text: Hepatitis B Surface Antigens: Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.Hepatitis B: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Hepatitis B virus: The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.Hepatitis B Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.Hepatitis B Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.Hepatitis B Antigens: Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.Hepatitis B Core Antigens: The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.Hepatitis B, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Hepatitis B e Antigens: A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.Hepatitis C: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.Hepatitis A: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.DNA, Viral: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Viral Hepatitis Vaccines: Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.Hepatitis, Viral, Human: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).Hepatitis: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.Hepatitis D: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Blood DonorsHepatitis Antibodies: Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.Carcinoma, Hepatocellular: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.Hepatitis C Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.Hepatitis Delta Virus: A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.Seroepidemiologic Studies: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.Hepatitis, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.Hepatitis delta Antigens: Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS.Alanine Transaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 22.214.171.124.Hepatitis C, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Alum Compounds: Aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. They are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds.Hepatitis Viruses: Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals.Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Hepacivirus: A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.Hepatitis Antigens: Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens.Vaccines, Synthetic: Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Hepatitis A Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS A ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Pregnancy Complications, Infectious: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.Pan troglodytes: The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.Hepatitis D, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in conjunction with HEPATITIS B VIRUS and lasting six months or more.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Hepatovirus: A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. HEPATITIS A VIRUS is the type species.Hemagglutination Tests: Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Hepatitis A Antigens: Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS A VIRUS such as the human hepatitis A virus (HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN).Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Immunoassay: A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.Antigens, Bacterial: Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.Counterimmunoelectrophoresis: Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow.Hepatitis B Virus, Duck: A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Hepatitis A virus: A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.Vaccines, DNA: Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.Antibody Formation: The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Vaccines, Edible: Vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. Transgenic plants (PLANTS, TRANSGENIC) are used as recombinant protein production systems and the edible plant tissue functions as an oral vaccine.Virus Activation: The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Immunoenzyme Techniques: Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.TaiwanBase Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Liver Diseases: Pathological processes of the LIVER.Blood Transfusion: The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.Organophosphonates: Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.Mice, Inbred BALB CImmunoglobulins: Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.RNA, Viral: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Hepatitis A Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.Hepatitis, Viral, Animal: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Personnel, Hospital: The individuals employed by the hospital.Radioimmunosorbent Test: Radioimmunoassay of proteins using antibody coupled to an immunosorbent.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.Chronic Disease: Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)Phosphorous Acids: Inorganic derivatives of phosphorus trihydroxide (P(OH)3) and its tautomeric form dihydroxyphosphine oxide (HP=O(OH)2). Note that organic derivatives of phosphonic acids are listed under are ORGANOPHOSPHONATES.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.China: A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.Protein PrecursorsT-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Genes, Viral: The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.Immunity, Cellular: Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Antigens, Protozoan: Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.Liver Failure: Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)Hepatitis E: Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.HLA-DP beta-Chains: Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DP antigens.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Adjuvants, Immunologic: Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.Reagent Kits, Diagnostic: Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.Coinfection: Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.Hepatitis E virus: A positive-stranded RNA virus species in the genus HEPEVIRUS, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).Immunization Schedule: Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.HIV Infections: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Hepatitis, Autoimmune: A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Immunization, Passive: Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Injections, Intramuscular: Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.Hepatitis A Virus, Human: A strain of HEPATITIS A VIRUS which causes hepatitis in humans. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Viral Envelope Proteins: Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.Aspartate Aminotransferases: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 22.214.171.124.Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic: Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.Antigen-Antibody Reactions: The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.Viral Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.Liver Function Tests: Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.Polyethylene Glycols: Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.DNA, Recombinant: Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.Cell Migration Inhibition: Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated LEUKOCYTES or MACROPHAGES. Specific CELL MIGRATION ASSAYS have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factors, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.Complement Fixation Tests: Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck: An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.Genome, Viral: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.Hepatitis, Animal: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.HLA-DP Antigens: A group of the D-related HLA antigens (human) found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.False Positive Reactions: Positive test results in subjects who do not possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of healthy persons as diseased when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.alpha-Fetoproteins: The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Immunization, Secondary: Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.Evaluation Studies as Topic: Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.Drug Resistance, Viral: The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Homosexuality: The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same SEX.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Nigeria: A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.Marmota: A genus of Sciuridae consisting of 14 species. They are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter.Immunologic Techniques: Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies.Tissue Donors: Individuals supplying living tissue, organs, cells, blood or blood components for transfer or transplantation to histocompatible recipients.Egypt: A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo.Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.Serum Albumin: A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.GuanineSyphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.Hepatitis C Antigens: Antigens of the virions of HEPACIVIRUS, their surface, core, or other associated antigens.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.H-2 Antigens: The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.HLA Antigens: Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.DucksImmunization Programs: Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.Immunoglobulin Idiotypes: Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Interferon-gamma: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.IranRenal Dialysis: Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.L Cells (Cell Line): A cultured line of C3H mouse FIBROBLASTS that do not adhere to one another and do not express CADHERINS.Murine hepatitis virus: A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).Mice, Inbred C57BL


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For my very first Behind the Bride series I have been speaking with Kayleigh who is getting married this year.
