text:
|Study Type
|Study Objective(Purpose of Study)
|Study Results
|Study Quality
|1. Gajraj H, Young AE. Adrenal incidentaloma. Br J Surg. 1993; 80(4):422-426
|To determine a policy for adrenal incidentaloma in patients without known malignancy.
|No results stated in abstract.
|2. Herrera MF, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Sheedy PF, Ilstrup DM. Incidentally discovered adrenal tumors: an institutional perspective. Surgery. 1991; 110(6):1014-1021.
|342 patients
|To investigate the effect of size of incidental adrenal masses in patients without known malignancy.
|Studies to evaluate biochemical hyperfunction were performed in 172 patients (50%), 2 of whom were found to have cortisol-producing tumors and 5 pheochromocytomas. Histologic proof of diagnosis was obtained in 55 patients at the time of adrenalectomy. Malignancy was discovered in five patients (four primary and one metastatic), the smallest malignant tumor measuring 5 cm. In the 287 patients without histologic diagnoses, a minimum of 1 year of clinical follow-up was obtained in 251 (88%), including repeat CT scan in 156 (54%). None of these patients had clinical or biochemical adrenal abnormalitie. Authors suggest biochemical screening and surgical excision for all lesions >4 cm. Follow-up CT should be performed at 3 months in lesions <4 cm.
|3. Song JH, Chaudhry FS, Mayo-Smith WW. The incidental adrenal mass on CT: prevalence of adrenal disease in 1,049 consecutive adrenal masses in patients with no known malignancy. AJR. 2008; 190(5):1163-1168.
|973 patients; 1,049 adrenal masses
|Retrospective study to determine the nature and prevalence of adrenal lesions identified on CT in patients with no known malignancy.
|1049 adrenal masses were characterized with the following methods: histopathology (n = 12), imaging characterization (n = 909), imaging follow-up (n = 87), and clinical follow-up (n = 41). There were 788 adenomas constituting 75% of all lesions. There were 68 myelolipomas (6%), 47 hematomas (4%), and 13 cysts (1%). Three pheochromocytomas (0.3%) and one cortisol-producing adenoma (0.1%) were found incidentally. One hundred twenty-eight lesions (12%) were presumed to be benign by imaging or clinical stability. No malignant adrenal masses were found, even among the 14 patients who later developed malignancy elsewhere.
|4. Bernardino ME, Walther MM, Phillips VM, et al. CT-guided adrenal biopsy: accuracy, safety, and indications. AJR. 1985; 144(1):67-69.
|53 patients; 58 needle biopsies
|To review the accuracy of CT-guided adrenal biopsy performed in a mixed population.
|44 (83%) of 53 had correct tissue diagnosis at initial biopsy. 17% of samples were insufficient for diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis was obtained in 48 (90.6%) when both first and second biopsy attempts were combined. 46% of lesions were malignant. 11.3% had complications, mainly bleeding. Authors conclude that procedure is accurate and safe alternative to surgical biopsy.
|5. Francis IR, Smid A, Gross MD, Shapiro B, Naylor B, Glazer GM. Adrenal masses in oncologic patients: functional and morphologic evaluation. Radiology. 1988; 166(2):353-356.
|28 patients
|Prospective study to investigate the role of NP-59 scintigraphy in the evaluation of unilateral adrenal masses detected by CT in the oncologic patient with normal adrenal function.
|In 14 of the 28 patients, there was increased uptake of the NP-59 on the side of the adrenal mass detected at CT (concordant uptake). Thirteen of the 14 masses with concordant uptake were greater than 2 cm in diameter, and one was 1.5 cm; all were found to be adenomas. In 11 of 28 patients there was decreased uptake on the side of the mass detected at CT (discordant uptake). None of these 11 masses were adenomas; nine were metastases and two were adrenal cysts. Uptake was indeterminate (symmetric) in three patients, two of whom had adrenal adenomas and one an adrenal metastasis; each mass with indeterminate uptake was less than 2 cm in diameter.
|6. McGahan JP. Adrenal gland: MR imaging. Radiology. 1988; 166(1 Pt 1):284-285.
|Comment on an article by Chang et al on MRI of the adrenal gland.
|In this article, Chang et al found that intensity ratios of adrenal masses to liver were not statistically significant in distinguishing benign and malignant adrenal lesions. However, the mass/fat intensity ratio was statistically significant in separating benign and malignant adrenal lesions. In this study, all lesions with a mass/fat intensity ratio >0.8 were malignant and all adrenal masses with a ratio <0.6 were benign (adenomas). 8 of the masses were indeterminate.
|7. Oliver TW, Jr., Bernardino ME, Miller JI, Mansour K, Greene D, Davis WA. Isolated adrenal masses in nonsmall-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Radiology. 1984; 153(1):217-218.
|330 patients
|Combined retrospective-prospective study to determine the incidence of benign vs malignant isolated adrenal lesions in patients undergoing CT staging for nonsmall-cell bronchogenic carcinoma.
|32 had adrenal masses. 8/32 masses were metastases, 17 were adenomas, and 7 did not undergo biopsy. In patients with nonsmall-cell bronchogenic carcinoma, an isolated adrenal mass is more likely benign than metastatic, and biopsy is advocated prior to withholding potentially curative surgery. CT has become useful in staging of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.
|8. Candel AG, Gattuso P, Reyes CV, Prinz RA, Castelli MJ. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of adrenal masses in patients with extraadrenal malignancy. Surgery. 1993; 114(6):1132-1136; discussion 1136-1137.
|36 patients
|To investigate the effect of size of incidental adrenal masses on fine-needle outcome in patients with known malignancies.
|Using 3 cm as a dividing value, 87% of masses <3 cm were benign and more than 95% of lesions >3 cm were malignant in patients with known malignancies. Authors conclude that there is a significant correlation between the size of an adrenal nodule and the presence of metastases.
|9. Angeli A, Osella G, Ali A, Terzolo M. Adrenal incidentaloma: an overview of clinical and epidemiological data from the National Italian Study Group. Horm Res. 1997; 47(4-6):279-283.
|887 patients
|To perform a multicentric retrospective analysis of adrenal masses incidentally discovered (adrenal incidentalomas).
|Majority of patients were in the 5th and 6th decade and females were predominantly affected. The frequency of adrenocortical cancer was 12% among operated patients (316 cases). The tumor diameter was highly correlated with the risk of malignancy, as well as the CT characteristics such as density, shape and margins. The frequency of pheochromocytoma was 10% among operated patients. The occurrence of incidentally discovered adrenocortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas is not rare. Evaluation of the mass size and CT characteristics are simple and effective methods to differentiate malignant lesions. Biochemical screening for pheochromocytoma is mandatory before surgery.
|10. Lee MJ, Hahn PF, Papanicolaou N, et al. Benign and malignant adrenal masses: CT distinction with attenuation coefficients, size, and observer analysis. Radiology. 1991; 179(2):415-418.
|55 patients: 66 adrenal masses; 3 observers
|Retrospective blinded study to investigate the role of CT attenuation coefficients in differentiating benign and malignant lesions in a mixed population.
|The mean CT attenuation coefficient for benign adrenal masses was -2.2 HU +/- 16.0 and was significantly different from the mean for malignant lesions (28.9 HU +/- 10.6). The area under the ROC curve for CT attenuation coefficients (0.91 +/- 0.04) was significantly larger than that for lesion size (0.84 +/- 0.05) or best observer interpretation (0.84 +/- 0.05). A threshold CT attenuation value of 0 HU had a sensitivity-to-specificity ratio of 47%:100% for characterizing benign adrenal masses, whereas a threshold attenuation of 10 HU had a ratio of 79%:96%.
|11. van Erkel AR, van Gils AP, Lequin M, Kruitwagen C, Bloem JL, Falke TH. CT and MR distinction of adenomas and nonadenomas of the adrenal gland. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1994; 18(3):432-438.
|37 patients; 44 adrenal masses
|To determine which of these: size, CT attenuation values, MRI SI ratios on T1- and T2-weighted sequences, calculated T2 relaxation times, or T2 relaxation time ratios provide better distinction of adenomas and non-adenomas of the adrenal gland.
|Using a threshold of 15 HU they found no malignancies although there were some cysts. The optimal size threshold was 3.1 cm but it did not discriminate all lesions (93%). Attenuation values on non-contrast-enhanced CT are recommended in discriminating adrenal adenomas from non-adenomas.
|12. Ho LM, Paulson EK, Brady MJ, Wong TZ, Schindera ST. Lipid-poor adenomas on unenhanced CT: does histogram analysis increase sensitivity compared with a mean attenuation threshold? AJR. 2008; 191(1):234-238.
|104 patients; 132 adrenal nodules
|To compare histogram analysis with mean attenuation threshold to determine the value of CT histogram analysis for further characterization of lipid-poor adenomas on unenhanced CT.
|Unenhanced CT mean attenuation threshold <10 histogram yielded a sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 100% for the diagnosis of an adenoma. Unenhanced CT threshold >10% negative pixels yielded a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 100% for the diagnosis of an adenoma. Authors conclude that CT histogram analysis is superior to mean CT attenuation analysis for the evaluation of adrenal nodules and may help decrease referrals for additional imaging or biopsy.
|13. Remer EM, Motta-Ramirez GA, Shepardson LB, Hamrahian AH, Herts BR. CT histogram analysis in pathologically proven adrenal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 187(1):191-6, 2006 Jul.
|187 patients: 208 adenomas; 2 observers
|Retrospective review to evaluate if a CT histogram analysis method can distinguish adrenal adenomas from metastases, pheochromocytomas and adrenal cortical carcinomas. Compared adenomas on unenhanced CT with enhanced CT.
|Specificity for a 10% negative pixel threshold was approximately 88% for unenhanced CT scans and 99% for enhanced CT scans, with sensitivities of 71% and 12%, respectively. Although the specificity for adenoma diagnosis on enhanced CT is high using a histogram analysis method with a 10% negative threshold, low sensitivity limits clinical usefulness.
|14. Barry MK, van Heerden JA, Farley DR, Grant CS, Thompson GB, Ilstrup DM. Can adrenal incidentalomas be safely observed? World J Surg. 1998; 22(6):599-603; discussion 603-594.
|231 patients
|To determine the clinical outcome of a well-defined population of patients with incidentalomas followed without operative intervention.
|Most adrenal tumors were unilateral (right 113; left 98); 20 were bilateral. Mean tumor size was 2 cm (range 1-6 cm). In 9 (4%) patients the tumor was =4 cm. Follow-up [mean 7 years; range 1 month (patient died) to 11.7 years] was complete in 224 (97%) patients. 91 (39%) patients had one or more additional CT scans performed during the follow-up period, with only 4 patients demonstrating a >1 cm increase in the size of the adrenal mass. Surgical excision of these 4 lesions identified benign pathology. 81 (35%) patients died of conditions unrelated to adrenal pathology. No patient developed subsequent adrenal hyperfunction or adrenal malignancy. Conservative management of adrenal incidentalomas considered benign or nonfunctioning at diagnosis is appropriate. Additional information provided by repeat CT scanning appears to confer limited benefit. This study does not support laparoscopic removal of small, nonfunctional adrenal tumors, as has been suggested.
