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Dietary fiber
Dietary fiber, dietary fibre, or sometimes roughage and ruffage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants and waste of animals that eat dietary fiber.
There are two main components:
- Soluble fiber dissolves in water. It is readily fermented in the colon into gases and physiologically active byproducts, and can be prebiotic and/or viscous. Soluble fibers tend to slow the movement of food through the system.
- Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water. It can be metabolically inert and provide bulking or prebiotic, metabolically fermenting in the large intestine. Bulking fibers absorb water as they move through the digestive system, easing defecation.[1] Fermentable insoluble fibers mildly promote stool regularity, although not to the extent that bulking fibers do, but they can be readily fermented in the colon into gases and physiologically active byproducts. Insoluble fibers tend to accelerate the movement of food through the system.
Dietary fibers can act by changing the nature of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and by changing how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed.[2] Some types of soluble fiber absorb water to become a gelatinous, viscous substance which is fermented by bacteria in the digestive tract. Some types of insoluble fiber have bulking action and are not fermented.[3] Lignin, a major dietary insoluble fiber source, may alter the rate and metabolism of soluble fibers.[1] Other types of insoluble fiber, notably resistant starch, are fully fermented.[4]
Chemically, dietary fiber consists of non-starch polysaccharides such as arabinoxylans, cellulose, and many other plant components such as resistant starch, resistant dextrins, inulin, lignin, waxes, chitins, pectins, beta-glucans, and oligosaccharides.[1] A novel position has been adopted by the US Department of Agriculture to include functional fibers as isolated fiber sources that may be included in the diet.[1] The term "fiber" is something of a misnomer, since many types of so-called dietary fiber are not actually fibrous.
Food sources of dietary fiber are often divided according to whether they provide (predominantly) soluble or insoluble fiber. Plant foods contain both types of fiber in varying degrees, according to the plant's characteristics.
Advantages of consuming fiber are the production of healthful compounds during the fermentation of soluble fiber, and insoluble fiber's ability (via its passive hygroscopic properties) to increase bulk, soften stool, and shorten transit time through the intestinal tract.
Disadvantages of a diet high in fiber is the potential for significant intestinal gas production and bloating. Constipation can occur if insufficient fluid is consumed with a high-fiber diet.
- 1 Definition
- 2 Types and sources of dietary fiber
- 3 Mechanism
- 4 Effects of fiber intake
- 5 Dietary fiber and obesity
- 6 Guidelines on fiber intake
- 7 Fiber and calories
- 8 Soluble fiber fermentation
- 9 Short-chain fatty acids
- 10 FDA-approved health claims
- 11 Potential longevity
- 12 See also
- 13 Footnotes
- 14 References
- 15 External links
Originally, fiber was defined to be the components of plants that resist human digestive enzymes, a definition that includes lignin and polysaccharides. The definition was later changed to also include resistant starch, along with inulin and other oligosaccharides.[3]
Official definition of dietary fiber differs a little among different institutions:
|Organization (reference)
|Institute of Medicine[5]
|Dietary fiber consists of nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants. Functional fiber consists of isolated, nondigestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiologic effects in humans. Total fiber is the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber.
|American Association of Cereal Chemists[6]
|Dietary fiber is the edible parts of plants or analogous carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine, with complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine. Dietary fiber includes polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, lignin, and associated plant substances. Dietary fibers promote beneficial physiologic effects including laxation, and/or blood cholesterol attenuation, and/or blood glucose attenuation.
|Codex Alimentarius Commission[7]
|Dietary fiber means carbohydrate polymers1 with ≥10 monomeric units2, which are not hydrolyzed by the endogenous enzymes in the small intestine of humans and belong to the following categories:
Types and sources of dietary fiber
|Food additive
|appearance / preparation
|water insoluble dietary fibers
|β-glucans (a few of which are water soluble)
|cereals, fruit, vegetables (in all plants in general)
|in fungi, exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans
|cereals, bran, timber, legume
|wheat, barley
|rye, oat
|stones of fruits, vegetables (filaments of the garden bean), cereals
|production with Xanthomonas-bacteria from sugar substrates
|water soluble dietary fibers
|replace or complement in some plant taxa the starch as storage carbohydrate
|in diverse plants, e.g. topinambour, chicory, etc.
|in the fruit skin (mainly apples, quinces), vegetables
|Alginic acids (Alginates)
|in Algae
|Propylenglycolalginat (PGA)
|red algae
|monosacharide, pentose
|synthetic polymer, ca. 1kcal/g
|synthetic disaccharide
Fiber contents in food
Dietary fiber is most found in vegetables and fruit. The exact amount of fiber contained in the food can be seen in the following table of expected fiber in USDA food groups/subgroups[8]
|Food group
|Serving Mean
|fiber g/serving
|0.5 cup
|Dark-green vegetables
|0.5 cup
|Orange vegetables
|0.5 cup
|Cooked dry beans (legumes)
|0.5 cup
|Starchy vegetables
|0.5 cup
|Other vegetables
|0.5 cup
|Whole grains
|28 g (1 oz)
|28 g (1 oz)
Dietary fiber is found in plants. While all plants contain some fiber, plants with high fiber concentrations are generally the most practical source.
Fiber-rich plants can be eaten directly. Or, alternatively, they can be used to make supplements and fiber-rich processed foods.
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND), formerly the American Dietetic Association, recommends consuming a variety of fiber-rich foods.
Plant sources of fiber
Some plants contain significant amounts of soluble and insoluble fiber. For example plums and prunes have a thick skin covering a juicy pulp. The skin is a source of insoluble fiber, whereas soluble fiber is in the pulp. Grapes also contain a fair amount of fiber.[9]
The root of the konjac plant, or glucomannan, produces results similar to fiber and may also be used to relieve constipation. Glucomannan is sold in various forms, and while safe in some forms, it can be unsafe in others, possibly leading to throat or intestinal blockage.[10]
Soluble fiber is found in varying quantities in all plant foods, including:
- legumes (peas, soybeans, lupins and other beans)
- oats, rye, chia, and barley
- some fruits (including prunes, plums, avocados, berries, ripe bananas, and the skin of apples, quinces and pears)
- certain vegetables such as broccoli, carrots, and Jerusalem artichokes
- root tubers and root vegetables such as sweet potatoes and onions (skins of these are sources of insoluble fiber also)
- psyllium seed husks (a mucilage soluble fiber) and flax seeds
- nuts, with almonds being the highest in dietary fiber
Sources of insoluble fiber include:
- whole grain foods
- wheat and corn bran
- legumes such as beans and peas
- nuts and seeds
- potato skins
- lignans
- vegetables such as green beans, cauliflower, zucchini (courgette), celery, and nopal
- some fruits including avocado, and unripe bananas
- the skins of some fruits, including kiwifruit, grapes and tomatoes[11]
Fiber supplements
These are a few example forms of fiber that have been sold as supplements or food additives. These may be marketed to consumers for nutritional purposes, treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders, and for such possible health benefits as lowering cholesterol levels, reducing risk of colon cancer, and losing weight.
Soluble fiber supplements may be beneficial for alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, such as diarrhea or constipation and abdominal discomfort.[12] Prebiotic soluble fiber products, like those containing inulin or oligosaccharides, may contribute to relief from inflammatory bowel disease,[13] as in Crohn's disease,[14] ulcerative colitis,[15][16] and Clostridium difficile,[17] due in part to the short-chain fatty acids produced with subsequent anti-inflammatory actions upon the bowel.[18][19] Fiber supplements may be effective in an overall dietary plan for managing irritable bowel syndrome by modification of food choices.[20]
One insoluble fiber, resistant starch from high amylose corn, has been used as a supplement and may contribute to improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic management[21][22][23] as well as promoting regularity[24] and possibly relief of diarrhea.[25][26][27] One preliminary finding indicates that resistant corn starch may reduce symptoms of ulcerative colitis.[28]
Chemically defined as oligosaccharides occurring naturally in most plants, inulins have nutritional value as carbohydrates, or more specifically as fructans, a polymer of the natural plant sugar, fructose. Inulin is typically extracted by manufacturers from enriched plant sources such as chicory roots or Jerusalem artichokes for use in prepared foods.[29] Subtly sweet, it can be used to replace sugar, fat, and flour, is often used to improve the flow and mixing qualities of powdered nutritional supplements, and has significant potential health value as a prebiotic fermentable fiber.[30]
Inulin is advantageous because it contains 25–30% the food energy of sugar or other carbohydrates and 10–15% the food energy of fat. As a prebiotic fermentable fiber, its metabolism by gut flora yields short-chain fatty acids (see below) which increase absorption of calcium,[31] magnesium,[32] and iron,[33] resulting from upregulation of mineral-transporting genes and their membrane transport proteins within the colon wall. Among other potential beneficial effects noted above, inulin promotes an increase in the mass and health of intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations.
Vegetable gums
Vegetable gum fiber supplements are relatively new to the market. Often sold as a powder, vegetable gum fibers dissolve easily with no aftertaste. In preliminary clinical trials, they have proven effective for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.[34] Examples of vegetable gum fibers are guar gum and acacia Senegal gum.
Dietary fibers have three primary mechanisms: bulking, viscosity and fermentation.[35] Dietary fibers can change the nature of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract, and to change how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed through bulking and viscosity.[1][2] Some types of soluble fibers bind to bile acids in the small intestine, making them less likely to re-enter the body; this in turn lowers cholesterol levels in the blood from the actions of cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation of cholesterol.[3] Viscous soluble fibers may also attenuate the absorption of sugar, reduce sugar response after eating, normalize blood lipid levels and, once fermented in the colon, produce short-chain fatty acids as byproducts with wide-ranging physiological activities (discussion below). Insoluble fiber is associated with reduced diabetes risk, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown.[36] One type of insoluble dietary fiber, resistant starch has been shown to directly increase insulin sensitivity in healthy people,[37][38] in type 2 diabetics,[39] and in individuals with insulin resistance, possibly contributing to reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.[40][41][42]
Not yet formally proposed as an essential macro-nutrient, dietary fiber is nevertheless regarded as important for the diet, with regulatory authorities in many developed countries recommending increases in fiber intake.[1][2][43][44]
Physicochemical properties
Dietary fiber has distinct physicochemical properties. Most semi-solid foods, fiber and fat are a combination of gel matrices which are hydrated or collapsed with microstructural elements, globules, solutions or encapsulating walls. Fresh fruit and vegetables are cellular materials.[45][46][47]
- The cells of cooked potatoes and legumes are gels filled with gelatinized starch granules. The cellular structures of fruits and vegetables are foams with a closed cell geometry filled with a gel, surrounded by cell walls which are composites with an amorphous matrix strengthened by complex carbohydrate fibers.
- Particle size and interfacial interactions with adjacent matrices affect the mechanical properties of food composites.
- Food polymers may be soluble in and/or plasticized by water. Water is the most important plasticizer, particularly in biological systems thereby changing mechanical properties.
- The variables include chemical structure, polymer concentration, molecular weight, degree of chain branching, the extent of ionization (for electrolytes), solution pH, ionic strength and temperature.
- Cross-linking of different polymers, protein and polysaccharides, either through chemical covalent bonds or cross-links through molecular entanglement or hydrogen or ionic bond cross-linking.
- Cooking and chewing food alters these physicochemical properties and hence absorption and movement through the stomach and along the intestine[48]
Dietary fiber and the upper gastrointestinal tract
A slowly eaten meal will enter the absorptive phase of the gastrointestinal tract more slowly than a rapidly eaten meal of similar composition. Many of the differences between low and high glycemic foods would disappear if a meal was eaten slowly.[49][50]
The chemical and physico-chemical nature (lipid, protein, carbohydrate) of the meal will also influence the gastric emptying of the food multiphase system. Fatty foods and hypertonic solutions empty slowly. The movement of food, i.e., chyme, along the gastrointestinal tract is typical of flow in a disperse system. As chyme moves along the gastrointestinal tract, polymer flow and diffusion becomes important.[51]
Following a meal, the stomach and upper gastrointestinal contents consist of
- food compounds
- complex lipids/micellar/aqueous/hydrocolloid and hydrophobic phases
- hydrophilic phases
- solid, liquid, colloidal and gas bubble phases.[52]
Micelles are colloid-sized clusters of molecules which form in conditions as those above, similar to the critical micelle concentration of detergents.[53] In the upper gastrointestinal tract, these detergents consist of bile acids and di- and monoacyl glycerols which solubilize triacylglycerols and cholesterol.[53]
Two mechanisms bring nutrients into contact with the epithelium:
- intestinal contractions create turbulence; and
- convection currents direct contents from the lumen to the epithelial surface.[51]
The multiple physical phases in the intestinal tract slow the rate of absorption compared to that of the suspension solvent alone.
- Nutrients diffuse through the thin, relatively unstirred layer of fluid adjacent to the epithelium.
- Immobilizing of nutrients and other chemicals within complex polysaccharide molecules affects their release and subsequent absorption from the small intestine, an effect influential on the glycemic index.[51]
- Molecules begin to interact as their concentration increases. During absorption, water must be absorbed at a rate commensurate with the absorption of solutes. The transport of actively and passively absorbed nutrients across epithelium is affected by the unstirred water layer covering the microvillus membrane.[51]
- The presence of mucus or fiber, e.g., pectin or guar, in the unstirred layer may alter the viscosity and solute diffusion coefficient.[52]
Adding viscous polysaccharides to carbohydrate meals can reduce post-prandial blood glucose concentrations. Wheat and maize but not oats modify glucose absorption, the rate being dependent upon the particle size. The reduction in absorption rate with guar gum may be due to the increased resistance by viscous solutions to the convective flows created by intestinal contractions. Dietary fiber interacts with pancreatic and enteric enzymes and their substrates. Human pancreatic enzyme activity is reduced when incubated with most fiber sources. Fiber may affect amylase activity and hence the rate of hydrolysis of starch. The more viscous polysaccharides extend the mouth-to-cecum transit time; guar, tragacanth and pectin being slower than wheat bran.[54]
Fiber in the colon
The colon may be regarded as two organs,
- the right side a fermenter.[55] The right side of the colon is involved in nutrient salvage so that dietary fiber, resistant starch, fat and protein are utilised by bacteria and the end-products absorbed for use by the body
- the left side affecting continence.
The presence of bacteria in the colon produces an 'organ' of intense, mainly reductive, metabolic activity, whereas the liver is oxidative. The substrates utilized by the cecal have either passed along the entire intestine or are biliary excretion products. The effects of dietary fiber in the colon are on
- bacterial fermentation of some dietary fibers
- thereby an increase in bacterial mass
- an increase in bacterial enzyme activity
- changes in the water-holding capacity of the fiber residue after fermentation
Enlargement of the cecum is a common finding when some dietary fibers are fed and this is now believed to be normal physiological adjustment. Such an increase may be due to a number of factors, prolonged cecal residence of the fiber, increased bacterial mass, or increased bacterial end-products. Some non-absorbed carbohydrates, e.g. pectin, gum arabic, oligosaccharides and resistant starch, are fermented to short-chain fatty acids (chiefly acetic, propionic and n-butyric), and carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane. The cecal fermentation of 40–50 g of complex polysaccharides will yield 400–500 mmol total short-chain fatty acids, 240–300 mmol acetate, and 80–100 mmol of both propionate and butyrate.[citation needed] Almost all of these short-chain fatty acids will be absorbed from the colon. This means that fecal short-chain fatty acid estimations do not reflect cecal and colonic fermentation, only the efficiency of absorption, the ability of the fiber residue to sequestrate short-chain fatty acids, and the continued fermentation of fiber around the colon, which presumably will continue until the substrate is exhausted. The production of short-chain fatty acids has several possible actions on the gut mucosa. All of the short-chain fatty acids are readily absorbed by the colonic mucosa, but only acetic acid reaches the systemic circulation in appreciable amounts. Butyric acid appears to be used as a fuel by the colonic mucosa as the preferred energy source for colonic cells.
Dietary fiber and cholesterol metabolism
Dietary fiber may act on each phase of ingestion, digestion, absorption and excretion to affect cholesterol metabolism,[56] such as the following:
- Caloric energy of foods through a bulking effect
- Slowing of gastric emptying time
- A glycemic index type of action on absorption
- A slowing of bile acid absorption in the ileum so bile acids escape through to the cecum
- Altered or increased bile acid metabolism in the cecum
- Indirectly by absorbed short-chain fatty acids, especially propionic acid, resulting from fiber fermentation affecting the cholesterol metabolism in the liver.
- Binding of bile acids to fiber or bacteria in the cecum with increased fecal loss from the entero-hepatic circulation.
An important action of some fibers is to reduce the reabsorption of bile acids in the ileum and hence the amount and type of bile acid and fats reaching the colon. A reduction in the reabsorption of bile acid from the ileum has several direct effects.
- Bile acids may be trapped within the lumen of the ileum either because of a high luminal viscosity or because of binding to a dietary fiber.[57]
- Lignin in fiber adsorbs bile acids, but the unconjugated form of the bile acids are adsorbed more than the conjugated form. In the ileum where bile acids are primarily absorbed the bile acids are predominantly conjugated.
- The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids may be altered and there is an increased flow of bile acids to the cecum, where they are deconjugated and 7alpha-dehydroxylated.
- These water-soluble form, bile acids e.g., deoxycholic and lithocholic are adsorbed to dietary fiber and an increased fecal loss of sterols, dependent in part on the amount and type of fiber.
- A further factor is an increase in the bacterial mass and activity of the ileum as some fibers e.g., pectin are digested by bacteria. The bacterial mass increases and cecal bacterial activity increases.
- The enteric loss of bile acids results in increased synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol which in turn reduces body cholesterol.
The fibers that are most effective in influencing sterol metabolism (e.g. pectin) are fermented in the colon. It is therefore unlikely that the reduction in body cholesterol is due to adsorption to this fermented fiber in the colon.
- There might be alterations in the end-products of bile acid bacterial metabolism or the release of short chain fatty acids which are absorbed from the colon, return to the liver in the portal vein and modulate either the synthesis of cholesterol or its catabolism to bile acids.
- The prime mechanism whereby fiber influences cholesterol metabolism is through bacteria binding bile acids in the colon after the initial deconjugation and dehydroxylation.[58]
- Fermentable fibers e.g., pectin will by virtue of their providing a medium for bacterial growth increase the bacterial mass in the colon. The sequestrated bile acids are then excreted in feces.
- Other fibers, e.g., gum arabic, act as stabilizers and cause a significant decrease in serum cholesterol without increasing fecal bile acid excretion.
Dietary fiber and fecal weight
Feces consist of plasticine-like material, made up of water, bacteria, lipids, sterols, mucus and fiber.
- Feces are 75% water; bacteria make a large contribution to the dry weight, the residue being unfermented fiber and excreted compounds.
- Fecal output may vary over a range of between 20 and 280 g over 24 hours. The amount of feces egested a day varies for any one individual over a period of time.
- Of dietary constituents, only dietary fiber increases fecal weight.
Water is distributed in the colon in three ways:
- Free water which can be absorbed from the colon.
- Water that is incorporated into bacterial mass.
- Water that is bound by fiber.
Fecal weight is dictated by:
- the holding of water by the residual dietary fiber after fermentation.
- the bacterial mass.
- There may also be an added osmotic effect of products of bacterial fermentation on fecal mass.
Wheat bran is minimally fermented and binds water and when added to the diet increases fecal weight in a predictable linear manner and decreases intestinal transit time. The particle size of the fiber is all-important, coarse wheat bran being more effective than fine wheat bran. The greater the water-holding capacity of the bran, the greater the effect on fecal weight. For most healthy individuals, an increase in wet fecal weight, depending on the particle size of the bran, is generally of the order of 3–5 g/g fiber. The fermentation of some fibers results in an increase in the bacterial content and possibly fecal weight. Other fibers, e.g. pectin, are fermented and have no effect on stool weight.
