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Sunday, May 31, 2009
June 1, 2009
May 31, 2009
How can I show my love for Him in a way that makes Him feel loved? What is His "love language"?
Saturday, May 30, 2009
May 30, 2009
Friday, May 29, 2009
May 29, 2009
Thursday, May 28, 2009
May 28, 2009
Wednesday, May 27, 2009
May 27, 2009
Tuesday, May 26, 2009
May 26, 2009
Monday, May 25, 2009
May 25, 2009
Sunday, May 24, 2009
May 24, 2009
Friday, May 22, 2009
May 23, 2009
Thursday, May 21, 2009
May 22, 2009
Wednesday, May 20, 2009
May 21, 2009
God has always demanded honor. After all, He IS God, what else SHOULD He expect? And God interprets honor in terms of obedience. If you claim to honor God but do not obey Him, He is not honored.
God created Adam in order to enjoy fellowship with him and God was honored through being in perfect relationship with Adam. Adam was honored through being the crowning touch of God's creation. God further honored Adam by creating a companion for him. Adam and Even were to honor each other and together they were to honor God. When they did, life was………well, perfect!
We can see that honor is the foundation upon which healthy relationships are built. Is it any wonder that the wedding vows include the promise to "love, honor, and obey"? Honor and obedience strengthens relationship. Failure to obey dishonors a partner and weakens the relationship.
You can trace all of the sin and shame that pollutes human nature to the moment when Adam & Even dishonored God by disobeying Him with the forbidden fruit. They were urged to do so by the Serpent, Satan, the master of dishonor. He convinced them that they could disobey God without dishonoring Him. They were wrong! Dead wrong.
The immediate result of Adam and Even dishonoring God was their sense of shame. That was evidenced when they hid from God and made coverings for themselves. And as their ancestors, we inherited their shame and disobedient nature.
Does obedience really matter? It does if you want to honor God! You cannot honor God while you are disobeying Him. That is a devil of an idea.
You were created to honor God through obedience. Shame on you if you don't!
The Deal: God is not honored by your good intentions, He is honored by your obedience.
May 20, 2009
Tuesday, May 19, 2009
May 19, 2009
Monday, May 18, 2009
May 18, 2009
Sunday, May 17, 2009
May 17, 2009
It was Grapevine Faith vs. Gainesville State School and everything about it was upside down. For instance, when Gainesville came out to take the field, the Faith fans made a 40-yard spirit line for them to run through. Did you hear that, the other team's fans?
They even made a banner for players to crash through at the end. It said, "Go Tornadoes!" Which is also weird, because Faith is the Lions.
It was rivers running uphill and cats petting dogs. More than 200 Faith fans sat on the Gainesville side and kept cheering the Gainesville players on—by name.
"I never in my life thought I'd hear people cheering for us to hit their kids," recalls Gainesville's QB and middle linebacker, Isaiah. "I wouldn't expect another parent to tell somebody to hit their kids. But they wanted us to!" And even though Faith walloped them 33-14, the Gainesville kids were so happy that after the game they gave head coach Mark Williams a sideline squirt-bottle shower like he'd just won state. Gotta be the first Gatorade bath in history for an 0-9 coach.
But then you saw the 12 uniformed officers escorting the 14 Gainesville players off the field and two and two started to make four. They lined the players up in groups of five—handcuffs ready in their back pockets—and marched them to the team bus. That's because Gainesville is a maximum-security correctional facility 75 miles north of Dallas. Every game it plays is on the road.
This all started when Faith's head coach, Kris Hogan, wanted to do something kind for the Gainesville team. Faith had never played Gainesville, but he already knew the score. After all, Faith was 7-2 going into the game, Gainesville 0-8 with 2 TDs all year. Faith has 70 kids, 11 coaches, the latest equipment and involved parents. Gainesville has a lot of kids with convictions for drugs, assault and robbery—many of whose families had disowned them—wearing seven-year-old shoulder pads and ancient helmets.
So Hogan had this idea. What if half of our fans—for one night only—cheered for the other team? He sent out an email asking the Faithful to do just that. "Here's the message I want you to send:" Hogan wrote. "You are just as valuable as any other person on planet Earth." Some people were naturally confused. One Faith player walked into Hogan's office and asked, "Coach, why are we doing this?"
And Hogan said, "Imagine if you didn't have a home life. Imagine if everybody had pretty much given up on you. Now imagine what it would mean for hundreds of people to suddenly believe in you." Next thing you know, the Gainesville Tornadoes were turning around on their bench to see something they never had before - hundreds of fans. And actual cheerleaders!
"I thought maybe they were confused," said Alex, a Gainesville lineman (only first names are released by the prison). "They started yelling 'DEE-fense!' when their team had the ball. I said, 'What? Why they cheerin' for us?'"
It was a strange experience for boys who most people cross the street to avoid. "We can tell people are a little afraid of us when we come to the games," says Gerald, a lineman who will wind up doing more than three years. "You can see it in their eyes. They're lookin' at us like we're criminals. But these people, they were yellin' for us! By our names!"
Maybe it figures that Gainesville played better than it had all season, scoring the game's last two touchdowns. Of course, this might be because Hogan put his third-string nose guard at safety and his third-string cornerback at defensive end. Still.
After the game, both teams gathered in the middle of the field to pray and that's when Isaiah surprised everybody by asking to lead. "We had no idea what the kid was going to say," remembers Coach Hogan. But Isaiah said this: "Lord, I don't know how this happened, so I don't know how to say thank You, but I never would've known there was so many people in the world that cared about us."
And it was a good thing everybody's heads were bowed because they might've seen Hogan wiping away tears. As the Tornadoes walked back to their bus under guard, they each were handed a bag for the ride home—a burger, some fries, a soda, some candy, a Bible and an encouraging letter from a Faith player.
The Gainesville coach saw Hogan, grabbed him hard by the shoulders and said, "You'll never know what your people did for these kids tonight. You'll never, ever know."
And as the bus pulled away, all the Gainesville players crammed to one side and pressed their hands to the window, staring at these people they'd never met before, watching their waves and smiles disappearing into the night.
Wow! Do people feel like that as they leave FWC on Sunday?
May 16, 2009
Discipleship is a walk, a very distinctive walk, patterned after the life and teachings of our Lord, Jesus Christ. Discipleship is taking a stand for what is right and what is healthy. Where does one get the strength to stand and to walk? From the nourishment that is received daily in the dining room!
I have been accused of having a distinctive walk.
One time Barbara and I were attending a large interdenominational conference in Colorado Springs. We were a few minutes late as we entered the huge auditorium where the evening service was being held. They had already brought the house lights down making it difficult to spot the empty seats. As we were cautiously making our way down the aisle I heard a voice whisper, "Brad! Brad Snyder! Is that you?" It was a couple that I had not seen in years! We quickly arranged to meet after the service.
As we came together later that evening, I asked them how they could recognize me in such a large crowd in a dark auditorium. They chuckled, "Are you kidding? We would recognize that walk anywhere!"
I was glad they did because it was good to see them and we had a great time!
If you had squatted behind the plate to catch as many baseball games as I have, you might walk funny, too!
Actually, I am not sure I can get off the hook that easily because unfortunately, my younger son walks that way, too.
Even more unfortunately, my daughter kind of does, too. You could pick them each out of a crowd.
Seriously, it does matter how we walk. It especially matters how we walk in our spiritual walk. People do notice. So does God.
Just as my kids have a walk like mine, God calls His children to walk like Jesus. People ought to be able to recognize us as His kids by the way we walk.
That walk is often referred to as "discipleship".
Have you ever played "Follow the Leader"? I am sure you have!
What happens in that game? One person is designated as the leader and everyone else must do exactly what the leader does! Those who follow the leader win the game and those who don't lose.
Can you see the similarity to discipleship? As disciples we are called to walk in the path of Jesus as we follow the Leader.
If you can win at "Follow the Leader", you have what it takes to be a disciple. It will just require regular trips to the dining room!
Here at FredWes, we are committed to spending ample time with you in the dining room so we can give you an HD understanding of how to walk as a disciple and then, eventually, lead others in that distinctive walk.
Friday, May 15, 2009
May 15, 2009
Thursday, May 14, 2009
May 14,2009
The same is true in golf. A golfer lives to catch one on the "sweet spot" and hear that unmistakeable sound and watch the amazing way the ball flies straight and long!
Once you find the "sweet spot" on the bat or on the club, you try your best to hit the ball there every time you swing it!
I thought of that because as I was reading in the first few chapters of John I was noticing all the miracles that Jesus was doing while in Galilee. His first miracle was at a wedding in Cana of Galilee. One of his first converts was a woman at a well while on His way to Galilee. That conversion brought a revival to that area of Samaria in the region near Galilee.
Noticing that I did some research and found out that about 75% of Jesus' recorded miracles happened in Galilee. See the map above and notice the red triangle, it marks Jesus' ministry
"sweet spot".
His disciples also came from that area. John the Baptist had preceded Him in that area. I'm sure those two factors contributed to His high rate of results in that area. I'm going to do more investigation and see what other factors were involved.
It begs the question, "Did Jesus focus His ministry here because it was a "sweet spot" or did it become a "sweet spot" because He focused His ministry there. I suspect it was a little of both. That also merits further research.
But, for the purpose of this article, I want to concentrate on this thought about ministry "sweet spots". I believe everyone has one. Sometimes it is a geographical area, sometimes it is a ministry gift or anointing, sometimes it is ministry partner or team, sometimes it all the above.