|15. Young WF, Jr. Clinical practice. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(6):601-610.
|Review article that presents recommendations for the evaluation of patients with adrenal incidentalomas. A patient is described in a vignette.
|A thorough history should be obtained and a physical examination performed to assess the evidence of adrenal hormone excess for the patient presented in the vignette.
|16. Schteingart DE, Doherty GM, Gauger PG, et al. Management of patients with adrenal cancer: recommendations of an international consensus conference. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2005; 12(3):667-680.
|Consensus conference to examine management of patients with adrenal cancer.
|In addition to setting up guidelines in specific areas of the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal cancer, the conference recommended and initiated the planning of an international prospective trial for treatment of patients with adrenal cancer in stages III and IV.
|17. Kutikov A, Mallin K, Canter D, Wong YN, Uzzo RG. Effects of increased cross-sectional imaging on the diagnosis and prognosis of adrenocortical carcinoma: analysis of the national cancer database. J Urol. 2011; 186(3):805-810.
|4,275 patients
|To assess whether incidental screening due to imaging performed for other purposes has resulted in earlier detection or better outcomes in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma.
|Median survival for 4,275 patients was 24 months. Localized adrenocortical carcinoma accounted for 43.9% of cases. No stage migration was noted with time. No statistical trends were noted in tumor size changes during the years in patients who underwent surgery for localized disease (P=0.32). No improvement was observed in 5-year survival during the period (P>0.1). Better risk stratification of patients with adrenal incidentaloma, while improving treatment efficacy for those with proven adrenocortical carcinoma, is an essential clinical and epidemiological task.
|18. Pantalone KM, Gopan T, Remer EM, et al. Change in adrenal mass size as a predictor of a malignant tumor. Endocr Pract. 2010; 16(4):577-587.
|136 adrenalectomies or biopsies in 132 patients
|Retrospective study to assess the value of adrenal mass absolute growth, growth rate, and percentage growth rate on serial imaging for distinguishing benign from malignant adrenal masses.
|There were 111 benign (81.6%) and 25 malignant (18.4%) adrenal masses. With use of ROC curve analysis, all 3 aforementioned growth measures showed similar levels of discrimination for the entire study group as well as for the subgroups with 3 to 12 months of follow-up (n=75 masses) and noncontrast CT HU >10 or not reported (n=111 masses). After adjustment for other factors, the 3 growth measures remained statistically significant predictors of a malignant tumor. The absolute growth cutoff value of 0.8 cm had the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 81.1%, respectively. Change in adrenal mass size should be used in conjunction with other imaging and clinical characteristics when surgical resection is being considered.
|19. Caplan RH, Strutt PJ, Wickus GG. Subclinical hormone secretion by incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Arch Surg. 1994; 129(3):291-296.
|26 patients
|Review radiologic reports to determine the frequency of subclinical hormone secretion in incidentally discovered adrenal masses in patients without a history of tumor.
|One patient had unrecognized primary aldosteronism, 2 had elevated free catecholamine excretion, and 3 (12%) had subclinical Cushing's syndrome. Authors conclude that subclinical hormone secretion, especially cortisol secretion, is common in patients with incidentally discovered adrenal masses and therefore surgeons/anesthesiologists must be aware that adrenal may develop in patients with incidentally discovered adrenal masses.
|20. Reincke M, Nieke J, Krestin GP, Saeger W, Allolio B, Winkelmann W. Preclinical Cushing's syndrome in adrenal "incidentalomas": comparison with adrenal Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992; 75(3):826-832.
|68 patients
|Prospective study to determine the frequency of subclinical hormone secretion in incidentally discovered adrenal masses in patients without a history of tumor.
|12% of incidentalomas showed cortisol secretion with dexamethasone suppression test consistent with adrenal cortical hyperfunction.
|21. Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, et al. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). Ann Intern Med. 2003; 138(5):424-429.
|A panel was convened to address the causes, prevalence, and natural history of clinically inapparent adrenal masses, or "incidentalomas"; the appropriate evaluation and treatment of such masses; and directions for future research.
|The panel recommended a 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test and measurement of plasma-free metanephrines for all patients with an adrenal incidentaloma; additional measurement of serum potassium and plasma aldosterone concentration-plasma renin activity ratio for patients with hypertension; and surgery for patients with biochemical evidence of pheochromocytoma, patients with tumors >6 cm, and patients with tumors >4 cm who also meet other criteria. The panel also advocated a multidisciplinary approach to managing adrenal incidentalomas.
|22. Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh QY, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Medical Guidelines for the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas: executive summary of recommendations. Endocr Pract. 2009; 15(5):450-453.
|American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Medical Guidelines for the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas: executive summary of recommendations.
|No abstract available.
|23. Bulow B, Ahren B. Adrenal incidentaloma--experience of a standardized diagnostic programme in the Swedish prospective study. J Intern Med. 2002; 252(3):239-246.
|381 patients
|Prospective multicenter study to report a 5-year experience of a diagnostic program for adrenal incidentaloma. Emphasis on hormonally active and malignant lesions.
|5% of 381 cases had benign hyper secreting tumors and about 4% had malignant tumors. The results of the biochemical diagnostic tests used had a high compatibility with the histological diagnosis found at operation in the patients with hyper secreting tumors. Tumor size, male gender and high age were predictive for the risk of a malignant tumor.
|24. Muth A, Hammarstedt L, Hellstrom M, Sigurjonsdottir HA, Almqvist E, Wangberg B. Cohort study of patients with adrenal lesions discovered incidentally. Br J Surg. 2011; 98(10):1383-1391.
|226 patients
|Prospective cohort study to examine the incidence, clinical features and natural history of incidentally discovered adrenal mass lesions (adrenal incidentaloma) in an unselected population undergoing radiological examination.
|Mean follow-up was 19 months. After baseline evaluation, 14 patients had surgery owing to primary hyperaldosteronism (3), catecholamine-producing tumor (1), tumor size (6), size and indication of subclinical hypercortisolism (3) and metastasis (1). No hypersecreting lesions were confirmed during follow-up; one patient underwent adrenalectomy for a suspected phaeochromocytoma (adrenocortical adenoma at histopathology). No primary adrenal malignancy was found. In this prospective cohort study 6·6% of patients with an adrenal incidentaloma had surgery and benign hormone-producing tumors were verified in 3.1 %. Repeat CT and hormone evaluation after 2 years did not increase the sensitivity for diagnosis of malignant or hormone-producing tumors.
|25. Baguet JP, Hammer L, Mazzuco TL, et al. Circumstances of discovery of phaeochromocytoma: a retrospective study of 41 consecutive patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004; 150(5):681-686.
|41 consecutive patients
|Retrospective study to determine circumstances of discovery of pheochromocytomas.
|The association of headaches and palpitations with sweating was found in 24% of cases (10/41). Blood pressure anomalies led to the discovery of phaeochromocytoma in 51% of cases (21/41) and 59% (24/41) of all the patients suffered from hypertension. Tumor was in almost half the cases (20/41); the tumor was discovered by an imaging method (US, CT scan or MRI) which had been performed for reasons unrelated to a blood pressure abnormality.
|26. Motta-Ramirez GA, Remer EM, Herts BR, Gill IS, Hamrahian AH. Comparison of CT findings in symptomatic and incidentally discovered pheochromocytomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 185(3):684-8, 2005 Sep.
|33 patients
|Retrospective study to determine incidence of incidental pheochromocytomas, see if there are differences between incidental and symptomatic pheochromocytomas.
|57.6% of the pheochromocytomas were incidental. None of the pheochromocytomas had attenuation values of <10 HU on unenhanced CT scans. No imaging appearance differences between incidental and symptomatic pheochromocytomas.
|27. Singer AA, Obuchowski NA, Einstein DM, Paushter DM. Metastasis or adenoma? Computed tomographic evaluation of the adrenal mass. Cleve Clin J Med. 1994; 61(3):200-205.
|24 adrenal masses
|To investigate the role of CT attenuation coefficients in differentiating benign and malignant lesions in patients with known malignancy.
|Using a threshold of 0 HU 33:100 sensitivity/specificity ratio was seen. With 10 HU same ratio was 58:92. Size threshold of 2.5 cm produced ratio of 58:100. Authors conclude that benign adenomas can be identified by measuring the size and attenuation of adrenal masses.
|28. Stadler A, Schima W, Prager G, et al. CT density measurements for characterization of adrenal tumors ex vivo: variability among three CT scanners. AJR. 2004; 182(3):671-675.
|7 patients
|Assess the variability of CT attenuation values for adrenal tumors with different scanning protocols and CT scanners to determine whether the establishment of a scanner-independent threshold for differentiation between adenomas and non-adenomas was possible.
|CT density measurements varied by 2-4 HU depending on the manufacturer. This should be considered when setting absolute threshold values for CT density.
|29. Boland GW, Lee MJ, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, McNicholas MM, Mueller PR. Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: an analysis of the CT literature. AJR. 1998; 171(1):201-204.
|10 CT reports; 495 adrenal lesions (272 benign, 223 malignant)
|To establish a consensus regarding optimal density threshold required to differentiate benign from malignant lesions by performing a pooled analysis of data found in the CT literature.
|Sensitivity for characterizing a lesion as benign ranged from 47% at a threshold of 2 H to 88% at a threshold of 20 H. Similarly, specificity varied from 100% at a threshold of 2 H to 84% at a threshold of 20 H. The attempt to be absolutely certain that an adrenal lesion is benign may lead to an unacceptably low sensitivity for lesion characterization. The threshold chosen will depend on the patient population and the cost-benefit approach to patient care.
|30. Bae KT, Fuangtharnthip P, Prasad SR, Joe BN, Heiken JP. Adrenal masses: CT characterization with histogram analysis method. Radiology. 2003; 228(3):735-742.
|193 patients; 223 adenomas
|Retrospective study to determine whether a histogram analysis method is more accurate than region of interest measurements for determining adenomas on nonenhanced CT.
|Negative pixels were present in all 74 unenhanced adenomas with mean attenuation of 10 HU or less and in 14 of 16 unenhanced adenomas with mean attenuation above 10 HU. Of 184 enhanced adenomas, only 20 had mean attenuation of 10 HU or less, but 97 contained negative pixels (77 of these 97 masses had mean attenuation above 10 HU). Increase in percentage negative pixels was highly correlated with decrease in mean attenuation of both unenhanced and enhanced adenomas. None of the adrenal metastases had mean attenuation of 10 HU or less or contained negative pixels.