Effects of fiber intake
Research has shown that fiber may benefit health in several different ways. Lignin and probably related materials that are resistant to enzymatic degradation, diminish the nutritional value of foods.[59]
Table legend
Color coding of table entries:
- Both Applies to both soluble and insoluble fiber
- Soluble Applies to soluble fiber only
- Insoluble Applies to insoluble fiber only
|Increases food volume without increasing caloric content, providing satiety which may reduce appetite.
|Attracts water and forms a viscous gel during digestion, slowing the emptying of the stomach and intestinal transit, shielding carbohydrates from enzymes, and delaying absorption of glucose,[62] which lowers variance in blood sugar levels
|Lowers total and LDL cholesterol, which may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease
|Regulates blood sugar, which may reduce glucose and insulin levels in diabetic patients and may lower risk of diabetes[63]
|Speeds the passage of foods through the digestive system, which facilitates regular defecation
|Adds bulk to the stool, which alleviates constipation
|Balances intestinal pH[64] and stimulates intestinal fermentation production of short-chain fatty acids, which may reduce risk of colorectal cancer[65]
Fiber does not bind to minerals and vitamins and therefore does not restrict their absorption, but rather evidence exists that fermentable fiber sources improve absorption of minerals, especially calcium.[66][67][68] Some plant foods can reduce the absorption of minerals and vitamins like calcium, zinc, vitamin C, and magnesium, but this is caused by the presence of phytate (which is also thought to have important health benefits), not by fiber.[69]
An experiment designed with a large sample and conducted by NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study studied the correlation between fiber intake and colorectal cancer. The analytic cohort consisted of 291 988 men and 197 623 women aged 50–71 y. Diet was assessed with a self-administered food-frequency qustionnaire at baseline in 1995-1996; 2974 incident colorectal cancer cases were identified during 5 y of follow-up. The result was that total fiber intake was not associated with colorectal cancer. But on the other hand, the analyses of fiber from different food sources showed that fiber from grains was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer.[70]
Although many researchers believe that dietary fiber intake reduces risk of colon cancer, one study conducted by researchers at the Harvard School of Medicine of over 88,000 women did not show a statistically significant relationship between higher fiber consumption and lower rates of colorectal cancer or adenomas.[71] Similarly, a 2010 study of 58,279 men found no relationship between dietary fiber and colorectal cancer.[72]
Dietary fiber and obesity
Dietary fiber has many functions in diet, one of which may be to aid in energy intake control and reduced risk for development of obesity. The role of dietary fiber in energy intake regulation and obesity development is related to its unique physical and chemical properties that aid in early signals of satiation and enhanced or prolonged signals of satiety. Early signals of satiation may be induced through cephalic- and gastric-phase responses related to the bulking effects of dietary fiber on energy density and palatability, whereas the viscosity-producing effects of certain fibers may enhance satiety through intestinal-phase events related to modified gastrointestinal function and subsequent delay in fat absorption. In general, fiber-rich diets, whether achieved through fiber supplementation or incorporation of high fiber foods into meals, have a reduced energy density compared with high fat diets. This is related to fiber's ability to add bulk and weight to the diet. There are also indications that women may be more sensitive to dietary manipulation with fiber than men. The relationship of body weight status and fiber effect on energy intake suggests that obese individuals may be more likely to reduce food intake with dietary fiber inclusion.[73]
Guidelines on fiber intake
Current recommendations from the United States National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, suggest that adults should consume 20–35 grams of dietary fiber per day, but the average American's daily intake of dietary fiber is only 12–18 grams.[69][74]
The AND (Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, previously ADA) recommends a minimum of 20–35 g/day for a healthy adult depending on calorie intake (e.g., a 2000 Cal/8400 kJ diet should include 25 g of fiber per day). The AND's recommendation for children is that intake should equal age in years plus 5 g/day (e.g., a 4 year old should consume 9 g/day). No guidelines have yet been established for the elderly or very ill. Patients with current constipation, vomiting, and abdominal pain should see a physician. Certain bulking agents are not commonly recommended with the prescription of opioids because the slow transit time mixed with larger stools may lead to severe constipation, pain, or obstruction.
The British Nutrition Foundation has recommended a minimum fiber intake of 18 g/day for healthy adults.[75]
Fiber recommendations in the US
On average, North Americans consume less than 50% of the dietary fiber levels recommended for good health. In the preferred food choices of today's youth, this value may be as low as 20%, a factor considered by experts as contributing to the obesity levels seen in many developed countries.[76][77]
The actual fiber intake gaps of different age groups of Americans are shown in the graph from USDA:
Recognizing the growing scientific evidence for physiological benefits of increased fiber intake, regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States have given approvals to food products making health claims for fiber.
In clinical trials to date, these fiber sources were shown to significantly reduce blood cholesterol levels, an important factor for general cardiovascular health,[79] and to lower risk of onset for some types of cancer.[80]
Soluble (fermentable) fiber sources gaining FDA approval are:
- Psyllium seed husk (7 grams per day)
- Beta-glucan from oat bran, whole oats, oatrim, or rolled oats (3 grams per day)
- Beta-glucan from whole grain or dry-milled barley (3 grams per day)
Other examples of fermentable fiber sources (from plant foods or biotechnology) used in functional foods and supplements include inulin, resistant dextrins, fructans, xanthan gum, cellulose, guar gum, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and oligo- or polysaccharides.
Consistent intake of fermentable fiber through foods like berries and other fresh fruit, vegetables, whole grains, seeds, and nuts is now known to reduce risk of some of the world's most prevalent diseases[81][82][83][84]—obesity, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, and numerous gastrointestinal disorders. In this last category are constipation, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, hemorrhoids, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, and colon cancer—all disorders of the intestinal tract where fermentable fiber can provide healthful benefits.[81]
Insufficient fiber in the diet can complicate defecation.[85] Low-fiber feces are dehydrated and hardened, making them difficult to evacuate—defining constipation[85] and possibly leading to development of hemorrhoids[85] or anal fissures.
Fiber recommendations in the UK
In June 2007, the British Nutrition Foundation issued a statement to define dietary fiber more concisely and list the potential health benefits established to date:[86][87]
'Dietary fibre' has been used as a collective term for a complex mixture of substances with different chemical and physical properties which exert different types of physiological effects.
The use of certain analytical methods to quantify dietary fiber by nature of its indigestibility results in many other indigestible components being isolated along with the carbohydrate components of dietary fiber. These components include resistant starches and oligosaccharides along with other substances that exist within the plant cell structure and contribute to the material that passes through the digestive tract. Such components are likely to have physiological effects.
Yet, some differentiation has to be made between these indigestible plant components and other partially digested material, such as protein, that appears in the large bowel. Thus, it is better to classify fiber as a group of compounds with different physiological characteristics, rather than to be constrained by defining it chemically.
Diets naturally high in fiber can be considered to bring about several main physiological consequences:
- helps prevent constipation
- reduces the risk of colon cancer
- improvements in gastrointestinal health
- improvements in glucose tolerance and the insulin response
- reduction of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and other coronary heart disease risk factors
- reduction in the risk of developing some cancers
- increased satiety and hence some degree of weight management
Therefore, it is not appropriate to state that fiber has a single all encompassing physiological property as these effects are dependent on the type of fiber in the diet. The beneficial effects of high fiber diets are the summation of the effects of the different types of fiber present in the diet and also other components of such diets.
Defining fiber physiologically allows recognition of indigestible carbohydrates with structures and physiological properties similar to those of naturally occurring dietary fibers.[87]
Fiber and calories
Fiber contributes less energy—usually measured in kilojoules (kJ) or kilocalories (kcal), also known as dietary Calories (Cal)—than sugars and starches because it cannot be fully absorbed by the body. Sugars and starches provide 17 kJ/g (4.1 kcal/g),[88] and the human body has specific enzymes to break them down into glucose, fructose, and galactose, which can then be absorbed by the body. The human body lacks enzymes to break down fiber. Insoluble fiber does not change inside the body, so the body cannot absorb it and it provides no energy. Soluble fiber is partially fermented, with the degree of fermentability varying with the type of fiber, and contributes some energy when broken down and absorbed by the body. Dietitians have not reached a consensus on how much energy is actually absorbed, but some approximate 8 kJ/g (1.9 kcal/g). Regardless of the type of fiber, the body absorbs less than 17 kJ/g (4.1 kcal/g), which can create inconsistencies for actual product nutrition labels. In some countries fiber is not listed on nutrition labels and is considered to provide no energy. In other countries all fiber must be listed and is simplistically considered to provide 17 kJ/g (4.1 kcal/g) (because chemically fiber is a type of carbohydrate and other carbohydrates provide that amount of energy). In the US, soluble fiber must be counted as 4 kcal/g (17 kJ/g), but insoluble fiber may be (and usually is) treated as not providing energy and not mentioned on the label.
Soluble fiber fermentation
The American Association of Cereal Chemists has defined soluble fiber this way: "the edible parts of plants or similar carbohydrates resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine with complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine."[89] In this definition:
- edible parts of plants
- indicates that some parts of a plant we eat—skin, pulp, seeds, stems, leaves, roots—contain fiber. Both insoluble and soluble sources are in those plant components.
- carbohydrates
- complex carbohydrates, such as long-chained sugars also called starch, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides, are sources of soluble fermentable fiber.
- resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine
- foods providing nutrients are digested by gastric acid and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine where the nutrients are released then absorbed through the intestinal wall for transport via the blood throughout the body. A food resistant to this process is undigested, as insoluble and soluble fibers are. They pass to the large intestine only affected by their absorption of water (insoluble fiber) or dissolution in water (soluble fiber).
- complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine
- the large intestine comprises a segment called the colon within which additional nutrient absorption occurs through the process of fermentation. Fermentation occurs by the action of colonic bacteria on the food mass, producing gases and short-chain fatty acids. It is these short-chain fatty acids—butyric, acetic (ethanoic), propionic, and valeric acids—that scientific evidence is revealing to have significant health properties.[90]
As an example of fermentation, shorter-chain carbohydrates (a type of fiber found in legumes) cannot be digested, but are changed via fermentation in the colon into short-chain fatty acids and gases (which are typically expelled as flatulence).
According to a 2002 journal article,[81] fibers compounds with partial or low fermentability include:
- cellulose, a polysaccharide
- hemicellulose, a polysaccharide
- lignans, a group of phytoestrogens
- plant waxes
- resistant starches
fiber compounds with high fermentability include:
- beta-glucans, a group of polysaccharides
- pectins, a group of heteropolysaccharides
- natural gums, a group of polysaccharides
- inulins, a group of polysaccharides
- oligosaccharides, a group of short-chained or simple sugars
- resistant dextrins[91]
Short-chain fatty acids
When soluble fiber is fermented, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced. SCFAs are involved in numerous physiological processes promoting health, including:[90]
- stabilize blood glucose levels by acting on pancreatic insulin release and liver control of glycogen breakdown
- stimulate gene expression of glucose transporters in the intestinal mucosa, regulating glucose absorption[92]
- provide nourishment of colonocytes, particularly by the SCFA butyrate
- suppress cholesterol synthesis by the liver and reduce blood levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides responsible for atherosclerosis
- lower colonic pH (i.e., raises the acidity level in the colon) which protects the lining from formation of colonic polyps and increases absorption of dietary minerals
- stimulate production of T helper cells, antibodies, leukocytes, cytokines, and lymph mechanisms having crucial roles in immune protection
- improve barrier properties of the colonic mucosal layer, inhibiting inflammatory and adhesion irritants, contributing to immune functions
SCFAs that are absorbed by the colonic mucosa pass through the colonic wall into the portal circulation (supplying the liver), and the liver transports them into the general circulatory system.
Overall, SCFAs affect major regulatory systems, such as blood glucose and lipid levels, the colonic environment, and intestinal immune functions.[93][94]
The major SCFAs in humans are butyrate, propionate, and acetate, where butyrate is the major energy source for colonocytes, propionate is destined for uptake by the liver, and acetate enters the peripheral circulation to be metabolized by peripheral tissues.
FDA-approved health claims
The FDA allows producers of foods containing 1.7g per serving of psyllium husk soluble fiber or 0.75g of oat or barley soluble fiber as beta-glucans to claim that reduced risk of heart disease can result from their regular consumption.[95]
The FDA statement template for making this claim is: Soluble fiber from foods such as [name of soluble fiber source, and, if desired, name of food product], as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. A serving of [name of food product] supplies __ grams of the [necessary daily dietary intake for the benefit] soluble fiber from [name of soluble fiber source] necessary per day to have this effect.[95]
Eligible sources of soluble fiber providing beta-glucan include:
- Oat bran
- Rolled oats
- Whole oat flour
- Oatrim
- Whole grain barley and dry milled barley
- Soluble fiber from psyllium husk with purity of no less than 95%
The allowed label may state that diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and that include soluble fiber from certain of the above foods "may" or "might" reduce the risk of heart disease.
As discussed in FDA regulation 21 CFR 101.81, the daily dietary intake levels of soluble fiber from sources listed above associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease are:
- 3g or more per day of beta-glucan soluble fiber from either whole oats or barley, or a combination of whole oats and barley
- 7g or more per day of soluble fiber from psyllium seed husk.[96]
Soluble fiber from consuming grains is included in other allowed health claims for lowering risk of some types of cancer and heart disease by consuming fruit and vegetables (21 CFR 101.76, 101.77, and 101.78).[95]
Potential longevity
A study of 388,000 adults ages 50 to 71 for nine years found that the highest consumers of fiber were 22% less likely to die over this period.[97] In addition to lower risk of death from heart disease, adequate consumption of fiber-containing foods, especially grains, was also associated with reduced incidence of infectious and respiratory illnesses, and, particularly among males, reduced risk of cancer-related death.
See also
- High residue diet
- Low residue diet
- Methylcellulose
- Prebiotic—indigestible matter which encourages growth of gut flora
- Resistant starch
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2
- ↑
- ↑ Institute of Medicine; Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2005.
- ↑ American Association of Cereal Chemists. The definition of dietary fiber: report of the Dietary Fiber Definition Committee to the Board of Directors of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Cereal Foods World. 2001;46:112–26.
- ↑ Codex Alimentarius Commission; Food and Agriculture Organization; World Health Organization. Report of the 30th session of the Codex Committee on nutrition and foods for special dietary uses. ALINORM 9/32/26. 2009 [cited 2012 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/report/710/al32_26e.pdf..
- ↑ Fiber data derived from USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17.
- ↑
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-205-Konjac+GLUCOMANNAN.aspx?activeIngredientId=205&activeIngredientName=Konjac+(GLUCOMANNAN)&source=2
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ Hermansson AM. Gel structure of food biopolymers In: Food Structure, its creation and evaluation.JMV Blanshard and JR Mitchell, eds. 1988 pp. 25-40Butterworths, London.
- ↑ Rockland LB, Stewart GF. Water Activity: Influences on Food Quality. Academic Press, New York. 1991
- ↑
- ↑ Eastwood MA. The physiological effect of dietary fiber: an update.Annual Review Nutrition, 1992:12 : 19-35
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Edwards CA, Johnson IT, Read NW. Do viscous polysaccharides reduce absorption by inhibiting diffusion or convection? Eur J Clin Nutr 1988;42:307-12.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Eastwood MA. The physiological effect of dietary fiber: an update.Annual Review Nutrition. 1992.12:19-35.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Carey MC, Small DM and Bliss CM. Lipid digestion and Absorption. Annual Review of Physiology. 1983.45:651-677.
- ↑ Schneeman BO, Gallacher D. Effects of dietary fibre on digestive enzyme activity and bile acids in the small intestine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1985; 180 409-14.
- ↑ Hellendoorn EW 1983 Fermentation as the principal cause of the physiological activity of indigestible food residue. In: Spiller GA (ed) Topics in dietary fiber research. Plenum Press, New York, pp 127-168
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University
- ↑ Dietary fiber and whole-grain consumption in relation to colorectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, Arthur Schatzkin, Traci Mouw, etc, http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/5/1353.full.pdf+html?sid=daf916fc-14c9-42c6-bd0f-d61335975d9b
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ Britt Burton-Freeman, Amgen, Incorporated, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, Symposium: Dietary Composition and Obesity: Do We Need to Look beyond Dietary Fat?
- ↑ fiber: Nutrition Source, Harvard School of Public Health
- ↑ Dietary fibre. British Nutrition Foundation.
- ↑
- ↑ [dead link]
- ↑ U.S. Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service. What we eat in America: nutrient intakes from food by gender and age. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2008 [cited 2012 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/0708/Table_1_NIN_GEN_07.pdf
- ↑ Health claims: fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain fiber, particularly soluble fiber, and risk of coronary heart disease. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations: US Government Printing Office, current as of October 20, 2008
- ↑ Health claims: fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables and cancer. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations:US Government Printing Office, current as of October 20, 2008
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Tungland BC, Meyer D, Nondigestible oligo- and polysaccharides (dietary fiber): their physiology and role in human health and food, Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safety, 3:73-92, 2002 (Table 3)[1]
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 WebMD Constipation
- ↑ British Nutrition Foundation defines 'fibre'
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 British Nutrition Foundation
- ↑ United Kingdom The Food Labelling Regulations 1996 – Schedule 7: Nutrition labelling
- ↑ http://www.aaccnet.org/DietaryFiber/pdfs/dietfiber.pdf
- ↑ 90.0 90.1
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 FDA/CFSAN A Food Labeling Guide: Appendix C Health Claims, April 2008
- ↑ Soluble Fiber from Certain Foods and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, U.S. Government Printing Office, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, part 101: Food Labeling, Subpart E, Specific Requirements for Health Claims, 101.81 [2]
- ↑
- Fiber, Harvard School of Public Health
- Fiber Health Claims That Meet Significant Scientific Agreement, US Food and Drug Administration
- Tungland BC, Meyer D. Nondigestible oligo- and polysaccharides (dietary fiber): their physiology and role in human health and food. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 1:73-92, 2002.
- US Food and Drug Administration. Health Claims: Soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of heart diseases. Code of Federal Regulations. 2001;21:101.81.
External links
Ad. Tired of being overweight?. W8MD's insurance Weight loss program can HELP*
Quick links: Medicine Portal | Encyclopedia | Gray's Anatomy | Topics | Diseases | Drugs | Wellness | Obesity | Metabolic syndrome | Weight loss*
Disclaimer: The entire contents of WIKIMD.ORG are for informational purposes only and do not render medical advice or professional services. If you have a medical emergency, you should CALL 911 immediately! Given the nature of the wiki, the information provided may not be accurate, misleading and or incorrect. Use the information on this wiki at your own risk! See full Disclaimer.
Link to this page: <a href="http://www.wikimd.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber">Dietary fiber</a>
- Individual results may vary for weight loss from our sponsors.


