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I received e-mail that my "community gala" mail box was full! I have deleted all the old e-mails.
Hello - are you in Tennessee? If you are I hope you brought along a sweater. It is really nippy here today and has been for the last two or three days. Hope you have a good visit and spoil you host.
Wow, it's purple!
One of the Regulars
Super Moderator


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Posidonius of Rhodes
Born: 135 BC in Apameia, near Shaizar, Syria
Died: 51 BC in Rhodes
Click the picture above
to see two larger pictures
to see two larger pictures
|Main Index
|Biographies index
Posidonius of Rhodes is also known as Posidonius of Apameia. The first of these names refers to where he taught while the second refers to the town of his birth, Apameia on the Orontes. One must not think of these two as different people.
Although he was born in Apameia in Syria, Posidonius was from a Greek family and he was brought up in the Greek tradition. He went to Athens to complete his education, and there he studied under the Stoic philosopher Panaetius of Rhodes. Posidonius travelled widely in the western Mediterranean region and he made many scientific studies on his travels relating to astronomy, geography and geology.
Some time not long after 100 BC Posidonius became the head of the Stoic School in Rhodes. While in this position he also held political office in Rhodes. It was in a political position, as ambassador of Rhodes, that he travelled to Rome in 87-86 BC. There he met a number of men who he had known and taught earlier including Cicero.
In Rome Posidonius visited Gaius Marius, the Roman general and politician who was consul seven times. Marius died on 13 January 86 BC while Posidonius was still in Rome. While there Posidonius became friends with Pompey the Great who had been educated in the Greek tradition. Pompey the Great kept up his friendship with Posidonius and visited him in Rhodes on a number of later occasions when on his military campaigns.
None of the writing of Posidonius has survived but much has been written about his achievements and much work has been undertaken trying to reconstruct his views from the fragments of his writings which are preserved in quotations by later authors.
Posidonius made some minor contributions to pure mathematics where he is [2]:-
... quoted as the author of certain definitions, or for views on technical terms. e.g. 'theorem' and 'problem', and subjects belonging to elementary geometry.His work on astronomy is fairly well known to us through the treatise by Cleomedes On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies. The work is in two volumes and as Heath comments [2]:-
... he wrote a separate work in refutation of the Epicurean Zeno of Sidon, who had objected to the very beginnings of the "Elements" on the ground that they contained unproved assumptions.
... the very long first chapter of Book II (nearly half of the Book) ... seems for the most part to be copied bodily from Posidonius.Cleomedes explains in his work the method used by Posidonius to calculate the length of the circumference of the earth. His method is based on observations of the star Canopus at Rhodes and Alexandria. At Rhodes he observes that Canopus touches the horizon while at Alexandria it reaches an altitude of 7° 30'. Using a distance of 5000 stadia between Rhodes and Alexandria this gave Posidonius a value of 240000 stadia for the circumference of the earth. This a very accurate value, but it is produced because of two compensating errors.
Both figures used by Posidonius in the above calculation are inaccurate. The 7° 30' should be really 5° 15' while the figure of 5000 stadia for the Rhodes to Alexandria distance is also incorrect. Later Ptolemy informs us via the writings of Cleomedes, Posidonius used the more accurate 3750 stadia for the Rhodes to Alexandria distance but kept his very inaccurate 7° 30' thus obtaining the figure of 180000 stadia for the circumference which is far too small. We should note, however, that Taisbak in [11] attempts to prove that attributing this far too small value of 180000 stadia to Posidonius is unfounded. Eratosthenes had given a much more accurate value of 252000 stadia 150 years before Posidonius.
Posidonius also made calculations of the size and distance to the moon, and the size and distance to the sun. His measurements of the moon are inaccurate partly because he assumes a cylindrical rather than conical shadow. As to his calculations of the sun, Neugebauer writes [3]:-
Posidonius's attempts (according to Cleomedes) to determine the size of the sun are rather naive and make it difficult to understand that his astronomy was not ridiculed by authors like Cicero and Pliny who pretend to know the work of Hipparchus.As to Posidonius's views on knowledge he believed that [1]:-
... fundamental principles depended on philosophers and individual problems on scientists; and he believed that, among early men, the philosophically wise managed everything and discovered all crafts and industry. ... For true judgement the standard is right reasoning; but precepts, persuasion, consolation, and exhortation are necessary; and enquiry into causes as opposed to matter is important.Posidonius wrote on meteorology, a topic where he closely followed the teachings of Aristotle. He gave theories to explain clouds, mist, wind and rain. He also gave opinions on frost, hail and rainbows. Lightning and earthquakes interested him and he tried to approach all these topics in a scientific manner although he had little chance of coming up with explanations which were anywhere close to being correct.
In moral philosophy he followed the Stoic teachings and gave opinions on virtue, evil, the soul, and emotions. He wrote historical works covering the period from about 146 BC to about 63 BC. These works give an account of the Roman civil wars and the contacts by the Greeks and the Romans with other peoples such as the Celts, Germans, and peoples of Spain and Gaul.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page
List of References (11 books/articles)
A Poster of Posidonius
See this mathematician on a timeline
Mathematicians born in the same country
Additional Material in MacTutor
- Herbert Jennings Rose's Greek mathematical literature
Other Web sites
- Dictionary of Scientific Biography

subset: commoncrawl


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Rental Car Deals from Budget in DAYTONA BEACH
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Every item on this page was chosen by a Woman's Day editor. We may earn commission on some of the items you choose to buy.
The back porch Kelley Vickery built was meant to be a quiet refuge and a charming spot to entertain. But it sat unfinished until Woman's Day sent in designer Annie Selke to bring it to life.
When Kelley Vickery, now 46, was going through her divorce, the Lenox, MA, resident's biggest concern was making the transition easier for her three children. "We sold our home and I used the money to build a new one next door," says Kelley. "I wanted my kids to be able to stay in the same school."
Construction on the new house went smoothly until money became tight. Suddenly, there wasn't room in the budget to complete everything. "I focused on the bedrooms and the kitchen and had to skimp on other areas like the basement and the garage," she says.
One neglected spot—the porch overlooking Kelley's lushly wooded backyard—was particularly tough to put on the back burner. "I never installed a screen, and we live in a green, hilly area so bugs are an issue," she says. Also a problem? The stark, clumsy furniture that added no personality or functionality to the space.
To the rescue: designer Annie Selke, who used modular pieces that serve the high-traffic, multipurpose porch well. "It's what I always dreamed it could be—great place for my family to come together and a room where I can reflect on the day," Kelley says.
Selke constructed a storage banquette along one wall. The kids can pull up a table and perch on the comfy cushions to do homework, or stash the decorative pillows below to make room for a nap.
Thanks to Selke's installation of screens and shades, which control the sunlight that floods the porch, the area can now function as a three-season spare room in Kelley's small home.
Selke chose two tables that can be placed together for large gatherings or pulled apart and tucked into the corners to open up the space. Durable aluminum chairs and a wipe-clean rug are ideal for the semi-outdoor space.
Slide 1: 66" Square Aluminum Table, $130 each; RestaurantFurnitureWarehouse.com. Aluminum Chairs, $170 each for similar; Overstock.com. Trimaran Stripe Indoor/Outdoor Rug, $298; DashandAlbert.com. Smith Barnett Muffin Round Stool, $129.11 each; Wayfair.com. Spot On Napkins, $38 for 4; PineconeHill.com.
Slide 2: ScreenEze 96" Patio Screen Frame & Cap in Bronze, $22.95; QualityWindowScreen.com. Mel Stripe Shams, $34-$38, and Melody Quilted Shams, $58-$68; PineconeHill.com. Mountain Peak White OC-121 paint (on bench seat), $37 per gallon; BenjaminMoore.com.
Selke (right) outlines five design personalities in her book Fresh American Spacesincluding Happy Preppy, which was the inspiration for Kelley's porch. Here's how to bring the style to life in your own home.
1. BRIGHTEN UP. Bursts of saturated colors, as in Kelley's pillows and the movable lime green ottomans (previous page), make a room lively and cheerful, Selke says.
2. INCORPORATE CLASSICS. Structured shapes with clean lines like Kelley's tables and chairs keep a small space from looking cluttered. "These trend-proof designs will look fresh for years," says Selke.
3. GO FUN AND FUNCTIONAL. Crisp rugby stripes on the banquette's cushions make what could be a purely practical element dynamic.
4. GO GRAPHIC. To add another visual layer to the porch's decorating scheme, Selke used paisley and floral pillows and a striped rug. "They add impact and energy to the space," she explains.
Before"Now, the room reflects Kelley's personality," says Selke.


