text:
DOI: 10.1055/a-0896-4144
Prevalence of Dyslipidaemia and Pre-Diabetes Among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Do We Overestimate Cardiovascular Risk?
received 11. Dezember 2018
accepted 08. April 2019
10. Mai 2019 (online)
PCOS is widely accepted as associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, however, without convincing evidence of an increased cardiovascular mortality. We assessed prevalence of obesity, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidaemia in 490 women with PCOS, aged 24.75±8.05 years, diagnosed according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria. Fifty-two percent of women had BMI<26 kg/m2, 81.8% had total cholesterol<200 mg/dl, 82.8% had LDL cholesterol<130 mg/dl (48.3%<100 mg/dl), 81.4% had triglycerides<150 mg/dl, 96.08% had fasting glucose<100 mg/dl, 90.3% had glucose<140 mg/dl at 120′ of OGTT. The most frequent abnormality was low HDL cholesterol, as only 33.9% had LDL>60 mg/dl. Combination of several risk factors related to dyslipidaemia was, however, relatively rare, for example, a combination of raised total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was present only in 2.9% of subjects. An increase in BMI, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and glucose concentrations at 120′ of OGTT was more pronounced in women, who had raised concentrations of at least two androgens (n=172, 35.1%), yet there was no increase in insulin resistance parameters, that is, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, McAuley, or Belfiore index. Contrary to common belief, over 50% of women with PCOS have normal body weight, and with exception of lower HDL cholesterol, most have no significant dyslipidaemia or glucose intolerance. Women with normal or borderline abnormal androgens, who form the majority of PCOS subjects, seem to have more healthy metabolic profile. This might be one of the reasons for the absence of evidence of an increased CV mortality in women with PCOS.
- 1 Azziz R. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 132: 321-336
- 2 Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF. et al. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 89: 251-268
- 3 Milewicz A, Kudła M, Spaczyński RZ. et al. The polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement from the Polish Society of Endocrinology, the Polish Society of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians, and the Polish Society of Gynaecological Endocrinology. Endokrynol Pol 2018; 69: 328-344
- 4 Gunning MN, Fauser CJM. Are women with polycystic ovary syndrome at increased cardiovascular disease risk later in life. Climacteric 2017; 20: 222-227
- 5 Jacewicz-Święcka M, Kowalska I. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of cardiometabolic complications in longitudinal studies. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34: e3054
- 6 The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. 2004; Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 41-47
- 7 Belfiore F, Iannello S, Volpicelli G. Insulin sensitivity indices calculated from basal and OGTT-induced insulin, glucose, and FFA levels. Mol Genet Metab 1998; 63: 134-141
- 8 Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS. et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 412-419
- 9 Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K. et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: A simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2402-2410
- 10 McAuley KA, Williams SM, Mann JI. et al. Diagnosing insulin resistance in the general population. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 460-464
- 11 Jellinger PS, Smith DA, Mehta AE. et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists' guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis. Endocrine Pract 2012; 18 (Suppl 1) 1-78
- 12 Araszkiewicz A, Bandurska-Stankiewicz E, Budzyński A. et al. Guidelines on the management of diabetic patients. A position of Diabetes Poland. Diabetol Klin 2016; 5 (Suppl A) A1-A73
- 13 Azziz R, Woods KS, Reyna R. et al. The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2745-2749
- 14 Welt CK, Carmina E. Clinical review: Lifecycle of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): From in utero to menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98: 4629-4638
- 15 Bajuk Studen K, Jensterle Sever M, Pfeifer M. Cardiovascular risk and subclinical cardiovascular disease in polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Horm Res 2013; 40: 64-82
- 16 Orio Jr. F, Palomba S, Spinelli L. et al. The cardiovascular risk of young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an observational, analytical, prospective case control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3696-3701
- 17 Hart R, Doherty DA. The potential implications of a PCOS diagnosis on a woman's long-term health using data linkage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 911-919
- 18 Pierpoint T, McKeigue PM, Isaacs AJ. et al. Mortality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51: 581-586
- 19 Wild S, Pierpoint T, McKeigue P. et al. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up: A retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 52: 595-600
- 20 Peigné M, Dewailly D. Long term complications of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2014; 75: 194-199
- 21 Kakoly NS, Khomami MB, Joham AE. et al. Ethnicity, obesity and the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in PCOS: A systematic review and meta-regression. Hum Reprod Update 2018; 24: 455-467
- 22 Pelanis R, Mellembakken JR, Sundström-Poromaa I. et al. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is not increased in normal-weight women with PCOS. Hum Reprod 2017; 32: 2279-2286
- 23 Wild RA, Rizzo M, Clifton S. et al. Lipid levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Fertil Steril 2011; 95: 1073-1079 e1–e11
- 24 Kim JJ, Choi YM. Dyslipidemia in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstetr Gynecol Sci 2013; 56: 137-142
- 25 Barth J, Yasmin E, Balen AH. The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: the criteria are insufficiently robust for clinical research. Clin Endocrinol 2007; 67: 811-815
- 26 O'Reilly MW, Taylor AE, Crabtree NJ. et al. Hyperandrogenemia predicts metabolic phenotype in polycystic ovary syndrome: The utility of serum androstenedione. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: 1027-1036
- 27 Meun C, Ranco OH, Dhana K. et al. High androgens in postmenopausal women and the risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103: 1622-1630
- 28 Lewandowski KC, Płusajska J, Horzelski W. et al. Limitations of insulin resistance assessment in polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Connect 2018; 7: 403-412
- 29 Stunden KB, Pfeifer M. Cardiometabolic risk in polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine Connect 2018; 7: R238-R251
- 30 Behboudi-Gandevani S, Amiri M, Yarandi RB. et al. The risk of metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 88: 169-184
- 31 Hsu MI. Changes in the PCOS phenotype with age. Steroids 2013; 78: 761-766
- 32 Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE. et al. Plasma sex steroid hormones and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women : A prospective study. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 2076-2084
- 33 Brown ZA, Louwers YV, Fong SL. et al. The phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome ameliorates with aging. Fertil Steril 2011; 96: 1259-1265


text:
Two weeks ago, I asked the carpenter to make a dresser for me with my own measurements and specifications. I put together ideas from different dresser pictures I saw. Since my space was very limited I had to maximize it with lots of storage. Here's what it looks like, unvarnished:
It was made in just 3 days! It's been sitting in the garage for more than 1 week coz there was no available person to varnish it :-(
Photo above with all compartments open. It's only 5ft. tall. The mirror wasn't attached yet as it hasn't been varnished. There's only a single light since the mirror space is small (cord is on top). The lower left is a chair with wheels and it can be opened for more storage space. I don't have a foam to put on it yet.
Total damage for the dresser(labor and materials): less than P3,750 (around $75).
At last, my dresser is now done! I found someone to varnish it as I almost made it a DIY project. I thought it would be simple to do. The expert did it in 3 days! The varnishing cost more than having it made.
Cost of labor and varnish materials: P4000 (around $80)
Total cost: P7,750 ($155)
Here's what it looks like now:
I still haven't put in all my stuff coz I need to figure out where and what to put in.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Venice is one of my favorite cities but I've never seen it in October. I was hoping the cruise ship crowds would be somewhat reduced but to my amazement San Marco was as filled as ever. Things quiet down after sunset when all the cruise folks board their ships and leave town. Walking through Venice at night with a camera and tripod is as close to heaven as you can get. I had a great time walking around Venice at night with my photographer friend Steve Wood.
View of gondolas and the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore across the Venice lagoon
View of San Marco Campanile and Saint Mark's Basilica from Scala Contarini del Bovolo near Campo Manin, Venice, Italy
Colors reflecting in Venice Canal, Italy
Reflection of Church of San Giorgio Maggiore in the window of the San Marco vaporetto stop, Venice, Italy
View of San Marco Campanile from the staircase of Scala Contarini del Bovolo near Campo Manin, Venice, Italy
Panorama of Teatro La Fenice, Venice Opera House, Campo San Fantin, Venice, Italy
Sunset over the Venice Lagoon, Venice, Italy
The Metropole at night, Venice, Italy
Woman leaning out the window of the Hotel Danieli near Piazza San Marco, Venice, Italy at night
Fondamenta S. Lorenzo Trattoria at night, Venice, Italy
Restaurant in Piazza San Marco late at night, Venice, Italy
View of light streaks from boats on the Grand Canal near Accademia Bridge, Venice, Italy
Cafe in Campo San Polo, Venice, Italy
Reflection in canal at night in Dorsoduro, Venice, Italy
San Trovaso Campanile at night, Dorsoduro, Venice, Italy
Sunset over the Grand Canal from the Rialto Bridge, Venice, Italy
Moon over Santa Maria della Salute Church from the Accademia Bridge, Venice Italy