Jesus had three years to accomplish His mission on earth. He couldn't afford to spend it in His "sweet spot". Even though your mission is more extended, you can't affor to waste time or efforts. So, know your "sweet spot".
What is your "sweet spot"? Where is it? Are you there? What must you do to get there?
Wednesday, May 13, 2009
May 13, 2009
In Acts 1:8, the last words of Jesus before He left Planet Earth were "…..you shall be my witnesses…."
You see, the issue for every Christian is not, "Will you be a witness?" The issue is, "What sort of witness are you?"
Since your actions, words and attitudes are witnessing every day to the people you work around, live around, do business with, or play around, God thinks it is important to get it right. Your witness is either drawing people closer to believing in Christ or driving them further away from faith.
Wouldn't you like to learn how to turn your witness into evangelism opportunities? Since you will be witnessing anyway, why not learn to make it count for the Kingdom of God?
In the Scripture lesson today, you will pick up some tips from the Master Evangelist, Himself. Learn these and live these and you, too, can become a soul-winner!
Pray For Lost People
Prayerfully take the time to sit down and write the names of five lost people you long to see come to faith in Christ. Pray for their salvation every day.
My Target List
Claim Their Salvation:
Pray according to I John 5:13-15 –
Pray according to II Peter 3:9 –
Pray For Divine Appointments
Ask God to arrange opportunities to have meaningful encounters with lost people that day. Expect Him to do it!
Then, learn from Jesus in John 4:
Be Intentional, John 4:1-5
Jesus went way out of his way to end up in a little town in Samaria.
Why was this unusual?
What did He have in mind?
Be Strategic, John 4:6
Jesus knew that respectable people, church-going folks, came to draw water in the morning and in the evening. Only outcasts came to the well in the heat of the day.
Why do you suppose Jesus wanted to be there at the hottest part of the day?
If you want to reach lost people, should you wait and pray that they come to you or should you develop a strategy to be where they are?
Be Inconvenienced, John 4:6
Jesus walked out of his way to sit in the hot sun and wait around for a thirsty person to show up.
Ask, "When was the last time I made time to connect with an unsaved person?"
Be Engaging, John 4:7-15
Discuss ways that Jesus engaged this woman in a conversation. What was the result? What are some keys to engaging others in a spiritual conversation?
Be Transparent, John 4:9-15
Be willing to share your testimony. Talk about how your faith has helped you in your real life battles.
Write out your testimony into a two or three minute presentation and memorize it show you are ready to share.
Be Graciously Bold, John 4:16-26
Jesus lovingly confronted her with her need for salvation and didn't allow her objections to throw Him off track. He showed her how she could find peace and joy in her life.
Know a step-by-step soul-winning plan so you are prepared to lead someone to faith in Christ. Ask Pastor Brad or any of the pastors to help you with this.
Don't force the opportunity to present the Gospel, but be politely persistent with them, as Jesus was with this woman. If they continue to resist, graciously thank them and tell them how much you enjoyed spending this time with them. Let them know you always welcome the chance to talk about spiritual issues.
Continue to pray for their salvation.
This story had a happy ending. This dear woman put her faith in Christ and was so transformed by Him that she became a witness to her entire village! Because of her witness many others believed.
Not all of Jesus' encounters had happy endings. Neither will yours. But He was always a good witness and He always worked these eight steps into His daily routine.
Will you be willing to become a better witness?
You can incorporate these steps into your daily routine without seriously changing your schedule. Why wouldn't you do this?
When will you begin?
Tuesday, May 12, 2009
May 12, 2009
Reading in John 3 this morning I was reminded of an encounter Jesus had with a religious leader named Nicodemus.
Despite being a religious professional, Nicodemus recgonized a spiritual void in his life. He didn't know what was missing but he knew Who to ask. He went to Jesus under the cover of darkness.
I doubt if he was prepared for what Jesus told him. "Nicodemus, you are alive but you're dead."
Confusing? It was for Nicodemus. He didn't get it.
Jesus clarified, "I tell you the truth, no one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again."
Nicodemus still didn't comprehend, "How can I be born when I am old? There is no way I can climb back into my mother's womb!"
Now he was fully engaged! Jesus explained that just like we are born physically, we must have a spiritual birth as well! We are born into this life spiritually dead because of the sin nature we inherit from Adam. Spiritually dead means that we cannot connect with God because He is holy and He is a spirit while we are sinful and of the flesh.
As a religious leader, Nicodemus should have known that. But give him credit, he was teachable. When Jesus explained how he could become fully alive, Nicodemus discovered the great joy of being "born again"! He entered the Kingdom of God!
How about you? Are you fully alive - physically alive but spiritually dead?
It is time for a birthday, or a "rebirth day". Learn from Nicodemus. It is not about being religious it is about being reborn. Stop trusting your goodness and your works and receive the "gift" of salvation - Jesus, the Christ!
Monday, May 11, 2009
May 11, 2009
May 10, 2009
May 9, 2009
That reminds me of motherhood! Mothers have a lot of marbles that there are trying to move from one home to the next – while trying not to lose their marbles in the process! What marbles am I talking about?
How do you move those marbles, get them all home and not lose your marbles?
They will all fit if you put them in the proper order. To do that you must add one more marble – THE MASTER MARBLE
THE MASTER MARBLE – "Seek first His kingdom and His righteousness…
COMMIT TO HIS WILL – For You, For Marriage, For Motherhood, For Career
COMMIT TO HIS WORD – Let it be a lamp and a light
COMMIT TO HIS WAY – Live Out His Will And His Word
COMMIT TO HIS WISDOM – For Marriage, For Motherhood
ELIZABETH CORCORAN shares this experience:
Four – year old Sara, had asked to pray before our breakfast this morning. That is quite typical of her. I think it's more her penchant to take charge than her avid spiritual growth as of yet. But I happily obliged as it still does something to my heart to hear that little girl of mine talk to our Heavenly Father. She started off per usual. Thank You for mommy, thank You for daddy, thank You for Jack. Then she added, and thank You for me.
She has yet to come across that place in life where you feel silly or full of yourself in bringing any sort of attention to who you are as a person. As adults, we'd probably be a bit taken aback to hear a fellow pray-er at our Bible study thank God for herself. But if you think about…I think the situation is less that she hasn't quite learned prayer etiquette, and more that she may know more than we as grown-ups do. Why not thank God for ourselves? He made us as much as He made the other people we thank Him for. We have as much value as those other people do. And I bet, if we began to sprinkle our prayers every now and then with a small "thank you for me," I just bet we'd start to see our value though His eyes. And that wouldn't be such a bad thing.
She then moved on to the rest of her list of thanks. Sara has not yet progressed much past the thanksgiving kind of prayers. She doesn't ask God for anything. She doesn't confess much either. (That will need to come…) She just thanks Him. And today, I noticed exactly what she was thanking Him for. She went through her routine of thanking Him for breakfast and her pretty clothes, saying, "Thank You that I'm beautiful again today" (no self-esteem issues with this little girl).
Now, I'm sure she wasn't hoping to teach me some huge theological lesson in that moment…but wow, did she ever. What if I stopped, just for a day even, asking God for stuff? Asking Him to fix things in my life? Asking Him to change this or that circumstance? What if--what if I just thanked Him for all of my situations as is? How might my life be different? How might I see God and my current status differently…if instead of complaining to Him or asking Him for a quick-fix, I just rested where I was at that moment…searching for His hand and for any lesson I could glean…and thanked Him for it? Maybe I'll just have to find out. – TAKE TIME FOR YOURSELF
THE MARRIAGE MARBLE – Next Play The Marriage Marble
I heard of a couple who, as they were paying for groceries in the check-out line, were discussing their soon to be 50th wedding anniversary, when the young cashier interjected by saying, "I can't imagine being married to same man for 50 years!" The wife wisely replied, teaching the young girl a lesson at the same time, "Well, Honey, don't get married until you can."
"Rules of Male-Female Relationships" 1. The Female always makes the Rules. 2. The Rules are subject to change at any time without prior notification. 3. No Male can possibly know all the Rules. 4. If the Female suspects the Male knows all the Rules, she must immediately change some or all of the Rules. 5. The Female is never wrong. 6. If the Female is wrong, it is because of a flagrant Misunderstanding, which was a direct result of something the Male did or said wrong. 7. If Rule 6 applies, the Male must apologize IMMEDIATELY for causing the Misunderstanding. 8. The Female can change her mind at any given point in time. 9. The Male must never change his mind without express written consent from the Female. 10. The Female has every right to be angry or upset at any time. 11. The Male must remain calm at all times, unless the Female wants him to be angry or upset. 12. The Female must under no circumstances let the Male know whether or not she wants him to be angry or upset. 13. Any attempt to document these Rules could result in bodily harm to the Male.
Recently, a survey was made of 200 married adults in regards to forgiveness The researchers were wondering how one's ability to forgive others would affect their marital satisfaction and personal well-being. The results were astounding! This research suggests that there is a huge relationship between marriage satisfaction and forgiveness. In fact, it appears that as much as one third of marriage satisfaction is related to forgiveness. Not only does the ability to forgive impact the marriage relationship, it was significantly related to personal emotional distress. As forgiveness ability went up, individuals reported fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue! These results are powerful and suggest that all counselors, both secular and faith-based, should be helping people develop the skill of forgiveness.