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|Magic Vox
|Price (MSRP)
€79 / $99
|Type / Tags
|Guitar ModuleDJ ToolGuitar
Magic Vox uses the beautiful sonic qualities of guitar harmonics (flageolets), as a basis for the creation of a totally new playable and expressive musical instrument, with a distinctive sound.
Twelve of the best sounding guitars were selected for this mission and carefully sampled the harmonics that each guitar produces (See the full list below). Each guitar brings its own harmonic character and enables the creation of new different sounds. You can layer two guitar sources jointly for hybrid sounds and richer evolving tones. The advanced synthesis engine enables interesting sound sculpting options, and the noise-shaper section brings the vintage analog scent when it is needed.
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- Distinctive character.
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- Expanded effects section with Various traditional and special effects: Rotator, Granular effect, Chorus, Delay, Reverb, Magic effect, Distortion.
- Lowpass, Bandpass, Highpass and Notch resonant filter section.
Please log in to join the discussion


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Forensicswiki.org has moved to this site, forensicswiki.xyz. For information, please join the Google Group forensicswiki-reborn
Talk:Main Page
- 1 what about the validation of legal/illegal licenses of commercial software?
- 2 Global Directory of Analysts
- 3 List of OS changed files at boot time or poweroff.
- 4 Organizing Anti-Forensics and Page Naming query
- 5 Removal of non-contributing users
- 6 Tools table
- 7 Did you know?
- 8 Wiki News
- 9 Forensics Mailing List
- 11 Zalety i Wady - obiektywnie wyłącznie inżynierowie forensics
- 12 Spam
- 13 OLM Viewer
what about the validation of legal/illegal licenses of commercial software?
I'm sometimes requested by the Courts to process with investigations in order to detect is a company is using software (e.g. AutoCad, MS Office, Adobe) with licenses or not. The evidence of such stuff is easy or not. The display of the "About" is sometimes enough but for some software the evidence is not so easy.
May I propose we open a new section to address such topics?
What do you think? --Chuv 04:16, 19 July 2007 (PDT)
- Sounds like a good idea. How about How to determine if software is legally licensed? It should probably go in the Category:Howtos. Jessek 16:11, 19 July 2007 (PDT)
Global Directory of Analysts
I am setting up a global directory of computer forensics analysts, and am looking for feedback to the idea. Although the directory is in the UK, I want it to be global. Any thoughts, please put them on Computer Forensics [1] in the forums section. Thanks and regards, Simon
- Given the lack of response I'm not sure this is a viable idea. Jessek 21:13, 26 February 2007 (PST)
- Doesn't seem like a good idea to me. Simsong 18:50, 15 March 2007 (PDT)
- Response is small because the very idea and both sites are not well known within North America. Computer forensics here has been mostly a secondary role rather than a principal focus. To raise awareness of both efforts, this wiki and computer-forensics.co.uk, you need to get their existence promoted in major publications and the primary professional organizations.
List of OS changed files at boot time or poweroff.
Some times i found useful to know which files are changed on boot time of OS or on poweroff. For example to know what happened with OS ( Windows or Linux or ... ) what files to exclude or include by investigation. So i started collect this information with qemu and mactime. I think this wiki is the best place to post it, what do you think haw should i name it and the category? Also i will thankful if some one can correct my English.
I would encourage you to post it at Files changed at boot:Windows XP, Files changed at boot:Windows Vista, and the like. Simsong 18:53, 25 October 2007 (PDT)
Organizing Anti-Forensics and Page Naming query
I've made a start on trying to organize the Anti-Forensics information creating a number of sections including Category:Anti-Forensics. I created a category for Category:Anti-Forensics Tools(uppercase) with out realising there was already a Category:Anti-forensics tools (lowercase). Is there any standardization on whether page titles should be upper or lower case? I would have though upper case being the better option... Fsck 22:43, 4 July 2008 (UTC)
I've started a weekly posting of forensics research. In my quick review of the other websites that come up when doing a google search for "computer forensics" it seems that nothing is really up-to-date, so perhaps we can start a more active community here. Perhaps this will grow into a blog roll. Simsong 23:46, 5 July 2008 (UTC)
Removal of non-contributing users
I've written a little SQL statement which will remove the 1100 or so usernames that have been registered but which have never contributed anything and have no talk. This was considered for the mediawiki project but never implemented (weird). Anyway, unless there is a suggestion, I'll go ahead and do it... Simsong 05:10, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
Tools table
Is it possible to add Wireshark and NetworkMiner to the Tools table on the Main Page (here: Network Forensics: Snort, ... )? .FUF 17:08, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
- Done Simsong 04:40, 12 September 2008 (UTC).
Did you know?
What about organizing "Did you know?" section with some interesting facts from articles (like in Wikipedia)? .FUF 12:34, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
- I don't think that we have enough people to do this. Simsong 06:50, 19 July 2009 (UTC)
Wiki News
I have updated the version of SpamBlacklist. Simsong 23:49, 30 October 2008 (UTC)
I have fixed the server config file so we now get /wiki/ URLs. Simsong 20:33, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
Forensics Mailing List
Hello all. I would like to ask, are there any mailing list focus on forensics? I need reference here. --Zakiakhmad 09:48, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
- It seems a little bit passive this discussion --Zakiakhmad 03:16, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
Ajax has been enabled by adding these settings to the LocalSettings.php file:
$wgUseAjax = true; $wgEnableMWSuggest = true; $wgMWSuggestTemplate =SearchEngine::getMWSuggestTemplate() . '&limit=20';
- Yours wikily, Simsong 06:49, 19 July 2009 (UTC)
Zalety i Wady - obiektywnie wyłącznie inżynierowie forensics
Analiza SIM karty danych i odzyskiwania usuniętych danych ANALYSIS SIM CARD DATA AND RECOVER DELETED DATA
Odzyskiwanie skasowanych wiadomości SMS / tekst i wykonać kompleksową analizę danych na karcie SIM. Karta SIM ma zajęcia nabycia karty SIM i elementy analizy zajęciu urządzenia parabenów i umieszcza je w specjalistyczne karty SIM nabycia kryminalistycznych i narzędzie do analizy. Karta SIM zawiera zajęcia programowe, jak Forensic SIM Card Reader. Jeśli masz już zajęcia Device & Device Seizure Toolbox, nie ma potrzeby, aby otrzymać karty SIM zajęcia, jak również dlatego, że zawierają składniki, aby wykonać kryminalistycznych badań karty SIM i analizy. Jest to narzędzie dla badacza, który chce nabyć tylko karty SIM i nie chcesz wykonać kryminalistycznych egzaminów wszystkich danych z telefonu komórkowego. Karta SIM zawiera bezpłatne zajęcia roczną subskrypcję z zakupu.
SIM Card Seizure has unicode support to read multiple languages such as Arabic, Chinese, & Russian: Features:
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Data Acquired from SIM Cards
* Phase Phase ID * SST SIM Service table * ICCID Serial Number * LP Preferred languages variable * SPN Service Provider name * MSISDN Subscriber phone number * AND Short Dial Number * FDN Fixed Numbers * LND Last Dialed numbers * EXT1 Dialing Extension * EXT2 Dialing Extension * GID1 Groups * GID2 Groups * SMS Text Messages * SMSP Text Message parameters * SMSS Text message status * CBMI Preferred network messages * PUCT Charges per unit * ACM Charge counter * ACMmax Charge limit * HPLMNSP HPLMN search period * PLMNsel PLMN selector * FPLMN Forbidden PLMNs * CCP Capability configuration parameter * ACC Access control class * IMSI IMSI * LOCI Location information * BCCH Broadcast control channels * Kc Ciphering key
Pytanie 1 _________
Jakie zalety na pierwszy plan, a jakie wady które można zignorować w śledztwie?
In an attempt to deal with spam, account creation now requires confirmation.
OLM Viewer
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Midwest Sports offers a wonderful collection of Jofit tennis clothing for women who are seeking the perfect combination of comfort, athletic, feminine, and cool. Jofit was created by women for women, and you're sure to find just the right fit. From skirts and dresses to visors, tanks, and jackets, we've got the perfect outfit for your game. Shop below and check out the latest sportswear styles from Jofit!
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Hi HG, I LOVE granola, but the ones in the store are so high in fat and calories. Please help! I know you'll come to the rescue. Thanks in advance. Gotta Have Granola
Hi Gotta Have Granola,
You're right -- granola can be a total food faker, meaning that it seems like a smart pick when it's really not. Although it typically contains whole grains and other good-for-you stuff, it's often prepared with lots of added sugar and oil. And it's very calorie dense -- most granola has really high stats for a pretty small serving size. It's fine in small portions, but many people eat it like cereal, so the calories really add up. Even low-fat granola typically has close to 400 calories per cup. So what's a granola-lovin' girl to do? Keep reading... Some store-bought options are better than others in the stats department. Kashi's granola-like GoLean Crunch! cereal has only 190 calories and 3g fat in a full cup (PointsPlus® value 5*), which is perfect if you want a large serving. And KIND Healthy Grains come in fun mixes -- like Vanilla Blueberry Clusters with Flax Seeds and Maple Walnut Clusters with Chia & Quinoa -- and are great if you stick to a single serving. A 1/3-cup serving has 120 - 130 calories and 3 - 4g fat (PointsPlus® value 3*). Not bad! Other ways to get your granola fix? Granola snack bars and single-serving yogurt cups with granola. Click here for my granola-bar picks and here for a granola-topped yogurt find. My favorite thing to do with granola (and my recommendation to you) is to stretch a single serving by bulking it up with lighter stuff. If you like granola cereal-style, mix it with lower-calorie cereals, like unsweetened puffed cereal, Cheerios, or Fiber One Original. Or sprinkle a serving of granola over some fat-free or light yogurt. If you find yourself going for granola as an evening snack, use it as a topping for light ice cream, or make it part of a snack mix with guilt-free goodies like 94% fat-free popcorn and freeze-dried fruit. Last but not least, here's an awesome HG granola recipe with a generous serving size. Feel free to customize it with your favorite freeze-dried fruit -- it would be AMAZING with blueberries or one of the Funky Monkey mixes. Enjoy!
Dear Hungry Girl, You often talk about how you live by the 80/20 rule. How does that actually work? Do you save the 20 percent for special occasions? Certain food splurges? Is there one day a week that you allow yourself to indulge? Curious Kendra
Hi Kendra,
Great question! For those of you who aren't familiar with the rule, it refers to eating smart 80 percent of the time and loosening up the reins the other 20 percent. This way you always have some wiggle room and flexibility without throwing off your weight-management goals. Eating right 100 percent of the time isn't realistic, and if you tell yourself that you have to do it, you'll be more likely to get discouraged and give up after a "bad" meal or day.
It's actually more of a concept than a hard-and-fast rule. If you adopt the idea, it sort of works itself out. I usually plan to eat smart most the time, but life happens -- maybe I have a cocktail and some bar bites with friends, a meal I order is prepared with more oil than I'd like, or I have a few bites of dessert that I just don't wanna resist. But since I eat smart most of the time, I'm able to indulge every once in a while without guilt or worries. And if I go too far overboard, I just eat a little lighter the next day and step up the exercise. This is just what works for me. It's all about figuring out what's best for your lifestyle. Want more advice? Click here for the TOP ATE diet blunders to avoid. Good luck!
Did you know that July, a.k.a. this month, is National Grilling Month? It's true. Celebrate with these seriously amazing skewer recipes!
Have a question for Hungry Girl? Send it in! She answers new Qs each week (but cannot respond to emails personally).
SmartPoints® value not what you expected? Click here for more info on how the values are calculated, plus more FAQs about PointsPlus® and SmartPoints® values on our website.