|31. Halefoglu AM, Bas N, Yasar A, Basak M. Differentiation of adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas using CT histogram analysis method: a prospective study. Eur J Radiol. 73(3):643-51, 2010 Mar.
|94 patients with 113 adrenal masses
|To prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of CT histogram analysis method in the differentiation of benign and malignant adrenal masses.
|Sensitivity was 90.9% for the 10% negative pixel percentage threshold compared to 77.2% sensitivity for = 10 HU mean attenuation threshold for unenhanced CT. Both methods gave 100% specificity for the diagnosis of adenoma. The authors also obtained a 37.9% sensitivity for 5% negative pixel threshold and a slightly lower sensitivity of 28.8% for 10% negative pixel threshold compared to the 12.1% sensitivity of =10 HU mean attenuation threshold while maintaining 100% specificity for contrast-enhanced CT. The CT histogram analysis is a simple and easily applicable method which provides higher sensitivity than the commonly used 10 HU threshold mean attenuation method of unenhanced CT and can replace it for the diagnosis of an adenoma. But with contrast-enhanced CT, although 100% specificity is being maintained, the sensitivities obtained are very poor for each method and is therefore likely to limit CT histogram analysis to be used as a clinically useful adjunct in the diagnosis of adenoma.
|32. Korobkin M, Brodeur FJ, Francis IR, Quint LE, Dunnick NR, Londy F. CT time-attenuation washout curves of adrenal adenomas and nonadenomas. AJR. 1998; 170(3):747-752.
|66 patients: 52 adrenal adenomas; 24 non-adenomas
|To determine if delayed washout CT improved differentiation of benign and malignant adrenal lesions.
|The mean percentage of enhancement washout for adrenal adenomas was 51% at 5 min and 70% at 15 min, compared with 8% and 20%, respectively, for nonadenomas. The sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of adenoma were both 96% at a threshold attenuation value of 37 H on the 15-min delayed enhanced scan.
|33. Korobkin M, Francis IR. Imaging of adrenal masses. Urol Clin North Am. 1997; 24(3):603-622.
|Review clinical features and imaging findings of patients with known or suspected adrenal masses.
|In patients with hyperfunctioning adrenal syndrome, CT is useful. In patients with a non-hyperfunctioning adrenal mass, chemical shift MRI and CT densitometry are now replacing percutaneous adrenal biopsy or serial follow-up CT as methods to establish a specific diagnosis.
|34. Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Francis IR, Cohan RH, Dunnick NR. Delayed enhanced CT of lipid-poor adrenal adenomas. AJR. 2000; 175(5):1411-1415.
|18 lipid-poor adenomas; 56 lipid-rich adenomas; 40 adrenal non-adenomas
|Compared the delayed contrast-enhanced CT features of lipid-poor adenomas with those of lipid-rich adenomas and adrenal non-adenomas to determine whether there were differences in the washout features between these groups of lesions.
|A single mean attenuation value cannot differentiate lipid-poor adenomas from adrenal non-adenomas. Lipid-poor adenomas show enhancement and enhancement washout features similar to lipid-rich adenomas and can be distinguished from non-adenomas on the basis of a percentage washout threshold value of 60% and a relative percentage washout of 40%.
|35. Kebapci M, Kaya T, Gurbuz E, Adapinar B, Kebapci N, Demirustu C. Differentiation of adrenal adenomas (lipid rich and lipid poor) from nonadenomas by use of washout characteristics on delayed enhanced CT. Abdom Imaging. 2003; 28(5):709-715.
|65 patients; 77 adrenal masses
|Describe non-enhanced, early contrast-enhanced and delayed contrast-enhanced CT features and contrast washout characteristics of adrenal adenomas (lipid rich and lipid poor) and non-adenomas to determine the role of these methods in distinguishing one type from the other.
|The absolute or relative percentage washout of contrast material on delayed contrast-enhanced CT is highly specific for differentiation of lipid-poor and lipid-rich adrenal adenomas from adrenal non-adenomas.
|36. Szolar DH, Kammerhuber FH. Adrenal adenomas and nonadenomas: assessment of washout at delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology. 1998; 207(2):369-375.
|122 patients; 135 adrenal masses
|To measure the changes in wash-in and washout of contrast material on contrast material-enhanced CT scans in patients with adrenal adenomas and nonadenomas.
|Delayed enhanced CT at 10 minutes (sensitivity 92%; specificity 95%) and 30 minutes (sensitivity 97%; specificity 100%) was more accurate for differentiation of adenomas and non-adenomas than unenhanced CT (sensitivity 82%; specificity 95%). Authors conclude that adrenal adenomas show greater washout of contrast material than adrenal non-adenomas. Recommends combining percentage change in washout of contrast material to absolute CT attenuation values in differentiation of adrenal adenomas and non-adenomas.
|37. Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Francis IR, et al. Adrenal masses: characterization with combined unenhanced and delayed enhanced CT. Radiology. 2002; 222(3):629-633.
|116 patients; 166 adrenal masses
|To assess accuracy of dedicated CT adrenal protocol with unenhanced and delayed washout attenuation values.
|The final diagnosis was adenoma in 127 masses and non-adenoma in 39. Masses measuring more than 10 HU on unenhanced CT scans were confirmed at biopsy (n = 28) or were examined for stability or change in size at follow-up CT performed at a minimum interval of 6 months (n = 33). Thirty-six (92%) of 39 non-adenomas and 124 (98%) of 127 adenomas were correctly characterized. The sensitivity and specificity of this protocol were 98% and 92%, respectively. This protocol correctly characterized 160 (96%) of 166 masses.
|38. Choyke PL. From needles to numbers: can noninvasive imaging distinguish benign and malignant adrenal lesions? World J Urol. 1998; 16(1):29-34.
|Review to determine role of non-invasive imaging in differentiating benign and malignant adrenal lesions.
|CT densitometry with or without contrast media and chemical shift MRI have adequate sensitivity (50%-90%) and excellent specificity (>95%) for adrenal adenomas.
|39. Szolar DH, Korobkin M, Reittner P, et al. Adrenocortical carcinomas and adrenal pheochromocytomas: mass and enhancement loss evaluation at delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology. 234(2):479-85, 2005 Feb.
|67 patients (11 with adrenocortical carcinoma, 17 with pheochromocytoma, 23 with adrenal adenoma, 16 with metastasis to adrenal gland)
|To retrospectively measure the adrenal gland attenuation and the percentage loss of adrenal gland enhancement at delayed contrast medium-enhanced CT in patients with adrenocortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas and to compare these data with those in patients with adenomas and metastases.
|At optimal threshold values of 50% for absolute percentage of enhancement loss and 40% for relative percentage of enhancement loss at 10 minutes, both the sensitivity and the specificity for the diagnosis of adenoma were 100% when adenomas were compared with carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and metastases. The enhancement loss in adrenocortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas is similar to that in adrenal metastases but significantly less than that in adrenal adenomas. The percentage change in contrast material washout is a useful addition to absolute CT attenuation values in differentiating adrenal adenomas from adrenocortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas.
|40. Leroy-Willig A, Bittoun J, Luton JP, et al. In vivo MR spectroscopic imaging of the adrenal glands: distinction between adenomas and carcinomas larger than 15 mm based on lipid content. AJR. 1989; 153(4):771-773.
|20 patients; 22 adrenal tumors
|To investigate the role of chemical shift MRI in differentiating benign and malignant adrenal masses in a mixed population.
|Lipid percentage was higher for adenomas (n=15) than for metastatic (n=7). One adenoma had a lipid percentage overlapping with malignant (96% correct). In vivo MR spectroscopic imaging of adrenal tumors is useful.
|41. Mitchell DG, Crovello M, Matteucci T, Petersen RO, Miettinen MM. Benign adrenocortical masses: diagnosis with chemical shift MR imaging. Radiology. 1992; 185(2):345-351.
|31 patients; 45 adrenal masses
|To investigate the role of chemical shift MRI in differentiating benign and malignant adrenal masses in a mixed population.
|Both myelolipomas and 26/27 benign cortical masses showed a loss of SI on at least one chemical shift image. Opposed-phase images were slightly more sensitive than fat-suppressed images in depicting lipid within benign cortical masses. All masses had higher SI than that of the liver on standard T2-weighted MR images. Chemical shift MRI can demonstrate lipid within benign adrenocortical masses and thus increase specificity, potentially obviating biopsy and aggressive follow-up.
|42. Tsushima Y, Ishizaka H, Matsumoto M. Adrenal masses: differentiation with chemical shift, fast low-angle shot MR imaging. Radiology. 1993; 186(3):705-709.
|46 patients; 53 adenomas
|Prospective study to investigate the role of chemical shift MRI in differentiating benign and malignant adrenal masses in a mixed population.
|The signal-intensity indexes of adrenal masses ([SI on IP - SI on OP]/[SI on IP x 100]), where IP = in-phase image and OP = out-of-phase image, were calculated. All adenomas had SI indexes >5%, while SI indexes of metastatic tumors and pheochromocytomas were <5%, with accuracy of 100%. Chemical shift MRI was superior to the calculated T2.
|43. Mayo-Smith WW, Lee MJ, McNicholas MM, Hahn PF, Boland GW, Saini S. Characterization of adrenal masses (< 5 cm) by use of chemical shift MR imaging: observer performance versus quantitative measures. AJR. 1995; 165(1):91-95.
|43 patients: 46 adrenal lesions; 3 observers
|To evaluate the ability of chemical shift MRI to differentiate <5 cm adrenal adenomas from metastases and to compare subjective interpretation with several different quantitative measures.
|Mean SI was significantly different between adenomas and metastases on out-of-phase images (64 vs 98) (P<.0005) but not in-phase images (130 vs 122) (P=.47). The adrenal-spleen ratio discriminated between adenomas and metastases better than did the adrenal-liver ratio, the adrenal-muscle ratio, or the SI index. No significant difference in interpretation among the three observers was evident (areas under the ROC curves, 0.93, 0.95, and 0.96). The performance of the observers was comparable to the results obtained with the adrenal-spleen ratio measurement (area under the ROC curve, 0.97).
|44. McNicholas MM, Lee MJ, Mayo-Smith WW, Hahn PF, Boland GW, Mueller PR. An imaging algorithm for the differential diagnosis of adrenal adenomas and metastases. AJR. 1995; 165(6):1453-1459.
|33 patients; 37 adrenal masses
|Prospective study to develop an algorithm using CT and chemical-shift MRI for the characterization of adrenal masses in patients with a primary cancer and no other evidence of metastatic disease.
|Lesions =0 H may be benign and further work-up is not required. Lesions with density >20 H may be malignant and should be biopsied when the result will influence management. Study recommends chemical-shift MRI for CT-indeterminate lesions. An adrenal-spleen ratio threshold of 70 indicates a benign lesion, and no further workup is required in these patients. Lesions with adrenal-spleen ratio >70 should have a biopsy performed, depending on the clinical situation.