Hi Kayleigh, first of all, congratulations on the engagement! When's the big day?
Thank you! We get married on the 9th of September this year!! Eeek!
Only 1 week after me! Tell me a bit about yourself and your partner. When and where did you first meet?
Chris and I met about 5 years ago, we dated for a while then I dumped him (something he'll never let me forget!).
I then realised he was actually a great guy and asked him on a second first date and that was 4 years ago this June!
Since then we've welcomed a daughter together called Anya, she's now 2 years old and she has completed our family along with my daughter (from a previous relationship) Summer who is nearly 8! I stay at home with the kids whilst Chris works very hard for us removing asbestos, making the world a safer place.
How did Chris propose? Or was it you who popped the question?
The proposal came on Christmas day morning 2014! I'd been dropping not so subtle hints for ages and he'd thrown me totally off the scent after seeing the presents under the tree.
He chose the order I opened the presents in (he likes to trick me in to thinking he's given me the best pressies first!) and on handing me the box that had my ring in it he said "that's not your main present so you may as well have that one now", I unwrapped a large gift box, expecting to find some kind of jewellery inside like a bracelet or necklace, I really had no idea!
I opened the box, found a small ring box, in my head I was convincing myself not to get excited, it was just going to be earrings… I opened the box to see the most beautiful engagement ring that I'd pointed out to him a few months prior and he just said "will you marry me?". I did the obligatory squeal, screamed yes and got him to put the ring awkwardly on my finger.
We were sat by the Christmas tree with our girls, in our pj's surrounded by wrapping paper. It was perfect.
How far into the planning process are you?
Planning is going really well, we booked our venue January 2015! We were very lucky to get a great package deal so not masses of stuff to worry about after paying for the venue.
I have to get my dress, Chris's suit and accessories for us and the girlies. We're having our girls as our bridesmaids (one massive bonus of having your babies before getting married ☺).
We've booked our ceremony with the registry office and just need to give notice now!
Tell me a bit about your big day. Where are you getting married? Do you have a theme or a colour scheme?
We are getting married at the Holiday Inn, Taunton. Having everything under one roof was a massive attraction for me, it saves on transport, guests getting lost and means you can enjoy every second of your big day worry free!
We're having a lovely small ceremony and wedding breakfast, there will be just 25 of us and then another 60 or so joining us for the evening reception.
We've chosen black, white and silver for our colours. I'm a purple kind of girl usually but I fancied something that reflected both Chris and I rather than just me. I love how black white and silver look together, it looks so classy and simple but elegant at the same time.
What's been the best part of wedding planning so far?
I've really enjoyed searching the Internet for different wedding ideas, decorations, favors etc. I've recently made up all the hangover kits for the favour bags, I loved doing this! I've printed off loads of different bits like colouring pages for kids, place cards and content lists for the hangover kits.
Have there been any low points or things you have found harder than you imagined?
As for tricky things, budgeting definitely. I have a handle on it now thank goodness but at first I really had no idea of the costs involved.
Also the time! We've opted to get our cake from M&S and making our own sugar flowers (a decision I've regretted as they're so tricky but persevering in making my mum do the flowers! Lol). Making things is so fun but as the wedding is getting closer I have cut things out that I planned to do as it simply takes too much time and in the grand scheme of things it wasn't a massive deal to cut it out.
If I could give any advice to future brides if I may.. It would be to write all your ideas down, really think about your decisions and once you're happy with something stick to it, don't change your mind for other people. I nearly changed my flowers at one point (my flowers were my first decision) which would of caused a huge ripple effect in my plans as my cake and place cards have the same flowers on but a very kind supplier told me if I'm happy with my choice not to change it because I'd end up regretting it. She was right
Thank you so much for taking part in Behind the Bride Kayleigh. I wish you both a lifetime of happiness!
If you would like to take part in the Behind the Bride blog series please do get in touch – email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Mr. Jackie Lee Bartley, 64 of Muses Mill in Fleming County, passed away Saturday evening at his home surrounded by his family.