Gary Thomas commented, "I don't believe couples fall out of love—they fall out of repentance."
The secret of successful marriage is to strive for the perfect 16 – 4 better, 4 worse, 4 richer, 4 poorer…..
MOTHERHOOD MARBLE – Best Thing To Do For You Kids Is Love Their Dad
My mother taught me RELIGION: When I spilled grape juice on the carpet, she instructed, "You better pray the stain will come out of the carpet." My mother taught me LOGIC: From her decisive words, "Because I said so, that's why." My mother taught me FORESIGHT: "Make sure you wear clean underwear, in case you're in an accident." My mother taught me IRONY: "Keep laughing, and I'll give you something to cry about." My mother taught me about STAMINA: "You'll sit there 'til all that spinach is finished." My mother taught me about WEATHER: "It looks as if a tornado swept through your room." My mother taught me THE CIRCLE OF LIFE: "I brought you into this world, and I can take you out." My mother taught me about BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION: "Stop acting like your father!"
One of my favorite columns by Erma Bombeck tells of God in the act of creating mothers. She says that on the day God created mothers He had already worked long overtime. And an angel said to Him, "Lord, you sure are spending a lot of time on this one." The Lord turned & said, "Have you read the specs on this model? She is supposed to be completely washable, but not plastic. She is to have 180 moving parts, all of them replaceable. She is to have a kiss that will heal everything from a broken leg to a broken heart. She is to have a lap that will disappear whenever she stands up. She is to be able to function on coffee & leftovers. And she is supposed to have six pairs of hands.
"Can she think?" asked the angel. "Not only can she think," said the Lord, "but she can reason & compromise & persuade."Then the angel looked at the model of motherhood a little more closely & said, "She's too soft." "Oh, but she is tough," said the Lord. "You'd be surprised at how much this mother can do."Then the angel reached over & touched her cheek. "This one has a leak," he said. "I told you that you couldn't put that much in one model." "That's not a leak," said the Lord. "That's a tear.""What's a tear for?" asked the angel. "Well it's for joy, for sadness, for sorrow, for disappointment, for pride." "You're a genius," said the angel. And the Lord said, "Oh, but I didn't put it there."
Organize and Plan: Make the most of your time
Delegate: Share the load
Develop a Support System: Family, Friends, Church
Set Realistic Expectations: Big Rocks First!
Take Care of Yourself: Sharpen The Axe


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Exhibition Jan Fabre
The exhibition shows stupid animals hanging from a ceiling or nailed onto the wall. Some critics consider this an act of cruelty. From their point of view, it is about fagging, trying to hide something else behind it. In addition, the exhibition drew the attention of the church. The head of the St. Petersburg diocese for relationship between church and society, Archpriest Alexander Pelin, said, "It all looks quite scandalous." According to him, the staff of the Hermitage are unhappy with the exhibition and they´d consider the exposition inappropriate. The exhibition "Jan Fabre: Knights of Despair - Warriors of Beauty", which makes so much noise, already opened in mid-October and will last until 9th April 2017. The exhibition is only recommended at the age of 16.
The exhibition will show over 200 artworks by the Belgian champion. Some were specifically selected for the Hermitage. According to the institution, the expert uses "the aesthetics of the animal world". In his exhibition, there are beetles, shells, skeletons, horns and stuffed animals in various forms.
The origins of Jan Fabre's creativity go back to the tradition of classical Flemish painting. He draws inspiration from the works of Peter Paul Rubens and Jacob Jordaens. The fact that his exhibition has raised a lot of discussion is the best proof of his place in the art scene. It is the duty of art to stir up society, isn´t it?
Fabre's exhibition is one of his attempts to talk about the eternal topics that have always bothered and disturbed humanity. There are the issues of life and death and the many injustices that our world offers. The exhibition of the artist draws attention to the suffering of our brethren, of whom many died because of mistakes of others or because of indifference.
The artist addresses hisself to animal cruelty. Anyone who visits his exhibition has the right to ask oneself: "If a pet, who has satisfied and accompanied me for many years, becomes old and sick, and is no longer as beautiful as before – do I want to take care of it until the last minute, or will I free myself from it?"
© 2017 – x-working

subset: commoncrawl


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The Carbonari are the best known of the secret societies and were the largest. There were active Carbonari groups across Italy in the years after the restoration of 1815. They had significant numbers, estimated at 60'000 in Naples alone. However they were not coherent with a plan for Italy, they had ranging political views and were largely concerned with their local states. Most wanted their Dukes to remain in Power but as constitutional rulers.
-Italy before 1797 was made up of many different states (although were dominated by Austria), Some of these states were republics such as that of Genoa or Venice, in which rich and powerful citizens voted for their leaders.
-The Restoration of 1815 did not allow the restoration of these republics, monarchies were restored and the republics absorbed into these.
-Austria's domination over Italy was restored and strengthened with its acquisition of Lombardy and Venetia, and it family connections with rulers in Modena, Parma and Tuscany (the central Duchies) through Hapsburg family members and by treaties offering military protection to the Pope and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Victor Emmanuel who was restored to Piedmont began to return things to pre-Napoleonic days:
- Including destroying the parks and gas street lighting France had built.
-Reintroducing feudal taxes.
-Reintroducing Church privileges.
-Digging up roads.
-Cancelled the code Napoleon, the civil and criminal laws set up by the French.
-Discriminated against Jews and Protestants, sacking all those appointed to government jobs.
In the papal states (especially in the cities Ferrera and Bologna in the Romagna) during French rule the clergy had been thrown out of important jobs with middle class professionals replacing them. When the Pope was restored he in turn sacked these professionals, this caused a lot of resentment especially in the Romagna.
In the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily the absolute Bourbon King Ferdinand I brought back many of the powers of the Church hoping it would keep his subjects quiet.
The Vienna Settlement and restoration of autocratic rule did enormous damage to the fortunes and aspirations of the educated classes, professionals found they were pushed aside. Many became active opponents of the restoration and Austrian influence.
-The Great powers of Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia divided the old Napoleonic kingdom of Italy into eight separate states - similar to how Italy was before Napoleon's invasion.
-This was known as the restoration because so many rulers were restored, or brought back to power.
-The important aims of the Vienna Settlement was the 'containment' of France, in the hope its power could be limited so another French Empire could not arise.
-A related idea was that of the 'balance of power that none of the powers of Europe should be more powerful than the others, this was hoped to lead to peace.
The Kingdom of two Sicilies had extensive Carbonari membership. King Ferdinand was unpopular with the middle classes, having imposed high taxes, conscription and censorship of the press.
Sicily was also unhappy, it was not conquered by Napoleon and in 1812 King Ferdinand had issued a constitution which he went back on in 1815 being given the throne of Naples, ruling as an absolute monarch.
In 1820 the Bourbon king of Spain had been forced by a revolution to grant a constitution, this was a spark:
-In Naples many army officers decided to force King Ferdinand to do the same. These rebels were joined by General Pepe and his troops.
-The King promised to grant a constitution, to end the power of the Church and to introduce the vote to all male members of the Kingdom.
-A new government was formed, Pepe had control of the army and the revolt seemed successful.
-Austria called a meeting that resulted in the Troppau protocol.
-1821 King Ferdinand asked the Austrian Emperor for help in crushing the rebellion, the Austrians agreed.
-The Austrians marched through the Papal states and crushed the rebellion, aided by General Pepe's forces who were busy fighting a REVOLT IN SICILY, who wanted INDEPENDENCE from Naples.
When News of the revolt in Naples reached the major powers, Austria called a 'congress which took place in 1820 at Troppau, where the 'Troppau protocol' was signed. This was signed by Austria, Prussia and Russia and stated that the great powers should intervene to stop rebellions being successful. (This is what allowed Austria to crush the Naples rebellion of 1820-21) France did not sign because it was still unstable and Britain because wanted to 'maintain the balance of power'.
The Troppau protocol gave Austria an excuse to end a rebellion in Piedmont.
-A Piedmontese army officer and minor aristocrat (Santarosa) led a group of soldiers demanding a constitution.
- The King Victor Emmanuel I abdicated in favour of Charles Felix who was aboard, Victor Emmanuel I named Charles Albert his nephew as regent.
-Albert made vague promises of a constitution and made Santarosa the chief of the army, yet Albert fled when the Austrians invaded piedmont.
-They defeated Sanarosa's men and confirmed Charles Felix as absolute monarch of Piedmont.
In 1830 the Bourbon King of France (Charles X) was overthrown in a revolution. A new king, Louis Philippe was installed in his place, he had a reputation as a liberal reformer. It was hoped by some in Italy that this might mean France would support attempts to change things in Italy.
However, Louis was often too scared that Britain, France, Prussia or Austria might try to restore the Bourbons to the French throne so he couldn't afford to offend these powers by helping Italy.
Charles Albert became king of Piedmont-Sardinia, he showed himself to be a cautious reformer but one who didn't really want extensive change. His principle aim was to strengthen and expand his kingdom. so although he reformed the legal system and decided to join the customs union with Tuscany and the Papal states, he stopped short of more extensive changes until 1847.
-In Modena, Enrico Misley a lawyer and Carbonari member approached Duke Francisco of Modena with the idea of causing a revolt in Modena and in Piedmont.
-Misley tried to persuade the Duke that he could in the confusion take the throne of Piedmont. Francisco liked the sound of this but realised Austria would not stand for it.
