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Oil has been the most important fuel of economic development within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, the vast, deserty piece of land that stretches across the Arabian Peninsula towards the Arabian Gulf. When it was first struck in Bahrain in 1931, few could have imagined the enormous change of fortune oil would bring to the region. It has made countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the UAE and Qatar rich; and their governments derive between 65% and 85% of their budgets from the export of fossil fuels. Qatar, Kuwait, the UAE and Bahrain are today among the world's wealthiest nations on a per capita basis.
As important as oil has been, the region's energy market is now looking beyond it, to other sources of energy. Natural gas already plays a pivotal role in the GCC's energy mix—and provides Qatar with a substantial portion of its hydrocarbon-export revenue. And as regional demand for energy continues to rise, the future fuels that will power the GCC's economies will look surprisingly green.
Reducing the GCC economies' reliance on oil for domestic energy supply is not such a new policy at all. Increasingly since the 1990s and 2000s, oil's sister hydrocarbon has been the region's preferred fuel to power the utilities sector and its economically important, energy-intensive industries. Because of this move towards gas in the power sector, the GCC's demand for the fuel more than doubled from about 120bn cubic metres a year in 2000 to over 265bn cm by end-2014, according to US Energy Information Administration data. In more recent years, some GCC countries have begun to introduce small numbers of natural gas liquids-fuelled vehicles, primarily for use by taxis.
Originally flared, or burned off as an unwanted byproduct in crude oil production, natural gas may have taken a later start in the GCC than elsewhere in the world, but its value for domestic energy use in the GCC today is high. With the ability to relatively easily replace oil in power generation, and as feedstock in industries from fertilisers to petrochemicals production, natural gas is a versatile fuel for use in the GCC economies' evolving strategies to diversify their economies away from oil, and to save crude for more value-generating exports.
Surging domestic energy consumption within the GCC increasingly justified the search for alternative fuels to oil and its products—whose value was, and still is, highest on international export markets. Countries with domestic gas production exceeding their own market needs, in particular Qatar, turned towards natural gas exports in parallel to the export of oil. Oman and the UAE have similarly been exporting smaller volumes of natural gas, although the fuel's success as a domestic alternative to oil, and limits to national natural gas production, meant both countries have since seen their gas exports curtailed by the competing needs of local consumers. Oman, for example, exported around 10.6bn cm in 2005 and consumed about 9bn cm domestically; by 2016, the country's consumption reached 23bn cm and net exports had fallen to around 8bn cm—the outcome of big domestic gas production increases and summer-time gas imports from Qatar via neighbouring UAE of up to 2bn cm. The UAE's domestic demand for natural gas surged from around 40bn cm in 2005 to almost 80bn cm in 2016, turning the country into a net importer of it in 2007. Last year, the UAE imported about 16bn cm, most of it through the Dolphin pipeline from Qatar.
But natural gas in the GCC is different to oil in a number of ways This is one reason why, despite its popularity, the region may yet look to other energy technologies to complement the past decades' rapid gasification of its energy sectors. Most important, is that many of the region's gas resources are costlier and harder to develop than they were in the past. While much of the gas produced in the GCC was associated gas, a byproduct of oil output—and hence, a gift of nature—future gas production will increasingly rely on new reservoirs distinct from existing oil fields. Much of this gas is what engineers call sour gas too, so its chemical composition needs further purification, making it expensive to develop. Other gas resources, for instance in Oman and Saudi Arabia, include tight, deep-water and unconventional resources, again raising the cost of a product that used to be considered almost free in the past. This includes greenfield development costs, the building of new infrastructure (including offshore), and generally higher technology costs to drill for gas resources at the border between conventional and unconventional finds.
Producing gas still has solid economic rationale, especially if it frees up more oil to be exported to international markets. But the development costs have complicated and delayed bringing online sufficient new gas supplies in countries such as Kuwait, the UAE and Saudi Arabia, where domestic consumers pay a fraction of the expected development cost of the resource. Investment in new production capacity has therefore lagged, in turn widening the gap between the domestic market's needs and the output of state-owned producers. Kuwait has been facing long delays in developing its northern gasfields since the early 2000s, over a combination of economic and political disagreement over contract awards and design. In the UAE, projects such as the Shah gasfield experienced multi-year development delays during the early 2010s. Plans such as Saudi Arabia's ambitious target of raising domestic gas production by 48% (or around 60bn cm) by 2020 under its new National Transformation Plan have been met with scepticism. The International Energy Agency, for example, forecasts a rise of just 8%.
This has led to the irony of some GCC countries—at the heart of the world's petroleum industry—importing gas from the US. The UAE, holder of the world's seventh-largest gas reserves, Kuwait, which itself holds around 1.8 trillion cm, and even net gas-exporter Oman have all imported gas from outside the region in recent years. Bahrain has mulled gas imports in the coming years. Saudi Arabia, with the world's sixth-largest gas reserves, has so far denied intentions to import gas too, and continues to fill domestic shortfalls in the power sector by burning either oil products or, during the peak summer months, crude oil itself. The economic opportunity cost of this stubborn strategy is high. The kingdom burnt 1.39m barrels per day of oil in July 2017, a record high. Around 0.657m b/d of the total were crude oil that, even at today's prices, would have fetched higher prices internationally.
One particular problem has been the price domestic users in the GCC pay for their gas—just a fraction of its marginal cost of production. Fuel prices in the region, having long been regulated by the state, reflect—at best—historical running-even costs that no longer constitute adequate market signals to investors. Oman, which charges some of the region's highest prices for gas, raised the level in early 2015 (for industrial users) to $3.01 per million British thermal units. For Omani industry buyers, this was a shock: a doubling of the price a year earlier. Nonetheless, the new price was still about a third of that paid elsewhere in the world. Saudi Arabia, at the lower end, used to charge domestic customers a flat price of $0.75/m Btu up until end-2015. No wonder its efforts to bring international companies in to develop the gas upstream fizzled out. The IEA estimates the cost of natural gas subsidies in Saudi Arabia in 2014 alone totaled around $11.8bn. That's a fiscal cost that the austerity-ridden state couldn't ignore once the fall in oil prices started to hit government finances. Like some of its GCC neighbours, Saudi Arabia began reforming its natural gas prices for some customer segments in early 2016, raising prices for methane and ethane to $1.25 and $1.75/m Btu—still far below the cost of gas almost anywhere else in the world.
These basic numbers highlight the parallel dilemmas faced by policymakers in a region whose energy demand is growing rapidly, both a product of and support for economic growth, but where final consumers and industries have been accustomed to many decades of state-led energy-sector development and subsidised supply. Energy remains a political topic, and reforming the GCC's domestic energy markets and prices for energy in the past has required an almost epic effort by policymakers to make even small price changes digestible for consumers, who in this region see low-cost energy supplies as a basic birthright, and the basis for the region's continued industrial growth.
Qatar has a special status among the GCC's gas producers in being the only one with sufficiently large production to serve both domestic and international markets, with no apparent shortfalls on either side. Rising domestic energy consumption—demand has more than doubled from around 18.5bn cm during the mid-2000s to 40bn cm a decade later—has been met by the development of new fields, while at the same time Qatar has become the world's largest liquefied natural gas exporter. But its case is special: the North Field, which Qatar shares with Iran (where it is called South Pars) is the world's biggest natural gas deposit. Qatar recently decided to lift a moratorium on its development, meaning it may expand its LNG output beyond the 77m tonnes-a-year capacity it reached in 2011.
For Qatar, natural gas has been a lifeline for revenue given its more modest oil reserves compared to some of its neighbouring countries, and fulfills the dual purpose of generating income and fueling the domestic energy sector. LNG exports account for around 40% of the government's total hydrocarbon-related revenues, a whopping QAR42.6 bn ($11.6bn) in 2015 according to the International Monetary Fund, although this number has been shrinking in line with falling oil and LNG prices. And it also exports gas to the UAE and Oman through the Dolphin pipeline, a late-2000s project that constitutes the only direct gas trade between GCC countries. Dolphin was once considered a symbol of new intra-regional energy cooperation. These days, it seems more a symbol of a bygone era—a region that holds some of the world's biggest deposits has been unable, in the years since Dolphin was developed, to find other areas of gas collaboration. Distant, costly LNG supplies sail into GCC markets, while Qatar's gas sails in the other direction.
Aside from oil, gas and sand, the GCC also has an endless supply of sun and wind. The value of the GCC economies' fossil fuels on international markets, coupled with the region's own rising energy needs, has, on top of this natural endowment, been driving the business case for alternatives to oil and gas in the domestic market. It's been a boon for renewable energy, both in policymaking circles and among businesses. For the latter, new renewables-based projects offer an opportunity to enter into partnerships with the public sector in utility markets—a relatively new development in the Gulf region, where every aspect of utility value-chain used to be entirely held in public hands.
From a strategic perspective, the rise of renewables in the GCC is remarkable, even if deployment remains in its infancy and currently limited to a small but growing number of utility-size projects. For decades, renewable energy lacked any formal appeal in the region, and today renewables account for less than 1% of GCC final energy production, a pattern similar to that across the entire Middle East. Assumptions about cheap and abundant oil and gas have been difficult to overcome.