text:
CURRENTLY NOT IN STOCKClick here and we'll notify you as soon as it is available.
How Everything in a Catholic Church Points to Heaven
Did you know that
everything about the confessional in a Catholic churcheven its sizewas designed in a highly specific way by St. Charles Borromeo to answer objections to the sacrament by the Reformation? Did you know there is both a theological and a practical reason why the credence table is placed where it is?
Each item in a Catholic church is there to point to a larger truth.
Every sacred vessel and item is packed with symbolism and meaning, aimed at making each visit to a Catholic church a powerful reminder of Gods presence and the truths of our Faith.
The Sacred That Surrounds Us helps reveal Catholic churches as shrines of devotion. Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture are made tangible with this book, which explains with clarity the symbolism and history behind the sacred items we see in every Catholic church.
In ancient and medieval times, the faithful knew the meaning of all the sacred items in a church. Todays Catholics can now re-discover the sacred that surrounds them in church.
"When entering a Catholic church, we step into a spiritual world of wonder and mystery cherished by billions throughout the millennia. But do we understand the multiple aspects of the church and liturgy meant to draw us into worship and sweep us into heaven as we celebrate the Mass together? Thanks to Andrea Zachman, these treasures of Catholic worship hidden in plain sight are now beautifully and simply explained. Every family should own and study this book together."
Steve Ray, author, Crossing the Tiber
In modern churches, it can be difficult to realize the immense religious and cultural heritage we as Catholics are heirs to. It can be difficult to enter into the mysteries we are partaking in during the mass.
every Catholic church, from the small, modern parish to the ancient basilica, has similar sacred objects and vessels.
The Sacred That Surrounds Us helps Catholics make every visit to a Catholic church a pilgrimage of faith.
The Sacred That Surrounds Us, Catholics read:
"Theres so much more to worship than meets the eye. This is your guidebook to Catholic worshipthe vessels, vestments, furnishings, personnel ... everything. Highly recommended."
Mike Aquilina, EWTN host, author, The Mass of the Early Christians
Some of the items and features discussed:
"Masterfully combining gorgeous photography with clear and informative text, The Sacred That Surrounds Us allows us to step into the church as never before. This book is a must-have resource for every catechist, faith formation director, Catholic school teacher, and Catholic parent."
Pamela Patnode, author, Dare to Live Catholic
Learn things about sacred objects like...
Catholics can take
The Sacred That Surrounds Us with them to any Catholic church, walk around reading and praying with this book, and (we pray) they will experience "the scales fall from their eyes" as they realize how every Catholic church points to heaven. We only need to learn how to see it.
Author: Andrea Zachman
Publisher: Ascension Press
Pages: 125
Format: Paperback
Price: $14.95


text:
50 Cent And Vivica Fox Stoop Lower And Lower…
AllHipHop Staff
(AllHipHop Rumors) Auntie Viv and 50 Cent have been at odds for quite sometime. Both of these people are old heads. And yet, they are acting like a pair of teenagers. I don't get it really. God bless, but damn. They are going back and forth on Instagram. So, I guess they must love each other or something. It seems like 50 Cent did an interview and then posted a meme based on that,. And it dealt with Viv licking his nether regions. And then Viv clapped back.
Those memes were brutal.