-Francesco arrested Misley whose followers rebelled anyway.
-In the confusion Francesco fled as did Marie Louise the Hapsburg leader of Parma.
-The revolt was crushed by the Austrian army; faced with revolt the Pope and the Duke of Modena asked for help from the Austrian Emperor.
-Middle class liberals in the cities of Bologna, Perugia and Ancona decided to challenge the rule of the Pope; resentful t their loss of power after the restoration.
-1831 looked to these reformers as an opportunity to claim independence from the Papacy.
-The rebels in Bologna refused to send troops or aid to ?Modena which they referred to as a 'foreign city'.
-The revolt was crushed by the Austrian army; faced with revolt the Pope and the Duke of Modena asked for help from the Austrian Emperor.
Like earlier revolts, those in the Romagna were localised; the ambition here was to create an independent state without any wider aims.
Young Italy was a secret society, founded in 1831 by Mazzini, this orginisation had an impact on the political development of Italy. it was crucial in speading Mazzinian ideas. it held a strong belief in the people and republican views.
There was a major outbreak of Cholera which had killed 65'000 people, many blamed Neapolitan rule for this disaster.
-The workers and peasants of the peninsula were even more hungry, poor and desperate than usual, and this added to the tensions before 1848.
-Enclosure of the common land by the rich took fertile land for grazing away from the poor in the years leading up to 1848.
-The harvests of 1846 and 1847 had been catastrophic and as a result prices of food and grain had risen dramatically.
-Industrial workers in the cities in the North had been laid off due to over production.
-The cities and towns were full of unemployed and desperate workers from the countryside chasing the same jobs as those who had been laid off in the cities.
Everywhere public order was threatened; there were frequent riots and demonstrations.
Pius IX was elected as Pope in 1846 and at first was seen as a liberal Pope.
-On his election he released political prisoners.
-In 1847 press censorship by the Church was ended, this move allowed the creation of a freer press that was to have important consequences.
-A civic guard of local people was created to protect property.
-A council of state or consulta was set up in 1847 to advise the Papacy on how to run the Papal states. Although it's powers were limited to many liberals it was the first step towards the elected parliament they wanted.
As a result, many saw this new pope as being more liberal and had hopes that he would support change in Italy.
-Austria grew alarmed at the changes and ideas and sent troops to garrison the city of Ferrara in the papal states - as they were entitled,
- It was a warning to the states of Italy, a reminder that Austria was in charge and in case to put down any revolutions.
-Many Italians reacted furiously, Pius XI sent a formal complaint and this was seized by the radicals and reformers as a further sign that Pius might be the one to lead Italy against Austria.
In 1847 like the other rulers of Italy Charles Albert was under pressure. Protests and riots in Genoa and Turin in favour of greater political freedom forced Charles Albert to consider the introduction of a constitution.
This he agreed to do until 1847 - although it wasn't put in place until the following year,
There was a revolution in Paris which toppled Louis Philippe, the last king of France and turned France into a republic.
-Revolutionaries demanded the return of the 1812 constitution and independence for Sicily from Naples.
-The revolutionaries had taken over most of the island by April despite 5000 soldiers and the shelling of the Capital by the Navy.
-They then elected a parliament which declared Sicily's independence.
-The Sicilian revolutionaries were not interested in with national unity, this was a separatist movement with the aim of breaking away from Naples.
-It took the Neapolitan army until May 1849 to crush the insurrection.
Riots in Vienna forced the resignation of Metternich - the Prime Minister who had done so much to keep Austria as the leading power in Europe and to maintain the status quo in Italy.
In protest at Austrian rule and high taxes the people of Lombardy stopped smoking. The tobacco tax brought a lot of money so the Austrians could not collect this tax.
In Milan five days (17th-22nd) of furious fighting in the streets led to the defeat and withdrawal of the Austrian army (led by General Radetsky). After some argument between the moderates who feared the creation of a rebublic, and the liberals who wanted a republic, the provisional Milanese government asked for Charles Albert to help them against the Austrians.
A Venetian republic was declared with Daniel Manin, a radical at its head. They too asked Charles Albert for help.
Pope Pius was not willing to upset Austria for the sake of unity, in response to General Durando's disobediance, Pius issued his famous allocution, the main points being:
1. Pius stated that the war against Austria did not have his blessing.
2. He highlighted the fact that Charles Albert was the aggressor in the war.
3.The idea of a united Italy was not one supported by the papacy and the Pope did not wish to be considered as the potential leader on any Italian federation.
There were five key reasons:
1. Divisions between revolutionaries.
The revolutions were still local, even though the excitement of the liberal Papacy and Charles Albert's war made them look 'Italian'. In Sicily the revolution renewed the call for independence. In Milan and Venice the revolutionaries were divided between republicans and those who feared a republic. Charles Albert wanted to expand Piedmont and be a great leader. Hatred of the Austrians only went so far - other than this they had differing motives.
Because of the 'expansionism' that dominated his aims he could not work alongside republicans or those that supported the Pope.
The Papal Allocution
The Pope issued his allocution and making it clear that he would not lead an Italian Federation, thus removing the papal 'seal of approval' for the war causing many soldiers to abandon the fighting and return home.
The power of Austria
Austria's military might and Radetsky's leadership were crucial factors, as Darby put it "Italy's window of opportunity was open only as long as Austrian paralysis lasted". Radetsky was able to build his army up to 70'000 by the summer of '48 compared to Piedmont's 20-30'000.
Lack of foreign support
-The threat from republican France and its refusal to help in 1849 when Charles tried to re-start the war with Austria meant Italy didn't have the strength to win independence.
-Italy could't be helped from abroad without a challenge to Austria which in 1848 was too strong for any other state to contemplate.
-Following the allocution the Pope was becoming increasingly hated by radicals.
-Following the assassination of his Prime Minister the Pope fled Rome in November 1848.
-In February 1849 a new constitution for Rome was drawn up, Rome became a republic and the Pope's temporal power was removed.
-The City was led by Guiseppi Galletti when the Pope fled and after the constitution by three people including Mazzini.
-The new leaders introduced a series of radical laws (that lasted as long as the republic did.
1.They abolished the hated Macinato.
2.Press censorship was ended.
3. Land that had been owned by the Church was re-distributed.
-The Pope called on the Catholic powers to restore him.
-Louis Napoleon responded by sending 20'000 French troops - France's first involvement in foreign affairs since Napoleon was crushed.
-In April 1849 French troops landed near Rome.
-The defence of the city was led by Garibaldi, it took until the end of July '49 for the city to fall to the French.
-Garibaldi however was a hero of the defence but had to lead his supporters over the Apennine Mountains; his pregnant wife died with the many others.
The 1850's were an important period of political and economic development and change in Piedmont.
-In 1850 Cavour was made Minister of Trade and Agriculture, soon after he was given responsibilities over shipping to which he added technological improvement.
-Prompted by Cavour in 1845 the piedmontese government had begun a limited programme of railway construction, Having visited Britain Cavour was a firm believer in the future of railways. The result was by the end of the 1850's approximately 850km of railway track in operation.
-In 1853 the electric telegraph linking Turin to Paris flourished.
-The textile industry flourished with the removal of tariffs.
-The building of canals began in 1857 further boosted the construction industry.
-By the end on 1851 he had signed trading treaties with states including Portugal, France, Britain and Belgium. The aim of these was to ensure both political support and economic growth.
- Between 1850-59 imports and exports increased by 300 percent.
Both political and economic change enhanced Piedmont's role as the potential leader of the peninsula, and the state most likely to expel Austria as a modernised state.
-Formed in the mid 1850's the membership of the National society was dominated by Italian exiles living in Piedmont.
-It's aim was to promote the cause of Italian unity.
-Many of its supporters had supported Mazzini.
-Yet its leaders were prepared to accept that unification that might come under a Piedmontese Monarchy than a republic.
-In 1856 Cavour, who was still sceptical of unification, met Manin (a leader) but despite these two men disagreeing over the future of Italy. In the same year Cavour met Garibaldi, these contacts were to come in useful in later years.
A member of the Piedmontese government (Giuseppe Siccardi) brought in a series of bills that were passed. These bills controlled the power of the Church:
1.Separate law courts for priests and other ecclesiastical people were abolished because their existence conflicted with the statuto which said all justice came from the King.
2. The right for criminals to seek sanctuary in churches was abolished.
3. Religious groups like monasteries were restricted in their right to buy property.
4. The number of feast days on which people were forbidden to work was abolished.
Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Piedmont
Napoleon III becomes Emperor of France.
In 1854 Britain and France declared war of Russia and sent troops to fight in the Crimea.
In January 1855 Cavour decided to join the war on the allies side and he dispatched the 15'000 troops to the Crimea. He took this decision for a number of reasons:
-Austria remained neutral, making enemies of Russia a powerful state.
-British anf French forces had been ravaged by cholera and knowing reinforcements were needed they put pressure of piedmont.
-Victor Emmanuel II made it clear that he would replace Cavour following is reluctance for war.
At the congress of Paris neither Britain or France was prepared to alienate Austria by addressing any Piedmontese request for a change in the status quo in the north of Italy, yet Cavour did achieve a number of points:
1. His attendance was a sign of Piedmont's growing diplomatic stature.
2. The 'Italian question' was discussed.
3. The French and British were grateful to Britain for it's support.
-At Plombieres Cavour had promised 100'000 troops but these were hard to find, the National Society found 20'000 recruits and in the end the Piedmontese numbered 60'000.