Still, policy is changing markedly, led by Dubai and Abu Dhabi, where economic strategy has tended to be more forward-looking and tied to economic diversification. Dubai, which holds significantly less of its own oil and gas reserves than neighbouring emirate Abu Dhabi, has historically had an economic incentive to develop energy alternatives that price competitively against fossil fuels. As solar-power costs fell in recent years, the emirate jumped on the trend.
When Dubai launched its 5 gigawatt Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park in 2012, it subsequently managed to push down costs for solar photovoltaics to what was, at the time, a record low of $58.50 per megawatt-hour for a 200MW follow-up phase. In May 2016, the bids for another 800MW of capacity pushed the cost down to another record low of $29.9/MWh. Months later, the bids for a 1.17GW solar plant in Abu Dhabi brought the price down still further, to $24.7/MWh. In Dubai, this now makes solar PV the lowest-cost source of energy—cheaper than fossil fuels and nuclear power too.
Prices seem likely to fall further. In September, Dubai announced the winning bid for a 700MW concentrated-solar power plant at the Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum Solar Park. The contract came with an all-time price-tag low of ¢7.3 per kilowatt-hour—and holds huge potential to turn around the state of play for solar technologies in the region. CSP is more expensive to install than PV, but it comes with the option to store electricity, and hence turn solar power from a variable source of electricity to a constant one.
The UAE now has a target of producing 27% of its energy from clean sources by 2021, and has more recently announced another target of generating half its power needs by 2050 from clean energy—44% from renewable energy and 6% from nuclear power. So far, these are the most ambitious alternative energy targets in the GCC.
Cost arguments are recent developments, but they come at a time when changes to the Gulf economies' historical domestic energy mix are increasingly welcome, even in more conservative political circles. Where in the past political and industrial discourse centred around the fundamental role of fossil fuels, the past few years have brought a notable change: alternative energy is now seen as a benefit, rather than a threat, to the region's long-term economic outlook. Falling oil and gas revenues due to dwindling international prices and rising domestic needs, the high burden of fossil-fuel subsidies, and the experience of shortfalls in domestic natural gas production are all weighing on the minds of policymakers. Renewable energy is their solution. Ali al-Naimi, the former Saudi oil minister, has said that he thinks solar energy "will be even more economic than fossil fuels". The UAE's crown prince, Mohammed bin Zayed, went even further. "In 50 years, when we might have the last barrel of oil, the question is when it is shipped abroad, will we be sad? If we are investing today in the right sectors, I can tell you we will celebrate at that moment."
Job creation outside the oil and gas sector and the potential positive impact on research and development are also now factors favouring renewable deployment in the region—especially given the other pressing need, to find employment for an ever-younger and well-educated populace.
The UAE has been riding on this advantage, integrating its clean-energy targets closely with a wider economic strategy that sees the country as a green regional hub, with green-knowledge clusters and centres of research and innovation, supported by new "green" legislation, such as the region's most-advanced building codes. In early 2013, Abu Dhabi launched Shams 1, at the time the world's largest CSP plant, and the emirate also hosts Masdar city, a building complex in the suburbs of Abu Dhabi designed to show the feasibility of low-carbon cityscape development. The aim here is not only to build physical infrastructure, and to eventually bring down technology costs, but also to develop skills and human capacity.
The strategy has a political dimension too. The UAE has been active in international climate negotiations and was unusually outspoken, for a GCC state, in its support for global climate-change efforts. The image of a country, or region, emerging from its historical role as the world's fossil-fuel supplier to one of regional innovation and even green leadership is part of the UAE's soft power efforts—part of a more proactive and self-confident foreign policy.
Saudi Arabia, besides the UAE the GCC's most dynamic market for renewable energy, has made some efforts to keep up with its neighbour. After much talk and little progress in promoting renewable energy in the kingdom up until the mid-2010s, the reorientation of the domestic energy sector under King Abdullah's successor Salman, his son, crown prince Mohammed bin Salman, and energy minister Khalid al-Falih has in the past 18 months raised hopes for a more dynamic approach to renewable energy in the country.
Under the National Renewable Energy Programme (NREP), launched in July 2016, Saudi Arabia announced a target of 3.45GW of renewable power capacity by 2020 and 9.5GW by 2023-70% of which will come from solar power, the remainder from wind. The NREP links alternative energy deployment and an overall more sustainable energy agenda to the kingdom's National Transformation Program, part of the crown prince's Vision 2030—a plan to develop a non-oil economy and create jobs for young Saudis. Pledging to end his country's "addiction to oil", Mohammed's vision will face many hurdles. But it represents a fundamental shift that few would have thought possible a few years ago.
So far, renewables account for less than 1% of the Saudi power mix, reflecting the Kingdom's past scepticism toward alternative sources of energy. Still, recent months have brought some progress. The first phase of the NTP's renewable-energy programme targets a total of 700MW from renewable facilities. Saudi Arabia's first bidding round for a utility-scale solar-PV project, in Sakaka, in the north of the country, opened in October, and received bids as low as ¢1.79/kWh for a 300MW photovoltaic plant. This would be cheaper even than the contracts secured by the UAE. A second bidding round for a 400MW wind power in Al Jouf (originally Midyan) is in the pipeline for early 2018, with 24 companies shortlisted. Other project tenders are expected for the end of this year.
Over the next 10 years, the Saudi government aims to develop 30 solar and wind projects across the country, involving up to $50bn worth of investments. For 2018, the government has mulled a financial-incentive scheme for domestic consumers to promote installation of small-scale PV rooftop panels, initially as an offset scheme against future consumption of electricity, and later through a feed-in tariff or premium. All of these steps are also part of Riyadh's strategy to boost the share of private-sector output in the Saudi electricity mix to 100% by 2030 from 27% now, and increase fuel efficiency by 7% over the same period.
While the economic rationale for solar PV in the region is sound—and proven in the UAE—and can be supported by governments freeing land for development and offering soft credit, wind power may also soon have its moment. Saudi Arabia and parts of Oman are thought to have good potential for this technology, owing to their mountainous territories and exposure to good coastal wind sites, in particular the Red Sea and upper Gulf coast, in Saudi Arabia, and the Arabian Sea, in Oman. Oman's most promising wind sites are those located in the southern and eastern regions of Oman, down to its Yemeni border. These locations have wind speeds comparable to European sites where commercial wind power successfully operates. The UAE have explored wind projects with suitable sites identified near Sir Bani Yas Island, where a 30MW wind project has been proposed. In the smaller GCC states, the scale of future wind projects is primarily limited by the available land size for suitable sites, as well as the cost of erecting turbines and their gigantic blades where existing infrastructure is missing, for instance in remote mountainous territory.
Yet for all its renewable promise, GCC countries have often failed to hit their targets. Qatar a few years back had bold plans to expand its green energy and create a green-knowledge cluster as part of its economic-diversification strategy. So far, progress has lagged, owing to the lack of political focus and falling oil revenue and therefore government funds for prestige and demonstration projects. So, while Doha once planned to use solar power for cooling its 2022 World Cup stadia, evidence of this is scant and plans for a 3.5GW solar-power complex project, announced by Kahramaa, have been put on hold. More recent announcements have been modest, including a 200MW solar-PV project. The country's target for renewable energy's share of the energy mix is just 2% by 2022.
Even less progress has come in other GCC countries—although this could be changing too. Bahrain and Kuwait have so far offered little incentive to investors to consider renewable energy. But Kuwait this past summer issued plans for a tender in the first quarter of 2018 for the $1.2bn Dibdibah solar-PV plant. The emirate's ambitions are bolder than its progress so far: it plans to produce 15% of power from renewable energy by 2030.
Oman, with an estimated 30 years left of its oil and gas reserves at current production rates, has good reason to get busy with alternatives. But it too has been lagging behind some of its neighbours. It is constrained by finances more than other richer GCC states. Still, in August, the country issued an engineering, procurement and construction contract for a large-scale wind farm, the first in Oman and the GCC. The 50MW Dhofar project is funded by the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development, and will supply 16,000 homes in the southern governorate at Oman's border with Yemen. Otherwise, concentrated solar power in Oman has so far been used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), a niche application of solar power in which Oman has gained much experience. The country's main oil and gas producer, Petroleum Development Oman, began investigating solar-steam generation in EOR back in 2005, recognising that the technology held potential to save valuable natural gas that would have otherwise been injected directly, and hence been lost for other uses on domestic markets or for export.
Nuclear power is the other main alternative for the region. It is now an integral part of the UAE's energy strategy and construction of the first of four 1.4GW reactors at Barakah began in 2011. It should come online in 2018. The four plants will eventually meet a quarter of the country's electricity, and are planned to come online successively by 2020.
