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Greenbrier Valley Theater – Show tickets
Edith's- Goodie bag
Bella- Turkish platter
Studio 40 – Rusty Wheel Pottery vase
High Country- Necklace
Wandering Bird- Clock
Yarid's – Girft Certificate/ Vera Bradley and Brighton items
Patina -Duck themed items and pottery jug
Food and Friends- Gift certificate
Corn & Flour- Gift certificate
Love Child- Children's puzzles
The Local- Gift basket
Show Your Colors- WV Mountaineer License Plate
Harmony Ridge- WV State platter
Judith Lewis- wood framed painting
Walmart- Gift card
Action Alert: Tell WVDEP to Hold the MountainValleyPipeline Accountable for Water Quality Violations – WV Rivers Coalition
Congratulations to all our Racers for The 33rd Great Greenbrier River Race on April 27, 2019
The 33rd annual Great Greenbrier River Race was held the last Saturday in April each year in Marlinton, WV. With great prizes, live music and good food,the event attracts a loyal following of racers and fans.
Originally a team event with four members, canoeists, bicyclist and runner, the race has now attracted many people who do it solo. But there is still room for the whole family or the family dog on a team! Kayaks and canoes are both encouraged and the many categories encourage prizes for many racers.
2019 Race Results HERE
Thank you to our 2019 Sponsors!
Tracking Water Policy
March 6, 2018 E -day! at the Capitol – Charleston, WV
Double Crossed Gatherings in Pocahontas & Summers Counties
On Saturday, September 16th, residents from all counties of the Greenbrier River Watershed and beyond met to express their concerns about the two 42-inch pipelines proposed by shale gas developers for the Greenbrier River and tributaries. Two events, called "Double-Crossed," were held. Gathering at Clover Lick, in Pocahontas County and at Pence Springs, in Summers County at the places proposed for pipeline crossings of the main stem of the river, participants came face to face with what may have only been lines on a map before.
Most of the assembled citizens had commented to federal and state regulators expressing their concern for lost property rights, questioning the need for two big pipelines (and many more}, impacts to fisheries, unstable soils, impacts on fragile karst terrain, loss of water supplies and more, but felt they had not been heard.
Indeed, West Virginia's Department of Environmental Protection had just rescinded their approval of the Mountain Valley Pipeline the week before, due to concerns about the inadequacy of the company's environmental review. This was done due to citizens suing in federal court. A group of North Carolina residents also won a similar court case against the Atlantic Coast Pipeline, challenging North Carolina's permitting. However, in a recent ruling FERC, Federal Energy Regulatory Agency, the quasi-federal agency which approves pipelines, ruled that New York state's regulators could not challenge its approval of a pipeline there.
So, while participants were encouraged by legal appeals, their fear and concerns about the future of their property and the rivers and streams and the landscape they love were not allayed. Ashby Berkeley, whose family's riverside property in Pence Springs will be crossed by the MVP if it is built, said. "It is not just because they want to come through my family property, I would oppose it for many reasons anyway. It is not the right solution for our country's energy needs to keep relying on fossil fuels, and the impacts are too great on communities. Plus, where are these gas supplies going? Lots of this gas will be exported overseas, and we here will not see anything but negative impacts. Where is the upside for us?"
Clover Lick resident Maryann Tomasik showed the assembled group the exact location of the spillway for the proposed crossing along the Greenbrier River Trail of the Atlantic Coast Pipeline. Local resident Nikki Alikakos, who returned to her family home two years ago with her husband and young children expressed dismay that they had thought they would be returning to the bucolic landscapes and country life she missed in larger cities. She decried the intrusion of two large projects on one small river in Appalachia as she and her family walked up the trail to see the proposed crossing. "It is so disheartening to come home to being part of an energy sacrifice zone," she lamented.
Organizers of the event, The Greenbrier River Watershed Association (GRWA) and West Virginia Rivers Coalition expressed the hope that the event would help raise peoples' awareness of the impacts of the proposed pipelines on what are considered relatively unspoiled areas of the state. Leslee McCarty, board member of the GRWA said, "We thought the name double -crossed conveyed not only the fact that the river will be crossed twice if the companies get their way, but also of the sense of betrayal felt by many community members"
Greenbrier Watershed Celebration
is grateful to our sponsors:
Bank of Monroe
Irish Pub
Plants Etc.
Richard Grist
S.J. Neathawk Lumber
Wolf Creek Gallery
And our partners:
Friends of the Lower Greenbrier
The Greenbrier River Trail is Open
July 18, 2017
Reports are that the repairs to the lower portion of the trail have allowed the trail to reopen from North Caldwell to Cass. Portions of the damaged lower section still need some TLC, but reports are that it is definitely bikeable! Everyone should be aware that there may be Preview Changessome hazards. We are so happy the trail is "whole" again! Thank you to everyone who helped make this a reality! Stay tuned for more updates.
See video of restored Greenbrier River Trail HERE
Trump Administration Moves to Undo Clean Water Protections
Angie Rosser, West Virginia Rivers Coalition
Washington DC – Today the Trump Administration put the sources of drinking water for more than half of West Virginians at greater risk, along with the streams and wetlands that filter pollution and provide habitat for wildlife, by starting the process to repeal the Clean Water Rule.
The rule was in place to clarify protections for West Virginia's vulnerable headwater streams under the Clean Water Act. Over half (54%) of West Virginians get their drinking water from sources that rely on small streams that were protected under this rule.
"This is a troubling day for water drinkers, river users, and wildlife in West Virginia," said West Virginia Rivers Coalition Executive Director Angie Rosser. "Our state's headwater streams supply the drinking water sources for millions of people; this rule was important for the health of our communities and everyone downstream."
Rosser said that for more than a decade, many of our streams have been stuck in a legal limbo caused by two divided Supreme Court decisions, actions of the previous administration and inaction by Congress. The rule clarified that 8,390 miles of streams that feed into West Virginia's drinking water sources were protected. Now those streams are put back at risk.
The Clean Water Act rule repeal announced today by the Trump Administration had been the subject of more than a million public comments, with 87 percent of those responding—including over 2,000 West Virginians, supporting the rule. Learn more.
Clean up begins on Greenbrier River waterways
Austin Davis
When looking at the rivers and creeks in Greenbrier County it's easy to spot trash and other debris left behind by last summer's floods. However, crews are working to clean it up to help prevent future flooding.
Trash piles filled with tires and debris, all from the Rupert/Rainelle area. The Human Resources Development Foundation is taking care of the fallen trees that play a big role in flooding issues.
"We had to cut the trees off in order for the water to flow the way it's supposed to because with the trees blocking, it's causing the water to build up which is going to cause a flood again," said Audie Sloan, Crew Leader for HRDF Greenbrier County. See video HERE
Make it Shine Volunteers Rock!
A chilly start, but the crew from the Greenbrier River Watershed Association was ready for the challenge! Anthony Boat Launch and
Campground Area is ready for the summer. Thanks to all that participated in this years Make it Shine event!
The Great Greenbrier River Race is in the books!
Congratulations to everyone!
2017 was the 31st annual Great Greenbrier River Race. The race is held the last Saturday in April each year. With great prizes, live music and good food,the event attracts a loyal following of racers and fans.
Originally a team event with four members, canoeists, bicyclist and runner, the race has now attracted many people who do it solo. But there is still room for the whole family or the family dog on a team! Kayaks and canoes are both encouraged and the many categories encourage prizes for many racers.
Check out the Watershed Group Videos, including ours, HERE
Currents is a celebration of the dozens of watershed groups that help protect, preserve and restore West Virginia's waterways, told in their own words. It premiered at the WV Rivers Film Festival in Morgantown on October 22, 2015. Currents is a production of the WVDEP, and was produced and directed by Michael Huff.
For Legislative Updates, please check the following:
West Virginia Environmental Council;
West Virginia Citizens Action Group;
West Virginia Surface Owners' Rights Organization
Greenbrier River in Pocahontas County. Photo credit to Kevin Jack Photography
Final EPA Report: Fracking Threatens Drinking Water
December 13, 2016
After years of researching the environmental effects of horizontal gas drilling, including the controversial practice called "fracking", the Environmental Protection Agency released a final report that highlights threats, but is still largely inconclusive.
Drilling practices that capture gas trapped in shale rock deep underground can contaminate drinking water – but federal regulators aren't sure how risky it is. That's the final takeaway from a $30 million report that took six years to finish. Continue
WV Supreme Court: No Pipeline Surveys for Private Gain
West Virginia property owners won an important case at the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals on Tuesday when that Court sided with Appalachian Mountain Advocates attorneys, ruling that the Mountain Valley Pipeline cannot survey for its proposed natural gas pipeline without landowner permission. The Court held that such a survey would constitute an illegal "private taking for private use," because the proposed pipeline would not benefit West Virginians. Full story click here
The Greenbrier River Watershed Association, founded in 1990, is one of the oldest watershed associations in the state. With this website, we hope to give the Greenbrier River Watershed residents and visitors the tools they need to take responsible care of the land that is home to the waters. Most importantly we hope that the people of these beautiful mountains get outdoors and enjoy wild and wonderful West Virginia. Come out and join us!
NEWS: Greenbrier River Watershed Association joins with Pipeline Update to provide the most up to date meeting information and news on proposed pipelines in our watershed. If you want the most recent news and information, go to http://pipelineupdate.org/ and see what is happening lots of folks are coming out to meetings all over West Virginia and Virginia!
More maps at Mountain Valley Pipeline
Download these from Dropbox:
Pocahontas County WV Map 9mb
Randolph County WV Map 14 mb
Upshur County WV Map 14 mb
Part 1 Harrison County WV Map 5mb
The Greenbrier River
From the wilds of Blister Swamp high in the Allegheny Mountains until it flows into the New River Gorge National River near Hinton, the Greenbrier River has carved its way almost two hundred miles through some of the most beautiful and unspoiled terrain on the East Coast. It is the longest free flowing river in the East, and boasts two of our newest wilderness areas, Spice Run and Big Draft.
One of the nation's oldest rail to trail conversions, the scenic Greenbrier River Trail parallels the river for almost eighty miles in Pocahontas and Greenbrier Counties, affording access to the river and some of the surrounding state parks and forest and the Monongahela National Forest.
The river and its tributaries provide drinking water for communities, water for agriculture and recreation, and home for abundant wildlife, including bald eagles, lynx, black bear, river otters and myriad of birds and mammals.


