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Rethinking the Economics of Land and Housing by Josh Ryan-Collins, Toby Lloyd, Laurie Macfarlane, John Muellbauer
agricultural Revolution, asset-backed security, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, basic income, Bretton Woods, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, credit crunch, debt deflation, deindustrialization, falling living standards, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, full employment, garden city movement, George Akerlof, ghettoisation, Gini coefficient, Hernando de Soto, housing crisis, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, information asymmetry, knowledge worker, labour market flexibility, labour mobility, land reform, land tenure, land value tax, Landlord's Game, low skilled workers, market bubble, market clearing, Martin Wolf, means of production, money market fund, mortgage debt, negative equity, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, Pareto efficiency, place-making, price stability, profit maximization, quantitative easing, rent control, rent-seeking, Richard Florida, Right to Buy, rising living standards, risk tolerance, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, shareholder value, the built environment, The Great Moderation, The Market for Lemons, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transaction costs, universal basic income, urban planning, urban sprawl, working poor, working-age population
During the turbulent decades that followed, governments and other actors would make repeated attempts to reform the land economy using the growing number of tools available to democratic, developed societies. Edwardian experiments One of the most prominent figures to emerge from this period was the stenographer Sir Ebenezer Howard, who founded the influential Garden City movement in the early twentieth century (see Box 4.1). Howard's proposal was to use the community ownership of land to provide public benefits like decent housing and a healthy environment, in perpetuity. As such, the Garden City movement was as much about economic reform to address market failure as it was about design principles. Its model of holding land in perpetuity for the benefit of the community was an explicit attempt to solve the problem of rent by capturing economic rent for the community itself. Box 4.1 Sir Ebenezer Howard's garden cities In the 1880s Sir Ebenezer Howard became deeply concerned about the deteriorating conditions in large cities due to the rapid influx of large numbers of people.
Thirdly, there was the emergence of cooperative, mutual, self-organised housing provision in the form of building societies from 1775 and building clubs from the early 1800s, which provided mutual help with the financing and construction of houses respectively. Later, other forms emerged, such as the tenant co-partnership model in 1904; co-ownership in the 1960s; shared ownership co-ops in the 1970s (Birchall, 2014); and Community Land Trusts today (see Chapter 7). Although the contribution of cooperative housing to the UK housing system has never been widely acknowledged, it has been influential among movements for urban reform, including the Garden City movement, which sought to combine new design principles with cooperative and mutual traditions (see Box 4.1) (Rowlands, 2009), and the housing association movement that has largely replaced local councils in providing social housing (see below). Finally, there is also a long, and often supressed, history of self-organising land use – from the common lands of the feudal era through to the 'plotlands' movement of working class self-builders that thrived up until the Second World War.
Addison Act (1919), 78 adverse selection, 127 affordable housing: capital grants, 34; housing investment bank proposal, 209–10; need for public investment, 222–3; planning permission conditionalities, 33, 93–6, 216; public corporations' investment levels, 220–1; see also social housing age, and net property wealth, 181–2, 181 agricultural land, 9, 61, 68, 69, 122–3 agricultural tariffs, 43 agriculture: common agricultural policy, 33, 122–3; increase in productivity, 68 Alliance and Leicester, 139 Aquinas, Thomas, 16 Arkwright, Richard, 71 armed forces, demobilisation, 78, 79 Association of Residential Letting Agents (ARLA), 134 Assured Shorthold Tenancy, 89 Australia: house price to income ratio, 112, 114; land value taxes, 204–5; mortgage market structure, 156 Bank of England, 210 banks/banking: alternatives to bank debt financing, 211–12; business relationship banking, 208–9; credit and money creation, 115, 206–7; housing investment bank proposal, 209–10; incentives for non-property lending, 206–8; income from mortgage interest, 61; international regulation, 135; land as lending collateral, 7, 55, 127–8; land-related credit creation, 8, 114–19, 190–1, 222; lending by industry sector, 118–19, 118; lending relative to GDP, 117–18, 117; leverage, 184; macroprudential policy, 206; minimum deposit requirements (corset controls), 132, 155; money supply, 115; regulating property-related credit, 154–5; securitisation, 135–42, 156–7, 156; structural reform recommendations, 208–9; wholesale money markets, 131, 139 Basel Accord (Basel I), 135 basements, 57, 57n16 Bath, 71 Belgium, mortgage market structure, 156 Bradford and Bingley, 139 Bretton Woods system, 83 Brighton, 71 building societies: demutualisation, 134–5, 136; effect of mortgage funding deregulation, 132–3; emergence, 72, 128; favourable tax regime, 132; history, 129; interest rate cartel, 130, 132; mergers and acquisitions, 136; mortgage funding arrangements, 131; stability, 129–30, 132, 158 Building Societies Act (1986), 133 buy-to-let (BTL): increase, 7, 184; mortgages, 122, 134; overseas investors, 100, 160; tax relief, 62, 86, 160 Cadbury, George, 71 Canada, mortgage market structure, 156 capital: conflated with land, 48–52, 62; definition, 37–8; differences between land and capital, 51–7; differences between wealth and capital, 170–1; factor in production, 37–8 capital gains tax: for buy-to-let landlords, 62; definition, 85–6; exemption for primary residencies, 85–6, 104, 202 capital goods depreciation, 52–3 capital investment, 56 Capital Markets Union (CMU), 141 capitalism: Golden Age, 83; land as private property, 36; Primitive Accumulation concept, 18 Cerberus Capital Management, 136, 137 cholera, 70, 73 Churchill, Winston, 76–7, 189 Clark, John Bates, 48–51, 57–9 classical economics, 17, 38, 45, 48, 70 co-ownership housing, 72, 86 coal industry, 69 collateral: commercial real estate, 148; land as, 7, 20–1, 127–8, 160; see also home equity withdrawal collectivisation, 43 commercial real estate (CRE), 148–50; bank lending, 118–19, 118, 130, 148; credit bubbles and crises, 111, 148–9; data sets, 63; effect of UK vote to leave EU, 150; foreign investment, 149; investment returns, 148, 149–50; and Japanese crisis, 151–3; rating lists, 202; time-limited leases, 214 common agricultural policy, 33, 122–3 communications technology, 9 Community Land Trusts, 72, 198–9, 214, 221 commuting, 27 Competition, Credit and Control Act (1971), 130 compulsory purchase: 'hope value' court judgments, 88; housing construction, 80–1; infrastructure projects, 31, 73, 196–7, 222 conservation areas, 32 construction industry see housing construction industry consumption: affected by house deposit saving, 145; and asset-based wealth, 123–4; consumption-to-income ratio trends, 143–4, 144; equity release and consumer demand, 145–7, 146; and house prices, 147; and inequality, 185–7 cooperative housing, 72, 215 Corn Laws, 43, 69–70 corporate income tax, 168–9 council tax, 104, 201, 202 credit conditions index, 143–4, 144 credit controls, 132 credit liberalisation, 144 Crown Estate, 19, 31 Darrow, Charles, 47 de Soto, Hernando, 21 debt, public sector debt, 219–21 debt-to-income ratio, 115–16, 116, 139, 159, 186 defaults, mortgage lending, 141 deindustrialisation, 168 Denmark: land value taxes, 204; size of new-builds, 97 developing economies, and private property, 21–2 development charge, 82 digital economy, 9 Eastern Europe, serfdom, 23–4 Eccles, Marriner, 186–7 economic growth: dependence on land values, 190–1; and homeownership, 21–2 economic modelling, 50–1, 155, 218 economic rent: Crown Estate, 31; determined by collective rather than individual investment, 40; financial sector, 44, 184; infrastructure projects, 194–5, 196–7; and land, 39–44, 56–7; and land taxes, 34–5, 45–8, 76–7, 199, 222; and landownership, 10–13, 25; oil sector, 44; urban areas, 41–2, 73–4 economic theory: landownership, 16–18; marginal productivity theory, 49–50, 51, 56, 57–9, 165–7; shortcomings, 64–5, 191–2, 217; teaching reform proposals, 218 Edinburgh New Town, 66, 71, 80 eminent domain theory, 16 Enlightenment, 16 equity release see home equity withdrawal European Investment Bank, 210 European Union: Capital Markets Union (CMU), 141; common agricultural policy, 33, 122–3; full-recourse mortgage loans, 141–2; government debt, 220; UK decision to leave, 150, 160 Eurostat, 64, 219 factory workers, accommodation, 71 feudal system, 18, 19, 32 financial crisis (2007-8): causes, 153–4, 159–60, 186–7; effect on mortgages, 100; and house and land prices, 101, 140; Northern Rock, 136–7; payment defaults, 123; UK banking collapse, 139–40 financial instability, 152–3, 154–5, 185–7 Financial Policy Committee, 155, 206 financial sector: economic rent, 44, 184; profitability, 184; reform proposals, 205–12; see also banks/banking financialisation, 120; declining wage share in national income, 169; land, 14, 110–12; land and property, 160 First World War, 77 Fisher, Irving, 152 Florida, credit-driven bubbles, 111 foreign exchange controls, 132 France: feudal system, 32; Livrét A accounts, 210; mortgage market structure, 156; private tenancy, 32; residential property wealth, 9, 10 French Physiocrats, 38 Friedman, Milton, 87 Garden City movement, 72, 75–6 GDP: and bank lending by sector, 118–19, 118; and declining wage share, 169; and domestic mortgage lending, 118, 156–8, 156; and home equity withdrawal, 146; and household debt, 151; and outstanding credit loans, 117; and property wealth, 9–10, 10 George, Henry, 12, 25, 34, 45, 58, 60–1, 76, 87, 199; Progress and Poverty, 40–1, 46–7 Germany: business relationship banking, 208–9; credit controls, 207; economic success and low homeownership, 215; house price to income ratio, 112, 114; mortgage market structure and homeownership, 156, 157–8; private tenancy, 32 Gini coefficient, 163, 177, 178 globalisation, 167–8, 169 Great Depression, 186–7 Great Moderation, 154, 191 Grotius, Hugo, 16 Halifax Bank of Scotland (HBOS), 139 health problems, and inequality, 185 help-to-buy schemes, 122 Henry VIII, King, 20 high-rise buildings, 57 Hill, Octavia, 71 home equity withdrawal: contribution to consumer demand, 145–7, 146; and financial crisis, 187; and living standards, 180; and mortgage market structure, 156–7, 156; to finance consumer goods, 127, 133 homeownership: benefits, 101; difficulties in saving for, rent trap, 106; downward trend, 83, 103, 178; as financial asset, 63; housing costs, 179; increased unemployment and reduced labour mobility, 27–8, 215; interwar growth, 78; investment opportunity, 92; low-supply equilibrium, 102; and mortgage market structure, 156–8, 156; mutual co-ownership, 86; political and electoral dominance, 24–5, 92; Right to Buy policy, 89, 90–1, 103; rise in 1970s/80s, 86; second homes, 160; trends, 106–7, 107 Hong Kong, Mass Transit Railway, 195 house building see housing construction industry house prices: boom and bust, 88, 99; and consumer demand, 147; and credit availability, 116–18; financial crisis collapse, 140; and growing inequality, 177–8; house price-credit feedback cycle, 119–24; increase with buy-to-let mortgages, 134; low-supply equilibrium, 102; negative equity, 123, 133–4; price-to-income ratios, 99, 100, 112–14, 114, 139, 183, 183; and real disposable income, 115–16, 116; replacement cost vs market price, 6; rise due to insufficient supply, 63; volatility, 8, 8, 112–14, 114; volatility reduced by land taxes, 200 Housing Act (1924), 78 Housing Act (1980), 89 Housing Act (1988), 89 housing associations, 72, 82, 83, 93 housing benefit, 34, 96, 106 housing construction industry: barriers to entry, 97; building clubs, 72; compulsory land purchase, 80–1; concentration, 96–7; costs, 8, 95; development charge, 82; effect of financial crisis, 101; land banks (with planning permission), 96–7, 101; peak, 82; poor design quality, 97; private house building, 78; size trends, 97; speculative house building, 93, 94–5, 96; trends, 82–5, 82, 83 housing costs: by tenure type, 179; and inequality, 179–80 housing demand, 63, 114 Housing, Town Planning, &c.
Underground, Overground by Andrew Martin
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bank run, congestion charging, garden city movement, Plutocrats, plutocrats, traveling salesman, V2 rocket
They were written with a strangulated lyricism. Metroland was a 'verdant realm' set on 'gentle, flower-decked downs'; houses were 'homesteads' (and they were set on 'estates', at least until the London County Council began to build its own 'estates' for London's poor, thus giving the word a downmarket association). The houses in the booklets were shown with large gardens, demonstrating the influence of the turn-of-the-century Garden City Movement. The railway, with its 'fast and luxurious electric trains', was somewhere distant on the horizon, whereas the vibrations of the trains had cracked Mr Pooter's garden wall in his earlier, more central suburb of Holloway. Actually, most of the Metroland houses were cheap semis, costing about £400 (£20,000 in today's money), but they offered a new way of living: owner occupation. This was promoted by the Conservative government from 1923 – by means of a subsidy to builders and tax breaks for building societies – in order to meet a housing shortage and alleviate economic depression.