-There was no poular enthusiasm for the war, it was not seen as freeing italy bus as engineered by Cavour.
-A war in northern Italy was unpopular in Europe, to many Austrian influence would be replaced with French, they pressed for a congress of powers to resolve the issue.
-In March 1859 the Piedmontese army mobilised and the Austrians followed suit.
-23rd April the Austrians demanded Piedmontese demobilisation within three days, when it was not forthcoming war was declared on 29th April
-Four Italians led by Count Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon, the rationale behind this was that France would return to a republic that would support the creation of an Italian republic.
-The bomb failed to harm Napoleon but killed several and injured many more.
- At his trial Orsini appealed to Napoleon to support Italian unification, this then supposedly led to Plombieres.
It was agreed at a secret meeting that France would join Piedmont in a war against Austria, other terms were:
1. A kingdom of upper Italy would be created to cover Piedmont (ruled by house Savoy) , Lombardy and Venitia and the duchies of, Parma, Modena.
2. A kingdom of central Italy would be made of the central duchies Tuscany, Umbria and the papal marshes.
3. Rome and the surrounding area would remain in control of the papacy.
4. The King of Naples would be left as it was.
5. In return for the 200'000 troops Napoleon demanded Savoy and Nice.
6. The agreement was to be settled with the marriage of 15 year old Marie-Clothilde (daughter of Victor Emmanuel) to Prince Jerome Bonaparte.
-Napoleon disapproved of the revolutions in central Italy and vied for peace.
-Austria agreed that Lombardy should be given to France but Venitia was still to be Austrian.
-Piedmont was not to have control of Modena or Parma.
-An Italian federation headed by the Pope was to be set up.
-Cavour resigned and was not present at the signing of the Treaty of Zurich.
In April 1859 - in Florence there was a demonstration against the Grand Duke Leopold, he fled and Baron Bettino Ricasoli led a government that favoured union with Piedmont.
May 1859 - National Society engineered peaceful revolutions in Tuscany, Modena and Parma, all the leaders fled leaving provisional governments in control.
June 1859 - The Duke of Modena and the Duchess Regent of Parma fled and were replaced with a government led by Luigi Farini, that was close to Piedmont and all major decisions were made in Turin.
The Austrians were defeated and so much blood was spilt that 'Magenta' is now a colour.
The Austrians were defeated and driven out of Italy.
The treaty that formerly ended the war.
-Social unrest, especially among the lower classes, occurred due to poor conditions, and the fact that the Risorgimento benefited only the bourgeoisie vast-land owning classes.
-New taxes were introduced by the Piedmontese state to pay for the 2.5 billion lira of national debt accumulated from the recent wars.
- Many turned to brigandage in the mountains to continue the fight against the northern invaders.
- Amongst the brigands were a mixture of people, with different working backgrounds and motives, but the same desire to defeat the common enemy.
-They launched attacks against the Italian authorities (who were regarded as foreigners) and the land owning upper-classes, coming to be viewed by many of the common people as Robin Hood like figures, some of them gained celebrity in the area via the spreading of their stories.
-Civil liberties were repressed in the South and the piedmontese deployed an army of 12'000 to deal with the threat.
-In total several thousand southerners were arrested and executed, while many more were deported or fled the country.
-All males over 21 were given the vote in the plebiscites engineered by Cavour via the National Society with help from Ricasoli and Farini.
- The choice was annexation to the constitutional monarchy of Victor Emmanuel or to be a separate kingdom, this choice remaining deliberately vague.
-All were in favour of annexation.
-The reaction of Garibaldi to the surrender of Nice his birthplace was to organise a force to prevent its annexation.
-The group became known as 'The Thousand' and met at the port of Genoa.
-In April 1860, news arrived of a rebellion on Sicily, Garibaldi was persuaded by his followers to help and they sailed.
-At Sea Garibaldi declared that they were going to liberate Italy in the name of "Italy and Victor Emmanuel".
-On the 11th of May Garibaldi arrived in Sicily and as they marched to Palmero their ranks were swelled by Sicilians.
-On the 15th May, their first encounter with the Neapolitan army at Calatafimi was a sensational victory, Palmero was taken later that month and the island conquered by the end of July.
-Cavour panicked and sent two agents to the Island to secure its annexation to Piedmont but both failed, Garibaldi retained control.
Garibaldi's expedition was unpopular in France but they could do nothing as the British were supportive and their navy allowed Garibaldi and his thousand to cross the Straights of Messina to the mainland of Naples.
-Garibaldi made increased his numbers with the peasantry, making promises of land and using religion etc.
-They were fighting in the name of Victor Emmanuel.
-Victory was achieved on the 26th October 1860.
-Cavour was worried that Garibaldi would continue on to take Rome, regardless of the international consequences.
-The National society organised an uprising in the papal states on the 8th September. -Cavour demanded that the Papal army be disbanded rather than suppress the uprising, yet the uprising was a damp squib and many people internationally complained that Cavour was acting in breach of international law.
-However Cavour continued and invaded the papal states (with Napoleon's permission as long as Rome was untouched) on the 11th September 1860.
-On the 18th September the papal army was destroyed at the battle of Castelfidardo.
-Plebiscites in Naples ans Sicily were arranged asking 'One, Italy, Victor Emmanuel, yes or no?'.
-The results were overwhelmingly for but it was more to be rid of the Bourbons than anything else.
Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel make a triumphal entry into Naples and Garibaldi formerly handed over his conquests.
Garibaldi asked to rule the South for a year and was refused so returned to Caprera promising to free Rome.
-A challenge against the Pope's temporal domain was viewed with great distrust by Catholics around the world, and the French emperor Napoleon III had guaranteed the independence of Rome from Italy by stationing a French garrison in Rome.
-Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking the Papal States, and discouraged his subjects from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions. Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed he had the secret support of his government.
-In June 1862, he sailed from Genoa and landed at Palermo, seeking to gather volunteers for the impending campaign under the slogan Roma o Morte (Rome or Death).
- An enthusiastic party quickly joined him, and he turned for Messina, hoping to cross to the mainland there. When he arrived, he had a force of some two thousand, but the garrison proved loyal to the king's instructions and barred his passage. T
-He turned south and set sail from Catania, where Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. He landed at Melito on 14 August, and marched at once into the Calabrian mountains.
-Far from supporting this endeavour, the Italian government was quite disapproving and sent a force to stop him.
-On 28 August the two forces met in the rugged Aspromonte.
- The fighting ended quickly, as Garibaldi forbade his men to return fire on fellow subjects of the Kingdom of Italy.
- Many of the volunteers were taken prisoner, including Garibaldi, who had been wounded by a shot in the foot.
The Pope signed the Syllabus of Errors:
-Pius rejected most of the philosophies developed in the nineteenth century from communism to nationalism and liberalism to nationalism.
-He claimed for the church control over the education system and therefore all culture and science.
-The Catholic Church rejected the idea of tolerance for other religions.
-The Church asserted the idea of the continuing temporal power of the Papacy.
On 20th June 1866 Italy declared war on Austria with Prussia, yet the Italians were defeated at the battles of Custcozza and Lissa. However the Austrians were beaten at Sadowa by Prussia. Austria was forced to cede Venice to France who promptly gave it to Italy.
1867 Garibaldi made a second attempt to capture Rome, but the papal army, strengthened with a new French auxiliary force, defeated his badly armed volunteers at Mentana.
As the Prussian army threatened French borders in the Franco Prussian War, the French troops left Rome.
-The Italians invaded, there was little support despite the results of the plebiscite held on 2 October.
-Rome was pronounced the capital of Italy and Pius IX named himself "a prisoner in the Vatican" excommunicating Victor Emmanuel and his government.
-Charles declared war on Austria saying Italy would "make herself, by herself", and marched troops into Lombardy.
- Other troops from Naples, under the command of Pepe, and from the Papal states under Durando marched north to help Piedmont, Lombardy and Venice in a 'Princes war' that seemed to offer independence from Austria.
- Austria was on a back foot and had lost the leadership of Metternich, it's troops were withdrawn to fortresses on the border and almost all large Italian states were in open revolt against Austrian rule.
-Yet by July 1848 Piedmont had been defeated in the battle of Custcozza, and by August Lombardy had been recaptured, and the republic of Venice put under siege.
- By August 1849 absolute rule had been restored to Naples, Sicily the papal states and the central duchies and Austria had regained control over Lombardy and Venitia.
-The revolutions in Sicily were spreading to the mainland and King Ferdinand was forced to grant a constitution.
-Although this constitution was very conservative and saved much power to the King, it did raise liberal expectations elsewhere in the peninsula.
-Ferdinand only issued the constitution because he could not rely on Austrian support as his father had done because Pope Pius IX refused to let their troops cross the Papal states.
The new ideas circulating around the intellectual classes were very important, they showed a desire for change among some Italians and that they inspired other people (e.g. Garibaldi). Yet they also showed how people who wanted change could not agree on what it should be or how to even get it.. This was a critical factor as to explaining why so little progress was made in the years 1815-49.
-Balbo was from aristocratic Piedmontese family, he thought that Italy needed to be rid of the Austrians but that it could not be forced to become one country as the differences between the states were too great.
-He proposed instead a federation of Italian states, each would retain its rulers and customs and laws for most things.
-The Piedmontese king would be the head of this federation who would lead 'Italy' especially in teaching them how to fight so independence from foreigners could be assured. His ideas were much less radical than Mazzini's.
