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Leading Industry Since 2000
NAI is a non-profit organization that is the leading self-regulatory association dedicated to responsible data collection and its use for digital advertising. Since 2000, we have been working with the leaders in online advertising to craft policies that help ensure responsible data collection and use practices. The result is the development of high standards that are practical and scalable to benefit everyone.
In 2013, the NAI extended its well-respected program and high standards to advertising across mobile applications by releasing a draft Code of Conduct for the mobile application environment.
In 2015, the NAI published its Guidance for the use of non-cookie technologies, further extending its high standards to next-generation advertising technologies. We believe that implementing these best practices will enhance trust and support the continued development of informative, creative and free content and services on the Internet, across the mobile ecosystem, and beyond.
In 2017, the NAI published the 2018 Code of Conduct, consolidating requirements for web-based and app-based data collection and use into one document, incorporating relevant NAI Guidance documents, and updating terminology.
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NIKE Air Max Axis Kids
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A nod to '90s running, Nike Air Max Axis Boys' Shoe (3.5y-7y) honors the past while looking ahead to the future. Subtle design lines and branding pay homage to icons like the Air Max 97 and Air Max 98, while a new look at the Max Air unit offers a fresh take on cushioned comfort.
- Visible Max Air unit provides responsive cushioning.
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In my last column, Testing OO Systems, Part 1, I talked a lot about the notion of data abstraction in the
context of OO systems. In particular, objects should be opaque to the
outside world. You talk to them by sending messages, which request that
the object does something for you.
The main idea is that you should be able to
replace a class's implementation with another, completely different,
implementation without impacting any of the "client" classes — the classes
whose objects use your class. You do that by implementing interfaces that
do work rather than get information. The principle is summarized in many
ways: "Ask for help, not for information," "Ask the object that has the
information to do the work for you" (delegation), "Talk only to your
friends" (the Law of Demeter), and so forth. If you follow these principles,
then your classes will tend not to have
getter/setter functions ("accessors"
or "mutators"), simply because they aren't needed any more.
The challenge that I covered in Part 1 is how to test classes that hide their internal implementation and state. The basic solution is to ask the object to do something and then watch what it does. Stimulate the object under test (OUT), then look at the clients (the objects that your OUT talks to). The basic approach is to "mock" (write lightweight simulations of) the client classes, either directly or by using a mocking framework like Mockito. Your mocks either monitor the OUT's behavior (so you can ask them how the OUT behaved after the test runs) or just report incorrect behavior as soon as they detect it.
Last month's examples were pretty simple, though. You could test everything you needed to test by looking at purely external behavior. You could look at the OUT as an impenetrable sphere.
The Donut
More often than not, however, the OUT is more of a donut than a sphere.
Outside the ring
are the client classes that comprise the users of your OUT. Inside
the ring are the objects that your OUT uses internally. For example, it's
easy enough to test a
Servlet by giving it an artificial URL request and
then looking at the string that it outputs. (We'll see how to do that
momentarily). However, in order to pull this test off, you'll probably have
to control things like the database communication. For example, you might
want the
Servlet you're testing to use a test version of your database, or
even better,
you might want to pull the database out of the test entirely and just
simulate the existence of the real database with a few lightweight classes.
That last approach is really the best. You don't have to actually get a database up and running in order to test your class, and you even can write and test the class before the database is implemented. If you don't need a working database, your development process won't be "blocked" if the database happens to be busy with other projects. You also won't need to get a real database up and running on your workstation. (Of course, you may want to run tests both with and without the real database, which isn't a problem at all.)
The tricky part of the inside-the-donut parts of the test
is that you don't want your
object to know that it's being tested. It's just not a valid test if your
class has
if statements that select between real and test databases or
objects because you're not testing the real paths through the code in that
case. You should never have to modify an object to test that object.
Testing a Servlet
The easiest way to understand the process is to look at some sample code (which I've stripped
down considerably so that the relevant parts won't be lost in the clutter). Let's start by looking at a simple
Servlet (Listing One).
This servlet handles a simple HTTP post. It reads the body of the post from the
request object, then
generates a response.
Listing One
package com.holub.experiments; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; @WebServlet("/sample") public class SampleServlet extends HttpServlet { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(TransactionHandler.class); @Override public void init() { //... } @Override public void destroy() { //... } protected void doPost(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { InputStream inputStream = request.getInputStream(); //... if( error ) response.sendError( HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST, "Explain what's wrong with the request" ); OutputStream outputStream = response.getOutputStream(); PrintWriter outputWriter = new PrintWriter( outputStream ); response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8"); response.setContentType ("text/xml"); outputWriter.write("The Output"); outputWriter.close(); inputStream.close(); } /** For testing only. Provides public access to doPost */ public void testDoPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(request, response); } }
We can test this servlet by mocking the input stream created by the request to feed the servlet a test string, then run the servlet manually, and finally look at the string that it writes to the output stream to make sure that it's what we expect.
The only oddity is that the actualy
doPost(...) method has to be
protected, thus I provided
a simple
public pass-through wrapper at the bottom of the file so that I can call
doPost(...) from
my test.
The mock input and output streams are defined in Listing Two and Listing Three, respectively..
The input stream's constructor is passed a
String, the characters of which are returned, one at a time, from
The one subtly here is that I've inserted a short, but random, delay into the first
read request to simulate network
Listing Two
package com.ecmhp.mockobjects; import java.io.*; import javax.servlet.ServletInputStream; import org.apache.log4j.Logger; import static org.junit.Assert.*; /** Simulate a ServletInputStream for testing. A random delay * is put in front of the first call to read() to simulate * network latency. * * @author allenh */ public class MockServletInputStream extends ServletInputStream { private static Logger log = Logger.getLogger( MockServletInputStream.class ); private MockServletOutputStream out = null; private Reader inputReader = null; private StringBuilder charactersRead = new StringBuilder(); private boolean needToInsertDelay = true; private long maxDelay = 250; // defaults to .5 seconds @Override public int read() throws IOException { if( needToInsertDelay ) { // Simulate HTTP delays by sleeping (on the first call only). needToInsertDelay = false; if( maxDelay != 0) { try { long sleepTime = Math.round(Math.random() * maxDelay ); log.debug("Inserting " + sleepTime + "ms input delay."); Thread.sleep( sleepTime ); } catch (InterruptedException e) { fail("Interrupted from sleep."); } } } int read = (out != null) ? out.read() : inputReader.read() ; if( read < 0 ) needToInsertDelay = true; // on the next call else charactersRead.append( (char) read ); return read; } /** If you use this constructor, the object will get it's input from the * string. * @param inputString */ public MockServletInputStream(String inputString) { inputReader = new StringReader(inputString); } /** This constructor causes the input stream to read from the indicated * reader. * @param inputReader */ public MockServletInputStream(Reader inputReader) { this.inputReader = inputReader; } /** If you use this constructor, the object will get its input from the * specified mock output stream. Output is fetched on an ongoing * basis, that is the current input stream's read() just calls the * output stream's read(). This method is useful when you're testing * a POST from the client side, and the output is read before the * input is generated. * @param out */ public MockServletInputStream(MockServletOutputStream out) { this.out = out; } /** Return the characters that have been read by this input stream (so far). */ public String getInput() { return charactersRead.toString(); } /** Control the amount of delay inserted at the beginning of a read request. * The delay is a random interval varying from no delay at all up to this * many milliseconds. The argument can be 0 if you want no delay at all. * the default (if you don't call this method) is 250 milliseconds. */ public void setDelay( long maxDelay ) { this.maxDelay = maxDelay; } }


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Copyright © 2020 Caviness & Cates Building and Development Co.. All Rights Reserved.
Caviness & Cates Building and Development Co. reserves the right to make changes in plans and specifications. Dimensions may not be exact. Features may vary according to different elevations and specifications at the discretion of the builder and may not be portrayed on marketing materials. Consult with a sales representative before writing an offer.
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VacMaster storage rolls are used for vacuum packaging. There are two rolls, 8" x 20' included in the package. The rolls have patented Vac-Strip technology to keep food fresh up to five times longer. Typical embossed-channel vacuum bags tend to flatten over time, minimizing the channel for air to escape, which leads to an incomplete vacuum process. This unique roll design maximizes bag suction during the vacuum process, decreasing machine stress. These rolls work harder so your machine doesnt have to! The rolls have a third layer of perforated material, creating a channel for air to escape. The innovative design gives an optimal vacuum process every time. These rolls are designed for use with all vacuum packaging suction machines and features heavy-duty, 3.5 mil-thick material, providing a superior bag for optimum freshness and a reliable seal. Terrific for hundreds of uses in and out of the kitchen, the rolls can be frozen, refrigerated, microwaved or boiled. Back to top SPECIFICATIONS Designed for use with all vacuum packaging suction machines Heavy-duty 3.5 mil-thick material provides optimum freshness and a reliable seal Keeps food fresh up to 5 times longer than conventional storage bags Terrific for hundreds of uses in and out of the kitchen Rolls can be frozen, refrigerated, microwaved or boiled Rolls are economically priced