She counteracted the development of Golders Green by raising funds to buy 80 acres of land to the east of the proposed station, and here the Hampstead Heath Extension was created. On a further 250 acres of land she founded Hampstead Garden Suburb, the rationale being that if the countryside of north London were to be developed, then it would be developed in the right way. 'The Suburb', as it is known to its residents, was a spin-off from the Garden City movement. It was meant to provide homes for all classes – a vision most emphatically not fulfilled, as anyone who tried to open, say, a pub within its boundaries would quickly discover. The Arts and Crafts houses, divided by hedges and not walls, are populated exclusively by the upper middle classes. It was an anti-Underground development, and indeed most of its houses are a long walk from Golders Green tube station.
Hamilton 104 Embankment District Line 61 Northern Line xii, 133, 178–9, 220, 221 see also Charing Cross Engel, Matthew 15 England's Hour (Brittain) 232–3 English Heritage 92 Epping 76, 201, 209 Epping-Ongar shuttle 150, 208–10 Epstein, Jacob 188–9 escalators xiv–xv, 142, 217–19, 246, 261 Essex Road 122 Euston (railway station) 13, 23 Euston (Underground station) Northern Line 108, 177, 220, 236–7 Victoria Line 236–7 Euston Road (station) see Warren Street Euston Road (street) 1–2, 17, 42 see also New Road Euston Square 36 Evening Standard xv, 238 Extension Railway, The 51, 52 F Fairlop 208, 256 Fares Fair 243–4, 245 Farringdon Crossrail 255 Fleet pipe 29, 30 Metropolitan Railway 1, 10, 22, 26, 34–5, 52 Farringdon Road 21 Feltz, Vanessa 177 Fenchurch Street 13 Fennell Report 246 Finchley Central 202, 203 Finchley Road 5, 51, 75, 173 Finsbury Park Aldwych Shuttle 151–2 Big Tube 121, 122, 123–4, 125 Great Northern 182 Great Northern & Strand Railway 122, 130, 150 LNER line 205, 206 Piccadilly Line 5, 122, 123–4, 144 Victoria Line 5, 123–4, 234 fire 246 First Capital Connect 125, 183 First World War 152, 224 Fitzroy, Caroline 83 fleas 228 Fleet River 29–31 Fleet Valley 21, 27 Forbes, James Staats 56, 62, 64 Ford, Ford Madox 135 four-rail electrification 103, 135–6 Fowler, John 31, 42 Fowler's Ghost 42 Franch, John 126, 143 Freud, Bella 259 Frosterus, Sigurd 111 Fulham 80–1 Fulham Railway Bridge 81 G Gallop, Alan 60 Gants Hill xii–xiii, 207–8 Garden City Movement 169, 176 gardens Chesham 77 Edgware Road 69–70 Garfield, Simon 160 Garland, Ken 200, 201, 203 gas lights 37–8 gatemen 147, 210 gauge 33 Gawley, Marc 268 Gentle Gunman, The 153 ghost stations 263–4 ghosts 261, 263 Gibb, Sir George 148, 149–50, 156 Gibson Square 237 Gill, Eric 188 Gillespie Road see Arsenal Ginger, Lee 204 Gissing, George 40 Gladstone, Mrs 31 Gladstone, William 31, 33, 34 Glasgow 2 Gloucester Road 57, 62 gnomes 69–70 Golders Green 133, 144, 148, 175–7, 178, 179 Gooch, Sir Daniel 42 Goodge Street 147, 230 Gower Street 36 see also Euston Square Grand Central Hotel 75, 78 Graves, Charles 226 Great Central Railway 75 Great Eastern Railway 13, 47, 90, 256 Great Northern & City Railway 105, 120–5, 130, 158, 159, 182, 191, 206 Great Northern & Strand Railway 122, 130, 133, 150 Great Northern Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP & B) 130, 150–1 see also Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway; Piccadilly Line Great Northern Railway 25, 42, 75, 158 Big Tube 121–2, 123, 130 Edgware 178 Finsbury Park 121, 122, 150, 182 and Metropolitan Railway 26, 52, 56 Great Portland Street 36 Great Western Railway 14, 26, 33, 42, 43, 49, 207 Greater London Authority 251–2 Greater London Council (GLC) 166, 241, 242, 243–4 abolition 245 creation 239 Jubilee Line 240 see also London County Council Greathead, James Henry 95, 98, 100, 115, 116, 121, 141 tunnelling shield 95, 99, 115 Green, Hughie 172 Green, Leslie 6, 145–7 Green, Oliver 187, 208 Green Belt 8, 149, 206, 209, 221–2 Green Belt (London and Home Counties) Act 1938 222 Green Park 231, 247 Grigsby, Emilie Busbey 128 Grossmith, George and Weedon 167 Grosvenor Gallery Power Station 83, 84 guards xiv, 210–11 Gunnersbury 80 H Hackney 274 hackney carriages 18 Hainault 208 Hale, George Ellery 142 Halliday, Stephen 132, 142, 156, 169, 224, 261 Hammersmith 50 Circle Line 68 District Line 79 Piccadilly Line 133, 144, 182 Hammersmith & City Line 28, 49–50, 79 Baker Street 37 and Circle Line 68 Edgware Road 68 Paddington 37 Wood Lane and White City 119, 120 Hammersmith & City Railway 49 Hampstead 148, 178 Hampstead Garden Suburb 176, 177 Hampstead Heath 129, 133, 176 Hampstead Road 264–5 Hampstead Tube see Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway Hancock, Tony 257 Hardy, Brian 220 Hardy, Thomas 55 Harris, Bumper 217, 261 Harrods 82, 83 Harrow 72 Harrow & Wealdstone 168 Hassall, John 161–2 Hay, William Delisle 97 Heap, D. 11 Heart of London, The (Dickens) 242 Heathrow 184, 274 Hendon 179 Henry VIII Hotel 58 Hertford 183 Hibbert, Christopher 82 High Barnet 9, 205, 206 High Holborn 114 'High Road' (Betjeman) 174 High Street Kensington 57, 62 High Wages (Whipple) 1, 2 Highbury 235 Highbury & Islington 120, 122 Highgate xii, 144, 147, 148, 205, 206 see also Archway History of London Transport, A (Barker and Robbins) 20–1, 85, 101, 127, 128, 132 Holborn 150, 151, 152, 263 Holborn Viaduct 21, 55, 56 Holden, Charles 184, 186, 247, 255 55 Broadway 188–9 Arnos Grove 183, 184 Central Line stations 207 Northern Line stations 179, 186–7 Piccadilly Circus 187–8 Piccadilly Line stations 189–90 Hole in the Wall, The 39 Holland Park 116 Holloway Road 130 Holmes, Sherlock 38, 63, 75, 247 Hopkins, Anthony 259 Hornbys 33 Horne, M.
Green Metropolis: Why Living Smaller, Living Closer, and Driving Less Are Thekeys to Sustainability by David Owen
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A Pattern Language, active transport: walking or cycling, big-box store, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, carbon footprint, clean water, congestion charging, delayed gratification, distributed generation, drive until you qualify, East Village, food miles, garden city movement, hydrogen economy, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, linear programming, McMansion, Murano, Venice glass, Negawatt, New Urbanism, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, placebo effect, Stewart Brand, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas L Friedman, unemployed young men, urban planning, urban sprawl, walkable city, zero-sum game
In 1847, a Scottish visitor to England concisely summarized the dark side of that country's industrial progress, when he described the Irwell River as it flowed out of Manchester: "There are myriads of dirty things given it to wash, and whole waggon-loads of poisons from dye-houses and bleach-yards thrown into it to carry away; steam-boilers discharge into it their seething contents, and drains and sewers their fetid impurities; till at length it rolls on—here between tall dingy walls, there under precipices of red sandstone—considerably less a river than a flood of liquid manure, in which all life dies, whether animal or vegetable, and which resembles nothing in nature, except, perhaps, the stream thrown out in eruption by some mud-volcano." 29 The proposed solution was to reverse the direction of human migration—in effect, to create sprawl. In 1898, Ebenezer Howard, a British urban planner and the originator of the open-space-oriented development scheme known as the garden city movement, wrote, "It is wellnigh universally agreed by men of all parties, not only in England, but all over Europe and America and our colonies, that it is deeply to be deplored that people should continue to stream into the already over-crowded cities, and should thus further deplete the country districts." Howard, in support of this idea, quoted the cleric Frederic William Farrar, who had described large cities as "the graves of the physique of our race."
See carbon emissions; specific issues Environmental Design & Construction environmental movement anti-city bias distributed electricity generation scheme Kyoto Protocol locavorism misguided focus opposition to large-scale initiatives product marketing rationalization of wasteful practices recycling emphasis scientific proposals Sierra Club sustainability concept EROEI (energy returned on energy invested) ethanol Europe economic collapse energy efficiency of old cities garden city movement industrialization shared-space traffic calming exurban areas. See suburbs and nonurban areas "Facing the Freshwater Crisis" (Rogers) Farr, Douglas Farrar, Frederic William Fast Company Feigon, Sharon "Fenestration Heat Loss Facts" (National Fenestration Rating Council) Fenichell, Stephen financial issues. See economics Fletcher, June food crops. See agricultural products Ford, Henry Fortwo automobile (Daimler AG) fossil fuels.
See agricultural products Ford, Henry Fortwo automobile (Daimler AG) fossil fuels. See also coal; natural gas; oil as basis of modern life carbon-based alternatives to oil economic viability of low-grade fuels from as multipliers of human labor origin of 4 Times Square (Condé Nast Building) Fowle, Bruce Frank, Lawrence Freakonomics (Levitt and Dubner) Friedman, Thomas L. fuel-cell technology and hydrogen power Gap Inc. building garden city movement gasoline cheapness of consumption rates prices, emotional responses to prices, public transit usage and taxes General Motors Germany Girardet, Herbert Gissen, David Giuliani, Rudolph glass, in building construction Gnaizda, Robert Goodstein, David Gordon Strong Automobile Objective Great Pacific Garbage Patch green architecture. See architecture; LEED (Leadership in Energy Efficient Design) Green Building Initiative Green Globes building rating system green movement.
Britain Etc by Mark Easton
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agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, British Empire, credit crunch, financial independence, garden city movement, global village, Howard Rheingold, income inequality, intangible asset, James Watt: steam engine, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, low skilled workers, mass immigration, moral panic, Ronald Reagan, science of happiness, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Slavoj Žižek, social software
The invention of the mower had seen the lawn escape over the high hedges of England's great estates and into the gardens of a million humble suburban homes. Urban planners had become convinced of the need for green spaces and municipal authorities vied to recruit the finest lawn-makers for their locality. The last decade of the nineteenth century saw a thousand acres of town gardens and ornamental grounds open in London alone. The Garden City movement of Ebenezer Howard revisited some of Loudon's ideas, creating new towns built around concentric circles of green. The National Trust was born, with a mission to protect 'the public interest in open spaces'. The trust would go on to care for more than 600,000 acres of land 'for the benefit of the nation'. It appeared the long and bloody fight for the right of all to walk upon the green grass had been won.
Richard, ref1 French Connection, ref1 Freud, Sigmund, ref1 Friends, ref1 Fruit and Vegetable Taskforce (2011), ref1 fruit, fresh, see vegetables 'The F*** Shop' (2 Live Crew), ref1 Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics (UN), ref1 Furnham, Prof. Adrian, ref1 Fyfe, David Maxwell, ref1, ref2 Gaelic League, ref1 Gainsborough, 5th Earl of, ref1 Galleries shopping centre, ref1 Galton, Sir Francis, ref1 Game Act (1671), ref1, ref2 Game Reform Act (1831), ref1 Garden City movement, ref1 Gardner, Randy, ref1 Gateway 2000, ref1 Geddes, Sir Patrick, ref1 G8, ref1 General Elections: 1900, ref1 1951, ref1 1964, ref1 1970, ref1 1997, ref1, ref2, ref3 2001, ref1 2005, ref1 2010, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 A General Theory of Crime (Gottfredson, Hirschi), ref1 generation gap, ref1 see also young people George II, ref1 George VI, ref1 Georgia, drinking culture in, ref1 Gerbeau, Pierre-Yves ('PY'), ref1 'Get The F*** Out Of My House (Bitch)' (2 Live Crew), ref1 ghetto language, ref1 Giddens, Anthony, ref1, ref2, ref3 Gilligan, James, ref1, ref2 Girdlestone, Revd Charles, ref1 Gladstone, William, ref1 global communication, ref1 see also Internet; media; television global financial crisis, ref1, ref2 globalisation, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 WWW powers new period of, ref1 beginnings of, ref1 'glocalization', ref1 glue sniffing, ref1 goats' cheese, ref1 'God Save The Queen', ref1 Godric, St, ref1 Godwin, George, ref1 Golden Age of Nutrition, ref1 Golinski, Jan, ref1 'Good Childhood', ref1 Goons, The, ref1 Gorau Glas, ref1 Gordon, David, ref1, ref2 Goring, Charles, ref1 Gottfredson, Michael, ref1 Gowing, Nik, ref1 Grant, Hugh, ref1 grass, ref1 passim country fanatical about, ref1 as open spaces, see public open space shopping mall appropriates, ref1 state of, in public open spaces, ref1 urban planners convinced of need for, ref1 Great Depression, ref1 Great Eastern, SS, ref1 Great Exhibition (1851), ref1 Great House of Easement, ref1 Great North Vote, ref1 Great Public Demonstration (1902), ref1 Greece, ref1 ancient, ref1 Green Belt, ref1 Greene, Sir Hugh, ref1 Greer, Germaine, ref1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), ref1, ref2 Group Lafon, ref1 Grundy, Bill, ref1 Guardian, ref1, ref2 Guildford Four, ref1 Gulf War, first, ref1 Gurría, Angel, ref1 guttersludge, ref1 Hackney carriages, ref1 Hadrian's Wall, ref1 Hailsham, Viscount, ref1 Halcyon, ref1 Hall, G.