text:
Government using CBI to harass opponents, says Modi
Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi has accused the ruling UPA government of using CBI as a tool to harass political opponents.
He criticized the government for the arrest of former state minister Amit Shah and claimed that the minister was falsely accused in the Sohrabuddin Sheikh fake encounter case.
"To remain in power, Congress government in Delhi has CBI as the only tool. CBI is being misused in Gujarat. Innocent citizens are being harassed. It is my serious charge that CBI would be used with all might during the Gujarat Assembly elections," the chief minister said.
He went on to say that the judiciary in the country is not independent and is controlled by the government. He described the arrest of Shah as unfortunate. The Supreme Court had lifted the exile on Shah on Thursday and this might allow him to be part of the campaign for assembly elections. Shah was granted bail after three months in Sabarmati jail in Ahmedabad but was sent in exile from the state og Gujarat.
The Supreme Court has said that murder trial will now be moved to Mumbai due to the concerns of the petitioner that a fair trial will not be possible in a state with the BJP government.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Submitted by lalbright on
This plugin for Selenium-IDE saves log messages to a file in real time at a user selectable log level. Once this plugin is installed, a FileLogging tab will be added to the options dialog and a FileLogging menu will be added to the log pane.
This version brings a bunch of user experience improvements and some internal improvements. See the screen shot for details. The current settings are also saved and will be retained if you restart the Selenium IDE or Firefox.
Mini user guide for the plugin
Set the log file name and the log level from the Options dialog (FileLogging tab) of the Selenium IDE.
You can open the FileLogging tab of the Options dialog directly by selecting the Show options menu item from the FileLogging menu on the Log pane in Selenium IDE.
You can also set the log level for the log file directly from the FileLogging menu on the Log pane.
Set the log file name empty to stop writing to the log file.
The FileLogging menu on the Log pane will also show if FileLogging is on.
Known Issue
- An overwrite prompt is incorrectly shown when choosing an existing file as the log file. Log files are never overwritten and will always be appended to. So you can safely ignore the prompt and select yes.
To use this plugin, you will need to install Selenium IDE addon of at least version 1.0.4 first.
As usual feel free to leave comments, improvements, advise, criticism, problems on my blog at http://blog.reallysimplethoughts.com/. Please do not use the review here to report issues.
Enjoy ;-)
Samit Badle