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1) New Mourinho, same old Chelsea?
José Mourinho said on Tuesday that he wanted Chelsea to play with more intensity and "destroy" teams by four or five goals, admitting that his side had dropped their level against Hull City on Sunday in the second half. Yet against a well-organised Aston Villa they were again guilty of not killing the game off after taking an early lead. Mourinho's football may be wonderfully effective but in terms of entertainment it can at times fail to set the pulse racing. In the first half here Chelsea dominated possession but despite the attacking talents at their disposal could not create another clearcut scoring opportunity after the early own-goal. Juan Mata, so creative last season, does not appear to slot comfortably into the team and Mourinho was visibly frustrated on one occasion when the Spaniard did not track a man. That said, they still got a result.
2) What a difference a year makes for Villa
After two Premier League matches last season Villa were bottom of the table and pointless. It would turn into an extremely difficult start to the campaign for Paul Lambert, who came under extraordinary pressure. The Scot, though, continued to persist with his policy of selecting a number of youngsters and it seems to have paid off handsomely. Ciaran Clark, Matthew Lowton, Fabian Delph and Ashley Westwood all started at Stamford Bridge and impressed, while Lambert's foreign imports have proved shrewd purchases. Despite the defeat here Villa have shown promising signs in their opening two matches of the campaign and, significantly, the players' heads have not dropped in those games despite conceding early goals. The season ahead may be more enjoyable than the last.
3) Will Eden Hazard be Mourinho's key player this season?
Eden Hazard was singled out by Mourinho before this match as having the potential to be a key player this season. "I want more responsibility and more ambition," said the Portuguese, and Hazard demonstrated it here. Beginning the match out on the flank but interchanging with Oscar as the central attacking player in midfield, Hazard used his finesse to break into the penalty area and force the opening goal, his effort resulting in the ball rebounding off Brad Guzan's palms and ricocheting in off the body of Antonio Luna. Hazard scored 13 times for Chelsea last season during his first campaign for the club and of all the attacking midfielders at Mourinho's disposal he is physically the strongest, potentially earning him preferential treatment over Oscar and Juan Mata.
4) Does Gabriel Agbonlahor deserve an England call?
After Aston Villa's impressive opening-day victory against Arsenal, Paul Lambert described Agbonlahor as "unplayable – as good a performance as I've seen from an individual in many a year". It may not have been such a blistering display from Agbonlahor on Wednesday night but he was lively throughout and produced a wonderful turn of pace to set up the Villa equaliser, leaving Branislav Ivanovic for dead and sliding a precise ball across for Christian Benteke to finish past Petr Cech. Agbonlahor ended last season in fine form but in May admitted that he did not expect to hear from the England manager, Roy Hodgson, having earned his previous three caps under Fabio Capello. "It's different to when Fabio Capello was here because he picked players on form," lamented the forward. More performances like this, however, and that could change.
5) Does Demba Ba have a future at Stamford Bridge?
A cynic would argue that Ba was selected to start the game on Wednesday night as a means of putting him in the shop window. The Senegalese forward is rumoured to be on his way out of Stamford Bridge this summer, with Roma and West Ham two clubs linked with his signature. He made little impact here, working hard but kept quiet by the Villa centre-halves with relative ease. He showed one bright moment on the stroke of half-time, controlling the ball well out of the air before scuffing a low shot at Guzan. Yet there was little else to offer encouragement and with Chelsea looking to add another striker before the window closes, Ba would surely fall even further behind in the pecking order behind Fernando Torres and Romelu Lukaku.


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Item # LED0052Item # LED0052
OK, seriously, helicopter rescue is expensive, but your spouse might like to know you'll be late for dinner because you're extracting branches from your shorts.
Lezyne made the Caddy Saddle Bag in three sizes to match your riding style and needs. Stash your mountain bike or road tube in the main compartment and put your multi-tool in the external pouch. The large size comes with a slot for your cell phone, just in case you and your mountain bike land in a tree and you need to call in a helicopter to airlift you out.
View more Seat Bags
Reviews & Community
Overall great saddlebag
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
This saddlebag is pretty big and can hold a tube, lever, CO2 cartridge, and a small tool. I like the cell phone holder. My only complaint is that when my dropper is all the way down and I hit jumps, it hits my back tire and makes a loud noise.
Seatpost Strap failed after 2 months
Overall, I would have given this saddle bag 4 out of 5 stars. It is the right size for a spare tube, some levers, and a small multi tool. The zipper is a bit clumsy to operate but not near a deal breaker for me.
However, after removing the bag to clean my bike post ride I went to reattach and the loop ripped off. It seems to be a weak point of the design as it is melted together instead of sewn creating a brittle point on the Velcro. Bummed I kinda liked this bag.
1 Year of Use, No Problems
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I've put about 3600 miles in all condition with this bag on one of my road bikes over the last 12 months and have had no issues of any kind. I'd buy another one if the need comes up. I like the reflective stripe strip across the back to hold my tail light.
Zipper Broke fast and often
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
I bought two of these since the Lezyne pumps are great. The bag looks good out of the box, but very soon, the zippers just pull apart. The bag is small so there is stress on the zippers, but a cheesy Walmart bag would last longer. Got so mad I just chucked it. Fortunately when the zipper failed on a ride I heard the co2 inflator hit the ground. If I had lost my stuff and a cheesy bag, ouch!
Now I am in the market for a good replacement?
+1. Worthless zipper.
Zipper broke immediately
This bag is tiny and the zipper broke the first time I used it. Return was painless.
Any chance the large will come back any...
Any chance the large will come back any time soon?
This saddle bag is a 2014 model. The larges are not coming back in to stock until the new 2015 models are released. I do not have an exact date, when that will be, but the 2015 stuff has starting to be released. If you have another question you can email directly at firstname.lastname@example.com
Smaller than you think
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I got the small, but it was much smaller than my previous small bag. I should have gone up a size.
Still fit a tube, levers, tool,Co2... but it's wicked cramped and I can barely fit a key in.
Any issues using this bag with a dropper...
Any issues using this bag with a dropper post on MTB?
Not that I have seen you can use the post strap effectively (the strap that goes to the post not the seat rails) there sould be no issue with rub, the only thing with this is that you may lose a couple milimeters of drop because the post strap gets packed up in at max drop.
If you have any other questions please feel free to contact me directly at firstname.lastname@example.com
Another view of another option
On my next bike (Specialized Crux Expert...on order!), I'll be putting a smaller bag on it (used the 'L' on this Trek Fuel EX8, 17.5" frame, where the only options for a tail light was to attach to the bag); in hopes to secure a light right to the seat post...and travel much lighter, of course. Glad for this option on the bag!
(I've had no problems with this bag purchased July, "13")...considering some reviews since, I too may wait for a up-dated bag, or another brand, for my next bike...keep the up-dated product reviews coming...they're so helpful to us all!
Worthy Feature...
Strap on the back of the (large) bag accommodates a tail light or extra reflector, if needed. This is the L&M Vis 180 safely attached to reflective strap. With a smaller bag, there may have been just enough room to still attach to seat post. Gratefully, this bag has this added feature, for this most excellent light!
Not so good
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
Zippers broke on first use, very had to unzip and get the compartments open, hard to get the long strap around the seatmast to not get in the way. A really poorly designed and manufactured product. There are good options out there, but this is a real junker.
Jon, that is so weird. I've had --no-- problems with zipper on my Caddy saddle bag (size L). Are there a batch with bad zippers?!? Anyway, for all... remember that CC has an awesome 90 day "no questions asked" return policy. Also, Lezyne has a one year warranty. They are based in San Luis Obispo CA and their customer service is really good.
Sounds like there must have been a "bad batch" that slipped by QT., as I've had no quality problems with mine I purchased last July, "13" (so far). Definitely send back, maybe even contacting Lezyne to let them know about the problem; but I wouldn't give up on this great brand. Hopefully they'll put out some new and improved products this year...I need another for my new bike, and would certainly but this brand again...but will wait for a 'new run'.
Spacious - Zipper Broke on 2nd Ride
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
It fits a healthy collection of little stuff (keys, multi-tool, CO2, etc), doesn't rattle around too much, and the adjustments are easy enough to get right.
Unfortunately, the main zipper broke 15 miles into my second ride. I'll be looking elsewhere for a replacement.
I just purchased this item...does it only...
I just purchased this item...does it only fit under the saddle or can I also move it under the top tube, exactly under the saddle? Am I making any sense?
Made for under the seat - but give it a try ;)
Hi Fritz,
The way those straps are configured, it might be tough to fit the saddle bag anywhere other than under the saddle. The straps are designed to wrap around the saddle rails, and although there is a second Velcro strap for the seatpost, I wouldn't necessarily rely on that strap alone to secure the bag. We do have a "bento box" by Timbuk2 that would be mounted on top of the top tube just behind the stem that might be worth checking out for a little extra storage capacity.
Andrew is right. Sometimes those top tube storage bags may tend to shift. But this bag deff. won't work hanging from the top tube (might be in the way, depending on frame/leg size, and size of bag you might choose, for one thing) , and it likely won't stay perched on the top tube, either. Deff. try one of those specifically designed for mounting on the top tube. Good luck.
my favorite overall
Lets face it, a lot of companies make seat bags. But many are poorly designed or poorly constructed. The best seat bags I have found are made by Lezyne, Jandd, Topeak, and Arundel (for small minimalist bags).
Anyway, I really like this Lezyne "Caddy" seat bag in size L because:
1. Fits -everything- you need.
2. Rugged body construction. (For ex, reinforced at the top where the bag rubs under the seat post mount/screw.)
3. Waterproof. So riding through puddles after the rain (or in the rain) is no problem.
4. Good zippers. So far no problems, at all.
5. Narrow profile. Thus more aero than most other large seat bags.
6. Tab to hang rear bike light at night. Every seat bag should have this feature.
7. I have found the second compartment to be useful. And yes, the lower compartment in the L can fit a cell phone such as an iPhone (but prob not a super big one like the HTC One).
8. Great price here at CC!
Little nitpicks:
1. The seat post strap seems too long. 2. The reflective tab for a rear bike light could be stronger (like on Topeak and some other seat bags).
I agree! Bought this bag last July, "13", and so far, I've not had any issues with this bags' zipper, Velcro, or any other component; certainly will up-date if any issues occur. In fact, waiting on my new Specialized Red Expert Carbon Disc Cross, and planning on buying another one of these for that bike (providing it fits the saddle I'm adding (Selle Italia Diva Gel Flo).
Got the L&M Vis 180 taillight, may have to attach to the bag...but at least with this bag, we have that option!
Keep up the great reviews!
Bag is the werd
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Purchased this for a fellow rider to help with all the goodies needed to get riding - went with a medium. Can get a patch kit, tube, tool (has a sweet external tool pouch with Velcro on the bottom -see pic, nice touch ;) and a few folded up $$ Washington's $$ for emergencies :) If your unsure, I would go with the large, but travel slim, get the medium; travel extra-light, go with the small and pimp some necessities from your friend when you are in dire straits for a repair - but may cost you a lunch.
Everything under the saddle.
Big enough to carry what you need.
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
I have this same bag on medium size and is a very durable one, very tough. I decided to upgrade to the large in part, of the things that I carry in it, I needed the extra space. I put inside 3 CO2 cartridges, chain tool, 2 tire levers, presta valve adapters, spoke tool, patches kit and a CO2 tire inflator and still have lot of space inside. Now I'll have space for my keys. Still is not a huge bulk under the saddle. More than pleased with the extra space.
Keep it simple!!!
Medium Caddy Saddle Bag.
Everything you can carry in it!!!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I have the medium one and I carry 2 CO2 cartridges along with Genuine Innovation Microinflate Nano, 2 tire levers, chain tool, Park Tool folding allen set and some spare change. I was looking to upgrade to the large, but I really don't know, I really want to keep it simple under the saddle. After muddy rides it's really simple to clean and dry fast.
Good Things Come in "Small Packages"...
Well, this is actually the "LARGE" size seat bag...wouldn't recommend any size smaller unless all you want to carry is some lip balm. Only kidd'n...but there's not that much room inside, even in this so called large...just enough for tubes and a few small tools...just enough!
Wow. It looks like it fits much better on a mtb than a road bike. On my road bike, there isn't enough vertical room on the seat post to fit a tail light. Looks good!
Yea, it worked out pretty well for this bike; I'm planning on a getting a cyclecross bike, may have to reconsider the size seat bag for it (will be a 52cm bike).