|45. Outwater EK, Siegelman ES, Radecki PD, Piccoli CW, Mitchell DG. Distinction between benign and malignant adrenal masses: value of T1-weighted chemical-shift MR imaging. AJR. 1995; 165(3):579-583.
|50 patients: 58 adrenal; masses; 3 observers
|Blinded study to determine value of T1-weighted chemical-shift MRI for distinction between benign and malignant adrenal masses.
|The 3 readers had mean sensitivity of 87%, specificity of 92%, and PPV of 95% for diagnosis of benign lesion. At the highest (definite) confidence of a benign lesion, the mean PPV was 99%, with lower sensitivity (54%). Areas under ROC curves for the 3 radiologists were .98 (95% CI: .94-1.00), .96 (CI: .91-1.00), and .95 (CI: .89-1.00). Inter-observer variation for the diagnosis of a benign mass was low (kappa = .79). Authors conclude that chemical-shift imaging using breath-hold opposed-phase T1-weighted MRI is a reliable and reproducible technique for the diagnosis of most benign adrenal masses at the highest threshold of confidence.
|46. Fujiyoshi F, Nakajo M, Fukukura Y, Tsuchimochi S. Characterization of adrenal tumors by chemical shift fast low-angle shot MR imaging: comparison of four methods of quantitative evaluation. AJR. 2003; 180(6):1649-1657.
|88 patients; 102 adrenal masses
|Retrospective study to compare and assess 4 quantitative methods of distinguishing adenomas from malignant adrenal lesions using chemical shift fast low-angle shot MRI.
|The SI index was the best method of distinguishing benign and malignant lesions. In this study 100% were identified correctly using a SI index of 11.2% to 16.5%.
|47. Shinozaki K, Yoshimitsu K, Honda H, et al. Metastatic adrenal tumor from clear-cell renal cell carcinoma: a pitfall of chemical shift MR imaging. Abdom Imaging. 2001; 26(4):439-442.
|1 patient
|A case of adrenal metastasis from clear-cell renal cell carcinoma in which presence of a small amount of fat was shown on chemical shift gradient-echo MRI is presented.
|Radiologists should be aware that signal loss of the adrenal tumor on out-of-phase gradient-echo images does not always suggest the diagnosis of benign adenoma, particularly in patients with a history of renal cell carcinoma.
|48. Sydow BD, Rosen MA, Siegelman ES. Intracellular lipid within metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma of the adrenal gland: a potential diagnostic pitfall of chemical shift imaging of the adrenal gland. AJR. 2006; 187(5):W550-551.
|1 patient
|A case is presented of a 48-year-old man with a history of hepatitis C, hepatic cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma who was being treated with chemotherapy.
|A baseline MRI examination revealed a 2.5 cm hepatocellular carcinoma of the right lobe and normal adrenal glands. An adrenal mass was discovered during an MR examination performed 3 months later. The adrenal mass was isointense to the spleen on both in-phase gradient-echo T1- and T2-weighted fast spin-echo images but lost signal relative to spleen on opposed-phase imaging.
|49. Haider MA, Ghai S, Jhaveri K, Lockwood G. Chemical shift MR imaging of hyperattenuating (>10 HU) adrenal masses: does it still have a role? Radiology. 2004; 231(3):711-716.
|36 patients; 38 masses
|Retrospective study to determine whether chemical shift MRI can characterize hyperattenuating adrenal masses.
|89% (17/19 masses) of adrenal adenomas >10HU were detected by chemical shift MRI. Authors conclude that for some circumstances, chemical shift MRI is a reasonable second imaging test for further characterization of a hyperattenuating adrenal mass.
|50. Israel GM, Korobkin M, Wang C, Hecht EN, Krinsky GA. Comparison of unenhanced CT and chemical shift MRI in evaluating lipid-rich adrenal adenomas. AJR. 2004; 183(1):215-219.
|40 patients: 42 adrenal masses; 2 observers
|Retrospective analysis to compare unenhanced CT with chemical shift MRI to determine if MRI can characterize adrenal lesions which are indeterminate by CT.
|The sensitivities and specificities for diagnosing a lipid-rich adenoma using the qualitative, adrenal-to-spleen chemical shift ratio, signal-intensity index, and unenhanced CT attenuation analyses were 92% (33/36) and 17% (1/6), 100% (36/36) and 100% (6/6), 100% (36/36) and 67% (4/6), and 78% (28/36) and 83% (5/6), respectively. 8 of 13 adrenal adenomas >10 HU on unenhanced CT were characterized with chemical shift MRI.
|51. Gabriel H, Pizzitola V, McComb EN, Wiley E, Miller FH. Adrenal lesions with heterogeneous suppression on chemical shift imaging: clinical implications. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004; 19(3):308-316.
|242 patients
|Retrospective study to determine the frequency and value of adrenal lesions that demonstrate heterogeneous suppression on chemical shift MRI.
|Heterogeneous suppression was seen in 14% of patients. Imaging or pathologic follow-up was available for 18 of the heterogeneously suppressing lesions. 18/18 cases were benign. Therefore, heterogeneous suppression has the same significance as homogeneous suppression.
|52. Park BK, Kim CK, Kim B, Lee JH. Comparison of delayed enhanced CT and chemical shift MR for evaluating hyperattenuating incidental adrenal masses. Radiology. 2007; 243(3):760-765.
|34 patients; 43 adrenal masses
|Retrospective study to compare the accuracy of delayed enhanced CT and chemical shift MRI for characterizing hyperattenuating adrenal masses at CT, with either follow-up imaging or pathologic review as the reference standard.
|Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for adenoma at CT were 97% (36/37), 100% (6/6), and 98% (42/43), respectively, and at MR were 86% (32/37), 50% (3/6), and 49% (21/43), respectively. CT helped confirm 5 more adenomas and 3 more metastatic tumors than did MRI. However, there was no significant difference for diagnostic accuracy between the two imaging modalities (P>.05).
|53. Halefoglu AM, Yasar A, Bas N, Ozel A, Erturk SM, Basak M. Comparison of computed tomography histogram analysis and chemical-shift magnetic resonance imaging for adrenal mass characterization. Acta Radiol. 2009; 50(9):1071-1079.
|93 patients with 109 adrenal masses
|To prospectively compare CT histogram analysis and chemical-shift MRI in the characterization of adrenal masses.
|On unenhanced CT examinations, all of the 67 adenomas and 21/42 metastases exhibited negative pixels. None of the metastases showed more than 10% negative pixels on CT histogram analysis. An increase in the percentage of negative pixels correlated well with a decrease in the mean CT attenuation. CT histogram analysis using a 10% negative pixel threshold gave a 91% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the diagnosis of an adenoma. On chemical-shift MRI, for an adrenal-to-spleen chemical-shift ratio of <0.71, 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity were achieved, while a 97% sensitivity and 93% specificity were obtained for an adrenal SI index of more than 16.5% for adenoma diagnosis. CT histogram analysis method using a 10% negative pixel threshold on unenhanced CT had a good sensitivity and perfect specificity for the differentiation of adrenal adenomas from non-adenomas. In spite of the good results obtained with the CT histogram analysis method, chemical-shift MRI using adrenal-to-spleen chemical-shift ratio and adrenal SI index formulas had a higher sensitivity and could help in the characterization of adrenal masses appearing indeterminate by CT histogram analysis.
|54. Miller FH, Wang Y, McCarthy RJ, et al. Utility of diffusion-weighted MRI in characterization of adrenal lesions. AJR. 2010; 194(2):W179-185.
|160 adrenal lesions in 156 patients
|To retrospectively evaluate the utility of ADC values for characterizing adrenal lesions and determine if DWI can distinguish lipid-rich from lipid-poor adenomas.
|ADCs of adrenal malignancies (median, 1.67 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s; interquartile range, 1.41-1.84 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s) were not different compared with those of benign lesions (1.61 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s; 1.27-1.96 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s; p > 0.05). Cysts (2.93 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s; 2.70-3.09 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s) showed higher ADCs than the remaining adrenal lesions (P<0.05). The median ADCs of lipid-rich adenomas did not differ from those of lipid-poor ones (P>0.05). The CT attenuation had no negative or positive correlation with the ADCs of adrenal adenomas (r = -0.05, P=0.97). Unlike lesion size and percentage decrease in SI, the ADCs were not useful in distinguishing benign from malignant adrenal lesions. Lipid-poor adenomas could not be distinguished from lipid-rich adenomas and all other nonfatty lesions of the adrenal gland with DWI.
|55. Tsushima Y, Takahashi-Taketomi A, Endo K. Diagnostic utility of diffusion-weighted MR imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient value for the diagnosis of adrenal tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009; 29(1):112-117.
|42 patients with 43 adrenal tumors
|Retrospective study to determine the utility of DWI-MRI for the diagnosis of adrenal tumors.
|There was no difference in ADC values between adenomas (1.09 +/- 0.29*10(-3) mm(2)/s; range, 0.52-1.64) and metastatic tumors (0.85 +/- 0.26*10(-3); 0.51-1.23; P=0.14). Pheochromocytomas showed the higher mean ADC value (1.59 +/- 0.34*10(-3); 1.04-1.96) compared with those of adenomas or metastatic tumors (P<0.05 and P<0.005, respectively). The mean SI index of adenomas (62.1 +/- 17.9%; 14.5-88.4) was significantly higher than those of pheochromocytomas (4.0 +/- 10.0%; -19.6-3.3; P<0.005) or metastatic tumors (-1.5 +/- 11.7%; -18.3-8.2; P<0.01). There was no correlation between ADC values and SI index. Although pheochromocytomas showed higher ADC values, we did not find that ADC value had diagnostic utility for differentiating adenomas and metastatic tumors.
|56. Gillams A, Roberts CM, Shaw P, Spiro SG, Goldstraw P. The value of CT scanning and percutaneous fine needle aspiration of adrenal masses in biopsy-proven lung cancer. Clin Radiol. 1992; 46(1):18-22.
|16 patients had FNA
|To review the accuracy of CT and percutaneous FNA of adrenal masses in biopsy-proven lung cancer.
|19% of samples were insufficient. 5 patients with positive FNA died within 24 months but 2/5 with negative biopsies died with metastatic disease within 11 months. Lesions <2 cm were benign. Biopsy was necessary for diagnosis since the CT appearances of many adrenal lesions were insufficiently distinctive to exclude malignancy.
|57. Silverman SG, Mueller PR, Pinkney LP, Koenker RM, Seltzer SE. Predictive value of image-guided adrenal biopsy: analysis of results of 101 biopsies. Radiology. 1993; 187(3):715-718.
|97 patients; 101 biopsies
|To review the accuracy of biopsy performed in a mixed population.