Utopias: A Brief History From Ancient Writings to Virtual Communities by Howard P. Segal
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1960s counterculture, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, complexity theory, David Brooks, death of newspapers, dematerialisation, deskilling, energy security, European colonialism, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, future of journalism, garden city movement, germ theory of disease, Golden Gate Park, invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, John von Neumann, knowledge economy, liberation theology, Louis Pasteur, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, means of production, Nicholas Carr, Nikolai Kondratiev, out of africa, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ray Kurzweil, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Skype, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stewart Brand, technoutopianism, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, transcontinental railway, traveling salesman, union organizing, urban planning, War on Poverty, Whole Earth Catalog
Beside the Shakers, few other utopian communities created even a second site. Outside the United States and Europe, utopian communities persist, as they have for centuries—as with, for instance, Buddhist monasteries and their Hindu equivalents in China, India, Japan, and Southeast Asia. There are also various secular utopian communities in these nations and regions, such as those influenced in Japan by both Robert Owen and the Garden City movement. Some of these Asian communities have also sprung up in the West and have often been characterized, whether positively or negatively, as cults—most famously the Hare Krishnas, officially known as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. Their dancing and chanting in colorful garb in cities have become familiar sights.18 Israeli Kibbutzim Paradoxically, high tech has at once helped to save and helped to undermine the small Israeli communal societies called the kibbutzim.
Buckminster 14, 245–249 influence 195–196, 207 and "limits of growth" 237–238 sense of social responsibility 163 as visionary 162 Fuller Archives 245–246 see also Utopia or Oblivion Fulton, Robert 142 Funding for science and technology 121–122 Future and its Enemies, The (Postrel) 164 "Future of Land Grant Universities, The" 207 future of print 217–222 online readerships 219 Future Shock (Toffler) 118, 163–164, 236 Galbraith, John Kenneth 12, 101, 109, 122, 161 Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma) 173 Garden City movement 196 Garden of Eden 47, 243 Gates, Bill 157–158, 161, 163, 186, 201 philanthropy 247 Gates, Melinda 163 Geddes, Norman Bel 34, 35 geeks, image of 201 General Electric 167 genetic engineering 121, 124, 159, 187 genetic modification of animals 125–126 genetic testing 126 Genius of American Politics, The (Boorstin) 101 geodesic dome 195–196, 246–247 George Lucas Educational Foundation 204–205 George, Henry 82 German Ideology The (Marx/ Engels) 66–67 Germany 38, 79 Nazi Germany 104, 244 and nuclear power 152 Gernsback, Hugo 9 Ghost Busters 202 Gilbert, Daniel 124–125 Gillette, King Camp 90 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins 92 Gimpel, Jean 236–237 Gingrich, Newt 118, 189 Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879 (Perrin) 234–235 global citizenship, visions of 252, 253 God is Back (Micklethwait and Wooldridge) 11 Golden Gate International Exposition, San Francisco 34 Google 158, 193, 205 Gore, Vice-President Al 119, 189 Great Delusion, The (Stoll) 79 Great Depression, 1930s 9, 83, 96, 102, 109 Great Famine, China 19 Great Society 159 Index 275 Greater East Asian Japanese colonialist movement 21 "Green Globe, The" 242 Griffith, Mary 78, 81, 90, 91 Guernica 35, 252 Gulliver's Travels (Swift) 200 Gutenberg, Johann 190 Hammersley, Ben 218 Hardwicke, Cedric 240, 241 Hare Krishnas (International Society for Krishna Consciousness) 196 Harrington, Michael 101 Hawai'i Research Center for Futures Studies 250 Hawking, Professor Stephen 202 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 25, 130 Heaven: Our Enduring Fascination with the Afterlife (Miller) 12 Heinlein, Robert 9 Hemingway, Ernest 90 Henry VIII, King 48 Herf, Jeffrey 104 Herland (Gilman) 92 Hesiod 47 Hewlett, William 158 Hewlett-Packard 158, 192 higher education–military research nexus 115 Higher Learning in America, The (Veblen) 216 high-tech: advances 2 and cyberspace 192, 253, 255 and education 203, 209, 211–213, 214 India 172 industry 110,121,158,163,198 Kellogg Commission and 211–213, 214, 215, 216–217 and military 238 negative aspects 121, 217, 243 276 Index research 115, 121 and techno-fixes 211 and techno-mania 187 utopias and utopianism 1, 16, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165–168, 186, 207–208 zealots and 188–189 see also cyberspace Hilton, James 13 Hinduism 171 hippies at Golden Gate Park 248 history: nature of 19, 51 distortion of 84 persistence of 163–164 prophets' ignoring of 163, 166, 188–193 Hitler, Adolf 243, 244 Ho Chi Minh trail 105 Ho, Koon-ki 17 Homeland Security Science and Technology Stakeholders 253–254 Honey, I Blew Up the Kid 202 Honey, I Shrunk the Kids 202 Hoover, President Herbert 88, 102, 110 Horace 47–48 Howe, Irving 253 Hubble space telescope 121 human behavior 123, 125 Human Genome Project 124 human rights 23, 39 suppression of 168 utopias and 253 human satisfaction 240 Huxley, Aldous 123, 164, 166 Huxley, T.
Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia by Anthony M. Townsend
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1960s counterculture, 4chan, A Pattern Language, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, anti-communist, Apple II, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Burning Man, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, charter city, chief data officer, clean water, cleantech, cloud computing, computer age, congestion charging, connected car, crack epidemic, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data acquisition, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, Donald Davies, East Village, Edward Glaeser, game design, garden city movement, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Gilder, ghettoisation, global supply chain, Grace Hopper, Haight Ashbury, Hedy Lamarr / George Antheil, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jacquard loom, Jacquard loom, Jane Jacobs, jitney, John Snow's cholera map, Khan Academy, Kibera, knowledge worker, load shedding, M-Pesa, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Occupy movement, off grid, openstreetmap, packet switching, Parag Khanna, patent troll, Pearl River Delta, place-making, planetary scale, popular electronics, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, social software, social web, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, telepresence, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, too big to fail, trade route, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, working poor, working-age population, X Prize, Y2K, zero day, Zipcar
As they descended from the roof, they passed through a succession of chambers that portrayed the city situated at ever-larger scales—within Scotland, within Europe, and in the world—a Victorian precursor of sorts to Rio de Janeiro's digital dashboard. The building doubled as a repository for the vast archive of information Geddes had gathered about the region, which he intended visitors to experience in its entirety. Upon reaching the ground floor, visitors were ushered out the door into the real city itself. The Garden City movement spread quickly in the early decades of the twentieth century, its principles inspiring copycat designs around the world. But while Geddes would go on to create several city master plans himself, including Tel Aviv and dozens of Indian cities and towns, it was Howard's precise physical program that attracted the most attention, from fans and critics alike. Jane Jacobs excoriated Howard in Death and Life of Great American Cities, published in 1961, arguing that "He conceived of good planning as a series of static acts; in each case the plan must anticipate all that is needed. . . .
., 61–62 Flood, Joe, 212 FootPath, 271–72 "forever day" vulnerabilities, 268 Forio, 83 Forrester, 2 Forrester, Jay, 76–78, 81–82, 84–85 Foundation (Asimov), 74–75, 88 Foursquare, 144–52, 319 Dodgeball compared with, 148–49 Franken, Al, 14 Frankfurt, 38 Frazer, John and Julia, 21–22 Freedom of Information Act, 296 Frenchman, Dennis, 219 Friendster, 122–23 From Warfare to Welfare: Defense Intellectuals and Urban Problems in Cold War America (Light), 78–79 G8 group of industrialized nations, 279 Gale International, 27–28, 49 Garaufis, Nicholas, 275 Garden Cities of To-Morrow (Howard), 94–95 Garden City Movement, 94–98, 107 g-cloud, 170, 289 Geddes, Patrick, 96–98, 105–6, 113–14, 235–36, 282–83, 302–3 Gelernter, David, 69–73, 89–91, 283, 298 General Electric, 8, 34, 38, 77 General Motors, 7, 18, 47, 95, 101 General Transit Feed Specification, 204 "Generator," 21–22 as celebration of "messy human scale," 28 Geraci, John, 154–59, 165, 202 Germany, 244 Gerstner, Louis, Jr., 62 Gettys, Jim, 266 Gibson, William, 119 GigaOM, 38 Gig.U, 289 Gilbertson, Nate, 159 Gilder, George, 6 Gilliam, Terry, 258 Gilman, Howard, 20–21 Giuliani, Rudolph "Rudy," 205 Glaeser, Ed, 159–60, 278 GLONASS, 265 Goldman, Greg, 194–98 Goldsmith, Stephen, 205–7 Goldstein, Brett, 211 GOODBUILDINGS, 229 Google, 125, 134, 146, 157–58, 242, 272 Flu Trends of, 157 self-driving car of, 317–18 Google Maps, 200 Gordon, Robert, 280 Gottmann, Jean, 160–61 "Gov 2.0," 237–38, 241 Gowalla, 146–47 GPS, 68, 163, 186–87, 207, 265, 272, 306 headset for blind using, 244 Gray Area Foundation for the Arts, 226–28, 230 Greenfield, Adam, 113, 303 Greenhill, Andrew, 237–38 Green Metropolis (Owen), 278 Greenwich Village, 102–4 Grossman, Nick, 158–59 Haamer, Veljo, 133–34 hackers, 119–26, 145, 153, 158, 227–30, 292, 301, 320 for open-source and free-wireless, 223 of the smart city, 227 Hagen, Erica, 186, 188 Hahn, Jury, 301–2 Hamas, 233, 273 Harrelson, Chris, 204 Harris, Josh, 121 Harrison, Colin, 64–65, 68, 69, 72, 84–85, 88, 269, 299 Harvey, Adam, 14 Haselmayer, Sascha, 243–48 HBO, 132 Hebbert, Frank, 307 Heeks, Richard, 175–76, 180, 188, 192 Heiferman, Scott, 159 Heisenberg, Werner, 88 Herron, Ron, 20 Hickenlooper, John, 206 Hills Are Evil!
The New Economics: A Bigger Picture by David Boyle, Andrew Simms
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Asian financial crisis, back-to-the-land, banking crisis, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bonfire of the Vanities, Bretton Woods, capital controls, carbon footprint, clean water, collateralized debt obligation, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, congestion charging, corporate raider, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, delayed gratification, deskilling, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, financial deregulation, financial exclusion, financial innovation, full employment, garden city movement, happiness index / gross national happiness, if you build it, they will come, income inequality, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, land reform, light touch regulation, loss aversion, mega-rich, microcredit, Mikhail Gorbachev, mortgage debt, neoliberal agenda, new economy, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, oil shock, peak oil, pensions crisis, profit motive, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, Ronald Reagan, seigniorage, Simon Kuznets, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, Vilfredo Pareto, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, working-age population
BizFizz has a proven record of increasing business start-up and survival, but also increases the confidence and sense of self-reliance among the community as a whole. www.bizfizz.org.uk Community finance Community development finance plays a vital role in the UK to address financial exclusion and underinvestment in disadvantaged areas through provision of finance 174 THE NEW ECONOMICS and money advice to individuals and enterprises. nef was instrumental in setting up the Social Investment Task Force, and introducing the idea of Community Investment Tax Relief, helped found the Community Development Finance Association, incubated the London Rebuilding Society, and is a founding partner in the Adventure Capital Fund, as well as of the European Microfinance Network. nef was involved in researching and assisting in the development of seven community banking partnerships in England and Wales, which partner credit unions, community development finance institutions and money advice agencies in the co-delivery of community finance services to low and moderate income households. www.cdfa.org.uk Community land trusts Land trusts were developed at the Institute of Community Economics as a way of dividing the property, which can be owned outright, from the land it stands on, which is owned by a trust. This keeps property prices down and provides greater control over local land use. By separating the land costs from the building costs, community land trusts can reduce the cost of housing by half. They trace their roots to the cooperative land reform efforts of Robert Owen, the Chartists, John Ruskin and the garden cities movement, but the model was forgotten. nef worked with Community Finance Solutions at the University of Salford to lead research to help reintroduce community land trusts to England and Wales. nef has also developed with CDS Cooperatives a new model called Mutual Homeownership. www.communitylandtrust.org.uk Community reinvestment Banks have a moral obligation – and in the USA this is a legal obligation – to lend money in places they are prepared to accept deposits from.
