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29 Nov 2017 08:13
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Article Text
Objectives Previous studies of the association between physical activity and adiposity are largely based on physical activity and body mass index (BMI) from questionnaires, which are prone to inaccurate and biased reporting. We assessed the associations of accelerometer-measured and questionnaire-measured physical activity with BMI, waist circumference and body fat per cent measured by bioelectrical impedance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
Design Cross-sectional analysis of UK Biobank participants.
Setting UK Biobank assessment centres.
Participants 78 947 UK Biobank participants (35 955 men and 42 992 women) aged 40–70 at recruitment, who had physical activity measured by both questionnaire and accelerometer.
Main outcome measures BMI, waist circumference and body fat per cent measured by bioelectrical impedance.
Results Greater physical activity was associated with lower adiposity. Women in the top 10th of accelerometer-measured physical activity had a 4.8 (95% CI 4.6 to 5.0) kg/m2 lower BMI, 8.1% (95% CI 7.8% to 8.3%) lower body fat per cent and 11.9 (95% CI 11.4 to 12.4) cm lower waist circumference. Women in the top 10th of questionnaire-measured physical activity had a 2.5 (95% CI 2.3 to 2.7) kg/m2 lower BMI, 4.3% (95% CI 4.0% to 4.5%) lower body fat per cent and 6.4 (95% CI 5.9 to 6.9) cm lower waist circumference, compared with women in the bottom 10th. The patterns were similar in men and also similar to body fat per cent measured by DXA compared with impedance.
Conclusion Our findings of approximately twofold stronger associations between physical activity and adiposity with objectively measured than with self-reported physical activity emphasise the need to incorporate objective measures in future studies.
- epidemiology
- adiposity
- physical activity
- accelerometer
- activity monitor
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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Strengths and limitations of this study
This study uses data on physical activity objectively measured by accelerometer rather than only self-reported data from questionnaires, which may be prone to inaccurate and potentially biased reporting.
This study is by far the largest study to examine associations of objectively measured physical activity and self-reported physical activity with various measures of adiposity, including body fat per cent assessed by bioelectrical impedance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, we cannot assess to what extent physical activity is causally related to adiposity.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high worldwide and is associated with increased risk of various conditions including heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes and some cancers.1 2 Although physical activity is generally accepted to be important for the prevention of weight gain, achievement of modest weight loss and prevention of weight regain after weight loss,3 randomised controlled trials have shown inconsistent results, perhaps partly due to limited duration of interventions and difficulty in long-term adherence to exercise regimens,4 and previous large-scale observational studies are mostly based on self-reported physical activity from questionnaires, which are prone to both inaccurate reporting and reporting bias.5
Prior studies have demonstrated low to moderate correlation between self-reported and objective accelerometer measures of physical activity.6 7 Self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity capture different aspects of physical activity with limitations unique to each.7 However, research methods using more objective measures of physical activity, along with more detailed measures of body fat, are needed to reduce measurement error and more accurately characterise the association between physical activity and adiposity.
We examined the association between physical activity and adiposity, with accelerometer-measured compared with self-reported physical activity in nearly 80 000 participants. These associations were assessed using various measures of adiposity, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and body fat per cent measured by both bioelectrical impedance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We also explored how the associations vary by age.
Data source
Data were obtained from UK Biobank. Details of UK Biobank design, rationale and survey methods have been described elsewhere.8 Information on data available and access procedures are described on the study website (http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/).
Study participants
The complete UK Biobank dataset includes 502 617 UK adults (229 164 men and 273 453 women) between 40 and 70 years of age at recruitment during 2006–2010. During the baseline assessment centre visit, participants completed a touch screen questionnaire which included questions on sociodemographics, lifestyle, health and medical history, and sex-specific factors. The present study was restricted to participants with available accelerometer data (n=103 705). Participants were excluded if they did not have at least 72 hours of data and also data in each 1-hour period of the 24 hours cycle across multiple days (n=6995). Participants were also excluded if they had insufficient data for calibration (n=4). Participants who had missing data on any of the physical activity variables used in our analyses were excluded (n=15 999). Participants who reported physical activity greater than an average of 16 hours per day (n=620) were also excluded as recommended by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) scoring guidelines, which can be accessed at file:///H:/Downloads/GuidelinesforDataProcessingandAnalysisoftheInternationalPhysicalActivityQuestionnaireIPAQShortandLongForms.pdf. Finally, participants with missing data on BMI (n=146), body fat per cent (n=988) and waist circumference (n=6) were excluded. The analyses included 35 955 men and 42 992 women (online supplementary figure 1).
Supplementary file 1
Self-reported physical activity
Physical activity questions from the baseline questionnaire captured the frequency and duration of three intensities of activity (walking, moderate and vigorous). Participants were asked how many days per week they typically engaged in each category of activity. For each category in which an answer of 1 or more days was given, the participant was subsequently asked the number of minutes on average spent on the activity per day. Questions were adapted from the IPAQ, a validated survey instrument,9 and are listed in online supplementary table 1. Metabolic equivalents (METs) were used to quantify physical activity; 1 MET is expended by sitting quietly for 1 hour, and the MET value reflects the ratio of energy expended per kilogram of body weight per hour to that expended when sitting quietly.10 The number of minutes per day engaged in each level of activity was multiplied by the respective MET score for the corresponding level of activity (3.3 for walking, 4.0 for moderate physical activity and 8.0 for vigorous physical activity).11 MET-minutes per day were converted to MET-hours per week. The total amount of METs was calculated by summing total METs from the walking, moderate and vigorous activity levels. Following IPAQ scoring guidelines, physical activity of less than 10 min per day for any category was recoded to 0.
Supplementary file 2
Accelerometer-measured physical activity
A total of 236 519 participants, all of whom had provided a valid email address, were invited to participate in a 7-day accelerometer study between February 2013 and December 2015 (on average, approximately 5.5 years after recruitment when baseline physical activity was self-reported). Starting in June 2013, participants were sent wrist-worn triaxial accelerometers (Axivity AX3, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) that were programmed to capture three-dimensional acceleration data at 100 Hz with a dynamic range of ±8 g. Participants were also given instructions to wear the accelerometer on their dominant wrist continuously for 7 days and then to send the device to the coordinating centre using the provided prepaid envelope. Further details on data collection, processing and analysis can be found elsewhere.12 We used the 'overall acceleration average' variable (data field 90012) in the present analyses.
Anthropometry and body composition
At the UK Biobank baseline interview, trained staff measured standing height using the Seca 202 device (Seca, Hamburg, Germany). BMI was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by the square of standing height (m2). The Wessex non-stretchable sprung tape measure (Wessex, UK) was used to measure waist circumference at the level of the umbilicus. The Tanita BC-418MA body composition analyzer (Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure body fat per cent using bioelectrical impedance. DXA was used to measure fat per cent on a subset of 2457 participants included in the present study, beginning in 2014 using the GE-Lunar iDXA (GE Healthcare, Chicago, Illinois, USA).
Statistical analyses
Baseline characteristics were summarised by physical activity (least active fifth, most active fifth and overall) separately for men and women. Since self-reported physical activity was not normally distributed, Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to measure the strength of correlations between self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity in the overall population and in subgroups based on sociodemographic characteristics.
Self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity were categorised into 10ths and the median value within each category of physical activity is shown in the figures. The associations of physical activity and adiposity measures were examined using multivariable linear regression, separately in men and women. Analyses comparing the association of accelerometer-measured physical activity with body fat per cent, measured by bioelectrical impedance and DXA were restricted to participants with both measures. Likelihood ratio tests were used to assess whether the associations between physical activity and adiposity were modified by age (<55 years or 55+ years), separately for self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity.
Covariates were determined a priori and were 5-year age at recruitment categories, socioeconomic status as indicated by fifths of Townsend Deprivation Index,13 educational qualifications, employment status, smoking status (never, previous, current) and alcohol intake frequency. Analyses in women were additionally adjusted for parity (nulliparous, 1, 2, 3, 4 or more births) and hormone replacement therapy use (never, previous, current). As a covariate, educational qualification was grouped into the following categories: vocational qualifications, national examinations at age 16 (Ordinary-levels, General Certificate of Secondary Education, Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent), optional national examinations at ages 17–18 years (A levels, AS levels or equivalent) and college or university degree. Employment status was categorised as paid or self-employed, retired, looking after a home and/or family, unemployed, doing unpaid or voluntary work, unable to work due to sickness or disability and student. Alcohol intake was categorised as never, special occasions only, 1–3 times a month, 1–2 times a week, 3–4 times a week and daily or almost daily.
Missing data were grouped in a separate unknown category for each covariate. There were less than 1% missing data for all covariates except for educational qualifications (7.4% missing data). To assess the impact of missing values, a sensitivity analysis restricted to participants with known values for all covariates was conducted. We also conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of excluding participants who reported long-term illness, disability or infirmity, participants who reported fair or poor health rather than excellent or good health, and participants whose jobs usually or always required heavy manual work. Analyses were conducted using STATA, V.15.0 (StataCorp).
Patient and public involvement
This study did not involve patients and the public.
Characteristics of the study population by the least active and most active fifth of accelerometer-measured physical activity are shown in table 1.
Mean accelerometer-measured physical activity was 27.6 (SD 8.7) milli-gravity in men and 28.7 (SD 8.0) milli-gravity in women. The most active participants were on average younger and had lower values for all body size and composition variables. They were more likely to have a college or university degree, be employed rather than retired, have an active job and consume alcohol at least weekly. The least active participants were more likely to be ever smokers and were also more likely to have a long-standing illness or disability. The correlation between questionnaire and accelerometer-measured physical activity, recorded on average 5.5 years later, was 0.24 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.25) in men (online supplementary table 2) and 0.22 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.23) in women (online supplementary table 3). The correlations were comparatively higher in participants who were younger and in participants who had lower BMI. The correlations were lower among participants who reported that their job usually or always involved heavy manual work and/or mainly walking or standing.
Supplementary file 3
Supplementary file 4