He was born in Pikeville, Kentucky on February 17, 1955 to the late Hoover and Dollie Bartley.
Jackie was a retired coal miner having worked for Inferno Coal Company and was the former manager of Moore and White Sawmill in Vanceburg.
He enjoyed life on his farm, spending time with his beloved family, friends and dogs, watching westerns, four wheeling and cheering on his favorite basketball team the Kentucky Wildcats.
Survivors include his wife, Pam McHugh Bartley, three children, Brandi (Heather Sherman) Bartley of Bellevue, Ohio, Emily (Ike) Redden of Bloomington, Indiana and Gus Bartley of Muses Mill. Two sisters, Joyce Ramey of Lexington, Kentucky and Trulla (Tom) Gaddis of Cartersville, Georgia. Two grandchildren, Cruz Redden and Madeline Curdie. Also several nieces, nephews and other relatives and friends
Graveside services and burial will be conducted 1:00 P.M. Tuesday in the St. Patrick's Cemetery in Washington, Kentucky
Visitation at the Michael R. Gray Funeral Home in Morehead is after 4:00 p.m. Monday.
Serving as pall bearers will be Gus Bartley, Ike Redden, Dr. Tom McHugh, Terry Pigg, Joe Surmont and Jim Compton.
Contributions in memory of Jackie Lee Bartley are suggested to the Children's Organ Transplant Association at www.cota.org or mail your contribution to Children's Organ Transplant Association, 2501 West COTA Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47403.
The Michael R. Gray Funeral Home in Morehead is caring for all arrangements for Jackie Lee Bartley.
To send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Jackie Lee Bartley, please visit our floral store.


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Results (246)
Book Review
Historical Atlas of Vancouver and the Lower Fraser Valley
The cover of this atlas is engaging [1]. The muted grey, black, and red jacket offers an intriguing bird's-eye view of Vancouver in 1912, looking west from New Westminster to Stanley Park. The heavy antique...
BC Studies no. 150 Summer 2006 | Page(s) 123-6
Book Review
Landscapes and Social Transformations on the Northwest Coast: Colonial Encounters in the Fraser Valley
Landscapes and Social Transformations on the Northwest Coast is a significant addition to our understanding of colonialism, settler-Indigenous relations, and human-land relations in British Columbia. Jeff Oliver's work is part of a growing trend that...
BC Studies no. 182 Summer 2014 | Page(s) 227-228
Book Review
Lower Fraser valley: Evolution of a cultural landscape
PDF – Book Reviews, BC Studies 2, Summer 1969
BC Studies no. 1 Winter 1968-1969 | Page(s) 61-3
Book Review
People of the Middle Fraser Canyon: An Archaeological History
The authors, from the departments of anthropology at the University of Montana (Prentiss) and the University of Notre Dame (Kuijt), draw on their extensive and recent archaeological work in the interior of British Columbia to...
BC Studies no. 179 Autumn 2013 | Page(s) 218-220
Book Review
Simon Fraser: In Search of Modern British Columbia
This book is not the traditional academic, well-documented research dissertation on the life of Simon Fraser. As Steven Hume states at the beginning, there was no intention of making this a "conventional biography." This text...
BC Studies no. 160 Winter 2008-2009 | Page(s) 123-125
Book Review
The Comox Valley: Courtnay, Comox, Cumberland, and Area
In the publisher's promotional sheet, this attractive book is described as "an intimate portrait of an incredibly beautiful and special place." This sense of affection for the region comes across strongly in the course of...
BC Studies no. 156-157 Winter-Spring 2007-2008 | Page(s) 195-7
Book Review
Fish versus Power: An Environmental History of the Fraser River
IN CIRCLES WHERE SALMON management gets debated, the Fraser River looms large because it helps drive a neat syllogism, which goes something like this: Columbia River runs imploded because American scientists supported a massive dam-building...
BC Studies no. 142-143 Summer-Autumn 2004 | Page(s) 297-9
Book Review
McGowan's War: The Birth of Modern British Columbia on the Fraser River Gold Fields
IN 1858 TENS OF thousands of non-Native goldseekers rushed to the Fraser River in search of gold, a substantial number of them being American citizens who paid little heed to British sovereignty in the region....
BC Studies no. 144 Winter 2004-2005 | Page(s) 144-5
Book Review
The Third Crop: A Personal and Historical Journey into the Photo Albums and Shoeboxes of the Slocan Valley, 1800s to early 1940s
The Slocan Valley is quirky and isolated, and its past can be told in many ways. The valley has been a site of conflict between capital and labour on an industrial mining frontier, a haven for...