Emergence by Steven Johnson
A Pattern Language, agricultural Revolution, Brewster Kahle, British Empire, Claude Shannon: information theory, complexity theory, Danny Hillis, Douglas Hofstadter, edge city, epigenetics, game design, garden city movement, Gödel, Escher, Bach, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, hypertext link, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Kevin Kelly, late capitalism, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, Menlo Park, Murano, Venice glass, Naomi Klein, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, pattern recognition, pez dispenser, phenotype, Potemkin village, price mechanism, profit motive, Ray Kurzweil, slashdot, Socratic dialogue, stakhanovite, Steven Pinker, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, traveling salesman, trickle-down economics, Turing machine, Turing test, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush
Cities with populations in the millions simply put too much stress on the natural homeostatic tendencies of human collectives. In The City in History, published around the same period, Mumford had looked back at the Greek city-states, and their penchant for founding new units once the original community reached a certain size—the urban equivalent of reproducing by spores. His attachment to Ebenezer Howard also stemmed from the same lack of confidence in metropolitan self-regulation: the Garden City movement—not entirely unlike the New Urbanist movement of today—was an attempt to provide the energy and dynamism of city life in smaller doses. The Italian hill towns of the Renaissance had achieved an ideal mix of density and diversity while keeping their overall population within reasonable bounds (reined in largely by the walls that surrounded them). These were street-centric spaces with a vibrant public culture, but they remained knowable communities too: small enough to foster a real sense of civic belonging.
Austerity Britain: 1945-51 by David Kynaston
Alistair Cooke, anti-communist, British Empire, Chelsea Manning, collective bargaining, continuous integration, deindustrialization, deskilling, Etonian, full employment, garden city movement, hiring and firing, industrial cluster, invisible hand, job satisfaction, labour mobility, light touch regulation, mass immigration, moral panic, Neil Kinnock, occupational segregation, price mechanism, rent control, reserve currency, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, stakhanovite, strikebreaker, the market place, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, very high income, wage slave, washing machines reduced drudgery, wealth creators, women in the workforce, young professional
Another such individual with high ambitions and limited tolerance was Ernö Goldfinger: born in Hungary in 1902, a student in Paris until moving to England in 1933, a larger-than-life presence with a frightening temper. Writing in 1942 in the Architectural Review (one of modernism's strongholds), he gave a hostile appraisal of a clutch of publications in Faber and Faber's 'Rebuilding Britain' series, masterminded by Osborn and including Osborn's own Overture to Planning. After noting that all the publications 'state as axiomatic truths the one-sided arguments of the Garden City Movement', Goldfinger went on: 'The problem before the re-planners of the country can be neatly and precisely defined by saying that it is to create a frame for human life, liberated as far as possible from the drudgery of material need. Modern technology enables this to be done. But this aim will not be furthered by the introduction of sentimentality.' Justifying this charge by picking out phrases from Osborn's pamphlet like 'values of our civilisation' and 'sacred fires', Goldfinger then put his modernist cards on the table: In all these publications the problem of the size of cities is treated again and again with an unrealistic and sentimental bias.
The other six were Corby in Northamptonshire, Newton Aycliffe and Peterlee in the north-east, East Kilbride and Glenrothes in Scotland, and Cwmbran in Wales. Developed partly to relieve the housing shortage but also with explicit brave new world ambitions, they would become emblematic of the whole 1945 settlement. The essential guiding spirit of these new towns followed on from Ebenezer Howard's garden-city movement: they were to be economically self-contained and socially balanced communities that in national terms would stimulate decentralisation from the overcrowded big cities. Reporting in 1946 to the new Minister of Town and Country Planning, Lewis Silkin, the Reith Committee (with Osborn a prominent member) placed particular stress on the need for a strong sense of community and highlighted the potential benefits of the neighbourhood unit – which indeed was the model explicitly used in 11 out of the first 14 new towns.
Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City by Peter D. Norton
Amazon: amazon.com — amazon.co.uk — amazon.de — amazon.fr
clean water, Frederick Winslow Taylor, garden city movement, invisible hand, jitney, new economy, New Urbanism, Ralph Nader, Silicon Valley, smart transportation, Thorstein Veblen, Unsafe at Any Speed, urban planning, urban renewal
First, traffic engineers and their sponsors wanted practical, affordable remedies for the traffic problem, the benefits of which could be realized in short order. The failure of police departments' short-term remedies taught chambers of commerce patience, but they could not wait for the city to be rebuilt, and they could not afford to rebuild it. Academic planners, particularly those influenced by the garden city movement, proposed 132 Chapter 5 numerous plans of urban deconcentration. The American City Planning Institute traced a catalogue of urban ills to excessive urban density, and so recommended planned deconcentration. Yet for all of their proposals, city planners contributed little to the deconcentration of cities.16 In the first half of the twentieth century they did not have the means to achieve planned deconcentration.
Computer: A History of the Information Machine by Martin Campbell-Kelly, William Aspray, Nathan L. Ensmenger, Jeffrey R. Yost
Amazon: amazon.com — amazon.co.uk — amazon.de — amazon.fr
Ada Lovelace, air freight, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, barriers to entry, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, borderless world, Buckminster Fuller, Build a better mousetrap, Byte Shop, card file, cashless society, cloud computing, combinatorial explosion, computer age, deskilling, don't be evil, Donald Davies, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dynabook, fault tolerance, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial independence, Frederick Winslow Taylor, game design, garden city movement, Grace Hopper, informal economy, interchangeable parts, invention of the wheel, Jacquard loom, Jacquard loom, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Markoff, John von Neumann, light touch regulation, linked data, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, natural language processing, Network effects, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, Occupy movement, optical character recognition, packet switching, PageRank, pattern recognition, Pierre-Simon Laplace, pirate software, popular electronics, prediction markets, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, RAND corporation, Robert X Cringely, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Ted Nelson, the market place, Turing machine, Vannevar Bush, Von Neumann architecture, Whole Earth Catalog, William Shockley: the traitorous eight, women in the workforce, young professional
At one point in his life, Patterson took up Fletcherism, a bizarre eating fad in which each mouthful of food was chewed sixty times before swallowing. Another time he became obsessed with calisthenics and physical fitness and took to horse riding at six o'clock each morning—and obliged his senior executives to accompany him. He was capricious, as likely to reward a worker with whom he was pleased with a large sum of money as to sack another on the spot for a minor misdemeanor. He was a leading figure in the Garden City movement, and the NCR factory in Dayton, Ohio, was one of its showpieces, its graceful buildings nestling in a glade planted with evergreen trees. However, for all his idiosyncrasies, there is no question that Patterson possessed an instinct for organizing the cash register business, which was so successful that NCR's "business practices and marketing methods became standard at IBM and in other office appliance firms by the 1920s."
Concretopia: A Journey Around the Rebuilding of Postwar Britain by John Grindrod
Berlin Wall, garden city movement, housing crisis, Jane Jacobs, megastructure, Neil Kinnock, New Urbanism, Right to Buy, side project, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, women in the workforce, young professional
Still surrounded by large trees and rows of low-rise flats, houses and garages, the block may no longer look unique, but it remains a dignified country gent mellowing with age. Gibberd admitted later that there was 'a selfish reason for the block in that, as joint author, along with F. R. S. Yorke, of The Modern Flat, this would be an opportunity to try out some of its theories. There was the special appeal that a point block would orientate the new town towards Le Corbusier's vertical city – the "ville radieuse" – and away from the garden city movement.'17 Le Corbusier's powerful vision of a city of parkland punctuated by mighty tower blocks as a solution to urban living had inspired and incensed architects and planners in equal measure. In Harlow even a modest nod to this idea, in the form of a ten-storey, Swedish-style, concrete-and-red-brick point block, was almost derailed by government opposition to the cost of constructing such an experimental building.
The Making of Modern Britain by Andrew Marr
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anti-communist, banking crisis, Bernie Madoff, British Empire, business climate, Corn Laws, Etonian, garden city movement, illegal immigration, imperial preference, New Journalism, New Urbanism, Plutocrats, plutocrats, Red Clydeside, rent control, strikebreaker, trade liberalization, V2 rocket, wage slave, women in the workforce
Then, in the closing months of the war, the now-aged Ebenezer spotted a second site at the village of Welwyn, north of London, and raised cash to buy a shooting estate from its debt-laden owner. There, from 1921, Welwyn Garden City began to appear: among its backers was Harmsworth's Daily Mail, which had been sponsoring its Ideal Home Exhibition since 1908 and offered to build some cottages free of charge. There was even a Dailymail Village, though it is now dully called Meadow Green. The garden-city movement did not transform Britain, as Ebenezer Howard, sitting in his parliamentary cubicle, had once hoped. It did influence garden suburbs all over the country, however, and had a big impact on the post-1945 new-town designers. More to the immediate point, Howard and his friends were the transmission system through which ideals about semi-rural or cottagey living were passed from high-minded Victorian dreamers to the rampant speculative builders of the inter-war period who covered this country with semis.
Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism by Peter Marshall
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agricultural Revolution, anti-communist, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, David Graeber, feminist movement, garden city movement, hive mind, Howard Zinn, invisible hand, laissez-faire capitalism, land reform, land tenure, Lao Tzu, liberation theology, Machinery of Freedom by David Friedman, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, Naomi Klein, open borders, Plutocrats, plutocrats, post scarcity, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, the market place, union organizing, wage slave, washing machines reduced drudgery
The writers Jaroslav Hašek and Franz Kafka were both exposed to anarchist ideas in the bohemian circles of Prague before the First World War. Kropotkin's memoirs became one of Kafka's favourite books. After 1884, it has been argued that anarchist ideas in Germany virtually vanished.5 But this is too severe a judgement. A group called Die Jungen (The Young Ones) developed about 1889 inside the Social Democratic Party; members included Rudolf Rocker, Bernhard Kampffmeyer (the future founder of the German Garden City movement), and Max Baginski, who eventually became editor of the Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung and one of Emma Goldman's lovers. Their paper Der Sozialist turned expressly anarchist after Gustav Landauer became one of its editors. Syndicalism also gained a foothold when a group calling themselves Localists formed a parallel grouping around 1892 within the Social Democratic trade unions and formed their own federation in 1897 called the Frei Vereinigung Deutscher Gewerkschaften.