|Diagnostic samples were obtained in 86%. Biopsy had sensitivity of 93%, NPV of 91% and accuracy of 96%. Three small masses <3 cm proved to be malignant. Biopsy is an accurate procedure, however if benign tissue is not obtained then repeat biopsy or surgery is indicated. 8% complications.
|58. Tikkakoski T, Taavitsainen M, Paivansalo M, Lahde S, Apaja-Sarkkinen M. Accuracy of adrenal biopsy guided by ultrasound and CT. Acta Radiol. 1991; 32(5):371-374.
|56 patients
|To review the results of FNA of the adrenal glands guided by US or CT and determine its accuracy.
|Sufficient material was obtained in 96%. Overall accuracy to differentiate benign and malignant disease was 85.7% with 2 false negatives and one false positive. No complications.
|59. Erozen YS. Kidney and Adrenal Gland. In: Sidawy MK, Ali SZ, eds. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2007:299-344.
|Book chapter.
|60. Lack EE, Wieneke JA. Adrenal Glands. In: Bostwick DG, Cheng L, eds. Urologic Surgical Pathology. 2nd ed: Mosby Elsevier; 2008:952-1008.
|Book chapter.
|61. Paulsen SD, Nghiem HV, Korobkin M, Caoili EM, Higgins EJ. Changing role of imaging-guided percutaneous biopsy of adrenal masses: evaluation of 50 adrenal biopsies. AJR. 2004; 182(4):1033-1037.
|50 adrenal biopsies
|Retrospective study to assess the effect of dedicated adrenal imaging with CT and MRI on the rate of percutaneous imaging-guided biopsies of adrenal masses.
|Only 6/50 (12%) of adrenal biopsied were adenomas. The number of adrenal adenomas biopsied has declined markedly with the introduction of dedicated adrenal CT and MRI for adrenal adenomas. Percutaneous imaging-guided biopsy is useful in confirming the presence and nature of suspected adrenal metastases.
|62. Lumachi F, Borsato S, Tregnaghi A, et al. CT-scan, MRI and image-guided FNA cytology of incidental adrenal masses. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003; 29(8):689-692.
|34 consecutive patients
|Prospective study to compare value of CT, MRI and FNA in patients with incidentalomas.
|Sensitivity, specificity, and PPV were 66.7, 85.7, and 50.0%, for CT scan, 83.3, 92.9, and 71.4% for MRI, and 83.3, 100, and 100% (P<0.05) for FNA cytology, respectively. Image-guided FNA cytology was safe and definitive in many patients.
|63. Hoh CK, Schiepers C, Seltzer MA, et al. PET in oncology: will it replace the other modalities? Semin Nucl Med.1997; 27(2):94-106.
|Review literature over last 3 years to examine role of PET in relation to other tumor imaging modalities.
|Currently, PET is used in characterizing tumor lesions, differentiating recurrent disease from treatment effects, staging tumors, evaluating the extent of disease, and monitoring therapy. In the future, PET may be used in molecular medicine and genetics.
|64. Kumar R, Xiu Y, Yu JQ, et al. 18F-FDG PET in evaluation of adrenal lesions in patients with lung cancer. J Nucl Med. 2004; 45(12):2058-2062.
|94 patients: 113 adrenal masses; 3 observers
|Retrospective study to assess the role of FDG-PET in differentiating benign from metastatic adrenal masses detected on CT or MRI scans of patients with lung cancer.
|The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detecting metastatic disease were 93%, 90%, and 92%, respectively. FDG-PET is an accurate, noninvasive technique for differentiating benign from metastatic adrenal lesions detected on CT or MRI in patients with lung cancer. It can be falsely negative in necrotic and hemorrhagic metastases and in small lesions (<11 mm in this series).
|65. Kutlu CA, Pastorino U, Maisey M, Goldstraw P. Selective use of PET scan in the preoperative staging of NSCLC. Lung Cancer. 1998; 21(3):177-184.
|21 patients
|To evaluate the place of PET scanning for the characterisation of additional abnormalities discovered on routine, preoperative CT evaluation of patients with proven NSCLC.
|Accuracy of PET in assessment of nonpulmonary lesions found on CT in operable NSCLC was 96% with sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 100%. Results show PET is useful in small cell lung cancer.
|66. Metser U, Miller E, Lerman H, Lievshitz G, Avital S, Even-Sapir E. 18F-FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of adrenal masses. J Nucl Med. 2006; 47(1):32-37.
|150 patients; 175 adrenal masses
|To evaluate the performance of FDG-PET/CT in characterizing adrenal masses in oncology patients.
|For combined PET/CT data, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 100%, 98%, 97%, 100%, respectively. When a cutoff SUV of 3.1 was used for this group, FDG-PET/CT correctly classified all lesions.
|67. Yun M, Kim W, Alnafisi N, Lacorte L, Jang S, Alavi A. 18F-FDG PET in characterizing adrenal lesions detected on CT or MRI. J Nucl Med. 2001; 42(12):1795-1799.
|41 patients; 50 adrenal masses
|Retrospective analysis to evaluate the ability of FDG-PET to characterize adrenal lesions in patients with proven or suspected cancers.
|FDG-PET for characterization of adrenal lesions showed a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 94%, and an accuracy of 96%. FDG-PET has the additional advantage of evaluating the primary lesions as well as metastases, it could be cost-effective and the modality of choice for the characterization of adrenal lesions, especially in patients with malignancy.
|68. Vikram R, Yeung HD, Macapinlac HA, Iyer RB. Utility of PET/CT in differentiating benign from malignant adrenal nodules in patients with cancer. AJR. 2008; 191(5):1545-1551.
|112 adrenal nodules in 96 patients
|To determine the sensitivity and specificity of combined PET/CT in differentiating benign from malignant adrenal nodules measuring at least 1 cm in diameter in patients with cancer.
|12/82 benign nodules were PET positive with a sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 85.4%. Patients with 4/5 malignant nodules with negative PET results had received previous therapy. The PPV for detection of malignant lesions was 67%, and the NPV was 93%. Adrenal masses that are not FDG avid are likely to be benign with a high NPV. Especially in patients undergoing therapy, however, there is a small but statistically significant false-negative rate. A considerable proportion of benign nodules have increased FDG activity.
|69. Minn H, Salonen A, Friberg J, et al. Imaging of adrenal incidentalomas with PET using (11)C-metomidate and (18)F-FDG. J Nucl Med. 2004; 45(6):972-979.
|21 patients
|To examine imaging of adrenal incidentalomas with PET using (11) C-metomidate and FDG.
|FDG detected 2/3 noncortical malignancies but failed to detect adrenal metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Authors conclude that (11)C-Metomidate is a promising PET tracer to identify incidentalomas of adrenocortical origin. FDG is recommended for patients with a moderate to high likelihood of neoplastic disease.
|70. Tessonnier L, Sebag F, Palazzo FF, et al. Does 18F-FDG PET/CT add diagnostic accuracy in incidentally identified non-secreting adrenal tumours? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008; 35(11):2018-2025.
|37 patients with 41 adrenal masses
|To evaluate the ability of FDG-PET to distinguish benign from malignant adrenal masses when CT or MRI results had been inconclusive.
|The final diagnosis was 12 malignant, 17 benign tumors, and 12 tumors classified as benign on follow-up. The visual interpretation was more accurate than SUVmax alone, tumor diameter or unenhanced density, with a sensitivity of 100% (12/12), a specificity of 86% (25/29) and a NPV of 100% (25/25). The use of 1.8 as the threshold for tumor/liver SUVmax ratio, retrospectively established, demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity. FDG-PET/CT accurately characterizes adrenal tumors, with an excellent sensitivity and NPVs. Thus, a negative PET may predict a benign tumor that would potentially prevent the need for surgery of adrenal tumors with inconclusive conventional imaging.
|71. Zettinig G, Mitterhauser M, Wadsak W, et al. Positron emission tomography imaging of adrenal masses: (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose and the 11beta-hydroxylase tracer (11)C-metomidate. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004; 31(9):1224-1230.
|16 patients
|Study aimed to: Evaluate (11)C-metomidate. Point out possible advantages in comparison with FDG. Examine in vivo the expression of 11beta-hydroxylase in patients with primary aldosteronism.
|(11)C-metomidate is an excellent imaging tool to distinguish adrenocortical and non-cortical lesionsThe in vivo expression of 11beta-hydroxylase is lower in Cushing's syndrome than in Conn's syndrome, and there is no suppression of the contralateral gland in primary aldosteronism. FDG is the tracer of choice for discriminating between benign and malignant lesions.
|72. Berland LL, Silverman SG, Gore RM, et al. Managing incidental findings on abdominal CT: white paper of the ACR incidental findings committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2010; 7(10):754-773.
|Recommendations from the ACR Incidental Findings Committee for managing incidental findings in the kidney, livers, adrenal glands, and pancreas.
|73. NIH state-of-the-science statement on management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2002; 19(2):1-25.
|To evaluate data regarding the management of clinically unapparent adrenal masses (incidentalomas).
|There is insufficient data to recommend a surgical or nonsurgical for the management of patients with subclinical hyper-functioning adrenal cortical adenomas.
|No of Rows: 73


text:
In 732 a relatively small army of French Christians led by Charles Martel defeated an invading Muslim army in the Battle of Tours, near Poitier, France. Abd-ar-Rahman, the Muslim governor of Cordoba, Spain was killed in the fighting, and the Moors retreated from what is now France, never to establish themselves north of the Pyrenees.
Yesterday, the French had a similar opportunity to repulse the Muslim invasion that is destroying the 2000-year old Gaulish Christian culture that arose from the ashes of the Roman Empire, but no Frankish army showed up at the French polling stations to repulse the invasion.
Instead, Emmanuel Macron, a "Useful Infidel," was swept into power as President of France. Unlike in the United States, Hungary and Poland, and to a lesser extent in Great Britain, where the ascendant political leaders of those countries at least recognize the threat of Islam to their cultures, Macron is a globalist and an "open promoter of multiculturalism." As such, he does not consider Islamism a national threat because the French nation, or, as he has said, French culture, does not really exist.
For the far left and its Muslim allies, this is true, because French culture is, despite the violent secularizing of the French Revolution and intervening years of Socialist governments, at its core, Christian.
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And so, the culture that gave us Chartres Cathedral, Mont St. Michel, Bernard Of Clairvaux, St. Louis and Notre Dame Cathedral and Jean d'Arc has, according to its new president, ceased to exist.
This assessment isn't ours alone, according to the Diversity Macht Frei website, the Macron leaks of emails allegedly hacked by hackers associated with the American 4Chan community, contain secret proposals that would lead to the Islamization of France and Europe. These are shown in a Powerpoint presentation which appears to have come from the Institut Montaigne. Harmonizing education between countries on different sides of the Mediterranean is one of the key objectives:
- Create a common history textbook with Italy, Spain, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (3) in order to put in historical perspective the mutual contributions and religious convergences between the two shores of the Mediterranean.