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Is That a Stretch?
This story appears in the May 2007 issue of Entrepreneur. Subscribe »
Jeremy Wunsch never planned to expand beyond Minneapolis. "I started in my basement and thought that was where the company would stay," says the founder and CEO of LuciData, which sells data products and services to aid forensic investigations and protect intellectual property. But when Wunsch, 34, got serious inquiries from prospects in Denver, he changed his mind about geographic expansion. "I was losing business because I didn't have a local presence," says Wunsch, who opened a Denver office in 2004. Today, with eight employees and $1.8 million in annual sales, the 4-year-old firm is looking at East Coast and California markets.
Most entrepreneurs whose companies grow significantly are forced to reach out to new geographic markets, says Fred Kiesner, professor of entrepreneurship at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. To do it right, consider these tips.
1. Make sure it's what you want. Adding new geographic markets can greatly increase the hours you need to work--especially if you'll have to travel--and reduce how much control you have over the business, as you must delegate authority to others, Kiesner notes. For some, growth may not be worth that. "It all depends on what you're after in life," he says. You may be able to make the move work for lifestyle and business. Wunsch, for example, chose Denver partly because he could work in an occasional ski trip while he was there on business.
2. Pick the right time. Wunsch added geographic scope when he was faced with a choice between doing so and turning down business. Kiesner says another indicator is when you've maxed out the potential of your current geographic markets but you haven't overloaded your capacity. "[Geographic expansion is] for when you can handle more and you know there's a bigger world out there," he says.
3. Have the people in place. Adding new geographic markets usually means adding people, including management positions. Before expanding, identify suitable new hires or existing employees who have the potential to move up. In Denver, Wunsch started by hiring two sales reps, then immediately had to scramble to hire a technical employee to meet his new clients' needs. "Now we know [that] those need to be simultaneous hires," he says.
4. Grow slowly at first. Kiesner says that too-rapid growth causes many failures. Often an entrepreneur lacks the personal bandwidth to oversee the expanded enterprise. "If you're good managing one store and go to five stores, you'll have 20 percent to give to each," he notes. He recommends that if you have one office, add two to start with, then a handful more, rather than rolling out a large number right off the bat. Wunsch is growing slowly as well, adding a single new market last year: Des Moines, Iowa.
5. Manage costs carefully. Expanding can add costs even faster than it adds sales. Wunsch says that in the future, he'll add 50 percent to any estimate of the cost of opening in a new market. Overruns can come from unexpected places, he warns. Wunsch planned to start with an inexpensive office suite in Denver but had to opt for costlier space when suite operators couldn't accommodate his security needs. For future expansions, he'll budget for more and costlier pre-launch marketing to make sure sales reps and tech workers have enough leads and jobs to keep them productive from Day One. And he'll also consider using contract employees, at least at first, to keep costs low and flexibility high.
For more tips on expanding your business to new geographic regions, visit Exploring New Markets.


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Market research firms that specialize in using specific methods to identify and qualify potential participants for a focus group study. Find a company offering focus group recruiting.
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The more you know about what's actually happening in the recruiting room, the more you can rest easy that you are going to get the quality insights you need.Read more »
With digital methods, we're able to replicate – as best we can – in-person conversations and sessions through online formats that may include webcam focus groups and mobile data capture. If you're trying to understand which method is preferable – online or in-person focus groups – here is a quick pro and con list of each method.Read more »
How can we best understand the psychology of focus groups and how can we utilize this knowledge to make the sessions more insightful? Interestingly, more than what happens during the focus group can affect the focus group experience. The recruitment process can set the stage for how respondents begin thinking about the group experience.Read more »
This article of the series deals with how the psychology of the focus group is affected by what occurs during the focus group and how certain factors impact the overall insights.Read more »
How long is long interview? (Keeping respondents engaged, the tricks of the trade)Read more »
A recent Bloomberg Businessweek article discussed the much-anticipated release of the Model X, but the article's actual main point was about Tesla's big bet with the Model X: Courting women drivers.Read more »
Anne Hedde, Executive Vice President of Schlesinger Interactive, discusses the topic of recruiting quality respondents.Read more »
James Sallows, Managing Director of Schlesinger Interactive Europe, ponders if there really are plenty more fish in the sea.Read more »
Rob Ramirez, Senior Vice President of Strategic Partnerships, discusses creating a better research model through recruiting partnerships.Read more »
Over the past ten years or so, there has been a proliferation of innovation in qualitative research.Read more »
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A high-end quartz countertop company wanted to conduct pre and post advertising research to t ...Read this Case Study
Global management of your telephone and web-enabled IDIs and focus groups.Learn more about Civicom Marketing Research Services


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Posted 8 years ago
(1 item)
This was given to me by a friend. I am trying to find out some info, model, year, whatever info I can get. The fretboard looks to be maple, but someone has stained every other fret with a darker stain and in the process, destroyed the frets. I have not seen another headstock with a logo like this. You can also see that the machine peg holes were bot drilled large enough for any type of guide or ferrell. It looks like at time it may have had a plate of some kind screwed to the face of the headstock for a peg guide. I am thinking about stripping this, repaired the wood damage and restoring it to a playable guitar, for a conversation piece if nothing else. I don't want to do this if it is a rare or collectable guitar.