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Barbie Fairy Stars
Played 1481 times
Barbie Fairy Stars game information:
Barbie Fairy Stars is another type of point and click new hidden star game developed by hiddnogames.com. Find all the hidden stars within the time duration which are hidden on this Barbie Fairy movie pictures. Be careful because some object can make you confuse so click only on correct place. For your each 10 wrong click you will lose your 30 second. Good luck have fun!
How to play:
Use mouse to play this game.
Add this game to your website or blog!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Visit the Stavanger & Ryfylke regions
Urban nature break ™
Adventure holiday
Share this page...
Welcome to the Itinerary Planner. Use this tool to build your own journey or choose from an exciting range of specially selected tours.
To build your own Itinerary, click to add an item to your Itinerary basket.
Top attractions
Top attraction and natural wonder Preikestolen
Kids' favourites
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Street Address:
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WASHINGTON (AP) — U.S. businesses increased their stockpiles in September, further evidence that economic growth was stronger over the summer than first thought.
The Commerce Department says inventories grew 0.7 percent in September, after a 0.6 percent increase in August.
Retailers, manufacturers and wholesale distributors all boosted their stockpiles. Their sales rose 1.4 percent in September— the most in more than a year.
Companies typically increase their stockpiles when they anticipate sales will rise in coming months. Faster restocking helps drive economic growth. When businesses order more goods, it usually leads to more factory production.
Still, a separate report shows retail sales dropped in October. That suggests companies will have to cut back on rebuilding their stockpiles in the final three months of this year, which could slow economic growth.
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Hello everybody;
I am creating a 3d-map for a game (namely: Counterstrike) and I have developed an app that encrypts it with AES. (I want to protect it from outsiders)
The problem is that this game cannot read encrypted maps so I wonder if I could hook the CreateFile function in the game and replace it with a function that would decrypt the encrypted map into memory and let the game load it from there.
It sounds complicated for me, do you think it would be difficult?
I created first a launcher that takes the encryted map file from disk, decrypts it and stores it in the harddisk (unencrypted!) so that the game can load it but it can still be easily obtained by somebody without advanced knowledge.
I know that by loading the encrypted file from disk into memory and decrypting it from there is not a memory-dumper-proof option but it will at least harden attempts to get the map.
Thanks in advance, this is my first post in here and I hope I can help many of you in this wonderful community.
More information: (not required for answer this post but in case you are interested...)
If a friend of mine wants this map, he would have to let me use his computer and execute a program that would retrieve his computer MAC, harddisk ID, etc and would create a sha256 hash of this.
I will give the AES function this HASH as the key to encrypt a unique encrpyed-Map for him in my house. Then I will give my friend the program I want to create + the unique encrypted map.
If my friend gives the map to a third party, this person will not be able to use the map at all because the Hash created by my application would be different than the one required to decrypt it properly.