BC Studies no. 174 Summer 2012 | Page(s) 151
Book Review
The Slocan: Portrait of a Valley
THIS LONG-AWAITED BOOK argues that the Slocan Valley, through its often dramatic history, is a reflection of the region and its connection with events in British Columbia and Canada. Not so much a local history,...
BC Studies no. 145 Spring 2005 | Page(s) 134-5
Book Review
Dancing in Gumboots: Adventure, Love & Resilience: Women of the Comox Valley
Dancing in Gumboots: Adventure, Love & Resilience: Women of the Comox Valley is a collection of memoirs by thirty-two women who came to the Comox Valley on Vancouver Island in the 1970s. Drawn by an...
BC Studies no. 202 Summer 2019 | Page(s) 185-187
Exhibition, Film, and New Media Review
Sq'éwlets: A Stó:lo-Coast Salish Community in the Fraser River Valley Virtual Museum
Sq'éwlets: A Stó:lō -Coast Salish Community in the Fraser River Valley (Stó:lō Research and Resource Management Centre and Stó:lō Nation, 2016) is a virtual museum in the form of a website that reflects a collaborative...
BC Studies no. 194 Summer 2017 | Page(s) 195-197
Book Review
The Slocan History Series
Edited by Cole Harris, the Slocan History Series began with four booklets that focus primarily on the mining "boom days" of the 1890s and their long-term effects on the region....
BC Studies no. 196 Winter 2017-2018 | Page(s) 141-144
Book Review
Steel Rails and Iron Men: A Pictorial History of the Kettle Valley Railway
THE DECISION of Whitecap Books to publish the first paperback edition of Steel Rails &Iron Men is appropriate and timely. Since this book appeared in cloth in 1990, the Kettle Valley Railway (the KV) has...
BC Studies no. 141 Spring 2004 | Page(s) 134-6
Book Review
Sturgeon Reach: Shifting Currents at the Heart of the Fraser
The Fraser River between Mission and Hope has been the cultural hearth of the Stó:lÅ for as long as anyone can remember. Some of British Columbia's largest Indigenous settlements and most important cultural sites are...
BC Studies no. 183 Autumn 2014 | Page(s) 183-85
Book Review
Starbuck Valley Winter
YOU WON'T FIND many kids like Don Morgan these days. The plucky protagonist of this reissued children's novel is a sixteen-year-old who hunts avidly, builds a waterwheel-driven pump to supply the farmhouse with water, and dreams of...
BC Studies no. 144 Winter 2004-2005 | Page(s) 139-41
Book Review
This Was Our Valley
The 2019 edition of This Was Our Valley by Shirlee Smith Matheson and Earl K. Pollon continues a longstanding conversation about the impacts of large dams in northern British Columbia. This story, told in three acts,...
BC Studies no. 205 Spring 2020 | Page(s) 121-122
Book Review
Royal City: A Photographic History of New Westminster, 1858-1960
Today, many residents of the Lower Mainland know New Westminster only as the site of traffic jams as they wait to get on to the Pattullo, the Queensborough, and Alex Fraser bridges; Highway 401; or...
BC Studies no. 151 Autumn 2006 | Page(s) 112-4
Book Review
Rewriting Marpole: The Path to Cultural Complexity in the Gulf of Georgia Region
Rewriting Marpole is the published version of Clark's PhD dissertation (Clark, 2010) and an outgrowth of his MA thesis (Clark, 2000). The goal of his research "is to determine the spatial...
BC Studies no. 182 Summer 2014 | Page(s) 218-223
Book Review
The Life and Art of Mildred Valley Thorton
Sheryl Salloum's new book The Life and Art of Mildred Valley Thornton explores why this important BC artist has generally been ignored in the historical record and cultural landscape of this province. Given that she...
BC Studies no. 176 Winter 2012-2013 | Page(s) 181-2
Book Review
The Cowichan Valley: Duncan, Chemainus, Ladysmtih and Region
We become travellers in our own land when we read Georgina Montgomery's story and marvel at Kevin Oke's photographs in The Cowichan Valley. The last word goes to Rick Pipes of Merridale Ciderworks, who comments:...
BC Studies no. 170 Summer 2011 | Page(s) 180-181
Book Review
Book Review
Book Review
Edenbank: The Story of a Canadian Pioneer Farm
ALLEN WELLS, who came west from Upper Canada for the gold rush, stayed to farm, establishing Edenbank, one of the earliest and largest farms in the Chilliwack Valley. As new settlers arrived, he encouraged "the...