The inverse associations between physical activity and all measures of adiposity were linear and approximately twofold larger in models that used accelerometer measured rather than self-reported physical activity. Since there was heterogeneity in the associations between both self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity and adiposity by sex (p<0.001), separate analyses were performed in men and women. The mean differences in BMI and body fat per cent were greater in women compared with men. Comparing the top to bottom 10th of accelerometer-measured physical activity, the difference in BMI was 4.8 (95% CI 4.6 to 5.0) kg/m2 in women and 3.6 (95% CI 3.4 to 3.8) kg/m2 in men (figure 1, online supplementary table 4).
Supplementary file 5
Women in the top 10th of accelerometer-measured physical activity had an 8.1% (95% CI 7.8% to 8.3%) lower body fat per cent while women in the top 10th of self-reported physical activity had a 4.3% (95% CI 4.0% to 4.5%) lower body fat per cent, compared with those in the bottom 10th of physical activity. Men in the top 10th of accelerometer-measured physical activity had a 6.0% (95% CI 5.7% to 6.2%) lower body fat per cent while men in the top 10th of self-reported physical activity had a 3.6% (95% CI 3.3% to 3.8%) lower body fat per cent, compared with those in the bottom 10th (figure 1, online supplementary table 4).
Associations between physical activity and waist circumference were of similar magnitude in men and women, with an approximately twofold larger inverse association between waist circumference and physical activity when measured by accelerometer rather than questionnaire (figure 1, online supplementary table 4).
The results of sensitivity analyses excluding participants who had any missing values, reported a long-term illness or disability, reported a health rating worse than 'good', or whose jobs usually or always required heavy manual work did not materially differ from the main findings.
Figure 2 and online supplementary table 5 show the associations between accelerometer-measured physical activity and bioelectrical impedance-measured body fat per cent at baseline (2006–2010) compared with body fat per cent measured by DXA starting in May 2014. Body fat per cent by impedance at baseline was lower than body fat per cent by DXA, measured on average 7 years later. For both measures, there was a linear dose–response association between physical activity and body fat per cent in both men and women. The inverse associations were stronger when body fat per cent was measured by DXA. Compared with the least active women, the most active women had an 8.8% (95% CI 7.7% to 10.0%) lower DXA-measured body fat per cent and a 7.0% (95% CI 5.9% to 8.1%) lower impedance-measured body fat per cent (figure 2 and online supplementary table 5). Associations between physical activity and measures of adiposity by age group are shown in figure 3 for men and figure 4 for women. For a given level of accelerometer-measured physical activity, the older participants (over age 55) had a slightly lower BMI but a higher body fat per cent compared with their younger counterparts. For women, there was heterogeneity by age in the association between self-reported physical activity and body fat per cent (p=0.03) but there was no heterogeneity by age when physical activity was measured by the accelerometer (p=0.27).
Supplementary file 6
In this large cross-sectional study of nearly 80 000 participants, we found that associations between physical activity and BMI, body fat per cent, and waist circumference were stronger when physical activity was measured by accelerometer compared with questionnaire self-reports. Body fat per cent measured by DXA at follow-up showed a slightly stronger association with physical activity compared with body fat per cent measured by bioelectrical impedance at baseline, but the overall pattern of association was similar. The correlation between accelerometer-measured and self-reported physical activity, recorded 5.5 years apart, was lower in participants with higher BMI and in older participants.
There was a consistent dose–response relationship between physical activity and adiposity across the different measures of adiposity, which are highly correlated.14 Our analyses based on accelerometer-measured physical activity suggest an approximately linear inverse association between physical activity and adiposity, with the most active participants having the lowest BMI, body fat per cent and waist circumference. In contrast, the analyses in the same participants based on self-reported physical activity suggest a comparatively small further benefit of physical activity greater than 50 MET-hours a week on adiposity.
We have previously suggested that the steeper inverse association between physical activity and adiposity within the lower range of physical activity could be due to either a comparatively larger benefit of physical activity for those who are relatively inactive or measurement error from over-reporting of high physical activity.14 The present analyses demonstrating an approximately linear dose–response relationship between accelerometer-measured physical activity and adiposity supports the latter explanation and further suggests that over-reporting of total physical activity contributed to the low overall correlation between self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity, although the time lag between these two measurements of physical activity may have also contributed to a low overall correlation coefficient. Although wrist accelerometer-measured physical activity also has limitations, such as a measuring movement of only one part of the body and the inability to reliably capture activities such as cycling,7 it has the major advantage of eliminating both inaccurate reporting that leads to a random error as well as reporting bias that may vary by sociodemographic characteristics.
Measurement error in the self-reported data results in misclassification of individuals by physical activity status. We used the IPAQ short form data processing rules since the UK Biobank questionnaire did not comprehensively cover domain-specific activities, but it is still likely that lower intensity activities were under-reported and reported less accurately.15 In contrast, the accelerometers were worn for 24 hours a day, over 7 days. Therefore, the lower correlation between self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity in older participants16 and the heterogeneity by age seen only with the self-reported data may be explained by the observation that, in older adults, a greater proportion of physical activity is of lower intensity.17
Individuals with higher body fat per cent may report moderate and strenuous physical activity less accurately than leaner individuals, based on comparisons between self-reported physical activity and energy expenditure estimated from whole-room indirect calorimeter.18 In agreement with some previous studies, we found that the correlation between physical activity measured by questionnaire and accelerometer-measured physical activity was greater for those with lower BMI.7 This suggests that measurement error of self-reported physical activity may be greater in overweight and obese BMI groups.
We, like several prior studies, found stronger associations between accelerometer-measured physical activity and all measures of adiposity in women compared with men.19–21 This may partly be due to the fact that, in the present study, men were on average objectively less physically active than women. Differences in fat metabolism may also play a role, with a greater proportion of energy derived from lipolysis during exercise in women compared with men.21 22
To our knowledge, the present study is the largest to date comparing accelerometer-measured and self-reported physical activity in relation to direct measures of body fat, although our results are consistent with prior, smaller studies that suggest a stronger association between adiposity and accelerometer-measured compared with self-reported physical activity.18 20 23–26 This study was population based and recruited from 22 regions throughout the UK.27 A major strength of this study is the availability of both accelerometer-measured physical activity and body fat by impedance in nearly 80 000 participants, together with data on body fat assessed by DXA in over 2400 participants. Additionally, the accelerometers used in this study were waterproof,12 overcoming a limitation of prior studies where the devices had to be removed for water-based activities.21
While self-reported physical activity was available at baseline in these data, accelerometer-measured physical activity was assessed only 3–5 years after the end of recruitment, which raises the question of whether higher adiposity at baseline predicts lower physical activity levels28 rather than physical activity determining adiposity. However, our analysis of accelerometer-measured physical activity in relation to DXA-measured body fat per cent, which was assessed within the same time frame as accelerometer-measured physical activity, showed similar results to the main analysis based on body fat per cent assessed by impedance at baseline. The accelerometer-measured physical activity variable available in UK Biobank at the time of these analyses cannot be directly compared with MET hours of self-reported physical activity. However, Willetts et al have recently developed physical activity phenotypes using a machine learning model with reference behaviours provided by data from a subset of participants who wore a camera along with the accelerometer.29 Once these variables are made publicly available in UK Biobank, research using these metrics will facilitate the translation of study results into public health messages.
Other limitations include the lack of data on total energy intake for the whole cohort. Although accelerometer-determined physical activity is positively associated with per cent of lean muscle mass,30 we did not consider this as a confounder in these analyses since we used data on direct measures of body fat per cent. Since accelerometer-measured time spent in sedentary activity was not available, we did not conduct analyses on sedentary activity. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, we cannot assess to what extent physical activity is causally related to adiposity. Highly active individuals may also be more likely to maintain appropriate target dietary energy intake, for example. Although the UK Biobank cohort is not representative of the general population in the UK, results of associations between exposures and health outcomes may be generalisable and would not necessarily require the study population to be representative if the biological basis of the exposure–disease relationship is shared.
In conclusion, our findings based on objective accelerometer data indicate a stronger relationship between physical activity and adiposity than previously thought. Comparisons of estimates of physical activity measured by questionnaire and by accelerometer suggest measurement error in self-reported physical activity, emphasising the need to incorporate objective measures of physical activity in future studies.
Contributors WG, TJK and GKR were responsible for study concept, design of the study, interpretation of the data and manuscript writing. WG had primary responsibility for statistical analysis and final content. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Funding This work was supported by Cancer Research UK, grant number C570/A16491. WG is supported by the Clarendon Fund.
Competing interests None declared.
Ethics approval UK Biobank has approval from the National Information Governance Board for Health & Social Care in England and Wales, the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee and the Community Health Index Advisory Group in Scotland.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement No additional data are available.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
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Bihar's prominent Ayurvedic college battling problems
Patna : While the country is observing Ayurveda day, prominent Ayurvedic college of Bihar here is battling infrastructure shortcomings and staff shortage is hampering delivery of services to the people.
The Government Ayurvedic College Patna has submitted its requirements of fund and filling of vacancies of staff to the Health department and waiting anxiously for action.
"The Ayurvedic college has been witnessing a footfall of about 500 patients daily, but because of infrastructure constraints we are facing problem in delivering desired services to people," Superintend
Despite the need for Rs 20 lakh annually for making available food to patients admitted at the hospital, only Rs 6.60 lakh have been provided to it which might force the college to stop free meal to patients, he said.
Though the college has sanctioned capacity of 200 beds, but only 100 are operational at present in the absence of construction of an additional third floor which has been approved long ago.
The college has submitted a list of 22 vacancies, including that of a senior resident doctor, emergency medical officer, yoga trainer and X-ray technician, as minimum requirements mandated by CCIM (Central Council of Indian Medicine) under Union Ayush ministry.
A sum of Rs one crore has been given by the state government for 2016-17 financial year for providing free medicines to patients which is proving inadequate and the college might not be able to give medicines to patients, he said.
The college has been drawing tremendous response from people and if these bottlenecks are removed it would provide better medicare to people, he said.
The Union Ayush ministry has decided to observe National Ayurveda day on October 28 and has also launched "Mission Madhumeha (diabetes) through Ayurveda".