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Posted by Editoress on 12/21/09
From National Coach Richard Wooles:
Congratulations to all the athletes who competed at the World Cup in Cali, Colombia, you represented our country and the CCA track program well! Congratulations need to be extended to all the athletes who have been a part of the CCA track program this year as well, your commitment, enthusiasm, and positive energy have created a strong training group that has resulted in faster times and increased skill.
The track season is entering its second half and there are only a few CCA track projects left on the calendar. Having seen where we stand against the best in the world in the men's team pursuit, we believe it is a realistic goal to qualify for one of the 8 spots that will be available at the 2012 Olympic Games. We need to work harder and improve times in a training environment, especially over the next 10 months, as qualifying for London will begin in the 2010/11 season. Because greater improvements can be made in training, it has been decided that the next event for the men's team pursuit pool of riders will be a training camp in Los Angeles from February 8-13, rather than the China World Cup, in order to carry on the focus heading toward the 2012 Olympic Games. The main focus of the training camp in February will be the men's team pursuit.
The next project on the CCA track calendar will be a training camp scheduled for LA in January for final preparations heading in to the fourth and final World Cup in China. The athletes who have received invitations for this project are the Cali World Cup Gold Medal winning women's team pursuit team of Tara Whitten, Laura Brown, and Steph Roorda, the men's team sprint team of Travis Smith, Joseph Veloce, Stephane Cossette, as well as Monique Sullivan and Zach Bell. Julia Bradley was named as an alternate to the women's team pursuit and Allan Leparskas was named alternate to the men's team sprint. The team will travel directly from LA to China for the World Cup in Beijing on January 22-24, 2010.
Preparation for the World Championships will begin in March with a training camp in Burnaby, then a holding camp in Apeldoorn, Netherlands, before arriving for the season finale in Copenhagen, Denmark, March 25-28, 2010.
Videos from the third World Cup in Cali, Colombia have been updated to www.youtube.com/canadiantrackcycling. Updates are also being posted on our Facebook page (Canadian Track Cycling) and on Twitter (Cantrackcycling).
The 2009/10 calendar and 2010/11 tentative track calendar can be found on the CCA website - Track Program. Athletes and coaches who are interested in becoming involved in the national program are encouraged to contact Petrina, the CCA coordinator, at email@example.com.
We would like to thank [everyone] for [their] commitment to the National Track Program, it is because of your dedication that we are seeing successful results. The goal is to build on what has been started and you are all a valuable part of the process.
|Return to Cycling 4 Women homepage | Return to Canadian Cyclist homepage | Back to Top


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Community Updates/2009-03-20
From Openmoko
(added Kustomizer 4)
(fyp added)
|Line 18:
|Line 18:
* Android - Beta 4 announced, cupcake image - can someone add to this
* Android - Beta 4 announced, cupcake image - can someone add to this
==Applications ==
==Applications ==
Revision as of 12:25, 19 March 2009
English • العربية • Български • Česky • Dansk • Deutsch • Esperanto • Eesti • Español • فارسی • Suomi • Français • עברית • Magyar • Italiano • 한국어 • Nederlands • Norsk (bokmål) • Polski • Português • Română • Русский • Svenska • Slovenčina • Українська • 中文(中国大陆) • 中文(台灣) • Euskara • Català
Period 20, Feb~5, Mar, 2009
- Openmoko continues it's work on Om2009 release - On the release plan, Openmoko is going to put FSO milestone 5.5, the stable kernel, paroli and the new xorg-glamo drivers together and make most stable distro ever. The builds in March will be called Alpha builds, and will receive only partial testing. Start with Beta builds and full testing in April. From then on only critical features and bug fixes will be backported into the branch. At the end of May, release candidates (RC builds) will start generating.
- QT Extended moving along as a community project
- Android - Beta 4 announced, cupcake image - can someone add to this
- fyp 3.18 released
Application Updates
- Mokometeo 0.2 the small python/GTK application fetching the weather forecast
from Yahoo weather pages,has been released with some improvements and bug fixes. Changes that went in are
- added some "print" in the code
- debug the .mokometeo folder ; put the config folder in /home/root/.mokometeo/ instead of /.mokometeo/
- test if the connection to internet is ok. If not, display question marks
- backup the data each time data is downloaded and displayed. This data is used on the next Mokometeo startup
- added the date and time when the data has been downloaded
Check the page :http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Mokometeo for more details
- Fennec Beta 1 Released
This is the twelfth development milestone and the first beta release of the mobile version of Firefox, for testing purposes only. More details about this on: http://blog.pavlov.net/2009/03/17/fennec-1-beta-1/ http://www.mozilla.org/projects/fennec/1.0b1/releasenotes/ https://wiki.mozilla.org/Mobile/Build/Fennec
- Orrery 2.5 Released
A new version of the orrery sky-chart program has been released. In addition to several bug fixes, the new version includes support for displaying informal constellations (asterisms like the Big Dipper), a new to-scale display of the Solar System, information about the number of satellites used for the position fix in GPS mode and better support for displaying stars too faint for the unaided eye to see. Visit http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Orrery for more details.
GridPad v.2.1 Released
gvSIG Mobile 0.11 Released
KnjMokoWifi Released [More information]
- A browser review/comparison study of the best suitable browser
- Everyone can add test results of the browser compatibility to any of the distributions being used so that we may find the one that has the most potential and can be developed to a actual working browser.
- If anyone is looking for a Chess game on the Neo ,you could try Maemo.
This might be a good start for the application: http://repository.maemo.org/pool/maemo4.1/free/o/osso-chess-ui/ http://repository.maemo.org/pool/maemo4.1/free/g/gnuchess/
- Mid April: GSM buzz-fix party in Braunschweig, Germany Daniel Williams has
been glad to perform buzz fixes for phones that needs the fix.In order to gauge interest and plan ahead with respect to ordering Resistors/Capacitors he would like to know how many phones would come.If you are interested and would show up please mail him privately and also give information on how many phones you would bring.
- Kustomizer 0.4 released for 2008.12 [1]
Event News
- 2009-03-01/03-31 Harry' Openmoko Survey | Please help me with my free
software and Openmoko related academic research | Harry Tsai of Chang Gung Universtiy
- 2009-03-23/27 Apogee 2009 | Rakshat Hooja of IDA Systems will be speaking
about Openmoko
- 2009-03-30/04-03 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS CONFERENCE - SILICON VALLEY 2009 | San
Jose McEnery Convention Center, California | A huge Openmoko marketing event and Sean's speech 2009-04-01/02 Swiss Open Source Software Conference & Exposition | Bern, Switzerland | Openmoko Sean will give a speech
- 2009-04-06/08 CELF Embedded Linux Conference | ELC 2009 San Francisco,
5) Barcelona ,18/04/2009 Tuxbrain.com :First fix it party in Spain with the support of Openmoko at Barcelona,Boca Nord Linux Lab on 18/04/2009 more details in spanish : http://www.openmoko-spain.org/tiki-view_blog_post.php?blogId=1&postId=7
6) 2009-04-18/19 Open Source Developer's Conference | OSDC will hold in Taipei , Taiwan.
7) 2009-05-12/13 OSiM Asia | The Kowloon Shangri-la hotel, Hong Kong | Openmoko will give a speech
8) 2009-06-25/26 OPEN SOURCE IN MOBILE 2009 | to be held in Westin Taipei Taiwan | Openmoko Sean will give a speech
- Software.Cofundos.org - Following the programming contest,
software.Cofundos.org will help to boost any idea one has in mind and give an opportunity to earn some money for people who have the time/skills you may not have.This is a great platform for discussing and enriching ideas on upcoming/existing projects.
- New application contest organized by Rakshat Hooja
'Call Recorder cum Dictaphone Application for the Freerunner' on cofundus.org.Any one who wishes to contribute their time/skills and also get more details can check the following link - http://www.cofundos.org/project.php?id=154


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also check Out
Blueprints for a Nation
by ADÁL
El Puerto Rican Embassy represents a new generation of experimental Puerto Rican artists working at the margin of established art movements – who take risks which illuminate contemporary issues, question established cultural aesthetics and challenge dominant political issues.
Adál Maldonado, Artistic Director – El Puerto Rican Embassy
Welcome to El Puerto Rican Embassy where sovereignty is a state of mind
and everyone is welcome to party regardless of their party.
Below: West Side Story Redux, Adál Maldonado 1996 -2009


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Empowering Adolescent Girls through Education
Download full report: English
The global community is currently engaged in critical discussions on meeting the Education for All (EFA) goals and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 along with shaping the post-2015 development agenda. This paper argues that the international community should shift to a more transformative approach to girls rights and gender equity in order to overcome the structural barriers to girls education. The approach set forth here fosters the empowerment of girls and women to tackle the existing gender inequities in education as we move towards 2015 and beyond.