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Folks this weekend I will be writing on a point of order, in fact let me just focus on one word, order. I have had to sit back in my comfortable office chairquiet on a few occasions, watching in awe and listening intently to debates in the House of Parliament (sadly that's my cross until Game of Thrones airs, but I digress). I couldn't believe the carryings on of elected members, "the pawol that was being thrown", the name-calling and the out right disrespect that was shown for the "honorable house" as they call it.
The mockery of the most recent debate that occurred in theHouse boggles the mind and leaves us to question whether the individuals who are supposed to be role models and leaders understand the meaning of the word 'order' and just how to conduct themselves during a debate.
Now I know many people will squirm at the site of me referring to politicians as role models but that is exactly what they are. I remember judging a contest a few years ago where a skit mocked an official debate in the House of Parliament; the ruckus that ensued made a fish market look like a room with babies fast asleep. When I questioned the students as to why did they behave like that in their version of the honorable house the response of "that's what we see they do" didn't surprise me.
We need to focus a lot of our energy on ensuring that what we feed to the coming generation is more positive than negative. As our youth continue to grow, they're more and more impressionable. They take in things like a sponge but some habits aren't as easy to squeeze out, as we would like.
When they see world leaders carrying on like cackling hyenas in their favourite Assassin's Creed video game, what do you think they are going to do? Surely they will carry on as they have been taught. We focus on a daily basis to eradicate the ills of our nation, and rightfully so, but some of us should also focus on eradicating the poor examples we boldly portray to the young minds of the island.
That's all I have for you guys this weekend. Enjoy and have a productive one.
God bless,
Scady. P


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(First off, "affect" is a verb; "effect" is a noun. I see people get this one wrong frequently. Pardon my inner grammar nazi.)
The "fact" that a full moon triggers a person's transformation into a werewolf is a neat bit of canon that was largely made up by Hollywood; the influence of screenwriter Curt Siodmak, who wrote the script for Universal's THE WOLFMAN, cannot be overstated. I use the full moon motif myself in my new novel THE CONFESSIONS OF SAINT CHRISTOPHER: WEREWOLF. (Shameless plug time! The book is only $2.99! And thanks, Curt!) If we take the full moon thing and run with it, presuming that (a.) werewolves exist and (b.) a full moon will trigger a lycanthropic transformation into such, how then would a full solar eclipse affect a werewolf? It does involve the full moon. Considering that a full moon is really just the moon reflecting sunlight, anyway, would an eclipse cause a werewolf to transform? Would it trigger some special kind of transformation, the way red or white Kryptonite used to affect Superman in the comics and on the SUPER FRIENDS cartoon, like making him grow an extra leg or something? Or is the moon's umbra as potent as its "shine"? More potent? The possibilities are endless.
As I write this, the eclipse is only some four hours away. If we see an upsurge in sightings of five-legged werewolves during the period of occlusion, we'll have our answer, I reckon.


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Enjoy these thoughts and remember that even when your life is at it's end, the words you leave behind will still live on.
Wednesday, December 19, 2012
It's the hunger games… and I'm not talking about the ones where kids are expected to act as savages. There's one sticky bun left in the pan and three people that want to eat it. How will this end?
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Graphic Design. From free software to Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator resources, we have the tutorials and guidance you need to nail that design.. Learn About the TWAIN Interface for Windows and Mac and How It Works. Article. All About Pinta: A Free Graphics Editor for Mac.
Graphic Design How Much to Charge for a Logo What Would The Purchase of a Graphic Design Fall Under in a Balance Sheet Developing a new product for your small business requires you to spend money on research, design and other related costs. Under generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, a business must record these costs as expenses on its income statement in the period in which it incurs them instead of capitalizing them on its balance sheet.This being the case, all graphic designers use different methods to determine the cost for logo design. While there are sites out there that claim to give you a logo for $5 or DIY logo makers . If you are serious about your company you will want to hire a professional logo designer.
Web Design. It's time for the widest of graphic design disciplines, web design. There are a number of different definitions available as to what exactly is web design and if it also consist of coding. Here are some of the essential resources for beginning to learn web design. 9 basic principles of responsive web design (with gifs) [article]
Learn graphic design theory. Start with the book Picture This. It's a story book of Little Red Riding hood, but will teach you the foundations of graphic design at the same time.. Do the graphic design exercises in the Creative Workshop book.
When Ruth Meeker heard that a gunman had opened fire inside a mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand, on Friday, she turned to social media site Twitter to learn more about the. video also popped up.
This is a slide show presentation on the basics of graphic design, including a look at the Principles of Design in action. This slide show was created for a.