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The entry period for CAL''s summer National Open Exhibit "Expressions" is now open. Link to website: https://www.californiaartleague.org/event-2839405
Entry will be by digital photos at Online Juried Shows. The exhibit is open to all artists in a wide variety of 2D and 3D mediums. Artists in any location in the US are welcome to enter. Membership in CAL is not required.
The Center is closed due to COVID-19
18312 Oxnard Street, Tarzana, CA 91356
P.O Box 17192, Encino, CA 91416
Supported in part by the Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs
This organization is supported in part by the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors through Los Angeles County Arts & Culture

subset: commoncrawl


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Higher seminar in theoretical philosophy: Marcel Quarfood
Plats: D700
Kant's Antinomies and the Hexagon of Opposition
The antinomies of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason concern central metaphysical topics: if the world is finite; if it consists of simple parts; if it contains free causes; and if there belongs to the world a necessary being. Kant offers proofs for the opposed theses and antitheses of the antinomies. Though their conclusions contradict each other, Kant claims that the proofs are all valid. He further claims that they therefore must be based on a dialectical presupposition, and that transcendental idealism removes this presupposition and thus avoids contradiction. An interesting feature of Kant's treatment is the transformation of the opposition of theses and antitheses that occur with the introduction of transcendental idealism, in his terminology a change from "analytical" to "dialectical" opposition. This distinction corresponds to that between contradictory pairs and contraries in the Aristotelian square of opposition. I will suggest that a clearer view of this transformation of status of the oppositions can be attained by considering a special version of the square, and by its extension to a hexagon.
Senast uppdaterad:
14 november 2013
Webbredaktör: Gösta Grönroos
Sidansvarig: Filosofiska institutionen


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Mossgrove Village and late of Dalkey, Co. Dublin
Reposing at Mc Gowan's Funeral Home, Ballina on Thursday evening from 5pm with removal at 6.30pm to St. Patrick's Church, Killala arriving at 7pm.
Requiem Mass on Friday at 2pm with funeral proceeding to Killala Cemetery.
House private please
Family flowers only donations if desired to St. Vincent de Paul Society C/o Mc Gowan's Funeral Home, Ballina


