesh in Galatians 5:13
Peter G. Kirchschlaeger
Dr. Lehrstuhlvertretung: New Testament Studies, Chur University of Theology, & Research Associate, Department of New Testament, Faculty of Theology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
In the Letter of Paul to the Galatian churches the concepts "freedom," "love," "Spirit" and "flesh" are important: the semantic dimension of the letter and the theology of the letter strongly depend on these key concepts. Simultaneously, there is a complex relation and interaction between the four concepts. Hence an analysis of the above terms in Galatians 5:13 can contribute to the understanding of the letter. To achieve such understanding, the textual context and the structure of the text are discussed in order to establish a summarising exegesis of 5:1-24, with the focus on an analysis of these terms. This summarising exegesis then forms the basis for a reflection on the relation between "freedom," "love," "Spirit" and "flesh" in 5:13.
Keywords: Pauline Literature, Galatians 5:13, Spirit, Freedom, Love, Flesh
Trefwoorde: Pauliniese Literatuur, Galasiërs 5:13, Gees, Vryheid, Liefde, Vlees
The terms "freedom," "love," "Spirit" and "flesh" in Galatians 5:13 are key concepts in the Paul's letter to the Galatian churches.1 They dominate partly the semantic dimension of the letter, and the theology of Galatians strongly depends on these key concepts. Hence an analysis of these terms in Galatians 5:13 can contribute to the understanding of the letter.
An overview of both the textual context and the structure of the text will be followed by a summarising exegesis of 5:1-24, with the focus on an analysis of the terms "freedom," "love," "Spirit" and "flesh," flowing into a discussion of the relation between these terms in 5:13.
Galatians 5:13 forms part of the corpus of the letter (1:11-6:10). Within the corpus, 5:13 belongs to the admonitory section on the life in the Spirit and the freedom from the law (5:13-6:10). This is preceded by a theological-argumentative section on justification by faith (3:1-5:12). Galatians 5:136:10 is then followed by a conclusion (6:11-18) (Frey 2006:192, 196).
As far as the structure of 5:13-6:10 is concerned, 5:13 contributes to the resumption of the topic "freedom in love" in 5:13-15, followed by a call to a life by the Spirit and a discussion of the opposition between "Spirit" and "flesh" in 5:16-18. This is illustrated with the catalogues of the works of the flesh in 5:19-21 and the fruit of the Spirit in 5:22-24. Galatians 5:25-26 opens the ensuing admonitory section, including several appeals to a life by the Spirit.
The semantic leading term in 5:13, ἐλευθερία, is used in 5:1 to open the entire section, as part of the proclaimed message that Jesus Christ is the liberator and frees the Galatians (Borse 1984:178). An interpretation of ἐλευθερία should include the following:
• In line with its context, freedom from the law includes freedom from the obligation to be circumcised with all its consequences (see 5:3);
• Following from this, there is freedom from a mentality of fulfilling commandments and regulations and linking them to salvation;
• In analogy to the Exodus-episode, there is a liberation from the slavery of sin (see 1:4) through Christ;
• The fundamental empowerment of the baptised through Jesus Christ to a new lifestyle and a new way of thinking and living;
• The notion that the gift of freedom brings with it the burden of a responsibility to remain free (Egger 1985:35).
Obviously, Paul needed to remind the Galatians that they were liberated by Jesus Christ. He admonishes them to remain (στήετε) in Jesus Christ and not to return to slavery, i.e., to the opposite of freedom (Borse 1984:179). This imperative is in line with Paul's opposition to those in Jerusalem who threatened the freedom received from Jesus Christ (see 2:4-5). One concrete aspect of the yoke of slavery is compulsory circumcision which Paul presents as an alternative to Christ; thus the Galatians have to choose between the two (Egger 1985:35). Paul argues that, if both were required, faith in Jesus Christ would be useless (5:2). Thus, the decision to be taken by the Galatians is fundamental since choosing circumcision would mean acceptance of the entire law and putting one's life under the regime of the law (see 3:10, referring to Deut. 27:26). With his personal engagement, Paul testifies this emotionally (5:3: µαρτύροµαι first person singular, only in this instance, and in 1 Thess. 2:12 in Paul). This would imply separation from Jesus Christ (5:4: ατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ) - with all its consequences. The prefix ατα- emphasises the intensity of Paul's assertion. The quintessence of "falling from grace" is even more serious if one considers the importance of χάρις for Christian existence (see 1:3, 6; 6:18 concerning the believers, and 1:15; 2:9, 21 concerning Paul). It means that one is no longer connected to Christ (Borse 1984:181). The irony of οἵτινες ἐν νόµῳ διαιοῦσθε becomes obvious as justification by observing the law was actually excluded beforehand.
Regarding the churches of Galatia, Paul recognises by means of a positive statement in 5:7, that they have been following the right path of being Christian. (A change in the tone, language and semantics can be noticed in this instance, in order to transmit the strong personal engagement.) However, this has been interrupted as they no longer obeyed ἀληθεία, i.e., the ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου (Gal. 2:5). πείθεσθαι refers to existential trust in and engagement with the specific character of this "good message." Who are those opposing the ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου? (The spreading of their dangerous influence is illustrated in 5:9 by the image of yeast, also used in 1 Cor. 5:6). One thing is clear (5:8): Their efforts do not correspond with God's calling; therefore, by following them, the churches of Galatia are no longer following God's calling. Consequently they lack an essential characteristic of a baptised person (see 1 Cor. 1:2) - a very strong accusation.
A surprising turn - a change in tone, showing the personal engagement of the author - takes place in 5:10. Paul expresses his trust that they will stay on the right path (Borse 1984:186). At the same time, he takes a clear stand against the opponents, expressing a threat of a condemnation to all of them, without exception.3 In 5:11, Paul again takes up the discussion of the law, with the unclear, but probably ironic, statement that he is not in favour of circumcision, because, if he were, prosecution would not be an issue for him.4 In this instance, περιτοµή is a pars pro toto for the law and stands for a particular understanding of salvation (see 2:15-21). In 5:11, τὸ σάνδαλοντοῦ σταυροῦ reminds one of 1 Corinthians 1:23, and refers to the issue of the acceptance of this path; this is not meant in a historical way. σταυρός stands for the entire reality of Christ, leading to freedom from the law.