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John Dankosky, an award-winning host of several National Public Radio programs, will talk about "The State of Journalism and the News" on Thursday, May 24 at the Darien League of Women Voters annual meeting. The public is invited.
— an announcement from the Darien League of Women Voters
Dankosky, executive editor of the New England News Collaborative, has held the chair in journalism and communications at Central Connecticut State University. He is a regular moderator for political debates and conversations.
League members will gather at 10 a.m. for the annual meeting. Lunch, beginning at 11 a.m., and the program to follow are open to the community. The events take place at the Country Club of Darien, 300 Mansfield Avenue.
Please R.S.V.P. by May 21 to Sandy Filmer at email@example.com and send a check for $50 payable to LWV Darien in advance to her at 10 Harriet Lane Darien, CT 06820. To pay online, please visit the league's website.


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maanantai 4. maaliskuuta 2013
Latin-America: Mexico City- San Jose 3.3. travel day
5 kommenttia:
- Melissa Gomes4. maaliskuuta 2013 klo 5.46
6 DAYS TO SÃO PAULO!!!VastaaPoista
See you soon!!!
Really great show guys, first time I see you live totally worth travelling 6 hours from my hometown. When can we see a video of your adventure in Mexico?VastaaPoista
2 days left to see your keyboard solos in Cali :DVastaaPoista
Thanks for everything guys! I am one of the fans that waited for you at the Mexico City airport, we are very grateful with the band for taking the time to sign our stuff and take some pics with us.. the show was really great! I had the chance to see you guys again at the meet and greet an hour or so before the show, it was nice to see all of you twice in a row! Henkka I asked you about our mexican beers and is nice to see you took the time to taste one of the small coronitas! Great stuff right? Well, I wish you the best of all in your trip down to southamerica, more loyal fans of Sonata Arctica are wating for you!VastaaPoista
Cheers from Mexico!
Jerry G. Silva
Hell Yeah! Let's Go Rangers :-) Cheers from New York!!!VastaaPoista


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Banja Luka, 09 September 2016 – This year's activities ended with the rafting regatta from Bijeli Potok to Karanovac and the presentation of the Clean Vrbas Initiative, and plans for the following period were announced. The second half of August was marked by activities realised by the teams working on the Initiative. An eco-regatta took place upstream from Donji Vakuf-Kopčić to Torlakovac, a tour of Šipovo was organised, and a section of the Pliva River basin, from Šipovo to Jezero, was cleaned.
"The purpose of the cleaning action conducted in August was to locate and identify polluters, present an environmental management modality and show the importance of managing natural resources – our rivers – to the citizens. It is necessary to emphasise that we are not a public utility, and that the cleaning and maintenance of river beds and banks should be their responsibility. The Clean Vrbas Initiative was developed in answer to the need to help and encourage the local community and local population to take a more serious approach to river basins in urban areas and city centres", Aleksandar Pastir said.
Officials of the Government of the Republic of Srpska, city and municipality mayors in the Vrbas basin, and the UNDP and Coca‑Cola HBC B-H Sarajevo representatives attended the regatta and the conference organised by the RC "Kanjon". They pledged their commitment to use all means available, and actively and continuously promote environmental protection, pollution reduction and water quality improvement in the Vrbas basin.
'It is my pleasure to see that the Clean Vrbas Initiative has come to life and is developing. Together with the activities of our partners, all of the cleaning and promotional activities contribute to the long-term protection of the Vrbas River and improve the lives of the residents in the area. I would therefore like to express my heartfelt appreciation for all of the organisations and individuals who have contributed to the ecological preservation of the Vrbas River', Spatial Planning, Civil Engineering and Ecology Minister in the Government of the RS said.
'Vrbas is the economic and energy potential for Banja Luka and the main source of drinking water supply. We tried to implement what we agreed on in 2013 but I don't think we did everything we could. We invested BAM 15 million in 23 km of sewage infrastructure from Karanovac to Rebrovac Bridge and provided both banks with a sewage system as the first steps toward protecting the banks of the Vrbas River', Slobodan Gavranović, the Mayor of Banja Luka noted.
"The UNDP takes great pleasure in the fact that all of the initiatives we have started are still being kept alive even after the projects official ended, as is the case with the Eco-Regatta and the Clean Vrbas Initiative, and that has been possible primarily as a result of the active engagement and enthusiasm of our partners, RC Kanjon, the private sector and socially responsible companies such as Coca‑Cola, as well as traditionally good cooperation with the competent authorities – ministries", Raduška Cupać, a UNDP project manager in the energy and environmental protection sector at the regional UNDP office in Banja Luka, said.
Protection of the Vrbas River and planned use of its tourism and economic potentials were the main goals of the program preceding the Clean Vrbas Imitative, whose main partner this year is Coca‑Cola HBC B-H d.o.o. Sarajevo.
"We are glad to have the opportunity to work with the UN Development Program in BiH, the institutions, municipalities, civil society organisations and local communities on the Clean Vrbas Initiative. Clean Vrbas is one of the more important projects for Coca‑Cola in Bosnia and Herzegovina because water stewardship is one of our priorities both on a regional and global level. We believe that the successful implementation of the Initiative will set a good example of public-private partnership in the realisation of significant socially responsible projects and serve as a model for preserving and strengthening the economic potential of other basins in the country and the region. We would like to include as many partners as possible in the Clean Vrbas Initiative, expand the scope of activities and set an example for sustainable water resource management", Saša Kukolj, Coca‑Cola HBC B-H Regional Sales Manager Banja Luka region, said.
The Clean Vrbas Charter was signed by the mayors of Banja Luka, Laktaši, Srbac, Kneževo, Kotor-Varoš, Mrkonjić Grad, Šipovo Jezero, Donji Vakuf, Gornji Vakuf – Uskoplje, Bugojno and Jajce, and the representatives of the relevant ministries from both entities, as well as the Environmental Protection Fund FBiH, the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund of the RS and project partners: the Coca‑Cola HBC B-H d.o.o. Sarajevo, the United Nations Development Program in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNDP) and the Government of Japan.