-Balbo saw a crucial role for piedmont who had a fairly modern army of about 150'000 soldiers and a strong monarchy.
-More than the other writers and thinkers Mazzini believed in "Italy", where others saw Neapolitans and Piedmontese etc. he saw Italians.
-He believed in an Italian character, spirit, one that would eventually rise up and throw off the Austrian domination.
-He founded Young Italy in October 1831 and wanted a mass political movement in which ordinary Italians took part.
-He said that only by working together could Italians destroy Austria's power and create a republic, democratic Italian state.
-From the start he wanted Young Italy to be a 'mass' political movement
He inspired many Italians however, including Giuseppe Garibaldi.
-Vincezno Gioberti was a radical Catholic priest.
-His book 'the moral primacy of the Italians' set out his hopes of a re-born Italy free from foreign control.
-He recognised Italian differences but that all 'Italians' had the Catholic faith in common.
-As such he wanted a federation of states all led by the Pope as Catholicism was the only thing strong enough to unite Italians.
-However the Church was not popular with many liberals, so many people pressing for change were unlikely to ask for the leadership of the autocratic Pope.
-Another problem was that Gioberti had no idea how to make this happen, he made no mention of the Austrians and did not say how the other leaders were to be persuaded to give their lands to the Pope.


text:
By Steven Harrison Gibbs.
During an interview with CinemaBlend.com, writer/director Jeff Nichols observed that, "Anxiety, no matter how free-floating it is, it's all rooted in the idea that you have something to lose." In Take Shelter – Nichols' sophomore outing and second collaboration with actor Michael Shannon – this sentiment is embodied in the character of Curtis LaForche (Shannon). Curtis is a thirty-five-year-old family man with a good life who fears he may lose it when he begins having increasingly vivid dreams foreboding a storm of apocalyptic proportions. The first of these dreams serves as the opening of the film, in which Curtis stares up in a mixture of awe and trepidation while clouds as dark as they are immense seem to swallow the sky entirely and a thick, brown liquid begins raining down on him – a substance he later compares to motor oil.
Curtis quickly becomes leery of these nightmares when they begin to have repercussions on his waking life, such as when he is attacked by his dog in a dream and then carries a sharp pain in the arm that was bitten the next day. Additionally, he begins to have hallucinations in which he sees hundreds of birds tearing through the air or hears bellowing cracks of thunder. Specifically, Curtis is worried that he is experiencing the early stages of schizophrenia – an illness that struck his mother when she was in her thirties. He takes logical steps, visiting the public library for a few books on mental illness, seeking the advice of his doctor, and eventually confiding in a counselor. He even visits his mother and questions her about when she developed schizophrenia, looking for commonalities with his current state of being.
However, Curtis' paranoia also inspires more radical actions as he moves his dog to a kennel outside for fear it may hurt him or his family. Then, gripped with a visceral feeling that the storm conjured by his imagination is approaching reality, Curtis becomes determined to rebuild an old tornado shelter in his backyard, and takes a very risky loan in order to fund the endeavor. The project befuddles his co-worker, Dewart (Shea Whigham), who agrees to help anyways, and upsets his wife, Samantha (Jessica Chastain), who has been preoccupied with scheduling a costly surgery that will give their hearing-impaired daughter, Hannah (Tove Stewart), the chance to have a normal life. As Curtis' dreams continue to intensify, he becomes increasingly distant and irritable, causing those closest to him to become more concerned. At one point he remarks that he is doing everything he can to stay with his family – a promise he made to himself long ago should he begin to develop the illness that forced his mother away – but every subsequent action only brings him closer to losing everything he has.
Cinematographer Adam Stone, who worked with Nichols on his previous film, Shotgun Stories, brings a masterful focus to the latter's vision. Simply put, Take Shelter is an exercise in restraint, consisting largely of medium shots and medium close-ups that are usually static. In a film that is mainly character-driven, this methodology avoids distracting the viewer with other elements of the mise-en-scène, splendidly highlighting the nuanced performances of the actors. Camera movement is precise and formal when utilized, transpiring slowly but with deliberation; there are no overly-elaborate shots, and a few necessary special effects are implemented with practicality. This practice carries over into the soundtrack, which is comprised predominately of diegetic sound. Music is reserved mostly for Curtis' dreams and hallucinations, though it takes the forefront in the antepenultimate and final scenes, where natural sound is drowned in powerful, orchestral crescendos that lend verve to these moments in a way that actual noise never could. This is minimalist filmmaking at its absolute finest.
All of this would be for naught, though, if not for the powerhouse performance given by Michael Shannon, who carries the weight of the film on his shoulders with herculean finesse. His ability to communicate with the viewer through careful, calculated movements and facial contortions is uncanny in its mastery, from the subtle twitches that ripple across his expression to his frequently pursed lips and constant eye movement. Nichols has been forthright in several interviews stating that he did not have Shannon in mind when writing the script – a revelation I found astonishing due to his brimming perfection in the role; it is doubtful that another actor could have filled Curtis' shoes with more conviction. Moreover, Shannon's performance is complimented by that of Jessica Chastain, their interactions with one another emanating an aura of authenticity to a degree that other filmic pairings seldom achieve. During the scene in which Samantha confronts Curtis, Chastain is simultaneously livid and on the verge of an emotional collapse, her frantic pacing and clear, commanding voice colliding with Shannon's quiet evasiveness in a spectacular exchange. Later, when Curtis finally confides in her about the inner struggle that sparked his peculiar actions, Shannon's expressive face echoes the nervousness in his words, which are spoken with pitch-perfect candor while Chastain stares at him silently and intently, the disquiet in her eyes conveying all that is necessary. One would not think it a stretch to say that Shannon and Chastain – who I opine to be two of the finest rising stars around – will likely receive Oscar nominations for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress, respectively (though Chastain may not necessarily be nominated for her performance in Take Shelter, as she has appeared in several outstanding supporting roles this year).
Thus far, Jeff Nichols has demonstrated a competence rarely exhibited by directors at such an early stage in their career, and with two wonderful films now under his belt, he has established himself as an artist to watch. Many critics are declaring Take Shelter to be the best film of the year, and with 2011 quickly nearing an end, I am inclined to join the chorus in that proclamation. Nichols' next film – Mud – is already in production, with Matthew McConaughey and Reese Witherspoon starring and Michael Shannon reuniting with the director for a supporting role. The film is currently slated for release sometime in 2013, which is a bit far off, but if Take Shelter is any indication of things to come, it should be well worth the wait.
Steven Harrison Gibbs is a Film International 'In the Field' writer.
Film Details
Director Jeff Nichols
Screenplay Jeff Nichols
Producers Sohpia Lin, Tyler Davidson
Cinematography Adam Stone
Editor Parke Gregg
With Michael Shannon (Curtis LaForche), Jessica Chastain (Samantha LaForche), Tove Stewart (Hannah LaForche), and Shea Whigham (Dewart)
[Official Site]
[Interview with director Jeff Nichols and actor Michael Shannon]


text: A small stretch of Chief Eddie Hoffman Highway will be closed through the weekend, starting Friday. There will be a detour at the Old Hospital Road intersection, connecting to Standard Oil Road where drivers will be able to reconnect to the main highway. According to a map posted to the City of Bethel's Facebook page, the closure will be in effect until 4 a.m. on Monday. For more information, visit the city's website.


text:
Billing Supervisor
Responsible for the coaching and development of a team of 15 to 20 Customer Account Executives in regards to the billing aspect of [company name] services
- Developed personal performance plans with agents and provided on-going performance feedback and performance plan reviews
- Met or exceeded goals in regards to a Metric System including Calls Per Hour, First Call Resolution, Voice of the Customer Surveys and agent Transitional Sales
- Conducted real-time phone monitoring and coaching to service agents in order to maintain required service levels
- Responsible for customer escalations in regards to resolution and customer service standards
- Helped in the hiring and training of over 500 agents in a 6 month period
at this job
Regional Billing Supervisor
Mentored employees, conducted performance evaluations, counseled and provided disciplinary actions when needed.
- Worked to facilitate individual and team development that drove positive results.
- Maintained a good working relationship with other physicians, hospital administrators and medical records directors.
- Monitored 20 Billing Coordinators and 20 Hospitals Production and Quality Standards to meet the department's metrics.
- Performed hospital startups, implementations of procedures, identification and resolution of problems related to chart flow and provided feedback, counseling, and retraining when appropriate.
- Monitored the workflow for all my designated hospitals to ensure the budget for the administrative functions were being managed per the contract.
at this job
Billing Supervisor
Created billing reports to validate multiple insurance company payments
- Created reports analyzing all receivables to ensure accurate receipt of payments.
- Analyze billing reports to rectify discrepancies with various insurance managers
- Developed and implemented a spreadsheet system to track billables across the organization. Reduced errors by 95% and increased revenues by $75K;
- Maintain and organize office records by converting manual records to a spreadsheet system.
at this job
Billing Supervisor
Supervise staff of six responsible for weekly billing activities to ensure maximum efficiency; provided guidance and direction to staff covering all aspects of billing ensuring adherence to policies and procedures
- Ensured services/supplies were billed timely and appropriately and rejections/errors researched and resolved to meet timely filing deadlines
- Kept management informed of the status of accounts, errors, rejections, etc. on a weekly and ad hoc basis
- Prepared ad hoc analysis to determine billing performance and to direct the team focus to maintain expected claims volume and cash flow
- Facilitated data integrity project to identify system and process gaps and implemented updates/changes to ensure claims data integrity from receipt to transmission
at this job
Billing Supervisor, Rate Specialist, Collections Lead, Claim Investigator
Responsible for motivating and monitoring up to 50 data entry clerks to achieve and exceed quality and quantity of department goals.