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As an English teacher in China you can earn salaries between 13,700 – 30,000 RMB (£1,624 – £3,555 or $1,951 to $4,272 USD) monthly depending upon school and location.
Usually, you will also receive free accommodation, or a cash accommodation allowance.
Also the cost of your flight will usually be reimbursed at the end of your contract.
You will experience a standard of living which belongs to the upper end of the social scale in china.
The first thing you need to do is to find an agent like ESL:INTERFACE, who will hep you get organised for free. We recoup our money from your prospective employer through our agency fee.
Next you need to get all of your documentation in order.
a university degree in any subject.
a TEFL certificate (or equivalent other certification), and
you must perform a criminal background check (CRB)
finally, all academic certification, and your CRB, must be apostilled by a notary public, to prove that thy are genuine; otherwise the embassy won't issue you with the correct and required visa.
ESL:INTERFACE can help, guide, and assist you in organising these matters.
Once you have your documents in order, you should then be ready to look at the various job offers available to you.
The type, scale, and location of possible employers in China are as vast as China is geographically large.
ESL:INTERFACE can help you ensure that your contract terms are good, and that the remuneration being offered to you is commensurate with your qualifications and experience, not to mention the current market value.
Companies like ESL:INTERFACE advertise jobs on their websites.
You can visit our Available Jobs page here: Available Jobs
You will see a lot written on this matter all over the internet.
After 18 years of teaching in China, and of owning my own school there, the short answer is 'NO'.
Yes, you will find some websites which disagree with me, but the fact is that the local foreign affairs and visa sections won't allow genuine schools to 'legally' hire people who are not native English speakers, and who don't have a university degree.
I have worked in the south-west, south, central, eastern, and north-eastern parts of China, and have yet to find a local government authority that will 'legally' allow a foreigner to teach without a degree.
You can accept my advice, or that of others, but the consequences of the wrong decision are yours to carry.
It's not unusual to get 20 or 30 days in a Chinese jail for working on the wrong visa.
If you don't have a degree, there are other countries which will hire you with a TEFL only.
As mentioned earlier, you'll need:
a university degree in any subject.
a TEFL certificate (or equivalent other certification), and
you must perform a criminal background check (CRB)
finally, all academic certification, and your CRB, must be apostilled by a notary public, to prove that thy are genuine; otherwise the embassy won't issue you with the correct and required visa.
Go see the Forbidden City (Chinese: 故宫; pinyin: Gùgōng), Tian'anmen Square (Chinese: 天安门; pinyin: Tiān'ānmén), the Terracotta Army, giant pandas, cheeky baggage-stealing mountain monkeys, and much, much more!
A wide variety of positions are now open to UK graduates, in possession of TEFL certification, as English teachers in China.
There are many reasons to teach English in China; here are just a few:
Great salaries and a fantastic standard of living – rent free
You will work with children and adults who have a strong desire to succeed
You'll be making a measurable difference to the lives of those you teach
You'll develop a wide range of transferable skills
You will learn to understand the true meaning of 'diversity'
You'll make a lot of new friends – some for life
You'll learn a lot about yourself – your strengths and weaknesses
You will find that your character will strengthen, as you test yourself by living in a different culture
You can learn to speak Chinese
You can gain an insight into a truly ancient culture and history, and develop an understanding of why China is becoming such a global powerhouse
Cross-cultural understanding is a vital skill in our modern world, and you'll learn a lot about that
You'll have lots of opportunities to take holidays and trips to other countries in the area
You'll learn to understand what 'VAST COUNTRY' really means
Nightlife in China is brilliantly diverse and satisfies a plethora of tastes
You'll be able to put a lot of savings in the bank, and still have a great time, and
You can eat Chinese takeaway every morning, afternoon and night – as well as lots of other Asian and Western cuisines
So, those are just some of the many reasons why you might consider teaching English in China.
Take a year out in China after university, and you will fill it brimful of valuable information, experience, and understanding.
Visit our Available Jobs Page Now!
Or read on!
Finding, hiring, and, in some cases, training, skilled English teaching talent is more significant than ever before in the Chinese English education sector. It is vital for China, as a nation, and it is vital to ensuring a greater mutual understanding and communication between China and the nations which seek to work and trade with her, and with which she, in turn, seeks to work and trade.
ESL:INTERFACE has the experience and the tools to connect the best Chinese schools, kindergartens, and universities with the best teaching recruits possible. Whilst, at the same time, satisfying prospective English teachers' needs, through the provision of the right training and the right jobs for their particular qualifications and skill sets.
If you live in the UK, and you're interested in teaching English in China, we can help you realise your goal.
Get in touch with us today!
At no cost to you, we can help you find job placements as English teachers in China.*
At no cost to you, we can also train you on all of the typical pronunciation and grammar issues experienced by Chinese people, and exactly how to correct them.*
At no cost to you, we can also teach you basic classroom Chinese, and how to use Chinese mobile phone apps, which can greatly help you in your daily life.*
For all of the above, you would, at your own expense, have to attend class in Manchester.
There is no fee for the course*, but you must provide your own travel, accommodation, and meal costs, etc.
At no cost to you, we can background check your prospective school, negotiate salaries and contract terms, and manage the majority of the liaison required to process your application with the school.
Finally, we can assist you in getting all of your relevant documentation in order so that you meet Chinese government requirements and your application is processed swiftly and smoothly.
IMPORTANT NOTICE: UK Apostille document certification service costs, DBS CRB Police check/basic criminal record checking costs, travel visa costs, and flight costs are to be born by the prospective English teacher.
Copyright © 2019 by ESL:INTERFACE Ltd.
Company Number: 12061133
Registered Office: 1st Floor 2 Woodberry Grove, Finchley, London, England, N12 0DR
Tel: + 44 (0)779 88 050 16


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Cooloola Coast Camping (3 nights)
Contact us to make a booking
Explore the beautiful Cooloola coast with its pristine beaches and water ways this is a camping and fishing haven. Camping at Inskip Point and protected waterways makes this the ideal base for camp. A large wheelchair friendly toilet block is on site with an abundance of wildlife at your finger tips.
Trip includes: a fishing boat trip, 4×4 adventure on the beach, an exploration of Searys Creek to search for turtles and native fish in its fresh water ponds and rapids. Experience a day of exploring the Double Island Point lighthouse, rock pools and pristine salt water lagoon and a sightseeing tour of the coloured sands.
Fully organised tour – the planning is all done for you. Just bring your personal gear then sit back and relax as we take you on your Cooloola Coast Camping adventure
When: 19/02/2018 - 22/02/2018
Where: Depart and return – Neptune St. Complex
Time: Meet at 8.00am for 8.30am departure
Cost: $285 per person (includes accommodation, meals and activities) Minimum of 6 people required.
RSVP: Community Lifestyle Support - 1300 257 753


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Liberal Mom Horrified as Huge Guy Wearing Lakers Jersey Walks Into Ladies' Room
A liberal mom got a rude awakening that changed her views about the "bathroom debate" and decided to share her story regardless of what the backlash would be. This is a reality check like no other.
Kristen Quintrall Lavin runs a blog called, "The Get Real Mom," in which she exposes the harsh realities of what she calls, "momming." However, on a recent trip to Disneyland with her young son, Lavin, she was exposed to another harsh reality — the reality of bathroom stalking, which made her question her progressive liberal views on the bathroom debate.
Lavin commented on her blog that she has seen and supported "transgender" women — men identifying as women — using women's public restrooms prior to the incident happening at Disneyland. "Transgenders who certainly felt comfortable in the women's room and probably frightened to go into the men's. At these times, I smiled … I peed … and life went on."
Then, all of that changed when she was at Disneyland with her friend, her son, and her friend's son.
"I went to the bathroom while she watched our boys in their strollers, and then I did the same." Lavin wrote.
That is when a "very large, burly man in a Lakers Jersey" walked into the bathroom and leaned against the wall. Lavin spoke about seeing about 12 other women and children just staring at the man, wondering what he was doing in the women's room and that their collective silence is what caused her to tell her story.
Lavin described how the man knew the women wouldn't say anything about his presence, because they had been "culturally bullied" into silence. The fear of being non-politically correct was more overwhelming than the very real danger of a man casually eyeing them in an intimate environment, when women literally have their pants down.
She wrote that the man eventually started walking past each stall. "You know, the stalls that have 1 inch gaps by all the door hinges so you can most definitely see everyone with their pants around their ankles." His perversion had been given a license, and every single woman in that restroom felt powerless to challenge him.
Alvin wrote about the need for clarity when it comes to the gender debate, and that clarity is needed now.
"This notion that we're shamed into silence b/c we might offend someone, has gone too far. There was a man in the bathroom. Not transgender. There was a man who felt entitled to be in the woman restroom, because he knew no one would say anything," she wrote.