- Within the 3+3 framework, we recommend the creation of a commission of historians responsible for drawing up a common history textbook. The aim of this work will be:
- to create a common base of objective historical knowledge founded on the logic of a historical "draw" [stalemate]
- to develop a sense of belonging to a common history
- to reduce the fantasies of victimization on one side as well as civilizational superiority on the other
The writers at Diversity Macht Frei say the document also recommends the introduction of Arabic teaching to French schools, including bi-lingual classes. This is justified by with the claim that Muslims are currently getting their "Arabic fix" from mosques, where they risk being radicalized.
Thus "soft Islamization" that is being advocated as the remedy for "hard Islamization" and this represents a kind of de facto reward being offered to jihad violence. In this way, Jihad gets results. It leads to societies being Islamized, one way or the other, conclude the Diversity Macht Frei writers.
Other plans for measures to Islamize France include facilitating mosque construction by making it easier to arrange finance for it and providing reserved Muslim areas in municipal cemeteries. Again this is justified by claiming that it will lead to the emergence of a "French Islam."
The email that references this presentation can be seen through this link.
It says: "The PowerPoint study on the Islam of France (provisional and very confidential): prepared by the IM [Institut Montaigne] and Hakim El Karoui, who was introduced to you [Emmanuel Macron} at a previous lunch."
Some basic facts on Hakim El Karoui shared by the Diversity Macht Frei writers:
There are two key takeaways for Americans in the French election and the Macron emails that show just what a close thing our election was for American and Western Judeo-Christian culture.
The first is that, this [Italian publication] Figaro article shows, some references to these proposals have already been made in the mainstream French and European press so the idea of "French Islam" is not that far-out in terms of the thinking of the left-wing intelligentsia in France. What wasn't known until the hacked emails was that Macron's people were on board with it.
The second is that while American voters stopped, at least temporarily, the "fundamental transformation of America" led by the Obama Red–Green Axis, European voters apparently have no interest in doing the same in the cradle of Western Christian culture. Reinventing the West is now the accepted policy of the French government, so if our common cultural heritage is to be saved, it is up to the peoples of the Anglospere and Central Europe to do it, because France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Austria are already gone.
George Rasley is editor of Richard Viguerie's ConservativeHQ.com. A veteran of over 300 political campaigns, he served on the staff of Vice President Dan Quayle and as spokesman for now-Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee Mac Thornberry. He has served as a staff member or consultant to some of America's most-recognized conservative political figures. He is a member of American MENSA and studied international relations at Worcester College, Oxford.
This article was originally published at ConservativeHQ.com. Used with permission.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Senator the Hon Mathias Cormann
Minister for Finance
Date: Monday, 8 February 2016
KRISTINA KENEALLY: Now welcome to To the Point and today it is all about tax reform, GST, negative gearing. Peter our guest today is right on point on all those ... interrupted
PETER VAN ONSELEN: Yes, Mathias Cormann. Senator Mathias Cormann, he's the Finance Minister. We should get straight to it shouldn't we.
KRISTINA KENEALLY: We should indeed.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: He joins us live from Parliament House. No Senate Question Time, it is Estimates, but he joins us there nonetheless. Thanks for your company.
MATHIAS CORMANN: Good to be here.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: I want to get to some of the policy particulars in this debate, but my first question is more of a psychological one if I can. How do you do it? How do you go from throwing your lot in, loyally, with Tony Abbott and Joe Hockey and ruling out negative gearing and ruling out changes to super, defending their economic record. Then now having to do it with Scott Morrison and Malcolm Turnbull, when Malcolm Turnbull as part of his challenge announced that the economic record of Tony Abbott and the previous incarnation of the Government was a terrible one.
MATHIAS CORMANN: The business that I am involved in is a team game. This is never about any of us as individuals. This is always about what we can achieve for Australia as part of a team. I was very grateful to the former Prime Minister Tony Abbott for putting his confidence in me in appointing me as the Minister for Finance. I am very grateful to Malcolm Turnbull as our new Prime Minister, or relatively new Prime Minister, for having put his confidence in me to continue in that role moving forward.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: And don't get me wrong I can understand why he's done that. You are respected on both sides of the Parliament. You are loyal to the leader including with a change of leader, the king is dead, long live the king, that principle. I am more just asking, the brutality of modern politics, we've seen this same question have to be asked to senior Labor figures during their period in government. It is just such an awkward situation. We will get to the policies now the ruling out of negative gearing and super. You have given some quite precise quotes on both. But I am guessing, am I wrong, that with the change of leader they are now both back on the table?
MATHIAS CORMANN: We are having a conversation on grounds that have been very clearly articulated since September last year. That is that we are considering every opportunity to improve our tax system with an open mind. There is a lot of continuity between what we have been doing as a Government since September 2013 and what we are doing moving forward. The most important focus of our government ever since we were elected in September 2013 was to pursue policies to strengthen growth, create more jobs and to create more opportunity for people to get ahead. That is why, on coming into government in September 2013, we scrapped the mining tax and the carbon tax, because they were a drag on investment and growth. We pursued company tax cuts for small business. We pursued an ambitious deregulation agenda. We pursued an ambitious free trade agenda. We have pursued an ambitious infrastructure investment agenda. That has been complemented under the leadership of Malcolm Turnbull with an ambitious innovation agenda. But the overarching focus all the way through has been on strengthening growth and creating more jobs. That continues to be our focus.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: But despite that, I have got to ask this though, because you go through all the achievements during the Abbott period, yet this quote from Malcolm Turnbull was that the former Prime Minister has quote 'not been capable of providing the economic leadership our nation needs'. That is what he said. What's changed?
MATHIAS CORMANN: I'm very happy for you to go through all the history Peter. I am focused on the future. These are all debates and discussions that took place in August, September last year. I will leave analysts and commentators like yourself to dissect all of the entrails of this.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: But what's changed? And what is likely to change?
MATHIAS CORMANN: The future is as I have just indicated. The Government is totally focused on how we can strengthen growth, create more jobs. At the heart of this, moving forward, we have added an ambitious innovation agenda, which the Prime Minister and Christopher Pyne announced before Christmas. We are doing work now on how we can make our tax system more growth friendly moving forward. We continue to focus on the overarching goals, strong and successful economy, the strongest possible economic and fiscal foundation for the future and a strong and secure Australia in terms of our national security.
KRISTINA KENEALLY: Minister, those are very nice words but if we go back to estimates last year you said that we would have a tax white paper. Tony Abbott promised coming into Government we would have a tax white paper. We are now two and a half years into this Coalition Government. Five months into the reign of Malcolm Turnbull. When is your Government going to give some certainty to business about the future of the tax system in Australia?
MATHIAS CORMANN: I know that Labor last week has been very interested in the stationery and the process. What we have said very clearly is that the Government is committed to announcing our economic reform agenda that we would seek to implement after the next election in good time before the election... interrupted
KRISTINA KENEALLY: But Minister, 12 months ago you said that you would have a green paper out now, that you would have a white paper out before the election. You've changed your tune already, so why isn't it fair that the Opposition ask questions about the process? Because the process as you've described it, simply is not happening.
MATHIAS CORMANN: Kristina, I'm not sure where you were in September last year, but we did have a change in leadership in September last year. We had a new Prime Minister and a new Treasurer come in, in the middle of September last year. The Government ... interrupted
KRISTINA KENEALLY: But we didn't have a change of Government, it's still the same people around the Cabinet table, you're still the Finance Minister.
MATHIAS CORMANN: I think this is quite juvenile. We can go round and round in circles. I think that what people around Australia are interested in, is what the Government is going to do to strengthen growth and to strengthen job creation and to ensure that Australia is on the strongest possible economic and fiscal foundation for the future. What we have said very clearly is that we will be making relevant announcements in good time before the next election ... interrupted
KRISTINA KENEALLY: But that's what I asked you, when are you going to tell people that? That is what I have asked you, when are you going to tell the people that?
MATHIAS CORMANN: What I have said to you is that in good time before the next election - and if you let me finish my sentence - there is going to be a Budget in about three months from now. The second Tuesday in May we will be releasing our Budget. That will be the blue print, the economic and fiscal blue print of the Government for the next four years. I think you can reasonably expect that between now and Budget time the Government will make a series of decisions on what is in and what is not in the Budget. In the Budget you will see a whole series of decisions reflected as you always do, on the expenditure side of the Budget and on the revenue side of the Budget. People will be able to pass judgement in good time before the next election whether they support our economic reform agenda or whether they support the negative and destructive approach of Bill Shorten.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: But my issue Minister, is on the one hand you rely on the change of Prime Minister as a reason for there having been adjustments, but then when I ask what they are in relation to what Malcolm Turnbull said where he said that Abbott 'had not been capable of providing the economic leadership our nation needs', there's not a lot of meat on the bone of what it actually covers? Not yet anyway.
MATHIAS CORMANN: I don't rely on it, it is just a statement of fact. There was a change in leadership in September. That is just a statement of fact. The decisions that are made collectively by the Cabinet and by the Coalition party room as a team are now the decisions that come from the Turnbull Government rather than the Abbott Government. That is just a statement of fact. As I have indicated, our focus is entirely on how we can put Australia on the strongest possible economic and fiscal foundation for the future. People are not really particularly interested on whether that is going to be on some white paper, on some pink paper, or blue paper, they just want to know. They will find out in good time before the next election. Certainly, the next instalment of our economic blue print will of course be delivered in the Budget in May.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: You're right in the eye of the storm though. The economy is front and centre in the election campaign. You are there with the previous regime. You are there with the new Treasurer and the new Prime Minister as well. After the criticism of what was done wrong before, what observations have you seen that show you what has changed from what happened before?
MATHIAS CORMANN: There has been a lot of continuity. What we are doing as the Turnbull Government now is build on the progress that has been made and the achievements that have been made by the Abbott Government. On coming into Government, we were very mindful of the fact that our economy was an economy in transition from resource investment and construction driven growth to broader drivers of economic activity and growth. Our economy was weakening, unemployment was rising, the previous Labor government had put more and more lead into our saddlebag, making us less competitive internationally at a time when we needed to be more competitive internationally. So …interrupted
PETER VAN ONSELEN: But hang on. The argument from Malcolm Turnbull was that we need continuity on the economic front, the argument was that the previous Prime Minister had 'not been capable of providing the economic leadership our nation needs'. Now you are the Finance Minister, then and now, you must have seen a big change because that was a big statement from Malcolm. I'm just wondering what has changed?
KRISTINA KENEALLY: Minister, hasn't the change been that you have ruled out superannuation, adverse changes to superannuation, you ruled out changes to the GST, you ruled out changes to negative gearing now your Government seems to have thrown all of that back on the table? Isn't that the change?