Saudi Arabia has flirted with the idea of nuclear power for many years, and initially announced plans in 2011 for 16 nuclear reactors to be built over 20 years, at a cost of more than $80bn. They would generate about 20% of the country's electricity. The target date was later moved from 2030 to 2040, while the subsequent launch of Vision 2030, along with revised targets for renewable energy, left some uncertainty over the fusion plan. A firm decision was only approved in July under the directive of crown prince Mohammed bin Salman. The Kingdom's nuclear and renewable energy agency, Kacare, will map out possible sides for two nuclear reactors, each with 1.2-1.6 GW capacity. Construction contracts are to be signed next year.


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So the beginning of this isn't easy. Yesterday I was hungry all day, I am not sure if it was real hunger or if it was just in my mind. I made myself make sensible choices but spent all day arguing with my body. It wanted sugar. I wanted to re-train it. I didn't have chance for breakfast this morning. A big mistake I know but I was genuinely too busy and we were running very late. So far that has been ok more through luck than anything else I think.
I know all the sensible reasons why I should be eating more healthily and getting my weight under control. They all make perfect sense. I know all the more emotional reasons like setting a good example to my children, being a healthier Mummy for them so we can enjoy every moment in the best way possible. None of that though prevents the fact that I enjoy food.
We buy fresh food, we cook from scratch every day (and that goes as far as bread, cakes, biscuits etc). It's not that we (ok I) eat junk processed crap. My biggest problems are I eat too much and too much of what I eat is sweet, cakey things. I love to bake and once I have done that I love to eat it.
For now I am giving my body a break from sugar. It needs it. I was running on sugar. Porridge with raisins and sugar for breakfast. Chocolate, cake or biscuit several times a day. Lunch followed up by something sweet. And of course dinner needs a dessert. So for a couple of weeks I am laying off sugar. I know from past experience that this is long enough for me to re-programme my body into not relying on it for energy.
After that I am going to have to control how much sugar I eat. I am not a believer in bad food/good food. A little bit of everything has always worked best for me. The problem is when I stop keeping that under control and the odd sweet thing turns into a daily sweet thing which then becomes every meal time and before I know it I am eating sugar almost every time I consume something.
I am blogging this because it gives me a chance to get my thoughts out of my head and has the added bonus that I will be able to see how far I have come.
So my starting point (when I am reading this back and thinking, "it wasn't that bad") is this...
You felt like crap because your energy levels were constantly going up and down like a yo yo.
You couldn't sleep properly.
Your clothes that looked nice when you bought them were straining at the seams.
You were grumpy because you knew that the way you were eating wasn't good but you couldn't be bothered to do anything about it.
You were beating yourself up because you knew that the way you were eating was setting a really bad example to your children. They are at the age where you can control what they eat all the time so for now it's all good. Another few years though when they are making their own food choices and have seen you eating junk it will be different. You don't want that.

subset: commoncrawl


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We create and develop spectacles for brands that are synonymous for design, technology, and quality.
New stainless-steal rimless sunglass. Extremely light and comfortable, this squared style has a plated eyebrow and a strong visual appeal. Available in gold, pink and black the accentuated brow lines offer design and a modern look.


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38th Annual Motorama Events
February 20th & 21st 2016
Farm Show Complex
N. Cameron Street | Harrisburg, PA 17110
Saturday 2/20 9AM-10PM & Sunday 2/21 9AM-5PM
We are only a couple of
weeks away from the east coasts largest most diverse Motorsports event of
the year. Advanced participant registration and advanced ticket sales
stop on Sunday February 7th at 11;59pm. . If you have registered in
any racing competition or ordered advanced tickets before 1/24/16 and
have not received your passes in the mail, please call our office at
Motorama has partnered with VP Racing Fuels
this year and is offering to supply any racers needs for the event at
special show prices. You can view all options and the order form by
clicking on the link below
Racing Fuel Order Form
Oh yeah - it's happening. So now you know where Dianna
Dahlgren will be Sunday February 21st 2016 - will you be joining her?
If you intend to race in an
event or showcase a vehicle at the 38th annual Motorama we recommend that
you register right away don't push it back any longer. Please don't
delay, several portions of the show are filling up quickly and may sell
out of participation spots at anytime.
ATTN: Arenacross
On site arenacross
registration will be available, at an increased cost, only for those
classes that are not sold out in advance. Several of the arenacross
classes have been filled or are close to capacity and will NOT be
available for post registration at the event. Sold out classes so far:
250-C 2 wheel, Open-C 2 wheel and outside reserved parking. Also just
added for 16's arenacross event - MOTORAMA DASH FOR CASH
$ There will be a total of an extra $600 up for grabs for
each of the the two days of arenacross for both the bike and quad expert
classes at Motorama this year. The format will be a 3 lap dash for cash
each day before the beginning of the finals in the Large Arena. The
leader will receive $100 per lap. The two wheel dash sponsor is TLD and
the four wheel dash is cosponsored by Pagoda Motorcycle Club and District
6 Sports Association.
New This Year
1:10th scale Remote Control
Demolition Derby in the Equine Arena
All registration options can
be found here:
Advanced Ticket
Options - buy in advance and SAVE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Why wait on long lines in
the cold? Purchase your tickets in advance and enter though our VIP
pre-paid entrance at the front rotunda off of Cameron Street and avoid
all the lines.
Advanced ticketing options
can be found here:
ON-SITE TICKET SALE PRICING - Available at Show
Single Day Adult Saturday Pass $30.00
Single Day Adult Sunday Pass $20.00
Single Day Child Saturday OR Sunday Pass (6-11) $10.00
Interested in selling your
good and wears at Motorama; visit our vendor registration page for more
details we offer affordable rates and with 50,000 people walking around
the show you are sure to have plenty of customers to introduce your
product lines too - less than 100 linear feet is still available.
Vendor booth reservations options can be found
Hotel Accommodations
Hotel Discount Information -
Visit our lodging page on our website to see several options from our
great hotel partners in the area - Rooms starting as low as $64.00 a
night and within a couple of miles of the show
All hotel partner discount
Information can be found here:
For the latest news,
announcements and happenings at Motorama be sure to regularly visit us
at; www.motoramaevents.com or on our
Facebook page at www.facebook.com/MotoramaEvents
you will find great coverage and conversation there as we all grear up
for the show.
Motorama Staff


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A new way of approaching start-ups which encourages a more flexible plan that allows for uncertainty and change Business plans do not allow for the unexpected. Often written at the outset of a new business proposal, there is little room for change or learning from experience once the venture is underway. Beyond the Business Plan provides 10 new principles for starting a new business venture which guarantee the flexibility to face any uncertainties. These principles can be used as an alternative to a traditional business plan or even alongside one allowing it to adapt when needed. This book does not dictate how to run a business but provides the insight needed to overcome unforeseen obstacles, to adapt, grow, and change as necessary. This fresh approach teaches how to be responsive to uncertainty and demonstrates that flexible development can navigate the changing world economy better than any business plan.


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This past week/weekend was full of new adventures and new stresses. It's very freeing when your oldest moves out. It's also scary knowing that 1/3 of working "children" under the age of 34 live with their parents. DOH!
I'm not going to make a sappy post about my baby growing up, but it's both a sad and happy time.
My boy has everything physical he needs to live on his own, and I can only continue to mother him through the mental, emotional and parenting part of living on his own. With being a parent comes more love than you knew you held in your heart, fear, joy, pain and so much more. I love that he is strong enough to WANT to be on his own, and smart enough to make the effort to do his best to make that happen.
Whether or not he succeeds is up to him (and the fact that we have no space for him and his family to live with us). Let's all hope and pray for the best!


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Covered Entities and Business Associates face the daily challenge of providing high quality services while complying with an increasingly complex security threat landscape and regulatory environment. In fact, some recent Healthcare statistics include:
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I had the pleasure of travelling to this years OSCW that was once again hosted at an European Space Agency campus ESAC the European Space Astronomy Centre just outside Madrid, Spain. I equally had the pleasure of staying with the Libre Space Foundation crew including some of the core team but also some of the global contributors.
There is so much I could say about the talks and the event but I don't know how to summarise it all! So instead I will just say that the quality of presentation was great and it really is re affirming and heartening to see so many communities forming around the opensource development of space technologies. Staying with and meeting some of the wider Librespace contributors makes one feel part of something amazing and left me invigorated and wanting to contribute more. Here follows a small photo dump!


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Refreshed and updated with the latest drug information, guidance and advice, BNF 69 is now available. a You've used BNF in the past, and so you know it will help you prescribe the most effective drugs, minimise risks, improve your patient care and comply with best practice. a If you're a NHS health professional, please note: NICE now send free copies of the BNF in September...
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New BNF 69 Out Now
English Prescription Charge Change
The NHS English Prescription Charge will be £8.20 from 1 April 2015! Dispex Members For your FREE downloadable prescrpition charge poster, please login to the members area and head to the Documents & Resources page. k To see our upcoming training courses please click here ...
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Attention Nomad Clear Customers -Easter Ordering 2015
Easter Ordering 2015 As we approach the Easter bank holiday we would like to remind our customers to ensure they hold sufficient Dispex Nomad Clear MDS stock during this period! To guarantee delivery before Good Friday, please place your order by Tuesday, 31st March 2015. j Click here for an order from, please complete and faxback on 01604 859687. j ...
