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Participation in INI programmes is by invitation only. Anyone wishing to apply to participate in the associated workshop(s) should use the relevant workshop application form.
Organisers: Wally Gilks (Leeds), Daniel Huson (Tübingen), Elisa Loza (Rothamsted Research), Simon Tavaré (Cambridge), Gabriel Valiente (Technical University of Catalonia) and Tandy Warnow (Texas at Austin)
Scientific Advisory Committee: Vincent Moulton (East Anglia), Mihai Pop (Maryland)
Programme Theme
Metagenomics is the study of the total genomic content of microbial communities. In metagenomic studies, DNA material is sampled collectively from the microorganisms that populate the environment of interest (e.g. agricultural soil, ocean water, or the human gut). The extracted DNA sequences are subsequently used to profile the environment and its biodiversity, its dominant microbial classes or biological functions, and whether and how this profile differs from those of other environments.
The impact of metagenomics in our understanding of the natural world has been, and will continue to be, revolutionary and profound. Insights derived from metagenomic studies have become increasingly relevant in areas as diverse as human health, bioenergy, environmental sciences and paleontology.
This research programme will bring together leading expertise in the multiple disciplines involved in metagenomics including mathematics, computer science, probability and statistics, biomedical research and biology.
The brief of the programme will be to explore the major current analytical and computational open problems in metagenomics, and to identify opportunities for application and development of theory and methods, with an emphasis on synergy between disciplines.
Particular themes will include:
- Community profiling and comparative metagenomics
- Assembly of metagenomic data in the context of evolving NGS platforms
- Community structure and dynamics: beyond taxonomic and functional characterisation
- Analysis of microbial community transcriptomes, proteomes and metabolomes
These themes provide a rich source of mathematical problems in areas such as probability and statistics theory, dynamic programming, combinatorics and graph theory.


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What started as a sales enablement initiative has grown into a company-wide knowledge sharing solution. Bloomfire gives Insperity a way to securely share sensitive information across their 60 U.S. locations.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Joseph L. Goldstein
Srinivasan Chandrasegaran, C. Korin Bullen, Dana Carroll
On Jan 27, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order banning the citizens of 7 countries from obtaining US entry visas for the next 90 days. Since the announcement, the news media have devoted a large portion of their coverage to the ban and its political ramifications. There have been arguments made by both sides that the ban will make our country safer, while others have argued that this executive order will result in the weakening of our country and bolstering of our enemies. As a physician-scientist who was born in Iran and immigrated to the US, I will stay away from the politics of this executive order; rather, I want to discuss the impact of the immigration ban on scientific discourse, education, and research programs, and how it may influence the dissemination of knowledge to physicians and scientists in low- and middle-income countries. I will use my own experience as an example of how the educational and scientific systems in this country benefit those who strive to learn in a free and intellectually stimulating environment.
Hossein Ardehali
The extramural General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) program has been funded for more than 50 years, first by the National Center for Research Resources, NIH, and more recently as part of the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) program through the newly formed National Center for Advancing Translation Sciences (NCATS). The GCRCs represent the federally funded laboratories that employ a highly trained cadre of research nurses, dietitians, and other support staff and in which generations of clinical investigators trained and performed groundbreaking human studies that advanced medical science and improved clinical care. Without the opportunity for adequate discussion, NCATS has now stopped funding these Research Centers. In this "eulogy," we review the origins and history of the GCRCs, their contributions to the advancement of medicine, and the recent events that have essentially defunded them. We mourn their loss.
David G. Nathan, David M. Nathan
The 5th anniversary of the Fukushima disaster and the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster, the two most catastrophic nuclear accidents in history, both occurred recently. Images of Chernobyl are replete with the international sign of radioactive contamination (a circle with three broad spokes radiating outward in a yellow sign). In contrast, ongoing decontamination efforts at Fukushima lack international warnings about radioactivity. Decontamination workers at Fukushima appear to be poorly protected against radiation. It is almost as if the effort is to make the Fukushima problem disappear. A more useful response would be to openly acknowledge the monumental problems inherent in managing a nuclear plant disaster. Lessons from Chernobyl are the best predictors of what the Fukushima region of Japan is coping with in terms of health and environmental problems following a nuclear catastrophe.
Andrew R. Marks
This position statement originated from a working group meeting convened on April 15, 2015, by the NHLBI and incorporates follow-up contributions by the participants as well as other thought leaders subsequently consulted, who together represent research fields relevant to all branches of the NIH. The group was deliberately composed not only of individuals with a current research emphasis in the glycosciences, but also of many experts from other fields, who evinced a strong interest in being involved in the discussions. The original goal was to discuss the value of creating centers of excellence for training the next generation of biomedical investigators in the glycosciences. A broader theme that emerged was the urgent need to bring the glycosciences back into the mainstream of biology by integrating relevant education into the curricula of medical, graduate, and postgraduate training programs, thus generating a critical sustainable workforce that can advance the much-needed translation of glycosciences into a more complete understanding of biology and the enhanced practice of medicine.
Peter Agre, Carolyn Bertozzi, Mina Bissell, Kevin P. Campbell, Richard D. Cummings, Umesh R. Desai, Mary Estes, Terence Flotte, Guy Fogleman, Fred Gage, David Ginsburg, Jeffrey I. Gordon, Gerald Hart, Vincent Hascall, Laura Kiessling, Stuart Kornfeld, John Lowe, John Magnani, Lara K. Mahal, Ruslan Medzhitov, Richard J. Roberts, Robert Sackstein, Rita Sarkar, Ronald Schnaar, Nancy Schwartz, Ajit Varki, David Walt, Irving Weissman
Clinical investigators within the Canadian and international communities were shocked when the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) announced that their funding for the MD/PhD program would be terminated after the 2015–2016 academic year. The program has trained Canadian clinician-scientists for more than two decades. The cancellation of the program is at odds with the CIHR's mandate, which stresses the translation of new knowledge into improved health for Canadians, as well as with a series of internal reports that have recommended expanding the program. Although substantial evidence supports the analogous Medical Scientist Training Program in the United States, no parallel analysis of the MD/PhD program has been performed in Canada. Here, we highlight the long-term consequences of the program's cancellation in the context of increased emphasis on translational research. We argue that alternative funding sources cannot ensure continuous support for students in clinician-scientist training programs and that platform funding of the MD/PhD program is necessary to ensure leadership in translational research.
David D.W. Twa, Jordan W. Squair, Michael A. Skinnider, Jennifer X. Ji
Fraudulent business practices, such as those leading to the Enron scandal and the conviction of Bernard Madoff, evoke a strong sense of public outrage. But fraudulent or dishonest actions are not exclusive to the realm of big corporations or to evil individuals without consciences. Dishonest actions are all too prevalent in everyone's daily lives, because people are constantly encountering situations in which they can gain advantages by cutting corners. Whether it's adding a few dollars in value to the stolen items reported on an insurance claim form or dropping outlier data points from a figure to make a paper sound more interesting, dishonesty is part of the human condition. Here, we explore how people rationalize dishonesty, the implications for scientific research, and what can be done to foster a culture of research integrity.
Nina Mazar, Dan Ariely
The 2014 NIH Physician-Scientist Workforce (PSW) Working Group report identified distressing trends among the small proportion of physicians who consider research to be their primary occupation. If unchecked, these trends will lead to a steep decline in the size of the workforce. They include high rates of attrition among young investigators, failure to maintain a robust and diverse pipeline, and a marked increase in the average age of physician-scientists, as older investigators have chosen to continue working and too few younger investigators have entered the workforce to replace them when they eventually retire. While the policy debates continue, here we propose four actions that can be implemented now. These include applying lessons from the MD-PhD training experience to postgraduate training, shortening the time to independence by at least 5 years, achieving greater diversity and numbers in training programs, and establishing Physician-Scientist Career Development offices at medical centers and universities. Rather than waiting for the federal government to solve our problems, we urge the academic community to address these goals by partnering with the NIH and national clinical specialty and medical organizations.
Dianna M. Milewicz, Robin G. Lorenz, Terence S. Dermody, Lawrence F. Brass, the National Association of MD-PhD Programs Executive Committee
As academic physician-scientists, one of the most important things we do is mentor young trainee-scientists. There obviously is no one right way to mentor or a set of rules one can follow; it's a very personal matter, and very much depends on one's personality. For much of my career, I gave very little thought as to how I mentored my trainees or to whether I was any good at it. Like many investigators, perhaps, I was just too busy with the daily activities of research to consider how I was guiding my students. Here, I take a look back and reflect on my experiences as a mentor and the factors that I believe contribute to the success of trainees as independent scientists.
Robert J. Lefkowitz
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'To imagine myself living in an ancient culture has always been an inspiration in my artwork.'
The art images I make are my interpretation of artistic time travel, of living in ancient cultures that still speak to me, of creating through their forms, styles, and techniques. Through a visual dialogue between old and new technologies, rough and smooth surfaces, dark and light personalities, I try to bring the past and the present together.
My ceramic vessels and sculpture draw on meaningful aesthetic roots of certain ancient artistic traditions: Cycladic, Egyptian, Mayan, Jomon, and Inuit. At the same time, I try to create a personal vocabulary of forms and surfaces. Most of my expertise in using ancient ceramic techniques comes from personal experimentation, using my own limited studio facilities. I like to put myself into the state of mind of someone who faces only a lump of clay, simple tools, and a pile of sticks and leaves for firing.
I use both high and low-fire clays to make my work. Most of the forming is handbuilt using pinching, coils, slabs and my own press-molds. I sometimes coat my work with terra sigillata or colored slips but never use glaze as I don't plan to fire it high enough to melt glaze.
I burnish or polish the sculpture or vessel with a stone, bisque fire it in an electric kiln at about cone 010 or 08 and then smoke fire patterns on it using different resist methods. The smokefiring is usually accomplished by making a fire in a ring of house bricks using dry pine straw, oak leaves, and shredded newspaper. I find it necessary to also use an old discarded lid from a barbecue cooker, to keep from setting the woods on fire, and a cookie sheet to fan the fire.
After the pieces are cooled-to-touch I wash them to remove soot and resist, then wax them with acrylic floor wax.