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|Version 7 (modified by cmlenz, 14 years ago) (diff)
Helper functions for use in Markup templates
Often you need non-trivial presentation logic in templates, but Markup does not (yet) let you drop into straight Python. In Markup, such presentation logic must be either performed in the controller (i.e. the Python code feeding the template with date), or in helper functions that are called from within template expressions.
This page serves as a place where generalized functions that solve common tasks in presentation logic can be collected. At some point, Markup might include a library of such functions.
Python Standard Library
Many of the Python builtin functions (such as reversed or sorted), as well as those in the itertools package (such as groupby), can be quite useful in templates. The builtin functions are available by default, whereas other functions need to be put in the template context data explicitly.
The following was written by Christopher Lenz for use in the Trac project:
def group(iterable, num, predicate=None): """Combines the elements produced by the given iterable so that every `n` items are returned as a tuple. >>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> for item in group(items, 2): ... print item (1, 2) (3, 4) The last tuple is padded with `None` values if its' length is smaller than `num`. >>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] >>> for item in group(items, 2): ... print item (1, 2) (3, 4) (5, None) The optional `predicate` parameter can be used to flag elements that should not be packed together with other items. Only those elements where the predicate function returns True are grouped with other elements, otherwise they are returned as a tuple of length 1: >>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> for item in group(items, 2, lambda x: x != 3): ... print item (1, 2) (3,) (4, None) """ buf = [] for item in iterable: flush = predicate and not predicate(item) if buf and flush: buf += [None] * (num - len(buf)) yield tuple(buf) del buf[:] buf.append(item) if flush or len(buf) == num: yield tuple(buf) del buf[:] if buf: buf += [None] * (num - len(buf)) yield tuple(buf)
If the predicate functionality is not needed, a vastly simpler implementation of that function would be:
def group(iterable, num): """Group an iterable into an n-tuples iterable. Incomplete tuples are discarded e.g. >>> list(group(range(10), 3)) [(0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5), (6, 7, 8), (9, None, None)] """ return map(None, *[iter(iterable)] * num)
See also the Python Cookbook recipe "Group a list into sequential n-tuples".
Example usage

 ${cell}

That should result in the following output:

 a	b

 c	d

 e

countoccurrences() / countdistinct()
Written by Arnar Birgisson and shared on the IrcChannel.
def countoccurrences(numbers, minlength=0): """Takes a list of integers, in the range of 0..n and returns a list of integers where i-th item is the number of times i appears in the input list. If minlength is specified and n+1 < minlength, the returned list is right-padded with zeroes to make it contain minlength items. Examples: >>> countoccurrences([0,3,1,2,1,1,3,5]) [1,3,1,2,0,1] >>> countoccurrences([0,3,1,2,1,1,3,5], 10) [1,3,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,0] """ # TODO come up with a better name counts = [0] * max(max(numbers)+1, minlength) for x in numbers: counts[x] += 1 return counts
Example usage
<py:with vars="counts = countoccurrences([p.status.value for p in subdir.job.pages], 3)"> ${counts[0]}	 ${counts[1]}	 ${counts[2]}	 </py:with>
Similar version with a dict, counts any hashable types
The previous function can only count occurrences of numbers. This counts occurrences of any hashable types and returns a dict instead of a list.
def countitemoccurrences(items, requireditems=[]): """Takes a list of hashable items and returns a dict whose keys are those items and the values are the counts of how many times each item appers in the list. If the list requireditems is specified it's values are guaranteed to be keys in the resulting dict, even if they don't appear in items in which case the count will be 0 Examples: >>> counttypes('blue green green'.split(), 'blue red green'.split()) {'blue': 1, 'green': 2, 'red': 0} """ counts = dict() for i in requireditems: counts[i] = 0 for i in items: counts[i] = counts.get(i, 0) + 1 return counts
Generic version based on itertools.groupby
from itertools import groupby def countdistinct(iterable, groups=None, key=None): """Count things. >>> items = ['red', 'green', 'blue', 'blue'] >>> countdistinct(items) {'blue': 2, 'green': 1, 'red': 1} You can ensure that specific groups are always included in the result, even if they don't occur in the input: >>> items = ['red', 'blue', 'blue'] >>> countdistinct(items, groups=['red', 'green', 'blue']) {'blue': 2, 'green': 0, 'red': 1} The optional `key` argument can be used to provide a function that returns the comparison key for every item: >>> from operator import itemgetter >>> items = [dict(name='foo', category='buzz'), ... dict(name='bar', category='buzz')] >>> print countdistinct(items, key=itemgetter('category')) {'buzz': 2} """ return dict([(g, 0) for g in groups] + [(g, len(list(l))) for g, l in groupby(iterable, key=key)])
See also: MarkupGuide?, MarkupRecipes?


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When it comes to decorating your home, there are many reasons to go the distance especially since there are great advantages to improving your living space to a level of quality that best suits the entire structure. Most important are the elements that you add or detract such as furniture pieces and other furnishings that would improve the look of each area.
Rattan cube furniture for style is most sensible to add for the outdoor space especially the garden. It is a very good choice in furnishing for several reasons:
Rattan is of Great Durability and Natural Appeal
When you look at a piece of rattan cube furniture, you can easily spot its peculiarity that sets it apart from all the rest of modern pieces there is today. It is built to last and withstand the elements, making it perfect for outdoor use. Rattan cube garden furniture also looks very natural which means it complements the outside space well. Compared to teak, metal or other types of garden furniture, rattan exhibits various stylish advantages that you cannot find anywhere else. It is very sturdy and yet considerably affordable, which only makes it more appealing to buyers who are looking for style that does not cost too much money.
Shopping for Rattan Pieces
It is never exactly easy to choose furniture especially if your intent is to give your home a much needed spruce. The trick is to know what you want and what will fit best for your home space. For instance, you should consider getting wicker cube furniture for your patio if you often hold tea gatherings with your friends and family. This particular piece is very stylish but it blends well with the natural backdrop.
Cost and Savings
Just because you want to redo your home does not necessarily mean that you have to spend an enormous amount of money to make it happen. The first step when buying furniture is to scout prices and options. Once you have seen just what is out there, you can start purchasing in accordance to the price ceiling you have set for the purchase.
In order to save money, you will have to look for haggle friendly marketplaces or at least sellers who offer such merchandise at a reduced price. There are online websites that cater to people who have limited budget but are interested in acquiring great rattan pieces.
As have already been mentioned, it is not easy to find quality furnishings these days especially since there are so many phony products out there. What needs to be done is research coupled with a great deal of patience when choosing furniture and other types of home accessories that you might need.