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Frequently Asked Questions
By Amanda Chell Question - Can you claim Out of Pocket expenses [OOP] on Made To Measure Stockings? Answer - OOP expenses cannot be claimed on made to measure stockings. In order to avoid losses in this area you must source them directly from the manufacturer as some wholesalers may add carriage on, which you cannot claim Question - We have had a 'referred px' that has &lsquo...
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(DDA NEWS)Dispex gains third training seal
The Dispex Drug Tariff & Endorsing Course, which is now fully endorsed by the Dispensing Doctors' Association as a piece of quality training, is taking BOOKINGS NOW for courses running in a range of locations throughout May and on June 3. The course contains vital information on understanding the Drug Tariff to inform accurate reimbursement, and it is the third Dispe...
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text:
Fri, 2011/01/21 - 3:37pm
HOW TO MAKE MY COMPUTER LAST LONGER - Part One
It is important to know that any computer equipment, may it be a CPU, Monitor, Keyboard and Mouse or Printer, would only last for a while and not forever, even we ourselves, last for an appointed time.
To get a deep understanding of how to care for your computer equipment that it may last longer, consider reading the following headings:
Physical Aspect of Caring for your Machine
Some people would spend five thousand dollars ($5000.00) hire purchase to get a computer and when they get it then expect for it to last a lifetime. Some also accused merchants of selling them equipment that is bad because they did not care their machine. Any computer and peripherals would go bad within a six months period of purchase without proper care. In the "Caribbean Region" it is necessary to get your unit serviced at least two or three times a year by competent professionals. It has been proven that due to the climate that we have, it is necessary to ensure that our system is cleaned twice a year. The dust build‐up from the internal fans along with insect excrement poses a problem. I have also seen the salt air blowing in from the sea rotten a few computer mainboards and cases in Barbados. The problem with power is a very serious one in the Caribbean.
So to make it clear on the physical aspect of caring for your PC, you would need to ensure that your computer equipment is:
1. Serviced (cleaned) at least twice a year (*)
2. Computer must always be elevated above the floor or off the ground (try to keep the area clean and tidy at all times)
3. System must always be in a safe place free from where it can easy fall
4. Ensure at all times that your computer and peripherals are connected to an Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) or use a Voltage Regulator. (*)
5. Try as hard as possible not to expose your system to too much salt air or sea breeze.
6. It is important not to move your computer while it is on because this can damage the Hard Disk.
7. If by accident you make the system fall, make sure you let a qualified technician evaluate and make recommends before use. (This can ease you from having to purchase a new computer). (*)
Prepared by: Daniel Bovell – ACP, DIT, Webmaster
Fri, 2011/01/21 - 4:13pm
Software Aspect of Caring for your Machine
Most computers, if not all, will experience a software problem before a physical one. Some users may not be familiar with the problems of computers and would conclude that their computer is no longer good. I could remember some customers at the company I work came and said that they no longer want their computer because it is not working and they prefer a new one. In most cases, the computers had software issues that were caused by the very customers. What were some of those Issues? Some computers had viruses, Spywares, wrong software downloaded for Operating System, Low Disk Space, wrong System requirements, etc.
It is very important to ensure that the following criteria are always met when dealing with the software aspect of caring for your machine:
8. Ensure that your system has a virus protection software
9. Turn off Automatic Updates (*)
10. Only install programs that are designed for your Operating System (OS) (*)
11. Avoid downloading Music, Games and other media. Stay away from Porn Sites
12. Use firewalls and other protections if you know how (*)
13. Try hard to attend basic computer courses if you are not computer savvy
14. Always check to see your disk space usage (Right Click on C:\ Drive and choose properties and you should see your disk usage.)
15. Delete temporary files and folders. (*)
16. Defrag system every three months
17. Limit the amount of start up programs to three (you can enable antivirus, side bar and welcome centre at start up) (*)
18. Call a technician if you are not sure about certain things (*)
19. Keep one or two User Account and no more (if possible one user only)
20. Avoid upgrading OS if you don't have OS license
21. Install legal software only
If you follow these guidelines (1‐21) carefully and write them upon the tablets of your heart as your law ‐ your computer will last a lifetime.
(*) You can contact Zadan Services at (662) 519-3972 or email: email@example.com or visit https://www.zadanservices.com and submit a message through the Tech Support Forum.
Prepared by: Daniel Bovell – ACP, DIT, Webmaster
Thu, 2012/04/12 - 7:44pm
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Thu, 2012/06/07 - 10:49pm
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text:
Wisnu Mintargo, RM. Soedarsono, dan Victor Ganap(1*)
(1) Institut Seni Indonesia Surakarta
(*) Corresponding Author
Patriotic songs basically originated from the history of education in Indonesia, starting from intellectual
circle and teachers in pre-independence era initiated by the Boedi Oetomo movement (1908), the 1928
Youth Pledge and post 1945 independence. The form and meaning of the patriotic songs, either on
vocals or with instruments, take place in ceremonial activities and performance art. According to Alan
M. Meriam and RM. Soedarsono, this applies to public school, the Indonesian Air Force, and Gelora
Bahana Patria Choir. As for character education, the specialty of Yogyakarta reflects its identity as a
city of struggle, city of education and city of arts and culture. According to the theory of transformation,
something new, including the arrangements of patriotic songs in the forms of march, hymn, romance
for parade, military defile and aubade, is to restore the spirit of nationalism and patriotism. The success
of transforming the patriotic songs so as to have new atmosphere is dependent on the various abilities
to make the arrangement works, so that they can draw attention from the doers and the listeners and
function in ceremony and performance art. In line with the Decree of the Ministry of National Education
of 2011 items 10 and 11 regarding the values of nationalism and patriotism, we can realize those values
by singing patriotic songs, using Indonesian language as the unifying language, and acknowledging,
appreciating and commemorating the services of national heroes.
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text:
Frequently Asked Questions
PFAS contamination in the Marinette and Peshtigo area
PFAS contamination has been detected in the Marinette and Peshtigo areas in soil, sediment, groundwater, surface water, private drinking water wells and biosolids. Answers to questions being asked of DNR staff are posted on this page, which will be updated regularly. Additional information is available on the main Marinette/Peshtigo area page.
Public involvement
- How will the public be kept informed? Where can I find the most recent information?
The DNR will update the PFAS contamination in the Marinette and Peshtigo area webpage and this FAQ page regularly as more information becomes available.
Sign up for GovDelivery to be notified when updates to these pages have been made and when public meetings will be held.
DNR's online database BRRTS on the Web (BOTW) is updated with site-specific investigation information, including the case files for the following sites:
- JCI/Tyco Stanton St. Campus – 1 Stanton Street, Marinette: DNR Case File #02-38-581955
- JCI/Tyco Fire Technology Center (FTC) – 2700 Industrial Parkway, Marinette: DNR Case File #02-38-580694
- Chem Design Products, Inc. – 2 Stanton Street, Marinette: DNR Case File #02-38-583852
- Land-spreading fields associated with PFAS-contaminated biosolids from the Marinette Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP): DNR Case File #02-38-583856
In addition, check the following websites for updates:
- I am a proponent for legislators reviewing Wisconsin's solid waste disposal program for amending it to make special consideration for products containing PFAS ending up in our landfills and likely in the smallest way contributing to contamination. Do you see this as a viable action going forward to reduce PFAS contamination?
The city of Marinette, city of Peshtigo and town of Peshtigo residents should feel free to contact their elected representatives to voice their concerns regarding PFAS impacts on human health and the environment.
PFAS basics
- What are PFAS?
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of human-made chemicals that have been used in industry and consumer products worldwide since the 1940s. Their ability to repel water and oil and withstand high temperatures has made PFAS a particularly useful ingredient in industrial and commercial products, including non-stick products, stain- and water-repellent clothing, and fire-fighting foams. These chemicals do not easily break down in the environment and have been known to accumulate in the environment and humans. In a nationwide study, low levels of PFAS were determined to be present in the blood of most Americans. Two PFAS, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are the most extensively studied of these chemicals.
The acronym PFC has been used to describe PFAS in the past. This acronym is no longer used to describe per- and poly- fluoroalkyl substances because it is used to describe perfluorocarbons (i.e., refrigerants), which are a different family of chemicals.
For additional information, please see our main PFAS page.
- What is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) role? Is the EPA aware of the situation?
The EPA is aware of the situation. In fact, in 2018, the EPA asked JCI to sample for PFAS at the 1 Stanton Street site. However, the Wisconsin DNR is the lead agency at both the Fire Technology Center (FTC) and the Stanton Street Campus.
- Are PFAS regulated by the federal or state government?
Currently, there is limited regulatory authority of PFAS at the federal level. In 2016, the EPA issued a non-enforceable Lifetime Health Advisory level for PFOA and PFOS of 70 parts per trillion (ppt) in drinking water. Presently, PFAS is not a hazardous substance subject to the federal Superfund cleanup law or a hazardous waste subject to federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous waste treatment, disposal or storage requirements.