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"Adventures in Art" is the seventh episode of Blue's Clues from the first season.
Blue and Steve are ready to begin painting. We play Blue's Clues to figure out what else Blue would wants to paint in her picture. Along the way we label and mix colors, construct a boat out of shapes with the Felt Friends and visit an art museum where we sequence a set of pictures on display.","short":"Blue and Steve are ready to begin painting. We play Blue's Clues to figure out what else Blue would wants to paint in her picture.
Today, Steve and Blue exploring art in many forms. Steve and Blue enjoy painting and Steve has painted a picture of Blue, and Blue's painted a nice outdoor scene, but wants to add something to it, so we play Blue's Clues to find out what it is. Steve finds the first clue on a door and draws it in his notebook. Later, we help her out with painting her wagon when she find that she does not have the colors that she wants. We, along with several paint drops, help her out by showing that mixing two colors can make a new color. We also help out a color of felt friends to use shapes to make a bigger sailboat. Steve finds the second clue on a window and draws it in his notebook.
In the Mail time segment, Mailbox tells Steve there is a paw-print on the window and Steve explains that it is one of Blue's Clues. In the letter, a group of kids makes things out of clay. One of them crafts a piece of clay with eyes, arms and more and makes it into a snowman. Later, they skidoo into a picture of an art museum, where we learn that pictures can tell a story. Unfortunately, the story that the pictures represent is not in the right order, so we use logic to get all the pictures back in the right place. Soon after, Steve finds the third clue on the roof. He draws it in the notebook and skidoos back home to put all three clues together.
The clues were a door, a window and a roof. Steve thought it was a car. A car does have a roof, a door and a window but the answer to Blue's Clues was a house. After figuring out Blue's Clues, they return to their paintings. While Blue adds the house to her picture, the paint drops help color it in, the felt friends float by in their sailboat, and the chick from the museum pictures pops out from the window. Steve sings the So Long Song and the episode ends.
Watch Episode


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Manistique, Michigan – Mackinac Financial Corporation (Nasdaq: MFNC) (the "Corporation"), the bank holding company for mBank, today announced 2019 second quarter net income of $3.67 million, or $.34 per share, compared to 2018 second quarter net income of $396 thousand, or $.05 per share. The 2018 second quarter results included expenses related to the acquisition of First Federal of Northern Michigan ("FFNM"), which had an after-tax impact of $1.56 million on earnings. Adjusted net income (net of transaction related expenses) for the second quarter of 2018 was $1.96 million or $.25 per share. Second quarter 2019 net income compared to 2018 adjusted net income increased by $1.71 million, or 87%.
Income for the first two quarters of 2019 was $6.84 million, or $.64 per share, compared to $1.93 million, or $.27 per share for the same period of 2018. When giving effect to transaction related expenses, adjusted six-month net income for 2018 was $3.64 million or $.50 per share.
Weighted average shares outstanding for the second quarter 2019 were 10,740,712, compared to 7,769,720 for the same period of 2018. The Corporation issued 2,146,378 new shares for the FFNM purchase in May 2018 and issued an additional 2,225,807 shares related to the common stock offering completed in June 2018.
Total assets of the Corporation at June 2019 were $1.33 billion, compared to $1.27 billion at June 30, 2018. Shareholders' equity at June 30, 2019 totaled $157.84 million, compared to $148.87 million at June 30, 2018. Book value per share equated to $14.70 at the end of the second quarter 2019, compared to $13.90 per share a year ago. Tangible book value at quarter-end was $133.24 million, or $12.40 per share, compared to $123.97 million, or $11.57 per share at the end of the second quarter 2018.
Additional notes:
- mBank, the Corporation's primary asset, recorded year-to-date net income of $7.37 million for the first six months of 2019, compared to $3.25 million for the same period of 2018. The 2018 six-month results included expenses related to the acquisition of FFNM, which had an after-tax impact of $1.23 million on earnings. Adjusted bank net income (net of transaction related expenses) for the first half of 2018 was $4.48 million, equating to a year-over-year increase of $2.89 million, or 65%. The increase in net income equated to an improvement in Return on Average Assets at the bank from .63% (.86% as adjusted) for the first six months of 2018 to 1.13% for the same period of 2019.
- The Corporation achieved loan growth of $21.84 million through June 30, 2019. As expected, the majority of this growth occurred in the second quarter. The growth was driven by new loan production of $184.5 million in the first half of 2019 comprised of $81.4 million in the first quarter and $103.1 million in the second quarter. New loan production was $59.0 million for the second quarter of 2018 and $103.9 million in the first six months of 2018.
- Total core bank deposits have increased $42.08 million in the first six months of 2019 through more proactive sales activity in the treasury management line of business and increased marketing efforts in key retail markets.
- Reliance on higher-cost brokered deposits continues to decrease significantly from $151.68 million, or 14.94% of total deposits at the end of the second quarter 2018 to $136.76 million, or 12.46% of total deposits at year-end 2018, to a second quarter 2019 balance of $114.10 million, or 10.23% of total deposits.
- Second quarter 2019 net interest margin remained strong at 4.76%. Core operating margin for the second quarter, which is net of accretion from acquired loans that were subject to purchase accounting adjustments and a small amount of interest income recognized from the resolution of some non-accrual loans, was 4.43%.
- The Corporation was added to the Russell 2000 Index in June 2019 when the index finalized its annual reconstitution.


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Phone: (919) 549-8411
The International Society of Automation is a non-profit professional association
founded in 1945 to create a better world through automation. ISA advances technical competence by connecting the automation community to achieve operational excellence. The organization develops widely-used global standards; certifies industry professionals; provides education and training; publishes books and technical articles; hosts conferences and exhibits; and provides networking and career development programs for its 40,000 members and 400,000 customers around the world.
ISA created the ISA Global Cybersecurity Alliance (isa.org/ISAGCA) to advance cybersecurity readiness and awareness in manufacturing and critical infrastructure facilities and processes. The Alliance brings end-user companies, automation and control systems providers, IT infrastructure providers, services providers, system integrators, and other cybersecurity stakeholder organizations together to proactively address growing threats.
ISA owns Automation.com, a leading online publisher of automation-related content, and is the founding sponsor of The Automation Federation (automationfederation.org), an association of non-profit organizations serving as "The Voice of
Automation." Through a wholly owned subsidiary, ISA bridges the gap between standards and their implementation with the ISA Security Compliance Institute (isasecure.org) and the ISA Wireless Compliance Institute (isa100wci.org).
Membership Resource Center
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ISA members have access to dozens of unique benefits. Update your member profile, set your communications preferences, find products and services that are right for you, and more – all from the convenience of your ISA website.
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Featured Whitepaper: Addressing the Workforce Demands of Modern Industry
ISA to develop a new certification program as part of a $23 million grant to fund degree programs and prepare workers for careers in "Mission Critical Operations"
Cover Story: Capping off a decade of growth
Sunday, 16 Aug 2020
Houston, TX,
New Guidelines for Optimizing HMI Usability and Performance Published by ISA
ISA Announces First Founding Members of Global Cybersecurity Alliance
ISA and Beamex to co-host July webinar on loop calibration
New ISA Global Cybersecurity Alliance Accelerates Education, Readiness, and Knowledge Sharing
New ISA book introduces an inexpensive, easy-to-understand way to protect against industrial cyberattack
Beamex partners with the ISA New Orleans Section and donates $25,000 to a scholarship fund
ISA Announces WisePlant as a Corporate Partner
Beamex scholarship awarded to deserving students
Beamex to host an Annual Calibration Exchange (ACE 2019)
Stratus Named AVEVA's 2017 Technology Partner Product of the Year
ISA and Beamex release a new, free calibration eBook
ISA has the resources and expert networks that you need – no matter what position you hold in our industries. Browse the products and services designed to meet the needs of these common industry roles:
ISA awarded me a 2013-2014 scholarship to help fund my education. I would not have been able to keep going to school if I had not received it. So, I want to give thanks to the many people of the ISA who work on securing the future of the organization just as the original founders had. ISA was and is forged and founded from true honesty and integrity that you will not find in to many other professions.
-Troy Riddle, Lee College
ISA's products and services are organized by technical topic – a selection of technologies, trends, and areas of focus that are relevant to your on-the-job performance:
The ISA logo is the single strongest visual element used to promote our brand. Therefore, it must be used consistently and correctly in order to effectively build awareness and to reinforce our identity's legal protection. The logo must be applied in accordance with the standards and guidelines to ensure that maximum consistency and visibility is achieved with every application. Please review the guidelines before using the ISA logo.
Note: EPS files often download on Windows with a .PS extension. They need the .EPS extension to work properly, so you may need to rename the downloaded file to have the .eps extension.


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A sports massage can surely promote relaxation and rejuvenation, but it can be much more vigorous at times than a Swedish massage (although not as intense as a deep tissue massage) in order to produce the maximum benefits. During a sports massage, you can expect to do some stretching. You should get a sports massage if you are one of the following:
Getting a sports massage can help you recover faster from your workout or hard day's work. You can get one before and/or after a workout or competition. Word has even gotten out to professional athletes that we are the place to visit in Atlanta for massages, and we have had the pleasure of treating a few of them (see our photo gallery).
The benefits of massage are significant for most people, and athletes are no different. In fact, an athlete may even have the most to benefit from a massage. Sports massage therapy can:
If you're an athlete, the slightest improvement can mean the difference between winning or losing a competition. How often you should get a sports massage depends on how much stress you put on your body. The frequency of sports can vary from once a week to twice a month. Talk to one of our masseuses to find an optimal sports massage schedule for you.
There is no time limit on massages. As long as the requested time period is available, then you can schedule it.
We do not accept insurance. Treat Your Feet Buckhead is not a medical facility. Our primary focus is on your comfort and relaxation. If you have any current or new medical conditions, please consult with your doctor first before coming to our facility for a massage. These include, but are not limited to, muscular and skeletal injuries, surgeries, and pregnancies.
Whether the appointment is for a foot or full body massage, please notify the front staff how many weeks pregnant you are to help us determine the strength of the massage.
Treat Your Feet Buckhead shall not be responsible for any personal property or items that are left, lost, stolen, or damaged on the premises.
The guest / patron hereby waives, disclaims, and releases Treat Your Feet Buckhead from any and all liability regarding any personal property or items that are left, lost, stolen, or damaged on the premises.