text:
New Research In
Physical Sciences
Social Sciences
Featured Portals
Articles by Topic
Biological Sciences
Featured Portals
Articles by Topic
- Agricultural Sciences
- Anthropology
- Applied Biological Sciences
- Biochemistry
- Biophysics and Computational Biology
- Cell Biology
- Developmental Biology
- Ecology
- Environmental Sciences
- Evolution
- Genetics
- Immunology and Inflammation
- Medical Sciences
- Microbiology
- Neuroscience
- Pharmacology
- Physiology
- Plant Biology
- Population Biology
- Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
- Sustainability Science
- Systems Biology
Why eyewitnesses fail
Edited by Charles D. Gilbert, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, and approved June 13, 2017 (received for review April 25, 2017)
Eyewitness identifications play an important role in the investigation and prosecution of crimes, but it is well known that eyewitnesses make mistakes, often with serious consequences. In light of these concerns, the National Academy of Sciences recently convened a panel of experts to undertake a comprehensive study of current practice and use of eyewitness testimony, with an eye toward understanding why identification errors occur and what can be done to prevent them. The work of this committee led to key findings and recommendations for reform, detailed in a consensus report entitled Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification. In this review, I focus on the scientific issues that emerged from this study, along with brief discussions of how these issues led to specific recommendations for additional research, best practices for law enforcement, and use of eyewitness evidence by the courts.
The identification of a criminal suspect by an eyewitness to the crime constitutes a form of direct testimonial evidence that may be used for forensic purposes: that is, for the establishment of facts in a criminal investigation or prosecution. Eyewitness identification has a long history of use in this capacity by law enforcement and the courts, in the United States and elsewhere, and has played a valuable role in both convictions and acquittals. Despite this value, our society has been confronted in recent years with many egregious failures of eyewitness testimony in the form of misidentifications that led to convictions of innocent people (1). Of particular note are findings from the era of postconviction DNA profiling made possible by the development of the polymerase chain reaction, which enables amplification of crime-scene DNA to quantities sufficient for forensic analysis. To date, nearly 350 people, many serving lengthy prison sentences, have been exonerated because their own DNA was discovered to be incompatible with evidence long ago collected from the crime scene. In ∼70% of these cases, misidentification by one or more eyewitnesses contributed significantly as evidence for conviction (2).
The consequences of erroneous convictions based on flawed eyewitness accounts are profound and multifaceted. Hundreds of innocent people have spent many years of their lives behind bars while the perpetrators remain at large, the latter often committing additional crimes (3). Moreover, these outcomes risk undermining public trust in the criminal justice system, which can lead to social unrest and enmity directed at law enforcement and the courts. In light of these concerns, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) recently assembled a committee of experts from fields of cognitive and neural science, statistics, law enforcement, and the courts, to undertake a comprehensive study of the causal factors behind eyewitness misidentification. This study, which was funded by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation and which I chaired, together with Judge Jed Rakoff of the US District Court for the Southern District of New York, focused on three areas of interest: (i) scientific evidence for limits on visual perception and memory, which in turn place constraints on the veracity of eyewitness reports; (ii) eyewitness identification practices used by law enforcement for criminal investigation and prosecution; and (iii) legal standards and practices for use of eyewitness evidence in the courtroom.
The work of this committee led to key findings and recommendations for reform, which are detailed in a consensus report entitled Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification (4). In the sections that follow, I primarily focus on the scientific issues that emerged from this study, particularly as they pertain to the problem of eyewitness misidentification. (The scientific interpretations and opinions expressed herein are my own. They are meant to summarize the relevant science, but they do not necessarily reflect the positions of the NAS consensus report on eyewitness identification.) This is accompanied by brief discussions of how these issues led to specific recommendations for additional research, best practices for law enforcement, and use of eyewitness evidence by the courts.
I Saw It With My Own Two Eyes
Throughout recorded history, people have borne witness to their sensory experiences. We routinely share first-person accounts of what we've seen or heard and do so in nearly every form of discourse, from gossipy descriptions of an encounter in the elevator to an exact observation from a laboratory experiment. Indeed, the ability to report our experiences is an irrepressible and highly valued human trait. Many ancient texts, such as the Hindu Smriti (Sanskrit for "that which is remembered"), consist of experience-based allegory for the benefit of society. Similarly, books of the New Testament Bible are said to be first-person accounts, and present-day memoirs do the same for life in our modern world. Bearing witness to what we've seen, with objectivity and precision, has long been part of the scientific method—from Kepler's testimony in support of the laws of planetary motion based on his surveillance of Mars, to Darwin's testimony in support of the theory of evolution based on his observations of Galapagos finches—and as new sciences evolve they rely upon increasingly sophisticated tools for improving the quality of observations and, hence, the validity of the resulting testimony.
Given this rich cultural history and our human predilection for reporting what we've seen, it's not surprising that the testimony of observers—eyewitnesses—is frequently sought to resolve disputes about actions or circumstances or to identify suspect objects. Decisions about the state of a game of sport, for example, are made by professional eyewitnesses known as umpires and referees. Professional eyewitnesses in the form of quality inspectors are used to identify defective products by their similarity to specific visual patterns previously seen. Luggage and freight inspectors serve a similar function for transportation security. Accidental eyewitnesses to daily events, ranging from the mundane to the tragic, are made every moment and are frequently called upon to support one or another version of what purportedly happened: Did the driver run the light? When did he leave the party? Who threw the first punch? Was the boat adrift in the canal? Was she the one who pulled the trigger?
All human efforts to bear witness can be characterized as gathering, interpreting, storing, and recalling information and, as such, depend fundamentally upon brain systems that mediate sensation, perception, and memory. Research over the past few decades has revealed much about how these systems work, particularly in the case of information received through the visual sense. One of the primary tasks undertaken by the NAS committee on eyewitness identification was to consider this body of research with an eye toward understanding what factors influence the performance of an eyewitness: to understand, in particular, why identification errors occur and what can be done to prevent them.
Variables That Influence Eyewitness Performance
Traditionally, the problem of eyewitness identification has been approached through applied research aimed at understanding how relevant variables influence the ability of a witness to correctly identify the culprit: that is, the "performance" of the eyewitness. Because a crime is an unexpected event (at least to an eyewitness), one can draw a natural distinction between variables that reflect the witness' unplanned situational or cognitive state at the time of the crime and variables that reflect controllable conditions and internal states following the witnessed events. Researchers categorize these factors, respectively, as estimator and system variables (5).
Estimator variables include such things as the viewing conditions (e.g., lighting, distance, duration), the presence of distracting stimuli (e.g., weapons, bright lights, loud noises), and internal states of the observer (e.g., attention, motivation, skill, prejudice). The criminal justice system has no control over these variables but they must be taken into account. System variables, by contrast, are those that can be controlled by the criminal justice system and include such things as the manner in which a lineup is presented to an eyewitness, the instructions given, and whether the lineup administrator is blind to the status of the lineup participants.
Estimator and system variables are often manipulated in laboratory studies that take the form of a staged crime followed by interrogation of the experimental subjects (the "eyewitnesses"). Three decades of such studies have quantified the effects of many of these variables on identification accuracy (6⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–20). Simply put, data on estimator variables tell us something about the probative value of eyewitness testimony—and thus the degree to which law enforcement and the courts should be circumspect—given the conditions under which a crime was witnessed. Data on system variables point to procedures actionable by law enforcement and the courts that may help lead to correct identifications and reduced likelihood of error. Indeed, several of the specific recommendations made by the NAS committee on eyewitness identification are derived from this research. These recommendations include, for example: (i) the use of lineup administrators who have no knowledge of which participant is the suspect (i.e., they are "blinded"), which precludes the possibility that the administrator could inadvertently influence the outcome (this is, of course, a standard method used to ensure objectivity in science, but it has not been standard practice in many law enforcement jurisdictions); and (ii) the use of standardized witness instructions designed to yield a consistent and conservative response.
A dominant theme in recent eyewitness research has been the possibility that lineup type (a system variable) might be manipulated to improve eyewitness performance. This possibility was first raised in 1985 following a study that compared the traditional lineup—"simultaneous"—in which all of the faces (typically six photographs) are presented to the eyewitness at the same time, with a novel lineup type—"sequential"—in which faces are presented one at a time (20). This study concluded that the sequential lineup was superior to simultaneous because it led to a reduction in the frequency of incorrect identifications. These early findings satisfied public desire to reduce the frequency of erroneous convictions and have inspired a number of legal jurisdictions to switch procedures (21). Subsequent studies using a more sophisticated statistical approach based on receiver operating characteristics indicate, however, that the primary effect of the sequential procedure is the elicitation of more conservative responses on the part of the eyewitness: witnesses simply make fewer lineup picks (17). Furthermore, several reports now suggest that witnesses are better able to optimize sensitivity to their memories—that is, they manifest better discriminability—when simultaneous lineups are used (17, 22⇓–24). Future research may identify how variations of these or other lineup procedures can further improve performance, but the NAS committee on eyewitness identification concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to warrant a change from the traditional simultaneous procedure.
This large and growing body of applied eyewitness research has thus led to important practical steps toward improving the performance of eyewitnesses—including a remarkable recent update of US Department of Justice guidelines for lineup procedures (25), which is based on the NAS recommendations (4)—and understanding the utility of their testimony. The value of this research notwithstanding, the approach is palliative, in that it aims to mitigate the symptoms but does little to address the underlying cause of failure. Eyewitness testimony reflects a decision made by a human observer based on things seen and remembered. It naturally follows that a causal and predictive understanding of why eyewitnesses make errors depends upon an appreciation of how human vision and memory work.
Why Eyewitnesses Fail
Broadly speaking, eyewitness misidentifications can be characterized as failures of visual perception or memory, the former being seeing things inaccurately, the latter being loss of accuracy or precision in the storage, maintenance, and recall of what was seen.
Believing Is Seeing.
The first step toward correctly identifying something you've seen before is seeing it accurately to begin with. Research over the past few decades has revealed much about how vision works. Visual sensation is the initial process of detecting light and extracting basic image features. Sensations themselves are evanescent; only a small fraction of what is sensed is actually perceived. Attention is the filtering process by which information sensed by the visual system is selected for further processing. Perception is the process by which attended visual information is integrated, linked to environmental cause, made coherent, and categorized through the assignment of meaning, utility, value, and emotional valence. It is the things perceived that populate visual experience and memory.
The fidelity and significance of reported visual experience is necessarily limited by three related factors: uncertainty, bias, and confidence. (This is not unique to vision. These factors influence reports of any sensory experience.) Uncertainty here refers to the probabilistic nature of sensory signal detection in the presence of noise. Vision is plagued by noise from many natural sources, some associated with the structure of the visual environment (e.g., occluding surfaces, glare, shadows), some inherent to the optical and neuronal processes involved (e.g., refractive error or scattering of light in the eye), some reflecting sensory content not relevant to the observer's goals (e.g., a distracting sign or a loud sound). The presence of such noise leads to uncertainty about what we're actually looking at, such that any decision we might make or information that we store in memory has a significant likelihood of being wrong.
If uncertainty can be likened to a breakdown of accurate sensory communication, bias is the patch. Bias fills in the blanks when visual information is uncertain, fills them in with what we believe is likely to be out there based on prior experience. Formally, this characterizes vision as a problem of statistical inference, in which the observer infers properties of the world from data in the form of retinal images. Bias refers here to prior probabilities ("priors")—knowledge or dispositions derived from experience—that enable the observer to make context-dependent inferences about the environmental cause of visual stimulation. For example, prior knowledge that bank robbers carry guns enhances the probability that the bank robber will be perceived with gun in hand, even when the sensory evidence is equivocal. Because these biases are rooted in statistical regularities of our sensory world, they are commonly on target and grant us the perceptual certainty needed for survival in a noisy visual environment.
But there is a catch: This same system that grants certainty of perceptual experience in the face of noise is also capable of filling in the blanks with the wrong information. In other words, misinformed biases cause us to perceive or make decisions about things that don't exist. The coat rack may be experienced as an intruder in the hall, the shrubbery is mistaken for a police car, or the woman at the rendezvous point is wrongly identified as a friend. Similarly, uncertainty and bias can yield a situation in which information sensed by an eyewitness is of poor quality but the witness nonetheless perceives what he or she expects to see.
To make matters worse, the perceptual naiveté born from uncertainty and bias is often associated with misplaced confidence, which is arguably the most pernicious feature of eyewitness reports. An eyewitness may be wrong for the reasons described above, but a witness who testifies in court with confidence is generally very compelling to triers of fact (26). Contrary to common intuition, however, courtroom statements of confidence are very poor predictors of accuracy (26⇓⇓–29). The cause of this confidence–accuracy disparity is well captured by Daniel Kahneman's cognitive "illusion of validity" (30):
Subjective confidence in a judgment is not a reasoned evaluation of the probability that this judgment is correct. Confidence is a feeling, which reflects the coherence of the information and the cognitive ease of processing it. ... Declarations of high confidence mainly tell you that an individual has constructed a coherent story in his mind, not necessarily that the story is true.
Coherence is the key here; observers become confident when multiple pieces of sensory evidence point to the same conclusion, even when the individual pieces are themselves sparse and unreliable. This is, of course, exactly what magicians aim for; they create conditions of uncertainty and introduce bias. In doing so, magicians leave the audience with a coherent but largely unsubstantiated body of evidence (the hat was normal and empty at the outset, there were no rabbits nearby)—and a strong sense of confidence—about something that didn't actually happen. (Reasoned evaluation of a magic trick will, of course, lead instead to the conclusion that the sensory evidence was unreliable and the observer has been "tricked," mainly because that is a known characteristic of the genre. But in the real world, similarly unreliable evidence is rarely questioned if it forms part of a coherent picture. This is true of eyewitness reports and it is a pervasive feature in many domains of human decision making, such as criminal investigation, medical diagnosis, strategic warfare, selecting a restaurant, or shopping for a new automobile.) But if the goal is to provide information sufficient for accurate visual identification or resolution of a dispute about things that actually happened, uncertainty, bias, and overconfidence create conditions prone to failure.
Memory is Malleable.
The information perceived by an eyewitness is stored in memory, where it is made available for retrieval when called upon to identify a suspect. This type of memory is declarative, in that it consists of consciously accessible semantic and episodic content: the things perceived, their meaning, and sequence over time (31). It is mediated by brain systems different from those involved in visual perception and operates with different dynamics, but its products are similarly influenced by uncertainty, bias, and confidence.
Declarative memories are conceptualized as involving three core processes—encoding, storage, and retrieval—which refer, respectively, to the placement of items in memory, maintenance therein, and subsequent access to the stored information (32). These are not passive, static processes that record, retain, and divulge their contents in an informational vacuum, unaffected by outside influences. The contents cannot be treated as a veridical permanent record, like photographs stored in a safe. On the contrary, the fidelity of our memories may be compromised by many factors at all stages of processing, from encoding through storage, to the final stages of retrieval (33⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–40).
Without awareness, we regularly encode information in a prejudiced manner and later forget, reconstruct, update, and distort the things we believe to be true. Uncertain memories of witnessed events may thus be biased readily by information subsequently gathered from numerous sources, including law enforcement, counsel, family, friends, and the press, all of which can reduce the likelihood that an eyewitness correctly identifies the culprit. In addition, the coherence of evidence from these multiple sources increases confidence in that remembered, even though the individual sources may themselves be unreliable and are unlikely to be independent purveyors of information.
The Identification Problem
To appreciate how vision and memory contribute to identification errors—and more generally how an understanding of this science can help to minimize such errors—it's useful to consider the task faced by an eyewitness. I'll use as a representative illustration an actual case of misidentification that played out over the past decade in San Diego, California (41).
In November of 2004, on the day before Thanksgiving, a 16-y-old high school student, known as Erika, was abducted by a man while walking to a friend's house. Erika's assailant threw her into the roadside bushes and sexually assaulted her. Erika punched her assailant repeatedly in the face with her CD player, eventually broke free, and was rescued by a passerby. There were two significant witnesses to this crime: Erika, of course, and a man by the name of Angel Rivera, who happened to be driving by. Both witnesses described the assailant as white, brown hair, mid-20s, about 5 feet, 10 inches, medium build, and wearing a goatee.
After doggedly following leads from the eyewitness accounts, the San Diego County Sheriff detained a 25-y-old construction worker named Uriah Courtney and presented him to the witnesses in a photo lineup (Fig. 1). Both witnesses picked Courtney. In the end, the prosecution's case rested solely on this testimony; not a shred of physical evidence came to light. In 2006, Uriah Courtney was found guilty by a San Diego jury and sentenced to life in prison. When Courtney was permitted to address the court, he maintained that he could not express remorse for a crime he did not commit. To his accuser, he simply said: "I am sorry, Erika, but you were mistaken in your identification of me as your attacker. It was a simple mistake, but one that has had monumental repercussions because now neither one of us are receiving the justice we deserve" (41).
In 2010 the California Innocence Project took up Uriah Courtney's case with the intent of reevaluating DNA from the victim's clothing. Analysis of samples conducted during the original investigation had proved inconclusive. The later analysis found that not only was the evidence incompatible with Courtney, but the DNA instead matched a former convict living not far from the crime scene. Based on this new evidence, Courtney's conviction was vacated and he was released from prison in 2013, after having served 8 y behind bars.
"A Simple Mistake"
Two eyewitnesses confidently testified before the San Diego Superior Court that Uriah Courtney was the perpetrator of a monstrous crime. These witnesses maintained with certainty that they had seen this very person, that they remembered him accurately and could identify him from a single photograph. They maintained not simply that Courtney's was the most familiar or likely face among the lineup photos, but that—against all odds—he was the one. Knowing well the consequences for the accused, and discounting any possibility of error, Erika pleaded to the Court for retribution. How could the eyewitnesses have been so wrong and yet so confident in their convictions? We can answer this question by considering features of the case that could easily have led to uncertainty, bias, and overconfidence.
The viewing conditions during the crime were far from ideal, inevitably leading to uncertainty in efforts to perceive and remember the face of the assailant. The events transpired quickly, meaning that the witnesses had only a brief period to gather visual information. The events occurred in and adjacent to a dark tunnel formed by a freeway overpass, meaning that there was limited light available to see. The actors were moving erratically, meaning that it would have been difficult to scrutinize facial features. In attack, the assailant approached his victim from behind. In retreat, the assailant took measures to block visibility of his face using the brim of his hat, meaning that the witnesses had only partial information some of the time. In addition, the witnesses—particularly Erika—confronted events that would be expected to elicit strong emotional arousal and poorly focused attention. These situational and cognitive factors introduce noise to the process of acquiring accurate visual information, particularly about an unfamiliar face, meaning that any decision that these witnesses would have made based on visual information could easily have been wrong.
Visual uncertainty breeds bias, as observers turn in earnest to prior experiences or predispositions to resolve perceptual ambiguities. In the Courtney case one can distinguish at least three sources of bias present at the lineup identification stage that could have influenced the outcome. Most deliberate and egregious among these is the manner in which the lineup was constructed. A typical lineup consists of a photo of the suspect presented together with five photos of people known to be innocent, called fillers. Fillers are chosen uniquely for each case and drawn, ideally, from a diverse database. Published guidelines for filler selection state that lineups should be constructed to ensure that "the suspect does not unduly stand out," and to "avoid using fillers that so closely resemble the suspect that a person familiar with the suspect might find it difficult to distinguish the suspect from the fillers" (42). This counsel—fillers should be similar to the suspect but not too much so—is clearly open to interpretation and often applied by different agents in different ways.
Consider the Courtney lineup shown in Fig. 1. Erika reported that her assailant possessed a goatee, which means that in the face of uncertainty at the identification stage she would have relied on this prior information to make a decision. Only two of the five fillers in the Courtney lineup have facial hair (one of these marginally so) and Courtney's goatee is the most visually conspicuous. This poorly chosen lineup would have markedly increased the probability of selecting Courtney, even though Erika's initial observations of the assailant were limited by visual noise.
A second source of potential bias in the Courtney identification stems from the fact that the lineup administrator was not blind to the status of the lineup participants. This opens the possibility that the administrator may have covertly conveyed information—through eye movements, body posture, facial expressions, verbal responses—that could have been unconsciously received by a witness bedeviled by uncertainty, and thus influenced judgments of identity.
A third source of potential bias is tied to a well-documented perceptual phenomenon known as the "own-race bias," in which people experience greater difficulty discriminating among faces of a race different from their own (8, 43). Evidence indicates that this is an experience-dependent perceptual phenomenon (44, 45), a product of "perceptual learning" that occurs when people are predominantly exposed to and positioned to make decisions about individuals of their own race. The result is a visual predisposition or bias for details of variation among faces of the commonly experienced race, whereas faces of other races are perceived more categorically. As for other estimator variables (45), the effect of the own-race bias on eyewitness performance can be particularly pronounced under conditions of noise and uncertainty (47). One of the eyewitnesses in the Courtney case, Angel Rivera, was Latino and the six lineup participants were non-Latino Caucasian. (Latinos are ethnically distinct but can be of the same race as non-Latino Caucasians. The own-race bias applies nonetheless because of average differences in facial appearance between the two groups.) The possibility thus exists that Rivera had an experience-dependent predisposition that could have severely limited his ability to perceive, memorize, recall, and discriminate among faces similar to that of the culprit.
Finally, the Courtney case highlights the problem of confidence. Although their testimony was likely flawed because of uncertainty and bias, both witnesses addressed the court with great confidence in their choices (41):
Prosecution: Are you sure the defendant is the person that attacked you?
Erika: Yes, I'm sure.
Prosecution: Any doubt in your mind?
Erika: No.... I will never forget what he looks like.
Prosecution: Do you have any doubt that the defendant was the one that attacked Erika?
Angel Rivera: Not at all.
When asked to testify, the implicit task of an eyewitness is to tell a coherent story. Witnesses commonly do so by knitting together multiple pieces of information, including their own sensory experiences during the crime, the lineup identification experience, and reports of others. Through this process, the validity of individual pieces of information often becomes less important than the extent to which they support a common interpretation [this is Kahneman's "illusion of validity" (30)]. In this regard, a notable feature of the Courtney case is the fact that two witnesses made the same choice. This outcome would be expected to markedly increase the confidence of each witness because it gives the appearance of independent confirmation, even though the correlated misidentifications have the same root causes in uncertainty and bias. Needless to say, if a jury is not fully aware of these scientific issues, confident testimony of this sort can be extremely difficult to discount.
What to Do
The ability of an eyewitness to identify a suspect is a specific example of a general class of problems in which humans must make decisions about things they've seen before: finding the luggage on the carousel, the car in the parking lot, the stapler on the desk, a weapon in the luggage, or a tumor in the tissue. Whereas applied research suggests methods that might improve performance on such tasks, knowledge of the mechanisms and functional capacities of human vision and memory offers a more principled understanding of why people fail at identification problems. This understanding, in turn, grants the ability to predict conditions under which failure is likely to occur and to develop strategies to mitigate or circumvent those conditions. As we have seen, this understanding points to three broad types of problems associated with human decisions based on vision and memory: uncertainty, bias, and confidence. [It's worth noting that these problems, and the suggested solutions, also apply to the broad class of forensic procedures, known as subjective feature comparison methods (e.g. forensic fingerprint analysis), which rely on human decisions informed by vision and memory.]
Uncertainty will not go away because it reflects accidental viewing conditions of a time gone by. However, it can be quantified and understood as a factor that correlates with the probability of a correct identification. Promising new approaches in this area use generalized linear models based on manifold variables (e.g., viewing conditions, perceptual/cognitive states) that have known effects on visual uncertainty. Such models have long been used in basic research on sensory and memory function and they may be used to estimate the likelihood of a correct identification given a specific set of conditions, in a manner analogous to their use in medical practice (48, 49).
Bias is arguably a more tractable problem, in that many forms—once recognized as such—can either be accounted for in eyewitness testimony or prevented altogether. Predispositions rooted deeply in a witness' experiential history, such as the own-race bias, can be included as factors in predictive models. Other types of bias, such as those induced by the lineup identification process—nonblinded procedures, poor filler selection—can be eliminated by protocol changes that promote objective identification.
Confidence is born from a deeply ingrained and nearly ubiquitous feature of human cognition: the unconsciously prejudiced gathering of information to support a hypothesis (a process commonly known as "confirmation bias"). Empirical sciences go to great lengths to avoid this human pitfall—scientific conclusions are based on many individual and independent measurements that are themselves held to a high standard of validity—but this is not how people normally develop confidence in their decisions. The phenomenon of "confidence inflation," which refers to the increased confidence expressed by a witness that occurs with the passage of time, surely reflects unconsciously prejudiced gathering of information to support identification. Witnesses talk to other witnesses, listen to media reports of their own actions, and tell their stories to others who appear to believe them, all of which is reinforcing of the original identification and gives the illusion of confirmation by independent sources. In addition, a witness' repeated retrieval of the memory of having picked a particular face from a lineup serves to strengthen the memory of the selected face, which is likely, in turn, to increase the witness' confidence in the decision. The accuracy of a lineup pick never changes, of course, but the false certainty conveyed by a witness with inflated confidence is likely to have undue influence over triers of fact.
Viewed in this way, the solution is to limit access to information. The most effective way to accomplish this is to obtain a measure of confidence at the time of the initial lineup identification: that is, before potential access to other sources of information. Any subsequent expressions of confidence are at risk for being artificially inflated. For these reasons, the NAS committee on eyewitness identification recommended "that law enforcement document the witness' level of confidence verbatim at the time when she or he first identifies a suspect" (4). Studies published since the NAS report was released demonstrate that expressions of confidence made at the time of the initial identification are indeed highly correlated with identification accuracy (46, 50). Seen in this light, the conviction of Uriah Courtney is all the more tragic given that Erika expressed considerable uncertainty in her initial lineup identification (41).
Science in the Courtroom?
Our understanding of human vision and memory has advanced greatly in recent years, shedding much light on the potential benefits and weaknesses of eyewitness testimony. Despite these advances, the legal standard for use of eyewitness evidence in the courtroom remains rooted in the 1977 US Supreme Court ruling in Manson v. Brathwaite (51). To protect the rights of individuals charged, in accordance with the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution, this ruling defines a test for admissibility of eyewitness evidence. Unfortunately, the scope of this test derives from judicial precedents rather than modern science, and is founded on the premise that "reliability is the linchpin in determining the admissibility of identification testimony" (51). Although reliability is surely important, the Court's test consists of a checklist of factors that collectively are not particularly good indicators of reliability (52; but see ref. 50).
More recent state court rulings on admissibility of eyewitness evidence have incorporated science to a greater degree (53, 54). However, in light of newer scientific understanding of why eyewitnesses fail, the NAS committee made a number of specific recommendations intended to further strengthen the value of eyewitness evidence in the courtroom. These recommendations, which include the use of pretrial judicial inquiries and scientific expert testimony, are intended to lay bare conditions that could have led to uncertainty, bias, and overconfidence on the part of an eyewitness. The NAS report (4) also stressed that juries should be made aware of any identifications that occurred before the trial, because expressed confidence at earlier time points is more likely to reflect identification accuracy. Together, these recommended measures should clarify the probative value of the evidence such that judges and juries can either exclude or weight it accordingly.
Summary and Conclusions
It's human nature to report what we see and remember. Not surprisingly, criminal investigations and prosecutions have long relied upon the accounts of eyewitnesses. In adjudication, judges and juries have similarly long embraced self-assured reports of what was seen. This bubble of complacency has been burst in recent years, however, by two pointed facts: (i) postconviction DNA analyses reveal that eyewitnesses sometimes identify the wrong people, and (ii) the sciences of vision and memory indicate that wrongful conviction based on eyewitness testimony is likely a priori, given conditions of uncertainty, bias, and overconfidence. The NAS report on eyewitness identification (4) has led to practical reforms (25), but the larger message of the report is the promise of a long-overdue partnership between science and law. This is a case in which modern science is now having a profound influence over a critical matter of public policy, legal practice, and judicial standards, and in doing so brings our society to a place of greater justice.
This National Academy of Sciences consensus report upon which this review is based was the work of an extremely talented and dedicated group of people that includes committee members and National Academy of Sciences staff. I am grateful for the education and insights that I gained from these colleagues, as well as from the many experts who informed and reviewed the work of the committee.
- ↵1Email: tom{at}salk.edu.
Author contributions: T.D.A. wrote the paper.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
- ↵.
- Garrett B
- ↵.
- Innocence Project
- ↵.
- Innocence Project
- ↵.
- National Research Council
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵.
- Fawcett JM,
- Russell EJ,
- Peace KA,
- Christie J
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵.
- Clark SE,
- Moreland MB,
- Gronlund SD
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵.
- Police Executive Research Forum
- ↵
- ↵.
- Wixted JT,
- Mickes L,
- Dunn JC,
- Clark SE,
- Wells W
- ↵.
- Amendola KL,
- Wixted JT
- ↵.
- US Department of Justice
- ↵
- ↵.
- Wells GL,
- Loftus EF
- Wells GL,
- Murray DM
- ↵
- ↵.
- Nadel L,
- Sinnott-Armstrong WP
- Roediger HL,
- Wixted JT,
- DeSoto KA
- ↵.
- Kahneman D
- ↵.
- Tulving E,
- Donaldson W
- Tulving E
- ↵.
- Gazzaniga MS
- Tulving E
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵.
- Loftus EF
- ↵.
- Squire LR
- Bjork RA
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵People of the State of California v. Uriah Frank Courtney, Superior Court of California, County of San Diego, Case No. SCD189717 (2005–2007)..
- ↵.
- National Institute of Justice Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵.
- Wixted JT,
- Wells GL
- ↵.
- Fiske S,
- Taylor S
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 US 98 (1977)..
- ↵.
- O'Toole T,
- Shay G
- ↵State v. Henderson, 27 A.3d 872 (NJ 2011)..
- ↵State v. Lawson, 352 Ore. 724 (Or. 2012)..
Citation Manager Formats
Article Classifications
- Social Sciences
- Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
- Biological Sciences
- Neuroscience