The state DNR currently has the authority to require that persons who cause hazardous substance discharges of PFAS or environmental pollution to take action to protect human health and the environment under Chapter 292, Wisconsin Statutes.
DNR's Water Quality Program has the authority to regulate discharges to surface water on a site-by-site basis in accordance with the federal Clean Water Act. Solid waste containing PFAS must be managed in accordance with state law.
With respect to groundwater, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS) has recommended a groundwater standard of 20 ppt, which is a combined standard for PFOS and PFOA. In order for that recommended standard to be implemented as law, the groundwater standard will need to go through the state's formal rulemaking process. Until that time, persons undertaking groundwater cleanups of PFAS contamination are required to work with DNR and DHS to establish a site-specific cleanup standard.
For more information, visit NR 140 groundwater quality standards update.
- What role are local authorities (i.e., city of Marinette, town of Peshtigo) playing in the investigation?
The cities of Peshtigo and Marinette, the town of Peshtigo and Marinette County have been kept informed of investigative activities. The DNR has worked with the cities and the town on evaluating the sampling results of their drinking water. The cities of Peshtigo and Marinette are working closely with DNR on PFAS issues associated with their wastewater treatment bio-solids and land spreading.
Local authorities play a vital role in helping to keep citizens informed of the progress being made. The local governments also assist in ensuring that safe water is provided to citizens and that municipal services – such as their wastewater treatment system – are carried out in a manner that does not cause the contamination to spread.
JCI/Tyco site background
- How were PFAS discovered in the Marinette and Peshtigo area?
Properties owned by JCI in the Marinette and Peshtigo area have been used for the production and testing of specialty chemicals, including aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF), since the 1960s. Some of the AFFF materials contained PFAS. To date, the investigation has focused on discharges or environmental pollution originating from the Tyco Fire Technology Center (FTC) and the JCI Stanton Street Campus, both in Marinette.
In 2013, Tyco conducted PFAS sampling on the FTC property and discovered PFAS. However, Tyco did not notify the DNR of the discharge of the hazardous substance.
In 2016, the state requested that Tyco sample groundwater at the FTC for PFAS, given the growing national concern over PFAS and AFFF firefighting foams. Sampling results found PFAS.
In 2016, Johnson Controls and Tyco merged to form Johnson Controls International (JCI).
In 2018, JCI formally reported the discharges of PFAS to the state regarding the FTC sites, including the 2013 data.
In 2018, the EPA asked JCI to sample the groundwater at their Stanton Street Campus, as it was already undergoing a federal-lead, RCRA hazardous waste cleanup. PFAS was discovered at this ongoing cleanup as well. The state DNR took over the lead on the PFAS contamination while EPA remains the lead on the hazardous waste cleanup.
JCI is conducting investigations on both the FTC and the Stanton Street Campus under DNR's NR 700 process. The DNR is working with JCI to identify all areas where PFAS was disposed and where contamination has spread; requiring interim and long-term remedial actions to protect the surrounding community; and requesting action at other properties where PFAS may have impacted the environment.
- What is the name of the product JCI used that contained PFAS? Did they manufacture it?
JCI facilities manufactured and tested aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) products used to extinguish gas- and liquid-based industrial, military and aviation fires. Some of these products contained PFAS compounds with fluorinated chains of eight carbon atoms (i.e., "long-chain" or "C8") and PFAS compounds with chains of six fluorinated carbon atoms (i.e., "short-chain" or "C6").
- How long has JCI used products with PFAS in them? Are they still using products with PFAS?
JCI tested, manufactured and/or trained with AFFF products containing PFAS at their facilities in the city of Marinette and the Peshtigo area from as early as 1962 to the present. According to information supplied by JCI, AFFF products containing "C8" or "long-chain" PFAS were used until approximately 2014. AFFF products containing "C6" or "short-chain" PFAS have been used from the mid-1990s to present.
PFAS impacts in the Marinette and Peshtigo area
- How did PFAS get into the soil, surface water and groundwater?
he chemical characteristics of PFAS allows it to move easily move through soil and water. When PFAS are spilled or sprayed on surfaces, they can potentially enter surface water and groundwater through infiltration or runoff. PFAS in surface water and groundwater may end up in private wells, water bodies or other water supplies.
To date, this is our understanding of how PFAS has impacted the environment in and around the city of Marinette and the town of Peshtigo. PFAS has been discharged to the environment as a result of testing fire-fighting foams during outdoor training and demonstrations at the Fire Technology Center (FTC). PFAS was also discharged to the sanitary sewer at JCI's Stanton Street Campus in the city of Marinette. As a result of this discharge, PFAS entered Marinette's Wastewater Treatment Plant, partitioned to the plant's biosolids and were then landspread on fields in the area.
- Is PFAS in my drinking water?
The city of Peshtigo and the city of Marinette are testing their municipal drinking water for PFAS. PFAS testing results from the municipal water systems in the city of Marinette and the city of Peshtigo have shown non-detectable or very low levels of PFAS. These concentrations are below EPA's Health Advisory Level (HAL) of 70 ppt and Wisconsin DHS's recommended groundwater standard of 20 ppt.
The results of municipal drinking water analyses are shared by each city on their websites:
With respect to private wells in the city of Marinette and town of Peshtigo, JCI has sampled 168 private wells in their study area. Of those wells sampled, 58 wells have tested positive for PFAS with 16 results exceeding the EPA HAL of 70 ppt and 29 exceeding the DHS recommended groundwater standard of 20 ppt. JCI has provided 37 properties with Point-of-Entry Treatment (POET) drinking water systems. POET systems have been offered to any well-owner with detection of PFAS compounds. JCI is offering bottled water to all properties in the sampling area, regardless of test results. A long-term solution to address this issue is being worked on between JCI, the state, impacted communities and citizens.
- Where has sampling been conducted?
Drinking water, surface water, groundwater, biosolids and soil have been sampled in specific areas. The DNR is working with JCI to determine the nature and extent of the contamination. Given the complexity of PFAS, the DNR is continuing to direct JCI to make progress on determining where the PFAS was disposed of and how far it has migrated. As noted in the illustration below, the contamination can migrate through many pathways.
Site investigation work plans and other technical documents are submitted by JCI and posted to DNR's online database, BRRTS on the Web (BOTW). Online case files are available for the following sites:
- JCI/Tyco Stanton St. Campus – 1 Stanton Street, Marinette: DNR Case File #02-38-581955
- JCI/Tyco Fire Technology Center (FTC) – 2700 Industrial Parkway, Marinette: DNR Case File #02-38-580694
- Chem Design Products, Inc. – 2 Stanton Street, Marinette: DNR Case File #02-38-583852
- Land-spreading fields associated with PFAS-contaminated biosolids from the Marinette Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP): DNR Case File #02-38-583856
Additional information can be found on the following websites:
- There are at least 4,000 PFAS substances. The primary focus for Marinette County are compounds from Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) because this is the primary source of contamination in our area. However, it was stated that there are 26 PFAS compounds being examined. Clearly, there are other sources of PFAS other than firefighting foam. What is the source of all the PFAS-related structures affecting our area besides firefighting foam?
Likely sources in the city of Marinette include consumer products and other industries. Although some industries have begun to phase out "long-chain" PFAS, some consumer products still contain PFAS compounds. Imported products may also contain PFAS. Through regular use, these products may introduce PFAS to the sanitary sewer waste stream.
More information can be found on the Interstate Technology Regulatory Council's (ITRC) History and Use of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS).
Potable wells in the town of Peshtigo and city of Marinette
- Will the private potable well sampling area be expanded beyond the current boundaries? I am just outside the current boundary; can I have my well sampled?
The DNR is working with JCI to define the area that must be monitored for contamination fully. This investigation is a process that can change based on data from repeated rounds of sampling and analysis. If these data indicate an expansion of the impacted area, then the monitoring area will be expanded. If you are outside of the sampling area but still have concerns, it is possible to have your well tested by a private laboratory at your own expense. There are environmental consultants in the area that may be able to assist in this.
It is not a practice of the DNR to recommend specific laboratories. However, DNR offers the following questions to ask when finding an appropriate laboratory.
- Is the lab following EPA 537.1 methodology for the analysis of drinking water for PFAS?
- How many drinking water samples has the lab analyzed using EPA 537.1? Generally, more is better.
- How many PFAS drinking water certifications does the lab currently hold and from who? Generally, more is better.
- How can my well be impacted and not my neighbor's?
Regional geology, surface water features and groundwater movement affect how PFAS migrate through the sub-surface and aquifer. Additionally, variability in construction techniques and depth may affect how PFAS contaminants enter wells. JCI will continue to monitor wells in the study area to detect if and when PFAS contamination has occurred.
- Are the Point-of-Entry-Treatment (POET) systems for private potable wells effective?