text:
12345 EL MONTE ROAD, LOS ALTOS HILLS, CA 94022-4599 - foothill.edu
The Advanced Level Pharmacy Technician certificate curriculum is a nine month sequential program accredited by the Pharmacy Technician Accreditation Commission (ASHP/ACPE accredited), with entry in the Fall Quarter only. This program prepares students for pharmacy technician positions in a variety of pharmacy settings--hospitals, nursing homes, community/retail, home health care and public and government agencies. Graduates will be awarded a Certificate of Achievement and are qualified to apply and register with California State Board of Pharmacy as a Pharmacy Technician. Registration is a legal requirement in order to work as a Pharmacy Technician.
An optional two-year expanded Pharmacy Technician Associate in Science degree program is also available which includes general education. This two-year course sequence offers the student the ability to transfer to a four-year college or to enter the job market with additional technical and theoretical background.
-Graduates will demonstrate pharmaceutical knowledge, clinical skills and values necessary to practice as a competent pharmacy technician in both community/retail and hospital pharmacy settings.
-Graduates will demonstrate competency with entry-level clinical skills in accordance with ASHP/ACPE accreditation requirements.
Pharmacy technician opportunities are available in community/retail pharmacies, hospitals, home health care, mail order, nursing homes, long term care, health insurance companies, veterinary clinics, and public and government medical facilities.
Optional Associate Degree Requirements:
-English proficiency: ENGL 1A, 1AH, 1S & 1T, or equivalent.
-Mathematics proficiency: MATH 105, 180, or any MATH course approved for Foothill GE Area V, Communication & Analytical Thinking.
A minimum of 90 units is required* to include:
-Completion of one of the following general education patterns: Foothill General Education, CSU General Education Breadth Requirements or the Intersegmental General Education Transfer Curriculum (IGETC)
-Core courses (52 units)
*Additional elective course work may be necessary to meet the 90-unit minimum requirement for the associate degree.
NOTE: All courses pertaining to the major must be taken for a letter grade. In addition, a grade of "C" or better is required for all core courses used for the degree or certificate.
Program Application
Admittance to this program is through an application process. Program information, admission criteria and application to the program can be found on the Pharmacy Technician website: foothill.edu/pharmtech/
Program Prerequisites: (must be completed with a grade of "C" or better)
BIOL 14 or equivalent.
MATH 180 or equivalent.
PHT 200L (offered Spring and Summer quarters).
Late Summer
AHS 50A Introduction to Allied Health Programs (1.5 units)
PHT 50 Orientation to Pharmacy Technology (3 units)
PHT 51 Basic Pharmaceutics (3 units)
PHT 52A Inpatient Dispensing (3 units)
PHT 53 Ambulatory Pharmacy Practice (4 units)
PHT 54A Dosage Calculations A (3 units)
PHT 55A Pharmacology A (3 units)
AHS 50B Interprofessional Patient Competencies (0.5 unit)
PHT 52B Aseptic Technique & IV Preparation (4 units)
PHT 54B Dosage Calculations B (3 units)
PHT 55B Pharmacology B (3 units)
PHT 56A Dispensing & Compounding A (3 units)
PHT 61 Home Health Care Supplies (3 units)
PHT 55C Pharmacology C (3 units)
PHT 56B Dispensing & Compounding B (3 units)
PHT 63 Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam (PTCE) Review (1 unit)
PHT 60 Retail Clinical (4 units)
PHT 62 Hospital Clinical (4 units)
Units: 52
The certificate of achievement is awarded upon completion of the core courses. General education courses are not required; however, the program prerequisite requirements must be met.
FOOTHILL COLLEGE - 12345 EL MONTE ROAD, LOS ALTOS HILLS, CA 94022-4599 - foothill.edu
Control Information:
2020-2021 | Status: Approved | Modified: 2020-04-27 14:04:42 | Dept Code: PHT