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Dec.22 (GMM) Max Verstappen developed as both a person and a driver in 2017.
That is the view of former F1 driver Giedo van der Garde, as he contemplated the solidifying stardom of the 20-year-old Dutchman.
"I think Max grew a lot as a person, because he had to deal with all those disappointments on the track," the former Caterham driver told Formule 1.
"I think he also grew considerably as a driver," van der Garde said of the Red Bull driver. "In qualifying he made an important extra step."
Van der Garde said he thinks Verstappen is therefore ready to take on Lewis Hamilton for the title.
"Hamilton is of course a really good driver, as we saw again this year. But I think Max can handle him."


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Oh The Horror!
Luca Guadagnino takes a huge left turn from the gentle romantism of the Oscar nominated Call Me By Your Name into this blood soaked remake of Dario Argento's classic Suspiria. This first trailer has a distinctly retro look and feel to it, which gives us hope. More than that - we're already creeped.
Suspiria - here to creep you too - from November 2
Follow us on Twitter @lastwordonearth


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Who we are
Our Expertise
CPG Team
Henning Glaser
Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Thammasat University
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Senior Program Officer & Researcher
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Are you interested?
Are you interested in joining our team as an intern or legal clerk? Find out more about your opportunities here.


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Custom Framed. Iron Maiden /The Number of the Beast/ Goo Ibanez Guitar. Signed by Bruce Dickinson, Dave Murray, Adrian Smith, Jack Gers, Steve Harris, Nicko McBrain. Museum quality UV protected non-reflective plexy glass wood frame. 42" x 24" x 4". All memorabilia comes with a lifetime guarantee. Every item is authenticated by a recognized third party and comes with a Certificate of Authenticity (COA).
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Tomorrow, the first phase of MapleStory 2's Skybound Expansion will take flight, bringing with it a slew of new content. In preparation for the update's imminent release, Nexon has published a new producer's blog that delves into detail about some of the major new features, including the Maple Arena PvP system and the new Soul Binder class.
The update will also allow players to take on the mantle of the new Soul Binder class, which wields powerful spirit magic that can mend allies and destroy enemies in equal measure. The producer's blog announces that in order to "let players make faster progress with the new class," the devs will be providing players with a Level 60 Achievement package containing a level-up potion that instantly boosts the character who consumes it to level 50 in addition to a selection of useful gear and accessories. The account-bound package can be earned by simply reaching level 10 on any character, but the catch is that players won't be able to open the package until they get at least one character to level 60.
If you want to learn more about the Maple Arena and all of the other content coming with the Skybound Expansion update, be sure to check out the full producer's blog over at the game's official site.
Pick your favorite Sky Fortress faction with one of five Maple Alliance Outfit Packs, with a full and weapon styled to show your faction's glory in!
Arriving in the #MapleStory2 Skybound Expansion! pic.twitter.com/UIVqpMrnFp
— MapleStory 2 (@PlayMaple2) December 5, 2018


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Canon Carry Case For Canon P-150 P-215 Scanner
Canon Carrying Case for the imageFORMULA P-150 High Speed Scanner.
imageFORMULA P-150
imageFORMULA P-150M
Estimated Availability
Please call or e-mail us for availability¹
¹ In case of any change to this timeframe one of our staff members will contact you directly to discuss, excludes weekends.
*Our stock is a mix of Supplier and HT Stock.
All shipments are subject to our standard delivery policy.
TaxEx. GST:$47.87
GST Amount:$4.79
DetailsTech Code:AR543
Manufacturer Number:CASEPP-150
Images may differ slightly from actual product


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The Vicksburg District encompasses a 68,000-square-mile area across portions of Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana that holds seven major river basins and incorporates approximately 460 miles of mainline levees. The district is engaged in hundreds of projects and supports disaster response in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee.
Vicksburg, Miss…The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District's Grenada Lake Field Office will hold a ceremony recognizing three local citizens for extraordinary and heroic actions. Randy Hurst, John Ellard, and Danny Caldwell will be presented the Commanders Award for Public Service for their actions and quick response in rescuing an injured boater from a boating accident. The Awards Ceremony will be held at the Grenada Lake Visitor Center at 11:00 a.m. on Wednesday 17 April.
The accident occurred on Grenada Lake in March 2013. While fishing on Grenada Lake, Mitch Lundy Jr was ejected from his boat when it struck a submerged stump. Lundy received life threatening injuries when he was struck by the boat and propeller. The awards will be presented to these three citizens for life saving actions that saved Lundy's life.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the largest federal provider of outdoor and water-based recreation in the nation. The Vicksburg District encompasses a 68,000-square-mile area across portions of Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana. The primary mission of the Mississippi lakes is to provide flood risk reduction. With approximately 4.9 million visitors each year, these lakes also contribute approximately $99.5 million into the local economy. For more information visit our website, www.mvk.usace.army.mil .
Release no. 13-038


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Majestic Garages
Although offering similar cosmetic and robust features as the Classic, the Majestic range is manufactured with a choice of three decorative coloured stone aggregate finishes. Adding to this the building will be completely maintenance free thanks to the addition of white PVCu cladded gables, white PVCu fascias and a 600mm (2') PVCu, non-opening window all as standard.
Once again the ability to choose from our extensive range of optional extras provides the opportunity to create a building to suit your own specific needs.
Apex & Pent Roof
Walls: Maintenance free, machine made 1.98 metre high x 70mm thick (6' 6" x 2 ¾") reinforced concrete panels with a choice of three applied aggregate finishes – Canterbury, Derbyshire or Black and White).
Door: Horizontally ribbed canopy up and over door.
Window: One 600mm (2ft) PVCu non-opening window fitted as standard.
Roof as standard).: Profile 5 corrugated cement fibre sheets fitted on timber roof trusses. (Garages over 12ft 7ins wide fitted wilh steel roof trusses
Apex Roof only
Gables: White Shiplap PVCu cladding.
Pent Roof only
Facias: White PVCu Cladding
Optional extras - Apex & Pent Roof
- Various styles of up and over doors in Steel or Glass Reinforced Plastic {see up and over door cations page 9-10)
- Tongue and groove F L & B hinged timber side opening doors
- Electronic remote control up and over door operator
- Black PVCu gutters and rainwater pipes
- Heavy duty galvanised steel roof trusses (Up to 12'-7"wide garages)
- Personal side doors; available in timber, steel and PVCu
- Translucent roof sheets
- PVCu opening window 600mm (2')
- PVCu opening or non opening window 1200mm (4')
- Extra height panels, 2.29 metre (7'6") high
- Slate blue polyester coated galvanised steel roof sheets with anti-condensation fabric underside (see roof options)
- Brick front panels
Optional extras - Apex Roof only
- Coloured cement fibre roof sheets in a choice of colours
- Pantile tile effect steel roof sheets in a choice of colours
- Woodgrain PVCu gables
Optional extras - Pent Roof only
- Woodgrain PVCu front and side facias.
All Prestige Sectional Buildings require a substantial level concrete base.
For prices and sizes available refer to the Prestige Price list.
Extra height and larger garages are available; details and prices on request.