The Perfect Package How to Add Value Through Graphic Design) How to Fill Space Graphic Design What Software to Learn for Graphic Design The best free software for graphic designers 2019.. If you want to learn the fundamentals of graphic design, there's no need to splash out on costly premium software – there are some superb.Negative space should be used to balance or align objects in a design to make it more appealing to the viewers. Filling your navigation with big fat buttons might be a good idea but just because there is a space that could be filled doesn't mean you should place something in it.It's no secret that there are many engineering software choices for computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), but they are often separate products or add-ins. design.
How to Do Freelance Graphic Design. While it is possible to survive and even succeed as a freelance graphic designer without formal education, it is very difficult to do so. Besides, being the very best designer you can be is the name of.
Graphic design is something that marketers can always benefit from learning, even without a formal education. In those cases, we enter a world of do-it-yourself education, with repeated recommendations like, "learn Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign," or, "read a book about basic design principles."
Graphic Design How Long Does it Take How to Make a Lightbox for Product Photography Why do I Keep Getting fired graphic design Why not keep things simple by making it faster and easier to design, test, build and use? You don't have to like it; you just have to do it. I love this one. and different could pay off big time or.Photography Light Box to take pictures of small to medium items.:: parts :: Large cardboard box (thicker box will hold up to the abuse of cutting and working on it) Several yards of white cloth (I got 3 yards) Wide/Think Double stick tape (I used Shurtape carpet tape) thin double stick tape.What Shutter Speed for Product Photography There may be times when 30 seconds isn't long enough, and you need to keep the shutter open for several minutes. Especially if you're a fan of night-time photography. to work after a certain slow.There was a time when a graphic designer could get hired strictly on their creative portfolio.. education program, students should have a strong sense of their long- and. Bachelor degree programs in graphic arts typically take four years to.
How to Teach Yourself Graphic Design – My Top Tips For Beginners Holly Homebody.. 6 English Language HACKS that you DIDN'T LEARN at school – Duration: 11:56. LetThemTalkTV Recommended for.
· How to Become a Graphic Designer. If you find yourself daydreaming about designs or creating designs in your spare time, then a career in graphic design may be for you. You can either train yourself in graphic design or get a formal.
Graphic designers create visual concepts that inspire, inform, and transform. Learn how to use industry-leading software to build innovative design projects, and discover the skills you need to become an in-demand visual thinker and communicator.


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The Illest Mom/Kid Set
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Canine companions each have their own distinctive personality, including traits that we love and sometimes those that are more challenging. Problem behaviors require different types of intervention and help, depending on the severity of problem.
Often a training class is enough to address a dog's behavior issue. Certified trainers who use positive reinforcement methods can yield amazing results for a variety of problems. Specific issues can often be addressed in specialized classes, like the San Francisco SPCA's Bravery Class for Shy Dogs.
Sometimes, when an emotional matter is causing a problematic behavior, training is not enough. For example, your dog could experience fear that causes him to bite or results in separation anxiety that causes him to bark. This is when a behaviorist can help. A behaviorist can address the underlying emotional issue through management techniques and behavior modification exercises.
Trainers and behaviorists can — and should — work together, but ultimately they serve different purposes.
What is the difference between behaviorists and veterinary behaviorists? If your trainer or veterinarian recommend seeking the help of a behaviorist, it is important to understand the difference between an animal behaviorist and a veterinary behaviorist.
Behaviorists can help with a variety of problems, including aggression, attention-seeking behavior, separation anxiety, and house soiling. In fact, it would be challenging to think of a behavior problem these experts cannot help address.
The terms "behaviorist" or "animal behaviorist" are not protected titles, meaning they do not guarantee any level of qualification or experience. Instead, look for specific accreditations like "Certified (or Associate Certified) Applied Animal Behaviorists," or CAAB or ACAAB, who will have formal post graduate education in animal behavior and a minimum of two years independent professional experience.
Veterinary behaviorists are veterinarians who have received at least three years of additional behavior training in a residency program. To become a board-certified veterinary behaviorist, a veterinarian must also publish scientific research in behavior, write case reports, and pass an intensive two-day exam. Currently, there are only 79 veterinary behaviorists in the United States.
Veterinary behaviorists are the only behaviorists that can legally prescribe medication for your pet. Medication can be helpful to reduce a pet's anxiety, which can make an animal easier to manage and also facilitate learning. The medication a veterinary behaviorist prescribes is not intended to sedate your pet, and your pet may not need to stay on medication for the rest of his life.
When do you need to see a veterinary behaviorist? If training classes have not helped your dog, or if the behavior problem you're facing is severe, it might be time to consider seeing a veterinary behaviorist.