POET systems are effective in the short-term for small-scale drinking water treatment. The systems are designed with two tanks that take regularly scheduled samples to determine if contaminants are being effectively removed. If a contaminant breakthrough is detected, both tanks will be replaced. The state does not recommend relying on these systems if more permanent, protective options are available for current and future landowners and occupants.
- If I accept a POET system, will I be eligible for a long-term solution (i.e., new well, municipal connection, etc.) when it is determined?
Yes. The POET systems are interim measures used to protect drinking water. Accepting a POET system will not affect your eligibility for the long-term solution when one is determined and implemented.
- What are the possible long-term potable water solutions for impacted private wells?
JCI submitted a draft plan to DNR that outlined possible long-term potable water solutions. This was shared by JCI in a May 15, 2019, letter to residents in the area. At this time, JCI believes the best solution is to connect private wells to Marinette's existing public water supply. DNR has not yet approved the remedy for providing permanent, safe water to the impacted landowners and occupants. The DNR has requested that JCI include other options, such as obtaining water from the city of Peshtigo or a new public water supply well.
The details of this plan are being discussed by relevant parties (i.e., DNR, city of Marinette, city of Peshtigo, town of Peshtigo, impacted citizens and JCI).
- If the long-term solution is to provide municipal water, will municipal water be offered to all homes in the affected area or just those with detects?
That is being evaluated at this time. DNR is requiring a remedial action that protects current and future residents over time.
- Would drilling a deeper well protect my water from contamination?
Many well drillers are experienced in using methods during the drilling process designed to prevent contaminants from migrating to lower aquifers. However, well drillers' experiences have been with contaminants whose features are much better understood than PFAS. It is important to note that wells from deep aquifers in Wisconsin often produce water with lower aesthetic qualities - such as hard water and water with high iron, manganese and/or sulfur content. Additionally, deeper aquifer wells in Wisconsin are also susceptible to naturally occurring contaminants, such as radium and arsenic, that are not regulated in private wells but are monitored for and addressed in public water systems because of their negative health effects.
- I have a deeper limestone well that currently has no detect. How do I know it won't be contaminated in the future?
JCI submitted a Long-Term Potable Well Monitoring Plan to DNR and intends to conduct monitoring of all potable wells in the study area. However, DNR cannot guarantee that potable wells in the impacted area, even if located in the deeper aquifer, won't be impacted in the future.
- Can the DNR require the closure of private non-potable wells (i.e., Driven Point or Sand-point) in the study area?
The DNR has authority under s. NR 812.26, Wis. Adm. Code, to require filling and sealing of non-potable wells if the well poses a hazard to health, safety and/or groundwater or does not meet well construction standards. This would only be done on a case-by-case basis. The city of Marinette has adopted an ordinance that gives the city the authority to require filling and sealing of non-potable wells in the city of Marinette's water service area.
- Will the soil and water be completely cleaned up?
JCI is required to restore the environment to the extent practicable and minimize harmful effects from the discharge to environmental media (e.g., water and soil). For each site so far, JCI submitted a site investigation work plan outlining what steps they will take to investigate and remediate discharges to the environment. As data is submitted, the DNR will ask JCI to continue to submit sampling plans until the extent of contamination is fully understood.
It is DNR's experience that the land and waters of the state which become contaminated through historical manufacturing use and disposal activities do not end up as "completely cleaned up." The responsible parties are required to clean up to the extent practicable by law, but at a minimum, must achieve protective levels. That means that some level of contamination may remain in the soil or water at the completion of the cleanup, but the levels must be such that they do not adversely impact human health and the environment.
Wastewater and biosolids
- How do PFAS end up in the wastewater stream?
PFAS can enter the wastewater stream by discharges from industrial and commercial sources of PFAS-containing wastewater to the sanitary sewer or from PFAS-containing consumer products discharged to the sanitary sewer. JCI holds a permit to discharge wastewater to the sanitary sewer in both the city of Marinette and the city of Peshtigo. The DNR worked with both cities and JCI to have the company halt sending PFAS-containing wastewater to municipal wastewater facilities via the sanitary sewer.
- Is JCI discharging PFAS compounds to the city of Marinette and the city of Peshtigo sanitary sewer systems?
As of March 2019, JCI voluntarily discontinued discharging AFFF-containing wastewater to the sanitary sewer systems of the city of Marinette and the city of Peshtigo.
- What are biosolids and how are they contaminated with PFAS?
Wastewater is processed and filtered during the treatment process at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The organic matter removed from wastewater during the treatment process are known as "biosolids." Throughout the US and Canada, biosolids are commonly recycled via land application on agricultural fields, as this practice enhances soil health, recycles nutrients (reducing fertilizer use), sequesters carbon and provides a productive use for this residual from wastewater treatment. However, if PFAS is present in the domestic and industrial wastewater entering the WWTP, they can be concentrated in the biosolids and landspreading can cause dispersal of PFAS. In this case, JCI was discharging PFAS-containing foams to the WWTP to dispose of it.
- Is DNR requiring the city of Marinette and city of Peshtigo to test for PFAS in influent, effluent and biosolids at their municipal wastewater treatment plants?
The DNR has limited authority to regulate PFAS at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in absence of a PFAS surface water quality standard. The cities of Marinette and Peshtigo have voluntarily conducted PFAS testing at their municipal WWTPs and are working with the DNR to mitigate future impacts from PFAS to the environment.
The DNR is in the process of developing a water quality standard for two PFAS compounds (PFOS and PFOA) based on recommendations from DHS. Once this standard is final, it will provide DNR authority to regulate PFAS through wastewater discharge permits.
- What are the city of Marinette and city of Peshtigo WWTPs doing with their biosolids?
The city of Marinette and city of Peshtigo WWTPs are voluntarily storing their biosolids in addition to testing the biosolids for PFAS. Proper disposal will be determined in consultations between the cities, JCI and DNR.
- Where can I find the test results for PFAS in the city of Marinette and the city of Peshtigo's biosolids?
The results for PFAS levels in the city of Marinette's biosolids can be found on the city's PFOA and PFOS Investigation webpage. The city of Peshtigo is in the process of determining an appropriate location to share the results of PFAS levels in biosolids from the city's WWTP.
- What about fields where biosolids have been applied in the past?
The DNR approves and tracks locations of biosolid applications. The DNR is in the process of considering options for evaluating soil, groundwater and private wells for PFAS contamination at these locations.
The DNR has applied for research funding to study PFAS contamination on fields where biosolids were applied, groundwater around these fields and plant uptake.
The city of Marinette has a map with approximate locations of biosolid applications dating back to 1996.
The city of Peshtigo is in the process of determining an appropriate location to share information on where past land applications of biosolids have occurred.
- Is there a concern that the fields with biosolid applications may have crops tainted with PFAS? Is there anything the public can do to avoid consuming those products?
When fields received biosolids from Marinette, they were not applied to crops intended for human consumption. Generally, municipal biosolids are spread on fields planted for animal feed crops.
The DNR is working with the Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS), the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection (DATCP), other states and the EPA to further explore this pathway of exposure.
Surface water
- What are surface waters and have they been contaminated with PFAS?
Surface waters include water found in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and ditches. PFAS contamination from the JCI/Tyco Fire Training Center (FTC) entered the groundwater and nearby surface waters.
- How is JCI addressing PFAS in surface waters?
JCI is monitoring surface water streams and ditches in the area around the FTC and constructing interim actions to mitigate and treat contaminated water. Where PFAS contamination has been found, JCI has installed one surface water treatment system and is in the process of installing a second surface water treatment system. The systems remove surface water, process it through a granulated activated carbon (GAC) filter system and discharge the treated water back to the ditch.
- How will the public know if a surface water is contaminated with PFAS?
Some surface waters in the area may contain PFAS. The DNR is working with JCI and Wisconsin DHS to install signs alerting the public of potential PFAS contamination.
- Why is surface water in the Bay of Green Bay not being sampled as part of the initial site investigation?
Surface water in the Bay of Green Bay will be sampled as part of the next phase in the site investigation. In February 2019, JCI submitted a Supplemental Site Investigation Workplan to the DNR that includes developing a sampling plan for surface water in the Bay of Green Bay.
- Will fish in area surface waters be sampled as part of the site investigation?
As part of the next phase of the Site Investigation, JCI and the DNR will evaluate methods and areas to sample fish. Independently of this investigation, the DNR is in the process of collecting fish tissue samples for PFAS analysis from the Menominee River.
PFAS foam on surface waters or other locations
- How can I tell if the foam on my lake/stream is natural or from PFAS or some other contaminant?
Generally, you can tell if the foam is naturally occurring or may contain PFAS foam by observing the following characteristics.
PFAS contaminated foam
- Can have bright white coloring
- Tends to pile up like shaving cream
- Can be sticky
- May blow inland and collect on lakeshores and river banks
- Is usually lightweight
Naturally occurring foam
- Is off-white and/or brown
- Often accumulates in bays, eddies or river blockages
- May have an earthy or fishy aroma
- Is PFAS foam harmful?
Swallowing foam with PFAS could be a risk to your health. Avoiding foam with PFAS is protective of everyone, including young children, and is a recommendation supported by Wisconsin's Department of Health Services.