text:
RYLAN Clark-Neal got a bum massage live on This Morning from co-host Alison Hammond.
The Big Brother's Bit on the Side host - who is standing in for Eammon Holmes and Ruth Langsford on the ITV morning show - had his glutes massaged by Alison after he hurt them cocking his leg up on Len Goodman's shoulder.
Dancing with the former Strictly Come Dancing head judge, Rylan showed just how flexible he is by hauling one of his legs up onto Len's shoulder - and pulled a muscle in the process.
After coming down from his position, Rylan popped over to the sofa and when viewers returned he was seen standing next to a sitting Alison complaining about his bum.
Ever game for a laugh, Alison began helping him out with a tough bum massage in front of millions of viewers.
Fortunately Rylan's dance moves impressed Len who told him he should absolutely do Strictly Come Dancing.
"You should do it because you've got the moves," he told him.
Sadly Rylan's dance failed to impress Alison who judged the pair to only have done enough to win two points on Strictly.
"I've got my leg up around Len Goodman's neck and you give me a two," Rylan joked with Alison.
Meanwhile, Len opened up about how he was feeling about his Strictly replacement Shirley Ballas - and revealed he was thrilled at the choice.
"One thing's for sure, she knows her onions as far as ballroom and latin is concerned," he said.
"She's a former world champion so she knows what she's talking about. She's a lovely girl, she's a smasher."
Got a story? email firstname.lastname@example.com or call us direct on 02077824220.
We pay for videos too. Click here to upload yours.