Dr. Wailani Sung is a board-certified veterinary behaviorist who recently joined the SF SPCA's Behavior Specialty Team. She not only helps dogs, but also cats and birds. In addition to seeing new clients, she hosts open office hours 10:30 a.m.-noon on the first Tuesday of each month. If your pet has a behavior issue you want to better understand, drop by Sung's office for a free 15-minute meeting. No need to RSVP; just show up at the SF SPCA Mission Campus Veterinary Hospital, 201 Alabama St. No pets, please – humans only. To book a behavior consultation with Sung or to learn more about the SF SPCA training classes and behavior resources, visit SFSPCA.org/behavior or call the SF SPCA Behavior Information Line at 415-554-3085.
Each month, this column is written by a different trainer or dog professional. If you'd like to contribute, contact firstname.lastname@example.com
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Main article photo by: Photo of veterinary behaviorist Dr. Wailani Sung courtesy SF SPCA


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Job Description:
The Leidos Intel Group is seeking a Software Developer with experience in Java software development using robust databases such as Oracle, in an Agile environment. We utilize high-end technology to achieve complex results in an open and collaborative teamwork. We empower individuals with practices that build a solid technical foundation into their product and a culture of collaboration into their team.
Duties and Responsibilities
oDesign, develop, test, debug, and deploy in-house software applications.
oModify existing and develop new customized modules in various Oracle products.
oIntegrate existing software into new or modified systems or operating environments.
oCollaborate with operations personnel to ensure stability and functionality of mission-critical application
oParticipate in Release Planning Events.
oParticipate in the daily scrum, update the tasks assigned in the Agile tool promptly and accurately.
oTroubleshoot production problems within assigned applications software.
oDevelop/maintain documentation and software development process standards.
Required Qualifications
oActive Top Secret Clearance.
oRequires a BS Degree and 8-12 years of relevant experience or Master's with 6-10 years.
oExperience in software development and COTS integration processes.
oExtensive Java development.
oSQL and/or PL/SQL experience.
oAbility to prioritize, status, and multitask.
Desired Qualifications
oLinux operating system experience.
oIdentity and Access Management domain experience.
oBackground in Oracle Identity Manager 11g development.
oUnderstanding of full software development lifecycle, and project milestones.
oExperience with Agile practices.
External Referral Bonus:Eligible
Potential for Telework:No
Clearance Level Required:Top Secret
Scheduled Weekly Hours:40
Requisition Category:Professional
Job Family:Software Engineering
Leidos is a Fortune 500® information technology, engineering, and science solutions and services leader working to solve the world's toughest challenges in the defense, intelligence, homeland security, civil, and health markets. The company's 33,000 employees support vital missions for government and commercial customers. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, Leidos reported annual revenues of approximately $10.19 billion for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2018. For more information, visit www.Leidos.com.
Pay and Benefits
Pay and benefits are fundamental to any career decision. That's why we craft compensation packages that reflect the importance of the work we do for our customers. Employment benefits include competitive compensation, Health and Wellness programs, Income Protection, Paid Leave and Retirement. More details are available here.
Securing Your Data
Leidos will never ask you to provide payment-related information at any part of the employment application process. And Leidos will communicate with you only through emails that are sent from a Leidos.com email address. If you receive an email purporting to be from Leidos that asks for payment-related information or any other personal information, please report the email to [email protected].
Commitment to Diversity
All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to sex, race, ethnicity, age, national origin, citizenship, religion, physical or mental disability, medical condition, genetic information, pregnancy, family structure, marital status, ancestry, domestic partner status, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, veteran or military status, or any other basis prohibited by law. Leidos will also consider for employment qualified applicants with criminal histories consistent with relevant laws.


text: Tim Kasser, Psychology, recently had a translation of one of his books published and gave two talks in Canada. The book, Maddiyatçiliğin Ağur Bedeli: Para Var Huzur Yok was published by Ufuk Yayinlan in Istanbul, Turkey; it is the Turkish translation of Kasser's 2002 book, The High Price of Materialism. Kasser also gave an invited keynote address and a workshop at the 2nd Canadian Conference on Positive Psychology in Ottawa. His keynote was titled "The good life or the goods life: Using the Science of values to Live Well Together" and the workshop was titled "Using the Science of values to Live Well Together: A fuller, practical discussion."


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the Defocus (with use Z buffer checked) works perfectly with a render layer node (tested on one frame per time).
however when i rendered the whole sequence as an OpenEXR (Multilayer or not) and imported to another blend file it works no more.