Born. Durante, OK, USA, 1943
I hold a BFA in ceramics from the University of Tulsa, and have independently studied primitive pottery-making methods for thirty years. Over the years I have used my artistic talents in book illustration, commercial art, and advertising, as well as ceramics.
At present I am a full-time, studio artist. Since 1996 the focus of my work has been on creating works in clay, which have been exhibited in public and private art centers and galleries, throughout the Southeast USA.
Education in the Arts:
1961 University of the Philippines, Art History, Painting
1962 - 64 Oklahoma State University, Painting and Ceramics
1971 University of Tulsa, BFA in Ceramics
1974 - 76 Rhode Island College, Graduate Program in Art Education
1999 - Mysteries and Magic - ceremonial vessels - Window On Gaines Gallery Tallahassee, FL
2003 - Other Places Other Times - A Rediscovery of Ourselves - 621 Gallery of Tallahassee, Fl
Two Artists Exhibitions
1997 - Waiting to Transcend - M.Donahue, E.West. LeMoyne Art Foundation, Tallahassee,FL
2000 - Evoking Encounters - ceremonial vessels by M. Donahue, photos B.Press. Mount Dora Center for the Arts, Mount Dora, FL
2000 – Sea Vision – Mary Donahue, Paul Walker, Artzania Gallery, Tallahassee, FL
2001 - Ornamental Spirit - Mary Donahue, Sam Nicely, Greig Hubbart, Colquitt County Art Center, Moultie, Georgia
2002 - Illuminations - Lighted Ceramic Sculpture & Spirit Vessels, M Donahue & Y Tucker, Le Moyne Art Foundation, Tallahassee, Florida
2005 – Illuminations – Mind and Spirit – M. Donahue, M.Fletcher – Aurora Gallery, Annapolis, MD
2012 – Spring Exhibition, Signature Gallery, Tallahassee, FL
2012 – South Woodstock Art Fair, Tallahassee, FL
2012 - Artists in the Garden, Tallahassee Nursery Garden Fair, Tallahassee, FL
2011 - Personal Papers, Paper Guild of the FSU Artist League, Museum of Fine Arts, FSU, Tallahassee, FL
2011 - Summer Annual - Artists League FSU Art Museum, , Tallahassee, FL
2011 - Artists in the Garden, Tallahassee Nursery Garden Fair, Tallahassee, FL
2011 - LeMoyne Center for the Arts, Invitational, Holiday Exhibit, Tallahassee, FL
2011 - Fire and Fiber, Big Bend Pottery Guild & Weavers, 2010 Gallery, Tallahassee, FL
2010 - FSU Artist League, Museum of Fine Arts, , Tallahassee, FL
2010 - Summer Annual - Artists League FSU Art Museum, , Tallahassee, FL
2010 – Art and Antiques, Juried Fair - Artists League FSU Art Museum, , Tallahassee, FL
2010 - LeMoyne Center for the Arts, Invitational, Tallahassee, FL
2009 - Summer Annual - Artists League FSU Art Museum, Tallahassee, FL
2009- Alabama Clay Conference, Members Show, Mobile, AL
2009 – Art and Antiques, Juried Fair - Artists League FSU Art Museum, , Tallahassee, FL
2008 - Artists in the Garden, Tallahassee Nursery Garden Fair, Tallahassee, FL
2008 – Synergie, Juried exhibition, Artists League FSU, Claud Pepper Museum, Tallahassee, FL
2008- Alabama Clay Conference, Members Show, Troy University, Troy, AL
2007 – Museum of Fine Arts, FSU, Artist League Invitational, Tallahassee, FL
2006 - Artist League Museum of Fine Arts FSU, Valdosta Art Center, Valdosta, GA
2005 – Psychological Self Portrait, Cultural Resources Com., Tallahassee City Hall Gallery, Tallahassee, FL
2005– Synergie, Artists League FSU Art Museum, Tallahassee Airport Gallery,Tallahassee, FL
2005 – Illuminations – Mind and Spirit – Mary Donahue, M Fletcher, Aurora Gallery, Annapolis, MD
2004 – Earth, Wind, Fire and Water, FSU Artists League Show,Gadsden Art Center, Quincy, FL
2004 - Florida Craftsmen 50th Anniversary Traveling Exhibition , University of Florida Gallery, Gainville, FL
2004 - LeMoyne Art Foundation 40th Anniversary Exhibition, Tallahassee, FL
2004 - Juried Fair - Prize for excellence.Mount Dora Center for the Arts, Mount Dora, FL,
2004 - Chain of Parks, Art Fair, Second Prize LeMoyne Art Foundation, Tallahassee, Florida
2004 – Breaking Up Is Hard To Do, 6 Women Artists, Group Showing, 621 Gallery, Tallahassee, FL
2004- Florida Craftsmen 50th Anniversary Traveling Exhibition , Gadsden Art Center, Quincy, FL
2004 - LeMoyne Art Foundation , Florida by Florida Artists, Invitational ,Tallahassee, FL
2003 - Wonder, The Human Condition - Invitational, LeMoyne Art Foundation, Tallahassee
2003 - Florida Craftsmen 50th Anniversary Traveling Exhibition ,DeLand Museum of Art
2003 - Art Fair - FSU Art Museum , members show Artists League FSU Art Museum , Tallahassee, FL
2002 - Florida Craftsmen Invitational, Northern Spectrum, Gadsden County Art Center, Quincy
2001 - Chain of Parks, Art Fair, Second Prize LeMoyne Art Foundation, Tallahassee,
2001 - Clay Rocks - state wide ceramics show Florida Craftsmen Inc., St. Pertersburg
2000 - Big Shoe Show - St. Louis City Museum, St. Louis, Missouri
1999 - Contemporary Craft/Art of North Florida, FAM University, Tallahassee, FL


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Cosmic Shimmer Metallic Gilding Polish - Electric Blue
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text:
James Deen picked up the lovely Tasha Reign at a club, and now she's expecting some seriously hot stranger sex. What she's not expecting is James' wife Courtney sitting at home, horny and ready to bang! But Courtney puts Tasha at ease in no time, and soon both babes are ass up and enjoying a fucktastic threesome! Collapse
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Faculty in Focus
October 28, 2013
Lewis & Clark professors are exceptional teachers and mentors, as well as respected researchers and innovators in their fields. Get to know three of our faculty members in the videos below, and then schedule a campus visit to sit in on a class.
Brian Detweiler-Bedell
Associate Professor of Psychology
Brian discusses his advanced statistics course (PSY 311), writing about beauty, and his relationship with students inside and outside of the classroom.
Elizabeth Safran
Associate Professor of Geological Science and Director of Environmental Studies
Elizabeth talks about her research on landscape evolution in eastern Oregon, field trips to Mount St. Helens, and how Lewis & Clark is unique in its framing and approach to teaching environmental issues.
Philippe Brand
Assistant Professor of French
Philippe describes his research on French and Francophone literature and discusses how language study can help you find your place in the world.
Lewis & Clark Admissions Academics


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Robert Lee Lyles Jr., who had two careers in his 69 years and excelled at each, died May 27 at his home in Annapolis.
A scientist, physician and state policy adviser, Dr. Lyles "was a modern renaissance man with a tremendous curiosity," said Gene Ransom, CEO of MedChi, the Maryland State Medical Society.
In April, Dr. Lyles was honored by the Maryland Society of Anesthesiologists by having a scholarship created in his name, "established to support the efforts of MSA members to promote the specialty of anesthesiology and preserve the appropriateness and safety of the delivery of anesthesia in Maryland."
Mr. Ransom, a friend of nearly 20 years, described Lyles as a tireless worker who always had his next project lined up. At the time of his death, from prostate cancer, he was working on pain management research, Ransom said.
"This was someone who really thought about things. He knew so much and could talk about anything," he said. "But it was always a two-way conversation. He really listened."
An amateur astronomer, Dr. Lyles was reassembling and installing a telescope with a 16-inch lens at his home observatory in the years before his death.
"He wasn't interested in just having a telescope. He found an old, but huge, telescope at a company in New England and he had it tractor-trailered to his house," said son-in-law Mark Thistel. "He wanted to see to the end of the universe."
A late-comer to the medical profession — he didn't start medical school until he was 36 — Dr. Lyles left his mark in Maryland. He served on the Maryland Health Care Commission from 2008 until February, and was president of the Maryland Society of Anesthesiologists and the Anne Arundel Medical Society, 2008-2010.
"When Bob told me about the stuff he'd done, I was dumbfounded. His curriculum vitae was closer to a book than a CV," said Dr. Tim Robinson, past president of the Maryland Society of Anesthesiologists. "But he was humble. You'd never guess that he held an M.D., two Ph.D.s and a master's degree."
Dr. Lyles chaired the medical society's legislative committee and was point man on legislation affecting patient care.
"He had an ability to work a room, but he was stealthy," said Mr. Ransom. "You might not have known he was in the room, but by the end of the meeting he would have shaken every hand and talked to everybody."
Born June 7, 1943, in Lynchburg, Va., Dr. Lyles was the son of a foundry worker. Public school bored him, family members said, and he had mediocre grades. But encouraged by teachers, he took the Scholastic Aptitude Test and scored in the top 1 percent.
Dr. Lyles was accepted at the University of Virginia but left after a year, when he found high school hadn't prepared him for the engineering program. He corrected those deficiencies by getting accepted into General Electric's management training program and enlisting in the Virginia Air National Guard in 1962. He later enrolled in Lynchburg College, where he earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics, economics and physics in 1969.
While visiting Norfolk in 1964, he met Frances Sallick on a blind date set up by her sister, and they married in 1967. He re-entered the University of Virginia and received a master's degree in materials science in 1971 and his doctorate in bio-materials three years later.
He shared a patent with the university for work he did with the Research with Infectious Diseases Group. Upon receiving his doctorate, he was hired as facility manager for Argonne National Laboratory, a nonprofit research arm run by the University of Chicago for the Department of Energy. He worked there for two years, according to family members.
Dr. Lyles then decided to alter his career path to pursue a medical degree. He attended Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, graduating in 1981 as president of his class. He moved his family to Baltimore while he completed an internship at Franklin Square Hospital, and later became attending anesthesiologist and director of anesthesia pain services at Maryland Shock Trauma.