text:
Industrial 4.0 Readiness
The world has seen three industrial revolutions in the past. The fourth is looming right now and its potential impact to our lives is beyond corporeal imagination. Many felt IR 4.0 will bring disruptive changes to almost all spheres of life including education. In this scenario how will GUC position herself? Education is the nursery bed for future populations, very crucial in ensuring that the world is in the good hands of its knowledgeable citizens. One central characteristic of IR 4.0 is that technology and science is accelerating at exponential rate, making knowledge 'obsolete' in a much shorter time especially in computing. For a 3-4 year degree programs, knowledge learned in the first year is superseded by the time he or she graduates.
In confronting this, GUC shall embark on micro-credential programs namely nanodegrees and micro masters. As the name suggests, micro credentials are earned in a much shorter period (one or two semesters) and skills-based with predominantly industry participation. Our dual-mode license (conventional and ODL) makes it possible to conduct micro-credential programs because part of the syllabus shall be entirely on ODL mode. Adding salt to the taste, all GUC graduates is fortified with Design Thinking skills to equip them to navigate the unchartered waters of IR 4.0


text:
Going Postal by Terry Pratchett
My rating: 4 of 5 stars
33 books in, and Pratchett continues to breath new life into his epic fantasy world with a new main character – Moist Von Lipwig. Moist is a delightfully human character, complete with token flaws and inner struggles to overcome. Recurring character Vetinari also makes a big appearance, and the Ankh-Morpork leader is on top of his game this time around.
Unfortunately for Moist, the plot doesn't give him enough room to really work his character. While there are plenty of awesome moments to enjoy, the overall story suffers from uneven pacing and oddly placed fluff. To be fair, Pratchett is working with a new character, and the plot oddities never distract the reader too long. Forced cameos also pop in and out to help support Moist, who is interesting enough without these random appearances…yes we know everyone loves the Watch, but several times they show up in this book (with none of their personality) to be "Hey! It's me, Carrot!"
Going Postal gives readers hope for more fresh and innovative Discworld adventures. Pratchett just needs a few more books to give Moist a chance to stretch his legs.


text:
You are using an outdated browser. Upgrade your browser today for a better experience of this site and many others.
020 7537 1600
Find out how long it will take you to become a millionaire.
Enter the details of your savings and press calculate to see how long it will take you to become a millionaire.
The initial amount held in savings.
The amount to be saved each month.
The expected average return on investment.
The expected level that inflation shall rise by annually.
The total amount desired.
Could you live on the amount you have desired? Find out by ticking the box and completing the additional information below, if it applies to you.
The rate of return you expect to make from your investment.
Note: These calculations are only for illustrative purposes and are not a substitute for professional advice.
06 Aug 2020
HMRC has outlined the eligibility requirements for the Job Retention Bonus.
On 21 July, the Treasury set out the next steps in its plan to extend Making Tax Digital (MTD) to all businesses and those taxpayers that file self assessment returns.
The government has published a call for evidence on the overhaul of the business rates system that applies in England.