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Scots employees have revealed what they think are the top most socially awkward situations that inevitably happen in the workplace.
The poll comes as part of the British Heart Foundation Scotland's new Raise Funds Your Way campaign which aims to get workplaces fundraising to fight heart disease.
No matter where you are employed there is always going to be an uncomfortable moment that you just can't escape from.
From mild mishaps to extremely embarrassing encounters, the BHF Scotland poll has revealed what ranked highest in the list of the most cringe-worthy office situations.
Over a fifth of workers said making small talk by the tea point or when queuing for the microwave is at the top of the list. This was followed by spilling something down you before an important meeting.
Not knowing what to say to a colleague on the commute home from work came in third (17 per cent) followed by not knowing whether to say hello to a colleague in the toilets (15 per cent).
Some of these awkward encounters might be explained by the fact that over a third of people surveyed confessed they don't know the names of some of their colleagues (31 per cent) and were guilty of not knowing what many of their fellow employees actually do (21 per cent).
The poll revealed some workers even go to extraordinary lengths to avoid uneasy situations with colleagues by taking a different lift, eating their lunch at their desk or even taking an entirely different route home from work.
BHF Scotland is calling on workers across Scotland to avoid these socially awkward situations and get to know their colleagues better by holding a fundraising event at work and raising funds your way for life saving research.
Nearly two fifths of those questioned said fundraising in the workplace was a great way to break down barriers (39 per cent) and get to know colleagues, while 36 per cent said it helps to boost staff morale.
Barbara Osborne, head of community fundraising at BHF Scotland, said: "We've all had to endure those uncomfortable everyday work moments where you just don't know what to do or say in front of your colleagues.
"But fundraising at work is a fantastic way to build relationships with other employees and break down those barriers. So grab your colleagues and put those awkward moments to bed by raising funds your way to help us power more life saving discoveries in the fight for every heartbeat."
BHF Scotland urgently needs more people across Scotland to organise their own fundraising events to help fund heart research that will change the lives of those living with these devastating conditions.
Find out more at: www.bhf.org.uk/yourway


text: MinnesotaStateFair 0 Comments By Natasha Nicholes Natasha Nicholes I'm Mrs. Houseful. Or Natasha if you're not into nicknames! I'm a married mom of four. I love chatting it up with so many of you all. I love traveling, sewing, cooking, and trying new things. I also collect Box Tops For Education, and refer to myself as the crazy Box Tops Lady. Send me yours if you don't collect for your children! You need to contact me? Send me an email! firstname.lastname@example.com No Comments Our Houseful LOVES comments! It warms our hearts to know that you're touched by something enough to say hello! We'll respond back to you! Promise! Cancel reply This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.


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Article by MMAJunkie.com
Following last week's withdrawal of Bellator featherweight champion Pat Curran (17-4 MMA, 7-1 BFC) due to a broken orbital bone, his opponent, Patricio "Pitbull" Freire (17-1 MMA, 5-1 BFC), also has been scratched from Friday's Bellator 73 card.
Bellator officials today confirmed the change with MMAjunkie.com.
Taking its spot on the main card is a bout between undefeated light heavyweights Matt Van Buren (5-0 MMA, 2-0 BFC) and Mike Mucitelli (2-0 MMA, 0-0 BFC).
Bellator 73 takes place at Harrah's Tunica Hotel and Casino in Mississippi. The event's main card airs on MTV2 (and in high-definition on EPIX) following prelims on Spike.com.
A new date hasn't been determined for the Curran vs. Freire title fight, though it could come later this year in Bellator's seventh season, which kicks off Sept. 28.
Van Buren, a Virginia-based fighter, made his pro debut two years ago and has racked up five straight wins, three via stoppage. Since signing with Bellator in late 2011, he's posted a TKO win over Nick Nichols and a submission victory over Shawn Levesque.
Mucitelli, a well-rounded New York-based fighter, turned pro in 2010 and has posted back-to-back wins. Most recently, he submitted Eddie Hardison in July at a Matrix Fights event.
The Van Buren vs. Mucitelli winner is likely to earn consideration for an upcoming Bellator tournament slot.
The full Bellator 73 card now includes:
Marcos Galvao vs. Luis Nogueira (season-six bantamweight tournament final)
Attila Vegh vs. Travis Wiuff ("Summer Series" light-heavyweight-tourney final)
Ryan Martinez vs. Mike Wessel
Mike Mucitelli vs. Matt Van Buren
PRELIMINARY CARD (Spike.com)
Cosmo Alexander vs. Harry Johnson
Brian Albin vs. Jacob Noe
Amaechi Oselukwue vs. Kelvin Tiller
Andy Uhrich vs. Joe Williams
Jay Black vs. Brian Hall
Chris Coggins vs. Zach Underwood