He was later chief of anesthesiology at Jefferson Hospital in Alexandria, Va., and Doctors Community Hospital in Lanham. In 2001, he founded and was medical director at Lifestream Health Center in Bowie, seeing patients until a month before his death.
"Dr. Lyles lived a life that mattered," said Barbara Brocato, a legislative lobbyist and friend of 15 years. "It felt good to be a part of his life."
Dr. Lyles was an active member of the Antique Telescope Society, the American Society of Metallurgy and the New York Academy of Science.
In addition to his wife of 45 years, he is survived by daughter Robyne L. Lyles of Baltimore, and two sons, Robert L. Lyles III of Cockeysville and Ryan L. Lyles of Annapolis.
Visitations will be held at the Mitchell-Wiedefeld Funeral Home at 6500 York Road, from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. and 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. Monday. A memorial service will be held at 7:30 p.m. Tuesday at the Maryland Science Center. The family suggests memorial donations be made to prostate cancer gene research at Johns Hopkins' Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center.


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State Codes and StatutesStatutes > West-virginia > 51 > 51-2a-14
§51-2A-14. Review by circuit court; record; standard of review; temporary order upon demand.
(a) The circuit court may refuse to consider the petition for appeal may affirm or reverse the order, may affirm or reverse the order in part or may remand the case with instructions for further hearing before the family court judge.
(b) In considering a petition for appeal, the circuit court may only consider the record as provided in subsection (d), section eight of this article.
(c) The circuit court shall review the findings of fact made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous standard and shall review the application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion standard.
(d) If the circuit court agrees to consider a petition for appeal, the court shall provide the parties an opportunity to appear for oral argument, upon the request of either party or in the discretion of the court. The provisions of this subsection are effective until the adoption of rules by the Supreme Court of Appeals governing the appellate procedures of family courts.
(e) If the proceeding is remanded to the family court, the circuit court must enter appropriate temporary orders for a parenting plan or other allocation of custodial responsibility or decision-making responsibility for a child, child support, spousal support or such other temporary relief as the circumstances of the
parties may require. If the circuit court remands the case to the family court, it must state the legal or factual issues to be considered by the family court on remand. If the family court determines that the consideration of those issues also requires consideration of collateral or interdependent issues, the family court may also consider those other collateral or interdependent issues.
(f) The circuit court must enter an order ruling on a petition for appeal within sixty days from the last day a reply to the petition for appeal could have been filed. If the circuit court does not enter the order within the sixty-day period or does not, within the sixty-day period, enter an order stating just cause why the order has not been timely entered, the circuit clerk shall send a written notice to the parties that unless the parties both file an objection within fourteen days of the date of the notice, the appeal will be transferred to the Supreme Court of Appeals as provided in section fifteen of this article due to the failure of the circuit court to timely enter an order. The appeal shall be transferred without the necessity of the filing of any petition or further document by the petitioner.


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text: A team of researchers at Virginia Tech University have developed a battery with energy density an order of magnitude higher than lithium-ion batteries, while being almost endlessly rechargeable and biodegradable as well – because it's made of sugar. The battery is an enzymatic biofuel fuel cell – a type of fuel cell that uses a catalyst to strip molecules from molecules of a fuel material. Instead of using platinum or nickel for catalysts, however, biofuel cells use the catalysts made from enzymes similar to those used to break down and digest food in the body. Sugar is a good fuel material because it is energy dense, easy to obtain and transport, and so simple to biodegrade that almost anything biological can eat it. Sugar-based fuel cells aren't new, but existing designs use only a small number of enzymes that don't oxidize the sugar completely, meaning the resulting battery can hold only small amounts of energy that it releases slowly. A new design that uses 13 enzymes that can circulate freely to get better access to sugar molecules, however, is able to store energy at a density of 596 amp-hours per kilogram – an order of magnitude higher than lithium-ion batteries, according to Y.H. Percival Zhang, who studies biological systems engineering at the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and College of Engineering at Virginia Tech. "Sugar is a perfect energy storage compound in nature," Zhang said in a statement announcing publication in Nature Communications of his paper describing the battery. "So it's only logical that we try to harness this natural power in an environmentally friendly way to produce a battery."Please continue reading Shared via feedly // published on Slashdot // visit site


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Character and principles 2012
Wick's World
The world continues on past December 21, 2012, and not because the Mayans made a calendared miscalculation. No, the world will keep moving forward in its expansion as long as we have humans who unselfishly dedicate themselves to the furthering of mankind with their acts of courage and heroism. We close out 2012, a year that has seen incredible acts of both bravery and destruction, by honoring people of character whose actions were based on their principles, not their egos.
A few days ago at a school in Newtown, Connecticut, a young teacher made the ultimate sacrifice by sheltering her students from bullets. There were no second thoughts, just a gut reaction from a human who instinctively acted on the principles with which she led her life. Another hero emerged from this story — the singer/songwriter Paul Simon. Upon learning that her favorite song was the "Sounds of Silence," Simon immediately made his way to honor her at the funeral and sang her on to the next world with the words of her favorite song.
We loosely refer to the young men and women who join our military in order to serve and protect our way of life as our latest modern day heroes. They are honorable and courageous, of course, but not automatically heroes, although some are. Take Pat Tillman who died in a war zone allegedly performing a heroic deed. He actually died over a horrible mistake in which he was killed by his own troops in a misnomer termed friendly fire. But Tillman still gained heroic status. He gave up the glamorous, lucrative life of a pro football player because he felt he had a duty to serve his country. He is a hero not because he died performing a heroic deed, but because he put his principals ahead of his ego.
I grant true hero status for soldiers like my good friend's brother, Dale Wayrynen, who on pure instinct alone, jumped on a live grenade to shield the bodies of his fellow troopers and protect the mission. What was his reward? He received a posthumous Medal of Honor and a return to a hometown heroes' welcome in McGregor. He carries with him a legend of honor and courage that will follow him throughout the annals of the military history of our country.
Several perennial heroes reside in our community of Moose Lake, although you sometimes have to dig behind the scenes to find them. Year after year on Thanksgiving Day you will find Russ Dahl serving a free turkey dinner. For the past few years, Tony Stewart has combined with the friendly volunteers at the Sonshine Closet, collecting and distributing Toys for Tots.
I witnessed many courageous and honorable acts in 2012 when our community was inundated with a historic flood. Thanks to the people from ages 8 to 92 who dedicated their time and effort by filling sandbags and serving sandwiches to help lead Moose Lake forward to its post-flood future.
A special thanks to a behind-the scenes leader, City Administrator Mark Vahlsing, who in two short years walked into Moose Lake and courageously made the tough decisions required to move forward in the 21st Century.
Last but not least, I deeply admire the friend who was strong enough to toss his addictions out the window in order to save his marriage, wife and family. That is when you show the true character and principles of a life you are willing to live by.


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Also wrote diatribes about organ harvesting conspiracy
Steve Watson
April 18, 2013
Police in Mississippi have arrested a man in connection with the ricin letters that were intercepted earlier this week before reaching their intended targets; the President, and a Republican Senator, also from Mississippi. Initial research suggests that the man is a Democratic supporter, a fact skipped over by much of the mainstream media.
The New York Times reported the arrest of Paul Kevin Curtis of Tupelo, Miss. late yesterday, but provided scant detail on the man believed to have sent the deadly substance intended for Obama and Senator Roger Wicker.
Both letters, which were intercepted at mail sorting houses in Maryland before reaching Washington, were signed off with the phrase "This is KC & I approve this message."
Reporters and internet sleuths searched the phrase and noted that in countless instances, Curtis had used it on forums, as well as on his Facebook page, and his twitter account. He had even signed off on videos of himself impersonating Elvis Presley with the phrase.
Also on Curtis' Facebook about page was another phrase that had been used in the ricin letters; "To see a wrong and not expose it, is to become a silent partner to its continuance."
It appears that since his identity was uncovered, someone has been removing the matching phrases from the Facebook account. Given that Curtis is in custody, it is presumably not him that is altering the Facebook account.
Under "political views" Curtis lists himself as an "Independent". However, he is pictured with a bumper sticker that states "CHRISTIAN and a DEMOCRAT". Curtis also describes himself as a Christian on his Facebook page. There are also several posts in which Curtis encourages support for his "friend" Jason Shelton, a democratic Tupelo mayoral candidate.
Shelton himself has told reporters that he believes Curtis to be "insane and out to harm people," adding that he had blocked Curtis on Facebook several days ago because of continual harassment.
"The guy is definitely not a friend of mine," Shelton said. "He's never been a friend of mine."
Pundit Press located a Sodahead profile for Curtis, which lists his political views as Liberal, but states that he did not vote for Obama.
In several instances on his Facebook page and elsewhere online, Curtis states that he has previously written letters to both President Obama and Senator Wicker.
In one post on the RipoffReport website, Curtis writes:
I sent letters to State Representative Roger Wicker, Senator Trent Lott and Thad Cochran. I never heard a word from anyone. I even ran into Roger Wicker several different times while performing at special banquets and fundraisers in northeast, Mississippi but he seemed very nervous while speaking with me and would make a fast exit to the door when I engaged in conversation leading up to my case against NMMC.
This is where it gets slightly weird, as Curtis' letters are mainly in reference to what he describes as "a secret war… that is making Billions of dollars for corrupt mafia related organizations and people." Curtis claims that he was fired from a janitorial job at North Mississippi Medical Center some years ago after he discovered "dismembered body parts" and a "severed head" backing up the hospital's drainage system.
He claims that the hospital is engaged in an organ harvesting conspiracy and that he was hounded and threatened during a lengthy legal battle in court over the incident.
"3 Years of research lead to countless court battles, cops harassing me weekly, death threats, personal & financial losses, several thefts, my home burned down, car exploded, marriage dissolved & bankruptcy," Curtis writes on the website.
"They distracted my career, they stalked, they trolled, they came in to my home, took my computers, had me arrested 22 times and guess what? I am still a thorn in their corrupt anals!" he writes in another post.