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INDEPENDENCE, Ohio -- The Cleveland Cavaliers' season is slipping away, if it's not gone already.
General manager Chris Grant just knows it needs to stop. Now.
"We're all accountable for it, including myself," he said. "It's frustrating. It's disappointing to our fans. The fans deserve better."
Making a rare midseason appearance before the media to address some of Cleveland's most pressing issues, Grant said he's troubled by the team's will in recent games.
"The lack of effort is just not acceptable," Grant said after Wednesday's practice. "It's not who we are and who we want to be. It's got to be addressed head on. There's no excuse for that, but we've seen our guys compete and execute consistently, and that's really what we've got to do a better job of."
Cleveland completed a 1-4 homestand with a 100-89 loss to New Orleans on Tuesday night. After the performance, which followed an even worse one against Phoenix, coach Mike Brown questioned the players' motivation.
"Our competitive spirit is nonexistent," said Brown, whose second stint with Cleveland has been a disappointment through 45 games. "Maybe I need to shake some things up."
Perhaps prompted by Brown's remarks, Grant made himself available to reporters during the season for the first time in more than three years for something other than to comment on a trade.
Grant said there is plenty of blame to be shared for Cleveland's sorry state. The Cavs are 16-29 and currently out of the playoff race in the weak Eastern Conference.
"We've seen the guys do it. We've seen guys play and execute and try to do the things coaches are asking them to do," Grant said. "When you have a team, you're trying to establish the foundation and grow and do things, and there's times of adversity. There's times when it's hard. That's when it's time to bear down, work and get after it.
"That's what we have to do right now. We owe that to our fans. We're all accountable for it. Everybody wants to win, every coach, the front office, all the way down."
Grant didn't rule out making changes before the Feb. 20 trade deadline.
"We're a team that's always looking to improve ourselves. I'm never going to say we're never going to do anything," Grant said. "That's not our focus right now. Our focus is, 'Hey, we've got some talent on this team, and we've got to get them to play more consistent.'"
The Cavs begin a three-game trip Thursday in New York. They'll also visit Houston and Dallas.
After Tuesday's loss, All-Star guard Kyrie Irving said he and his teammates believe in Brown, who has struggled trying to get players to buy in to his defensive-minded system.
Although it's not showing in the form of wins, Grant thinks Brown has bonded with the players.
"Mike has done a fantastic job with these guys individually," he said. "He spends an enormous amount of time watching film with guys, teaching, coaching. I believe he has connected with the guys."
One positive for the Cavs from Tuesday was the performance by rookie Anthony Bennett, the No. 1 overall pick in the 2013 NBA draft. He scored a season-high 15 points in 31 minutes.
Grant has taken some heat for not sending Bennett to the D-League to work on his game, but it seems the team's patience could be paying off.
"I think the priority should be here for him working with our coaches, being on the floor getting those experiences," Grant said. "Last night was great. He performed well and played well, and you could tell he was ready for the opportunity."
Information from The Associated Press was used in this report.


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Xenogears® (PSOne Classic)
Sony Interactive Entertainment
PS one Classic
Purchase this PS one® Classic and play it on both your PS3™ and PSP® (PlayStation®Portable) systems!
Take up arms using powerful "gears" and help Fei Fong Wong regain his lost memories in this RPG classic.
Download this PS one® Classic today!
Transferring to a PSP® system from your PS3™ system:
You must be signed into the PlayStation®Network account that originally purchased the game. You must have at least 724 MB free on your Memory Stick Duo™. Connect your PSP® system to your PS3™ system with a USB cable and switch your PSP® system to USB Mode. Highlight the game on the PS3™ XMB™, press the Δ button and select Copy.
PC Store Customers:
Log into your PlayStation®Network account that you originally used to purchased the game. Then, download the game from your "Download List" in the PlayStation®Store onto your PS3™ system.
This title has been converted from the original PlayStation® disc to the PSP® and the PS3™ systems. Consequently, there may be times where the title plays differently from the PlayStation® disc version, or where some features may not function properly. This version does not support PlayStation® peripherals (controller, memory card, multitap, etc.), therefore functionalities such as multiplayer, versus, and co-op modes are not available.
Purchase indicates acceptance of the PlayStation®Network Terms of Service/User Agreement and this item's use restrictions. If you do not wish to accept all these terms, do not purchase this item. One-time license fee for downloads to up to 2 console systems and 2 portable systems that are associated with the purchasing account.
© 1998, 2010 SQUARE ENIX CO., LTD. All Rights Reserved.
Xenogears, SQUARE ENIX and the SQUARE ENIX logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd.
"PlayStation", "PS" Family logo, "PS one", and "PSP" are registered trademarks of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.


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Verdict out on South Africa's anti-HIV efforts / Infection rate still high despite program's unorthodox efforts
2005-08-14 04:00:00 PDT Cape Town, South Africa -- LoveLife, South Africa's main AIDS prevention campaign for young people, funded in large part by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, maintains that its unorthodox approach, including sponsoring sports teams, trips, youth centers and help lines, is designed to make teens more positive and future-focused so they will take steps to avoid exposure to HIV.
But after more than five years and $130 million for the program -- about half of it from the Kaiser foundation, based in Menlo Park, with smaller sums from the South African government, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation -- the HIV infection rate among young South Africans remains disturbingly high.
With an estimated 5.6 million people infected, South Africa has the grim distinction of having more people with HIV than any other country, and more than North and South America and Europe combined. About 10 percent of its teenagers are HIV-positive, according to UNAIDS, the United Nations program.
The infection rate does not appear to be dropping significantly. In fact, the latest results from tests at government health centers show that HIV rates for pregnant women younger than 20 have remained stagnant at about 15 percent, with rates for young adults age 20 to 24 hovering around 30 percent.
Nevertheless, loveLife, founded in 1999, predicts that in another five years it will achieve its original goal, which was to cut infection rates among South African teenagers in half by 2004.
The debate over loveLife, the world's largest HIV prevention campaign, illustrates one of the challenges of the epidemic. More than two decades after the discovery of the virus, scientists have found a cocktail of drugs to keep many AIDS patients alive, but they have had a harder time motivating people to remain free of HIV by reducing their sexual partners, delaying sex and using condoms.
"We've failed at AIDS prevention," said Dr. Edward C. Green, a senior scientist at Harvard University's Center for Population and Development Studies and an authority on AIDS. "It is something of an embarrassment."
Meanwhile, loveLife has been discussed by the World Health Organization and the World Bank as a model for prevention campaigns, according to sources there.
"LoveLife is certainly one of the programs that we're learning from," said Dr. Bruce Dick, an HIV and youth specialist at WHO. "LoveLife feels that they have the answer to the questions people are struggling with in this field. "
The Kaiser Family Foundation, which has invested about $200 million in South Africa's health programs and $70 million in loveLife, has committed to funding the program through 2010, said Michael Sinclair, the foundation's senior vice president.
LoveLife uses a slick marketing campaign and puts volunteers in government health clinics and schools to pitch its slogan -- "positive living." This is shorthand for a lifestyle in which condoms are cool, abstaining from sex is hip, and hanging out in youth centers and "chill rooms" is the in thing.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that loveLife has helped South Africans talk more openly about sex, and tens of thousands of schoolchildren have gained basic knowledge of HIV and AIDS through the program.
"LoveLife has been most visible in getting messages across to the youth, promoting positive and healthy lifestyles," former Deputy President Jacob Zuma said in a speech last year. He credited it with contributing to "a more open debate about the connection between HIV and sexual behavior."
Yet several scientists and public health experts are asking whether the group's programs really work.
There are few signs so far that this new knowledge is prompting South African adolescents to delay sex or reduce the number of sexual partners -- the key to stopping the epidemic.
The average South African teenager starts having sex at about 17, about the same age as teens in the United States. However, South African girls often have sex with much older and more sexually experienced men, dramatically increasing their risk of contracting HIV. In addition, any unprotected sexual activity in South Africa, a country saturated with HIV, is like Russian roulette. One in 4 adults and 1 in 10 teenagers are HIV-positive.
There have been some signs of progress. One study of more than 11,000 people ages 15 to 24 released last year found that those who participated in a number of loveLife programs were less likely to be HIV-positive -- 8 percent compared with 12 percent of those who did not participate. They were also more likely to report using condoms and being tested for HIV. The study did not make clear, however, if loveLife caused these differences or if teens who do not have HIV are more likely to participate in loveLife activities.
More research is needed to understand the program's impact, experts agree. LoveLife's director, staff and benefactors urge patience and optimism.
A visit to a few of the program's 200 or so Adolescent-Friendly Clinics with Dr. David Harrison, loveLife's chief executive officer, puts such optimism to the test.
Selepe Clinic, in rural Lebowa, a poor mining belt dotted with mud huts and skinny goats three hours north of Johannesburg, is one such clinic. It has been without running water since its pump broke, and nurses have carried jugs of water to work ever since. When its generator quit, nurses had to deliver babies by candlelight.
Next door to the clinic, loveLife is building one of its trademark purple "chill rooms," where teens can attend classes and activities. The nurses are trained to perform HIV tests and identify and treat sexually transmitted diseases, but few patients are interested, despite the work of loveLife volunteers who visit schools and hold classes in the clinic. Instead, most teenage girls visit the clinic at one time of the month, for one service.
"At month's end (when local miners get paid), the schoolgirls come for contraception and then go to see the miners," said Monica Mpaketsane, the clinic's nurse.
Paging through the clinic's dog-eared ledger of two dozen teenage girls who visited at last month's end, Mpaketsane sighed and said she provided each with injectable contraception, protecting them from pregnancy -- but not AIDS -- for a few months. A minority, she said, also take the free condoms she distributes.
"The girls will tell you that their 'boyfriends' don't like condoms," she said.
At loveLife's youth center in Orange Farm just outside Johannesburg, the purple youth center is surrounded by tumbledown homes on dusty plots. Ephraim Motloheloa, 25, and Sherriff Makhabelesa, 21, were finishing the last day of a weeklong course about sex, AIDS, staying healthy, planning for the future and resisting peer pressure. The class, taught by a loveLife volunteer, is mandatory for anyone who wants to use the youth center, with its computer room, health clinic and sports programs.
"AIDS started here as a myth. Some people still say it doesn't exist, and our parents won't discuss it," Makhabelesa said. "Parents think that they lose their dignity if they talk about sex with their children."
Both young men pledged to take responsibility and learn their HIV status.
Easier said than done. The youth center offers judo, basketball and computer courses, but not HIV testing.
Harrison, the loveLife CEO, defends the campaign's unorthodox investments as necessary to "sparking a social movement driven by young people." The computers, trips and chill rooms "tap into (teens') aspirations," he said.
But critics say that being positive about the future is not enough. People need to be afraid of the disease and have knowledge of how to avoid it, said Harvard's Green.
LoveLife avoids the standard "keep it zipped or risk death" messages. Instead, it encourages young people to talk about sex in frank language.
A loveLife pamphlet for teenagers that covers everything from pimples to condom usage proclaimed, "Yes, Yes, Yes, sex is on our minds and in the air. Sex is going to be part of the rest of our lives. Thank your body, thank your hormones -- this can be such fun!" Another advises teens to always carry condoms because "you never know when you'll get the chance for some loving."
The approach has shocked some South Africans and AIDS experts.
"LoveLife may be compounding the problem as it glamorizes sex," said Richard Delate, a South Africa-based researcher. "When you see many loveLife (materials), you think sex. That's it."
Further muddying the campaign's message are loveLife's stylish but often cryptic advertisements. Past billboards have featured the words "climax- anticlimax" and "get attitude." The current campaign features the slogan "Born Free" and taglines like "embrace life" and "take back the future." None of the ads makes clear the link between sex and AIDS, nor do they advocate any preventive action.
A 2003 study commissioned by loveLife analyzed one of its billboard campaigns and found that between 19 percent and 62 percent of students (depending on the ad) understood them. Those most at risk of contracting AIDS -- poor, rural and black students -- had the most difficulty grasping the message. In one case, a group of teenagers misunderstood an ad to mean, "You must pressurize, force the girl to have sex with you."
In addition, there are worrying signs that loveLife and the Kaiser foundation have stifled the debate in South Africa about how to respond to
In one case, Kaiser's Sinclair demanded that a paper critical of loveLife be removed from the South African Health Review, which at the time was also funded by Kaiser.
"All publications we fund have to be submitted to us for scrutiny," Sinclair said. "We want to ensure they are presented in a balanced way."
Just as troubling is evidence that loveLife may be misrepresenting data collected by the Reproductive Health Research Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg and the Medical Research Council of South Africa to bolster its cause, said Warren Parker, director of the Center for AIDS Development, Research and Evaluation in Johannesburg.
Harrison admitted there have been problems. "We have made a couple of glaring factual errors. ... Some statistics were consistently misrepresented, " he said. "We didn't have a good research team. We had a media team."
Dr. Rachel Jewkes, director of the Gender and Health Group at South Africa's Medical Research Council and a frequent critic of loveLife, derides the campaign's tactics. "What they claim is dishonest, and it is disreputable, " she said. "It is part of a pattern."
Last year, loveLife issued a press release entitled "Participation in loveLife programmes protective against HIV." This is a claim even the chairman of loveLife's board of experts says cannot be substantiated.
"It is premature to say that it is protective (against HIV)," said Dr. Thomas Coates, an expert in HIV prevention at UCLA's medical school who heads an unpaid panel of international experts assembled to advise loveLife on its research. "We don't know whether loveLife is working."