text:
Posted by Editor on 12/4/02
Team Uniforms Program
We are pleased to announce that Canadian Cyclist will be working with Gita to bring their team uniform program to Canada. Canadian clubs and teams will now have the opportunity to order the same high quality Giordana clothing as used by the U.S. Postal squad, ONCE and other top pro teams, in their own designs. This clothing is identical in quality to the stuff used by the pros.
Within the next few days, a custom quote form will be launched, and teams/clubs will be able to put together an order online. After submitting the order, a free quote will be provided, and the team/club can place the order for delivery within 90 days after payment of a deposit and supplying design artwork (Gita will also provide design work, if required).
Memorial Ride for Bruno Van Hemelryck
Courtesy Mike Badyck
The South-western Ontario cycling community was greatly saddened by the passing of Bruno Van Hemelryck last week. The Woodstock Cycling Club wants to thank all of you who have emailed or called. It was great to have so many kind words come in from Bruno's friends. There were lots of ideas of how the club could celebrate Bruno's life and we have decided to proceed with combination of several suggestions. We feel that this is something that Bruno would really appreciate.
We will meet at the Pines at 6:30pm on Dec. 7th. We will ride a loop of the Pines and stop part way through and plant a small tree in Bruno's name. If you could bring a candle along it would be very special to take a moment, then, with our candles burning, to remember such a special guy. We will be there and we know Bruno will be with us too, in our hearts.
For directions to the Pines please go to www.woodstockcyclingclub.homestead.com/Pinesmap.html
P.S. Even if you don't ride with us come out anyway and we will have someone work as a guide to take you to our memorial area at the Pines on the 7th.
CCA BMX Racing 2003
Look out BMXer's, racing in Canada is back on track and the 2003 season will be one you won't want to miss out on... Here's what to know:
June 7 & 8 - Red Deer, AB Canada Cup #1, #2
June 28 - Ridge Meadows, BC Canada Cup #3
June 29 - Ridge Meadows, BC Canadian Championships *
August 30 - Lethbridge, AB Canada Cup #4 (Indoor)
August 31 - Lethbridge, AB Canada Cup Final (Indoor)
What to expect:
1. New spectator friendly format
2. Products may replace some trophies and awards
3. Pro Purses announced before all events
4. Podium presentations at all events
5. New Team racing program
* Canadian Championship open to Canadian racers only. Formats, sponsors and prizing to be announced at a later date. You will be required to race out-of-province at least once during the series. Stay tuned
Kevin O'Brien
CCA BMX Race Director
CCES News
The Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sports gathers news items from around the world, and occasionally we reprint one ones of interest to cyclists.
From Deutsche Presse-Agentur
November 29, 2002
Genetic doping a could be reality in five years
By Sebastian Fest
Madrid - When the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) announced that from the beginning of next year "genetic doping" would be added to their list of prohibited substances and methods, many questioned the decision.
Could genetic doping really be used by athletes? Did all this not belong to the realm of science fiction?
Doctor Peter Schjerling, a molecular biologist who is one of the leading world experts in the field, believes not only that the idea is not as far fetched as some people think but that it will put the problem of steroid abuse in the shade.
"Genetic doping does not yet exist, but it will arrive in a few years," Schjerling told Deutsche Presse-Agentur dpa. "It will be very efficient and practically undetectable. And perhaps even socially acceptable."
The Danish scientist says he is looking forward to a future where steroids and banned performance enhancers such as the synthetic hormone erythropoietin (EPO) administered exogenously, are obsolete and dispensable antiques.
"A white man could be the best sprinter or long distance runner like Kipketer (the Kenyan born athlete who runs for Denmark)," he says.
Schjerling explains that current development is not yet at this stage.
"Gene manipulation today is a lottery. We can introduce a gene into the human body, but we don't know what is going to happen, the gene is not controllable," he says.
"Today we could inject DNA into a muscle, and it (...) might work in one out of 10 cases, and perhaps five people would die."
Schjerling works together with Swedish scientist Bengt Saltin, another guru in muscular research and genetic doping, at the Centre of Molecular Research in Copenhagen.
The Danish facility is the world centre for the new discipline but research is also being carried out in Dallas at the Southwest Medical School, in Padua, Italy at the Schiaffino Institute and in London at UCL and in Montreal.
With so many scientists doing research in the area, does the danger not exist that someone somewhere might be experimenting with genes to create a "super athlete"?
"Of course it's possible that a crazy millionaire could hire a scientist. After all the German Democratic Republic did exist ... but the risk is enormous," Schjerling says in reference to the former East German government's sponsored doping of athletes.
The policy delivered a conveyor belt of champions for the former Communist state but also led to fatalities, mutations, and unwanted sex changes which have now led to compensation being paid to victims.
However, Schjerling agrees with U.S. magazine Scientific American's assertion that scientists will be able to know and control genes by 2008.
Once that happens, he says, genetic doping will be a reality and would be practically undetectable, since the proteins produced would be exactly the same as those already present in the human body.
The Dane gives an example.
"Let's say one injects the EPO gene into the body. Well, the only way to detect it would be to carry out a biopsy on the precise spot where the muscle was injected. Very difficult...And we would need the whole DNA sequence to detect the exogenous gene."
Although Schjerling says that WADA are right to add genetic doping to the list of banned substances and methods, the Danish scientist visualizes a future when genetic manipulation could be a positive contribution to sports.
"Today it would be a fraud. But in the future it could be socially acceptable if we are able to ensure it does not threaten the athlete's health."
For the world's sporting authorities it looks like genetic doping is a problem for which they have no detection methods and no solution and that it is it only a matter of time before the arrival of the first genetically modified champion.
Happy Birthday to...
Marc Sonntag, yesterday, and National Coach Jacques Landry, today.
|Return to Canadian Cyclist homepage | Back to Top


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He rushed to LA to be by her side after Hockey Day in Canada as the Senators schedule conveniently allowed for Mike Fisher to join his fiancée for Grammy weekend where they made their official Hollywood debut.
However, Carrie Underwood walked the carpet alone, telling Ryan Seacrest that she didn't want to feed Fisher to the wolves just yet. Or, as Michelle pointed out, she didn't want to share. Yeah, this seems more plausible. But she probably did need to squeeze the sh-t out of his hand as Taylor Swift won Album of the Year. Country Bitch undoubtedly has better vocals but Taylor writes her own songs. Which is why the Album of the Year award was so significant, representing an entire body of work.
And then there's the dressing problem. At first glance it wasn't too offensive. But the cheapness creeps up on you. The limp ribbon detail around the chest, the Housewives of New Jersey blowout, and the hem, the hem is discarded bridal fabric at a discount store. Jesus take the wheel, how hard can this be?
Photos from Jen Lowery/Splashnewsonline.com and Wenn.com


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Formula 1®
Formula 1®
Your ultimate F1 shop! We work directly with the teams and drivers to fill your F1 shop with authentic memorabilia. Our designers work with the F1 teams to re-engineer their race-used car parts for display in your home or office - all complete with certificates of authenticity.
Also in store are the best F1 artworks, epic signed action photos, ultimate Formula 1 gifts, F1 Replica Helmets and more.
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The memorabilia in our ultimate F1 shop is updated every week! Each piece of race-used Formula One memorabilia comes direct from the F1 teams and is very limited in quantity by its race-used nature. Many of our F1 gifts are one-offs - so once they're gone, they're gone. Shop your unique piece of F1 - direct from the team. Each official team memorabilia item in our F1 shop is sold officially; under licence and comes complete with a certificate of authenticity.


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American Peter Molnar wins Crafoord science prize
American scientist Peter Molnar has been awarded the 2014 Crafoord Prize in Geosciences for a groundbreaking contribution to the understanding of the driving forces behind plate motions and the place of continents in earth's evolution.
The prize jury said Molnar, a professor in geological sciences at the University of Colorado, innovatively combined geological and geophysical methods of inquiry with satellite measurements and modeling and paved the way to a new understanding of the formation of mountain ranges and their role in global tectonics.
The 4 million kronor ($620,000) prize is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to honor achievements not always covered by its more famous Nobel Prizes. It was named after Holger Crafoord, the Swede who designed the first artificial kidney.
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© 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.