While it appears that Curtis filed an employment discrimination lawsuit against the Tupelo hospital in 2000, there does not appear to be any evidence that he was involved in a lengthy court case, given that the complaint was dismissed less than a year later.
Curtis appears to believe he is some kind of activist attempting to "expose the illegal body parts and organ trade market world-wide". He claims "I personally sent out more than a million emails in one year detailing what happened to me when I found the body parts at NMMC."
He also registered a petition on the Change.org website about two years ago calling for federal regulations of organ harvesting.
The Clarion-Ledger reports that Curtis has a criminal history and mental issues.
"If it's Kevin Curtis, we've had him in our jail about 4 times, mostly misdemeanors like simple assault. But in 2008 for telephone harassment and stalking," Prentiss County Sheriff Randy Tolar said.
"I think he has some very serious psychological issues from my dealings with him. In the past I had read some of his Facebook postings and it was very far out there. He'll get down on you and bash you with everything he's got, even making up stuff, and I've seen that side of him." the Sheriff added.
However, the Sheriff expressed surprise that Curtis could be behind the ricin letters, noting "It doesn't surprise me he'd do something off the wall, but something this extreme, I'm surprised."
While he may be unstable, Curtis is clearly not stupid, if the picture of a Mensa membership certificate on his Facebook page is genuine.
As we reported yesterday, speculation regarding the targeting of Senator Wicker suggested that his recent vote to end a filibuster on gun control had made him a target for a right wing pro-gun group or individual. As we noted, however, this did not jive at all given that Wicker is, nonetheless, a staunch critic of gun control legislation and has vowed to filibuster any attempt to further restrict firearms.
It is now clear that the gun control issue likely has little to do with the attempted attack on the Senator, if indeed Kevin Curtis is found to be the culprit.
It is not clear what Curtis' views on the gun control issue are. However, he did make the following post on Facebook with an accompanying link to a Huffington Post article on gun control legislation:
Hmmmm..This is just a crazy guess on my part (and what do I know, I'm just a performance artist with a fetish for pretty arched feet) buuuuuuuuuuuuuuut…I'm thinking that no matter WHAT laws are EVER passed thru the REVOLVING doors of our justice $y$tem & Congress…..that BAD PEOPLE who refuse to allow God into their hearts will ALWAYS find a way to get their cowardly little hands on a weapon……I might also ad that if a person spends enough time on thinking how to take another person's life, he or she could do so with a hair pin, a thumb tack or a wall clock (they just don't have the "CLIP" like those ole nasty assault weapons do. I'll leave you with one question……………"WHY IS IT GOOD OLE SAM WALTON CAN INSTALL THE EYES OF HEAVEN CAMERA SYSTEM IN EVERY WALMART OF THE WORLD WHERE THEY CAN SEE THIEVES COMING AND/OR GOING FROM A MILE AWAY AND CATCH 98% OF THOSE WHO TRY TO STEAL THEIR MERCHANDISE YET WE CAN'T APPLY THAT SAME TECHNOLOGY TOWARDS SECURING OUR SCHOOL SYSTEMS AND PROTECTING OUR MOST VALUABLE ASSET WHICH IS OUR CHILDREN…………..LEADERS OF THE FUTURE"? HMMMMMMMMMM
Curtis also uploaded a photo of a gun to his "singer/songwriter" Facebook page on Tuesday, with the caption "say hello to my little friend."
In a further interesting Facebook post, Curtis commented on the Boston bombing, writing:
"we the people are just not safe anymore! I mean bombs where folks are "racing"??? Elephants in Tupelo Circus getting SHOT??? What next! I guess there will come a time when Elvis fans can't even go out to watch a bunch of Elvis Impersonators pay tribute to a man who gave his life for we the people! Geesh! It's a sad sad world!"
In our report yesterday, we outlined how a narrative was being driven in the media that the ricin letters could be connected to the Boston attack, in a repeat of the anthrax attack following 9/11. The suggestion, from mainly left leaning media, was that right wing tea party extremist types could be making a statement against gun control by carrying out an attack on Patriot Day and "tax day", and then following it up with threats to the president for trying to push gun control, and Senator Wicker for voting to end the filibuster on the gun control bill.
That narrative now, quite clearly, has little gravitas. It is much more likely that Senator Wicker was targeted because he was well known to Curtis, if indeed Curtis is found to be responsible.
A booking officer, who declined to give his name to local reporters, said Thursday. It was not immediately known what charges Curtis faced.
This story will now likely fade from the national headlines, given that it seems to be in no way connected to the Boston attack, and particularly given that the suspect cannot be in any way framed as a "right wing extremist".
Steve Watson is the London based writer and editor for Alex Jones' Infowars.com, and Prisonplanet.com. He has a Masters Degree in International Relations from the School of Politics at The University of Nottingham, and a Bachelor Of Arts Degree in Literature and Creative Writing from Nottingham Trent University.
Don't forget, boosting your immune system during a crisis is just as important as storable food! Don't wait until it's all gone!


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Shinedown Groove on New 'Unity' Remixes
Shinedown is probably not the first act you think of when it comes to remixes or "the club." Heck, they're probably not even in the first hundred or so acts when it comes to that, but if there's one thing we've learned over the past decade, it's that just about any track can be subject to a remix.
As such, Shinedown's latest chart-topping single 'Unity' has been given the remix treatment with three very different takes on the track. The first remix comes from Matisse and Sadko and offers a very club-worthy, upbeat version of the song in a progressive house style. As for the vocal content, there's not much tweaking to Brent Smith's voice, but song does take liberties with the musical arrangement giving it an electronic feel while keeping the inspirational vibe of the song.
The second remix is done by Liquid Stranger, who take things in a more dubstep direction. Much like those who've been mixing the hard rock and electronic genres (yes we're looking at you Skrillex, JDevil and others), this version offers a more aggressive feel with quick-cutting, chopped and scratched bleeps and blips.
The third remix is a more chilled out effort, though it does eventually forge full speed ahead into progressive house territory. It was created by Steve Lade, who plays more off of the piano beats than relying on guitar hooks. Like the Matisse and Sadko version, Lade's keeps true to Smith's vocals. Overall, it's not as much of a club-jumper, but does pick up the beat along the way.
You can check out samples of all three remixes at Beatport, and purchase them individually for $2.49 or in one package for $7.47.


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It's coming, February 14th. What does that mean? Well it means time to go out and spend some hard earned dollars to show your sweet heart how much you care and or love them. The best way to do that is either to buy a huge heart shaped box of chocolate with a dozen roses to go with it, or an enormous card that stands two feet tall that says "Be Mine". In this short but sweet tutorial I will show you "how to draw a rose" with little steps. This tutorial is especially good for kids that want to learn how to draw a rose as well. Being a novice in this particular field, I really struggled with this simple task because lets face it a rose is probably one of the hardest flowers to draw. I mean I can't even make them out of icing for a cake. I didn't sketch this image on paper at all. I totally drew it free hand with my tablet in Adobe Photoshop. Sometimes I do draw without sketching first because it just comes out a whole lot better. I'm not saying this image is perfect and I admit I do have to practice a bit more, but at least you will get the general idea on how to draw a rose for your special someone on that love bird day of February 14th. Oh yeah I almost forgot, remember roses come in different colors not just red, they come in pink, yellow and white as well. I'm sure there are more colors but those are the basic ones. Okay that's all, so go have some fun, and teach yourself "how to draw a rose, step by step".
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


text: The Sling Modem cable modem + Slingbox device we saw back in January is finally launching. The first network to carry it is EchoStar, which has a really tight relationship with Sling seeing as it purchased them last fall. With this, you'll be able to use the same box for your cable internet to surf and stream video to your portable devices. We're always happy when we can make two gadgets into one.


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Jet Airways enters into a reciprocal frequent flyer partnership with Air New Zealand
12 Aug 2014
MUMBAI: Jet Airways, India's premier international airline, has entered into a reciprocal frequent flyer partnership with Air New Zealand.
Air New Zealand an international and domestic airline group provides flights within New Zealand, to and from Australia, the South West Pacific, Asia, North America and the United Kingdom.
JetPrivilege members may now earn and redeem their JPMiles on the entire network of Air New Zealand marketed and operated flights. Similarly, Air New Zealand's Airpoints™ members will be able to accrue and redeem Airpoints Dollars™ on the entire network of Jet Airways and JetKonnect marketed and operated flights.
With the addition of Air New Zealand, JetPrivilege members will be able to earn and redeem their miles across 24 airline partners.
According to Mr. Sudheer Raghavan, Chief Commercial Officer, Jet Airways, "Jet Airways offers guests unmatched pan-India connectivity as well as a growing 20-destination strong international network, while Air New Zealand's network spans to and from Australia, the South West Pacific, Asia, North America and the United Kingdom. The partnership thus, is a mutually beneficial one enabling guests to earn and redeem frequent flyer miles, while tapping into both carriers' networks."
Jet Airways currently has frequent flyer partnership agreements with twenty-three other leading international airlines, including Air France, All-Nippon Airways, Alitalia, American Airlines, Austrian Airways, Brussels Airlines, Cathay Pacific, United Airlines , Dragon Air, Emirates, Etihad Airways, Gulf Air, JetKonnect, Kenya Airways, KLM, Lufthansa, Malaysia Airlines, Qantas, South African Airways, Swiss Air, Turkish Airlines, United Airlines and Virgin Atlantic.
For more information, guests may log on to www.jetairways.com.
About Jet Airways
Jet Airways currently operates a fleet of 111 aircraft, which include 10 Boeing 777-300 ER aircraft, 10 Airbus A330-200 aircraft, 4 Airbus A330-300 aircraft, 70 next generation Boeing 737-700/800/900 aircraft and 16 ATR 72-500 and 1 ATR72-600. With an average fleet age of 5.35 years, the airline has one of the youngest fleet of aircraft in the world. Flights to 72 destinations span the length and breadth of India and beyond, including Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Bangkok, Brussels, Colombo, Dammam, Dhaka, Doha, Dubai, Hong Kong, Jeddah, Kathmandu, Kuwait, London (Heathrow), Muscat, New York (Newark), Riyadh, Sharjah, Singapore and Toronto.