text:
Targeted Mutation Screening
Viafet's Targeted Mutation Screening completed with a technique called Sanger Sequencing is a diagnostic tool completed through blood test that identifies the mutated gene or genes causing a genetic disease in your family. The identification of a gene mutation(s) allows for further steps to be taken to prevent the passing on of the condition to future generations and may aid in the improvement of treatment of an affected individual. In most cases, after identifying the cause of genetic disease through Targeted Mutation Screening, couples choose to complete an IVF cycle with a Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) for Single Gene Disorders, a genetic test that allows for your embryos to be screened for the genetic disease affecting your family, before pregnancy. With locations in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai and Abu Dhabi), Australia, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and more locations coming soon, Viafet's services are available to a wide network of clinicians and patients.
Is Targeted Mutation Screening right for me?
Viafet's Targeted Mutation Screening through Sanger Sequencing is the most efficient test to identify the genetic cause of disease or disabilities in your family in the following circumstances:
- The genetic condition affect your family or for which you would like to be screened is known to be caused by a few number of mutations. Examples include Sickle Cell Anemia, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Sanjad Sakati and more.
- You have the genetic report of a family member and would like to be screened for the same mutation.
- The gene causing the genetic condition affecting your family is of small size (less than 5 exons). Examples include Beta Thalassemia, Connexin 26 (hearing loss) and more.
If you or a family member are suffering from a genetic condition and the above statements do not describe your situation, Whole Exome Sequencing may an option for you.
Viafet's team of genetic counselors are available to help you determine what best test for you and your family. Contact Viafet today to share any previous medical or genetic reports and have your questions answered.
How does Targeted Mutation Screening work?
Viafet completes Targeted Mutation Screening through blood sample utilizing a method of DNA sequencing called Sanger Sequencing. Sanger Sequencing allows for the identification of gene mutation in very specific locations of genetic material. DNA material is amplified, sequenced and analyzed using a fully automated Sanger Sequencing machine.
Sanger Sequencing was the most widely used sequencing method for approximately 25 years until the recent development of a technique called Next Generation Sequencing . For certain types of mutation screening, primarily smaller-scaled sequencing of targeted mutations, Sanger Sequencing remains the key standard. Sanger Sequencing is also used to confirm any results found through Next Generation Sequencing. Results obtained through this method are >99% accurate.
Where can I get testing?
Talk to your physician about Targeted Mutation Screening and if it right for you. If your physician does not yet offer Viafet testing, please suggest that they contact us - testing can get started immediately. If your physician is already offering Viafet testing, all coordination for your case will be completed between your medical center and Viafet's team.
If at any time during your journey you have questions or would like to speak with a Genetic Counselor, contact Viafet and we will schedule an appointment immediately.


text:
The noises woke him up from a dead sleep and that wonderful dream. What a nice one it was too with that brunette who was so damned hot! The sun, the water, sailing along and making love on the deck. Hmm hmm! He smiled a few moments as his thoughts revisited the dream.
Even better, in the dream he didn't have any gray hair which was so nice. Wish I could have that in real life.
Hearing the sound again caused him to sit up in the bed and look around the room. The French doors into the bedroom looked just like they did earlier in the day except for the hallway shadows.
I've got to get some curtains for those doors soon.
That was something the realtor had mentioned when he was looking at the house he remembered. After several weeks waiting for the closing it was one of the things he didn't focus on. Somehow they went from looking charming to something that was kind of disturbing especially with that applique spider web attached to them.
Getting up Josh went to the window and looked out. Nothing was there! The October chill however was very noticeable, he had to get a bathrobe soon.
First night in a new place, I'm sure I'll get used to it and what in the hell is making those noises I'm hearing?
Making his way back to the bed he heard it again.
The hair on his arms and the back of his neck stood on end. This was definitely getting on his nerves. Rousing himself from the bed he made his way over to the window once again. An eerie feeling came over him, his stomach twisting within him. Just before he reached the window he heard the sound once again.
Pulling the curtain back he peered out of the window. Noticing the branch blowing back and forth eased his concerns. Seeing it hit the window casement eliminated it almost completely for the moment. He let the curtain fall back in front of the window then he headed back to bed.
Sitting down on the edge of the mattress he still felt on edge. His stomach hadn't quite completely calmed down yet. Willing it to stop churning just wasn't working.
His ears pinpointed where the sound was coming from this time. Groaning, he rose to his feet and stepped over to the window to look out again. Man, this is getting tedious!
Pulling back the curtain he was seeing some kind of glowing ball that was floating. It faintly lit the concrete of the driveway and the light fog. Attention riveted, he watched it float on by. He wanted to go out to touch it but yet was frozen in amazement. Slowly, it moved along to the garage door and then over the privacy fence.
Josh stood there a few minutes to see if anything else would happen but it didn't. Mystery temporarily solved he went back to bed. Laying down he fell into a dreamless sleep for the rest of the night.
Waking to a bright shining morning the events of the evening were still fresh in his mind. Dressing quickly he went out to the driveway past the plastic carved pumpkin by the door. He followed the path of the glowing ball to where it went over the fence. Peeking over it to the other side he now could see something that he didn't notice when he looked at the house.
Why didn't I see those before?
Row upon row of grave markers greeted his vision. The graveyard was accented by the fall colors of the trees surrounding it. He realized he might have quite a few more rather unwelcome visitors if he stayed.
Why did I have to move in the day before Halloween? Is it too late now to get out of that contract?


text:
After plenty of dedication at the workplace, it's time for your staff to let off some steam and make a splash with the Mega Water Sports team building challenge, based in Cambridge.
Your team will meet our friendly instructors and receive a safety briefing for each challenge before wet-suiting up for an utterly bonkers aqua adventure! Everyone will be given wetsuits and lifejackets as well as access to the lakeside café to recharge and refuel between activities.
Activities to choose from include:
Aqua Park
Go absolutely nuts on the giant aquatic obstacle course. Total madness for a company away day to remember.
Aqua Park Relay Race
Split into teams and race circuits over the huge circuits.
Slip 'n' Slide Relay Race
We've soaped up the course to make it as difficult as possible for teams to run and swap the baton.
Paddleboard Lake Tour
Take a stand on a paddleboard for a lovely tour of the lake. Without falling in, that is.
Paddleboard Capture The Flag
Amp up the competition by heading to your opponent's base to steal their flag and make it back to your own stronghold without being pushed off your paddleboard.
Inflatable Water Dodgeball/Volleyball/Football
Take to the inflatable court for a wetter, more hilariously ridiculous version of your favourite sport.
Raft Building
You'll have a pile of seemingly useless odds and ends to work with, but your sharp minds and teamwork will need to design, build and race your shelf-built rafts.
Water Jousting
The ultimate war on water. Two opponents. Last person standing!
"We had a great time and will definitely use you again" - Ella Brazil, Wiggin LLP | 06/02/19
"Everything was perfect. We'll definitely use your services again in the future..." - Stiliyan Cikalov, Telelink UK | 05/08/18
Make a splash in a truly wet 'n' wild adventure!


text:
Pray for no newsletter pop-ups!
Every day, we browse through the internet to PRAY that there will not be any annoying type of newsletter pop-ups! Newsletter pop-ups do cause the world to be in chaos! SERIOUSLY! SRLY!
Here is an example of one newsletter popup from HELL!
Where is the close button? How do I get out of it? Screw it! I'll sign in with Facebook! Happy now?
So many companies are trying so hard to get you to sign up for newsletters whether you have a choice or not! During my years of web designs and working with hundreds of people! When the word "Newsletter" is brought up, I'm going to ignore you! No, seriously! I'd explain how to do the newsletter for your website the proper way.
From my experiences, I have received roughly about 20 messages a day from my client's customers. Most of the time it's complaining about the newsletter that pop-ups on their screen and they can't get to the home page! There are many different types of newsletter pop-ups out there that are nice! For example of one that I use all the time sumome.com. I use their free edition and loving it! I have a newsletter system pop up on my own websites and have not heard a single complain about this pop-up! It's easy to work with!
Please do this type of newsletter!
This newsletter pop-up on the bottom corner of the screen and it doesn't make the visitors feel that they are being forced to sign up! You can still surf or read on the website without being easily annoyed! This type of newsletter does not pop-up on mobile or tablet. The best thing about this newsletter is you can still scroll on the website and continue to read without having that in your way unless you want to read the crazy introduction on "Who is Terry Hunt?"
Don't do this newsletter!
Don't worry, you won't see this pop-up on my website in the picture below. I promise. This one below makes visitors feel like "Crap, I have to sign up for this junk! It's just another junk mail I'm going have in my inbox!" At least this newsletter does have a close button! But still, it's annoying.
Here is a mobile version of the newsletter that's annoying as well.
Yes, this newsletter pop-ups was only on my website for no more than 3 minutes. I don't want to scare my readers away!
Stop paying for newsletter modules
Too many clients have spent hundred of dollars for newsletter modules and never got the results they want or developer to help them to set up their newsletter. A lot of time, they ask for their refunds and never get their money back. Please, stop buying modules for the newsletter and go to sumome.com. Yes, seriously. I'm extremely serious! Go to sumome.com and sign up there for your newsletter. They have a lot of other benefits there too! Yes, they do have a free account, but if you want the best stuff. That will cost ya!
If you wonder if sumome.com will work with Prestashop, WordPress, Magento, OpenCart, OsCommerce, WooCommerce, Arastta, or any other platforms. The answer is YES, it will work with any websites!
If you wonder if sumome.com is paying me to write this, the answer is no. They don't even know I'm writing this!
If you're having trouble with sumome.com for your website. Please email me or sign up for my newsletter 🙂


text:
Lovely planta baja in a quiet residencial área in Los Narejos, close to all local amenities and within walking distance to the beach. Enclosed front porch/conservatory, lounge/dining room, kitchen, 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom. Rear patio leading to solárium. Fully furnished.
This info given here is subject to errors and do not form part of any contract. The offer can be changed or withdrawn without notice. Prices do not include purchase costs.