text:
With City bonuses under the political spotlight, and the recovery still struggling to get off the ground, it's not surprising that bonus payouts in the Square Mile were down by 7% last financial year. But according to the Centre for Economics and Business Research, which compiled the data, City firms also boosted basic pay by 7% during the same period. So in other words, City workers are basically ending up with more or less the same amount of money, but without the performance-related element. How is that progress?
The CEBR reckons the total City bonus pot fell from £7.3bn to £6.7bn in the year to April - an 8% drop. Now that's well below the £11.6bn figure recorded in 2007/8, at the peak of the boom. But it's also noticeably higher than the £5.3bn paid out in 2009 in the wake of the banking crisis. So although it's not quite business as usual, the general trend is still upwards.
What's more, the CEBR figures suggest the banks have reacted to all this political heat (and the various levies) by switching more of people's income to basic salaries, which have apparently jumped by 7% in the last 12 months. To put that into context, average incomes have gone up by about 2%, while prices have been rising by about 5%. So in other words, while most of us have been getting poorer, City workers have been getting (even) richer. Warms the cockles, does it not?
Figures like this will only add to the pressure on the independent banking commission to take a harder line on City pay - a subject it has largely avoided so far. The FT reports today that the Treasury Select Committee wants Sir John Vickers and co to recommend that banks be more transparent about bonus structures - on the not-unreasonable grounds that if these are a source of systemic risk (which they surely are) they need closer scrutiny.
The banks themselves argue that if they're too constrained on pay they won't be able to compete for top talent. And here at MT, we're inclined to concur that it would be self-defeating to regulate the City out of existence and drive all its occupants to Singapore and Hong Kong. So it's true that the Goverment has a difficult line to tread. But it's important to avoid unintended consequences; and if the current rules are just incentivising banks to pay out the same amount of money, but with a smaller performance-related element, something is clearly going wrong somewhere.


text:
Tap to Read ➤
Short Cute Quotes
Abhijit Naik
Mar 17, 2020
Life is short, make fun of it -- short and inspiring, isn't it? Here is a compilation of some short cute quotes on various facets of life -- love and friendship inclusive, which is bound to lighten up your mood and bring a smile on your face.
Out of the millions of quotes and sayings that you must have heard, or read by now, there must be at least one which must have made a strong impact on your mind, or motivated you to keep going in life. Though, each of these quotes have some or the other significance, there are only a few which really inspire us to celebrate life.
Short Quotes
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video.
Life isn't fair. It's just fairer than death, that's all.
- William Goldman
I love her and that's the beginning of everything.
- F. Scott Fitzgerald
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video.
True love stories never have endings.
- Richard Bach
Live with no excuses and love with no regrets.
- Montel
A kiss without a hug is like a flower without the fragrance.
- Proverb
My best friend is the one who brings out the best in me.
- Henry Ford
Love sought is good, but given unsought, is better.
- William Shakespeare
If you have one true friend, you have more than your share.
- Thomas Fuller
Love is like pi: natural, irrational, and very important.
- Lisa Hoffman
Friendship is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies.
- Aristotle
Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired.
- Robert Frost
Love is temporary insanity curable by marriage.
- Ambrose Bierce
Love is an exploding cigar we willingly smoke.
- Lynda Barry
Life is the flower for which love is the honey.
- Victor Hugo
Life is like a beautiful melody, only the lyrics are messed up.
- Hans Christian Andersen
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video.
All these quotes have one thing in common; they stress on the fact that every moment of our life is worth living -- not complaining about petty ifs and buts. So, the next time you are depressed about something not working out the way you planned, you can just recollect these quotes, which help you to look at the brighter side of life.
Follow Us:
Become a Contributor
Become a Contributor
Cute Summer Quotes
Cute Quotes and Sayings
Quotes About Moving On and Letting Go
Independent Women Quotes
Romantic Quotes for Him
Relationship Quotes


text:
Dostęp do adwokata w postępowaniu karnym. O standardach i kontekście europejskim
Tomasz Koncewicz , Anna Podolska
AbstractThe fair trial, and a specially the right to defence, is the overriding element ensuring that the individual is the subject and not the object of the proceedings. Therefore it is important that European Union decided to implement minimum procedural standards. Directive 2013/48/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2013 on the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings and in European arrest warrant proceedings, and on the right to have a third party informed upon deprivation of liberty and to communicate with third persons and with consular authorities while deprived of liberty is an instrument that provides the legal assistance in a time and in a way that will assure real defence. Regulation concerns all national proceedings in criminal matters and refers to standards, which were deepened by European Court of Human Rights. Despite the end of the deadline for transposition, in the Polish legal system no measures have been adopted. From various sources there are signals of the urgency to amend the Criminal Procedure Code. Despite the absence of legislators activity, remains the possibility to invoke the direct effect of the directive or employing instruments, which mobilize the Member States to ensure compliance with EU law. It is necessary to change the law, but also the practice, and above all, to realise that the law is not just a text but also a context.
|Other language title versions
|Access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings. European standards and context
|Journal series
|Palestra, ISSN 0031-0344, (B 8 pkt)
|Issue year
|Publication size in sheets
|Keywords in Polish
|normy minimalne, rzetelny proces, prawo do obrony, bezpośredni skutek dyrektywy, dyrektywa 2013/48/UE, dostęp do adwokata
|Keywords in English
|minimum standards, fair trial, right to defence, direct effect of the directive, directive 2013/48/EU, access to a lawyer
|pl polski
|Score (nominal)
|Score source
|= 8.0, 28-01-2020, ArticleFromJournal
|Citation count*
* presented citation count is obtained through Internet information analysis and it is close to the number calculated by the Publish or Perish system.