In 5:12, Paul attacks the opponents, who create trouble (οἱ ἀναστατοῦντες) among the Galatians, in a polemical manner and full of emotion, against the background of Deuteronomy 23:2, with the result that the equivalence to their practice is idolatry (ἀποόψονται: "[I]t is clear from the context that Paul has in mind the removal of the private parts of his opponents" [Tolmie 2009:87.]). Paul uses rather negative words for his opponents. The polemic in and the entire verse must be understood in terms of its rhetorical function:
Paul is using a very negative description of his opponents -naturally so, because he is still continuing his vilification5 of them; at the same time, he is portraying the Christians in Galatia as their victims. According to him, the opponents do not have any good motives; in fact, they are destabilising the situation in the Christian congregations in Galatia (Tolmie 2009:87).
With this sarcastic approach, Paul creates a distance between his addressees and the opponents, based on the horror of such practice and on his negative feelings about the opponents (Betz 1979:270).
In 5:13, ἐλευθερία builds on this thematic basis, recalling 5:1a. Verse 5:13 returns to some fundamental assertions, using a very engaged tone, and addressing Paul's audience directly (second person plural). A variation can be detected between 5:13 and 5:1a:
In 5:13a, instead of an explicit subject, there is a theological passive, referring to the addressees as subjects. ἠλευθέρωσεν (in 5:1a) is thus interpreted by ἐκλήθητε, with God as the implicit subject of the theological passive (see also 1:15). It is difficult to identify the precise meaning of έπί with the dative exactly: in, to, or due to (Aland & Aland 1988:581-583). One must remain open for a variety of interpretations. γάρ is probably not meant as a stringent argument, but as perpetuating and leading over. (Were it to introduce a stringent argument, it would have referred to 5:7-8, but this does not seem to be the case).
The entire phrase possesses the character of an impressive repetition of the term "freedom." Furthermore - and in addition to the meaning of 5:1 and the thematic foundation built in the ensuing verses - 5:13 links "freedom" to the theme of the vocation (ἐλήθητε), picking up the basic theme of the letter (see 5:8) already mentioned at the beginning (see 1:6). This freedom is a gift from God and part of the call by God through Christ.
It appears that Paul is well aware of the fact that his addressees could misunderstand "freedom". Therefore, in 5:13b, he explains precisely what he means by "freedom," differentiating it from any possible misunderstanding of the term (Egger 1985:37). Paul describes such a misunderstanding in a typical Pauline way: εἰς ἀορµὴν τῇ σαρί. Freedom may not be used as a false pretence or as an opportunity for the fleshly human being to follow her or his instincts. To illustrate what he has in mind, Paul then cites a catalogue of a life in the flesh in 5:19-21. In Galatians 5:13, άλλά introduces the positive side, corresponding to freedom: διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης δουλεύετε ἀλλήλοις. Through the term ἀγάπη the assertion is thematically related to 5:6. One finds this term especially in the New Testament; outside the Bible it is hardly used.6 Paul uses the term mostly for brotherly love which is linked with the love of God expressed in his revelation to humankind in Jesus Christ (see Rom. 8:32, 39; Gal. 1:4; 2:20; 5:22; Rom. 5:6, 8, 10; 15:30; 2 Cor. 5:14). Therefore, Paul does not use it only to refer to a purely ethical commandment of brotherly love, but also to refer to ἀγάπη as a gift from God; it is simultaneously a gift of God and a commandment (see 1 Cor. 14:1; 16:14; Rom. 13:8-9; 15:1).7
The term ἀγάπη links 5:13 to 5:6: οὔτε ... ἰσχύει οὔτε relativises the difference between Jews and Gentiles (see 2:6, 15) with the all decisive πίστις δι' ἀγάπης ἐνεργουµένη: "Faith" has an impact and a force; it is not a mere theoretical issue. Paul uses ἐνεργέω in Galatians twice more (2:8 [twice]; 3:5) where God is the acting subject. This corresponds to a general Pauline usage (see 1 Cor. 12:6, 11; Phil. 2:13; 1 Thess. 2:13) and emphasises that God empowers one to act out of love. It should not be confined to brotherly love, but should be considered as a basic attitude of love, based on faith in Christ; thus love with its origin in a personal relationship with Christ. Love is thus to be understood basically as a relational category.
Verse 5:13 amplifies the message of 5:6 in two ways. Firstly, "love" is explicitly linked to one's behaviour towards other believers. A life following the call by God and based on "freedom" should be oriented towards other believers in the churches of Galatia. Secondly, the interaction with each other is described as "slavery." In the light of Galatians 4, the use of the term δουλεύετε here is extremely strong. Its point lies in the orientation of the slavery mentioned here: they should serve each other, not the law.
"Love" remains central in 5:14. It is the point of reference for the modal attitude of serving each other and for the correct perception of the law. The respect for, and the fulfilment of the law (πᾶς νόµος ... πεπλήρωται) does not imply the implementation of every single letter of the law, but the pervasion of one's own attitude of serving and readiness to help with love (see also Rom. 13:8-9). Therefore, Paul gives a clear indication of the understanding of the relationship as one of Christians following the example of Jesus himself. Faith can be effective and have an impact (see 5:6) only in this way; not by observing regulations.
This fundamental message is ironically and sarcastically directed to the churches of Galatia in 5:15. The exaggerated imagery - found on many occasions in profane literature (e.g., Plutarch, Mor. 2234d-e; Epictet, Diss. II 22,27-28; Lucian, Pisc 36) - echoes the emotionally intense discussion, the origin of which probably lies in the Pauline mission.