About JetKonnect
JetKonnect is a dedicated product designed to meet the needs of the low fare segment. JetKonnect will also offer guests a Premiere service on nearly all domestic routes. With its mixed fleet of Boeings and ATR aircraft with over 500 daily flights connecting 52 destinations across India, JetKonnect provides more flexibility and choice to its guests. JetKonnect's convenient schedules, reliable service and low fares, promise to bring greater value and a seamless flying experience to our customers.


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Lincoln Electric Acquires Maker of Pipe-Cutting Equipment
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Thursday, May 1, 2008
Lincoln Electric Holdings, Inc., Cleveland, OH, acquired the assets and business of Vernon Tool Co., Ltd., a privately held San Diego,CA, manufacturer of computer-controlled pipe-cutting equipment. Vernon Tool provides equipment used in industrial construction and heavy fabrication for infrastructure and energy-related projects.
See also: Lincoln Electric Co.
Related Enterprise Zones: Welding


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Thomas the Apostle
|Thomas the Apostle
Eastern icon of Thomas
|Apostle, Preacher, Christian martyr
1st century AD
Galilee (Roman Empire)
21 December 72 [1]
Mylapore, India[2][3]
Honored in
Assyrian Church of the East
Eastern Catholic Churches
Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Oriental Orthodox Churches
Anglican Communion
Lutheran Church
Respected among some Protestant Churches
3 July - Syro-Malabar, Syriac Catholic, Syriac Orthodox, Latin Catholic[4]
21 December - Indian Orthodox, Anglican Communion
26 Pashons - Coptic Orthodox
6 October and Sunday after Easter Thomas Sunday - Eastern Orthodox
|The Twin, placing his finger in the side of Christ, spear (means of martyrdom), square (his profession, a builder)
|India, Saint Thomas Christians, Architects, Atheist converts
Thomas the Apostle, sometimes informally called Doubting Thomas or Didymus which means "the twin", was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, according to the New Testament. He is best known from the account in the Gospel of Saint John, where he questioned Jesus' resurrection when first told of it, followed by his confession of faith as both "My Lord and my God" on seeing Jesus' wounded body.
Traditionally, he is said to have traveled outside the Roman Empire to preach the Gospel, traveling as far as India.[2][5][6] According to tradition, the Apostle reached Muziris, India in AD 52 and baptized several people who are today known as Saint Thomas Christians or Nasranis. After his death, the reputed relics of Saint Thomas the Apostle were enshrined as far as Mesopotamia in the 3rd century, and later moved to various places. In 1258, some of the relics were brought to Abruzzo in Ortona, Italy, where they have been held in the Church of Saint Thomas the Apostle.[7] He is often regarded as the Patron Saint of India, and the name Thoma remains quite popular among Saint Thomas Christians of India.
|Part of a series on
Saint Thomas Christians
|Alternate names
|Nasrani · Mar Thoma Nasrani · Syrian Christians
|Saint Thomas · Thomas of Cana · Mar Sabor and Mar Proth · Tharisapalli plates · Synod of Diamper · Coonan Cross Oath
|Monuments · Churches · Shrines · Liturgical language · Church music
|Prominent persons
|Abraham Malpan · Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar · Kuriakose Elias Chavara · Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly · Kariattil Mar Ousep · Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala · Geevarghese Mar Ivanios · Saint Alphonsa · Euphrasia Eluvathingal · Thoma of Villarvattom
Margam Kali · Parichamuttukali · Cuisine · Suriyani Malayalam
|Part of a series on
|Christianity in India
|Indian Christianity portal
- Gospel of John 1
Names and etymologies 2
- Other names 2.1
- Feast days 2.2
Later history and traditions 3
- Assumption of Mary 3.1
- Mission in India 3.2
- Death 3.3
Relics 3.4
- Mylapore 3.4.1
- Edessa 3.4.2
- Chios and Ortona 3.4.3
- Historical references 4
- Writings 5
- Saint Thomas Cross 6
- See also 7
- References 8
- Further reading 9
- External links 10
Gospel of John
Thomas first speaks in the Gospel of John. In John 11:16, when Lazarus had recently died, the apostles do not wish to go back to Judea, where Jews had attempted to stone Jesus. Thomas says: "Let us also go, that we may die with him" (NIV).[8]
He speaks again in John 14:5. There, Jesus had just explained that he was going away to prepare a heavenly home for his followers, and that one day they would join him there. Thomas reacted by saying, "Lord, we don't know where you are going, so how can we know the way?" (NIV)
John 20:24-29 tells how doubting Thomas was skeptical at first when he heard that Jesus had risen from the dead and appeared to the other apostles, saying, "Except I shall see in his hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into his side, I will not believe." (v.25) But when Jesus appeared later and invited Thomas to touch his wounds and behold him, Thomas showed his belief by saying, "My Lord and my God". (v.28) Jesus then said, "Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed [are] they that have not seen, and [yet] have believed." (v.29)
Names and etymologies
The name Thomas is derived from the Aramaic or Classical Syriac: ܬܐܘܡܐ Toma, meaning twin. The equivalent term for twin in Greek is Didymus.
Other names
The Nag Hammadi copy of the Gospel of Thomas begins: "These are the secret sayings that the living Jesus spoke and Didymos Judas Thomas recorded." Early Syrian traditions also relate the apostle's full name as Judas Thomas.[9] Some have seen in the Acts of Thomas (written in east Syria in the early 3rd century, or perhaps as early as the first half of the 2nd century) an identification of Saint Thomas with the apostle Judas, brother of James, better known in English as Jude. However, the first sentence of the Acts follows the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles in distinguishing the apostle Thomas and the apostle Judas son of James. Few texts identify Thomas' twin. In the Book of Thomas the Contender, part of the Nag Hammadi, it is said to be Jesus himself: "Now, since it has been said that you are my twin and true companion, examine yourself…"[10]
Feast days
When the feast of Saint Thomas was inserted in the Roman calendar in the 9th century, it was assigned to 21 December. The Martyrology of St. Jerome mentioned the apostle on 3 July, the date to which the Roman celebration was transferred in 1969, so that it would no longer interfere with the major ferial days of [12] still celebrate his feast day on 21 December.
The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches celebrate his feast day on 6 October[13] (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 6 October currently falls on 19 October of the modern Gregorian Calendar). In addition, the next Sunday of the Easter (Pascha) is celebrated as the Sunday of Thomas, in commemoration of Thomas' question to Jesus, which led him to proclaim, according to Orthodox teaching, two natures of Jesus, both human and divine. Thomas is commemorated in common with all of the other apostles on 30 June (13 July), in a feast called the Synaxis of the Holy Apostles.[14] He is also associated with the "Arabian" (or "Arapet") icon of the Theotokos (Mother of God), which is commemorated on 6 September (19 September).[15] The Malankara Orthodox church celebrates his feast on three days, 3 July [16](in memory of the relic translation to Edessa), 18 December (the Day he was lanced) [17] and 21 December (when he passed away) [18]
Later history and traditions
Assumption of Mary
According to The Passing of Mary, a text attributed to Joseph of Arimathaea,[19] Thomas was the only witness of the Assumption of Mary into heaven. The other apostles were miraculously transported to Jerusalem to witness her death. Thomas was left in India, but after her first burial, he was transported to her tomb, where he witnessed her bodily assumption into heaven, from which she dropped her girdle. In an inversion of the story of Thomas' doubts, the other apostles are skeptical of Thomas' story until they see the empty tomb and the girdle.[20] Thomas' receipt of the girdle is commonly depicted in medieval and pre-Tridentine Renaissance art,[21][22] the apostle's infamous doubting reduced to a metaphorical knot in the Bavarian baroque Mary Untier of Knots.
Mission in India
Thomas is traditionally believed to have sailed to India in AD 52 to spread the Christian faith among the Jews, some of whom had migrated to Kerala.[2][23] He is supposed to have landed at the ancient port of Muziris (modern-day North Paravur and Kodungalloor in Kerala state). The port was destroyed in 1341 due to a massive flood that realigned the coasts. He established Ezharappallikal or Seven and half churches in Kerala. These churches are at Kodungallur, Palayoor, Kottakkavu (Paravur), Kokkamangalam, Niranam, Nilackal (Chayal), Kollam and Thiruvithamcode (half church).[24]
It was to a land of dark people he was sent, to clothe them by Baptism in white robes. His grateful dawn dispelled India's painful darkness. It was his mission to espouse India to the One-Begotten. The merchant is blessed for having so great a treasure. Edessa thus became the blessed city by possessing the greatest pearl India could yield. Thomas works miracles in India, and at Edessa Thomas is destined to baptize peoples perverse and steeped in darkness, and that in the land of India.
- —Hymns of St. Ephrem, edited by Lamy (Ephr. Hymni et Sermones, IV).
Eusebius of Caesarea quotes Origen (died mid-3rd century) as having stated that Thomas was the apostle to the Parthians, but Thomas is better known as the missionary to India through the Acts of Thomas, perhaps written as late as c. 200. In Edessa, where his remains were venerated, the poet St. Ephrem (died 373) wrote a hymn in which the Devil cries,
- ... Into what land shall I fly from the just?
I stirred up Death the Apostles to slay, that by their death I might escape their blows.
But harder still am I now stricken: the Apostle I slew in India has overtaken me in Edessa; here and there he is all himself.
There went I, and there was he: here and there to my grief I find him.
- —quoted in Medlycott 1905, ch. ii.
St. Ephrem, a doctor of Syriac Christianity, writes in the forty-second of his "Carmina Nisibina" that the Apostle was put to death in India, and that his remains were subsequently buried in Edessa, brought there by an unnamed merchant.[25]
A Syrian ecclesiastical calendar of an early date confirms the above and gives the merchant a name. The entry reads: "3 July, St. Thomas who was pierced with a lance in 'India'. His body is in Urhai (Edessa) having been brought there by the merchant Khabin. A great festival."
A long public tradition in Edessa honoring Thomas as the "Apostle of India" resulted in several surviving hymns, that are attributed to Ephrem, copied in codices of the 8th and 9th centuries. References in the hymns preserve the tradition that Thomas' bones were brought from India to Edessa by a merchant, and that the relics worked miracles both in India and Edessa. A pontiff assigned his feast day and a king and a queen erected his shrine. The Thomas traditions became embodied in Syriac liturgy, thus they were universally credited by the Christian community there. There is a legend that Thomas had met the biblical Magi on his way to India.