text:
A Poet's Manifesto
Photo: Chelsea Rae Photography from Ontario
Carlos delivers the closing keynote to a gathering of CEOs in McLean, VA (2016).
Renown poet Carlos Andrés Gómez was born to perform. He'd been writing poetry since high school, but he didn't start writing and performing full-time until after he was cast in Spike Lee's Inside Man. Today, Gómez has the kind of charisma and energy that belongs front and center.
"I would describe my performance style as an intensely present, multi-genre experience in which the venue is converted into a radical space for profound empathy and connection," Gómez says.
When Gómez performs and recites his poetry, he's talking about a number of topics—race, gender roles, other people's perceptions of him, and even current events. He finds that he is usually inspired by the simpler things in life.
"The deep silences and the overlooked moments are my greatest wells of inspiration," says Gómez.
He hopes that when people see him perform, they are opening themselves up to think and feel in a deeper way. If he can challenge people to dig deep within themselves and view the world in all of its complexities, he's done his job.
"The most rewarding part of what I do is the places and people I encounter because of it," he says. "My favorite part about writing poetry is that my job description is mining the depths of the human spirit—in all of its fragile, resilient, frightening, and complicated beauty."
Over the course of his career as a performer, Gómez has shared his poetry with people from countries all over the world—Australia, Cambodia, Canada, Indonesia, Ireland, and South Africa, to name a few. He has also given lectures and performances at more than 500 colleges and universities across the United States. In addition to delivering keynote addresses on diversity and inclusion to C-Suite executives, Gómez has even performed at the White House.
In 2012, Gómez released his memoir Man Up: Reimagining Modern Manhood, which further explores masculinity—who he was expected to be while growing up and who he has become.
"It's basically a manifesto that seeks to challenge and dismantle the toxic and limiting notions associated with manhood," says Gómez.
For more information about Carlos Andrés Gómez, click here.


text:
Northfield Bridge
This covered bridge in Northfield is one of five in the Village.
We took a day trip last week to explore them all.
This one grabbed my attention immediately.
A gentle roll down into the bridge, up and out the other side.
Chimney smoke rising from the village beyond hints of the cold morning that it was.


text:
Linking up today with The Gypsy Mama's Five Minute Friday (although a little late!)
Is love stronger than oblivion? Does love transcend disease and pain?
My grandfather died four years ago this summer. For the last several years before he died he suffered from Alzheimer's. He was a career military man, proud and strong. I had not seen him in four years when I traveled to Ecuador two years before he died. I am glad I was able to see him one last time, but I don't know if he truly knew who I was. He was frail and he was confused and he was a shadow of the man I remembered who taught me history, math, and geography as we walked down the street day after day. But the one person he never forgot, the one whose name he never mixed up, and the one he recognized until the very end was my grandmother. They were married over 50 years and until the day he died she was his sweetheart and that…he never forgot.


text:
The globe is in tones of cream and olive with some outlining of geographical entities in red, green and olive. Mountain ranges are shaded. In the United States, state boundaries are not delineated and with the exception of Florida, cities and rivers, but not states, are labeled East of the Mississippi. West of the United States, present day Oklahoma is labeled "Indian T'y," and the area between the Rocky Mountains and Minnesota is labeled "Blackfoot Ind." and "Dacota." The location of New Mexico Territory north of Arizona Territory reflects their boundaries between 1863 and 1866. Other labeled territories include Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Texas, Washington, Oregon, Nevada and Utah, but not Wyoming, which was formed in 1868. This geography further supports a date of manufacture between 1863 and 1866.
George Frederick Cruchley was a map and globe engraver and publisher in London. He succeeded the renowned Cary family of globemakers. Read more about Cruchley in our Guide to Globe Makers.
Cartouche: CRUCHLEY'S/ NEW/ TERRESTRIAL GLOBE/ From the most recent Authorities,/ EXHIBITING THE DISCOVERIES AND EQUATORIAL/ AFRICA, NORTH POLE,/ AND the new SETTLEMENTS & Divisions of/ AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND,/ CALIFORNIA, TEXAS, &c./ LONDON/ C.F. CRUCHLEY, MAP-SELLER, GLOBE MAKER & PUBLISHER/ 81, FLEET STREET/
Compass Signed: J. & W. CARY/ STRAND LONDON
Condition: Generally very good with the usual expected light scattered surface wear, staining, soiling, fading, toning, and abrasions, all restored. Greatest wear at equator, resulting in minor losses in South America at equatorial region. Overall has a nice rich tone, very readable. Stand generally very good with minor restorations.
Dekker, Elly and Peter van der Krogt.Globes from the Western World. London: Zwemmer, 1993.
Fordham, Sir Herbert George. John Cary, Engraver, Map, Chart and Print-Seller and Globe-Maker. Cambridge University Press, 1925. Reprinted Kent, England: Wm. Dawsons & Sons, 1976.
Lamb, Tom and Jeremy P. Collins, eds. The World In Your Hands. London: Christie's, 1994.


text:
ProStart Curriculum
New ProStart Foundations Text Books are ready!
The long awaited updated text books are finally ready for the new 2017-2018 school year. Ordering will begin in July 2017. If you are still using version 1, you will be fine for another year.
For more information on the new editions, please click here.
For the new pricing guide, please click here.
Foundations of Restaurant Management & Culinary Arts at a Glance
- The curriculum can be implemented within any scheduling constraints
This flexible curriculum includes lab activities and chapters that can be divided up to work in 45-minute class periods or in a block schedule.
- The materials can be implemented in any classroom setting
There are no equipment requirements. Activities can be conducted in a family and consumer sciences kitchen or an industrial kitchen.
- Foundations of Restaurant Management & Culinary Arts is a complete curriculum, with resources for students and educators
Resources include everything from print and electronic textbooks and a companion website for students to a teacher's wraparound edition and assessments for educators.


text:
To record a personal discount log in to your account
Sometimes, this operation requires confirmation of the operator, during working hours all orders are processed from 2 to 15 minutes. The operator status is shown on the right of the screen.
min.: 5000 RUB, max.: 69999 RUB
Enter the number of the wallet in the international telephone format starting from +7, +380
Введите номер кошелька
Enter your surname as in passport
Enter your name as in passport
Enter your e-mail
For exchange you need to follow a few steps:
Note: this operation will require the participation of the operator. The application process takes about 20 minutes.
The service works automatically 24/7
Operators time:
Mon – Fri from 9 am to 10 pm (GMT+2)
Sat – Sun from 10 am to 5 pm (GMT+2)
Holidays – free schedule
The Xbit.Money service of profitable and fast exchange of crypto currency Bitcoin, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, Visa/MasterCard, Privat24


text:
Valley Medical Pharmacy
630 Main Street
Brawley, CA 92227
eRx ID#0585957
1 (800) 322-0808 | Toll Free Fax: 1 (855) 322-0808
Email: email@example.com
Web: www.drugsdepot
Timing: Monday to Friday | 9:00 AM to 5:45 PM
Neuragen Cream 4oz. Item Number: B10125940
ABC Legacy# 244374
Supplier Material # 05-00800
Corporate Status AC Active
Customer Item# Create Number
Product Description.:
For rapid temporary relief from pain described as shooting burning tingling and stabbing pain especially in the hands and feet. Fast acting relief from shooting, burning and tingling pain. Homeopathic. Suitable for diabetics.
Neuragen Pain Relief Cream 4 oz
Suitable for diabetics.
Temporary relief from pain
Use on the hands and feet
Health Concern: Burning and tingling pain
Instructions: Apply cream to the affected area up to 4 times daily. Store at room temperature 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C).
Copyright - DrugsDepot.com Since 1996.
Information on this site is provided for informational purposes only and is not meant to substitute for the advice provided by your own physician or other medical professional. You should not use the information contained herein for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing any medication. You should read carefully all correct product packaging and follow the instructions. If you have or suspect that you have a medical problem, promptly contact your health care provider. Information and statements regarding dietary supplements and many other health conditions on this site have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease and may be for commercial. Image shown for reference only. Actual item you recieve may differ from shown. The information contained in this page is intended for U.S. Customers only. Items listed on these website is just the listing and should not be considered as an advertisement or promotion of the products.