The starting point of 5:16 is the concern that freedom could be understood in an arbitrary way and could form the basis of a life full of vices (as mentioned in 5:13). Therefore, Paul points out πνεῦµα as the point of reference for Christians, thereby embedding it in the reality of baptism. πνεύµατι περιπατεῖτε can be paraphrased as "live your life based on the foundation of your baptism." αὶ ἐπιθυµίαν σαρὸς οὐ µὴ τελέσητε has a consecutive mode: A life based on the foundation of one's baptism will not allow the "flesh" to gain control. "Spirit" and "flesh" have to be understood in terms of the two catalogues in 5:19-21 (flesh) and in 5:22-24 (Spirit). The opposition between the two, already mentioned in 5:16, is emphasised in 5:17, which provides a reason for the assertion in 5:16. The emphasis is formulated in a way (a double reciprocity) that gives the most weight to the irreconcilable opposition between "flesh" and "Spirit." The relevance of this verse is enhanced rhetorically: the antithetic parallelism underlines the predicate positioned in the centre:
The rhetorical structure already points to the conclusion: ταῦτα γὰρ ἀλλήλοις ἀντίειται.
The verse ends with the final sentence, ἵνα µὴ ἃ ἐὰν θέλητε ταῦτα ποιῆτε, which must be linked with the imperative in 5:16a. Between 5:16a and the end of 5:17 a Pauline understanding of life has been developed: There is a clear distinction between a baptised, πνευµα-oriented life and a non-baptised, flesh-oriented life. Baptism per se is not decisive; it is the concrete realisation and implementation of the reality of baptism in the life of an individual that matters (see 5:6).
Verse 5:18 sees a return to the basic reasoning and language-patterns of the letter as a whole: a contrast is created between life in the Spirit and life ὑπὸ νόµον. Being under the law is understood as part of an attitude ἐπιθυµία σαρκός (5:16). This understanding builds a context-related interpretation of the law.8
πνεῦµα is clearly the opposite of σάρ. In addition, in 5:5-6, being in Christ and the life of the baptised is characterised, with the Spirit playing an important role: ἡµεῖς γὰρ πνεύµατι ἐ πίστεως ἐλπίδα διαιοσύνης ἀπεδεχόµεθα. As from 5:2-4, the second person plural has now emphatically changed to ἡµεῖς, which includes Paul. In this sentence γάρ is not to be understood in a causal, but in a continuative sense. Verse 5:5 leaves a substantially overloaded impression, as Paul includes all the important points he wishes to make. The hope that is referred to here, has already begun, and will be completed in the future (see Rom. 8:19, 23, 25; Phil. 3:20). One could even state that the pleonastic formulation of "hope" could be viewed as an expression of confidence. This hope is based on the διαιοσύνη, in which case the genitive has to be identified as epexegetical. πνεύµατι ἐ πίστεως renders this expectation more accurately. The basic attitude is described by πίστις - the readiness to engage with the message of Christ and with Christ-conformity (see 4:19). This happens with the power and through the gift of the Spirit, i.e., because of being baptised. Verse 5:6 adds to the distinction between indispensable priority and what is secondary with a summarising short formula ἐν ... Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ.
Both σάρ and πνεῦµα are concretely illustrated in the catalogues of a life in the flesh (5:19-21) and in the Spirit (5:22-24) respectively. The catalogue of a life in flesh in 5:19-21 starts with an introductory assertion τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρός (and not of the Spirit). In the context of the letter the term τὰ ἔργα has a negative connotation (see 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10) and is associated with one's own efforts and acts. The catalogue follows antique examples (Vögtle 1936; 1995:589-91) and represents a typical form of admonitory instruction (see 1 Thess. 4:4-6; Rom. 1:29-31; 13:13; 1 Cor. 5:10, 11; 6:9-10; 2 Cor. 12:20-21 and later Col. 3:5, 8; Eph. 4:31; 1 Tim. 1:9-10; 2 Tim. 3:2-7, continued in Did. 1-6; PastHerm, Mand VIII 3-4).9 Paul adds a comment at the end - referring to the future - that the reality of baptism has no effect without an affiliation with Christ (3:29) and childhood of God (4:7). Semantically, οὐ ληρονοµήσουσιν expresses exclusion. An even stronger emphasis is achieved because of the use of βασιλείαν θεοῦ, which is a hapax legomenon in Galatians and indicates the dimensions and the importance of such a lifestyle.
Adhering to the contrast that is usual for such catalogues of virtues and vices (see, e.g., Col. 3:12-18), the catalogue of a life in the Spirit in 5:22-24 is characterised as αρπὸς τοῦ πνεύµατος. A difference with 5:19 can be noticed, as the image that is now used indicates a living, dynamic, growth, and a positive development. πνεῦµα provides a positive and effective foundation for one's life - one on which virtues can grow. Paul makes it clear that there is no contrast between the virtues and the law (5:23), although a life full of virtues is not a life under the law (5:18).
Verse 5:24 connects the affiliation with Christ in the baptism-reality explicitly with the cross: Christians belonging to Jesus Christ have crucified their flesh (Rom. 6:6; Gal. 2:19) (Borse 1984:206). In order to indicate what the flesh entails, the contrast with the Spirit is emphasised by this link between the baptism-reality and the cross. The affiliation with Christ in the communion with the cross creates an opportunity for a concrete way of living. It is a chance - an ongoing task (Egger 1985:39). Verse 5:24 looks like a final remark on 5:13-15 and ends this section.
Verses 5:25 and 5:26 are strongly interconnected and form the beginning of the admonitory section up to 6:10, with several appeals for a life in the Spirit.10 As a consequence of 5:24, 5:25 points out the accordance with the Spirit. The expression πνεύµατι αι στοιχῶµεν urges the reader to "walk the talk" and follows on πνεύµατι περιπατεῖτε (5:16). The Spirit-orientation is the decisive point of reference for daily life. Verse 5:26 gives this admonition its "Sitz im Leben," namely the life within the churches of Galatia. All the concrete admonitions in 5:1-26 - in particular in 5:14 and 5:15 - must be understood against this background as dealing with concrete interpersonal interaction. The latter is the focus of these admonitions in so far as it indicates a life not lived in accordance with the basic principle of "love" (see 5:5; 5:13). As such, the fundamental sense of ἐλευθερία is clarified, as well as what it entails in the concrete context of the churches of Galatia.