text:
If Aaliyah Was Still Alive: Drake (Feat. Aaliyah) - Marvin's Room Mashup (R.I.P)
This is a mix of Aaliyah "If Your Girl Only Knew"
and Drakes "Marvins Room". 10 years since Aaliyah
Passed.. R.I.P
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Part 2 of this series documents my conversion to a Bowden tube system for the Printrbot.
Part 3 documents the special considerations of getting the Printrbot to dual extrude.
There's more than one way to add dual extruders, but no matter which path is picked there are some significant blocks that have to be overcome. The main one is that the Printrboard simply doesn't support two extruders. There are some clever hacks that come close, but the real way to do it is to replace the Printrboard with a controller that natively supports dual extruders.
Here are the steps that I've planned out. I've gotten past Step 0 and Step 1, but the big ones are still coming.
- Step 0: Tighten everything up
- Step 1: Convert to Bowden Tubes
- Step 2: Replace the Printrboard with a Ramps 1.4 board
- Step 3: Add second Extruder and Hotend
Step 0 consisted of making sure the PB+ was rigid and ready for expansion:
Printrbot X-Axis Belt Tensionr
Printrbot Y-Belt Tensioner
Printrbot Y-Axis Bed Stabilizers
Printrbot Plus V1 Z bar stabilizers
GT2 20T Pulleys and 2GT Belt
M8 Threaded Rod and 5mm to 8mm Shaft Couplers to get around the Z-axis Ribbing problem.
Additionally, this included tightly calibrating X, Y, Z and E as well as learning how to make the most of the slicing settings of Slic3r. Here are the KISSlicer INI files I'm using: (I'm positive they'll continue to change as I improve.)
Step 1: Bowden Conversion
The weight of a Wade's Extruder on the X-carriage is non-trivial. There is very real inertial momentum that has to be managed when choosing speeds and handling things like the vibration created during rapid short zig-zag fills. The solution to this is to move the extruder off the moving part. The most common way to do this is via a 'Bowden Cable'. This is a tube that connects the stationary extruder to the moving hot end, allowing the filament to be pushed into the hot end from a distance.
Adding a second extruder either means increasing the weight on the carriage or leveraging Bowden cables for two hot ends. I chose the Bowden approach. It's used on a lot of different printer designs and doesn't require trying to constantly optimize the size and weight of two extruders.
I stand on the shoulders of giants in the 3D printing community who have created Bowden conversions for the Printrbot. Thingiverse is packed with great models and ideas. For a variety of reasons, I ended up modeling my own conversion pieces in OpenSCAD to fit my various parts:
Printrbot Plus Vert. Shaft Extruder Mount for Bowden
Ubis Hot End Bowden Mount (Printrbot)
For the Bowden tubes and connectors I purchased:
- SPC-06-01 Pneumatic Push to Connect Fittings (also sold as Pneufit fittings). This fitting uses a British Standard Pipe Taper Thread R1/8". Tap size is 8.4mm for this thread, but I'm 'self' tapped with the thread itself into the plastic. I used 9.45mm for the base and 9.15 for the tip (it tapers.) I bought these from eBay.
- PTFE/Teflon Tubing/Pipe OD 6mm ID 4mm purchased from eBay.
The position of the extruder remains significant. Getting the right mix between tube length and tube bend is important.
- It can be placed stand-alone. This is easy but lengthens the tube between the extruder and hot end. Bowden rigs are notorious for 'ooze'. I'd love for others to provide more insight, but my theory is that this is a function of the slight additional length of filament that bends in the tube as the extruder pushes the filament. The bend serves to store potential energy like a spring that continues to force filament into the hot end. The longer the tube, the more stored energy. I created a standalone mount for free standing extruders.
- It can be placed to ride on the X-rail. Thingiverse user sponnet has created a [urlhttp://www.thingiverse.com/thing:26963]mount [/url]that lets the extruder ride up and down with the X-axis. This has the advantage of only needing the tube bend to accommodate the back and forth movement of the hot end since the extruder raises and lowers with it. Downside is that it adds weight to the Z-motors, but they're doubled so that may not be an issue.
- It can be placed at the top of a Z shaft. This is the mount I created and listed above. This is problematic when the X-axis is homed and the Z-height is very high. That creates a pretty aggressive bend (taunting Lady Friction.) But my PB+ rarely has the Z-axis very high. This has been working very well.
- It can be placed somewhere else. Later I intend to create a bridge between the two Z-shafts (adding rigidity,) and mount the extruders up there.
Printing with the Bowden setup has been like starting over from scratch. The 'ooze' issue is huge. I've upgraded to KissSlicer and finally found a set of parameters that leverage the 'suck' function to minimize the ooze. I've been getting greast looking prints again, not quite as good as my stock extruder/hot end arrangement, but very good.
I'm on to Step 2, Replacing the Printrboard with Ramps 1.4 setup. I purchased the Ramps 1.4 boards (Arduino, Ramps shield, Stepper motor shields, LCD Smart controller,) from eBay. It should arrive soon and I'll document the next steps towards dual extruders!
What are your experiences with Dual Extruders, Bowden Coversions or Board replacements on the Printrbot?