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I visit New York quite a bit, but it wasn't until a recent trip that I got to actually walk the Brooklyn Bridge. It was so amazing. I walked it with my cousin, and neither of us knew what to expect. There were vendors on either side of the bridge selling paintings, tourist stopping every five feet to take pictures (like me) and serious users of the bridge that were riding bikes or exercising. We started the Brooklyn Bridge on the Manhattan side and worked our way to Brooklyn. By the way, there is a cute little lobster shack on the other side of the bridge called Luke's Lobster Brooklyn Bridge Park.
Before the Brooklyn Bridge, we stopped by the stairs at the Met so that I could get the infamous Gossip Girl photo. Surprisingly, this was also the first time that I visited the Met. Usually when I go to NYC I am visiting family or there for work so there isn't much time for the touristy things (but if you need a couple of touristy things to do, definitely consider a pop up).
As a first time tourist, I wanted to be sure that I was comfortable, just in case there was a lot of unplanned walking. I went with a layered look and my ride of die Converse (I really need to start exploring some other sneakers).
The Brooklyn Bridge
Get the Look


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Friend says he'll cooperate in Kavanaugh probe
Washington – A high school friend of Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh says he will cooperate with any law enforcement agency that will "confidentially investigate" sexual misconduct allegations against him and Kavanaugh.
Mark Judge sent a signed letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee on Friday, saying he "categorically" denies sexual misconduct allegations made by Julie Swetnick.
In a sworn statement released Wednesday, Swetnick accused Kavanaugh and Judge of excessive drinking and inappropriate treatment of women in the early 1980s, among other accusations.
Judge says in his letter that he doesn't know Swetnick and does not recall any parties in the early 1980s where he "fondled or grabbed women in an aggressive or unwanted manner."
He says Swetnick's allegations are "so bizarre" and he "would remember actions so outlandish."
Copyright 2018 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text: Daniel was really hoping to work with an African-American guy, and just as I was starting to work with him, Alonso and I met at the gym and we started filming his solo and oral. The timing was fortuitous; though Alonso was not sure he wanted to do full-on sex scenes. So I set Daniel up with Ledger and got them on the calendar. Of course, a couple days later Alonso says he was down to fuck a dude and thought Daniel was hot. So I changed Daniel's flight to leave a couple days later so Daniel would have a chance taking on Alonso's BBC. I am so glad I paid the extra fees to have Daniel stay to get fucked by Alonso! Wow! Alonso is a natural bossy Top. His verbal skills are amazing and geez, that cock is humongous! Daniel had been practically begging to work with a big black cock, but I feared he might not have as much experience with big dicks as he was claiming. Actually, he was claiming he did NOT have a lot of experience, but it was more like something he really wanted to try and that he would be great at it. Alonso sure knows how to suck cock with enthusiasm and you can just tell he will be a great Top. First, I had Daniel sit on Alonso's cock so he could go slow and easy. There is a little bit of wincing now and then, but Daniel took it all in pretty much one try. It is hot to watch him get fucked. You can tell he is going from pain to pleasure from minute to minute, but never once stops to say it is too much. The dude CAN take a big cock! Alonso fucks the cum out of him, and the jizz flies across his body, splattering everywhere. I told Alonso to just fuck him until he cums, so poor Daniel gets hammered until Alonso fills him up. A proper breeding with cum oozing out his hole! You have to check this video out. Alonso has great bossy energy, while Daniel is very subservient. It truly was a perfect pairing!


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Canadians woke up Wednesday to the tragic news of an airplane crash that saw dozens of Canadian citizens killed in Iran. We are a nation in mourning as we learn the names and stories of the deceased and attempt to piece together what happened.
63 Canadians were killed Wednesday morning when a Ukrainian passenger plane travelling to Kiev crashed minutes after taking off from Tehran's main airport. In total, 176 people were onboard and all died.
tap here to see other videos from our team.
Heartbreaking portraits have already emerged of some of the Canadians who were on board that plane. Two married University of Alberta instructors — Pedram Mousavi and Mojgan Daneshman — were killed along with their young daughters, Darya Mousavi and Darina Mousavi. Their loss of their lives and the lives of all who perished is a tragedy.
The names released so far indicate that these Canadians who were killed lived throughout the country. We are all touched by this tragedy.
While we mourn these losses, we also seek answers. So far, the cause of the crash is unknown.
Iranian authorities initially blamed the crash on mechanical problems. But Ukrainian aviation authorities soon said they could not confirm that and, in fact, the cause remained unclear.
Aviation and military experts were vocal on social media discussing the possibility of whether the crash was caused by an anti-aircraft missile, whether on purpose or by accident.
Whatever the cause, we are owed answers.
That may prove to be difficult however, as the Iranian government is refusing to handover the black box to plane-maker Boeing. It is customary for the manufacturer to look at this device to learn what happened in the last few minutes of flight prior to the crash.
It's troubling and unacceptable that Iran would not comply with international norms. Are they simply insecure about the scenario, given the current turmoil in the region? Or do they have something to hide?
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau touched upon this matter in a statement he posted on Wednesday morning. "Our government will continue to work closely with its international partners to ensure that this crash is thoroughly investigated, and that Canadians' questions are answered."
We need to do more than assist in this investigation. We need to insist we get answers, as Canadians mourn those we have tragically lost.


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Broken pipe causes water shortage @ Terrance B. Lettsome Int'l Airport
According to our sources at the airport, the broken pipe resulted in water not being available in some parts of the airport complex.
This meant that some workers and outgoing passengers have been inconvenienced as there is no water in the restrooms.
"It's not really a water shortage. A pipe is burst so inside of the airport has water but the outer part doesn't have," said our trusted and reliable source.
"They are now trying to fix it," said the source.
When contacted by our newsroom, Managing Director of the BVI Airports Authority Mr Denniston S. Fraser confirmed that the problem was caused by a broken pipe.
"One of our main lines was broken but we are repairing it now," said Fraser. "Because it's a main line there is no water at the terminal," he added.
Asked when should the issue be fully rectified he said hopefully before the end of the day.
7 Responses to "Broken pipe causes water shortage @ Terrance B. Lettsome Int'l Airport"
ASSI (18/11/2015, 15:31) Like (4) Dislike (3) ReplyDem cant keep water on at the airport and dem crying over the dept of civil avation?
@ Assi (19/11/2015, 13:37) Like (0) Dislike (0) ReplyLord me belly!
couldn't use the rest room (18/11/2015, 15:56) Like (5) Dislike (1) ReplySince when it takes two days to repair a lil broken pipe?
fish (18/11/2015, 22:24) Like (7) Dislike (0) ReplyCitizens have a critical role to play in demanding better airport services
Horsepath Resident (20/11/2015, 18:05) Like (0) Dislike (0) ReplyThere has been no water at Horsepath for the 5th week now and that didn't make the news. When calling the Water and Sewage Department for answers I continue to get hogged up and attitudes for inquiring about when consistent water flow will resume. The first week they said they had to fly a part out to replace the one that had been damaged and will work to get it up and running over the weekend. The next week I was told they were going to send water from town and long bush to Horsepath. The third week they said there was not enough pressure to send the water to Horsepath. The fourth week they said they can't give a date because the men are working on the problem. Five weeks and up to now there has been no public announcement or a post on their Facebook page to say what the problem is, or give the residents some sort of update with regards to the problem. Poor communication in my opinion. However, they have posted their disconnection schedule. Hilarious! No water supply, but still publishing when they are going to cut off water that is not even available.
God bless this place and hopefully one day we will no longer be in a third world country where the basic necessities such as water supply will be provided without having to beg and plead with persons in power to give them to us freely. One day we shall get it together. One day!
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Sunny (09/12/2015, 07:47) Like (0) Dislike (0) ReplyNewport Limousine serves RI and MA and specializes in multi-car weddings and guest transportation.newport limousine Service in Irvine, reviews by real people....contact us !


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I received a number of books this Christmas the above being one.
The book jacket states:
Over the past hundred years, Ireland has undergone profound political, social and cultural changes. But one thing that has not changed is the Irish genius for observation and storytelling, invective and self-scrutiny. Ireland: The Autobiography draws upon this genius to create a portrait of a century of Irish Life through the words of the people who lived it.
The book is edited by John Bowman, a broadcaster and historian. He has interviewed every Taoiseach since Sean Lemass. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College in 2009 and awarded an Honorary Doctorate by UCD in 2010. People in Ireland will have seen John on their television screens since the 1960s presenting current affairs, historical, and election-results shows.
In putting together this anthology John, "has ranged widely over many kinds of sources: books, journals, newspapers, parliamentary debates, private letters and diaries" (xiii). He has arranged the anthology in chronological order, by date of publication, but where a document belongs to a specific period he has included them with the other documents of that time, for example, Elizabeth Bowen's account of Easter Week 1916 at the Shelbourne Hotel, though published in 1951, appears with the other accounts of the rising.
This is a gem of a book. You can read it from cover to cover, but it is more enjoyable to just randomly open it and see where you land. It provides an extremely varied patchwork of voices, from the Leitrim priest who wanted to ban jazz to the campaigner who imported contraceptives in defiance of the law, my personal favourite so far is an article titled, 'What the GAA is really about" by Brendan O' hEithir (1943), (180), it is only a page long and it made me laugh out loud, I so hope it is a true story. Ireland: The Autobiography features contributions from a vast array of major players, Patrick Pearse, Constance Markievicz, Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, Elizabeth Bowen, Kate O' Brien, Eamon de Valera, T. K. Whitaker, John McGahern, Seamus Heaney, Bernadette Devlin, Nuala O'Faolain, Edna O'Brien, J. J. Lee, I could go on and on. Most entries are only a couple of pages, three or four at most.
John gives a note on context or just a wry observation at the start of each piece. This book is a goldmine of interesting, insightful, often hugely entertaining, some depressing, documents covering the key themes and events that have shaped Ireland over the last one hundred years. It gives invaluable insights into the social, political and cultural fabric of this relatively new state, Any student writing on Ireland will find no end of gems to enliven any essay. It includes a terrific list of sources. A wonderful addition to any library. "One hundred years in the life of the nation, told by its people".
Highly Recommended.
Works cited.
Bowman, John, ed. Ireland: The Autobiography. UK: Penquin Ireland, Random House UK, 2016. Print.
Ireland: The Autobiography. Digital image. Yahoo. n.d. Web. 27th Jan. 2017. https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=A0LEVvwW3NZYIgMAe.4nnIlQ;_ylu=X3o