In Galatians, freedom is strongly directed by the Spirit. Through baptism, the Spirit gives Christians freedom in the sense of an empowerment for and a responsibility to live a life in the Spirit. Freedom does not mean that one may live and act in an arbitrary way. There is no alternative for Christians, as only in this way the cross and its significance for salvation remain valid. Anything else would mean a return to a life in the flesh and, therefore, a lifestyle without Christ which does not lead to the βασιλεία θεοῦ. Hence, in Galatians, in terms of the opposition between the Spirit and the flesh, freedom is positioned clearly on the side of the Spirit. It is a freedom made possible by Christ and gained in order to follow the Spirit and to distance oneself from the flesh.
Freedom is directed by the Spirit, moving one away from the flesh to an attitude and life in love. Freedom enables one to live and to act with an attitude of reciprocal service in love, in order to realise one's common destiny with the crucified and resurrected Christ, initiated in baptism. The Spirit guarantees the necessary dynamic for this. In this sense, freedom is a precondition, in that one has the opportunity of choosing to enter in a relationship with Christ and God and with each other. Without this choice there would be no relationship; a relational reality exists only on the basis of freedom. Thanks to the gift of the Spirit by God, one is able to choose the right way of life built on, and saturated by love, instead of a lifestyle dominated by the flesh.
As far as the relation between the Spirit and love is concerned, the Spirit is the force guiding freedom in a relation of love. Love not only means brotherly love, but also refers to a basic attitude of love, based on one's faith in Christ. Hence, love has its origin in the personal relationship with Christ. Christians should open themselves to each other and live their life in love as a basic relational category rooted in Christ.
The relation between freedom and flesh is to be viewed in terms of the close relation between freedom and the Spirit. Freedom has a distinct position within the opposition between the Spirit and flesh, but on the side of the Spirit. This is not self-evident, as freedom implies that one may take the opposite position. This openness distinguishes freedom from power. Freedom implies that one could follow the flesh, and live an arbitrary life. (In 5:13, there is an indication in this direction.) This is not the case in Galatians, as, in this letter, freedom, is viewed as being directed by the Spirit. Accordingly, there is a relation between freedom and flesh, in that freedom could theoretically choose the flesh, but it intentionally decides against the flesh. Thus the relation between freedom and flesh is strongly influenced by the opposition between flesh and the Spirit. This opposition colours the relation between the Spirit and the flesh. Flesh and Spirit build the two extreme opposites in the Pauline understanding. By means of the two catalogues in 5:19-21 and in 5:22-24, Galatians offers concrete descriptions of both. These elements prove that the relation between the Spirit and flesh is dominated by insurmountable differences and that no compromise between the two can be found. One thus has to decide for the one or the other, a combination is not possible.
As far as the relation between freedom and love is concerned, freedom is dependent on the Spirit for the enjoyment of love, since the Spirit serves as the point of reference, guiding freedom towards a life of love. The Spirit is thus the directing and dynamic entity behind the relation between freedom and love. Similar to the relation between freedom and flesh, freedom could theoretically also take the decision for a lifestyle without love. In Galatians, however, it is argued that freedom should be expressed under the guidance of the Spirit, who calls one to live a life in love.
Regarding the relation between love and flesh, it emerges from the discussion of the relation between freedom and love, between freedom and the Spirit, and between love and the Spirit, that love has no place in a life oriented to the flesh. Love cannot grow in such an environment and under such an influence. Love depends on the power of the Spirit, and is incompatible with a flesh-oriented way of living.
When Paul ascribes an attitude which reckons the full observance of the law as relevant for salvation to an attitude belonging to the flesh, it is hardly possible to underestimate the strong polemic inherent to this Pauline teaching. Though the analysis of the terms "freedom," "love," "Spirit," and "flesh" in Galatians 5:13, and of the relation between them, contributes to the understanding of the law in Gal, another exegetical problem still remains. As J. Frey (2006:214) describes it:
[D]as Verhältnis der Gesetzeslehre des Gal zu der im Röm ausgeführten, nicht weniger grundsätzlicheren, aber doch in einzelnen Elementen wesentlich positiveren, unpolemischeren Sicht des Gesetzes. Hier stellt sich die Frage, ob Paulus das Judentum seiner Zeit missverstanden, ob er seine jüdische Identität gar preisgegeben hat oder ob er sich - bei aller Polemik - noch im Rahmen der innerjüdischen Diskussion bewegt.
This question, obviously nurtured by the relation between the terms "freedom," "love," "Spirit" and "flesh," still needs to be clarified.
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1 I am aware of the fact that "Spirit" is not explicitly used in 5:13, but in 5:16. "Spirit" has to be considered implicitly when "flesh" is used in 5:13 because both concepts depend in their meaning on each other as they build an antagonism elaborated in 5:16 and 5:17 and further developed in the two catalogues in 5:19-21 (flesh) and in 5:22-24 (spirit).
2 For the following, see Bachmann & Kollmann (2009); Baumert (2009); Kertelge (1991:184, 196-97, 208); Kilgallen (1999:113-14); Konradt (2010:60-81); Lambrecht (1998:515, 524); Rondez (2002:59, 79); Tolmie (2009:86-102); Weder (1998:129, 145); and Kirchschlaeger (1996:52-66).
3 The threatening condemnation is meant to scare the Galatians from joining the opponents; see Egger (1985:36).
4 Egger (1985:36) interprets this as an argument to follow Paul as he is suffering persecution because of his call.
5 On the understanding of vilification and the use of it in early epistolography, see Du Toit (1994:403-12).
6 See Schneider (1992:28). On the term άγάπη in the New Testament, see also Strobel (1989:206-208).
7 Borse (1984:190) understands love as a limitation of freedom. I disagree with this position as love does not function as a boundary to freedom, but as a certain way of living freedom, based on and oriented towards the relationship with Christ and with each other. Such a relational understanding of freedom continues the process of liberation.