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Windows 8 Certification Online Course
Windows 8 Certification Online Courses in Uganda
2KO Uganda's MCTS 70-687 training course Configuring Windows 8 teaches students the knowledge and skills to configure and administer Windows 8 as a standalone installation or in a corporate environment as a part of a Windows Active Directory domain. Students provided with the ability to create and deploy images, configure hardware and software, configure networking and backup and restore system information. 2KO's online courses are also available as full-time instructor led courses in Kampala, giving our students hands on skills to help prepare for International IT certification exams. 2KO Uganda makes online IT courses available to our students 24x7. 2KO International delivers consulting services, in the IT and Business space, as well as being a training provider for IT certification and user level courses. Training can be any blend of bespoke, classroom and online learning, enabling 2KO students the opportunity to study courses online world-wide from the comfort of home or work.
Register for an Online Microsoft Technical Course Here
When you pass Exam 70-688: Configuring Windows 8, you complete the requirements for the following certification:
MCTS: Windows 8, Configuration
2KO offers you the
most effective way to earn Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist
(MCTS). Professionals holding the Microsoft Certified Technology
Specialist: Windows 8, Configuring certification have demonstrated
the knowledge and skills necessary to:
Perform a clean install of Windows 8
Create an image for deployment
Configure hardware devices
Configure software for compatibility
Configure networking including sharing resources
Configure Direct Access for the network
Monitor and configure system performance
Perform backups and configure system restore
Windows 8 Mobility
Microsoft 70-687: Configuring Windows 8
Chapter 1: Course Introduction
Introducing Darin Sutton
Course Outline
Student Prerequisites
Certification Tracks
Chapter Review
Chapter 2: Microsoft Windows 8 Course
Demonstration Example
Building an Environment
Chapter Review
Chapter 3: New Features in Windows 8
Login Options
PC Settings
Default Metro Desktop and Apps
Installing Apps from the App Store
Searching Metro Desktop
SkyDrive and Internet Explorer 10
Non-Metro Desktop
Chapter Review
Chapter 4: Installing Windows 8
Editions and Architectures
Hardware Minimum Requirements
Upgrade Advisor and Migration Limitations
Installation Options and Types
Performing a Clean Installation
Chapter Review
Chapter 5: Upgrading or Migrating
Upgrade and Migration Limitations
Key Steps for Upgrading
Upgrading Windows 7 to 8
Key Steps for Migrating
Windows Easy Transfer
User State Migration Tool
Migration Backup
Windows 8 Migration
Activating Windows 8
Chapter Review
Chapter 6: Managing Images and Disks
Installation via Image
Imaging Disk Tools
Image Management Demo
Disk Partitions and Volumes
Disk Management
Virtual Hard Disks
Virtual Hard Disk Capabilities
Chapter Review
Chapter 7: Managing Devices and Drivers
Device Drivers 101
Driver Installation
Device Management
Management and Maintenance
Signed Drivers
Verifying Signed Drivers
Driver Staging
Installing PNP Utility
Chapter Review
Chapter 8: Network Configuration
Network Basics
IPv4 Basics
IPv4 Addressing
IPv4 Subnetting
Network Adapter Settings
Configuring Network Settings
Using the Command Line
Chapter Review
Chapter 9: Network Configuration IPv6
Protocol Migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 Basics
IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Simplification
IPv6 Network Settings
Using the Command Line
Chapter Review
Chapter 10: Network Wireless
Wireless Networks
Wireless Basics and Broadband
Wireless Advantages and Disadvantages
Wireless Devices
Network Adapter Settings
Wireless Adapter Network Settings
Network Security
Location Aware Printing
Chapter Review
Chapter 11: Network Troubleshooting
Wireless Signal
Confirming the IP Address
Troubleshooting Wireless
Small Steps
Troubleshooting Demonstration
Chapter 12: Windows 8 Mobility
Power Configuration
Mobility Center
Power and Mobility
BitLocker To Go
Using BitLocker To Go
Windows To Go
Transparent Caching and Offline Files
Location Aware Printing
Chapter 13: Local Security
Windows Firewall
Configuring Windows Firewall
User Access Control
RunAs Command
Elevated Permissions and UAC
Credentials Manager
Managing Credentials
Windows Updates
Windows Defender
Configuring Windows Defender
Chapter Review
Chapter 14: Network and Remote Security
Network Security 101
Layered Defense
Area Of Concern
Overview of PowerShell ISE
Remote Desktop
Remote Assistance
Chapter Review
Chapter 15: Application Management
Desktop Applications
Windows Store Applications
Visiting Windows Store Applications
AppLocker Policies and Rules
Chapter Review
Chapter 16: Internet Explorer 10
Compatibility View
InPrivate Browsing
InPrivate Filtering
SmartScreen Filtering
Internet Explorer in Windows 8
Chapter 17: File and Folder Configuration
NTFS Permissions
File and Folder Permissions
File and Folder Rights
EFS and BitLocker
Windows Data Center and SkyDrive
Storing Data Using SkyDrive
Chapter Review
Chapter 18: VPN and VPN Reconnect
What is a VPN?
Methods or Protocols for Connection
VPN Components
VPN Server Configuration
VPN Reconnect
VPN Client Side Configuration
Chapter Review
Chapter 19: Direct Access
What is Direct Access?
Network Access Services Overview
Name Resolution Policy Table
Connecting Internally
Connecting Externally
Direct Access Scenario
Direct Access Installation Requirements
Chapter Review
Chapter 20: Branch Cache
What Is Branch Cache?
Different Modes
Managing Branch Cache
Monitoring Brach Cache
Activating Branch Cache
Branch Cache New Features
Chapter Review
Chapter 21: Monitoring Windows 8
Task Manager
Windows Experience
Event Logs
Monitoring Basics
Performance Monitor
Data Collector Sets
Monitoring Windows 8
Resource and Reliability Monitor
Resource and Reliability Monitor Demo
Memory and Network Diagnostics
Problems Steps Recorder
Problems Steps Reporter
Diagnostic and Monitoring Tools Demo
Chapter Review
Chapter 22: Windows 8 Performance
Mobile Performance
Desktop Performance
Network Performance
Performance Optimization
Performance Tools
Hard Drive Disks
Hardware Performance Optimization
Chapter Review
Chapter 23: Backup and Recovery
File History
Backing Up Data
Performing a System Restore
Chapter Review
Chapter 24: Certification Preparation
MS Website Exam Overview
Instant Expert
Microsoft Official Curriculum
Study Recommendations
Exam Preparation
Chapter 25: Course Review


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FRI, APR 1, 2011 at 3:26 AM
We say it's our birthday
Sub Pop Records turns 23 today. Our boss Jonathan had the following very nice thing to say to the internet on the subject:
"On April 1st, 1988, the lease for Sub Pop's first designated office space officially commenced. We were unceremoniously booted from that building years ago, but the day stuck as a birthday of sorts. To all of our vendors, customers, colleagues, friends, mentors, employees, and artists: thank you. Same goes to our beloved hometown of Seattle."
In years past we have really made a nuisance of ourselves going on and on about our anniversary. We've hosted a bunch of parties, put together shows, once we even had a big, fat festival. This year, instead, we are going to do a little more shutting up and a whole lot more putting out 1,000 amazing records. To be fair, we have not actually counted, but it sure seems like 1,000. We have listened to them all, though, and we're dead certain about the amazing part. And, as Jon more succinctly put it in the quote above: we're very grateful.
So far this year, we have released new music from Daniel Martin Moore, Aurelio (via the Next Ambiance label), The Twilight Singers, Mogwai, Papercuts, Dum Dum Girls, J Mascis, and Obits.
And we will have, soon or before the year is through, still more new releases by the likes of Low, The Head and the Heart, Blitzen Trapper, Fleet Foxes, Lower Dens, Chad VanGaalen, Shabazz Palaces, Blouse (a 7" single on May 31), Vetiver, Sebadoh, Niki and the Dove, Handsome Furs, Still Corners, Mister Heavenly, Male Bonding, Memoryhouse, Fruit Bats, The Helio Sequence, and undoubtedly a handful of others who I am right now forgetting, and whose understandably a little bit irritated manager(s) will soon be sending me less than carefully worded emails expressing their concern on this "forgetting" issue.
See what I mean? You try counting them! (Please do not really count them…)
Happy birthday, us!


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This event runs from 10:30am on the 28th August 2017, to 3:30pm on the 8th September 2017 and will take place at Brecon Cathedral, Powys LD3 9DP. It is being organised by 2011, Kira Withers-Jones http://www.kirajones.co.uk .
The exhibition will be open to the public from 10.30 – 3.30 everyday, apart from when a service is in progress. There is a car park and a café on site. Entry is free and items will be for sale as well as exhibits to view. The group is inspired by, but not affiliated with, CQGB and various pieces of textile art and quilting will be exhibited.


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When reliability counts, Skyworks delivers. Vital medical equipment such as patient monitors and scanners rely on solutions from Skyworks to ensure two-way communication.
Our products include components for wireless personal area networks (WPAN), as well as subsystems for antenna connection and baseband output. Many of our discrete amplifiers, diodes, optoelectronic components and dielectric materials serve as components in medical instruments such as blood sugar monitors, defibrillators, hearing aids, heart monitors, pacemakers, and MRI scanners.


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New Product
Men Boys Tri-fold Camouflage Color Wallet Casual Military Army Classic Canvas Purse Organizer with Zipper Coin Pouch Credit Card Holder with Chain for Travel and Daily Use Birthday Christmas Gifts Camouflage-c DPMDUhkche34214
Men Fashion Casual Canvas Short Folding Wallet Money Cash Credit Card Photo Storage Case Bag Holder Organizer QVPCVsfvtc20499
Terms & Conditions
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Provide with timely, detailed and accurate personal information. Consent to receive messages sent from our website. Regularly updates your register information which meets with the timely, detailed and accurate information requirement. All original information will be used for registration information. We will not sell or rent your personal information, for example user name, address, email address, or nick name to third parties for their marketing purpose except for the following cases: We share your personal information with other members in accordance with your authorization. We disclose limited personal contact information to verified requests by law enforcement and government officials who conduct criminal investigations. we may limit, suspend, or terminate our service and user accounts, prohibit access to our website, if user provides with inaccurate information
User privacy
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We will not sell or rent your personal information to third parties for their marketing purposes and will only disclose your personal information in accordance with our Privacy Policy and/or with your explicit consent. For the following four cases, it's necessary to disclose the information on basis on honesty: Comply with the law and the procedures for legal services. Maintain the trademark ownership of the site. Maintain the privacy safety for individual and public users in the case of emergency. In accordance with other related requirements. The site reserves the right to publish the analysis of member population and their consulting.
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Water Resources
Water is essential for life and plays a vital role in the proper functioning of the Earth's ecosystems. Water pollution has a serious impact on all living creatures, and can negatively affect the use of water for drinking, household needs, recreation, fishing, transportation and commerce.
Back to Learn About Water page.
On this page:
Drinking Water
Learn about your drinking water supply, how to monitor its quality and how to help keep it clean.
- Consumer Confidence Reports - Annual water quality reports from community water systems.
- Home Water Testing (2 pp, 563 K, About PDF)
- Learn About Drinking Water - The sources of our drinking water are constantly under siege from naturally occurring events and human activities.
- Private Drinking Water Wells - If your family gets drinking water from a private well, do you know if your water is safe to drink? What health risks could you and your family face? Where can you go for help or advice?
- Protect the Source of Your Drinking Water - Citizen Involvement in Source Water Protection.
Learn how pollutants can get into the water supply, and actions or treatment to remove them.
Water Bodies
Learn about EPA's work to protect and manage water resources and what you can do to help.
- Ground Water
- Lakes
- Oceans, Coasts, Estuaries and Beaches
- Nutrient Pollution - Nutrient pollution, one of America's most widespread, costly and challenging environmental problems, is caused by excess nitrogen and phosphorus in the air and water.
- Rivers and Streams
- Watersheds - The area that drains to a common waterway, such as a stream, lake, estuary, wetland, aquifer, or even the ocean.
- Wetlands - Areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season.
Water Quality
Find out whether waters near you are clean and safe for activities such as swimming and fishing.
- Beach Closures
- Fish Advisories - A compendium of information on locally issued fish advisories and safe eating guidelines.
- How's My Waterway? - See if your local waterway was checked for pollution, what was found, and what is being done.
What You Can Do
Read about actions you can take to protect water at home and in your community.
- Adopt Your Watershed - Learn about opportunities to get involved in activities such as volunteer water monitoring, stream cleanups, and storm drain marking.
- Emergency Preparedness - Natural disasters such as hurricanes and floods can disrupt your drinking water supply and your wastewater disposal systems. Learn some of the issues you may face preparing for, during and after an event that directly threatens your health and the health of your family.
- How to Dispose of Medicines Properly (2 pp, 498 K, About PDF) - Medicines disposed of improperly may end up in our drinking water sources.
- Maintain Your Septic System - If you're not properly maintaining your septic system, you're not only hurting the environment, you're putting your family's health at risk—and may be flushing thousands of dollars down the drain.
- Prevent Polluted Runoff - What you can do to prevent pollution caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground.
- Volunteer Monitoring - Across the country, trained volunteers are monitoring the condition of their local streams, lakes, estuaries and wetlands.
- WaterSense - Save water and protect the environment by choosing WaterSense labeled products in your home, yard, and business and taking simple steps to save water each day.