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Everyone knows the name Rolex. The desirable timepiece has become a staple of the luxury image. The Rolex business is booming and it all has to do with an increase in demand. There are many reasons why Rolex is one of the most desirable brands. From its precision timekeeping to its versatile but sophisticated appearance, there are many reasons why many consider a Rolex a worthy investment. But before we go on about today's value, we have to start at the beginning.
The Beginning of an Empire
Rolex was founded in 1905 by 24-year old Hans Wilsdorf. Hans started his foundation in London where they created a more precise timekeeping piece that the consumer could rely on. They turned to a Swiss watch makingcompany in Bienne that started the movement that would create a legacy. Hans wanted his watch company to be something easy to say and remember around the world and came up with Rolex.
In 1910, Rolex's wristwatch was the first to receive the Swiss Certificate of Chronometric Precision from the Official Watch Rating Centre. Then in 1914, Key Observatory granted Rolex a class "A" precision certificate, cementing the idea that Rolex watches were as precise as one could get. In 1919, Rolex moved from its roots in London to Geneva to be in the hub of the watch industry.
The Early Years
In 1926, Rolex created the first water and dust proof watch and named it "Oyster" because of the hermetically sealed case that protected the movement. In 1931, Rolex created and patented the first ever self-winding movement that would one day be the standard for every automatic watch. The in 1945, Rolex created the Datejust. The Datejust had a Jubilee bracelet, fluted bezel, and the same perpetual movement but now had the date keeping capabilities.
Watches for the Masses
To celebrate the ascent of Rolex up Monut Everest in 1953, Rolex created the Oyster Perpetual Explorer to celebrate the victory. Then in 1953 the Submariner was created. It was the first divers watch to be able to go to a depth of 100 meters/10 ATM and had a rotating bezel so that divers would be able to keep track of their immersion time. Not only did Rolex create a watch for those who went below ground, they also created one for those who go well above it. Rolex produced the GMT-Master in 1955 that had a tone-tone bezel that marks, with a stark difference, daytime and nighttime hours. Then in 1956, Rolex created their iconic symbol of luxury with their Oyster Perpetual Day-Date, also known as the President. It was and still only available in 18K White or Yellow Gold or Platinum. It has the ability to tell Date and Day and comes set on a Presidential bracelet. Rolex didn't just create watches for divers, pilots, and Presidents though; they also created for the scientific community. In 1956, Rolex introduced the Milgauss. The Milgauss was designed to be withstanding tool for the scientific community and was built to withstand magnetic fields up to 1,000 gauss. In 1957, Rolex created their first Ladies watch, known as the Lady-Datejust. It had all the precision of the Datejust, just sized down for a lady.
Many of Rolex's signature watches came out in the 1960's. In 1960, Rolex produced the Deep Sea Special that was created to be able to withstand the pressure of the Challenger Deep part of Mariana Trench and the watch was taken 37,800 below sea level as part of the Trieste dive. The Cosmograph Daytona was created in 1963 as a tool for endurance drivers with a tachymeter bezel and chronograph functions. Then last, but not least, the Sea-Dweller was created in 1967 for deep-sea divers. With a special helium escape valve and waterproof up to 610 meters, this diving watch was perfect for Deep-Sea divers.


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CLEVELAND HEIGHTS, Ohio -- Tyreke Smith's parents sensed it coming more than a decade ago in California.
Randy and Michelle Smith let their older son, Malik, play flag football. Just a 5-year-old, Tyreke disapproved.
"I don't want to play flag football," he told them. "I want to hit."
They allowed it a year later -- the flag part -- even though once-little Tyreke tried to tackle every kid in sight. Michelle Smith described him as a "little bobblehead" in pads.
He is not that anymore at 6-foot-4 and 260 pounds. Tyreke has his pick of any college in the country, and will announce that choice in January. Yet for most of his adolescence, the kid who wanted to hit did not get to do much of it. Two concussions while playing Pop Warner football halted Smith's time in a helmet and shoulder pads.
"I was kind of snatched away from the sport," said Smith, who returned last year for his junior season at Cleveland Heights and began to pile up scholarship offers before his first game as a defensive end.
His brief high school career comes to a close Friday at Maple Heights.
Smith's next football game after that will be Jan. 4, 2018 at the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Fla., for the Under Armour All-America Game. He plans to announce at halftime which of his top five -- Ohio State, Alabama, Penn State, USC or Oregon -- will be his new home.
He admitted this season that it's still surprising, considering he had not played football for almost six years. His family moved to Ohio while he was in middle school. Basketball became his sport of choice, and the football coaches at Cleveland Heights still flocked to his games with hopes to coerce him into joining the team.
Michelle and Randy Smith decided a long time ago football was not for their son.
"Nope, we're not doing this," Michelle Smith recalled after her son's second concussion, which led to persisting headaches and an MRI.
The Smiths have four children, most with athletic backgrounds, and Tyreke is the youngest. Their oldest and adopted daughter, Kayla, is a fixture in the CrossFit Games. Malik earned a basketball scholarship to North Carolina-Asheville before transferring to Bryant University.
Randy and Michelle met as basketball players at Park Point University. They concluded while still in California that Tyreke had more options than playing football, despite his interest.
"It just wasn't worth it," Michelle Smith. "They can fall off their bikes. Ty was one of those kids that was crazy. He was such a daredevil."
Michelle and Randy Smith coached their sons in AAU basketball. Early on, Michelle Smith said, Tyreke developed an enforcer's mentality on the court.
"Even in basketball with older kids in AAU, we'd say, 'We don't want that kid to score,' " she said.
That mentality led him to the varsity team at Cleveland Heights as a freshman. There, Lonnie Atkins Jr. took notice. Atkins graduated from Cleveland Heights, knew Tyreke's father -- also a Heights graduate before moving to California -- and had the same thoughts as the high school's football coaches.
How could he get this kid onto the football field?
Atkins now runs his own sports training facility in Salem and drives 60 miles just to see his alma mater. He investigated why Tyreke's parents didn't let him play football. The concussions were no longer their concern.
"Our rule in the house is whatever you start, you have to finish," Michelle Smith said.
So Atkins came up with a proposal: Begin working out with the football team and give it through the summer. Atkins felt so strongly about it, he volunteered to drive from Salem to Cleveland Heights and see it through. Tyreke's parents agreed to let him try.
"If not me, who?" Atkins said he asked himself.
"I see kids that go D-I and are not nearly as talented," Atkins said. "If I don't take this initiative, this is a kid who might play basketball at Baldwin Wallace. They weren't going to make their kids do anything. They know their kids are too intelligent that they don't need sports."
The football coaches already made their pleas.
Offensive coordinator Kahari Hicks once stopped his car in the street outside of the Smiths' house. Michelle Smith laughed about it, remembering Hicks turning on his hazard lights and propping himself down in front of their house.
That pressing led to Atkins' clinching proposal.
"It's not like I quit," Tyreke said, "so I wanted to give it another try."
Within two weeks of simply working out with Hicks and head coach Mac Stephens, Tyreke and his family got a surprise. College coaches made routine trips to see Cleveland Heights players work out in the spring of 2016. Some came to see standout receiver Jaylen Harris before he committed to Ohio State. Others, if not all, became quickly infatuated with Tyreke as he sprinted up and down a stretch of artificial turf and around a ladder.
The University of Toledo first issued a scholarship offer. Next came Bowling Green. Within another week, Iowa State and Cincinnati offered scholarships to the sophomore who had not played a down of high school football.
"Those offers, they were crazy," Tyreke Smith said. "I called my mom, and she couldn't believe it."
Stephens cautioned to the family, "You have something special here."
The offers grew and so did the attention. It became so much that Tyreke's parents took his phone away last December because of fading grades. Michelle Smith said a B and C in courses she thought he could do better in were the reasons for it.
Through it all, the concussion scare from his childhood did not return. Tyreke Smith is satisfying the family rule of finishing what he started.
He also finally got to hit.
Contact sports reporter Matt Goul on Twitter (@mgoul) or email (email@example.com). Or log in and leave a message below in the comments section.


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An on-the-spot test to diagnose three types of hepatitis is being developed.
It would use a patient's saliva instead of blood and the test would be as simple and quick as a blood glucose sensor or a pregnancy test.
Current screening for hepatitis A, B and C involves taking blood with results taking up to seven days.
The two-year project is a joint venture between the UK and China with Swansea playing a key role through Swansea University's Centre for NanoHealth.


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KinderCare has partnered with Northridge families for more than 50 years to provide award-winning early education programs and high-quality childcare in Northridge, CA.
Whether you are looking for a preschool in Northridge, a trusted part-time or full-time daycare provider, or educational before- or after-school programs, KinderCare offers fun and learning at an affordable price.
Northridge KinderCare
Phone: (818) 368-533416901 Lassen St North Hills CA 91343
Distance from address: 2.56 miles
Ages: 18 months to 12 yearsTuition & Openings
Granada Hills KinderCare
Phone: (818) 363-844217730 Rinaldi St Granada Hills CA 91344
Distance from address: 3.62 miles
Ages: 6 weeks to 12 yearsTuition & Openings
Our Families Say:
"The management and teachers are super sweet and caring. I love this place and the people who work here!.." more
Peter McGrath Child Development Center
Phone: (818) 565-35722300 N Ontario St Burbank CA 91504
Distance from address: 11.25 miles
Ages: 6 weeks to 5 yearsTuition & Openings
Mary Alice O'Connor Family Center
Phone: (818) 846-1063401 N Buena Vista St Burbank CA 91505
Distance from address: 12.49 miles
Ages: 6 weeks to 5 yearsTuition & Openings
Canyon Country KinderCare
Phone: (661) 251-917618525 Soledad Canyon Rd Canyon Country CA 91351
Distance from address: 13.88 miles
Ages: 6 weeks to 12 yearsTuition & Openings
Our Families Say:
"Every day she comes home with her daily note that tells me about her day, and she tells me "I had fun at school." She is so happy at school and learns new things every day. My child has been at KinderCare since she was 13 months old and is now two-and-a-half years old..." more


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With 15 years of experience and expertise, our team is specialised in delivering Network and IT solutions to companies of all sizes. We strive to give you the best result oriented approach in all realms of your business. Most of our IT services are offered either on-site or remotely, minimising any potential disruption to your business.
Languages: English
Grant Tecnic secure access to your products — no password sharing required.


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News Archives
This News Archives section provides you with details about past News Releases.
- imaxxFund Profiles and other Fund Reports removed from www.imaxxwealth.com
- Aegon Fund Management announces re-filing of semi-annual financial statements
- Acquisition of Aegon Fund Management Inc. by Wilton Re Ltd. Notice of Change of Control
- Aegon Fund Management strengthens its fund offering and creates a more focused line-up
- imaxx Canadian Fixed Pay Fund propelled by energy, REITs - Shirley Won from the Globe and Mail interviewed Aegon Capital Management's Stephen Carlin on the management of his number 1 performing imaxx Canadian Fixed Pay Fund. Read more… (July 2, 2012)
- Portfolio sub-advisor change for the imaxx U.S. Equity Growth Fund and imaxx Global Equity Growth Fund (April 29, 2011)
- Portfolio Sub-advisor Change for the imaxx Global Equity Growth Fund (September 30, 2009)
- Aegon Capital Management Inc. appoints new head of equities (March 23, 2009)
- AFM Announces Sub Advisor Change (October 2, 2008)
- AFM Marks its 5th Year Anniversary (August 1, 2007)
- Independent Review Committee Established for Investment Funds (May 1, 2007)
- Aegon Fund Management Launches 4 New Funds (May 31, 2006)
- Aegon Fund Management to Merge RSP Funds (March 27, 2006)
- Aegon Fund Management Plans TOP RSP Fund Merger (February 28, 2006)