8 Paul seems to develop a stricter position regarding the law than in Romans. Betz (1988:430-431) points out that "im Galaterbrief (...) keine Möglichkeit für eine eschatologische Erlösung des Judentums offengelassen (ist) wie in Röm 11,25-32." Mussner (1988:417) has a different view: "Weil Paulus im Gal den Weg des Gesetzes, den das Judentum noch geht, als überholt erklärt, empfiehlt er Israel dem 'Erbarmen' Gottes, der auch Israel 'sola gratia' zu retten vermag. So deutet der Apostel in Gal 6,16 schon an, was er dann in Röm 9-11 explizieren wird. Paulus hat sein Volk nie vergessen."
9 See also the position of the Stoa, focusing on Zenon, by Diogenes L, VII 110-114.
10 For this section, see Pigeon (2000:425-438); Lambrecht (1997:33-56); Schlier (1989:264-267); Stanton (2001:47-59); and Kwon (2004).


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MPAA Exec Admits: 'We're Not Comfortable With The Internet'
from the and-it-shows deptThere have been a ton of post mortems about the whole SOPA/PIPA fight, with many trying to figure out where and how the MPAA "went wrong." After all, this is a group that is very used to getting its way inside DC. And it got slaughtered. We've already discussed our thoughts on why the MPAA failed, but what stuns me is how every time someone from the MPAA opens their mouth, they seem to make the situation worse by demonstrating just how tone deaf they are to the online community and what their concerns were. Whether it's just blaming Google or thinking that the solution is more backroom dealing, each response just sounds like a group of people who are playing a different game, and still don't realize the rules have changed.
The Hollywood Reporter's version of the postmortem is a good read, even though it covers much the same ground as many other such recaps. Still, it's worth reading to get a good feel for Hollywood's view of the world. But the really stunning part is the quote from Michael O'Leary, the MPAA's number two guy, who makes what may be the most tone-deaf statement we've seen to date in this fight:
The MPAA's O'Leary concedes that the industry was out-manned and outgunned in cyberspace. He says the MPAA "is [undergoing] a process of education, a process of getting a much, much greater presence in the online environment. This was a fight on a platform we're not at this point comfortable with, and we were going up against an opponent that controls that platform."Yes, even when he tries to say that they're trying to learn about that confounded internet thingy, he sounds ridiculous and dismissive. But the real point is his inadvertent admission within that statement: the MPAA (and the rest of "old" Hollywood) simply "is not comfortable with" the internet. And that's really what SOPA and PIPA were about. Rather than trying to understand this new platform, and learn from the many entertainers who do get the internet, they did what the MPAA does and simply tried to regulate that which they don't understand and fear.
Furthermore, even more ridiculous is the end of that sentence: "an opponent that controls that platform." As the article makes clear, he means Google. Which shows that he still doesn't get it. First, Google didn't lead the protests. It came late to the game, after the grassroots had already taken off with this stuff and run with it. But, more to the point, contrary to what O'Leary and the MPAA seem to believe: Google does not control the internet. No one does.
This, of course, explains why the MPAA wants to "negotiate" with Google these days. But that's not going to work. The folks on the internet don't want a backroom deal, whether it's negotiated by Google or someone else. Either way, this suggests that the MPAA is desperately in need of new leadership. They need leaders who don't try to regulate that which they admit they don't understand. They need leaders who aren't so clueless as to think that Google controls the internet (or that Google is somehow "the enemy"). And, really, most important, they need leaders who recognize and understand that the internet is their future too -- and any leadership needs to not fear the internet, but understand it and learn to embrace it. Unfortunately, it doesn't seem likely that the MPAA is going to find such leadership any time soon.
Filed Under: control, michael o'leary, pipa, protect ip, protectionism, sopa
Companies: mpaa


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Tool Browser: When You Can't See the Triangle
For the past couple posts I've been showing how to get the most out of the Tool Browser. Here's a simple tip which will soon have you spoiled.
As you know, the disclosure triangles let you expand or collapse a section of the browser. But what if you can't see the disclosure triangle? For example, the top level of the browser for most dictionaries is each letter of the alphabet. Expand one of those sections, and you'll likely get a long list of articles beginning with that letter. As you scroll down through that list, you can very quickly lose sight of the disclosure triangle. Consequently, when you want to close that section of the browser, you first have to scroll up to find its disclosure triangle.
Or do you? In Accordance, you can drag your mouse to the left edge of the browser and the cursor will change to a black X. If you simply click the mouse button at that point, the current section of the browser will be closed, just as if you had scrolled up to click the disclosure triangle!
Back in the days of the classic Mac OS, I used List view in the Finder all the time (in OS X I now use column view). List view uses disclosure triangles just like the Tool browser, and I soon found myself trying to click in the left edge of Finder windows to close a folder whose disclosure triangle was no longer visible. Unfortunately, the shortcut only worked in Accordance, and I would then grudgingly scroll up to locate the disclosure triangle. As I said, when you learn this trick, you'll quickly become spoiled by it. Consider yourself warned!
Archived Comments
Kevin Sigafoos
Neat trick, but does it only work when the zone is maximized? I couldn't seem to get the "X" when I had my normal workspace (with a zone for bibles and a zone for commentaries) until I maximized the zone.
David Lang
Man, I hate it when a blog post reveals a bug! The issue is that Accordance is not recognizing the left-hand edge of the browser when the Tool is not in the left-most zone. When the zone is magnified, the browser is on the left edge of the window and so the feature works. But it also works when your tool is in a zone along the left edge of the window. We'll get it fixed.


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Question for chi-square test model fit
Mplus Discussion
Growth Modeling of Longitudinal Data
Jungeun Lee
posted on Thursday, February 14, 2008 - 10:21 am
I am running a growth mixture model with count variables. The model ran fine but I got the following warning as to chi-square test model fit.
** Of the 0 cells in the latent class indicator table, 14 were deleted in the calculation of chi-square due to extreme values.