- Fostered a team environment which decreased turnaround.
- Conducted employee conferences by validating and addressing concerns.
- Evaluated and maintained 800 strong client database, cycling through every 45 days.
- Developed new research techniques and trained 7 collectors which increased call production.
- Reviewed and investigated claims requests, located lost freight and mitigated damaged freight to offset claims liability.
- Supplied rate quotes to customers after listening to clients situations and needs.
- Fostered positive relationships with customers through email and phone which increased client retention.
- Demonstrated accurate data entry and exceeded office bills per hour goals resulting in a promotion.
at this job
Medical Billing Supervisor
Trained and supported billing staff with billing activities, procedures and standards at five locations
- Managed Front Desk patient operations and resolved billing issues
- Credentialed - 40 Clinical Social Workers, 25 Optometrists, and one MD - Empire and GHI Medicare
- Submitted electronic claims to Medicare and CSC (Medicaid.) Posted insurance payments to patient accounts
- Charged with patient collections and re-billing various insurance companies; formulated Appeal letters
- Instrumental in setting up two new billing locations, trained new staff, writing office policies, software update, phone system, and work station installations
- Created and implemented a billing & instructional manual for new employees
- Successfully recovered over $75,000 from Medicaid in retro payments
at this job
Billing Supervisor
Reported to the Insurance Director in handling all third party billing and collections to 17 medical offices.
- Responsible for monitoring all claims submitted to Medicaid as well as private carriers and reviewed all information for accuracy to ensure immediate payment.
- Assist sister offices with daily billing questions and escalated any problem that needed immediate attention.
- Attend and facilitate meetings on the ongoing process of the insurance department.
- Trained, delegated and assist staff in data entry, editing and maintained records of all incoming and outgoing work.
- Assist in maintaining staff relations, resolved problems and ensure efficiency of operation.
at this job
Billing Supervisor
Personally assisted and worked closely with doctors on a daily basis to ensure smooth flow of daily operations and patient satisfaction as well as opened and closed office and organized front desk schedule.
- Managed all outgoing claims to various insurance companies as well as any resubmissions and follow up when necessary. Highly knowledgeable on workers compensation as well as no-fault claims.
- Maintained ongoing daily operations of front desk such as billing, diagnosis entry and data entry by using procedure codes and modifiers.
- Monitored all accounts receivable functions - insurance collection calls, follow up on denials and any open balances and ensured accuracy of all expense balances.
- Obtained pre-certifications, prior authorizations and referrals for labs, diagnostic tests, office visits, radiological tests and durable medical equipment.
- Posted all co-pays, balances and deductibles as well as handled petty cash budget and deposited daily bank slips.
- Maintained calendars, coordinated breakfast and lunch-ins with sales reps as well as handled a high volume 10-line phone system while checking in/out patients.
at this job
Billing Supervisor
Responsible for production of all invoices for the Investment Advisory department, including quarterly bills and partial bills within the quarter. Audit accounts on a monthly/quarterly basis to guarantee accuracy of management fees. Assisted in the migration to new billing system in 2010, which included developing new reports.
- Maintained integrity of billing system as we've grown from 2,500 to over 8,500 accounts within 8 years
- Ran and processed numerous reports prior to quarter end in preparation for quarter end processes
- Supervised and troubleshot any situations that arose in the billing process
- Created and maintained billing procedures and checklists
- Worked with different departments and provided backup assistance, including Investment Managers, Cashiering, and Mutual Funds, as needed
- Trained others on the billing process
at this job
Billing Supervisor
Supervises a five person billing team and ensures that all responsibilities are being performed accurately, are in compliance with SOX guidelines, and meet set deadlines and schedules
- Manages outflow and issuance of $3 to $4 million in monthly invoicing for multiple contracts
- Acts as point of contact for all non-base contract/out-of-scope inquiries and issues related to a $50 million, 5 year contract with Hewlett Packard, which includes 100+ service locations spanning across the United States and Canada
- Assists the Controller and Finance Director with monthly closing of books, accruals, setting up of newly acquired customers, and other accounting related duties as needed
- Aided in the integration and billing process development of a newly acquired $40 million contract beginning in September of 2012
at this job


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Katalox fingerboard 5/16" thick, 1st grade, classical/steel string
Katalox (pronounced "cat-ah-losh") is a dense, hard Central American wood that is similar to Ebony. The color is dark brown to nearly black with subtle red/purple highlights. Martin Guitar has used Katalox fingerboards on several of their guitar models. With a bit of oil, we feel that this wood would be very difficult to differentiate from Ebony.
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Team:Valencia UPV/Modeling/fba
From 2014.igem.org
Modeling Pheromone Production Overview
Pheromones production rates can be estimated using constrained-based modeling of metabolic networks.This can be useful to know about the amount of pheromone that can be produced by the synthetic plant.
Constraint-based modeling
Constraint-based modeling use models of the cell metabolism that are derived from a metabolic network (stoicheometry models) and assume steady-state for the intracellular metabolites. These two constraints are the base of Cconstraint-based modeling: the fact that cells are subject to constraints that limit their behaviour [Palsson06]. In principle, if all constraints operating under a given set of circumstances were known, the actual state of a metabolic network could be elucidated. So by imposing the known constraints, it is possible to determine which functional states can and cannot be achieved by a cell.
Types of contraints
Constraints can be divided in two main types: non adjustable (invariant) and adjustable ones. The former are time-invariant restrictions of possible cell behaviour, whereas the latter depend on environmental conditions, may change through evolution, and may vary from one individual cell to another. Examples of non adjustable constraints are those imposed by thermodynamics (e.g, irreversibility of fluxes) and enzyme or transport capacities (e.g, maximum flux values). Enzyme kinetics, regulation, and experimental measurements are examples of adjustable constraints. To study the invariant properties of a network, only invariant constraints can be used, because they are those that are always satisfied (i.e, they limit the cell capabilities). If adjustable constraints are used, the elucidated cell states will be only valid under the particular set of circumstances in which these constraints operate.
Flux Balance Analysis
Flux balance analysis (FBA) is a methodology that uses optimisation to get predictions from a constraint-based model by invoking an assumption of optimal cell behaviour. Basically, one particular state among those that cells can show, accordingly to a constraint-based model, is chosen based on the assumption that cells have evolved to be optimal, i.e., that cells regulate its fluxes toward optimal flux states. The following procedure is used to develop a flux balance analysis model:
Flux balance analysis is used to investigate hypothesis (e.g., test if a reduced uptake capacity can be the cause of an unexpected cell behaviour) and to evaluate a range of possibilities (e.g, find the best combination of substrates).
Metabolic objectives and optimization
It must be taken into account that FBA predictions, the optimal flux state, may not correspond to the actual fluxes exhibit by cells. To support the assumption of optimal behaviour, it must be hypothesised that: (i) cells, forced by evolutionary pressure, evolved to achieve an optimal behaviour with respect to certain objective, (ii) we know which this objective is, and (iii) the objective can be expressed, at least approximately, in convenient mathematical terms.
Clearly, predictions of flux balance analysis are dependent on the objective function being used. To date, the most commonly used objective function has been the maximisation of biomass, which leaded to predictions consistent with experimental data for different organisms, such as Escherichia coli [Edwards01].
Genome-scale and plant models
FBA is widely used for predicting metabolism, in particular the genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions that have been built in the past decade. These reconstructions contain all of the known metabolic reactions in an organism or plant, and the genes that encode each enzyme. In our case, FBA will calculate the flow of metabolites through our metabolic network to obtain the major production of pheromone. Must be noted that plant genome-scale models are very rare and indeed plant FBA is a very new research topic. One of the only available models is the ARAGem, a genome-scale of Arabidopsis Thaliana
[Llaneras08] Llaneras F, Picó J (2008). Stoichiometric Modelling of Cell Metabolism. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 105:1.
[Palsson06] Palsson BO (2006). Systems biology: properties of reconstructed networks. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press New York.
[Edwards01] Edwards JS, Covert M, Palsson B (2002). Metabolic modelling of microbes: the flux-balance approach. Environmental Microbiology, 4:133-140.
NetLogo is an agent-based programming language and integrated modeling environment. NetLogo is free and open source software, under a GPL license.
NetLogo is an agent-based programming language and integrated modeling environment. NetLogo is free and open source software, under a GPL license.
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At the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites, we are the keepers not only of facts and objects, but also of stories – and it's part of our mission to share those stories with you. The purpose of this blog is to share the stories of our history, artifacts, volunteers, staff and more. Be sure to check this space for updates, and follow us on social media to learn even more about who we are and what we do across the state of Indiana.
Subscribe to topics that interest you, and we'll let you know when we publish blogs in those categories.
By Renee Bruck
Black History Month, which has been observed annually since 1926, honors the contributions of African Americans throughout history. This February, we're taking a look at four African American Hoosiers who helped to shape Indiana's past and present in hopes of a better future for everyone.