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Urban Invitational set for New Orleans debut
Four schools will participate in the tournament, which runs Friday to Sunday
New Orleans is ready for the Urban Invitational. The three-day tournament designed to showcase the baseball programs at historically black colleges and universities will make its debut in New Orleans this weekend, and coaches at the local baseball programs are thrilled to play the host.
Four schools -- Grambling State University, Southern University, Louisiana State University and the University of New Orleans -- will participate in the tourney, which runs Friday to Sunday, and the local Urban Youth Academy will host a game and a college fair on Saturday.
Houston hosted the Urban Invitational for the last two years, and the Urban Youth Academy in Compton, Calif., played host for a few seasons before that. But now, with the brand-new facility at Wesley Barrow Stadium, New Orleans can get its community excited about the present and the future.
More than 1,000 kids get a chance to work out at the New Orleans Urban Youth Academy, which opened its doors for the first time in November 2012. Eddie Davis, the director of the New Orleans academy, said that kids get more than baseball and softball when they come to the facility.
The New Orleans academy provides after-school tutoring for each of the students, and the facility provides a course in broadcasting. There are also opportunities for local residents to attend camps for umpiring and field maintenance, as well as scouting seminars and coaching clinics.
The idea, at the end of the day, is to improve the opportunities for people in the area and to expose them to all the different ways that baseball can change their lives. And now that the Urban Invitational is in town, the local kids can see that their hard work can result in a chance to go to college.
"When I think about the benefits this tournament provides for the community, I think of hope, I think of inspiration and I think of confidence," said Davis. "This tournament gives these kids hope that they can play at a higher level. It also gives a sense of hope to the community that they can see achievement. If they work hard, they can achieve something higher. ... If you do what it takes and put in the hard work, you can play in college. You can be successful, not only in [sports] but also in school."
Ron Maestri, the coach at University of New Orleans, provided some high praise for the Urban Youth Academy mission on Tuesday. Maestri, who coached at UNO from 1970 to 1984 and served as athletic director from 1979 to 2000, said that the facility is exactly what the city needed.
The Urban Youth Academy is right across the street from the UNO campus, and Maestri said he's gotten to see it multiple times for clinics and other events. The facility is "nothing short of sensational," he said, and MLB's involvement might be "the best thing that's ever happened to this city."
"I've been here for 40-something years," said Maestri. "The inner city -- not just after Katrina, but pre-Katrina -- like many large cities, the recreational programs have suffered and the opportunities for these young kids are very limited. ...We have so many young kids, African-American kids, in this community. There are plenty of great baseball players. I've always said, 'We're a sport that has 11.7 scholarships, and we've got a squad list of 34 or 35 [players].' We need to get more scholarships and more of these academies where kids can show what they can do. And give them the opportunity to play."
The Urban Youth Academy has certainly done that. Between the three facilities -- Compton, Houston and New Orleans -- MLB reaches up to 10,000 inner-city children on an annual basis. Two more academies -- one in Philadelphia and one in Cincinnati -- are expected to open in 2014.
James Cooper, the coach at Grambling State, knows how important it is to get added exposure. He hopes the Urban Invitational will give him a chance to showcase the level of baseball played in the Southwestern Athletic Conference, and it's also a chance to beat Southern on a big stage.
"This will be Grambling's third time in the event," said Cooper. "I actually called [Southern University coach Roger] Cador and asked him, 'How can we be a part of it?' Because I thought it would be good for Grambling to be a part of the event. He called the appropriate people and made it happen. I really thank him for that. But it gives us a chance to expose the nation not only to SWAC baseball, but Grambling State University baseball."
Louisiana State, one of the nation's dominant baseball powers, will play the role of the heavyweight this weekend. LSU has won six national titles in baseball, and they've all come since 1990. Coach Paul Mainieri won one of those titles, in 2009, and said that he's thrilled to be a part of the tourney.
Mainieri played under Maestri at the University of New Orleans, and now he'll have a chance to square off against his mentor twice in two days. LSU will play host to the University of New Orleans on Friday night, and then the two teams will meet again at Zephyr Field on Saturday.
"Just playing UNO was special to me, but when Maestri returned out of retirement to be the coach, it obviously added a whole new storyline to the games," said Mainieri. "Let me just say this: Ron Maestri, outside of my father, has been the most influential person in my life. It was many years ago when I played for him, but I don't think he and I have gone a month in our lifetime since then [without having] talked to each other on the telephone or seeing each other in person. In the eight years since I've been back in Baton Rouge, we get to talk and see each other much more frequently."
They get to see each other more frequently, and now they get to compete. But in another way, they get to collaborate. All four coaches are ardent advocates for baseball and for their region, and even if they're playing each other on the field, they're excited about the future of the game in New Orleans.
"It's amazing the number of kids that are already participating in less than a year," said Maestri of the local youth academy. "And as I mentioned, it should be the single best thing that has ever happened to this city. With the crime rates in larger cities and kids not having an opportunity, this program will be a model. And I think it is a model. ... This is a premier program that's only going to get better."


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Employees that are using their own smartphones for work rank connectivity cost as the least important factor when choosing a mobile network, creating the potential for "bill shock" for enterprises that don't have cost control policies as part of their BYOD plans.
Enterprise WiFi connectivity firm iPass surveyed 1,700 mobile employees worldwide and found that the proportion of workers' smartphones provisioned by employers has declined from 58 to 33 percent, while self-provisioning has risen to 46 percent, up from 42 percent last year.
"With more workers turning to their smartphones for work, data usage is growing rapidly across multiple devices. As this BYOD trend continues to explode enterprises are seeing the effects both in rising productivity and in rising network costs," said Evan Kaplan, CEO of iPass.
"Employees are using more data with more devices to work longer hours and they're willing to connect with little regard for cost. Enterprises must stay in front of the BYOD challenge by providing cost-effective connectivity for mobile workers wherever they roam," said Kaplan.
A previous iPass survey showedthat many employees are working up to 20 additional hours per week unpaid as a result of bring your own device (BYOD) policies adopted by their firms.
According to recent iPass research the iPhone is favoured by 53 percent of the mobile workforce, up from its 45 percent share in a 2011 iPass survey.
With 34 percent ownership (up from 21 percent in 2011), Android devices have taken second place from BlackBerry smartphones, which are now the device of choice for just 26 percent of mobile workers (down from 32 percent in 2011).
The Windows Phone OS, which has few devices currently on the market, has a 5 percent share. Some respondents use more than one type of smartphone.


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Kathryn Born who is building a little corner of Art talk and opinion under the roof of the Chicago Tribune asks a lot of conversation starting questions every now and then to get the mind racing but most recently the Tribune home page front page story "Obama as The Joker: another image co-opted by conservatives because they don't have art of their own" has her taking the political zeitgeist by the horns and goring herself.
The question is do Republicans make decent let alone good artists and why are they incapable of making political artwork of merit. Mix that with a bit of background history on the Obama Joker image that came out over 2 weeks ago. It has been discovered that the image was first created by a Chicago History Student at U of I by the name of Firas Alkhateeb who made a faux Time Magazine cover with a photo of Obama photoshoped to look like the Joker. That image was put on his flickr account and then appropriated by a currently unknown person on the west coast and the Time reference was removed and the Tagline "Socialist" was put in it's place.
The question it seems is what is the role of Art in Politics, does political art have legs to have lasting impact as art or is it limited to only high water marks in history? Then finally what is the problem with Republicans and their inability to make quality political art? Are they too busy drawing paychecks to draw altogether? From one agitator to another, I salute Ms. Born and suggest a 2004 Siduri Sonoma County Pinot Noir which goes well with shoe leather as I well know from experience.
Latest posts by Christopher (see all)
- Episode 577: Kerry James Marshall WLPN B@SC Radio Edit - February 28, 2017
- Kevin Jennings (1979-2016) - June 28, 2016
- Episode 549: James Wines SITE Architect - May 24, 2016


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Main features
- Sweatshirt in unbrushed cotton
- Ribbed knit hem
- Logo in terry stitch
Made in: Bangladesh
Product code: 3J68C14A6_281
100% Cotton
Clothing care
- Maximum temperature: 40°C. Gentle cycle
- Do not bleach
- Do not tumble dry
- Line dry in shade
- Delicate iron at maximum temperature of 110°C. without steam, which could damage the garment
- Professional dry-cleaning in: perchloroethylene. Delicate cycle


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Do you agree with this quote about Brownsburg? Would you like to live there? Why?
"When you're young, and you head out to wonderful, everything is fresh and bright as a brand new penny, but before you get to wonderful you're going to have to go through all right. And when you get to all right, stop and take a good long look, because that may be as far as you're going to go. Brownsburg ain't heaven, by any means. But it's perfectly fine. It's all right."