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Global Poverty in the Late 20th Century (1998)
By Michel Chossudovsky
The late 20th Century will go down in World history as a period of global impoverishment marked by the collapse of productive systems in the developing World, the demise of national institutions and the disintegration of health and educational programs.
This "globalization of poverty" –which has largely reversed the achievements of post-war decolonization–, was initiated in the Third World coinciding with the onslaught of the debt crisis. Since the 1990s, it has extended its grip to all major regions of the World including North America, Western Europe, the countries of the former Soviet block and the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) of South East Asia and the Far East.
In the 1990s, local level famines have erupted in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and parts of Latin America; health clinics and schools have been closed down, hundreds of millions of children have been denied the right to primary education. In the Third World, Eastern Europe and the Balkans there has been a resurgence of infectious diseases including tuberculosis, malaria and cholera.
Impoverishment – An Overview
Famine Formation in the Third World
From the dry savannah of the Sahelian belt, famine has extended its grip into the wet tropical heartland. A large part of the population of the African continent is affected: 18 million people in Southern Africa (including 2 million refugees) are in "famine zones" and another 130 million in 10 countries are seriously at risk. In the Horn of Africa, 23 million people (many of whom have already died) are "in danger of famine" according to a UN estimate.
In South Asia in the post-Independence period extending through the 1980s, starvation deaths had largely been limited to peripheral tribal areas. In India, there are indications of widespread impoverishment of both the rural and urban populations following the adoption of the 1991 New Economic Policy under the stewardship of the Bretton Woods institutions.
In India, more than 70 percent of rural households are small marginal farmers or landless farm workers representing a population of over 400 million people. In irrigated areas, agricultural workers are employed for 200 days a year, and in rain-fed farming for approximately 100 days. The phasing out of fertiliser subsidies (an explicit condition of the IMF agreement) and the increase in the prices of farm inputs and fuel is pushing a large number of small and medium sized farmers into bankruptcy.
A micro-level study conducted in 1991 on starvation deaths among handloom weavers in a relatively prosperous rural community in Andhra Pradesh sheds light on how local communities have been impoverished as a result of macro-economic reform. The starvation deaths occurred in the months following the implementation of the 1991 New Economic Policy: with the devaluation and the lifting of controls on cotton yarn exports, the jump in the domestic price of cotton yarn led to a collapse in the pacham (24 meters) rate paid to the weaver by the middle-man (through the putting-out system).
"Radhakrishnamurthy and his wife were able to weave between three and four pachams a month bringing home the meagre income of 300-400 rupees for a family of six ($12-16), then came the Union Budget of July 24, 1991, the price of cotton yarn jumped and the burden was passed on to the weaver, Radhakrishnamurthy's family income declined to Rs. 240-320 a month ($9.60-13.00)".
Radhakrishnamurthy of Gollapalli village in Guntur district died of starvation on September 4, 1991. Between August 30 and November 10, 1991 at least 73 starvation deaths were reported in only two districts of Andhra Pradesh. There are 3.5 million handlooms throughout India supporting a population of some 17 million people.
"Economic Shock Treatment" in the former Soviet Union
When assessing the impact on earnings, employment and social services, the post-cold War economic collapse in parts of Eastern Europe appears to be far deeper and more destructive than that of the Great Depression. In the former Soviet Union (starting in early 1992), hyperinflation triggered by the downfall of the ruble contributed to rapidly eroding real earnings. "Economic shock treatment" combined with the privatisation program precipitated entire industries into immediate liquidation leading to lay-offs of millions of workers.
In the Russian Federation, prices increased one hundred times following the initial round of macro-economic reforms adopted by the Yeltsin government in January 1992; wages on the other hand increased ten-fold; the evidence suggests that real purchasing power had plummeted by more than 80 percent in the course of 1992.
The reforms have dismantled both the military-industrial complex and the civilian economy. Economic decline has surpassed the plunge in production experienced in the Soviet Union at the height of the Second World War, following the German occupation of Byelorussia and parts of the Ukraine in 1941, and the extensive bombing of Soviet industrial infrastructure. The Soviet GDP had by 1942 declined by 22 percent in relation to pre-war levels.
In contrast, industrial output in the former Soviet Union plummeted by 48.8 percent and GDP by 44.0 percent between 1989 and 1995, according to official data, and output continues to fall. Independent estimates, however, indicate a substantially greater drop and there is firm evidence that official figures have been manipulated.
While the cost of living in Eastern Europe and the Balkans was shooting up to Western levels as a result of the deregulation of commodity markets, monthly minimum earnings were as low as ten dollars a month. "In Bulgaria, The World Bank and the Ministry of Labor and Social Assistance separately estimated that 90 percent of Bulgarians are living below the poverty threshold of $4 a day". Old age pensions in 1997 were worth two dollars a month. Unable to pay for electricity, water and transportation, population groups throughout the region have been brutally marginalized from the modern era.
Poverty and Unemployment in the West
Already during the Reagan-Thatcher era, but more significantly since the beginning of the 1990s, harsh austerity measures are gradually contributing to the disintegration of the Welfare State. The achievements of the early post-war period are being reversed through the derogation of unemployment insurance schemes, the privatisation of pension funds and social services, and the decline of Social Security.
With the breakdown of the Welfare State, high levels of youth unemployment are increasingly the source of social strife and civil dissent. In the United States, political figures decry the rise of youth violence, promising tougher sanctions without addressing the roots of the problem. Economic restructuring has transformed urban life, contributing to the "thirdworldization" of Western cities.
The environment of major metropolitan areas is marked by social apartheid: urban landscape have become increasingly compartmentalized along social and ethnic lines. Poverty indicators such as infant mortality, unemployment, and homelessness in the ghettos of American (and increasingly European) cities are in many respects comparable to those prevailing in the Third World.
Demise of the "Asian Tigers"
More recently, speculative movements against national currencies have contributed to the destabilization of some of the World's more successful "newly industrialised" economies (Indonesia, Thailand, Korea), leading virtually overnight to abrupt declines in the standard of living.
In China, successful poverty alleviation efforts are threatened by the impending privatization or forced bankruptcy of thousands of State enterprises and the resulting lay-offs of millions of workers. The number of workers to be laid off in State industrial enterprises is estimated to be of the order of 35 million. In rural areas, there are an estimated 130 million surplus workers. This process has occurred alongside massive budget cuts in social programs, even as unemployment and inequality increase.
In the 1997 Asian currency crisis, billions of dollars of official Central Bank reserves were appropriated by institutional speculators. In other words, these countries are no longer able to "finance economic development" through the use of monetary policy. This depletion of official reserves is part and parcel of the process of economic restructuring leading to bankruptcy and mass unemployment. In other words, privately held capital in the hands of "institutional speculators" far exceeds the limited reserves of Asian central banks. The latter acting individually or collectively are no longer able to fight the tide of speculative activity.
Global Unemployment: "Creating Surplus Populations" in the Global Cheap Labor Economy
The global decline in living standards is not the result of "a scarcity of productive resources" as in preceding historical periods. The globalization of poverty has indeed occurred during a period of rapid technological and scientific advance. While the latter has contributed to vastly increasing the potential capacity of the economic system to produce necessary goods and services, expanded levels of productivity have not translated into a corresponding reduction in levels of global poverty.
On the contrary, downsizing, corporate restructuring and relocation of production to cheap labor havens in the Third World have been conducive to increased levels of unemployment and significantly lower earnings to urban workers and farmers. This new international economic order feeds on human poverty and cheap labor: high levels of national unemployment in both developed and developing countries have contributed to depressing real wages. Unemployment has been internationalised, with capital migrating from one country to another in a perpetual search for cheaper supplies of labor. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), worldwide unemployment affects one billion people or nearly one third of the global workforce.
National labor markets are no longer segregated: workers in different countries are brought into overt competition with one another. Workers rights are derogated as labor markets are deregulated.
World unemployment operates as a lever which "regulates" labor costs at a World level: the abundant supplies of cheap labor in the Third World (e.g. China with an estimated 200 million surplus workers) and the former Eastern block contribute to depressing wages in the developed countries. Virtually all categories of the labor force (including the highly qualified, professional and scientific workers) are affected, even as competition for jobs encourages social divisions based on class, ethnicity, gender, and age.
Micro-Efficiency, Macro-Insufficiency
The global corporation minimises labor costs on a World level. Real wages in the Third World and Eastern Europe are as much as seventy times lower than in the US, Western Europe or Japan: the possibilities of production are immense given the mass of cheap impoverished workers throughout the World.
While mainstream economics stresses efficient allocation of society's scarce resources, harsh social realities call into question the consequences of this means of allocation. Industrial plants are closed down, small and medium sized enterprises are driven into bankruptcy, professional workers and civil servants are laid off, and human and physical capital stand idle in the name of "efficiency". The drive toward "efficient" use of society's resources at the micro-economic level leads to exactly the opposite situation at the macro-economic level. Resources are not used "efficiently" when there remain large amounts of unused industrial capacity and millions of unemployed workers. Modern capitalism appears totally incapable of mobilizing these untapped human and material resources.
Accumulation of Wealth, Distortion of Production
This global economic restructuring promotes stagnation in the supply of necessary goods and services while redirecting resources towards lucrative investments in the luxury goods economy. Moreover, with the drying up of capital formation in productive activities, profit is sought in increasingly speculative and fraudulent transactions which in turn tend to promote disruptions on the World's major financial markets.
In the South, the East and the North, a privileged social minority has accumulated vast amounts of wealth at the expense of the large majority of the population. The number of billionaires in the US alone increased >from 13 in 1982 to 149 in 1996. The "Global Billionaires Club" (with some 450 members) has a total Worldwide wealth well in excess of the combined GDP of the group of low income countries with 56 percent of the world's population.
Moreover, the process of wealth accumulation is increasingly taking place outside the real economy divorced from bona fide productive and commercial activities. According to Forbes: "Successes on the Wall Street stock market [meaning speculative trade] produced most of last year's [1996] surge in billionaires." In turn, billions of dollars accumulated from speculative transactions are funnelled towards confidential numbered accounts in the more than 50 offshore banking havens around the World.
The US investment bank, Merrill Lynch, conservatively estimates the wealth of private individuals managed through private banking accounts in offshore tax havens at $3.3 trillion. The IMF puts the offshore assets of corporations and individuals at $5.5 trillion, a sum equivalent to 25 percent of total world income. The largely ill-gotten loot of Third World elites in numbered accounts is placed at $600 billion, with one third of that held in Switzerland.
Increased Supply, Reduced Demand
The expansion of output in this system takes place by "minimising employment" and compressing workers' wages. This process in turn backlashes on the levels of consumer demand for necessary goods and services: unlimited capacity to produce, limited capacity to consume. In a global cheap labor economy, the very process of expanding output (through downsizing, lay-offs and low wages) contributes to compressing society's capacity to consume.
The tendency is therefore towards overproduction on an unprecedented scale. In other words, expansion in this system can only take place through the concurrent disengagement of idle productive capacity, namely through the bankruptcy and liquidation of "surplus enterprises". The latter are closed down in favour of the most advanced mechanised production: entire areas branches of industry stand idle, the economy of entire regions is affected, and only a part of the World's agricultural potential is utilised.
This global oversupply of commodities is a direct consequence of the decline in purchasing power and rising levels of poverty. Oversupply contributes in turn to further depressing the earnings of the direct producers through the closure of excess productive capacity. Contrary to Say's law of markets, heralded by mainstream economics, supply doesn't create its own demand. Since the early 1980s, overproduction of commodities leading to plummeting (real) commodity prices has wreaked havoc particularly among Third World primary producers, but also (more recently) in the area of manufacturing.
Global Integration, Local Disintegration
In developing countries, entire branches of industry producing for the internal market are eliminated, the informal urban sector – which historically has played an important role as a source of employment creation – has been undermined as a result of currency devaluations and the liberalization of imports, including primary commodities. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the informal sector garment industry has been wiped out and replaced by the market for used garments (imported from the West at 80 dollars a ton).
Against a background of economic stagnation (including negative growth rates recorded in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union and Sub-Saharan Africa), the World's largest corporations have experienced unprecedented growth and expansion of their share of the global market. This process, however, has largely taken place through the displacement of pre-existing productive systems, i.e. at the expense of local-level, regional and national producers. Expansion and "profitability" for the World's largest corporations is predicated on a global contraction of purchasing power and the impoverishment of large sectors of the World population.
Survival of the fittest: the enterprises with the most advanced technologies or those with command over the lowest wages survive in a World economy marked by overproduction. While the spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberalism is committed to "fostering competition", G-7 macro-economic policy (through tight fiscal and monetary controls), has in practice supported a wave of corporate mergers and acquisitions as well as the bankruptcy of small and medium-sized enterprises.
In turn, large multinational companies (particularly in the US and Canada) have taken control of local-level markets (particularly in the service economy) through the system of corporate franchising. This process enables large corporate capital ("the franchiser") to gain control over human capital, cheap labor and entrepreneurship. A large share of the earnings of small firms and/or retailers is thereby appropriated while the bulk of investment outlays is assumed by the independent producer (the "franchisee").
A parallel process can be observed in Western Europe. With the Maastricht treaty, the process of political restructuring in the European Union increasingly heeds to dominant financial interests at the expense of the unity of European societies. In this system, State power has deliberately sanctioned the progress of private monopolies: large capital destroys small capital in all its forms.
With the drive towards the formation of economic blocks both in Europe and North America, the regional and local-level entrepreneur is uprooted, city life is transformed, individual small scale ownership is wiped out. "Free trade" and economic integration provide greater mobility to the global enterprise while at the same time suppressing (through non-tariff and institutional barriers) the movement of small local level capital. "Economic integration" (under the dominion of the global enterprise), while displaying a semblance of political unity, often promotes factionalism and social strife between and within national societies.
The Debt Crisis
The restructuring of the global economic system has evolved through several distinct periods since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in 1971. Patterns of oversupply started to unfold in primary commodity markets in the second part of the 1970s, following the end of the Vietnam War. The debt crisis of the early 1980s was marked by the simultaneous collapse of commodity prices and the rise of real interest rates.
The balance of payments of developing countries was in crisis, the accumulation of large external debts provided international creditors and "donors" with "political leverage" to influence the direction of country-level macro-economic policy.
The Structural Adjustment Program
Contrary to the spirit of the Bretton Woods agreement of 1944 which was predicated on "economic reconstruction" and stability of major exchange rates, the structural adjustment program (SAP) has since the early 1980s largely contributed to destabilizing national currencies and ruining the economies of developing countries.
The restructuring of the World economy under the guidance of the Washington based international financial institutions and the World Trade Organization (WTO) increasingly denies individual developing countries the possibility of building a national economy: the internationalization of macro-economic policy transforms countries into open economic territories and national economies into "reserves" of cheap labor and natural resources. The State apparatus is undermined, industry for the internal market is destroyed, national enterprises are pushed into bankruptcy. These reforms have also been conducive to the elimination of minimum wage legislation, the repeal of social programs, and a general diminution of the state's role in fighting poverty.
"Global Surveillance"
The inauguration of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 marks a new phase in the evolution of the post war economic system. A new "triangular division of authority" among the IMF, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization (WTO) has unfolded. The IMF had called for more effective "surveillance" of developing countries' economic policies and increased coordination between the three international bodies signifying a further infringement on the sovereignty of national governments.
Under the new trade order (which emerged from the completion of the Uruguay Round at Marrakesh in 1994), the relationship of the Washington based institutions to national governments is to be redefined. Enforcement of IMF-World Bank policy prescriptions will no longer hinge upon ad hoc country-level loan agreements (which are not "legally binding" documents). Henceforth, many of the mainstays of the structural adjustment program (e.g. trade liberalization and the foreign investment regime) have been permanently entrenched in the articles of agreement of the new World Trade Organization (WTO). These articles set the foundations for "policing" countries (and enforcing "conditionalities") according to international law.
The deregulation of trade under WTO rules combined with new clauses pertaining to intellectual property rights will enable multinational corporations to penetrate local markets and extend their control over virtually all areas of national manufacturing, agriculture and the service economy.
Entrenched Rights for Banks and MNCs
In this new economic environment, international agreements negotiated by bureaucrats under intergovernmental auspices, have come to play a crucial role in the remoulding of national economies. The 1997 Financial Services Agreement under the stewardship of the WTO, as well as the proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) until recently under OECD auspices provide what some observers have entitled a "charter of rights for multinational corporations".
These agreements derogate the ability of national societies to regulate their national economies. The Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) also threatens national level social programs, job creation policies, affirmative action and community based initiatives. In other words, it threatens to lead to the disempowerment of national societies as it hands over extensive powers to global corporations.
Ironically, the ideology of the "free" market upholds a new form of State interventionism predicated on the deliberate manipulation of market forces. Moreover, the development of global institutions has also led to the development of "entrenched rights" for global corporations and financial institutions. The process of enforcing these international agreements at national and international levels invariably bypasses the democratic process. Beneath the rhetoric on so-called "governance" and the "free market", neoliberalism provides a shaky legitimacy to those in the seat of political power.
The manipulation of the figures on global poverty prevents national societies from understanding the consequence of a historical process initiated in the early 1980s with the onslaught of the debt crisis. This "false consciousness" has invaded all spheres of critical debate and discussion on the "free" market reforms. In turn, the intellectual myopia of mainstream economics prevents an understanding of the actual workings of global capitalism and its destructive impact on the livelihood of millions of people. International institutions including the United Nations follow pace, upholding the dominant economic discourse with little assessment of how economic restructuring backlashes on national societies, leading to the collapse of institutions and the escalation of social conflict.
Professor of Economics, University of Ottawa, author of The Globalization of Poverty, Impacts of IMF and World Bank Reforms, TWN, Penang and Zed Books, London, 1997. (The book can be ordered from email@example.com)