MATHIAS CORMANN: So a couple of things. What we have been focused on since we have come into Government as a team with both Malcolm Turnbull and Scott Morrison as senior ministers within the Government, we have been focused on making Australia more competitive internationally. Taking costs out of our economy and taking some of these burdens that Labor put into our saddle bag out of our saddle bag. That has involved a range of things. Making our tax system more growth friendly, to start off with that involved scrapping the mining tax and the carbon tax and reducing company tax for small business. It has involved an ambitious deregulation agenda. It has involved a whole range of other things. Moving forward what we have decided to do under the leadership of Malcolm Turnbull is to have a very open conversation in relation to how our tax system can be further improved moving forward. Our objective continues to be what it was before and that was to make our tax system more growth friendly. That continues to be to ensure that the necessary revenue to fund the important and necessary services of Government is raised in the most efficient, least distorting way possible in the economy. That is a conversation that has been ongoing now since September or thereabouts. It has been very important the way that conversation has been conducted. Yesterday, the Prime Minister was very candid in the way that he took the Australian people into his confidence on what was on his mind and on our mind as a Government as we consider some of these issues. We will be making some decisions now about the best way forward.
KRISTINA KENEALLY: Can I ask on your reflections on these conversations and your reflections on this process, do you think it is possible to have significant tax reform without making any changes to the GST?
MATHIAS CORMANN: It will be a matter for commentators to assess how significant …interrupted
KRISTINA KENEALLY: No. No. You are the Finance Minister, surely you must have a view as to whether or not we can have major tax reform in Australia right now without doing anything to the GST?
MATHIAS CORMANN: My view is that we need to do the best we can to make our tax system more growth friendly. Right now we are considering a whole range of issues. As I said the Prime Minister very candidly explored some of these issues in his Insiders interview yesterday. Right now we haven't reached a landing point in relation to these issues. We haven't made a decision. As a team we continue to explore these issues. If we were all persuaded as a team on the best way forward we would have reached a decision point already and we would have made some announcements. We are not yet in that position but we expect to be in that position in time for the Budget. Certainly we expect to make relevant announcements in good time before the next election.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: Arthur Sinodinos told Paul Kelly and I yesterday on Australian Agenda that without GST reform you can't make serious inroads into company tax cuts, into income tax cuts, I should say. Do you agree with that?
MATHIAS CORMANN: Our objective is to make material reductions, to pursue material reductions in personal income tax in order to ensure that we can address bracket creep. We certainly don't want to see ... interrupted
PETER VAN ONSELEN: But he said you can't do that without GST reform.
MATHIAS CORMANN: Let's see where the Government lands. Our objective is to pursue tax cuts to address bracket creep to ensure that middle-income earners don't end up in the highest tax brackets. But in the end you have to make a judgement on what is economically desirable and what is ultimately achievable.
KRISTINA KENEALLY: So how much money does the Government need to tackle bracket creep?
MATHIAS CORMANN: These are all issues that are currently being worked through. They will be reflected as appropriate in the Budget.
KRISTINA KENEALLY: Let me back up a bit then and ask this, given that wage growth is sluggish, given that inflation is low, why is bracket creep right now a priority for the Government.
MATHIAS CORMANN: If you look at what is happening in the market place it is the case that middle-income earners are progressively getting into the higher income tax brackets. The objective of the Government is to ensure that people across Australia have the right incentives to work, to save and to invest because that helps us maximise economic growth opportunities moving forward. In the end you have got to weigh up all of the different trade-offs of a pretty challenging fiscal environment. That is the work that we are currently doing.
KRISTINA KENEALLY: Can I also ask you about the States because the State Premiers have been very concerned about holes in their budgets for health and education. Given that the Treasurer Scott Morrison this morning made very clear that he's not interested in increasing the GST to fund State spending. What would you say, what would you advise those State Premiers who have got significant holes in their Budgets thanks to decisions taken by your Government in 2014?
MATHIAS CORMANN: I don't agree that it is thanks to decisions of our Government. Our Government reversed unfunded and unaffordable promises, spending promises that were made by the previous Federal Labor Government just before they lost the last election when they knew that there were about to lose the last election. My advice to State and Territory Governments is the same as what we are forced to do at a Federal level, they have to ensure that their spending is as efficient and as effective as possible. They have to make judgements on how to manage necessary funding for their State and Territory schools and hospitals as they see fit.
KRISTINA KENEALLY: But Mike Baird, the Liberal Premier in New South Wales has made pretty clear that it's a kick in the guts, the Commonwealth's 2014 Budget was a kick in the guts to State Budgets. Are you suggesting that they can fill those funding gaps with just efficiency, or would you be comfortable to see them raise State taxes?
MATHIAS CORMANN: It's entirely a matter for them. State and Territory Governments were very happy to …interrupted
KRISTINA KENEALLY: I'm sorry Minister, but on one hand your Government seems to be arguing that we can't increase the tax take overall, but you don't have a concern about State Governments increasing the tax take?
MATHIAS CORMANN: Certainly the Federal Government is totally committed to lower, simpler, fairer taxes. Most definitely we do not want to increase the tax burden on the Australian economy overall. In the end, State Governments have to take responsibility for their areas of responsibility. You mentioned State and Territory Governments complaining about what happened in relation to federal funding on various matters. They were happy to receive a promise of a pot of gold from a previous Federal Labor government which the previous Federal Labor government never properly funded. The previous Federal Labor government made a promise of a massive ramp up in expenditure not only beyond their period in office, but in the period beyond the published budget forward estimates period of their time in office. It was never believable. It was never realistic. We are continuing to increase funding incidentally for State and Territory schools and hospitals. Federal funding continues to increase, but it's just increasing at a more realistic rate.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: Can I just ask you back on the issues of super and negative gearing, just as a clarification Senator Cormann. The litany of quotes that I have in my spare time of you ruling out changes in this term or the next in those two theatres it is right to say that the change of Prime Minister has opened those two policy areas back up to there possibly being some changes.
MATHIAS CORMANN: I've answered so many questions for five months now in relation to these matters. It's good to see that by February, you are now also getting into this issue that came up in September last year. Clearly, the Prime Minister has made very clear that we are having an open conversation in relation to how the tax system can be improved with everything on the table.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: Can I ask you a question on that?
MATHIAS CORMANN: I don't know what you're trying to prove here. This is not actually a new point. I think I've actually had interviews with you at various times since then when we've gone through this.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: What I'm interested in I guess is whether you agree with changed taxing structures around super and negative gearing because you either, if you like, agree then with what was being done to promise not to make any changes, or you now think there's good cause to change it, or you're just being loyal I suppose and you think it's a bad idea because rents go up for example when negative gearing gets cut, but you're forced to go along with it because that's what the first amongst equals Prime Minister wants.
MATHIAS CORMANN: It's all very interesting listening to you there Peter. The truth is that I agree that we should have a look at all of these things. At some point in the next few weeks and months, we will be making some decisions. These decisions, if taken before the Budget, will be reflected in the Budget. Any decisions taken after Budget will be announced after the Budget. That is the usual process of Government.
KRISTINA KENEALLY: Finance Minister Mathias, we're going to leave it there. Thank you, we should note that it's your first time on To the Point, we hope it's not your last. Thanks for coming on the show.
PETER VAN ONSELEN: Thanks for your company.
MATHIAS CORMANN: Always good to talk to you.


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Rocky, Million Dollar Baby, The Fighter. If you enjoyed these movies you will enjoy Mary Kom. Based on a true story of determination , mix in some very good acting, a very enjoyable pop Indian soundtrack, this movie will surprise many. Highly recommended
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text: NIKAU CAFE – A DAY IN THE LIFE Director/Camera/Editor Rajeev Mishra The amazing Nikau Cafe in Wellington, NZ. The wonderful Paul and Kelda allowed me an in depth look behind the scenes of their beautiful cafe. I started filming at 6:00am and kept rolling till they closed up and everyone had a beer. I have a new found respect for the hospitality industry. nikaucafe.co.nz Many thanks to Dan Christie for the use of his camera gear. Music: "Keef" – The Concerned Residents soundcloud.com/the_concerned_residents


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Steel Silk Band – Concerts in the ParkWednesday | 06:30 PM - 08:30 PM (08/21/2019) , Duration: 02:00 Categories: Concerts in the Park, Music
Steel Silk Band
Wednesday, Aug. 21st, 6:30PM @ Agawam Park
Steel Silk is sure you will be surprised at what your hearing,so get ready to bring back some of your fondest memories of yester-year. Covering songs from classic rock-motown-R&B-pop-country & much more.
Concerts in the Park Series Sponsored By
Each summer, SCC sponsors an extremely popular series of summer concerts in Agawam Park and at Coopers Beach. Most concerts are held on Wednesdays and start at 6:30 PM. Concerts that are held on Saturdays start at 5:00 PM.
See the rest of our lineup here.


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Don Chamberí real estate group offers for rent this stately apartment in the most demanded district of the Chamberí district, Almagro.
Very close to the Plaza de Chamberí, this apartment of 100 m has three bedrooms, bathroom, toilet, kitchen and large living room.
It is a fourth exterior floor, which gives it great brightness in the rooms.
Parquet floors freshly stamped and varnished.
The farm has a concierge.
Direct contact: Marta Olariaga 690064171
Please, complete the information in this form to send your request


text:
The advent of modern individualism, or a breeding ground for inventive forms of collaboration? Coworking and new ways of working are a hot topic. This effervescent sector calls for a closer look.
In the multiple coworking cafes blossoming in Silicon Valley, a complete stranger approaching a table in full conversational swing is not altogether rare. Over the heads of his modest audience, he launches, to no one in particular, an intriguing pitch: "Does anyone have any experience of coding in Arduino?" Nobody bats an eyelid. In these collaborative workspaces, this is as commonplace as a traditional "Heh, how are you?". Hands are raised and ideas pour forth. Some exit the table for a few minutes for a private chat with the newcomer. Contact details are exchanged. A new project may be in the making. Or maybe not. No matter. This new contact will be dutifully filed, his latest news paraded on social media for his name to bubble to the surface as an idea takes shape.
There are no defined roles and no hierarchy, or very little, in this hotbed of creativity. The best mentors are those who can spare 15 minutes between planes to share their successes, but especially their failures. The host is over there, a young, girlish female sporting a t-shirt, discussing with a developer, whose fingers dance over the keyboard seemingly with a life of their own.
How does the magic happen? It is a trend spreading across the globe: in Europe, where France is by no means dragging its heels, but equally in emerging countries, the creative chaos in cafes in Bamako or Abidjan has a new name. New digital nomads, millennials are rebelling against management, packing their rucksacks and transporting their work space to Bali or Bangkok. We conjure a mental image of teenagers sitting cross-legged in a paradise setting, keyboard on their laps. They feature on Instagram under the hashtag #digitalnomads. We covet their precarious travels, financial tightrope and business plans, from the midst of paddy fields, deserts and jungles.