PFAS do not move easily through the skin, but it's always best to rinse off after contact with foam to avoid accidentally swallowing PFAS.
DHS recommends that people not allow their pets to come into contact with or swallow foam. Since pets could swallow foam collected in their fur when grooming themselves, we recommend you rinse pets off with fresh water.
- I reported PFAS foam on the lake/river. Why wasn't it sampled?
The DNR conducts an on-site field verification of foam sightings prior to mobilizing contractor sampling teams. If a foam sighting has been reported some number of days after the foam was first seen, it may have dissipated before a sampling team would be able to retrieve it. DNR staff may have also sampled an area where foam sightings have been reported multiple times and are awaiting analytical sample results prior to conducting sampling in the same location again.
Health effects and recommendations
- What are the health effects of PFAS?
Although PFAS have been used extensively since the mid-20th century, experts are just recently understanding their potential impacts to human health. This understanding continues to evolve, based on ongoing research. Two specific PFAS, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), are the most studied PFAS chemicals. Current studies of PFOS and PFOA suggest that exposures at high levels may increase cholesterol levels, increase the risk of thyroid disease, decrease female fertility and increase the risk of high blood pressure in pregnant women. EPA research suggests that some PFAS may have the potential to cause cancer, but studies linking the two have not been consistent.
For more information, visit the CDC's PFAS and Your Health website and the Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS) PFAS webpage.
- How are we exposed to PFAS?
We come into contact with these chemicals in several ways. You can be exposed to PFAS by:
- drinking municipal or private well water contaminated by PFAS;
- eating fish caught from water contaminated by PFAS;
- accidentally swallowing soil or dust contaminated by PFAS;
- eating food that was packaged in material that contains PFAS; and
- using consumer products that contain PFAS.
- How can I reduce my exposure?
It's not practical to completely eliminate exposure to PFAS chemicals as they are commonly found, at low levels, in the environment, human blood and some consumer products. The following actions can be taken to limit our contact with PFAS.
- If your drinking water is contaminated with high levels of PFAS, use an alternate water source for drinking, preparing food, cooking, brushing teeth and any other activity when you might swallow water.
- The Marinette and Peshtigo area currently has fish consumption advisories in place for PCBs and mercury. These advisories are more protective than a fish consumption advisory for PFAS. This means that if you are following fish advisories currently in place, you will also be reducing potential health risks from PFAS. More information can be found on DNR's fish advisory page and by using the DNR's online query tool to check advisories in place for where you fish.
- Recent federal efforts to remove PFAS have reduced the likelihood of exposure in consumer products. However, some products may still contain them. If you have questions or concerns about the products you use in your home, contact the Consumer Product Safety Commission at 800-638-2772.
- How was the EPA's drinking water Lifetime Health Advisory Level for PFOA and PFAS developed?
The EPA develops Health Advisories on contaminants that can cause human health effects and are known or anticipated to be in drinking water. A Health Advisory is not enforceable by a regulatory agency but is meant to provide technical information to state agencies and other public health officials on health effects, analytical methodologies and treatment technologies associated with drinking water contamination.
For more information, visit the EPA's Drinking Water Health Advisories for PFOA and PFOS webpage.
- My children play in creeks and streams in the area, should I be concerned for their safety?
Drinking or accidentally swallowing the water should be avoided to reduce unnecessary exposure. However, touching the water is not a health concern. To reduce accidental ingestion, we recommended that you wash your and your children's hands after playing in area creeks and streams.
- Can I swim in the water or use my private well to fill my swimming pool?
It is safe to swim in and use water for recreational activities. Available research suggests that PFAS do not easily enter the body through the skin. We recommend avoiding swallowing the water accidentally.
to reduce unnecessary exposure.
- Can I eat plants from my garden if I water it with water from a sand-point well?
Some plants concentrate PFAS slightly above what is in groundwater, while other plants take up very little PFAS from water. Overall, the available research indicates that most garden plants are not a major source of exposure, but we cannot say there is no exposure.
While it is not recommended to water your garden with PFAS contaminated water, there are a few things you can do to further reduce potential exposure, including the following.
- Water your garden and seedlings with a clean source of water.
- Prepare garden beds (or raised beds) with clean soil, or test garden soils.
- Modify your soil with clean compost. Increasing the organic content of your garden soil can prevent the uptake of PFAS into plants. If you have compost from last year's gardening, use that in other areas of your yard.
- Wash your produce in clean water after you harvest it. For root vegetables, consider peeling and washing them before eating.
For more information, please read the letter DHS sent to the city of Marinette and the town of Peshtigo about the use of non-potable wells for watering plants.
- Is it safe to eat the fish?
The Marinette and Peshtigo area currently has fish consumption advisories in place for two contaminants, mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), because these contaminants can build up in your body over time. The risk of health problems increases with the amount of contaminated fish you eat. Following the current fish consumption advisories will protect you from being exposed to these contaminants as well as reduce your exposure to consuming fish contaminated with PFAS. We currently do not know how much PFAS are present in fish caught from private ponds, creeks and rivers within and nearby the contaminated area. The DNR collected fish tissue samples from the Menominee River during summer 2019 and will work with DHS to evaluate results to determine if the current advisory is protective for PFAS on these waterbodies. The DNR expects to receive the results in late 2019.
More information can be found on DNR's fish advisory page and by using the DNR's online query tool to check advisories in place for where you fish. The DNR's current fish consumption advisories are also available in Choose Wisely: A Health Guide for Eating Fish in Wisconsin.
- Can I get my blood tested?
In a nationwide study, low levels of PFAS were determined to be present in the blood of most Americans, similar to the low levels observed in blood for other industrial chemicals like flame retardants. While you can do a blood test to determine the amount of PFAS in your body, there is not enough research currently to determine if your levels would cause specific health problems.
Additional information on blood testing can be found on the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's PFAS Blood Testing page.


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The CRA wants a piece of your termination pay
What's a "retiring allowance"…and what's not
You'd think termination pay, severance packages, and other compensation for getting the so-called golden handshake from your employer would be a fairly simple thing from a tax standpoint. Wrong. The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) calls some of these payments "retiring allowances," even though they might have nothing at all to do with "retirement," and wants its share of tax from them. Last time, I looked at what these "allowances" are in the CRA's view, and what can be done to cut the tax payable. This time, I want to probe a bit further and see what the CRA's take is on various other payments made in respect of termination of employment, particularly in the area of legal damages payable.
Termination pay
In a Round Table way back in 1993, the CRA expressed the view that "termination pay" under the Ontario Employment Standards Act does not qualify as a "retiring allowance." This is because the legislation imposes a minimum number of weeks of notice prior to termination, dependent on the years of employment.
During the notice period, the employee is entitled to receive regular wages. Because of this, the CRA's position is that if the employee is terminated without written notice, the employee is entitled to termination pay equal to regular wages payable over the same number of weeks for which notice was required. What does this mean? Essentially, the termination pay is treated as a continuation of regular salary payments, in spite of the termination of employment. (Presumably, there would be similar problems in other provinces).
Yet, a different interpretation was given to "severance pay," under which an Ontario employee may be entitled to payments by virtue of large employers discontinuing businesses, where 50 or more employees have been laid off within a six-month period. This does qualify as a retiring allowance.
General damages
The CRA's administrative positions is that an amount paid on account of damages for emotional distress per a court order may be a retiring allowance if the payment arises from a loss of office or employment. If you're hoping that the word "may" opens the door for you to take the position that such damages are not retiring allowance, but may in fact be tax-free payments, think again. The CRA stated in a ruling that damages received as compensation for mental distress as a result of the loss of employment "would be taxed as a retiring allowance" (unless the damages relate to human rights violations).
Pre-judgment/Post-judgment interest
CRA has stated that pre-judgment interest on either a retiring allowance or a tax-free award is considered to be tax-free. But in yet another ruling, it expressed the view that interest paid on an award for wrongful dismissal for the period after the date of settlement is taxable as interest. On top of that, it does not form part of a retiring allowance and therefore cannot be rolled into an RRSP.
So, pre-judgment interest appears to get the best possible treatment – it can be completely tax-free (if related to a retiring allowance or a damage payment which is not income from employment). Post-judgment interest gets the worst – it's fully taxable and can't even be rolled into an RRSP.
Other case law
Besides CRA pronouncements, there have been a couple of interesting court cases in the area that have held that not all damage payments received by a terminated employee fall within the definition of retiring allowance. A case in point is Bedard v. M.N.R, where it was held that an amount paid to compensate an employee for defamation fell outside the definition of a retiring allowance. Some practitioners have also argued that that exemplary damages and damages for mental distress awarded in a wrongful dismissal action are, arguably at least, non-taxable – i.e., in spite of another case.
A number of other CRA rulings have dealt with other typical scenarios. For instance, compensation for termination due to a work-related injury was held to be a retiring allowance under the particular situation. Or, a payment received as a result of a layoff under the terms of a labour agreement will usually qualify as a retiring allowance. And unused sick-leave credits paid on termination qualify as a retiring allowance, but accumulated vacation pay does not.