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[singlepic id=355 w=300 h=300 float=right]A blog post titled "FACEBOOK: I WANT MY FRIENDS BACK" calls Facebook's 'promoted posts' strategy "the single most misguided thing a major corporation has ever deliberately done, bar none, in the entire history of American capitalism and the world". Published yesterday, the post has now gone viral, probably due to so many users, bloggers and small companies being fed up with needing to pay for their content to appear on their fans' pages:
"Facebook has taken a pee in their own pool from quite a lofty height, turning vast armies of 'influentials' against the company, people who are now making plans—born of necessity—to bolt from that pool and to stop putting any effort there. Furthermore, Facebook's greedy grab will have the knock-on effect of causing many blogs to simply throw in the towel, diminishing Facebook's own business ecosystem and Facebook's value to its own users to the point where only Axe Deodorant, Taco Bell and Nike will be showing up in your Facebook newsfeed, which after all, is pretty much the sole point of Facebook in the first place!".
Author Richard Metzger concludes: "They've deliberately broken their own product's biggest selling point" and asks "Whose idea was that?"
Read the eye-opening article here.


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Newstart decision 'leaves thousands hanging in the balance'
DESPITE more than 50 submissions from social services group calling for an increase to the Federal Government's Newstart Allowance, a Senate inquiry into Centrelink payments has not recommended any change.
A Senate committee reported its findings on the adequacy of the Newstart Allowance on Thursday.
But despite numerous submissions citing the fact that the allowance had not increased in real terms for 20 years, and majority support for an increase to the allowance, the majority of committee members did not recommend a rise in payments.
The committee was dominated by government members, which Greens Senator Rachel Siewert said had made a decision to leave thousands of single-parent families hanging in the balance.
Senator Siewert said due to changes to the government's welfare system coming into effect next year, some 84,000 single parent families would be added to the existing number of Australians receiving the payment.
"The failure of the committee to even recommend changing the indexation of Newstart will mean that the payment will continue to drift further from the real cost of living faced by those on a low income, while the other parties drift further out of touch with Australians doing it tough," she said.
Senator Siewert said the government should not be putting more people on an inadequate payment, and should be increasing the payment for those already receiving the welfare benefit.
"I've just this week received an email from a single mother, who said she will not only be put on the Newstart Allowance next year, but she will actually be $200 worse off a fortnight because of the government's decision," she said.
"Several of the government's own Senators expressed their preference for the allowance to be increased during the committee's inquiry, but the majority report has refused these people that increase.
"It is simply not appropriate for the government to be putting more people on a payment that is not enough to cover living expenses - they are putting more people into a situation of poverty."
While the committee report did not recommend an increase to the allowance, it did make several recommendations to improve the allowance, including an online calculator for payments.
The committee also recommended the government "consider" increasing the resources available to people in their first few weeks out of work.
Employment Minister Bill Shorten said the government would give "careful and serious consideration" to the report.


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Patagonia Women's Nano-Air® Light Hybrid Hoody
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Lecturer, James Cook University
What are the roots of Thailand's first state society? On one of the longest-running archaeological digs in Southeast Asia, Earthwatchers loo...
Earthwatch archaeologist Dr. Nigel Chang of Australia leads multiple digs in northern Thailand, exploring the history of an area that once included the seat of the Khmer Empire.
"Over the course of the excavations at Ban Non Wat, the local villagers have become increasingly involved," Dr. Chang has told Earthwatch. "Through funding from Earthwatch, the project is able to employ up to 40 villagers at the peak field season, with the aim of having at least one person from each household on the payroll. Thanks to the importance of the Thai cultural history unearthed at this location, plans are being discussed for developing infrastructure and an educational center in the area. This amazing cultural story unearthed in a small Thai village has dramatically shifted international understanding of Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures in Southeast Asia. After many busy and successful field seasons, it seems the team is on the threshold of more illuminating and fascinating results to come."
A notable find during the 2009/10 field season was an approximately 2,000-year-old dog burial. A beautifully preserved canine skeleton was buried as it might have lain in life, with its right forefoot curled around a ceramic dish and its head upright and resting on its left forefoot. It seems that this tradition of dog burials may have continued throughout the prehistoric occupation of Ban Non Wat, indicating that these dogs were important and familiar animals in the community.
Dr. Nigel Chang near a field in Thailand.
Working with research students as they continue to analyse and extract information from the wealth of finds.


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1. From Brian Eno's response:
I notice that the idea of 'community' has changed — whereas that term used to connote some sort of physical and geographical connectedness between people, it can now mean 'the exercise of any shared interest'. I notice that I now belong to hundreds of communities — the community of people interested in active democracy, the community of people interested in synthesizers, in climate change, in Tommy Cooper jokes, in copyright law, in acapella singing, in loudspeakers, in pragmatist philosophy, in evolution theory, and so on.Community as a concept has been emptied of its original meaning and been replaced by its opposite -- niches, the sign of refusal to deal with the compromises and explanations and negotiations that come from belonging to a community.
The Invisible Committee manifesto made a similar point about the "environment".
What has congealed as an environment is a relationship to the world based on management, which is to say, on estrangement. A relationship to the world wherein we're not made up just as much of the rustling trees, the smell of frying oil in the building, running water, the hubbub of schoolrooms, the mugginess of summer evenings. A relationship to the world where there is me and then my environment, surrounding me but never really constituting me. We have become neighbors in a planetary co-op owners' board meeting. It's difficult to imagine a more complete hell.
No material habitat has ever deserved the name "environment," except perhaps the metropolis of today. The digitized voices making announcements, tramways with such a 21st century whistle, bluish streetlamps shaped like giant matchsticks, pedestrians done up like failed fashion models, the silent rotation of a video surveillance camera, the lucid clicking of the subway turnstyles supermarket checkouts, office time-clocks, the electronic ambiance of the cyber café, the profusion of plasma screens, express lanes and latex. Never has a setting been so able to do without the souls traversing it. Never has a surrounding been more automatic. Never has a context been so indifferent, and demanded in return – as the price of survival – such equal indifference from us. Ultimately the environment is nothing more than the relationship to the world that is proper to the metropolis, and that projects itself onto everything that would escape it.
2. From Gerd Gigerenzer's response:
He argues that the internet is the latest in a series of technologies that "shifts our cognitive functions from searching for information inside the mind towards searching outside the mind." That is to say the informational organization schemes of our brains are supplanted by the ones that organize information online.
But search has gone from social to antisocial, he suggests: "This is not to say that before writing, the printing press, and the Internet, our minds did not have the ability to retrieve information from outside sources. But these sources were other people, and the skills were social, such as the art of persuasion and conversation. To retrieve information from Wikipedia, in contrast, social skills are no longer needed."
The search engine of the past was making smart friends and asking them good questions. Now we can fire a bunch of phrases into Google and peruse what comes back. More convenient, but atomizing. We now must deliberately choose to collaborate; ad hoc collaboration stemming from information sharing and seeking is disappearing. Also disappearing perhaps are the diplomatic arts of everyday life.


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Multiblanking Line Installed at Mexican Service Center
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Tuesday, May 1, 2012
Alutodo SA de CV, a subsidiary of Grupo Cuprum located in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, recently installed a Red Bud Industries' precision multiblanking line capable of processing material to ¼-in. thick and 60 in. wide. Included is Red Bud's precision grip feed system and CNC programmable slitter.
See also: Red Bud Industries, Inc.
Related Enterprise Zones: Coil Handling


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take (one's) ball and go home(redirected from take your ball and go home)
take (one's) ball and go home
To be so petulant in dealing with adversity, loss, or rejection that one quits or leaves abruptly, often disrupting other participants in the process. The image is of a child who leaves with the ball, thus preventing others from continuing to play the game. I didn't lose, you guys are playing wrong! That's it, I'm taking my ball and going home! I've heard that this new artist is a little temperamental, so, everyone, please be on your best behavior so he doesn't take his ball and go home.