text:
To go back to the exercise
Exercise "Clothes", created by anonyme (a free exercise to learn English):
Results of the 6 829 people who have taken this test:
Average mark: 47.5 / 100 Share
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Please tell me you owned this. I truly can't keep track of the goodness going on in my portfolio from the road. Monday mornings have become a bullish gigglefest if you are long stocks. Of course it's not right, or even fair, but this is the rewars for being invested and not market timing.
I have loved this broken stock all the way down from it's previous highs (buying in the 50's, 40,s, 30's and twenties) and now all the way back up and today Tom Tom, the Garmin of Europe bough Tele Atlas for $2.6 billion .
Navteq (NVT) is the smarter version of tele Atlas so I would assume that a bifdding war may ensue for Navteq which is up another $12 at an all-time high. I may add some here later when I see where the prices settle.
Opsware who :) ?
PS – A GPS product update show (Check out the Garmin Forerunner) is due and I will get on it today.
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By releasing the 20-game Southland Conference slate for his team's 2019-20 season Wednesday morning, SFA men's basketball head coach Kyle Keller put the finishing touches on a 31-game regular season schedule that begins in just over two months.
"Our staff feels as though we have really challenged our young team this year with an outstanding schedule that gives our Lumberjacks many opportunities for growth as we prepare for Southland Conference play," commented the 'Jacks' fourth-year bench boss. "Each league game matters so very much in the race for the conference title and I am excited that we have added two more conference games this season. The Southland continues to make fantastic strides for the coaches and student-athletes that compete within it."
With the Southland upping the number of league contests from 18 in 2018-19 to 20 this upcoming season, the 'Jacks will play 20 Southland games for the first time since the 2002-03 season. From the 2000-01 through the 2002-03 seasons, the Southland boasted a 20-game league schedule before deciding to shrink the number of league games down to 16 prior to the start of the 2003-04 campaign.
The 'Jacks first regular season Southland showdown comes on Wednesday, Dec., 18, when SFA hosts Houston Baptist for both teams' league opener. From there, SFA faces McNeese (Dec. 21), Southeastern Louisiana (Jan. 2) and New Orleans (Jan. 4) all on the road before coming back to William R. Johnson Coliseum for its first of three home Southland games in that month as Texas A&M-Corpus Christi (Jan. 8) pays a visit to Texas' oldest town.
Three of SFA's last five Southland games in January take place on the road as the 'Jacks will head to Central Arkansas (Jan. 13), Northwestern State (Jan. 22) and Lamar (Jan. 25). SFA's remaining home games in January are clashes with Incarnate Word (Jan. 18) and Abilene Christian (Jan. 29).
Of SFA's eight Southland games in February, five will be played in Nacogdoches as the 'Jacks host Nicholls (Feb. 5), New Orleans (Feb. 8), Central Arkansas (Feb. 19), Northwestern State (Feb. 26) and Lamar (Feb. 29). Not once in February will SFA leave the state of Texas as its three Southland road tests send it to Sam Houston State (Feb. 1), Texas A&M-Corpus Christi (Feb. 12) and Incarnate Word (Feb. 22).
March means the Southland Conference Tournament looms and SFA will doubtlessly be hoping to strengthen its league tournament resume with a road game at Abilene Christian (March 3) before closing its league schedule at home with a showdown against hated Piney Woods rival Sam Houston State (March 7).
"Playing Southland games before Christmas presents a unique challenge to and our staff and student-athletes," Keller continued. "Because of that we really tried to maximize what we could do to help our team's learning curve through the first six weeks of the season. I am very enthusiastic about watching our league race play out throughout the 2019-20 season."
Season ticket renewals for the 'Jacks' 2019-20 campaign are live on SFATickets.com for all previous season ticket holders from the 2018-19 season. Any questions about the season ticket renewal process can be directed to the SFA ticket office (936-468-JACK) or emailed to email@example.com and the renewal deadline has been set for Tuesday, Oct. 1. For complete coverage of SFA men's basketball as it prepares for the upcoming season, visit SFAJacks.com - the official home of SFA athletics - and follow the 'Jacks on Facebook (SFA Men's Basketball), Twitter (@SFA_MBB) and Instagram (@SFA_Athletics).


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For many years we have worked on the River Clun and with the people that live and work along its length. The River Clun is one of only three rivers in England designated as a European Special Area of Conservation for freshwater pearl mussel. Their population, however, has experienced a dramatic decline in recent decades.
The Clun Catchment is a Priority Area for Action in the Shropshire Biodiversity Plan. We work closely with other organisations to deliver positive outcomes for the River Clun and its unique wildlife.
Through the Clun Catchment Partnership we bring together relevant partners to work together for the sustainable natural, cultural and economic future of the whole River Clun catchment in Shropshire and Herefordshire.
Wider Catchment Work
We work closely with other organisations to deliver positive outcomes for the River Clun and its unique wildlife. Linked to other project activity, Natural England and the Environment Agency have commissioned the following reports. Please contact us for a copy.
- River Clun Site Improvement Plan
- River Clun Nutrient Management Plan
- River Clun Restoration Strategy
- Hydrological Study of the Upper Clun
- Himalayan Balsam Advice, Survey & Strategy
- Highways Sediment Scoping Study
Click here to see a YouTube clip showcasing Environment Agency and Woodland Trust conservation work on the River Clun.


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Seattle Mariners announce 4 non-roster additions ahead of spring training
The Seattle Mariners on Tuesday announced four more minor league players for spring training.
Outfielder Eric Filia, infielder Alen Hanson and left-handed pitchers Wei-Yin Chen and Manny Banuelos are joining the club as non-roster additions ahead of the spring training period, which begins Wednesday. Three of the four players -- Banuelos, Chen, Hanson -- signed minor-league contracts with Seattle, whereas Filia just received an invite.
RELATED: Seattle Mariners announce new space at T-Mobile Park featuring nod to Kingdome, Augmented Reality
Banuelos, 28, played with the Chicago White Sox in 2019. He has a 4-8 record with a 6.31 ERA, 63 strikeouts and 45 walks in 23 Major League appearances (14 starts). He played with the Braves in 2015.
Chen, 34, has gone 59-51 with a 4.18 ERA with 876 strikeouts and 270 walks in 219 MLB games (170 starts). The Taiwan native was most recently with the Miami Marlins (2016-19), and began his big league career with the Baltimore Orioles (2012-15).
RELATED: Mariners sign pitcher Marco Gonzales to four-year extension
Hanson, 27, has hit .232 with 12 home runs, 8 triples, 27 doubles, 55 RBIs and 21 stolen bases in four MLB seasons. He's had stints with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago White Sox, San Francisco Giants and Toronto Blue Jays.
In four years in the minors, Filia has hit .320 with 13 homers, 7 triples, 74 doubles and 156 RBIs. He spent last year with Triple-A Tacoma.
Mariners' pitchers and catchers report to spring training Wednesday. Position players will report next Monday.
Seattle will have its first spring training game against the San Diego Padres on Feb. 22. The Mariners open their regular season on March 26.
Ben Arthur covers sports for SeattlePI. He can be reached by email at email@example.com. Follow him on twitter at @benyarthur.


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Archive for the 'Crossing Into The End Zone' Category
~ I See A Double Standard Here ~
Let's try to break this down and cite examples about the mainstream media's (MSM) take on famous sports and political figures (and the not so famous and not so mainstream) who show their public display of affection that circle around their Christian faith with no ounce of hesitation (at least some of them).
We will see in the following instances how the media respond differently and apply different sets of principles for similar situations, and how these standards applied more leniently to one group than to another.
Are you sensing where I'm going? Yes, my observation on the MSM's treatment on Tim Tebow!
Victor Cruz, New York Giants wide receiver, who had a phenomenal year with 82 catches this year, finished 3rd in the league in yards compared to zero last year. One notable play he had was his 99 yard TD catch versus New York Jets on December 24th, 2011. When asked how to describe his skill, here's his answer:
" I guess it is just God-given ability. When I get the ball in my hands I try to make the most out of every play. I try to make the maximum yardage I can get every time I touch the ball. God's blessed me with some ability to do some good things and to be able jump and run and run good routes. It's a testament to God."
(BTW, that's a whopping four references to GOD in just less than one minute–a rare occasion to occur on national TV in this kind of environment that is mostly leaning toward secular, the-no-mention-of-God-mantra. I'm surprised Cruz was allowed to stay on air without being cut-off).
Boxer Manny Pacquiao, WBO eight-division world champion and rated as the best pound for pound in the world, prays before, during and immediately after each fight: he wears his rosary/prayer beads every fight, he makes the sign of the cross before each round, and kneels in his corner before and after each fight whether it was a night of victory or a night of defeat.
Edson Barboza from Brazil who had a knockout (KO) win against Terry Etim from the UK at the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) last January 15, 2012 what many already claiming the most spectacular knockout in UFC history. After the knockout, Barboza gives his little "shout out to God" by pointing towards the sky, then he pounds his chest and carries on like most professional athletes these days. You see many professional NFL players do the same— point towards the sky and then dance around.
Tim Tebow, Denver Broncos quarterback, and he does this:
Why the fuss on Tim Tebow? Why such a controversy?; (and to say it's a fascination would be an enormous overstatement by MSM's standards). Why does the MSM not get worked up over the other guys' religiosity like they do with Tebow? Is it because he embodies something real and rare in the mainstream? Perhaps it has something to do with the media's lapsed perception of the old proverb "walk the talk," that when they found out that this pro-Jesus and pro-life young man actually goes on missionary trips, and is outspoken about his stance on abortion, and when they see that his religiosity is not a game and it's the real deal Christianity centered on a real deal Christ, they get ticked off… then they resort to other areas undermining his moral landscape, his QB skills or maybe hop into the PC wagon and create a PC issue that does not exist.
Lastly, during the last presidential election, President Obama stood in front of the microphone, and claimed that he was a born-again Christian, proclaiming Jesus as his Lord and Savior. Once again, the MSM never squeaked a single word over it but they went gaga and full stream attack on pro-life Sarah Palin with a Down Syndrome child.
Your call!
~ Way To Go, Grizzlies! ~
First round done. You've already made this city proud! It's time to wear my Memphis Grizz cap & shirt! Second round, here we come!


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Plan to participate in the Ultrasound Workshop for Emergency Physicians on November 5, 2016 at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Learn the life-saving ultrasound skills of finding free fluid in abdomen and chest, pneumothorax, pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade; and assess left ventricular function and IVC size to guide therapy on critically ill patients.
Why is this better than other ultrasound workshops you've been to?
Wisconsin Chapter, American College of Emergency Physicians563 Carter Court, Suite BKimberly, WI 54136920-750-7725 | email@example.com
© Wisconsin Chapter, ACEP. All rights reserved.


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- Asset management
- The benefits of Asset management
- Why Switzerland
- About us
What is the Asset Management Platform?
The Asset Management Platform has the vision to turn Switzerland into a leading asset management location. It is a permanent, institutionalised platform for the further development of the asset management industry as well as a source of ideas and information and a partner in political and regulatory dialogue.
It builds on the common ground between all participants in asset management, i.e. not only asset managers themselves, but also their clients and the relevant authorities and institutions.
The Asset Management Platform is supported by the Swiss Funds and Asset Management Association SFAMA, the Swiss Bankers Association, the Swiss Insurance Association and a number of leading Swiss-based asset management firms.