For a project to take shape, it takes two to tango. Since time immemorial, solitary geniuses have been forgotten in the annals of time. Networking, backers and associates provide much needed support. And for all these people to come together, the setting has to be just right. Virtual reality was touted as the means to revolutionise all this, but we are now realising there is no substitute for real space. Still an office, but not as we know it; a collaborative workspace, at close proximity to other complementary talents. Each one has a different sense of purpose and proposition. In Paris, Station F, the self-proclaimed largest startup campus in the world, offers 34,000m2 of workspace of inspirational design, complete with restaurants certain to draw crowds. In Bali, Hubud goes a step further, offering coliving quarters connected to the local entrepreneurial and collaborative networks. In Germany, Factory Berlin focuses on socialisation in an ideal setting. Each workspace offers varying levels of support, meetings and opportunities to collaborate. The fine line is not to impose too many constraints, so no uncompromising philosophies, or a target audience so limited as to cut yourself off from a vast universe of possibilities. For innovation is often born of the unpredictable and unexpected.
New digital nomads, millennials are rebelling against management, packing their rucksacks and transporting their work space to Bali or Bangkok.
Launched in June 2018, Quartier Libre is teeming with projects and draws partners in abundance, Champagne Nicolas Feuillatte included. Three months after its launch, the space is already fully occupied. We met Arnaud Bassery, one of the two founders.
So what is Quartier Libre?
It's essentially a space, so a vast playing field comprising two buildings, each yielding 1,000 m2. The first is a workspace offering coworking and training, while the second is devoted to events, complete with a Champagne bar, an innovation showroom, entertainment and conferences. There is a packed schedule of activities, in fact 80 are already planned in just four months. We try not to lay out in too much detail the events and plans featuring at Quartier Libre. We provide the space, gather the talent and let the magic happen! So on one side we have recruited 31 loyal partners, essentially large companies who have briefed us on their needs, while on the other side we host a constantly evolving ecosystem of talent, made up of freelancers and artists, whose skill sets could meet these needs.
How did you come up with the project?
We are both 30-something founders with diverse, slightly unconventional backgrounds. We are both originally from Reims, love our city, and wanted to give back to the community some of the opportunities we weren't necessarily able to access when we started out. When I was travelling, I also visited a number of inspirational destinations, not only in London and New York, but also Abidjan and Bamako. But to be 100% inspired by a place is impossible; each location is shaped by the local population and its interests.
Do you think Quartier Libre meets real local demand, or is the proposition enough to incite demand?
It's not always about meeting demand. Sometimes the unexpected concepts are the most popular. The simplest way is to give it a go: we wanted to offer something original, and for the moment, the fact we are at 100% occupancy speaks volumes.


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UYA 6.4Y Microbalance from Radwag
|Readability (mg)
|Stabilization Time (sec)
|Stabilization Time Multi 2 (sec)
|Repeatability (mg)
|Internal Calibration
|Capacity Max (g)
With multiple options available when purchasing a 0.0001mg readability Ultramicrobalance, Lab.Equipment understand how daunting it can be when it comes to buying the perfect unit for your lab procedures. See if the Radwag UYA 6.4Y Microbalance can meet your needs with complete data displayed below. If you are still looking for another unit, you can surely discover the perfect lab balance unit for your protocols by conveniently read our FAQ, review, and comparison of the Radwag UYA 6.4Y Microbalance to other Ultramicrobalances so continue reading below.
Lab.Equipment presents 2 Ultramicrobalance from Radwag, one of the industry - leading manufacturers today. Not like other distributors who only sway you with complicated terms or buzzwords and propriety terms each manufacturer has "made up" to baffle us hard working lab staffs, we are here to cut through the noise for you. We provide apples-to-apples comparisons of Ultramicrobalance performance. Let's help you save budget and ensuring you get the best Ultramicrobalance for your needs whether it is with this Radwag UYA 6.4Y Microbalance or not.
Compared to other 0.0001mg readability balances available, how accurate and sensitive is the Radwag UYA 6.4Y Microbalance Ultramicrobalance?
The Radwag UYA 6.4Y has a readability of 0.0001 mg, capable of handling most weighing tasks within the laboratory.
Against other 0.0001mg readability balances, how precise is the Radwag UYA 6.4Y Microbalance Ultramicrobalance?
Featuring a repeatability value of 0.00025mg, the Radwag UYA 6.4Y often presented as standard deviation and important to constantly generating the same results when the same weight is put on the lab balance many times, repeatability is one factor that can prove accuracy,validity and reproducibility of results.
Against other 0.0001mg readability balances, what is the response time of the Radwag UYA 6.4Y Microbalance Ultramicrobalance?
The time that the Radwag UYA 6.4Y takes to stabilize from the time you put your sample on it and display results is 10 seconds.
Looking for a PDF quote for the Radwag UYA 6.4Y Microbalance Ultramicrobalance?
Simply use the "Instant Quote" tool at the top of the page to receive the PDF in your inbox within 30 seconds.We promise no pesky and high-pressure sales representatives calling on you.
How do you calibrate the Radwag UYA 6.4Y Microbalance?
Avoid notable changes when it comes to measuring results. Experience trouble-free calibration with the Radwag UYA 6.4Y thanks to its Internal Calibration.
What size of samples can I weigh on a Radwag UYA 6.4Y with a 0.0001mg readability range?Radwag UYA 6.4Y Pan size
The Radwag UYA 6.4Y comes with a 16mm maximum diameter pan size.
Radwag UYA 6.4Y Weighing Capacity
Make sure the samples you are working with do not exceed 6.1g.
Other significant features of the Radwag UYA 6.4Y UltramicrobalanceRadwag UYA 6.4Y Connectivity
Connect to your lab's network with the Radwag UYA 6.4Y that features wifi and an ethernet port.
Radwag UYA 6.4Y Display Screen
The Radwag UYA 6.4Y comes with a Touch display for easy tracking, monitoring of data and parameters.
Accreditations of the Radwag UYA 6.4Y Ultramicrobalance
The Radwag UYA 6.4Y is compliant to ISO regulations.
Frequently Asked Questions for the Radwag UYA 6.4Y UltramicrobalanceCan I connect the UYA 6.4Y to a printer?
Swiftly connect to a printer with the Radwag UYA 6.4Y as it features USB and RS-232 ports.
Can I connect the UYA 6.4Y to my lab's network?
Through available USB and RS-232 ports, the Radwag UYA 6.4Y can be directly connected to any available WIFI.
Do you have any questions about the Radwag UYA 6.4Y Ultramicrobalance that we missed answering for you here?
Do not be shy to ask us via live chat to the right, our Contact Us page, or email [email protected] and we will get back to you as soon as we can with a friendly response.
New generation of ultra-microbalances UYA 4Y is designed to meet the highest requirements for determination of mass. Its built-in system of automatic internal adjustment/calibration maintains excellent measurement reliability and accuracy. The device comprises two major components (an indicator and a precise mechanical measuring system which are enclosed separately). Such design eliminates an influence of heat sourcing from instrument's electronics on its mechanical components and additionally protects it from shocks and vibrations caused by users operating the instrument. All the elements of a microbalance are made of glass and steel which eliminates an impact of electrostatics on weighing process.
Max capacity [Max]: 6.1 g
Readability [d]: 0.1 µg
Tare range: -6.1 g
Repeatability: 0.25 µg
Linearity: ±1.5 µg
Eccentric load deviation: 1.5 µg
Sensitivity offset: 1.5×10⁻⁶×Rt
Sensitivity temperature drift: 1×10⁻⁶/°C×Rt
Sensitivity stability: 1×10⁻⁶/Year×Rt
Minimum weight (USP): 0.5 mg
Minimum weight: 0.05 mg
Weighing chamber dimensions: ø 90×90 mm
Stabilization time: 10-20 s
Working temperature: +18 ÷ +30 °C
Working temperature change rate: ±0,3 °C/h (±1 °C/8h)
Atmospheric humidity: 40% ÷ 80%
Atmospheric humidity change rate: ±1%/h (±4%/8h)
Power supply: 12 ÷ 16 V DC / 2.1 A
Adjustment/Calibration: internal (automatic)
Display: 5.7" colour resistive touch screen
Interface: 2×USB, 2×RS 232, Ethernet, 4Inputs/4Outputs, Wireless Connection
Net weight/Gross weight: 10.2/14.7 kg
Pan Size: ø 16 mm
Packaging size: 565×565×355 mm
The product descriptions and attribute groupings and assignments on this page are protected by copyright all rights reserved. If copied you will be persecuted against to the full extent of the law including infringement charges up to $10,000 USD per page of content.
Ethernet: Yes
Mobile App: No
[Lab Balance] Bluetooth: No
[Lab Balance] Capacity Max (g): 6.1
[Lab Balance] Display: Touch
[Lab Balance] GCP: No
[Lab Balance] GLP: No
[Lab Balance] GMP: No
[Lab Balance] ISO: Yes
[Lab Balance] Internal Calibration: Yes
[Lab Balance] PS2: No
[Lab Balance] RS-232: Yes
[Lab Balance] Readability (mg): 0.0001
[Lab Balance] Repeatability (mg): 0.00025
[Lab Balance] Stabilization Time (sec): 10
[Lab Balance] Stabilization Time Multi 2 (sec): 20
[Lab Balance] USB: Yes
[Lab Balance] WiFi: Yes
[Radwag Promo] Weigh Better Deal Promo Categories: Balances


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Seymour R. Cray
(28 Sep 1925 - 5 Oct 1996)
Science Quotes by Seymour R. Cray (4 quotes)
I talk to myself through the computer. I ask myself questions, leave things to be looked at again, things that you would do with a notepad. It turns out today that its much better today to do with a personal computer rather than a notepad.
— Seymour R. Cray
If you were plowing a field, which would you rather use? Two strong oxen or 1024 chickens?
[Comparing the power of supercomputers versus parallel computing.]
[Comparing the power of supercomputers versus parallel computing.]
— Seymour R. Cray
Im supposed to be a scientific person but I use intuition more than logic in making basic decisions.
— Seymour R. Cray
One of my guiding principles is dont do anything that other people are doing. Always do something a little different if you can. The concept is that if you do it a little differently there is a greater potential for reward than if you the same thing that other people are doing. I think that this kind of goal for ones work, having obviously the maximum risk, would have the maximum reward no matter what the field may be.
— Seymour R. Cray
See also:
- 28 Sep - short biography, births, deaths and events on date of Cray's birth.
- The Supermen: The Story of Seymour Cray and the Technical Wizards behind the Supercomputer, by Charles J. Murray. - book suggestion.