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History of Chocolate: Chocolate in the American Colonies
by Rodney Snyder
In 2009, Mars Incorporated celebrated the publication of Chocolate: History, Culture and Heritage. The book was the culmination of ten years of collaborative research with UC Davis which investigated the early history of chocolate in the Americas. Over 200 archives, libraries, museums and private collections were visited by 115 researchers across the world to produce 56 chapters by 46 authors which illustrated that chocolate was surprisingly involved in every aspect of society. Chocolate is American history. It is more than just a food or confection. Chocolate reflects different groups of people, cultures and historical events from antiquity to the present, and allows us to share a common connection through time. Chocolate is inextricably woven throughout the fabric of North American history.
Chocolate in Mesoamerica
Humans have domesticated less than 500 plants throughout history, and none has captured the imagination and love of humans as the cocoa tree, the source of chocolate. The cocoa tree was first domesticated (or had its behavior, life cycle or appearance significantly altered by humans) at least 3500 years ago in the rain forests of Central and South America. Although chocolate is often associated with European culture, the roots of chocolate are firmly planted in the Americas. Since the only apple trees native to the Americas are crab apple trees, chocolate is more American than apple pie!
The presence of cocoa residue in potsherds has been traced back to at least 1500 BCE and the Olmec civilization. Throughout its Mesoamerican history, chocolate was consumed as a food in beverage form. The story of the origin of chocolate was included in religious beliefs and cocoa pods were part of religious ceremonies. Chocolate was reserved for adult males and consumed by priests, high government officials, military officers, distinguished warriors, and occasionally sacrificial victims for ritual purposes. Because the chocolate drink was perceived as intoxicating and stimulating, it was regarded as being unsuitable for women and children. The stimulating properties of the chocolate were probably due to the presence of theobromine, an alkaloid related to caffeine.
Chocolate Recipes and Manufacture
The first European interaction with cocoa occurred during the fourth voyage of Columbus to the New World in 1502. Columbus encountered cocoa beans but did not experience chocolate. In 1519, Hernando Cortés arrived at the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) and witnessed how chocolate was consumed in the royal court of Montezuma. The Aztec method of chocolate manufacture was described as:
"The Indians, from whom we borrow it, are not very nice in doing it; they roast the kernels in earthen pots, then free them from their skins, and afterwards crush and grind them between two stones, and so form cakes of it with their hands."
A typical Aztec chocolate recipe included ingredients such chili pepper and vanilla as flavorings and bee honey as a sweetener. A first-hand account of Aztec chocolate-making was written in 1556 by an anonymous European explorer:
"These seeds, which they call cacao, are ground and made into powder and put into certain vessels that have a spout. Then they add water and stir it with a spoon, and after it is well mixed they pour it back and forth from one vessel to another until it is foamy. The foam is gathered and put in a cup, and when they are ready to drink the beverage they beat it with some small spoons made if gold. To drink it one must open the mouth wide, for since it has a froth it is necessary to make room for it to dissolve and go in gradually. This drink is the most wholesome and substantial of any food or beverage in the world, because whoever drinks a cup of this can go through the day without taking anything else even if he is on a journey, and it is better in warm weather than in cold, since it is a cold drink."
Once the Spaniards became aware of chocolate, they modified the Aztec procedure to better suit their tastes. They added vanilla, which was indigenous to Mexico, and also sugar from recently established plantations in the Caribbean. When Cortés returned to Spain in 1528 with cocoa and the recipe for making chocolate, Charles I and the Spanish court readily accepted the cocoa drink. The importation of cocoa to Spain did not commence until after 1570, and chocolate eventually spread to Italy, Austria, and the rest of Europe. By the mid-1600's, the first chocolate houses were opening in England.
As the Europeans became more familiar with chocolate, they removed the chili pepper, added flavors such as anise, cinnamon, nutmeg, and orange peel, and replaced the bee honey with cane sugar. American Heritage Chocolate, produced by the Historical Division of Mars, Incorporated, uses these spices along with anise seed, annatto, and red pepper to replicate an authentic 18th century chocolate recipe.
A method for making a chocolate drink was written in 1769 in The Experienced English Housekeeper:
"Scrape four ounces of chocolate and pour a quart of boiling water upon it; mix it well and sweeten it to your taste; give it a boil and let it stand all night; then mix it again very well; boil it in two minutes, then mix it till it will leave the froth upon the tops of your cups."
By 1850, the chocolate process was relatively standardized as manufacturers followed the same basic steps. Starting with liquor and sugar, the process began with the mélangeur, which consisted of two heavy round mill-stones supported on a granite floor. The sugar and liquor were mixed until it reached the consistency of dough, which was fed into either granite or cast iron roller refiners. The dough transformed into a dry powder which went back to the mélangeur where the powder was again turned into dough. The grinding between the roller refiner and the mélangeur was repeated reached the chocolate was of the desired fineness. The dough was pressed into moulds to remove air bubbles, and the moulds were transferred to a cooling room. The chocolate was later removed from the moulds, wrapped in tinfoil and covered with a paper bearing the name and mark of the manufacturer.
Chocolate in the American Colonies
The first reference to chocolate in North America uncovered to date is from the Spanish ship Nuestra Senora del Rosario del Carmen, which arrived in St. Augustine, Florida with crates of chocolate in 1641. In 1670, Dorothy Jones and Jane Barnard opened a public house in Boston to sell chocolate, most likely imported from Europe. By 1682, a British report detailed cocoa exports from Jamaica to Boston. By inference, cocoa exports into the colonies can be assumed to be used for local chocolate production, marking the beginning of chocolate production in the American colonies.
Chocolate was mentioned in a North American newspaper as early as 1705, when cocoa and chocolate were advertised for sale in Boston at the warehouse of Mr. James Leblond on the Long Wharf near the Swing-Bridge in 1705. In 1716, the French suggested planting cocoa trees in the southern Mississippi River region to trade for sugar from Cuba. Unfortunately, the climate in the southern part of North America was not conducive to cocoa growing.
As demand for chocolate increased, manufacturing methods had to be scaled up to increase production capacity. In 1737, a Boston newspaper carried an advertisement for a hand-operated machine for making chocolate. That same year, an inventor in Massachusetts developed an engine to grind cocoa that was inexpensive to run and could produce 100 weight of chocolate in six hours.
By 1773, the demand for chocolate in the colonies resulted in the importation of over 320 tons of cocoa beans. Drinking chocolate was affordable to all classes of people and was available in most coffee houses, where colonists would gather to talk about politics and the news of the day.
Because chocolate could be transported in solid blocks without spoilage, it was used as a ration by the military. In 1755, Benjamin Franklin was able to secured six pounds of chocolate per officer as a special supply for soldiers marching with General Braddock's army at the onset of the French and Indian War. However, the British army was also eating chocolate: it was supplied to the British troops during construction of His Majesty's Fort at Crown Point, New York, in 1768. To ensure a supply of affordable chocolate for the military and to combat war profiteering, the Continental Congress in 1777 imposed price controls during the Revolutionary War for chocolate and cocoa. It was also forbidden to export chocolate from Massachusetts as it was required "for the supply of the army". When the British unexpectedly launched an attack against Fort Ticonderoga in 1777, the defenders abandoned the fort, along with huge quantities of munitions and suppliers which included twelve boxes of chocolate. Captain Moses Greenleaf had chocolate for both breakfast and supper to maintain his energy during his desperate retreat from the British.
From Chocolate Drink to Chocolate Confection
Drinking chocolate was ascribed to have a variety of medical benefits. It was purported to promote weight gain to restore flesh to emaciated patients, especially to those who suffered from tuberculosis. It was used to stimulate the nervous systems of feeble patients, and also to calm patients who were over-stimulated such as soldiers fresh from battle. It could improve digestion, and was used to bind to medicines to make them more palatable to patients.
Chocolate remained exclusively a drink until the mid-19th century when advertisements for solid eating chocolate first appeared. These chocolates were not well received by the public because of their coarse and gritty texture, important for an eating chocolate but not noticeable when made into a drink. In 1879 in Switzerland, Rodolphe Lindt developed a machine that resembled a conch shell to process his chocolate. This chocolate melted on the tongue and possessed a very appealing chocolate aroma. This was the beginning of the modern-day solid eating chocolate and began the transformation of chocolate from a drink to a confection. By the 1920's, eating chocolate had surpassed drinking chocolate in popularity.
The first milk chocolate designed for eating was developed by Daniel Peter in Switzerland in 1876. Peter developed a recipe incorporating condensed milk, cocoa powder, sugar, and cocoa butter. Peter's milk chocolate was an immediate success, and soon other companies developed their own versions of milk chocolate. By the 1930's, milk chocolate had become the most popular chocolate type.
Chocolate References from North America
- Henri Joutel was an eyewitness historian of the La Salle expedition of 1684, which sought to reach the mouth of the Mississippi River by sea in 1684. He mentioned drinking chocolate in his diary.
- Samuel Sewall, a Massachusetts judge best known for his involvement in the Salem witch trials, wrote about breakfasting on venison and chocolate in 1697.
- Benjamin Franklin sold locally produced chocolate in his Philadelphia print shop. In 1739, he was selling bibles and other books, pencils, ink, writing paper, and "very good chocolate."
- John and Abigail Adams were very fond of chocolate. In 1779, John Adams, while in Spain, wrote, "Ladies drink chocolate in the Spanish fashion. Each lady took a cup of hot chocolate and drank it, and then cakes and bread and butter were served; then each lady took another cup of cold water, and here ended the repast." Abigail Adams, writing to John Quincy Adams in 1785, described drinking chocolate for breakfast while in London.
- In 1785, Thomas Jefferson predicted that chocolate would become the favorite beverage in North America over coffee and tea. This prediction came after the Boston Tea Party and the rejection of tea by the colonists, and prior to the widespread consumption of coffee in North America.
- George and Martha Washington requested more cocoa shells in 1794 to make "cocoa tea."
Modern-Day Chocolate
When someone drinks hot chocolate today, it is a beverage made with cocoa powder (cocoa without the cocoa butter), milk powder, sugar and water. Although this is a pleasant drink, particularly in the wintertime, this hot chocolate is barely related to the chocolate drink enjoyed in Colonial America. The Colonial American chocolate drink was prepared with liquid or scraped chocolate instead of cocoa powder, and produced a much more intense chocolate flavor and aroma. It also possessed a thicker mouth feel, similar to the difference between skim milk and full-fat milk. This combination of flavor and texture explains why drinking chocolate was enjoyed as a nutritious, great-tasting food for thousands of years.
By the beginning of the 21st century, manufacturers had refined all of the processing techniques first practiced by the Olmecs into highly controlled, mass production processes. After almost four hundred years of innovations in chocolate manufacturing, the captivating aroma and seductive flavor of chocolate is still enticing scientists to discover new advances in both technology and product development.
Today, the health benefits of dark chocolate are well known, and a trip through the grocery store provides evidence that chocolate has infiltrated a diverse selection of edible products. Chocolate has evolved over its history from a drink to a confection, but regardless of its form, it has elicited a multitude of responses from its consumers. Chocolate is a part of our past that will continue far into our future.Rodney Snyder is Chocolate History Manager for MARS Chocolate Inc. Discover American Heritage Chocolate at www.americanheritagechocolate.com.