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Not long after the final whistle sounded in the LA Galaxy's 1-0 win over the Houston Dynamo on Sunday night at the Home Depot Center, TV cameras beamed out an image league execs have been dreaming about since 2007, the year David Beckham signed with the league. There was the global icon at midfield, amidst a blizzard of confetti, hoisting the MLS Cup trophy.
It was an indelible moment, to be sure, but there were plenty of other striking images emanating out of the HDC in the aftermath of MLS Cup 2011.
There was Landon Donovan, who scored the game's only goal, dropping to his knees in sheer exultation. There were Donovan and Beckham locked in an embrace that said more about what this championship meant to both men than words ever could.
Then there was a personal favorite: the normally stoic LA coach Bruce Arena grinning madly and wrapping up Galaxy owner (and MLS trophy namesake) Phil Anschutz in a bear hug during the trophy presentation.
Think of it: Bruce Arena not simply smiling and enjoying the moment of his record third MLS championship, but Bruce Arena cutting loose. It was as if George Washington's stone-carved features on Mount Rushmore had suddenly cracked a grin.
The comparison is apt because the Galaxy had just completed a season that put the club on the Mount Rushmore of MLS franchises. They won the Supporters' Shield as the team with the best regular-season record (19-5-10), they advanced to the quarterfinals of the CONCACF Champions League, they produced 18 shutouts and they won the MLS Cup final.
The Galaxy overcame injuries and international absences, along with the enormous pressure not just to reach the title game at their home stadium but to win it in the final year of Beckham's five-year contract with the league.
The 36-year-old midfielder has not announced his plans for next season, but whether he returns or not, this game, which he played with an injured hamstring, cements him as a winner in MLS.
Chances Squandered
Sunday's result was the 12th 1-0 win of the season for LA, so the general shape of the game was familiar to the Galaxy. But the specifics were a little nervier than they would have liked.
LA created numerous chances in the first half, including three golden ones for Adam Cristman, who was filling in for the injured Chad Barrett. In the 12th minute, the big striker missed the target on a free header from a Beckham corner kick. In the 27th, he failed to get another header on frame after Beckham's cross found him at the far post.
Cristman capped his half of futility one minute later, slipping on the wet turf and shooting weakly after being sent into the box by Robbie Keane.
Mike Magee also missed a good chance before the break, ballooning his angled shot from 10 yards after another quality pass from Keane.
Designated Delivery
While Houston were happy to make it to the break scoreless, LA were left to wonder if all of their missed chances would come back to haunt them.
They could take heart in the fact that all three of their Designated Players were percolating. Donovan was combining with right back Sean Franklin to scorch Houston's left side, exploiting the absence of injured Dynamo winger Brad Davis.
Keane, despite having played twice for Ireland during the international break, looked lively and was at the center of almost every LA move forward.
And Beckham was his usual tireless, skillful self on offense and defense.
Sure enough, the game turned on a play orchestrated by all three. In the 72nd minute, Beckham flicked a header out of midfield toward Keane. The Ireland captain won the ball, drove inside on the Houston defense and sent a perfectly weighted ball into Donovan's path as LD made a knifing run into the box.
Houston 'keeper Tally Hall charged, but Donovan flicked a shot with the outside of his right foot. Hall got a hand on the ball, but could not prevent it from finding the far side netting for Donovan's record 20th career playoff goal.
The strike stood up, and Donovan was named MVP of the match. It was his second such individual trophy and the fourth time he's been a member of an MLS Cup–winning side.
The Galaxy also became the first team to win an MLS crown with Designated Players since the rule was instituted in 2007.
Depleted Dynamo
Dynamo fans, who made an impressive, orange-clad showing at the HDC on Sunday night, can be proud of their team and the fact that they kept this game well within striking distance for 70-plus minutes.
Houston clearly missed Davis, an MVP finalist and the team leader in assists (16). They were also hindered by a 31st-minute injury to defender Geoff Cameron, who strained his MCL in an awkward challenge with Cristman.
Cameron stuck it out, but the injury definitely limited him and affected the game. Still, the Dynamo had a fine season and a terrific stretch run, going unbeaten in their last nine before Sunday's loss and reaching their third MLS Cup final in six years. Assuming they get everyone back healthy, Houston will be a favorite in the East next season.
Changes Ahead
Speaking of next season, before the game, the league announced several changes for the 2012 campaign, when the Montreal Impact will join the league and push the number of franchises to 19.
There will be 10 clubs in the Eastern Conference next year and nine in the West. Teams will play an unbalanced, conference-based schedule, meaning the majority of their matches will be against conference opponents. They'll meet each team from the opposite conference just once.
The playoff format will undergo a change as well. The 2012 MLS Cup will not take place at a predetermined neutral site, but at the home of the finalist with the higher regular-season point total.
There will still be 10 playoff teams, but the wild-card format has been discarded. Next year, the top-five teams in each conference will qualify for the postseason, with the No. 4 team hosting the No. 5 team in each conference in a single-elimination game for the right to face the conference's top seed in the Conference Semifinals.
Finally, the Conference Finals will be two-leg series, mirroring the Conference Semis.
But however the new campaign shapes up, this season — with its electrifying additions in Portland and Vancouver, its historic attendance numbers and thrilling playoff ride — will be a tough act to follow.
There may be debate about exactly where the 2011 champions rank among the all-time greats, but there's no doubt about the season in general: it was the best in the 16-year history of the league.


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Brewers pound out 15 hits in win
Milwaukee can't gain ground on streaking Cardinals
WASHINGTON — Jonathan Lucroy had a pair of RBI singles and Milwaukee beat Washington 6-2 on Sunday to keep the Brewers in the playoff chase.
Rickie Weeks had three hits while Aramis Ramirez had two doubles for Milwaukee, which twice benefited from Washington outfielders losing fly balls in the sun. The Brewers (79-73) ended the day 2 1/2 games behind St. Louis for the final NL wild-card berth.
Washington (92-60) leads the NL East by 4 1/2 games over Atlanta, a 2-1 winner over Philadelphia Sunday. The Nationals' magic number to clinch the division remains at six.
Reliever Brandon Kintzler (3-0) pitched a scoreless sixth inning for the win. John Axford recorded the final out with two runners on for his 33rd save.
Losing pitcher Ryan Mattheus (5-3) allowed three earned runs on four hits.


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Founded by Abigail Howkins, Marie Olesen and Doug Aubrey, Diversity Films operated between 2007 and 2012, as a community interest company working in communities to nurture, train and develop a new generation of filmmakers.
A creatively led organisation based in Glasgow, Scotland, our aim was to work with a diverse range of people through new filmmakers development projects and programmes, to build capacity of local people in different communities and to equip them with the skills, motivation and opportunity to create short films and digital content for multi-platform distribution and exhibition.
We developed and delivered community-based filmmaking training, mentoring and production programmes including Starting Block, The Barras Story, Brand New, Good Stuff, West Side Stories and Community Filmmakers Project. We were also an outreach partner for Scotland's mass participation feature documentary, We Are Northern Lights.
All of our films are available to watch on this site, Vimeo and YouTube.
This site remains as a point of reference for activity which took place over the five years of Diversity Films life which was supported by Scottish Screen (now Creative Scotland), 4Talent, Paul Hamlyn Foundation, Scottish Community Foundation, Awards for All, Holywood Trust, Fife Council, Dumfries & Galloway Council, Heritage Lottery Fund and more.
Archive Posts:
We Are Northern Lights Workshop dates announced:
Want to get involved in the We Are Northern Lights project?
Why not come along to one of our Getting Started with Filmmaking workshops which we are running to help people participate in this once in a lifetime mass participation documentary film project?
Check out if we are running a workshop in your area here. More dates and venues to follow…
Spring at Diversity Films
Following the news that our funded filmmaking training programmes will be postponed for the foreseeable future, we're pleased to be continuing work with partnership projects including We Are Northern Lights, a mass participation documentary film project for Scotland.
Click here to find out more about We Are Northern Lights and here for information about volunteering opportunities.
Volunteer at Glasgow Women's Library
Our partner organisation Glasgow Women's Library has an exciting volunteer opportunity available for stills photographers and/or filmmakers to document their artists and writers programme.
Find out more here.
Sad news at Diversity Films
We have recently released sad news about ceasing our filmmaking programmes for the foreseeable future due to funding limitations.
Read Diversity Films Press Release – January 2012
We are currently collecting feedback on Diversity Films work to date.
Please contribute your comments here
Heartfelt thanks to everyone who has shared their very positive feedback and all filmmakers, funders and partners who have contributed to the success of Diversity Films work so far!
James Dean at Encounters Film Festival
You can catch the very popular and award-winning Starting Block short, James Dean at Encounters Festival in Bristol.
The film screens:
Thursday November 17th 2011, 5.30pm
Watershed 1, 1 Canon's Road, Harbourside, Bristol, UK BS1 5TX
Saturday November 19th 2011, 1pm
Watershed 2, 1 Canon's Road, Harbourside, Bristol, UK BS1 5TX
Tickets: £7.00 (£5.50 conc.)