According to Eusebius' record, Thomas and Bartholomew were assigned to Parthia and India.[26][27] The Didascalia (dating from the end of the 3rd century) states, "India and all countries condering it, even to the farthest seas... received the apostolic ordinances from Judas Thomas, who was a guide and ruler in the church which he built." Moreover, there is a wealth of confirmatory information in the Syriac writings, liturgical books, and calendars of the Church of the East, not to mention the writings of the Fathers, the calendars, the sacramentaries, and the martyrologies of the Roman, Greek and Ethiopian churches.
An early 3rd-century Syriac work known as the Acts of Thomas connects the apostle's Indian ministry with two kings, one in the north and the other in the south. According to one of the legends in the Acts, Thomas was at first reluctant to accept this mission, but the Lord appeared to him in a night vision and said,
"Fear not, Thomas. Go away to India and proclaim the Word, for my grace shall be with you." But the Apostle still demurred, so the Lord overruled the stubborn disciple by ordering circumstances so compelling that he was forced to accompany an 'Indian' merchant, Abbanes, as a slave to his native place in northwest 'India', where he found himself in the service of the Indo-Parthian king, Gondophares. According to the Acts of Thomas, the apostle's ministry resulted in many conversions throughout the kingdom, including the king and his brother.
Remains of some of his buildings, influenced by Greek architecture, indicate that he was a great builder. According to the legend, Thomas was a skilled carpenter and was bidden to build a palace for the king. However, the Apostle decided to teach the king a lesson by devoting the royal grant to acts of charity and thereby laying up treasure for the heavenly abode. Although little is known of the immediate growth of the church, Bar-Daisan (154–223) reports that in his time there were Christian tribes in India which claimed to have been converted by Thomas and to have books and relics to prove it. But at least by the year of the establishment of the Second Persian Empire (226), there were bishops of the Church of the East in northwest India (Afghanistan and Baluchistan), with laymen and clergy alike engaging in missionary activity.
The Acts of Thomas identifies his second mission in India with a kingdom ruled by King Vasudeva I, one of the rulers of a 1st-century dynasty in southern India. It is most significant that, aside from a small remnant of the Church of the East in Kurdistan, the only other church to maintain a distinctive identity is the Saint Thomas Christian congregations along the Malabar Coast (modern-day Kerala) in southwest India. According to the most ancient tradition of this church, Thomas evangelized this area and then crossed to the Coromandel Coast of southeast India, where, after carrying out a second mission, he died near Madras. Throughout the period under review, the church in India was under the jurisdiction of Edessa, which was then under the Mesopotamian patriarchate at Seleucia-Ctesiphon and later at Baghdad and Mosul. Historian Vincent A. Smith says, "It must be admitted that a personal visit of the Apostle Thomas to South India was easily feasible in the traditional belief that he came by way of Socotra, where an ancient Christian settlement undoubtedly existed. I am now satisfied that the Christian church of South India is extremely ancient...".
Thomas is believed to have left northwest India when invasion threatened and traveled by vessel to the Malabar coast, possibly visiting southeast Arabia and Socotra en route, and landing at the former flourishing port of Muziris (modern-day North Paravur and Kodungalloor)[24] near Cochin (c. 51–52 AD) in the company of a Jewish merchant Abbanes (Hebban). From there he is said to have preached the gospel throughout the Malabar coast. The various churches he founded were located mainly on the Periyar River and its tributaries and along the coast, where there were Jewish colonies. He reputedly preached to all classes of people and had about 17,000 converts, including members of the four principal castes. Later, stone crosses were erected at the places where churches were founded, and they became pilgrimage centres. In accordance with apostolic custom, Thomas ordained teachers and leaders or elders, who were reported to be the earliest ministry of the Malabar Church.
According to tradition,[28] St. Thomas was killed in 72 AD. Nasrani Churches from Kerala in South India state that St. Thomas died at Mylapore near Chennai in India and his body was interred there. The accounts of Marco Polo from the 13th century state that the Apostle had an accidental death outside his hermitage in Chennai by a badly aimed arrow of a fowler who not seeing the saint shot at peacocks there.[29]:238 Later in the 16th century, the Portuguese in India created a myth that St. Thomas was killed in Chennai by stoning and lance thrust by local priests, based on the wrong interpretation of inscriptions found on the Pehlvi Cross discovered at St. Thomas Mount in 1547. Later decipherments of the inscriptions by experts proved this myth to be false.[29]:239 Since at least the 16th century, the St. Thomas Mount has been a common site revered by Hindus, Muslims and Christians.[29]:31 The records of Barbosa from early 16th century inform that the tomb was then maintained by a Muslim who kept a lamp burning there.[29]:237 The San Thome Basilica presently located at the tomb was first built in the 16th century and rebuilt in the 19th.[30]
The Patristic literature states that St. Thomas died a martyr, in east of Persia,[29]:237 by the wounds of the four spears pierced into his body by the local soldiers.[31] :217 Some authorities state that St. Thomas died a natural death and that he died in Edessa.[31] :218
Few relics are still kept in the church at Mylapore, Tamil Nadu, India. Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller and author of Description of the World, popularly known as Il Milione, is reputed to have visited Southern India in 1288 and 1292. The first date has been rejected as he was in China at the time, but the second date is accepted by many historians. He is believed to have stopped in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), where he documented the tomb of Adam. He also stopped at Quilon (Kollam) on the western Malabar coast of India, where he met Syrian Christians and recorded their tradition of St. Thomas and his tomb on the eastern Coromandel coast of the country. Il Milione, the book he dictated on his return to Europe, was on its publication condemned by the Church as a collection of impious and improbable traveller's tales. It became very popular reading in medieval Europe and inspired Spanish and Portuguese sailors to seek out the fabulous (and possibly Christian) India described in it.
According to tradition, in 232 AD, the greater portion of relics of the Apostle Thomas are said to have been sent by an Indian king and brought from India to the city of Edessa, Mesopotamia, on which occasion his Syriac Acts were written.
The Indian king is named as "Mazdai" in Syriac sources, "Misdeos" and "Misdeus" in Greek and Latin sources respectively, which has been connected to the "Bazdeo" on the Kushan coinage of Vasudeva I, the transition between "M" and "B" being a current one in Classical sources for Indian names.[32] The martyrologist Rabban Sliba dedicated a special day to both the Indian king, his family, and St Thomas.In the 4th century, the martyrium erected over his burial place brought pilgrims to Edessa. In the 380s, Egeria described her visit in a letter she sent to her community of nuns at home (Itineraria Egeriae):[33]
we arrived at Edessa in the Name of Christ our God, and, on our arrival, we straightway repaired to the church and memorial of saint Thomas. There, according to custom, prayers were made and the other things that were customary in the holy places were done; we read also some things concerning saint Thomas himself. The church there is very great, very beautiful and of new construction, well worthy to be the house of God, and as there was much that I desired to see, it was necessary for me to make a three days' stay there.
In 441, the Magister militum per Orientem Anatolius donated a silver coffin to hold the relics.[34]
Coronatio Thomae apostoli et Misdeus rex Indiae, Johannes eus filius huisque mater Tertia ("Coronation of Thomas the Apostle, and Misdeus king of India, together with his son Johannes (thought to be a latinization of Vizan) and his mother Tertia") Rabban Sliba[32]
In 522 AD, Cosmas Indicopleustes (called the Alexandrian) visited the Malabar Coast. He is the first traveller who mentions Syrian Christians in Malabar, in his book Christian Topography. He mentions that in the town of "Kalliana" (Quilon or Kollam) there was a bishop who had been consecrated in Persia. Historian Aprem Mooken writes, "Most church historians, who doubt the tradition of the doubting Thomas in India, will admit there was a church in India in the middle of the sixth century when Cosmas Indicopleustes visited India."[35]
King Vira Raghavaa gave a copper plate recording a grant given to Iravi Korttan, a Christian of Kodungallur (Anglicised to "Cranganore"), with the date estimated at around 744 AD. In AD 822 two Nestorian Persian Bishops, Mar Sabor and Mar Proth, came to Malabar to occupy their seats in Kollam and Kodungallur, to care for the local Syrian Christians (also known as St. Thomas Christians).
In 1144, the city was conquered by the Zengids and the shrine destroyed.[34]
Chios and Ortona
After a short stay on the Greek island of Chios, on 6 September 1258 the relics were transported to the West, and now rest in Ortona, Abruzzo, Italy. However, the skull of Thomas is said to be at Monastery of Saint John the Theologian on the Greek island of Patmos. [36]
Coin of Gondophares IV Sases (mid-1st century). Obv: King on horseback, corrupted Greek legend. Gondophares monogram. Rev: Zeus, making a benediction sign (Buddhist mudra). Kharoshthi inscription MAHARAJASA MAHATASA TRATARASA DEVAVRADASA GUDAPHARASA SASASA "Great king of kings, divine and saviour, Gondophares Sases", Buddhist trisula symbol.
Shrine of Saint Thomas in Mylapore, 18th-century print.
Stamp issued in the honor of St. Thomas by India Post
Historical references
A number of early Christian writings written during centuries immediately following the first Ecumenical Council of 325 mention Thomas' mission.
- The Acts of Thomas, sometimes called by its full name The Acts of Judas Thomas: 2nd/3rd century (c. 180–230)[37][38] Gist of the testimony: The Apostles cast lots as to where they should go, and to Thomas fell India. Thomas was taken to king Gondophares, the ruler of Indo-Parthian Kingdom, as an architect and carpenter by Habban. The journey to India is described in detail. After a long residence in the court at Taxila he ordained leaders for the Church, and left in a chariot for the kingdom of Mazdei. According to the Acts of St. Thomas the Kingdom of Mazdai, in the Southern India, was ruled by King Misdeus. Some Greek Satraps, the descendents of Alexander the Great, were vassals to the Indo-Parthian Kingdom.[39][40] The king Misdeus was infuriated when St. Thomas converted the Queen Tertia, son Juzanes, sister-in-law princess Mygdonia (a province of Mesopotamia) and her friend Markia. The King Misdeus led St. Thomas outside the city and ordered four soldiers to take him to the nearby hill where the soldiers speared St. Thomas and killed him. Syphorus was elected the first presbyter by the brethren after the death of St. Thomas while Juzanes the prince became the deacon. The names of the King Misdeus, Tertia, Juzanes, Syphorus, Markia and Mygdonia suggest Greek descent or Hellenised Persian descent[41] There, after performing many miracles, he dies a martyr.[42] During the rule of Vasudeva I, the Kushan emperor, the bones of St. Thomas were transferred from the Mylapore to Edessa. These are generally rejected by various Christian religions as either apocryphal or heretical. The two centuries that lapsed between the life of the apostle and the recording of this work cast doubt on their authenticity.