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Belhaven holds national accreditation in all areas of the arts including dance, music, theatre and visual arts. With stunning arts facilities, a dynamic arts faculty and a gifted community of emerging artists, Belhaven University is now poised to embark on a new level of international influence in the arts. Dr. Colin Harbinson, who served as the Dean of the Arts at Belhaven College, now Belhaven University from 2000-2007, transitioned to lead StoneWorks-a Belhaven University global arts initiative.
StoneWorks-its name taken from the text and context of Isaiah 62:10-will build on and further solidify the College's leadership role in the arts community around the world and will focus on the spiritual and artistic formation of the next generation of Christians in the arts.
Harbinson says, "The neglect of the imagination in life and faith has had a destructive impact on the Body of Christ for centuries. It is time for God's people to weep over our cultural disobedience and neglect of God's good and creative gifts. It is time for the artist and the church to weep together over their mutual alienation. And, it is time for our tears to turn into action."
If the church is to remain relevant in its communication of the Christian narrative to our culture, the arts and the imagination must be recovered.
The time is right for Belhaven University to take a wider leadership role in the spiritual, creative and missional formation of the next generation of artists who will reclaim the world of the arts and the imagination for Christ.
"It is only in the most recent decades that the Church has begun to move toward reclaiming the worship of God through the arts. No one in the world has a better grasp than Colin on the issues, and a vision for how the Arts and the Church need to again be strengthened together," said Dr. Roger Parrott, President of Belhaven University. "He is uniquely gifted to work with the world's leading artists, or at the other end of the spectrum, those who have given up all hope for any redeeming value in the arts."
StoneWorks will be a catalyst for Belhaven University to bring together other Christ-centered organizations, groups and individuals to implement the recommendations of the Redeeming the Arts paper, commissioned by the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelism-with a focus on the church, the academy, the marketplace and the foreign mission sectors of the Body of Christ.
"It is a new day for the arts within the life and mission of the Church," said Dr. Harbinson, "and Belhaven is privileged to serve on the forefront of a rapidly growing global movement of Christians engaged in the arts-one that will ultimately transform the Church and the culture-to the glory of God."
"Pass through, pass through the gates! Prepare the way for the people.
Build up, build up the highway! Remove the stones.
Raise a banner for the nations."


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This homemade costume for boys entered our 2012 Halloween Costume Contest.
A word from Karla, the 'Caught in the Potty' costume creator:
My 10 year so Michael picked out what he wanted to be! He loved it! We started with a cardboard box , spray paint, lots of duct tape, a back pack paper machied head, glasses... Read more »