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Episode 6
Season 8 Episode 6 | 53m 51s
Lucille cares for an unmarried teen mother and Valerie helps her grandmother with an embarrassing medical problem. Mother Mildred arrives to help pitch in, but ruffles feathers everywhere she goes. Nurse Crane's back troubles return with a vengeance.
Aired: 05/05/19
Expired: 05/20/19Video has closed captioning.
Buy Now:
Problems Playing Video?
Finding Where We Belong
Andrea Altomaro on how finding and feeling a sense of belonging can empower you.
The Supporters
Katie Moriarty says we can all be that safe landing spot for others.
Call the Midwife Season 8, Episode 6 GIF Recap
The midwives find themselves playing host to a familiar house guest.
We'll Continue to Muddle Through, Together
Deborah McBain on getting through struggles and finding peace -- in Poplar or Dearborn.


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The Veterans Administrations Contracted Community Based Outpatient Clinic in Durango has highly knowledgeable staff members to serve all primary health-care needs and has openings for more veterans to receive free or low-cost primary health care.
The VA provides a medical-benefits package of health services that is available to all enrolled veterans. The benefits include preventive-care services, hospital services, prescription drugs, home health-care services, long-term care benefits and nursing-home benefits.
The VA administers medical benefits through an annual patient enrollment system. The VAs goal is to ensure that veterans receive the finest quality of health care regardless of the treatment program and location. The VA encourages all veterans to apply so that they can determine their eligibility. Applying helps the VA determine the number of potential veterans who may seek VA health-care services and is an important part of VA planning efforts.
If you are one of the many veterans reaching retirement age and now on Medicare, a veteran without health insurance or just out of the service and having a difficult time finding a primary-care provider, then VA health care may be an option for you. VA health care is available to all veterans discharged under honorable conditions. There is no time limit to apply, and combat service is not a requirement. If you served honorably in the armed forces, no matter when and where, you can apply for VA health-care benefits.
Because VA health care is considered creditable coverage under the Affordable Health Care Act, now is a good time to apply for enrollment in this program. Enrollment in the VA health-care system provides veterans with a safety net against being fined or penalized under the Affordable Health Care Act for not having any form of health insurance. This is a great thing for veterans who cannot afford to purchase health-care coverage.
Veterans currently enrolled in the VA health-care system must be seen at least once a year to maintain enrollment. If you are not seen by the VA once a year, you will be required to re-enroll in the VA health-care system before the VA will provide any health-care services. This is important to remember because for those who cannot afford to purchase additional health insurance, loss of VA health-care benefits means the loss of your health-care safety net.
Richard Schleeter is the veterans service officer for the La Plata County Veterans Service Office. He can be reached at 759-0117 or email@example.com.


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We have had a wild time creating the new show branding for The Courtyard's Christmas production of Beauty and the Beast more helpful hints.
We have had a wild time creating the new show branding for The Courtyard's Christmas production of Beauty and the Beast more helpful hints.
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A century after an Austrian scientist discovered evidence for galactic cosmic rays, an international team of researchers has traced their source to exploded stars.
Such stars, known as supernovae, had previously emerged as prime suspects for generating cosmic rays – something of a misnomer, since galactic cosmic rays are protons that have been accelerated to nearly the speed of light.
But tracing these particles back to their sources is nearly impossible. Protons carry an electrical charge, so magnetic fields they encounter in their travels can deflect them. This can turn what might have been a straight-line path into a torturous one with lots of wide detours.
Using the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, researchers instead have detected gamma-ray emissions that are a byproduct of collisions between these turbocharged protons and their sluggish counterparts. The acceleration of these highly-energetic protons and the hapless subatomic crash dummies they hit appear inside the thin shell of material an exploding star casts into space.
Until now, the source of galactic cosmic rays has been one of the biggest unsolved puzzles in particle astrophysics, says Stefan Funk, at the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park, Calif.
But data gathered from two supernova remnants over four years carry "a unique, smoking-gun signature that now, for the first time, provides incontrovertible evidence" that these expanding shells, known as supernova remnants, are accelerating protons, he says.
Dr. Funk notes that cosmic rays not only influence the evolution of galaxies, some biologists suspect they influenced the evolution of life on Earth by introducing mutations into the genes of simple forms of life early in Earth's history. Cosmic rays hitting the top of the atmosphere also trigger a shower of other particles that elevate radiation levels encountered by airliners. The rays also would represent a serious hazard to astronauts en route to Mars.
A formal report of the results will appear in Friday's issue of the journal Science. Funk and Pat Slane, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., reviewed the results in a briefing Thursday at the American Association for the Advancement of Science's 2013 annual meeting in Boston.
Cosmic rays were discovered by physicist Victor Hess in a series of balloon trips he conducted between 1911 and 1913. Filled with hydrogen, the balloons took him to altitudes as high as 17,400 feet.
Researchers had noted the presence of ionizing radiation at ground level, but thought it might have a terrestrial origin. Hess took sensitive detectors on his ascents and found that radiation levels increased with altitude, instead of decreased.
The discovery, confirmed 12 years later by US physicist Robert Millikan, earned Hess a Nobel prize in 1936. Thirteen years later, physicist Enrico Fermi would propose that cosmic rays were accelerated via collisions with moving magnetic fields in interstellar space.
Researchers since have refined the idea, with supernova remnants emerging as the most likely breeding ground.
In essence, the material a supernova sheds expands outward at speeds on the order of 22 million miles per hour, explains Dr. Slane, who was not a member of the team reporting the discovery. As this expanding shell plows through the dust and gas between stars, it sets up a shock wave along its outer edge that heats the gas and carries its own magnetic fields.
The magnetic fields can accelerate already existing cosmic-ray protons. And it can generate news ones by accelerating low-energy protons in the roiling hot soup of ionized gas in the shock wave.
The energy this process imparts to these protons is enormous – perhaps 10 million times higher than the energies achievable at the Large Hadron Collider in Europe, the most powerful Earth-bound particle accelerator.
Indeed, researchers have estimated that anywhere from 3 to 30 percent of the kinetic energy of the star's explosion gets transfered to the protons.
A tiny fraction of these protons escape to become cosmic rays. Others collide with other protons in the shock wave. When collisions occur, they create a short-lived particle known in physics-speak as neutral pions. Each pion immediately decays into two gamma-ray photons. The energy the gamma-ray photons carry represents the smoking gun, since that energy level is determined by the preceding chain of interactions. And, unlike protons, gamma-rays can travel in a straight line. This allowed researcher to pinpoint the sources.
In this case, the sources were the glowing remnant of a supernova about 5,000 light-years away dubbed the Jellyfish Nebula in the constellation Gemini. That star is thought to have exploded sometime between 3,000 and 30,000 years ago. The second source the team studied lies 10,000 light-years away in the constellation Aquila. Called W44, the supernova remnant is expanding within a larger, glowing cloud of dust and gas. The remnant is thought to be about 20,000 years old.
Protons from the aftermath of supernovae throughout the galaxy are though to comprise some 90 percent of the cosmic rays striking Earth's atmosphere. Collisions with the atmosphere generate a shower of other particles that represent the "rays" Hess picked up a century ago.
The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope was launched from the US Air Force's launch complex at Cape Canaveral in Florida in June 2008. It's a cooperative mission spearheaded by NASA and the US Department of Energy, and includes partners in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Sweden.


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this week over Throw Them All Out, Peter Schweizer's explosive new expose, which pulls back the curtain on the appalling frequency of 'legal' insider trading in Congress.
By Schweizer's account, one of the biggest culprits is John Kerry, the powerful Massachusetts Democrat and also, incidentally, the wealthiest member of the Senate.
As a member of the Senate Finance Committee's Subcommittee on Health, Kerry played a key role in shaping President Obama's healthcare reform legislation in 2009 — while also raking in cash from healthcare investments.
Here's how he did it, according to Schweizer:
- As passage Obamacare seemed more likely, Kerry bought nearly $750,000 in Teva Pharmaceuticals stock, one of several big drug companies that benefitted from the health care bill. When the bill was signed in 2010, the Kerrys sold some of their Teva shares, making tens of thousands of dollars in capital gains. They kept more than $1 million worth of Teva stock.
- In 2009, the Kerrys also picked up shares in ResMed, a medical device manufacturer that was a big winner in the healthcare reform battle. In early versions of the bill, medical device companies would have been subject to higher taxes. Kerry opposed the taxes, and the fees were much lower in the final version. ResMed's stock rose 71% when the bill was passed.
- The Kerrys also invested in hospital supplier Thermo Fisher Scientific, a major beneficiary of the healthcare bill. The stock jumped 40% after Obamacare passed.
- At the same time, the Kerrys dumped all of their investments in the health insurance industry, including shares in United Health and Wellpoint. Needlesstosay, healthcare providers were the biggest losers in Obamacare.
Schweizer notes that Kerry has been cashing in on inside information about the healthcare industry since long before Obamacare:
- In May 15, 2007, the federal government decided to end reimbursements for an obscure anemia drug manufactured by Amgen, causing the company's stock to plummet. The Kerrys avoided the loss by selling all of their stock in Amgen on May 4 and May 7.
- In 2003, when Congress was negotiating Medicare Part D, the prescription drug benefit program, the Kerrys made 111 trades in pharmaceutical companies and the healthcare providers that would administer the plan. In 2004, after the bill became law, the Kerrys started selling some of their drug company stocks, netting between $100,000 and $1 million from their investment in Oxford Health Plans, and tens of thousands more from Pfizer, Johnson&Johnson, and Cardinal Health.
And Kerry is only one of the more blatant insider traders in Congress. The practice is actually really common, particularly as politicians rise through the ranks. But even more shocking than the trades themselves is the fact that all this is actually legal under Congressional ethics rules.
UPDATE: 11/17/2011, 11:50 a.m.:
Kerry's office has denied any wrongdoing, and said that the Kerrys investments are managed by independent trustees.