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Featured News
Consultancy Services: Mongolia Green Economy Financing
Mongolia, 10 January 2019
Project Description:
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ("EBRD" or the "the Bank") aims to help create a market for climate change adaptation and mitigation technology solutions in line with the Bank's Green Economy Transition ("GET") approach. As such, the Green Economy Financing Facilities ("GEFF") programme transposes this approach by converting green opportunities into sound investments by providing innovating lines of finance to local Participating Financial Institutions ("PFIs") and by demonstrating the business case for investing in greener solutions.
The Mongolia Green Economy Financing Facility ("Mongolia GEFF" or the "Facility") will consist of up to USD 80 million of financing from the EBRD and the GCF made available to PFIs - banks, microfinance institutions and leasing companies - in Mongolia. PFIs will on-lend the proceeds for green investments in privately owned residential dwellings or buildings ("Residential Sub-projects") as well as private and commercially owned buildings and operations ("Commercial Sub-projects"). Eligible sub-borrowers will include individuals, housing associations, businesses, service providers (ESCOs), and vendors and producers of relevant technologies.
The Facility will build on the EBRD's previous GET investments in Mongolia, namely MonSEFF – a USD 25 million credit line first introduced in 2014 to provide for commercial and industrial sustainable energy investments. Mongolia GEFF will expand its scope and continue investments in the region, with the ultimate aim to reduce the country's high energy consumption and reduce its dependence on CO2 intensive sources of energy.
Assignment Description:
The Bank now intends to engage a Facility Consultant to support the implementation of the Mongolia GEFF. The objective of this Assignment is to transfer strategic know-how and raise awareness about modern energy performance and environmental standards to contribute to the creation of a demand-driven, self-sustaining market for investments in high performance technologies and services supporting a green economy.
This Technical Cooperation (TC) assignment will support the origination, assessment and implementation of eligible investments in the industrial-, commercial- and the residential sector as key sectors suffering from a lack of sustainable energy supply as well as a current stock of highly energy-inefficient materials and equipment.
Specific eligibility criteria for sub-projects and sub-borrowers are described in detail in the Policy Statement which will be annexed to the Loan Agreement between the EBRD and the PFI. The eligibility criteria as specified in the Policy Statement will be made available to the Consultant by the EBRD.
The specific objectives are to:
Support the implementation of the Mongolia Green Economy Financing Facility (the "Facility"), resulting in a portfolio of eligible Sub-projects.
Verify and confirm that Sub-projects financed by each Sub-loan ("Sub-projects") have been completed substantially in line with eligibility requirements of the Facility.
The selected Consultant is expected to provide the following services:
Establish and maintain a full time, fully functional project office in Ulaanbaatar
Adopt, maintain and update the Facility documents and tools as provided by the EBRD
Prepare a Quality Assurance Manual for the Facility
Prepare a Marketing Plan for the Facility, and promote the Facility with marketing activities throughout its implementation
Provide direct support to the PFIs by:
Creating PFI-specific Action Plans
Supporting PFI understanding of EBRD / GEFF policies and procedures
Providing marketing & project origination advice
Assessing needs of the PFI and delivering training and capacity building as required
Supporting the PFI in development of a green financial product that specifically targets the PFI client base (at the request of the PFI)
Support prospective sub-borrowers to identify potential investment opportunities under the Facility
Develop and maintain a country specific Technology Selector for simplified assessment of Sub-projects
Provide PFI with Sub-project Eligibility Determination and Project Assessment as required
Verify completed Sub-projects
Ensure the correct tracking, monitoring and reporting of the Facility data
Develop and Implement a Gender and Social Inclusion Action Plan for the Facility
Assist with the implementation of Policy Dialogue activities
View the ECN Procurement Notice (This notice is visible only to ECN Executive and Expert Members: Please login to view).


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Dr Anand Jacob Verghese
Dr. Anand Jacob Verghese is the Director & CEO of Hindustan Group of Institutions based in Chennai. He graduated in B.S. Engineering Management from the American International University, London. He pursued his M.B.A. at Huron University, London and received an Honorary Doctorate from Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea. He is actively involved in the overall administration and development activities of the Hindustan Group of Institutions for over 22 years. Under his management, the Hindustan College of Engineering was granted University status by the Government of India in the year 2008. He has expanded the educational Institutions to provide technical training & primary education through 3 international schools in Chennai. His main aim has been towards developing significant international alliances for academic and technical collaboration for the benefit of students. With the motto of 'Transforming pedagogies and technology', his views reflect the need for every student to be updated with world trends as a window to success. He is the Vice President of the Aeronautical Society of India and a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, UK. He is a Member of the Advisory Council, Association of Universities of Asia and the Pacific (AUAP), Thailand. He also has memberships in other professional bodies. He has been a recipient of numerous Honours and Awards and attended several International Seminars.