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When a chimpanzee goes to sleep, it first has to build a "nest", which allows it to sleep safely up in the trees. Strangely, chimpanzees also build nests when sleeping on the ground, which might reveal a secret about human evolution.
These nests are essentially woven frames of broken branches made into sleeping platforms. That's reasonably elaborate for a creature that is seconds away from passing out, and it suggests the chimpanzees put a decent amount of thought and strategic planning into where they sleep each night. So, if they suddenly decide to sleep on the ground one night, it isn't likely to be some exhausted mistake.
That's why the chimpanzees of the Nimba Mountains in Guinea are so intriguing. These chimps aren't yet comfortable enough with humans for us to get really close, but researchers from Cambridge and the University of Kyoto have been able to use genetic analyses of hairs they leave behind in their nests to figure out which individual chimpanzees are sleeping where each night. It turns out these chimpanzees sleep on the ground or in the trees more or less interchangeably, and that it seemingly isn't that big a decision for them.
That's surprising, because our general conception of our own evolutionary history tends to make leaving the trees to live on the ground a really big deal. The switch from arboreal to terrestrial living has been linked to the use of fire or massive environmental changes - basically, something that would spur a major evolutionary shift. But, if these chimps are anything to judge by, it really isn't that big a deal at all, and the ability to live equally comfortably on the ground or in the trees could go all the way back to the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. Head researcher Dr. Kathelijne Koops adds:
"This is intriguing as it has long been believed that coming down from the trees was a crucial evolutionary shift. However, this chimpanzees' behaviour suggests a more deep-seated, gradual transition from tree-to-ground sleep. These chimpanzees offer a rare opportunity to investigate why a population of wild apes chooses to sleep on the ground. We showed that ground-nesting was not caused by male mate-guarding behaviour, a lack of trees in which to nest, or because of fire. This suggests that our direct ancestors were neither the only, nor the first, species to come down from the trees."
Via the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Image by wwarby on Flickr.