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Irving Berlin's Holiday Inn
Season 45 Episode 8 | 2h 2m 11s
The festive Roundabout Theatre Company production of Irving Berlin's Holiday Inn - The Broadway Musical comes to PBS Friday, November 24 at 9 p.m. (check local listings). The musical continues the Great Performances marathon within the Broadway's Best lineup on PBS.
Aired: 11/24/17
Expires: 11/23/20Video has closed captioning.
Problems Playing Video?
GREAT PERFORMANCES is made possible by the Irene Diamond Fund, Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Arts Fund, The Joseph and Robert Cornell Memorial Foundation, LuEsther T. Mertz Charitable Trust, Rosalind P. Walter, The Agnes Varis Trust, The Starr Foundation, Kate W. Cassidy Foundation, Ellen and James S. Marcus, The Philip and Janice Levin Foundation, Lenore Hecht Foundation, Abra Prentice Foundation, The Lewis Sonny Turner Fund for Dance, Jody and John Arnhold, Anne Ray Charitable Trust, and PBS.


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|Is it a cold, flu, allergic rhinitis, or sinusitis?
Each year, millions of Americans suffer from one or more episodes of the common cold, flu (influenza), allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis. All of these conditions have one thing in common -- they all produce respiratory problems. Since the symptoms of these conditions are all very similar, they often are confused with each other. (See comparison chart.)
Cold symptoms
Symptoms of the common cold usually begin 2 - 3 days after infection and often include nasal discharge, obstruction of nasal breathing, swelling of the sinus membranes, sneezing, sore throat, cough, and headache. Fever is usually slight but can climb to 102° F in infants and young children.
Cold symptoms (which are caused by viruses) can last from 2 - 14 days, but two-thirds of people recover in a week. If symptoms occur often or last much longer than 2 weeks, they may be the result of an allergy rather than a cold.
Colds occasionally can lead to secondary bacterial infections of the middle ear or sinuses, requiring treatment with antibiotics. High fever, significantly swollen glands, severe facial pain in the sinuses, and a cough that produces mucus, may indicate a complication or more serious illness requiring a doctor's attention.
Allergy symptoms
People understandably often confuse an allergy with a cold or flu. Remember colds are short-lived and passed from person to person, whereas allergies are immune system reactions to normally harmless substances. Allergy symptoms include:
- Sneezing, watery eyes, or cold symptoms that last more than 10 days without a fever
- Repeated ear and sinus infections
- Loss of smell or taste
- Frequent throat clearing, hoarseness, coughing, or wheezing
- Dark circles under the eyes caused by increased blood flow near the sinuses (allergic shiners)
- A crease just above the tip of the nose from constant upward nose wiping more commonly seen in children (allergic salute)
Flu symptoms
The flu usually begins with a fever over 102° F, a flushed face, body aches, and lack of energy. Some people have other symptoms such as dizziness or vomiting. The fever usually lasts for a day or two, but can last 5 days.
Somewhere between day 2 and day 4 of the illness, the "whole body" symptoms begin to subside, and respiratory symptoms begin to increase. The virus can settle anywhere in the respiratory tract, producing symptoms of a cold, croup, sore throat, bronchitis, ear infection, and pneumonia.
The most prominent of the respiratory symptoms is usually a dry, hacking cough. Most people also develop a sore throat and a headache. Nasal discharge and sneezing are not uncommon. These symptoms (except the cough) usually disappear within 4 - 7 days. Sometimes there is a second wave of fever at this time. The cough and tiredness usually lasts for weeks after the rest of the illness is over.
Usually, doctors diagnose flu on the basis of whether flu is epidemic in the community and whether the patient's complaints fit the current pattern of symptoms. Doctors rarely use laboratory testing to identify the virus.
Sinusitis symptoms
The classic symptoms of acute sinusitis are nasal congestion, greenish nasal discharge, facial or dental pain, eye pain, headache, and a nighttime cough. Some patients also complain of fever, malaise (feeling ill), bad breath, and a sore throat. It is usually preceded by a cold, which does not improve or worsens after 5 - 7 days of symptoms.
Chronic sinusitis is subtler, and can be difficult to diagnose. It manifests the symptoms listed above in a milder form, but usually persists for longer than 8 weeks. It is most common in patients with allergies.
Cold and allergy descriptions created by the National Institutes of Health. Illustrations and additional text copyright A.D.A.M., Inc.
Review Date:
Reviewed By: Paula J. Busse, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.