text:
- March 22, 2015
- Author : administrator
Socha Plaza: THE Destination of Health Care?
On February 20th, the Albany Business Review published an article that begs the question: Is Socha Plaza's Mixed-Use Building becoming the place for local health care facilities?
The article notes, "For developers like Bill Socha, who owns the Glenville property, the mix of retail, residential and health care has become an ideal combination, especially as urgent care shifts more patients away from traditional hospital settings."


text:
You can book an exclusive Birthday Party for your child at our base in Leebotwood, near Church Stretton. Choose from a number of popular themes including Marvellous Minibeasts, Teddy Bears Picnic, Feathered Friends or Spooky Spiders.
Your children will have fun and learn new things with our themed games, stories and music and will create a special momento to take home with them at the end of the party.
Our parties are suitable for up to 6 children, last approximately an hour and are indoors so can take place at any time of the year (although we can include an outdoor trail of some kind, weather permitting).
Basic party package costs £36 for a maximum of 6 children and includes a personalised party invitation which you can print off at home to send out to your guests.
Alternative Venues
If you require a party for more than 6 children or you have an alternative venue in mind, then we could bring The Nature Bug to you. The price of this option would depend on the number of children, the location of the venue and the length of party required. If you would be interested in this option, please let us know.
Party Bags & Gifts
We can provide themed party bags at a cost of £1.95 each. Each bag contains some bubbles, stickers & 3 toys and a name sticker is provided. Bags can be left open so that you can add your own sweets or birthday cake.
If you would like us to provide a gift for the birthday child, or as an alternative to party bags, you can choose from our range of nature-inspired toys, books and gifts available at our shop or online.


text:
Women of Color, a campus organization is dedicated to
uplifting and uniting women on campus and throughout the community.
Check out the story here!
And though women's week has come to a close… the organization believes that it's important for women to love themselves and strive to reach their full potential everyday. For UI-7 News, I'm Ta'les Love Reporting.


text:
If there was one thing to take away from Michigan's spring game, the first with Jim Harbaugh as the head coach, it should be the offense is going to take some time to come together. Michigan's spring game saw just seven points in a live scrimmage, with the Blue squad taking the 7-0 victory over the Maize, and the offense looked shaky at times. This should be expected as Harbaugh and his staff put together a new offensive philosophy with a questionable quarterback situation. Also, help could be on the way.
Michigan's true freshman quarterback, Alex Malzone, got the first crack under center with the Maize team getting the ball first. But it was running back De'Veon Smith that got things started with a nice run to the left following some blocks (yes, Michigan's offensive line blocked well) on the first play of the scrimmage. The first possession ended on a failed fourth down attempt, with a trick play seeing wide receiver Jehu Chesson throw an incomplete pass down field. Shane Morris took the field to lead the Blue team on the ensuing possession. It was a short one, but Jabrill Peppers received a nice round of applause following his first tackle of the game.
It looked destined to be a scoreless first half in the spring game, but Morris connected with Jaron Dukes down the left sideline for a touchdown late in the first half. Morris had some nice throws at times and received little support from his receivers early on at times, so this was a nice way to end the first half. It turns out that was the only score Michigan fans got to see Saturday afternoon. Morris did have some good moments but there was nothing shown Saturday that would suggest the starting job will be his to lose moving forward.
It may have been a coincidence, or maybe it was not, but toward the end of the spring scrimmage Big Ten Network made the call to show some highlights of Iowa's Jake Rudock. Rudock is expected to be heading to Michigan after graduating from Iowa this spring. With Morris and Malzone lacking in big plays, the Rudock highlights could be a reminder that better days could be coming for Michigan's passing game.
Michigan's 2015 season will begin on Thursday, September 3 at Utah. The Wolverines were defeated at home last fall by the Pac-12 South program.


text:
Seafair Weekend 2013
With breathtaking aerobatic performances over Lake Washington the Boeing Air Show on the Seafair Weekend features Red Eagle Air Sports, Warbird Fly Over, Air National Guard Aerobatic Team, the Flying Heritage Collection Fly Over, Patriots Jet Team, Clay Lacy, and much more. Kids can enjoy an interactive booth with exciting aviation related activities. For more information visit seafair.com
Date: 2-4 August 2013
Venue: Lake Washington
City: Seattle
State: Washington
Country: United States


text:
It's more than just designTop organizations move people with their ideas through empathy, compelling stories and impressive presentations
Creative, skilled and experienced
Years of experience creating and designing PowerPoint presentations and collateral presentation materials. Always on top of the latest trends in the industry, taking this know-how and apply it to my work. A great presentation takes time and skills – I bring your idea to life so you can focus on the presenting part.
Over 14 years of experience in digital design
Each industry looks at presentations differently
I get business too
Good design is only half the equation; understanding your business, your audience, and your value proposition is the other.
With experience creating presentations for FMG, oil and gas to corporate finance and marketing agencies. I know how to speak your language. Using business savviness and creativity, I create presentations that are meaningful to your audience and have serious eye appeal.
Genuine care
I genuinely care about your results and go to great lengths to empower you. My processes are highly iterative and I check back often to make sure you get the result that you want.
The result: You look fantastic without breaking a sweat. I never compromise on quality.