Could you help me understanding ;1)What the warning means; 2) the implication of having such warning; 3) what I can do about it?
Thank you in advance!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, February 14, 2008 - 2:32 pm
I would need to see the full output to answer that. Please send it along with your license number to
Susan E. Collins
posted on Tuesday, September 01, 2009 - 12:40 am
Dear Linda,
I had a similar warning:
"** Of the 12210 cells in the latent class indicator table, 78
were deleted in the calculation of chi-square due to extreme values.
** Large values were truncated at 9."
I am also unsure how concerned I should be. I am ok with the truncation...any thoughts?
thanks so much in advance!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, September 01, 2009 - 8:35 am
When that many cells are deleted, you should ignore the test.
Susan E. Collins
posted on Tuesday, September 01, 2009 - 12:57 pm
Hi Linda,
Thanks for the quick response.
Do you mean "ignore the test" b/c I need to fix my "extreme values" first and then rerun or do you mean "ignore the test" such that i can ignore the chisq but accept the rest of the outcomes? Do I scrap the analysis or keep working on them or accept them as they are?
I guess I just don't understand what this means. could you please clarify?
Thanks much!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, September 01, 2009 - 1:46 pm
I mean when there are many cells deleted, you should ignore the chi-square test. The rest of the results are fine unless there is another message you are not mentioning. Questions like this are best sent to support with a full output to obtain a full answer.
Brianna H
posted on Friday, March 21, 2014 - 9:44 am
Hello. I am running a Poisson linear growth model with one time-invarying predictor of the slope and three time-invarying predictors of the intercept. The output I requested is "patterns residual standardized TECH1 TECH8," but the Chi-square is not printed in the Model Fit information. The only two fit statistics are the Loglikelihood, AIC, BIC, and adjusted BIC. However, when I specify that one of the predictors of intercept should covary with the other two predictors, I do get a chi-square in the output. Can you please help me understand why this is happening? Thank you.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, March 21, 2014 - 9:50 am
Please send the two outputs and your license number to
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TV Licensing is urging Direct Debit customers in Northern Ireland to check their details online as recent data shows that customers' licences could be registered at the wrong address.
When the cost of the Licence Fee was fixed at £145.50 in 2011, TV Licensing wrote to 241,282 Direct Debit customers in Northern Ireland letting them know their licence would be automatically renewed and they would not receive any contact from TV Licensing as long as they kept up their payments.
Due to April's licence fee increase, around 12 million households are being sent new payment plans for the first time in five years, when their licences are due for renewal. So far, over 8 million addresses have been mailed. TV Licensing is encouraging anyone who has moved house to check they have updated their details as otherwise, their licence could be registered at the wrong address.
The scale of house moves in the UK is considerable with the latest figures indicating around 46,496 people moved between local council areas in Northern Ireland. In July alone, 188,000 people updated their details on TV Licensing's website, up 43% on the same month last year.
However, the number of change of addresses TV Licensing has received is lower than expected and doesn't compare with rates of customers changing addresses when we contact them each year.
Karen Grimason, spokesperson for TV Licensing in Northern Ireland, said: "We've been mailing our Direct Debit customers throughout the year to give them their new payment plans, and we'd like them to get in touch to let us know if they have moved house or there have been any other changes to their details. Updating us is easy and can be done quickly and safely online at www.tvlicensing.co.uk/info or by calling 0300 790 6112."
If you watch or record live TV, either through your TV or live online through a website, then you need to be covered by a TV Licence. You also need a licence to watch BBC programmes on iPlayer, on any device.
To continue reducing the number of paper licences issued, TV Licensing is urging customers to join the 7.5million2 people who receive their licence by email. Customers can choose to receive TV Licensing information by email, check their details at any time online, and remain fully covered without the need for a paper licence. To move your licence online, visit tvlicensing.co.uk/info and select "Update your licence".


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Just one flood alert remains in place in Yorkshire after almost a dozen were issued yesterday.
Flash flooding was reported in parts of West Yorkshire and North Yorkshire on Saturday afternoon as spells of heavy rainfall and hail stones sweep through the region.
Alerts had been put in place for a number of catchment areas, including the River Spen and River Calder (upper) in West Yorkshire, two brooks in South Yorkshire and three becks in Leeds.
They mean that there is a possibility of flooding and people living in those areas should be prepared.
Today (Sunday) an alert remains in place for Earby Beck and Glusburn Beck in North Yorkshire.
An advisory note from the Environment Agency explains: "There is potential however for further heavy, thundery rain on Sunday afternoon and we are monitoring the situation.
"Given the speed at which levels in the faster responding rivers may rise, we may not have time to issue all flood warnings before the onset of any flooding.
"As such, please stay aware of your surroundings and do not put yourself at risk."
Read more: Storms on their way as Met Office issues second warning


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UT System Regents to meet Nov. 4
The University of Texas System Board of Regents will hold a special meeting on Monday, Nov. 4, in Austin. The meeting will be held on the ninth floor of Ashbel Smith Hall, 201 W. 7th Street.
The agenda book and link to the online webcast for the meeting are available online.
The meeting will convene at 8:30 a.m., and the regents will immediately recess to executive session to discuss legal and personnel matters. The Board will reconvene in open session at about 9:50 a.m. to consider action, if any, on executive session items.
The meeting is expected to adjourn at about 10 a.m.
Members of the news media can check in at the guard kiosk on Colorado Street between 7th and 6th streets for parking.


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Same here actually.
OP; you also failed to take into accounts Blizzards own naming policy. here.
I don't want to sound overly negative about your posts guys, but I do believe that naming the character is up to each and every individual, and people that whine about others having "silly and not roleplay hurrtarted names durr" are incredibly childish, and should feel bad. But that's just my personal opinion. On the other note, OP's guide is pretty nice for people who are having problems with naming their chars, I often did in the past as well.