- Clement of Alexandria: 3rd century (died c. 215); Church represented: Alexandrian/Greek Biographical Note: Greek Theologian, b. Athens, 150. Clement makes a passing reference to St. Thomas' Apostolate in Parthia. This agrees with the testimony which Eusebius records about Pantaenus' visit to India.
- Doctrine of the Apostles 3rd century; Church represented: Syrian [43] "After the death of the Apostles there were Guides and Rulers in the Churches… They again at their deaths also committed and delivered to their disciples after them everything which they had received from the Apostles; … (also what) Judas Thomas (had written) from India".
"India and all its own countries, and those bordering on it, even to the farther sea, received the Apostle's hand of Priesthood from Judas Thomas, who was Guide and Ruler in the Church which he built and ministered there". In what follows "the whole Persia of the Assyrians and Medes, and of the countries round about Babylon… even to the borders of the Indians and even to the country of Gog and Magog" are said to have received the Apostles' Hand of Priesthood from Aggaeus the disciple of Addaeus [44]
- Origen: 3rd century (185–254?), quoted in Eusebius; Church represented: Alexandrian/ Greek Biographical. Christian Philosopher, b-Egypt, Origen taught with great acclaim in Alexandria and then in Caesarea.[45] He is the first known writer to record the casting of lots by the Apostles. Origen's original work has been lost, but his statement about Parthia falling to Thomas has been preserved by Eusebius. "Origen, in the third chapter of his Commentary on Genesis, says that, according to tradition, Thomas's allotted field of labour was Parthia".[46]
- Eusebius of Caesarea: 4th century (died 340); Church Represented: Alexandrian/Greek Biographical [47] Quoting Origen, Eusebius says: "When the holy Apostles and disciples of our Saviour were scattered over all the world, Thomas, so the tradition has it, obtained as his portion Parthia…"[48] "Judas, who is also called Thomas" has a role in the legend of king Abgar of Edessa (Urfa), for having sent Thaddaeus to preach in Edessa after the Ascension (Eusebius, Historia ecclesiae 1.13; III.1; Ephrem the Syrian also recounts this legend.)
- Ephrem: 4th century; Church Represented: Syrian Biographical [49] Many devotional hymns composed by St. Ephraem bear witness to the Edessan Church's strong conviction concerning St. Thomas's Indian Apostolate. There the devil speaks of St. Thomas as "the Apostle I slew in India". Also "The merchant brought the bones" to Edessa.
- In another hymn eulogizing St. Thomas we read of "The bones the merchant hath brought". "In his several journeyings to India/ And thence on his return/ All riches/ which there he found/ Dirt in his eyes he did repute when to thy sacred bones compared". In yet another hymn Ephrem speaks of the mission of Thomas: "The earth darkened with sacrifices' fumes to illuminate", "a land of people dark fell to thy lot", "a tainted land Thomas has purified"; "India's dark night" was "flooded with light" by Thomas.[50]
- Gregory of Nazianzus: 4th century (died 389); Church Represented: Alexandrian. Biographical Note: Gregory of Nazianzus was born AD 330, consecrated a bishop by his friend St. Basil; in 372 his father, the Bishop of Nazianzus, induced him to share his charge. In 379 the people of Constantinople called him to be their bishop. By the Orthodox Church he is emphatically called "the Theologian".[51] "What? were not the Apostles strangers amidst the many nations and countries over which they spread themselves? … Peter indeed may have belonged to Judea; but what had Paul in common with the gentiles, Luke with Achaia, Andrew with Epirus, John with Ephesus, Thomas with India, Mark with Italy?" [52]
- Ambrose of Milan: 4th century (died 397); Church Represented: Western. Biographical Note: St. Ambrose was thoroughly acquainted with the Greek and Latin Classics, and had a good deal of information on India and Indians. He speaks of the Gymnosophists of India, the Indian Ocean, the river Ganges etc., a number of times.[53] "This admitted of the Apostles being sent without delay according to the saying of our Lord Jesus… Even those Kingdoms which were shut out by rugged mountains became accessible to them, as India to Thomas, Persia to Matthew..." [54]
- St. Jerome (342–420). St. Jerome's testimony: "He (Christ) dwelt in all places: with Thomas in India, Peter at Rome, with Paul in Illyricum."
- St. Gaudentius (Bishop of Brescia, before 427). St. Gaudentius' testimony: "John at Sebastena, Thomas among the Indians, Andrew and Luke at the city of Patras are found to have closed their careers."
- St. Paulinus of Nola (died 431). St. Paulinus' testimony: "Parthia receives Mathew, India Thomas, Libya Thaddeus, and Phrygia Philip".
- St. Gregory of Tours (died 594) St. Gregory's testimony: "Thomas the Apostle, according to the narrative of his martyrdom is stated to have suffered in India. His holy remains (corpus), after a long interval of time, were removed to the city of Edessa in Syria and there interred. In that part of India where they first rested, stand a monastery and a church of striking dimensions, elaborately adorned and designed. This Theodore, who had been to the place, narrated to us.'[55]
- St. Isidore of Seville in Spain (d. c. 630). St. Isidore's testimony: "This Thomas preached the Gospel of Christ to the Parthians, the Medes, the Persians, the Hyrcanians and the Bactrians, and to the Indians of the Oriental region and penetrating the innermost regions and sealing his preaching by his passion he died transfixed with a lance at Calamina (present Mylapore), a city of India, and there was buried with honour".
- St. Bede the Venerable (c. 673–735). St. Bede's testimony: "Peter receives Rome, Andrew Achaia; James Spain; Thomas India; John Asia"
Let none read the gospel according to Thomas, for it is the work, not of one of the twelve apostles, but of one of Mani's three wicked disciples.
- —Cyril of Jerusalem, Cathechesis V (4th century)
In the first two centuries of the Christian era, a number of writings were circulated. It is unclear now why Thomas was seen as an authority for doctrine, although this belief is documented in Gnostic groups as early as the Pistis Sophia. In that Gnostic work, Mary Magdalene (one of the disciples) says:
Now at this time, my Lord, hear, so that I speak openly, for thou hast said to us "He who has ears to hear, let him hear:" Concerning the word which thou didst say to Philip: "Thou and Thomas and Matthew are the three to whom it has been given… to write every word of the Kingdom of the Light, and to bear witness to them"; hear now that I give the interpretation of these words. It is this which thy light-power once prophesied through Moses: "Through two and three witnesses everything will be established. The three witnesses are Philip and Thomas and Matthew"
- —Pistis Sophia 1:43
An early, non-Gnostic tradition may lie behind this statement, which also emphasizes the primacy of the Gospel of Matthew in its Aramaic form, over the other canonical three.
Besides the Acts of Thomas there was a widely circulated Infancy Gospel of Thomas probably written in the later 2nd century, and probably also in Syria, which relates the miraculous events and prodigies of Jesus' boyhood. This is the document which tells for the first time the familiar legend of the twelve sparrows which Jesus, at the age of five, fashioned from clay on the Sabbath day, which took wing and flew away. The earliest manuscript of this work is a 6th-century one in Syriac. This gospel was first referred to by Irenaeus; Ron Cameron notes: "In his citation, Irenaeus first quotes a non-canonical story that circulated about the childhood of Jesus and then goes directly on to quote a passage from the infancy narrative of the Gospel of Luke (Luke 2:49). Since the Infancy Gospel of Thomas records both of these stories, in relative close proximity to one another, it is possible that the apocryphal writing cited by Irenaeus is, in fact, what is now known as the Infancy Gospel of Thomas. Because of the complexities of the manuscript tradition, however, there is no certainty as to when the stories of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas began to be written down."
The best known in modern times of these documents is the "sayings" document that is being called the Gospel of Thomas, a noncanonical work whose date is disputed. The opening line claims it is the work of "Didymos Judas Thomas" – whose identity is unknown. This work was discovered in a Coptic translation in 1945 at the Egyptian village of Nag Hammadi, near the site of the monastery of Chenoboskion. Once the Coptic text was published, scholars recognized that an earlier Greek translation had been published from fragments of papyrus found at Oxyrhynchus in the 1890s.
Saint Thomas Cross
In the 16th-century work Jornada, Antonio Gouvea writes of ornate crosses known as Saint Thomas Crosses. It is also known as Nasrani Menorah[56] or Mar Thoma Sliba.[57] These crosses date from the 6th century and are found in a number of churches in Kerala, Mylapore and Goa. Jornada is the oldest known written document to refer to this type of cross as a St. Thomas Cross. Gouvea also writes about the veneration of the Cross at Cranganore, referring to the cross as "Cross of Christians". It is widely perceived as the symbol of Saint Thomas Christians.
There are several interpretations of the Nasrani symbol. The interpretation based on Christian Jewish tradition assumes that its design was based on Jewish menorah, an ancient symbol of the Hebrews, which consists of seven branched lamp stand (candelabra).[58] The interpretation based on local culture states that the Cross without the figure of Jesus and with flowery arms symbolizing "joyfulness" points to the resurrection theology of St. Paul; the Holy Spirit on the top represents the role of Holy Spirit in the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The lotus symbolizing Buddhism and the Cross over it shows that Christianity was established in the land of Buddha. The 3 steps indicate Calvary and the rivulets, channels of grace flowing from the Cross.[59]
See also
- List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East
- Saint Thomas of Mylapur
- São Tomé
- Gospel of Barnabas
- Throne of St. Thomas
- ^ Fr. G. Thalian. "The Great Archbishop Mar Augustine Kandathil, D. D.: the Outline of a Vocation'"`Saint Thomas the Apostle' in `. D. C. Kandathil. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ a b c The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 5 by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing - 2008. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-8028-2417-2.