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Dr. Esha Jain
Dr. Esha Jain
Assistant Professor – Selection Grade
PhD (Finance, Technical Analysis of Stock Market) UGC-NET Qualified Government Certified Technical Analyst MBA, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra B. Com, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
Dr. Esha Jain is UGC-NET qualified and has more than 11 years of work experience including both the Industry and Academics. Being a Govt. Certified technical analyst, she is a known specialist in teaching subjects like Security Analysis, Foreign Exchange Management, Working Capital Management, Project Management, Business Legislation, Business Research Methodology and other various courses. She has been invited by IIM Indore for review of 'Institutional Development Plans (IDPs)' under the World Bank supported Madhya Pradesh Higher Education Quality Improvement Project to be submitted to Department of Higher Education, Government of Madhya Pradesh. She has also qualified a module of Financial Markets with Distinction organized by NSE. An awardee of "Eminent Educationist Award" and "Asia Pacific Gold Star Award", she was also selected for "Rajiv Gandhi Education Excellence Award" and "Bharat Vidya Shiromani Award". She was also awarded with Dean Committee Choice Award in various international conferences besides winning several "Best Research Paper' awards.
She was a Ministry of MSME approved Research Trainer and a resource person for various FDPs in research methodology. She has attended and successfully presented around 70 papers in various Conferences & Seminars. 80 of her research papers are published in various International Journals of repute. She has also authored 2 books under reputed Brands and contributed chapters in a book on 'Corporate Social Responsibility'. She is also associated with various International Journals as Editorial Board member, Academic Advisor & Research Paper Reviewer. She has also guided several Live Projects on Finance and Marketing at P.G. level of various Government Universities.


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Bobby Reid continued his impressive goalscoring form during pre-season when he bagged a brace for Bristol City in a victory over Atletico Union Guimar.
The Spanish third tier side were seen off by the Robins 6-0.
Eros Pisano put Bristol City ahead early on with record signing Famara Diedhiou adding a second, his first for the Robins, soon after. Bobby Reid's first a minute later made it three in the opening 14 minutes before he added his brace, his seventh in five games, before the break.
Bailey Wright and Freddie Hinds completed the goalscoring in the second half.
Bristol City: Fielding, Pisano, Wright (Vyner 75), Hegeler, Bryan (Kelly 75), Brownhill (Morrell 82), K.Smith (O'Neil 61), Pack, Paterson (O'Dowda 61), Reid (Hinds 82), Diédhiou (Engvall 61).
Lee Johnson was happy to see a bit of aggression shown by Bristol City's Spanish opponents with that 'feisty' along with 'pluck and aggressive' attitude and mentality exactly what the boss wanted.
Johnson also went on to tell the Official Website how pleased he things are coming together at the moment but did concede the standard of opposition so far haven't been 'unbelievable' so far.
'It was good because we wanted a game where the opposition would be plucky and aggressive, which they were. It was quite feisty at times, but it was good to be able to play this game a long way away from home where opposing teams couldn`t see what we were doing.'
Adding: 'It`s coming together nicely. The lads are in decent shape and it`s always good to get goals, although the standard of opposition we`ve played hasn`t been unbelievable yet.'
Pre-season is about application along with building up form and fitness, as well as team bonding too.
The boss concluded by saying the week in Tenerife would be especially successful if the Robins returned injury-free, which looks like it'll be the case.
'I`ve been pleased with the application all the way through pre-season. We`ve been at it no matter what the game is, and don`t forget the players have had a really physical week as well. It`s been great. We`ll give the lads some free time so they can have a bit of a bonding night and then play golf tomorrow. If we come out of it with no more injuries, it will have been a really successful week.'
Johnson Pleased To Sign Off With Six Of The Best
Bobby Reid continued his impressive goalscoring form during pre-season when he bagged a brace for Bristol City in a victory over Atletico Union Guimar.


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Are You Listening? Festival was a great showcase of Reading talent
It was one awesome day of music and fun in venues throughout the town centre
Reading band Marisa and the Moths perform their debut gig in The Purple Turtle. Credit: getreading
I decided to go Are You Listening? Festival on a whim after hearing Idles and some particularly sick mix-masters Plump DJ's were playing.
For those unfamiliar with AYL? Festival, it's a one-day musical extravaganza with more than 60 acts playing across eight venues in Reading, Berkshire, raising funds for Reading Mencap.
A ticket gets you a entry to all the gigs but it can involve meticulous planning, particular if you want to avoid clashes and the queues.
I ventured out around 4pm and left at around 1am feeling cheery and a shave exhausted after dancing for hours.
It had been one hell of a day, and an excellent display of local talent at venues in Reading town centre.
For me, the day kicked off at the Purple Turtle.
I sunk a pint listening to infectious rock music of Marisa and the Moths, a band based in Reading who were playing their debut gig.
They really rose to the occasion. They had clearly honed their craft and their playing was immense.
I stopped by for a second act, before heading to a place I've wanted to check out for a while now: Milk in Merchants Place.
"It was reminder there is real talent here, something you don't always realise on the daily grind"
While there, I watched folky singer songwriter The Amazing Tiger Band jam on his bass, and energetic Southcote rapper J Dogg.
He really owned the stage and the sound quality in Milk was impeccable, which is not something you can always say for music venues.
After that, I had a little wander, and dropped by to see the Idles headline set in Sub89.
I managed to get occasional glimpses of the frontman rasping through the band's catalogue of songs.
He brought a powerful performance to one of Reading's biggest venues, and the crowd were lapping it up.
A few fans even leapt up to dangle from metal bars hanging from the walls. The bouncers didn't look impressed.
Rounding the night off, I went absolutely HAM with my dance moves thanks to The Push DJ and Plump DJs in Milk.
I may have looked a little mental but I didn't care: the bass music they were playing felt like euphoria and I just got lost in it.
"The bass music they were playing felt like euphoria and I just got lost in it"
All things considered, it was an incredible day. It was great to watch real Reading talent and indulge in some culture that isn't food related for once.
It reminded me of going to Dot to Dot Festival in Bristol. Both are great annual events held in multiple events in their respective locations.
Above all, it was a reminder that there is real talent here, something you don't always realise on the day to day grind.
So thank you Are You Listening? Festival for such an awesome time.
Tickets are already on sale for next year's festival for details click here.


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New Zealand waterfront workers strike for better wages and shorter hours, 1951
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Between February and July of 1951, up to 22,000 waterfront workers (wharfies) in New Zealand struck for better pay and shorter workings hours.
During World War II, the New Zealand government played a much larger role in peoples' lives than it ever had before. It lengthened workers' hours to supplement the war effort, and New Zealanders generally accepted these changes as necessary for the war effort. While a court ruling in 1951 rolled back these changes for some workers, the ruling did not include wharfies. After the end of the war, the government also increasingly branded the labor movement as communist in a series of high profile incidents, leading to increased tension between the two sides. In 1949, the more conservative National Party gained power, and promised to confront organized labor. The following year, the militant Waterside Workers' Union, plus other hard-line unions, split off from the Federation of Labor, which was allied with the Labour Party, to form the Trade Union Congress, led by the fiery Jock Barnes. Barnes' militant unionism let the government brand him a communist and marginalize the Trade Union Congress from the rest of the organized labor movement.
The dispute between the government and the workers came to a head on February 15, 1951, when, after weeks of negotiations for a salary raise (due to the rising cost of living), dock employers locked out their workers. In response, the locked out workers began to strike. Six days later, Prime Minister Sidney Holland declared a state of emergency, and expanded the police's ability to crack down on the strike. The military started performing the wharfies' work on the 27th. The government suspended freedom of speech, association, and press. To get around government repression, workers used a hidden radio transmitter to transmit pro-strike messages, and circulated banned pamphlets. Workers also held protest meetings and, later in the campaign, conducted public demonstrations in protest of the government's actions. Holland's government also outlawed any forms of assistance to the striking workers. Despite the ban, workers received significant aid from sympathetic supporters. In solidarity with their fellow workers, several different types of industrial workers also went on strike, meaning that more than 20,000 workers were striking in a country of only 2 million people.
Despite the support for the strikers, there was also significant opposition to the strike. Only 8% of unionized workers went on strike, and the Federation of Labor called on the wharfies to dismiss their "Communist-dominated misleaders". The differing ideologies and significant egos of leaders within unions prevented a united labor policy. The government decided it had the chance to completely crush the strike, and refused to offer compromises.
The situation became increasingly tense as the strike progressed. On April 30, striking coal miners likely bore the responsibility for a bridge demolition. No one was hurt. Coal companies had used the bridge for transporting coal, and as a result, the supply of coal to the rest of New Zealand was severely disrupted. In response, the government used the Navy to ship coal from remote parts of New Zealand to centers of commerce.
Police frequently attacked pro-strike protesters, and brutally repressed any type of demonstration either against the government or in support of the wharfies. In one incident on June 1, police attacked a march of 1,000 protesters in Auckland, seriously injuring around 20.
By late May, strike-breaking wharfies had created their own union and filled the jobs the striking wharfies had vacated three months before. After this, little hope remained, and the striking wharfies finally capitulated on July 15, but waterfront employers blacklisted many of them, preventing them from returning to work. Jock Barnes received a two-month jail sentence for defaming a police constable.
The strike became a deeply divisive issue in the labor history of New Zealand. Even its categorization is contentious. The government insists it was an illegal strike, while workers say their employers locked them out. The defeat of militant unionism by the government meant that the more moderate Federation of Labor gained power within the union movement, and the Waterside Workers' Union and the Trade Union Congress were marginalized.