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COVER- Racing for Richmond: Three Dems are neck-and-neck, but can they run all the way to the governor's mansion?
And they're off in the 2009 running of the Democratic gubernatorial primary!
At first it was supposed to be a two-horse race between Delegate Brian Moran of Alexandria and State Senator Creigh Deeds. Then in January came a last minute addition to the running, former Democratic National Committee chair Terry McAuliffe, fresh off placing in the 2008 Democratic presidential primary, leading the hard-charging campaign of then-Senator Hillary Clinton.
In the first turn, McAuliffe jumps out to an early lead with a multi-million dollar campaign effort, and appears to still be going strong. The latest SurveyUSA poll of likely primary voters found McAuliffe up 16 points over Deeds and Moran, but there were still 18 percent undecided!
But no, here comes Moran! A recent poll from Research 2000 finds Moran in front at 24 percent, with McAuliffe at 19 percent and Deeds at 16 percent, with a whopping 41 percent undecided! It's anybody's race!
Look out now, now it's Deeds coming on strong! In hypothetical Survey USA match-ups with former attorney general and uncontested Republican nominee Bob McDonnell, Deeds bests his Democrat opponents, losing only by a slim five points with a 2.7-point margin of error!
And down the stretch they come! With only a month left until the June 9 primary, who will hold on to be the Dems' nomination?
Gay rights: Moran's watershed– or Waterloo?
A little over two years ago, a solid majority of Virginians voted to ban gay marriage, but today one of the four candidates for governor wants to repeal the ban.
"Not only does Brian Moran's position mark a sea change, but look at the other two candidates," says political prognosticator Larry Sabato. "While opposed to gay marriage, they seem to be in favor of civil unions. Go back 10 years– nobody advocating gay civil unions could have been elected statewide."
A recent Washington Post/ABC poll shows for the first time that more Americans favor gay marriage– 49 percent– than oppose it– 46 percent.
And already several states are moving in that direction. In April, Iowa's Supreme Court declared that state's ban unconstitutional, the same month that state senates of both Maine and New Hampshire approved gay marriage.
"Society is changing dramatically on the issue of gay and lesbian rights," says Sabato. "I see it in the classroom. Young people have adopted gay rights as their civil rights movement."
One person who welcomes Moran's stand is Virginia Evans. An information executive at UVA, she flew to San Francisco last September to wed her partner and lauds Moran for his "controversial stand in Virginia." Whatever today's voters do, she thinks history will reward Moran for seeking repeal.
"Sometime soon," says Evans, "you're going to look pretty stupid for not supporting it– sort of like the people who opposed civil rights."
As for Moran himself, he says he was particularly bothered by the reach of Virginia's ban. The measure– dubbed the Marshall-Newman Amendment for its sponsors– forbade not just marriage but also certain contracts among members of same-sex relationships.
"I was opposed to it and thought it a dark day when it passed," says Moran. "I don't believe we should place discriminatory language in our constitution."
So where does this leave the other two nomination-seeking Democrats? When asked about the issue, both Creigh Deeds and Terry McAuliffe seem to prefer to talk about getting the economy back in shape.
"I have always been personally in support of civil unions," says McAuliffe. "However, the voters of Virginia sent a clear message in 2006. What we need to do now is hold the line and make sure we are offering full contractual rights for domestic partners."
As for Deeds, he voted for Marshall-Newman as a member of the State Senate.
"Creigh voted to give Virginians a choice," explains his press secretary, Brooke Borkenhagen. "In the month leading up to the general election, he spoke out against it and actively campaigned against it."
And yet, Borkenhagen confirms that Deeds is not now campaigning for repeal.
"At this point, with the make up of the General Assembly," she says, "there's no way it's going to pass."
So will Moran's stance help him or hurt him?
"It helps him in the primary in June," predicts Sabato. "It hurts him in the general election in November.
"The assumption is that because he's supporting the repeal of the amendment, he'll get a large turnout of liberal Democrats in places like Northern Virginia," says Sabato. "But in the general election, [Republican] Bob McDonnell will use it against him. Virginia did pass it with a 57 percent majority, after all."
–with additional reporting by Lindsay Barnes
Rematch? Could Virginia's closest election get an encore?
It was the closest, most hard-fought campaign ever contested in statewide Virginia politics. Headed into Election Day 2005, polls indicated the race for attorney general between Delegate Bob McDonnell (R) of Virginia Beach and State Senator Creigh Deeds (D) of Bath County was a statistical dead heat. And with the votes counted and the dust settled on November 8, the winner was... still unknown.
The first count had McDonnell defeating Deeds by a mere 323 votes, but the difference was so small that state law mandated a recount. It took a whole 43 days worth of recounts to finally determine that McDonnell had indeed edged out Deeds. The official margin turned out to be just 360 votes out of a total of 1,941,602 cast. At a margin of .01 percent, it was the closest statewide election in modern Virginia history, according to the State Board of Elections.
Now, after a four-year term as the Commonwealth's top law enforcement officer, McDonnell stands unopposed as his party's nominee to become the next governor while Deeds remains deadlocked in a three-way battle for the Democratic nomination.
After an initial contest that went into overtime, might Deeds overcome his primary opponents and get a rematch against McDonnell?
"You could make the case that Deeds is the strongest Democrat for November," says UVA professor and political pundit Larry Sabato. "I'm amazed that Deeds has not stressed to a greater degree how close he came last time, under more adverse conditions for a Demcorat."
What's changed in the four years since Deeds and McDonnell's last contest is a Virginia electorate that's leaning further left, as evidenced by President Obama handily winning the Commonwealth– 52 to 46 percent– in last year's race for the White House.
"There have been three fundamental changes," says Sabato. "The first is that the Democratic party identification among 18-29 year olds is higher than it's ever been in Virginia, and their turnout is only going to get higher with each passing year as they age.
"The second is that those voters with graduate degrees, particularly in the Northern Virginia and Tidewater areas, are voting Democratic in greater numbers, largely because of social issues like abortion and gay marriage where they see the Republicans as extreme.
"The third is that minority populations– African-Americans, Latinos, Asian-Americans, Muslims, and Jews– are all voting in greater numbers, and 75 percent of them voted Democratic in the last election."
Still, Sabato says, McDonnell still has one big advantage over all three would-be Democratic nominees, including Deeds.
"On one side you have an internal fight going on," says Sabato, "while McDonnell waits on the other side raising money for November."
Still, if Deeds does manage to emerge victorious in June, his rural roots may just be enough to win the governor's mansion and settle his score with McDonnell.
"At this point," says Sabato, "Republicans are left with white males and rural voters in their base. If Deeds can just be competitive in those rural areas and win, say, 46-47 percent of the vote, he makes it nearly impossible for McDonnell to win."
Against the tide: Virginia's contrarian trend
Virginia Republicans haven't had much to cheer lately. In the last eight years, they've lost the governor's mansion, both U.S. Senate seats, and in 2008– for the first time since 1964– a Democrat carried Virginia in the presidential election.
Nevertheless, Republicans have at least one reason to look forward to Election Day '09: the contrarian trend. Ever since John Dalton's election as governor in 1977, the last eight gubernatorial elections have gone against the party that most recently won the presidential election.
"What's remained true since 1977," explains UVA professor and political pundit Larry Sabato, "is that the Virginia governor's race is, in effect, a midterm election; and the natural reaction in any midterm election is anger against the party in the White House."
Sabato explains that it isn't the case Virginians as a whole have a natural grudge against the sitting president.
"The people who are the angriest are the ones who show up to vote in the greatest numbers," says Sabato. "Inevitably, a president is going to make decisions that make some people angry, and people who are pleased with the president stay home in disproportionately greater numbers."
Still Sabato warns that Virginia's against-the-grain tendencies aren't a sure thing and that the cross-state and cross-country popularity of President Obama might carry the Democratic gubernatorial nominee through to November.
"Part of this trend is simply circumstance," says Sabato. "It isn't an iron-clad rule, and eventually someone could break it. It could even be this year."
Hey, weren't you the governor?
For four years we come to know them, and then they're term-limited out of the public consciousness. Sometimes they return to run for office again, others choose to stay in the private sector, but they're all still in the Commonwealth. So what are they doing now?
Linwood Holton(R)
Inaugurated: 1970
Left office: 1974
Where is he now? Since becoming the first Republican governor of Virginia since Reconstruction, Holton has never again held public office. He unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate in 1978 that ultimately went to John Warner. In the intervening years, Holton has fallen out of love with the GOP of today and has campaigned on behalf of several Democratic candidates including President Barack Obama and Governor Tim Kaine–- who also happens to be Holton's son-in-law. Last year, Holton, 85, published his memoirs in the book Opportunity Time.
Chuck Robb (D)
Inaugurated: 1982
Left office: 1986
Where is he now? After serving two terms as Virginia's junior member of the U.S. Senate, Robb, 69, has become a much-sought after member of bipartisan panels studying foreign policy. In 2003, President Bush appointed the Vietnam veteran to co-chair the Iraq Intelligence Committee, and again to the 2005 Iraq Study Group. Presently residing in McLean, Robb now teaches part-time at the George Mason University School of Law. More than 40 years after their glamorous White House wedding, he is still married to President Lyndon B. Johnson's daughter, Lynda.
Gerald Baliles (D)
Inaugurated: 1986
Left office: 1990
Where is he now? Ending his governorship on a note of high popularity, Baliles was long rumored to be a potential candidate for the U.S. Senate, and was even thought to be a possible Democratic candidate for president in 1992. However, the Baliles, 68, never ran again for public office. After becoming a partner in the Richmond law firm of Hunton & Williams, Baliles became the director of the University of Virginia's Miller Center for Public Affairs in 2005 and plans to convene a group this summer to study the future of newspapers.
Doug Wilder (D)
Inaugurated: 1990
Left office: 1994
Where is he now? After becoming the first African-American governor in the nation's history, Wilder stayed out of running for elected office for a decade. Then in 2004, the king of unpredictable decided to run for Mayor of Richmond and won with 79 percent of the vote. During his four years in office, however, Wilder proved a controversial mayor, often butting heads with the Richmond City Council, and once going so far as to evict Richmond's school board from City Hall. Wilder, 78, left office in January, opting not to seek a second term.
George Allen (R)
Inaugurated: 1994
Left office: 1998
Where is he now? Allen waited two years after his governorship to make his next political move, running against and then defeating fellow former governor Chuck Robb for his seat in the U.S. Senate in 2000. Despite a first term in which Allen was a much-rumored candidate for the White House in 2008, Allen was upset in his re-election bid by Jim Webb in 2006. Allen, 57, continues to be active in politics, having actively campaigned for Sen. John McCain's presidential bid in 2008 and appears frequently on cable television talking up conservative causes.
Jim Gilmore (R)
Inaugurated: 1998
Left office: 2002
Where is he now? Five years after leaving office, Gilmore returned to elective politics in a big way in April 2007, when he announced he was running for the Republican nomination for president. Despite a campaign built on representing "the Republican wing of the Republican Party," Gilmore dropped out of the race a mere three months later. Then, just as quickly as he had disappeared, four months later Gilmore re-emerged as a candidate for the U.S. Senate, ultimately losing that race last year to his gubernatorial successor Mark Warner. Presently, Gilmore splits his time between the Richmond and D.C. areas, serving as president of USA Secure, a Washington homeland security think-tank, and sitting on the board of the National Rifle Association.
Mark Warner (D)
Inaugurated: 2002
Left office: 2006
Where is he now? From the moment he watched Governor Tim Kaine sworn in as his successor in 2006, Warner enthralled political junkies as a potential presidential candidate for 2008. Warner even went so far as to make visits to the key early primary states of Iowa and New Hampshire, and he set up a political action committee to explore the possibilities of a White House bid. Then, Warner abruptly announced in October 2006 that he would not seek the presidency, citing a wish to spend more time with his family. He wasn't gone for long, though. In September 2007, Warner announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate, and he ultimately won the 2008 race over former governor Jim Gilmore by a whopping 31 points. Since going to Capitol Hill, the man who made his fortune in cell phone licenses has won seats on the prestigious budget, rules, banking, and commerce committees.
CORRECTION: In the print edition of this story, George Allen's name ran under Mark Warner's photo due to a production template error. It has been corrected in this online edition.