Samantha Prasad, LL.B., is a Partner with Toronto law firm Minden Gross LLP, a Meritas Law Firm Worldwide affiliate, and specializes in corporate, estate, and international tax planning. She writes frequently on tax issues, and is the co-author of Tax and Family Business Succession Planning, 3rd Edition. She is also co-editor of various Wolters Kluwer Ltd. tax publications. Portions of this article first appeared in The TaxLetter, © 2019 by MPL Communications Ltd. Used with permission.
© 2019 by Fund Library. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part by any means without prior written permission is prohibited.
The foregoing is for general information purposes only and is the opinion of the writer. This information is not intended to provide specific personalized advice including, without limitation, investment, financial, legal, accounting or tax advice.


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At first glance, the raising of Arjun Halakurki's hand following the final of the men's 55kg Greco-Roman competition at the recently concluded wrestling nationals isn't something that would turn too many heads. It's not hard to fathom why. In India, the popularity of men's Greco-Roman wrestling -- in which holds below the waist are forbidden -- pales in comparison to that enjoyed by the freestyle format. There is also the fact that the 55kg division isn't an Olympic weight class.
Yet Halakurki's victory was special. It was also one that immediately threw up a challenge for statisticians. Just when was the last time that a wrestler from Karnataka won a gold medal at the national championships? Eventually the mystery is solved. Halakurki's gold, which he clinched representing the Services team, was won over a quarter of a century since M Mattupatti won the 82kg Greco-Roman title at the 1995 nationals in New Delhi.
There is a simple reason for the long drought. That there are vast catchment areas of talent in the north Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and the western Indian state of Maharashtra is well known. It's exponentially rarer for elite-level athletes to emerge from other parts of the country where the sport is less popular.
One of the few oasis of support for wrestling is Halakurki's own village of Devanamatti in central Karnataka's Davanagere district. "I picked up wrestling because it's popular in my village. My father was also a wrestler who competed in local competitions," says the 21-year-old Halakurki.
His own dreams never went much beyond those same competitions either. It was luck, though, that he was spotted at a local tournament -- when he was 10 years old -- by Shivananda Gowda, who coached at the government sports hostel in Devanagere. "I saw that he had a lot of strength at a young age. It was a natural strength because he had it despite not having a proper diet. I started him as a Greco-Roman wrestler because that is a game that requires much more strength than freestyle wrestling," says Gowda.
A proper sportsperson's diet was a luxury that Halakurki could only dream of affording. "His family is very poor. His father didn't have any land and worked in other people's fields to earn money," says Gowda. Even the little support his father provided was taken away when he was killed while trying to feed his family. "There was not enough food, so he used to hunt wild rabbit and on one of those days he was run over by a truck," says Gowda.
But even in his struggle, Halakurki found support from others. "There were many players in that hostel, but we knew that Arjun was a rare wrestler who could be of international quality," says Rafiq Holi, one of Halakurki's senior at the hostel and another Karnataka wrestler who has gone on to represent the Services team. "We did what we could. If he didn't have food, we would collect what little money we had and together raise enough to buy him almonds and milk," says Holi.
Halakurki's talent was clear to his colleagues at the hostel and was soon apparent nationally as well as he won a junior bronze medal a couple of years ago. It is a result that might not seem very significant but, as Gowda explains, it opened the door to something bigger. "There's not a lot of competition for Arjun here. But once he got a medal and entered the camp, he became very good very fast," he says.
"His technique is strong and he also has a lot of hip and back strength that allows him to throw his opponents. That's very important for a Greco-Roman wrestler." Kuldeep Singh, former coach of India's Greco-Roman team
A year later, Halakurki would be offered a job with the Services team and that saw him improve even further. "Most wrestlers join as a havaldar in the Army but he joined only as a sipahi [the lowest rank] -- but that was enough. He got better competition, a regular job and a sportsperson's diet for the first time in his life. It also gave him the motivation to do better," says Holi.
Indeed, Halakurki's graph has only been rising. Earlier this year he won the U-23 national championships and earned the right to represent India at the U-23 World Championships. There he reached the quarterfinals before losing a high-scoring match 14-12 to eventual silver medallist Emin Sefershaev of Russia. It's a loss that he swears will only help him get better. "My wrestling defence was poor. I will learn from the mistakes I made there," he says. At the nationals, he conceded all of one point, beating his opponent in the final by technical superiority.
His coaches in the Services team don't doubt his talent and ability. "His technique is strong and he also has a lot of hip and back strength that allows him to throw his opponents. That's very important for a Greco-Roman wrestler. If he wants to go to the Olympics he will have to move up to the 60kg division, but he has a lot of potential," says Kuldeep Singh, former coach of the Indian Greco-Roman team.
Back in Karnataka, the hope certainly is that Halakurki can do just that. The last wrestler from Karnataka to represent India at the Olympics was Mohan Patil, from Belgaum on the Maharashtra border, who wrestled in the 62kg category at the 1992 Olympics. "My goal is to represent India at the Olympics. I will keep improving and try to qualify for the 2024 Olympics," says Halakurki.


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It is not hard to see why Seagate has fast risen to the status of the biggest digital storage supplier in the world. Fast, reliable, convenient and instant huge capacity, Seagate external hard drive is chosen and adopted by many the world over for its ability to let them take their favorite photos, movies, music, etc. with them anywhere. It is also readily used by companies and organizations for data backup and storage.
Unfortunately, your Seagate hard drive could unexpectedly bring you disappointment by failing to work or display stored files. For whatever reason this may occur, it is important to know just how to go about recovering your data with consummate ease. And we know just the right Seagate external hard drive recovery software for your needs.
Recovering data from your Seagate external drive is very simple with the right tool at your disposal. The recommended tool for us is iMyFone's data recovery tool AnyRecover. AnyRecover is a sophisticated data recovery tool which helps you retrieve lost, deleted, inaccessible or formatted data from your Seagate external hard drive. Designed as an all-inclusive data recovery tool, AnyRecover helps you recover valuable data of any type from any storage system.
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Step 1: Start AnyRecover on your computer and select the external device where you want to recover data.
Step 2: Click "Start" to begin scanning. All your data will be listed out at the left panel once the scan is complete.
Step 3: Preview your files from the list of lost files, select files you wish to retrieve and click "Recover".
Note: If you have already overwritten the data on your drive, it becomes even more difficult to recover your lost data. In order to increase the success rate to recover your hard drive data, please stop using your hard drive immediately when you find the data could be lost.
Besides AnyRecover, there are some other ways you can try to recover your Seagate external hard drive, we have listed them below one by one.
1. Recover from Seagate rescue service
If your Seagate Backup Plus hard drive is still covered by warranty, you should have a complimentary Seagate Rescue Plan. This means you can recover your lost data, including pictures, videos, music, etc. using your hard drive warranty card. Seagate will recover the data for you from the drive and send it to you through their online cloud storage system or in a new external drive.
2. Perform Chkdsk
If your Seagate external drive is still detectable by your PC, performing Chkdsk on your Windows PC is a great first step. CHKDSK – which is run in Command Prompt – allows you scan, fix and recover your files. To do that follow the steps below:
Go to the Windows Start button and enter "cmd" in the search box.
"Command Prompt" should appear in the search list. Right click it and select "Run as Administrator".
Permit it to "make changes to your computer".
When the Command Prompt opens, input "chkdsk E:/f" {where "E" stands for the Seagate external drive letter} and hit Enter.
3. Reinstall the driver
If, however, it happens that your computer cannot detect your Seagate Backup Plus Portable Drive, reinstalling the driver can help.
Navigate to "My Computer" or "This PC" on your desktop and right click on it.
Select "Manage" > "Device Manager".
Double click "Disk Drives" and right click the name of your removable drive and click "OK".
Disconnect your drive and restart your PC.
When the PC restarts, reconnect the drive; your system should read it now.
By James Crawford , to External Device Recovery
Posted on Dec 06, 2018 ( Updated: Dec 16, 2019 )


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- Ranked first by the Canadian environmental organization Canopy Planet Society
- Re-confirmation of Lenzing's leadership role in the field of sustainability
- Acknowledgment of the innovative strength of Lenzing's new TENCEL® fiber from recycled cotton waste
The Lenzing Group was rated number one globally with respect to the procurement of wood, the key raw material in cellulose fiber production. This was the conclusion of the latest global ranking compiled by the Canadian non-profit environmental organization Canopy Planet Society, who cooperates with 68 leading retail brands in the textile industry worldwide and is a driver in evaluating sustainable sourcing processes. Achieving the leading position in this ranking is another major recognition of Lenzing's sustainability leadership that is documented by numerous prizes, labels and certifications. In its report , Canopy assessed the performance on forest conservation and wood sourcing practices of the major players of the cellulose fiber industry. It also commended Lenzing for its new TENCEL® fiber, which uses cotton fabric waste as an alternative source of raw material. (Copyright: Lenzing Aktiengesellschaft - 11/2016)