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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 7/12/2012 (2635 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
It might be just be another perogy-supper miracle.
A short video by Winnipeg composer Danny Schur featuring ancient worship rituals, choral music, polka dances and, of course, perogies, is inspiring Ukrainian Catholics in Winnipeg and beyond to share their centuries-old traditions through the wonder of the Internet.
"It's the first time I've seen the church so engaged in wanting to promote itself," says Schur about his six-and-a-half-minute mini-documentary about Holy Family Ukrainian Catholic Church, which he attends.
The video, titled A Family to Call Your Own, features the ministries of the southwest Winnipeg parish, including several scenes of parishioners making, serving and eating potato-filled dumplings at their monthly perogy supper.
Thought to be the first promotional video for a parish within the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Canada, Schur and others in the 220-family parish plan to spread the word about it through social media and email. Without any publicity, the video has already had hundreds of hits on YouTube.
Two years ago, Schur wrote Perogy Supper Miracle (www.myspace.com/perogysuppermiracle), a short musical comedy about a parish priest facing a spiritual crisis as he struggles to find volunteers to run the church perogy supper.
He intended it to be a one-off fundraiser for Holy Family's elevator fund, but the musical has already been staged half a dozen times in Winnipeg and around the province. More performances are scheduled for Dauphin, Calgary and Edmonton in 2013.
Schur pitched the idea of a promotional video to his parish council after being moved by a public talk by His Beatitude Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the leader of the worldwide Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. In September, the charismatic and multilingual Shevchuk visited Manitoba parishes and presided over the annual synod of bishops held in Portage la Prairie.
"It was born from our own admission that we don't actually invite people," says Schur, referring to Shevchuk's challenge to Ukrainian Catholics to reach out and talk about their faith.
Schur shot the video with a professional-quality digital single-lens reflex camera and donated his services to write and produce the video, spending only $22 to rent extra microphones. A week ago, he posted the video on YouTube and launched it at Holy Family on Dec. 2.
The documentary showcases the architecture of the "pinball-machine" church at the corner of Grant Avenue and Harrow Street and tells the story of several parishioners involved in the parish as well as providing a brief account of how parish priest Rev. Darren Kawiuk came to the faith.
Baptized in the United Church of Canada, Kawiuk was attending an evangelical church when he accepted a friend's invitation to a Sunday mass, called a divine liturgy, in the Ukrainian Catholic Church.
"Halfway through the liturgy, I heard a voice (saying), 'This is where you belong and this is where you will serve,' " Kawiuk, 48, recalls about his journey to the Eastern rite of the Catholic Church.
"It was a big surprise to me because I didn't know that much about the Ukrainian Catholic Church."
He hopes the video will dispel some of the myths and mystery about Ukrainian Catholics, inform people about their theology and practices, as well as providing an entry point into a specific congregation such as Holy Family.
"For people who have stopped going to the church, it shows the church is alive and vibrant and it clarifies any misconception (we're only) for old people," says Kawiuk, who was ordained in 1993 and is now in his third year at Holy Family.
"It's basically for those (people) who do not have a spiritual home. It's showing them there are options."
Shevchuk's visit to Canada this fall also emphasized the fact Ukrainian Catholics are part of an international body with many languages, not just Ukrainian, says the leader of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Canada.
"For our people, this is an opportunity to brush off our old values and identity and use them for our present day," says Lawrence Huculak, the Archbishop of Winnipeg
About six million people are part of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, with 122,500 of those in Canada and 30,000 in Manitoba alone.
Schur's short documentary is already attracting attention well beyond Winnipeg, with a link to it on the website of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton (www.edmontoneparchy.com)
Edmonton Bishop David Motiuk says he posted it because he appreciates the universal nature of the video and hopes it will inspire parishes under his charge to do something similar to explain that the Ukrainian Catholic Church is open to everyone.
"This video by Holy Family gives a good witness to how it could be welcoming," says Motiuk, formerly the auxiliary bishop in Winnipeg.
That might be one miracle of the perogy supper and worship video. Another could be that Schur is already overrun with requests from other parishes.
"I've already been asked to do it for other churches, but I don't have time," he says.
Check out the sights and sounds of A Family to Call Your Own above or click here.
Brenda Suderman
Faith reporter
Brenda Suderman has been a columnist in the Saturday paper since 2000, first writing about family entertainment, and about faith and religion since 2006.
The Free Press acknowledges the financial support it receives from members of the city's faith community, which makes our coverage of religion possible.
Updated on Saturday, December 8, 2012 at 11:08 AM CST: update
2:17 PM: embeds video


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