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Perfumes have played an integral role in keeping up with peoples desire of looking amazing, feeling the best and smelling attractive. But most of us have been ignorant about its history or for how long it is been around. Perfumes are a way to attract attention. Studies show that men are more inclined towards perfumes than women.
Perfume dealers always have a stock of perfume testers in their stores, which are small bottles of actual designer perfumes that they use to spritz the sampler strips that they give out to customers. You have probably seen quite a few of these perfume testers in stores but did you know that you can actually buy them as well? It will be just like getting yourself a bottle of your favorite designer perfume but without the luxurious packaging and at only a fraction of the retail price.
You can click the picture to see the large or full size photo. If you think this collection is useful to you, or maybe your friends you must click like/share button, maybe you can help other people can inspired too. Here there are, you can see one of our gap om perfume gallery, there are many picture that you can surf, don't forget to see them too.


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Healthcare expenditure navigation platform Rightway Health has raised $8M in Series A funding led by Tiger Global Management. Cofounded by Jordan Feldman in 2017, Rightway Health had previously raised $2M and we covered that round back in 2017 – This NYC Startup Just Raised $2M To Redefine How You Interact With Healthcare.
The 2019 NYC Tech Influencers is now live on AlleyWatch. Join us in celebrating 50 individuals that are driving progress and innovation in New York – 2019 NYC Tech Influencers.


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Hospice Care
Get Involved
Find a Hospice
About Us
Donate Now
St Luke's
Lisa & Lee Hicks
Lisa and Lee Hicks decided they needed to make a will as they saw their young son Haydn prepare to start school.
And they were more than happy that, by taking part in St Luke's Will Month, they were not only safeguarding Haydn's future but also making a positive contribution to Sheffield's only adult hospice.
"We wanted to be sure that we had protected Haydn's interests if anything were to happen to us," Lisa explains.
"By making a will, we know that he is provided for and that his future is provided for in the way we would want and now that both Lee and myself have turned 40 it made us realise that we have to make sure we have everything in place for all our futures.
"Making a will through the St Luke's Will Month was so easy – we just chose a solicitor from the list of participating companies and took it from there.
"And because Lee's nannan was a patient at St Luke's we know all about the fantastic care the hospice offers, so we not only got a will but we supported Sheffield's only hospice at the same time.
"We are planning for our son's future and I think every family should be doing the same."
Find out more about getting involved
This site, like many others, uses cookies to function and to help us understand how to make your journey better. To find out more about our use of cookies and more about how we use data, please
click here
to read our privacy policy.


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Nov 28, 2018
In a week that included a one-day 257-point surge for the Dow, record Black Friday spending, and a legal challenge to Apple's "monopoly" continuing its march to the Supreme Court, Buck once again brings on Extreme Value editor Dan Ferris to make sense of things.
In the wake of Elon Musk's own admission that Tesla "almost died this year," Dan breaks down the latest numbers: as it produces 1,000 Model 3 sedans a week in Q3 and keeps bleeding cash, his position on Tesla "has never changed."
Later on, they're joined by this week's guest. Mattie Duppler is the Founder and President of Forward Strategies, a strategic consulting firm. She also serves as the Senior Fellow for Fiscal Policy at the National Taxpayers Union, a nonpartisan advocacy group focused on budget and tax issues and sits on the board of the Center for a Free Economy.
In layman's terms, she breaks down what it really means for businesses not to have to shoulder immense paperwork for their deductions, and how the resulting savings – and flurry of capital investment – circle back to the American worker.


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Henrik Kure holds a Ph.d. in Operations Research and Statistics from University of Copenhagen.He has been working as consultant for more than 20 years and with Microsoft based solutions since 2005, covering SQL Server, BI, Azure, .Net and SharePoint.
Based on a broad and deep knowledge of analytics platforms and technologies, his focus has been on design and implementation of robust business-centric solutions. Henrik has been involved in projects with a very broad range of companies, covering most industry sectors, with a recent focus on pharma, production, shipping, logistics, finance, and public sector.
Henrik loves logical and technical challenges and is known as a problem-"cruncher".


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Product information
This digital Ultrasonic Cleaner with an all Stainless Steel tank and body is perfect for both home use and professional jewellers, watchmakers, tattoo studios etc. It has a large 6 litre Ultrasonic Tank and digital controls for the temperature and timer setting. The ultrasonic cleaning bath will remove dirt, grease etc. The ultrasonic cleaner can be used for cleaning electronic and mechanical parts. For best results use appropriate cleaning fluid or solvent suitable for the item. This model offers increased functionality with features such as degas, delicate and full power modes alongside the standard fluid temperature and cleaning cycle timer controls.
- Degas mode - This mode is to be used after a fluid change to rapidly remove air from the fluid so it can provide maximum cleaning effectiveness from the start of the cleaning cycle
- Delicate mode - The cleaner runs at half power which provides a less aggressive cleaning action for fragile/delicate items
- Full-power mode - A powerful deep clean that will clean heavily contaminated items
Key features:
- Capacity: 6.0 Litre tank
- Heating Power: 300w
- Cleaning power: 150w
- Cleaning frequency: 40Khz
- Number of transducers: 3
- Digital temperature adjustment: 0-80 degrees C in 5 degree steps
- Digital timer adjustment: 1-99 minutes
- Degassing mode
- Delicate mode
- Full power mode
- Includes wire basket
- Tank and housing made in Stainless Steel
- Tank Size internal:
(mm) 300 x 153 x 150 deep
(inches) 11.8 x 6.0 x 5.9 deep
- Wire Basket:
(mm) 270 x 140 x 115 deep
(inches) 10.7 x 5.5 x 4.5 deep


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Cameron Park, California, United States
- Overview
- Team
- Documents
We find the right franchise for you and your future.
Entrepreneurshop ®, Inc is focused on true Entrepreneurs. We don't represent anybody, but we represent everybody. Meaning, were not in it for a commission, were in it to help you find your dream business, because as you know, money follows passion and value, so lets start there.
Were different because we make you qualify as customers, therefore the customer is playing on our ground-rules not theirs, we cannot be compared to anybody else. We assess your skill set and experience and align and award you the opportunity when you qualify. Were different because our target market is the college student, we don't care how much money you have to start out with, we have opportunities that range from less than $100 dollars to get started to 1.2M +, if you have a dollar to invest, some courage and ambition, we have been looking for you. We are here to build the future of the youth, and align them with their dream business, whether you have no money and want to be in business, or your a multi millionaire looking to invest in the most profitable franchises, were are your source, the Entrepreneurshop ®
Entrepreneurshop's ® goal is to provide real world business experience to the young / brand new Entrepreneur, and show them how to make money with little investment whether its a low cost franchise, network marketing, or business opportunity. Then once they have mastered the art of business and entrepreneurship, we will help and provide them with the resources, consulting, funding, and self development to expand their enterprise through proven franchised concepts. Bottom line, we are different because we are going to show you how to make money regardless of your situtation, and then be there for you again once you want to diversify your fortune.
Entrepreneurshop Inc, Franchise and Business Opportunity Consulting, Franchise Development, Franchise Consulting, Business Opportunities,Franchise your Business,Franchise Funding,Franchisor Listing,Franchise Consulting School,Leads Programs,Legal Support,Coaching/Training,Marketing and Branding,Virtual Admin Support,Network Marketing, BNI Networking,CRM Expertise,Refferal Card Networking
Our focus is the college entrepreneur, we show you how to make money with little money. We are looking for people with ambition and courage, we will show you the rest.


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From the stables of DJ Ernesty's Street Gospel Mixtape 2 (the album) comes this Mash up single of Traditional igbo contemporary culture featuring the Multi-talented producer/vocalist Exzel (ExzelOnDaBeat), One of Boogiedown's Records top Instrumentalist/Vocalist Promise Benson, Extraordinary singer and Performer Frankie Walter and one of Abuja's A-list Gospel Rapper Gt Da Rapman together in this Mash-up Collaboration titled "Dj Play the Music". Listen and Enjoy.
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Jason Wu, The Fragrance: Memories of a Childhood in Taiwan (2017) {New Perfume}
Photo by Toby McFarlane
American fashion designer Jason Wu has released his debut fragrance simply called Jason Wu eau de parfum, which he is positioning as niche, Proustian and all-around nostalgic. It was developed with Parlux, which usually specializes in celebrity scents and designer labels...
This explains perhaps why the company took a celebrity-friendly approach by digging into Wu's personal olfactive memories.
Hailing from Taiwan, Wu said that he had to smell about 400-500 perfumery materials, according to Forbes, before narrowing it down to one he consistently loved, sambac jasmine. Then, this realization opened a flood of memories from the time of his childhood as he remembered a wall covered with the flowers and his habit of making garlands with the blooms together with his cousin to perfume his room. He told WWD that,
"It was the one thing that took me back; it transported me. I remember when I was little, I lived in Taiwan and our neighbor had a whole wall of jasmine and I used to go pick it. I didn't even remember this, it was so subconscious...[but] it transported me to the point where it was a powerful memory."
The "Fragrance Box Clutch" appeared on the Jason Wu FW 2017 runways
Perfumer Frank Voelkl of Firmenich composed the floral scent which is based on this jasmine also known as Arabian Jasmine, while peony and lily of the valley play "supporting roles." Wu explained that he dislikes perfumes that are too heavy and that those two last flowers are his favorite.
The flacon was designed with architect Andre Mellone, with a preference for a paperweight feel to the bottle which had to feel substantial, like crystal. The nude color results from a research on the tint of 1950s pressed powder compacts, for a timeless sensation.
The designer calls his perfume "niche," with a price point to match at $145.