Madam C.J. Walker: 1867-1919
Madam C.J. Walker, born Sarah Breedlove on a Louisiana cotton plantation to sharecroppers in 1867, was one of the first American women ever to become a self-made millionaire after creating her own specialized hair products for African American hair.
Walker traveled around the country promoting her business and giving demonstrations on the "Walker Method" before opening the Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company – a factory and beauty school in Pittsburgh – in 1908. Walker moved her business operations to Indianapolis in 1910, where she continued to make her brand of cosmetics, some which we have in our collection, and trained "Walker Agents" in her hair care methods.
She was also known for her philanthropic efforts and donated the largest amount of money by an African American toward the construction of an Indianapolis YMCA. The Senate Avenue location opened in 1913.
Ezell Frank Marrs, Sr.: 1901-1973
Ezell Frank Marrs, Sr. became a prosperous grocery store owner, businessman and pastor in Indianapolis despite only having obtained a limited education.
Born in 1901 in Arkansas, Marrs later moved to Indianapolis where he owned and operated Marrs Grocery Store, which opened in the 1940s at 1047 N. West St. This meat cutter – which is a LaPorte-made US Slicing Machine Co. unit – belonged to Marrs and was used for his business throughout the years. The store closed before 1965.
Marrs also owned several properties throughout the city that he used for rental income, and he was active in the city's politics – even running for precinct committeeperson at one point. He was serving as the associate pastor of Mount Paran Baptist Church at the time of his death in 1973.
Captain Flonoi Adams: 1913-1994
Indianapolis native Flonoi Adams served in the Army, where he was a captain in the 21st Infantry Division and received 14 honors for his distinguished military service.
Adams graduated from Crispus Attucks High School in 1930 and later attended Purdue University. His military service began in 1943 when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He served in the Asia-Pacific Theater, including the Philippines, New Guinea, Japan, Korea and the Solomon Islands, during World War II. Adams received the Bronze Star Medal with an oak-leaf cluster for "meritorious achievement in support of military operations against the enemy at Zamboanga, Philippine Islands" in 1945.
This certificate of service card in our collection recognizes that he "honorably served on active duty in the Army of the United States."
Judge Zilthia Jimison: 1943-2008
Judge Zilthia Mae Perkins Jimison became the first African American female judge on the Marion Superior Court after being appointed by Republican Gov. Robert D. Orr in 1988.
Jimison, a graduate from Shortridge High School in 1963, received a bachelor's and master's degree from Indiana State University before earning her jurist doctorate degree from the College of Law at Ohio State University in 1977. Then, she returned to Indiana to begin her law career in private practice. She went on to serve as a public defender and later served on the City-County Council from 1992 to 1995.
Jimison continued to break through the glass ceiling by becoming the first African American to win a mayoral primary as a Democrat in Indianapolis. Although her 1995 bid was unsuccessful, she ran and was elected superior court judge in 1996. Jimison wore this judicial robe throughout her term on the bench, during which she established and presided over Marion County's Drug Treatment Court.
Discover more stories in Legacy Theater at the Indiana State Museum during Black History Month - and all year long. This space provides a diverse cultural experience of African American heritage in Indiana through images, oral stories and historical text. Plan your visit or learn more at www.indianamuseum.org.
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While I was in Arkansas this week, I estimated that two-thirds of the state's teachers won't work long enough to qualify for adequate retirement benefits. Despite basing my estimates on the state pension plan's own actuarial assumptions, some legislators and audience members pushed back, arguing that the pension plan itself helps keep turnover down. As we've written before, the evidence does not support this argument, at least not for workers of all ages and experience levels. But the Arkansas data provide a few more reasons to doubt how much pension plans affect retention rates.
First, Arkansas teacher retention rates have fluctuated over time, even under the same pension plan. Using the state's own actuarial assumptions (drawn from actuarial reports here)*, I calculated five-year survival rates for teachers. The five-year survival rate is a nice round number, but it's also when teachers "vest" into the Arkansas Teacher Retirement System and first qualify for a retirement benefit. Here are the expected five-year survival rates for teachers at various points in time:
Five-year survival rate for Arkansas teachers, as of 2007: 51 percent
Five-year survival rate for Arkansas teachers, as of 2017: 60 percent
This may be contrary to public perception, but the Arkansas pension system at least is seeing lower rates of turnover than it did 10 years ago. These forecasts are based on historical data and are used in the state's official financial projections. The state's assumed teacher retention rates climbed 9 percentage points (about 17 percent) during the last decade, at a time when the pension plan benefits stayed more or less the same.
Second, as we've noted before, retention rates vary widely across districts, schools, and roles, and Arkansas is no exception. Arkansas doesn't release enough data to dig in too far, but its "teacher" pension plan also includes school support workers, and it disaggregates retention rates specifically for those workers. In contrast to teachers, school support workers in Arkansas have much higher turnover rates. Here are their five-year survival rates:
Five-year survival rate for Arkansas school support workers, as of 2007: 28 percent
Five-year survival rate for Arkansas school support workers, as of 2017: 23 percent
To put a finer point on it, just 23 percent of Arkansas school support workers stay long enough to qualify for any pension at all. They're paying into the pension system, and their employer is contributing on their behalf, but they'll never get anything out of it. Again, the pension plan stayed the exact same throughout this time period, and it was the same pension plan for school support employees as it was for teachers.
Third, I also looked at the assumed retention rates used by the Arkansas Public Employees Retirement System (APERS). In benefit terms, the ATRS and APERS plans are extremely similar, except that APERS covers state and local government employees. For those workers, APERS assumes a five-year survival rate of 27 percent, and it hasn't changed this assumption in the last 10 years.
Now, none of this proves pension plans do or do not have an effect on retention. That would require a much more rigorous study than the superficial look I've presented here. It's possible that pension plans do exert some retention effects on certain groups of teachers, but that those effects are being swamped by other factors like salary or working conditions. But neither of the Arkansas plans assume that workers change their behavior around the vesting period in order to qualify for a pension. And Arkansas' diverging trends do suggest that pension plans are not enough to protect against fluctuations in retention rates over time, or against some groups of workers having much higher or lower retention rates even in the same pension plan.
*Note: Throughout this post, I use the state's turnover estimates for females. The rates for men are even higher.


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Price-Wizard Shopping News:
Littlewoods - Trinny and Susannah UndressAs main sponsors of the ITV television show "Trinny and Susannah Undress", Littlewoods have now established a special Trinny and Susannah Undress section on their website. This co-incides with Littlewoods recent re-branding exercise, which has seen a vastly updated website, new logo design and new brand catchline, "Littlewoods, The Home of Big Brands."
Following on from each episode of Trinny and Susannah Undress, the Littlewoods Trinny and Susannah section will be updated with the latest looks. The current deals include:
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Brown leather shoes - £90
Other Littlewoods Home Shopping Links:
Other Recent Shopping News:


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Have I ever mentioned that I love renting cameras? I feel like I have. Anyway, earlier this year I finally got around to renting the camera I've been talking about buying for quite some time (quite some time because Canon took FOREVER to release it), the Canon 6D Mark II. To test it out, Holly and I took a stroll up the Foothills Parkway for sunset. The sunset was so so, but as we were driving back down the mountain, we happened upon this scene! The moon was just starting to come up behind the mountains and you could already see its glow… it actually took us a second to realize what we were seeing! I of course had to pull over and get some pictures… it was really amazing (much better than the sunset!)! It's easy to forget about moonrises (except when we have the way-over-blown "super moons" of course), but sometimes they can be just as interesting to photograph as sunrises / sunsets!
–Dan Thompson
|Foothills Parkway Section 8G, Walland, TN 37886, USA
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Bonfit America, Steripod, Razor Protector, 1 Protector
Flash Deals are limited time, limited quantity promotions, so act fast! Limited to: 1 unit of 1 flash deal product per order. If you order more than one unit or re-order or order other flash deals, you will pay our regular low price. Flash Deals are ineligible from all other promotions.
Bonfit America, Steripod, Razor Protector, 1 Protector
- Expiration Date: January 2023
Shipping Weight:?0.1 kgSwitch to Imperial unitsShipping WeightThe Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: BOF-91222
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14.2 x 8.9 x 3.8 cm , 0.02 kgSwitch to Imperial units
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- Get Your Pod On
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I'm not ready to write a full post about it yet, but I want to get these notes down. On the ride with Ken G yesterday, he made a comment about how he's not stronger than many of the riders he goes with, but he can tolerate more pain.
Then I got an email from Winter Larry about my post about my recent solo ride, in which he said, "If you averaged 18mph going UP Coppermine then you suffered or should be a racer!"
Now, of course, I DIDN'T average 18 going up Coppermine; that was my average for the whole ride. My average going up Coppermine was probably more like 11 than 18. Nonetheless, I think it's true that I suffered. I think it's true of everyone who pushes himself or herself on a bike, that we suffer, to some extent or other.
In fact (and here's the part I'm not ready to write a full post about yet), I think we suffer every time we extend ourselves in any way. I don't think it's a facile as the Nietzsche quote, "That which does not kill me makes me stronger," has become, but I think it's true, nonetheless.
I think that's why some people's worlds become smaller and smaller. Sometimes, even keeping the same boundaries requires extending ourselves, and it hurts. To avoid the pain, some of us give up little bits of ourselves, over and over. In time, there's only a small territory left.
I need to think more about suffering and extending ourselves.
(Larry, I am NOT going to be a racer. In fact, I'm trying to starve that competitive part of me!)