I don't see a difference between the too Z passes. Is this a normal thing ? Does saving the Z pass as another format will solve this ? i want to know before i re-render the sequence.


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If you haven't received an invitation or don't know any of our past attendants and you are interested in attending the Cyprus Value Investor Conference please provide answers to the below questions by sending us an email at firstname.lastname@example.com
- Who are you and where are you located?
- Where did you hear of the event?
- Why do you want to attend?
- What do you do on a full-time basis?
- Our goal is to create an environment that is conducive to learning and sharing, the development of friendships between value investors, and for everyone to walk away with a tangible benefit. The event is kept small so as to allow people to get to know each other and for friendships to develop. As a result, participants hear investment ideas, gain knowledge from the topics discussed and get to meet new and interesting investors from around the world. As this is an idea exchange, participants are asked to contribute in some way to the event. This is usually by a presentation on an investment idea, topic or a Q&A session. In other words some type of sharing of information and knowledge. This helps everyone become better investors and to benefit directly. In addition, it allows everyone to get to know the participant which usually leads to further discussion. All new participants are required to present an investment idea or topic. The investment idea can be any publicly traded asset (no ETFs, or funds). Topics need to be preapproved. If you work in the financial industry we will ask you to present an idea. Are you prepared to give a 15 min PowerPoint presentation? (Only 1-2 min on self, the rest must be about the idea).
- We have a non-solicitation rule and is as follows: During the whole event, please refrain from all unsolicited pitches – whether of investment or of business propositions. You should of course, feel free to respond to genuine enquiries of interest from other participants. Our goal in doing this is to create an environment that is conducive to learning and sharing. We have learned that some of our highest valued participants will not come if they think that they will be accosted by enthusiastic salespeople. During the event, there are plenty of networking opportunities, and the small size of the event ensures that everyone will speak to everyone. No participant needs to worry about their own story not getting known. We frown upon 'cold-call' type pitches and should we suspect foul play we reserve the right to ask you to leave. Do you understand our non-solicitation rule and agree to abide by it?
- All information discussed should be considered private and confidential. What is said at the event, stays at the event. You can only share information if you receive the approval from the person who shared it with you. Do you understand that information shared by participants is confidential?


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Instead of visiting the bank to make a transaction, bank on the go from your smartphone or mobile device. Log in to view account balances, review recent transactions, and more. Download the app to your iPhone® iPad® or Android™ for easy, convenient access 24/7. Mobile banking (Mobile Dime) keeps you on top of your finances — everywhere you go.
Mobile Banking & Apps
- Use your mobile device for banking tasks
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- Find the nearest The Dime Bank branch location
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- Encrypted for your financial security, even if your phone is lost or stolen
Download the Mobile Banking Guide.


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This stunning home features a fresh transitional floor plan tailored to those looking to move beyond the traditional family home. The foyer features frosted glass sliding doors concealing a private study, followed by an open concept floor plan, featuring a living, kitchen and dining area with sweeping views of the back yard, as well as an open stair case to the lower level. The master suite includes a spa-like bath and a generous walk-in closet. A second bedroom with bath is located on the first floor, to accommodate out-of-town friends and family. The lower level is ideally suited for entertaining, offering a wet bar, as well as enjoying maximum exposure to a patio overlooking the private spacious back yard. The Crowner Farms community includes a club house, pool, tennis courts & more!
|New Value: $0
|New Value: $547,000


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I still trust Willie, I do. It's only the regular season, but I wish they'd played more to step on their throats. They've hit a little downswing offensively which is understandable after a two week stretch on fire, but the bullpen has been unable to make anything stick.
The Phillies won't catch up, but you can't let them sweep either. Even the four games, while it doesn't sound like much, is enough for the division. Willie has some hard decisions ahead of him about postseason rotations and bench players, but he's got an equally hard and much more important one in finishing out this bullpen. We'll get some September call ups, and Willie has to be looking for some extra bullpen help. Someone needs to play well, so Willie can pull the "I can't leave this guy off the way he's throwing" justification for not putting Mota on the postseason roster. Honestly the Mets need to do some cost analysis and realize that the extra postseason money that they'll make from the team going further into the playoffs is more than enough to pay off Mota's contract.
Tomorrow I'll be watching the game at the Ziegler theatre with the Mets at the Movies promotion they've been promoting for a couple of weeks. I have no idea what to expect, but hopefully it'll be fun to see the Mets on the screen like that. Look for me, I'll be the one with the Mets hat.
A Short Hiatus
1 day ago