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592851/Saint-Thomas
- ^ "'"Liturgical Calendar: December. Latin-mass-society.org. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ A. E. Medlycott, (1905) "India and the Apostle Thomas"; Gorgias Press LLC; ISBN 1-59333-180-0.
- ^ Thomas Puthiakunnel, (1973) "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas", The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II.
- ^ http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/italy/0164.htm
- ^ All three occasions are discussed in detail by Dr. Mathew Vallanickal, "Faith and Character of Apostle Thomas" in The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vol.II, Trichur, 1973, p.2
- ^ "... Judas Thomas, as he is called [in the Acta Thomae] and elsewhere in Syriac tradition ...".
- ^ Turner, John D. The Book of Thomas(NHC II,7 138,7–138,12). Retrieved on 10 September 2006
- ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vatricana) 1969, p. 96
- ^ "Propers for St. Thomas the Apostle". Commonprayer.org. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas Orthodox icon and synaxarion for 6 October
- ^ Apostle Thomas—Synaxis of the Holy Apostles
- ^ Icon of the Mother of God, Arapet (Arabian) Orthodox icon and synaxarion for 6 September
- ^ http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_jcalpro&Itemid=385&extmode=cal&date=2014-07-01
- ^ http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_jcalpro&Itemid=385&extmode=view&extid=88&recurdate=1418886000
- ^ http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_jcalpro&Itemid=385&extmode=view&extid=90&recurdate=1419145200
- ^ Robinson, J. Armitage (2003). Two Glastonbury Legends: King Arthur and St. Joseph of Arimathea, 1926. Kessinger Publishing, p. 33. ISBN 0-7661-7738-6
- ^ "The Passing of Mary". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ "St Thomas Receiving the Virgin Mary's Girdle at her Assumption", Dimus, no. 17 (April 2008)
- ^ "In imitation of Saint Thomas Aquinas: art, patronage and liturgy within a Renaissance chapel", Online library
- ^ The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. ISBN 965-278-179-7.
- ^ a b History, Payyappilly Palakkappilly Nasrani family
- ^ MEDLYCOTT, India and the Apostle St. Thomas (London, 1905). Fully reproduced in ICHC I, "The Nazranies", ed. George Menachery, 1998, pp.157 ff.
- ^ A.E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp.18–71 M.R. James, Apocryphal New Testament, pp.364–436 A.E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp.1–17, 213–97 Eusebius, History, chapter 4:30 J.N. Farquhar, The Apostle Thomas in North India, chapter 4:30 V.A. Smith, Early History of India, p.235 L.W. Brown, The Indian Christians of St. Thomas, p.49–59
- ^ "Thomas The Apostole". Stthoma.com. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Farmer, David (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised. Oxford University Press. p. 418.
- ^ a b c d e
- ^ Neill, Stephen (2004). A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
- ^ a b
- ^ a b Mario Bussagli, "L'Art du Gandhara", p255
- ^ [7]
- ^ a b J.B. Segal, Edessa 'the Blessed City, Gorgias Press LLC, 2005, ISBN 1-59333-059-6, pp. 174–176, 250.
- ^ Mar Aprem, The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East, (Date and place of publication not available.)
- ^ http://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/10/skull-of-holy-apostle-thomas-in-patmos.html
- ^ Dr. Wright (Ed.), Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, London, 1871 (Syriac Text in Vol.1, English translation in Vol. II); Rev. Paul Bedjan, Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum, Vol. III, Leipsic-Paris, 1892.A. E. Medlycott, India and the Apostle Thomas, London 1905, Appendix, pp. 221–225. Also in The Nazranies, Ed. G. Menachery, Ollur, 1998.
- ^ The Acts of Thomas
- ^ Chandragupta Maurya and his times by Radhakumud Mookerji P.28
- ^ Greek Satrap of Indus Valley. Books.google.co.in. 1966.
- ^ "Acts of St. Thomas". Gnosis.org. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ "Acts of Thomas". Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Cardinal Mai, Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio, Rome, 1838. W. Cureton, Ancient Syriac Documents, London, 1864: Latin Translation by A. Assemani; Vindobonae, 1856; Didascalia in Coptic, Ethiopic, and Arabic. Also see Medlycott, p. 33 ff.
- ^ (Cureton, pp. 32, 33, 34). 20th Century Discussions: Medlycott, pp 33–37 alias Menachery, STCEI, II, 20–21, Farquhar, p. 26 ff.
- ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, 3.1; Patrologia Graeca, Migne Edn., 20.215; Patrologia Latina, Migne, 21.478.
- ^ Farquhar, p. 30. 20th Century Discussions: Perumalil, pp. 50,51.E. R. Hambye, "Saint Thomas and India", The Clergy Monthly 16 (1952). Comes, S. J., "Did St. Thomas Really come to India?", in Menachery (Ed.) STCEI, II. Farquhar, pp. 30,31,
- ^ Patrologia Graeca (Migne), 19–24., 20.215.
- ^ J.C. Panjikaran, Christianity in Malabar w.s.r.t. The St. Thomas Christians of the Syro-Malabar Rite, Orientalia Christiana, VI, 2 (23), Roma I, April 1926, p.99 esp. for reference to Pantaenus' Indian visit. Reproduced in ICHC I 'The Nazranies",ed. George Menachery 1998, pp.277 ff.
- ^ Bickell, S. Ephraemi Syri, Caramina Nisibena, Lipsiae, 1866; Monsignor Lamy, S. Ephraemi Syri Hymni et Sermones, (Quarto 4 vols.); Breviary acc. to the Rite of the Church of Antioch of the Syrians, Mosul, 1886–96. Also See Medlycott, pp. 21–32. Alias Menachery (Ed.) STCEI, II, p. 18 ff.
- ^ 20th Century Discussions : Medlycott, pp.21–32 alias Menachery (Ed.), STCEI, II, p. 18 ff.
- ^ Homil. XXXII, xi, Contra Arianos et de seipso. Migne, P.G. 36-228.
- ^ 20th Century Discussions : Medlycott, pp, 42,43; Perumalil pp. 43,44.
- ^ Migne, P-L 140 1143. (Also see 17. 1131, 17.1133, for his Indian knowledge.)
- ^ 20th Century Discussions : Medlycott, pp. 43, 44. Perumalil, pp. 44.45, Perumalil and Menachery (STCEI I, II), Migne Edns.; Wm. A. Jurgens, Faith of the Early Fathers:etc. History of Christianity-Source Materials by M. K. George, CLS, Madras, 1982 and the Handbook of Source Materials by Wm. G. Young.D. Ferroli, The Jesuits in Malabar, Vol. I. Bangalore, 1939, esp. notes and documents p. 71 ff.; W.S. Hunt, The Anglican Church in Travancore and Cochin, Kottayam, 1920, esp. p. 27, p.33 pp. 46–50; G.T. Mackenzie, i.c.s., "History of Christianity in Travancore", in The Travancore State Manual, Vol-II, Edited by Nagam Aiya, Trivandrum 1906 pp. 135–233; Menachery, STCEI, I, II.
- ^ Medleycott, A. E. (2005) India and the Apostle Thomas: An Inquiry, with a Critical Analysis of the Acta Thomae. Gorgias Press LLC, p. 71. ISBN 1593331800
- ^ Paul M. Collins – Christian inculturation in India, pp.119, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, ISBN 0-7546-6076-1
- ^ "NSC NETWORK: Saint Thomas Cross- A Religio Cultural Logo of Saint Thomas Christians". Nasrani.net. Retrieved 2012-06-16.
- ^ Paul M. Collins: Christian inculturation in India – Page 119 ISBN 0-7546-6076-1
- ^ Dr. Geo Thadikkatt – Liturgical Identity of the Mar Toma Nasrani Church
Further reading
- A.C. Perumalil, The Apostles in India, Patna (India), XTTI, 1971.
- George Menachery, Ed.,"The St.Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India", esp. Vol.2, 1973.
- George Menachery, Ed.,"The Nazranies", Indian Church History Classics, Vol.1, 1998, esp.books fully reproduced in it by Mackenzie, Medlycott,Farquar& many others.
- Glenn W. Most, Doubting Thomas. Cambridge, Mass., London: Harvard University Press, 2005 (a study in the reception of Thomas' story in literature and art).
- Charles Nicholl, "The Other Thomas," London Review of Books vol. 34 no. 21 (8 November 2012), pages 39–43.
- Pierre Perrier and Walter Xavier. Thomas Fonde L'église En Chine (65-68 Ap J.-C.). (Paris: Jubilé, 2008). ISBN 9782866794828.
External links
- St. Thomas the Apostle
- Apostle in India, The tomb of the Apostle
- Mylapore santhomechurch built over the tomb of St. Thomas
- Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
- Mylapore Diocese of Jacobite Syrian Church
- St. Thomas Indian Orthodox Church – Greater Washington
- , London 1905India and the Apostle ThomasA.E. Medlycott, (e-text)
- Niranam Valiyapally and St. Thomas
- The Nasrani Syrian Christians Network
- Official Site of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church
- Mar Thoma Churches all over the world
- Passages to India
- Orthodox Church Portal
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text:
CARTA: Behaviorally Modern Humans: The Origin of Us – Evidence for the Spread of Modern Humans, Relationships of Ancient African Languages, and Stone Tools and Cognition: Lessons from Australia
Date: 7/29/2013; 58 minutes
One of the enduring questions of human origins is when, where and how we "Behaviorally Modern Humans" emerged and why and how we eventually replaced all the other human-like species. This series takes a fresh look at the situation today with a critical examination of the available evidence from multiple sources. Ofer Bar-Yosef (Harvard Univ) leads off with a talk about Evidence for the Spread of Modern Humans, followed by Christopher Ehret (UCLA) on Relationships of Ancient African Languages, and Iain Davidson (Univ of New England, Australia) on Stone Tools and Cognition: Lessons from Australia. (#25389)
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Behavioral, Human Development, and Cognitive Sciences
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