Just sayin'
Kabukage 85 Tauren Shaman - Ahn'Qiraj EU
Gandalug 85 Dwarf Paladin - Emerald Dream EU
Wow, thx for the link on first page ! \o/
Also, thanks for the warm feedback, and sorry to those who didn't like it
I recommend one should make a name that means something to him/her, that way one will get better connection with the character. Also knowing the origin of your name goes a long way. Random name generators might give neat results, but one should use them only for getting a basic idea how names can sound like. Unles ofc you get a name that satisfies at least one of two conditions mentioned above
They call me Phleg.In Greek mythology, the river Phlegethon (Φλεγέθων, English translation: "flaming") or Pyriphlegethon (Πυριφλεγέθων, English translation: "fire-flaming") was one of the five rivers in the infernal regions of the underworld, along with the rivers Styx, Lethe, Cocytus, and Acheron. Plato describes it as "a stream of fire, which coils round the earth and flows into the depths of Tartarus."[1] It was parallel to the river Styx. It is said that the goddess Styx was in love with Phlegethon, but she was consumed by his flames and sent to Hades. Eventually when Hades allowed her river to flow through, they reunited.
In Dante's Inferno Phlegethon is described as a river of blood that boils souls. It is in the Seventh Circle and is guarded by centaurs, who force souls to remain at their level. Here are punished the shades who committed crimes of violence against their fellow men (see Canto XII, 46-48). Here are murderers and tyrants: men who through their violent deeds in life caused hot blood to flow and now themselves are sunk in flowing, boiling blood. Dante sees Alexander the Great up to his eyebrows in it.
I think I did well...
My hunter is called shikar.
I went for "Skyhowl" for my Worgen Warrior, which I think is pretty awesome.
My Deathknight was a bit of a boring name "Knightmare"
Loving the guide. Have a friend who has a hunter on as many realms as possible with names with as Bowjob, Bowjob and...yeah, bowjob. Plus "Worgenfreeman". Sigh.
I try and keep my char names as easy as possible. My Paladin is Nilan, which came from Nylan, which came from Dylan. Was listening to the RATM cover of maggies farm when I rolled him. My warlock (also Human) is Sobai, an Anagram (sort of) of the In Flames song SOBer And Irrelevant. Draenei priest named Vilka - Female. Sounded a bit scandanavian. Playing on a mainly finnish server I get constantly asked if im finnish.
Did once have a Rogue called Gori - Gory (An old CS nick) was taken. Only for an Indian guildmate to inform me it means basically "White Woman" in Hindi (I think).
---------- Post added 2011-01-18 at 12:20 PM ----------
Oh and the best name I ever saw was DeathandDK ^_^
Very nice guide though, well done on encouraging some creativity with names. Anyone else get annoyed when they see someone name all their alts as variations of their main? Like if your main was Nodds, your alts might be Noddsy, Nodders, Noddery, etc. >.< More imagination please!
I always used Phantoms, then took that alias and made character names based on fun things about myself and the interactions I had with friends in the game.
For example:
My main's name is Phantoms, everybody knows me as "Phantom(s)"
My friend's name is Plantiller, everybody knows him as "Plant."
Lo and behold, I made my gnome warlock, and his name was Plantoms.
Thoughts on name blending like that, OP?
You forgot to put undeads on your list
Btw really a good job. Thumbs up.
Love my DK named Pessimist, though im changing it to Fanzworth or Oak soon as I get the professor title
DÅRKÅRTHÅSLO still the worst name one could take.
For over 10 years I've used the name Rohendar in various games. My very first WoW char was thus named Rohendar. People shortened it to Roh. A while ago I started naming all my chars after this theme. I now have:
Rohyourboat (my personal favorite)
Brohmance (my current main)


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ICD-10 is an upgraded diagnostic and procedural medical coding system that, by law, must be implemented throughout the healthcare industry. This new coding system is radically different from the version currently in use, so it's important to start preparing for and implementing the massive changes to the existing coding system. This online course offers you comprehensive, robust training in diagnostic and procedural coding, using the ICD-10-CM (diagnostic) and ICD-10-PCS (procedural) coding manuals.
This training includes detailed instructions for using the coding manuals, understanding the coding guidelines, and accurately applying the ICD-10 coding steps. There are more than 40 quizzes and exams for diagnoses and procedures by body system to test your knowledge and understanding. In addition, you will find information on the impact of the coding changes on medical coders, healthcare staff, physicians, software systems, documentation, and information technology.
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In order to take this course, you should have some knowledge of medical terminology. Education in anatomy and physiology is strongly recommended, but not required.
This course is for anyone in the healthcare industry who wants to master medical coding in general, and/ or ICD-10 medical coding specific. Coding experience is not required.
Carline Dalgleish has worked in medical office administration for over 30 years. She holds a bachelor's degree in Business Information Systems, a master's degree in Leadership, and a post-baccalaureate certificate in Health Information Management. She is a Registered Health Information Administrator and an AHIMA Approved ICD-10-CM/PCS Trainer. Dalgleish is the author of an ICD-10 coding system and also owns her own consulting firm, AnnGrant Educational Services.
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ed2go programs will provide you with the skills you need to obtain an entry-level position in most cases. We don't provide direct job placement services, but our facilitators and career counselors will help you build your resume and are available to give advice on finding your first job. Facilitators will also be available to use as a professional reference upon completion of the program. Potential students should always do research on the job market in their area before registering.
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On Thursday, the 6th of August 2009, Grundfos India launched the first of its Water conservation awareness program for young school children of India. This program was conceptualized by the Confederation of Indian Industry, (Green Business center) supported by Grundfos India and will be conducted in various schools of India.
Gandhi Centenary School, Rajaji nagar (Bangalore), a 40 year old prominent school was chosen to kick-start this program. It is indeed a wonderful coincidence that the name of the school is the same as the greatest freedom fighters of all time and the most revered national hero, Mahatma Gandhi. The Gandhian way, with its emphasis on peace, harmony and responsibility towards the environment together with our initiative to inculcate the importance of water conservation in the young minds of our country, will definitely inspire thousands of children to act in the better interest of mother earth. The first program targeted children in the age group 4 - 5 years. Around 360 children actively participated in this program, which ran for an hour. The most enthusiastic children who participated in a simple quiz were given prizes towards the end of the program.