text:
Individual Development Accounts: "Income feeds people's stomachs. Assets change their lives."
Pictured above: From left, Kameri Christy, Yvette Murphy-Erby and Marcia Shobe. All photos by Logan Webster
Put three social work researchers around a table, ask a couple of questions and turn on the audio recorder. That was the plan, and it worked because the researchers are Kameri Christy, Yvette Murphy-Erby and Marcia Shobe, three professors with a commitment to improving the lives of women as well as years of experience together doing just that. In addition to discussing their research, the three emphasized the importance of their feminist perspective in designing and implementing projects.
In particular, Christy, Murphy-Erby and Shobe have studied programs that offer women Individual Development Accounts. IDAs are special savings accounts that make it possible for low-income individuals to save money, build their assets and enter the financial mainstream.
While women in IDA programs may have learned habits of saving from their parents, daily demands can derail saving for the future, despite the best intentions. IDA programs are designed to bridge the gap between planning for the future and carrying out those plans by supplementing the women's own savings with matching funds.
The funds are matched by government or private-sector organizations at the rate of one to one or two to one or sometimes more. The savings accounts are dedicated to purchasing an asset such as a home, a small business or a college education.
Marcia Shobe: I think what has excited us about the IDAs is that here is a program that provides a match for savings to low- and moderate-income individuals in order to buy a house or go to school or start or expand your own business. These are the same tax incentives that are offered to moderate- and upper-income Americans in the U.S. tax code. So IDAs offer the same things to the lower- and moderate-income. It will help level the playing field, and the primary participants in IDAs are women.
Kameri Christy: And people of color. For people to move up socioeconomically, some of the more successful programs have been asset-building programs, like the GI Bill where people who have served our country could come back and get an education or low-interest home loans.
Shobe: I remember when IDAs first started, our mentor was talking to folks in the community. She was explaining IDAs. A woman said, "So it is like a 401K only for us, for poor people." She said to her, yes, that is exactly what it is.
Murphy-Erby: There are still a lot of people who distrust 401Ks, but not to that same level, so they are willing to put money in and their employer will match it. But when you talk about that same concept and apply it to moderate- and low-income families, all of the sudden it becomes something else. It is looked at in a negative light. Not only are the participants not really valuing this whole notion, oftentimes you get people from the community who see it as welfare or a handout or something negative.
Shobe: Interestingly enough when IDAs first started they tried a 1:9 match that was with private funding, and it did not work as well as the 1:1 or the 1:2, because people did not feel that they were earning it. When people go to financial education or financial literacy classes, and they speak to legislatures, and they write letters, and they participate and save their money every month, they feel like okay, I am giving, too, and earning this match. I think some ownership comes of that, which I think is very feminist-based thinking and perspective as well. I am working for this as well — it is a give and take.
Why feminist research?
Yvette Murphy-Erby: A reason I think feminist research is so important is to get those voices in the center of the conversation, to get those experience out there, but also to continue to challenge the status quo and policies that are oftentimes constructed around the dominate way of thinking and the dominate paradigm.
Christy: I think with feminism it is not an either/or, us-against-them, low-income versus middle-income versus upper-income. It is "both/and." When one group of people has their rights protected and when we have social justice in one area, it really does spread across and benefits everybody in lots of different ways. I think that is another part of the research agenda that we have as well. We focus on marginalized populations, but we realize that anybody could become marginalized. In a blink of an eye, it could happen.
Shobe: I think the relationship aspect of the feminist approach is so integral to the IDA program movement and to the research. Other places have tried to institute IDA programs where they do some marketing, and they go to the bank, and they really have no one-on-one contact. Those programs have died. They don't even get started and off the ground. It is word-of-mouth – it's personal relationships that work. That is feminist research, too; it is all about the relationship and the meaning behind it.
When Shobe observed that the number one reason for bankruptcy in the United States is health care costs, the conversation went from the Affordable Care Act to a discussion about the difference between income and assets.
Christy: We did an article looking at health insurance, health status and medical debt. And, of course, what we found was that people with health insurance can have large amounts of health debt. All it takes is a major illness for you or a dependent or a partner, and you are right there with no money whatsoever.
So, what does this tell us about income and assets?
Christy: Income is what people need every week or every
month to pay their bills, buy their food, and make their rent payment or mortgage payment or whatever. But doing that doesn't change their economic status. For people to actually be able to move out of poverty usually means that there has to be some type of asset or wealth component to that, like getting a house where they can build up enough equity so they will have that in case there is a rainy day or to get some type of post secondary training or education.
Shobe: Income feeds people's stomachs; assets change their lives. They can start thinking about the future: ok, now that my debt is paid, what do I want for me? What do I want for my kids?
Murphy-Erby: One thing that I think is a really important component of the individual development asset account movement has been financial literacy education. Because again, you are talking about sometimes first generations and so first generation being banked – using a banking service. I think the IDA movement is not only looking at policy change it is also looking at some practical things and looking at some education. By this instruction at various levels, I think that it has been effective, and we have seen that in our research.
Christy: That is a really good point. When people don't have information, they don't know what their options are and they tend to not do things because it becomes too scary or intimidating for them. This goes back to being a woman, too, as far as financial literacy. I had none growing up. I think part of it was because of my gender, and also because my parents were very, very low income. When I first started in the IDA area, Marcia hired me to go to the classes to translate classes from English into Spanish for our Hispanic attendees there, and I learned so much stuff in those classes. I don't want to be dependent on having to go to a banker who I don't necessarily trust anyway to talk to me about points and cleaning up my credit. It is better for me to have that information and that is what financial literacy training does; it gives people handouts and booklets as well as having just having discussions about what different things mean and doing exercises to help them learn more about financial education.
What are the hurdles in instituting IDA programs?
Murphy-Erby: Trust is a major issue, and we saw that even in recruiting participants for our study. When we offered the opportunity to participate in the IDA, we realized that one of the major factors in recruiting participants was having someone who could take it to the community and say, "I have tried this it has worked for me."
Shobe: That is true nationwide. When we started the program, we thought people would be waiting in line and knocking down the door. It took us a year, because all of our marketing was not going to work. It was word-of-mouth that worked. Our first meeting in the community, a man stood up and said, "What is in it for you?" I said that is a really good question. So we laid it out: We are doing a pilot program. We think we can change policy. We think we can level the playing field. We also want to conduct research and see what works and what does not.
I remember one community member, Regina, saying, so I told all my cousins about it, and they thought oh, yeah, another person – another white person – coming into our community and saying you give us your money and we will match it or whatever. Yeah, we have heard that song and dance before.
So, we worked with the credit union. I used to joke and call it the Bank of Bob. There was one guy named Bob who ran that credit union, and he had a personal relationship with everybody in our program, and they trusted him. We had to meet with the community and say who do you trust, who do you want us to work with. Because we tried it with other banks, and they were awful to our participants.
How does this all relate to feminist research?
Shobe: We can go in as researchers and say this is good this is the finding we need to do this but really it is the participants whose voices need to be heard. It is the people in the community that matter the most.
Murphy-Erby: I think giving light to their experience is really important. I think one of the things that feminism does it is not just research for the sake of research but it really is a bout change, it is really is about social justice, it is really about what are the major implications from the standpoint of those who are most affected. I think that is really key in terms of thinking about policy and thinking about programming. I think that fits very well with social work, but it also fits very well with the feminist perspective. I think our team melds those two pieces together nicely.
Marcia Shobe is professor and direction of the University of Arkansas School of Social Work and is an affiliate faculty member in the university's Public Policy Ph.D. Program. Her research interests encompass the areas of health disparities, anti-poverty policy and practice, community development and child welfare. She is principal investigator on a 10-year grant for over $1 million from the Ford Foundation to study outcomes for low- and moderate-income savers in IDA programs in Arkansas and New Mexico. Also, she is principal investigator on a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services grant related to scholarships for disadvantaged students. She publishes frequently in peer-reviewed journals and presents at national and international professional conferences. At the university, she edits Inquiry, the undergraduate research journal.
Kameri Christy is a professor of social work and is an affiliate faculty member in the university's Public Policy PhD Program. Her research interests include economic development and security for abused women, decreasing violence against women, and anti-poverty policies and programs. She has been a co-primary investigator with Marcia Shobe on grants from the Ford Foundation and the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation (on which Yvette Murphy-Erby is also an investigator). She is a principal investigator on a grant from the Indiana Housing and Community Development Authority and a co-investigator on a grant from the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation to evaluate Educational Development Account pilot programs. She publishes and speaks frequently at academic conferences, nationally and internationally, and has been an invited presenter at think-tank sessions hosted by the Ford Foundation, the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Social Security Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the Urban Institute.
Yvette Murphy-Erby is a professor of social work and interim associate dean of the Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Arkansas. In addition to her work with Marcia Shobe and Kameri Christy on IDA programs, she has studied African American grandmothers raising their grandchildren (funding from the Social Work Research Center, University of Arkansas), conducted various literacy projects in the Marshallese community in Northwest Arkansas (funding from the Women's Giving Circle and the Office of Institutional Diversity, both at the University of Arkansas) and served as co-principal investigator on an adolescent pregnancy prevention program (funding from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). In addition to publishing and presenting nationally and internationally, she serves on the editorial boards for the Race, Gender & Class Journal and for Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Research, Policy, and Practice.


text:
Rug Repair Avondale, AZ
Avondale Rug Weaving and Rug Repair
The KIWI experts in our Avondale rug repair department specialize in restoring and reweaving. They can mend just about any problem you have. No matter what kind of rug you have, KIWI Avondale rug weaving treats it like it's a valuable heirloom. After all, you wouldn't have kept it in your house and then chosen the KIWI experts to fix it if you didn't like the rug.
We make sure to study the rug's weave and color to determine the best method for mending teats or holes. Rugs that come into our Master Avondale Oriental rug Weavers studio looking holey, worn, or ripped – leave the studio looking restored and fabulous. That's just what we do.
KIWI also offers rug cleaning for your area rugs or oriental rugs as well as carpet cleaning, repair, and restoration.
Call KIWI's rug weaving and repairing services in Avondale, Arizona today to get an estimate for your rug's service cost.
reviews of our avondale rug repair reviews
Breanna G. (Avondale, AZ, 85323)
"This was our third cleaning & we have always been satisfied!"
KIWI's Avondale Rug Repair Reviews
"Been a very happy customer for over three years. Try their one year warranty program."


text:
BMW Recalls SUVs That Could Roll Away When Parked
Luxury car maker BMW AG is recalling certain X5 xDrive 35i sport-utility vehicles from the 2012 model year to fix a transmission problem that could lead to roll-away accidents. While the flaw affects only a handful of vehicles, the potential for accidents and injury is significant.
In a document filed with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration BMW said there are six vehicles included in the recall. They were built from Dec. 19 through Dec. 21, 2011. Because of a production error the surface of the transmission case was not machined properly.


text:
A while ago I decided to create my own book of cutouts, simply because I really love cutting things out of paper and I though it would be a good idea to have all my cutouts in one place. I also hope that making lots of cutouts for this book will help me to improve the quality of my works and just thinking about it make me feel excited! I already have some ideas for the first few cutouts but they are secret for now and until I will actually make them. I will be posting about them here so look forward to it!:)
Also, if you also like cutouts or just working with paper in general here is a list of artists you might find inspiring just like I did!


text:
Exterior Painting Services for Residents of Charlottesville, VA & Surrounding Suburbs
If you live in the Charlottesville, Virginia, area and require the services of an exterior painting company, then you have come to the right place. Integrity Home Services specializes in painting and a whole lot more. Our team is proficient at performing a wide array of exterior upgrades – upgrades that often need to be made in conjunction with a fresh coat of paint. One of the benefits of partnering with Integrity Home Services is that we can handle all of your exterior renovation needs. For example, instead of having to separately hire an exterior painting professional and a company that does deck repair, you can entrust your home's exterior to a single, trustworthy company with many years of hands-on experience: Integrity Home Services.
Another benefit of turning to us if you are in need of an exterior painting contractor in the Charlottesville, VA, area is our commitment to streamlining each customer's experience. Out team has developed a proven process that is designed to culminate in a perfectly executed finished project, and also to alleviate any delays, concerns, or uncertainties that otherwise might crop up along the way. From the day we first speak with you on the phone to the day of your final walkthrough, the team at Integrity Home Services will maintain the utmost professionalism and stay responsive to your needs at all times.
Contact Integrity Home Services for additional information about the services that we provide as an exterior painting company in the Charlottesville, VA, area.


text:
We provide solutions that show your product in retail environments or arm your sales force with compelling product presentations they can carry. Sample devices are highly interactive and are intended to deliver the greatest emotional impact your product can have when it's in the consumers hands.
Nearly 50% of our space is committed to sample manufacturing. We showcase carpet, counter tops, hardwood flooring, tile, stone, laminate, vinyl siding, roofing, lighting, hardware pulls, sinks, ceiling tiles, window treatments, windows and door cross sections. If you have a product to sell, we can build a sample kit to help make it happen.
Many products need to be
in order to be sold.
The Challenge
Our client wanted 1,000 each of two different presentation cases loaded with sales samples over a weekend. The product was dense counter top material. More than 167,000 pieces had to be polished, labeled, collated and loaded into their respective packages. In addition, 1,000 of the cases had to be decorated on four sides to reflect the product name. Essentially, ten days of production, more than 300,000 individual touch points, had to be delivered in 48 hours.
The Solution
Brown Industries shared labor and process engineering intellect across multiple divisions. Teams were assigned specific segments of the project and our staff worked around the clock for two days. Logistics coordinated with the client as drop shipments collated with customer furnished items were added to our assignment at the last minute.
The Benefit


text:
- Availability:
- In Stock
- Product Code:
- 3604777
- Brand:
- Clement Clarke
PLEASE NOTE: All prices shown are exclusive of VAT. Please complete the VAT exemption form on checkout. If you are not eligible for VAT exemption, VAT will be added to your order on checkout.
Pack of 4 filters for use with the Medix Actineb nebuliser machine. The Actineb filter should be changed under daily use, normally every three months.