Grundfos-India has printed and distributed exclusive Stickers(to be affixed on the toilet/kitchen doors of their respective homes), and labels (to be affixed on notebooks) especially for these programs.
This particular program was co-organized under the aegis of 'Indian Society for Heating, Refrigeration and Air conditioning'. (ISHRAE, Bangalore chapter).


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'Pretty Little Liars' Spoilers: What Do We Learn About the Finale From the Canadian Promo + Sneak Peak? [VIDEOS]
We are a mere four days away from the 'Pretty Little Liars' Season 4 finale 'A is for Answers' (4x24) so what do the Canadian promo and the official sneak peek tell us about what we can expect?
As per usual, proceed with caution. There be spoilers below.
First things first, the promo (above) in which the Liars are finally reunited with Ali, who says she is ready to tell them everything. They haven't been promoting the episode with the hashtag #AliTellsAll for nothing.
In the video we see Ali apologize to Aria, Mr. Hastings cryptically mention to someone that they're looking for Spencer, but not accusing her (who could he be talking to!?!), and plenty of the recently missing from the series Melissa Hastings. Is she there in real time or only in flashback form?
Either way, good to see so many familiar faces are back for this monumental finale, which promises to contain the "most shocking moment in Liar history."
And if you thought the promo was surprising, the sneak peek (below) is even more so, because Hanna tells Ali that they think her mother is the new 'A.' When Emily mentions that Alison doesn't seem surprised by this news, their friend responds, "It's complicated."
After which she sits down to tell them about the night she disappeared. All the suspense.
The finale will air on ABC Family at 8PM ET on March 18. Which if you ask us is not soon enough.


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maberi wrote:Is your cat on the same cat tree thingy as that possum?
maberi wrote:Good lord!! That thing doesn't try to kill him?
pitbullmamaliz wrote:I'm shocked he didn't tear into Clyde! Although I guess possums are pretty shy. His ears are kinda pretty.
[/quote]amazincc wrote:]I
I just keep him around to fatten him up for Demos Christmas dinner anyway.
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Agustin Barajas
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It's that time of the year when tourists are descending upon the city of New Orleans like a bunch of drunk, half-naked locusts. Yes, Mardi Gras is here, but it isn't all bad for the good people of NOLA— Will Ferrell, who's been shooting a movie there since November, has joined the debaucherous masses as King Bacchus in the annual Mardi Gras parade.
Will Ferrell as the god of wine? Can I have a glass of Ron Burgundy with that news?! (I am so sorry, I will fire myself.)
All Hail: Will Ferrell Dons Crown in Mardi Gras Parade [E! Online]
Image via Getty.


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Since 2010-07-13 PyOpenCL is available in Debian. To install PyOpenCL you need to enable contrib and non-free sections in /etc/apt/sources.list:
deb ftp://ftp.MIRROR.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free deb-src ftp://ftp.MIRROR.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free
(replace MIRROR with your country code).
Wheezy (Debian version 7.0) should become Debian stable in late 2012. It contains PyOpenCL packages for Python 2 (python-pyopencl) and for Python 3 (python3-pyopencl). Wheezy contains two OpenCL implementations:
- AMD/ATI amd-opencl-icd
- NVIDIA nvidia-opencl-icd
and you should chose one depending on your graphical hardware. amd-libopencl1 allows for running OpenCL kernels on CPU, not only on GPU, so you can install it even if your GPU does not not support OpenCL.
There are three ICD loaders available in Wheezy:
- ocl-icd-libopencl1
- amd-libopencl1
- nvidia-libopencl1
The first one is free software (BSD licence) and I advise you to use it - it supports different OpenCL implementations and gives the least problems.
The only available OpenCL implementation in Debian Squeeze (6.0) is one provided with NVIDIA drivers, so PyOpenCL depends on nvidia-libopencl1, nvidia-opencl-common, and nvidia-opencl-icd. As those are non-free packages, python-pyopencl is placed in the
contrib section, intended for free packages depending on non-free ones.


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- Written by webmin
While Mecum Auctions was in full go-mode at their big event in Kansas City on March 11-12, they have been spending time organizing and accepting consignments for their 24th Annual Indy Spring Classic on May 17-22 at the Indiana State Fairgrounds in Indianapolis.
Mecum officials recently announced that a collection of 16 cars and 14 vintage motorcycles will be offered at Indy from the estate of well-known and respected collector Paul Dehnert, including a rare 1973 Triumph X-75 750cc Triple Hurricane. Perhaps best known in the Corvette community, Paul's 1969 Corvette L88 will also be offered, which touts Bloomington Gold certification, as well as his twin-turbo Lingenfelter ZR1. In addition to Pontiacs, Chevelles, Impalas, Ducati, Harley-Davidson and Norton Commandos, his 1973 Ferrari 365 GTB/4 Daytona will also cross the block, each without a reserve.


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Using "Servo" Mode of Metz Flashes on Pentax DSLRs - A Practical Guide
See this well-written and useful guide:-
P.S. 1: The offered features and operations are applicable to the latest Metz firmware update and versions for Metz Pentax flashes dated Feb. 16.
P.S. 2: "Servo" flash mode of the Metz is actually the Slave flash mode as it is normally called and referred to. This is just a Metz specific term, I think.


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About The Farm
Moon In The Pond is a small farm nestled on a quiet and picturesque dirt road in the southern Berkshire hills in Sheffield, Massachusetts. Raising food naturally and sharing the experience has been a strong and growing commitment throughout the farm's history, since 1991. Through production and education Moon In The Pond maintains a strong focus on the elegant integration of historic and modern technologies.
Farmer Dominic Palumbo invites you to rediscover your agricultural roots with some of our great farm meats, heirloom vegetables, and other produce, a tour of the farm, or by participation in our short or longer-term workshops, internships, and programs.