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e-Journal of Portuguese History
versão On-line ISSN 1645-6432
e-JPH v.8 n.2 Porto 2010
Histories of Portugal
José Mattoso1
1 New University of Lisbon. IEM (Institute of Medieval Studies). E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
In 1999, at a conference on the teaching of history promoted by the Portuguese Association of History Teachers, it seemed possible to me to state as follows: Present-day historiographic practice has not only abandoned the great syntheses of the past, but it has also made it practically impossible to produce smaller syntheses. It calls into question the very notion of epoch, and, furthermore, of period, that used to form the fundamental bases for the work of reconstructing the past and its interpretation.2 The theme that was chosen for todays meeting, the fact of our dealing precisely with a recently published synthesis (that of the History of Portugal edited by Rui Ramos), and of this having met with great success as a publication, seems to contradict what I considered to be evident at that time. I also wonder if it is still possible to maintain what I said then about the notions of epoch and period.
What is the problem? Is the success enjoyed by this History of Portugal proof of the fact that, in this regard, just as in so many others, the Portuguese public and our historians are once again demonstrating an effective cultural backwardness in relation to the present-day historiographic guidelines? Or did I, at that stage, misinterpret the signs of the times? Are the syntheses of national histories and the division of history into periods really out of fashion?
Let us look at the facts relating to the History of Portugal. During the period from the beginning of the twentieth century until 1970, or, in other words, for seventy years, I can remember four works published with the same theme: Fortunato de Almeida in six volumes, Alfredo Pimenta in just one volume, António Mattoso in two volumes, João Ameal in one, as well as The History of Barcelos in eight. For obvious reasons, I refrain from making any comments on this list. All that Im interested in is contrasting this situation with what came next. Between 1970 and 1990, there appeared the histories of Oliveira Marques in two volumes (1972-1974) and Hermano Saraiva in just one volume (1978). Twenty years later, i.e. in the period from 1990 until the present day, we find that ten histories have been published, three of them written in English and two in French. Now, in this last period, other histories of Portugal were published, in several volumes, with the collaboration of specialists, covering either longer periods or more specific thematic areas. I am referring to the work edited by Oliveira Marques, the Nova História de Portugal, the one that I myself edited and which was published by Círculo de Leitores, and the ones by João Medina and Hermano Saraiva. At another level, I should also like to mention the extraordinary undertaking of Veríssimo Serrão, who succeeded in covering all the periods and all the areas in his seventeen volumes (1978-2008). And there is also the collection of biographies of the kings of Portugal edited by Teodoro de Matos, with its 34 separate volumes (2004-2006). It seems that the change of the millennium has suddenly afforded the Portuguese Clio a fertility that was quite unexpected, given the advanced age of the muse.
It seems therefore that the writing of historical syntheses is alive and well, at least in the case of histories of Portugal. One may wonder if such production is one of sufficient quality, modern, up-to-date and capable of responding to readers current demands. Whatever the case, I certainly have to revise what I said eleven years ago about historical syntheses. I should also like to say something about the problem of periodization.
First of all, the syntheses. Looking beyond our borders, what seems to have ceased to interest historians and their readership are those undertakings that sought to cover panoramic themes about the understandability of the past, of the kind that involved histories of mentalities, the family, women, etc. These were works that, sometimes quite brilliantly, tried to correspond to the ideal of total history defended by the Annales school. As is known, this type of historiography never met with any great acceptance in Anglo-Saxon countries. Having been abandoned by the French themselves since the 1990s, it has since been replaced by these writers, as far as the coverage of particular problematics is concerned, with attempts to revise concepts that the historiography of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries used in an anachronistic fashion, by applying them to previous periods. This is the case with concepts such as property, territory, border, nationality, individual conscience and others of the same nature. Such a situation has given rise to new syntheses that cover entire periods, such as the one written by Jérôme Baschet about the feudal civilization, and above all critical reviews of general formulations, such as the one written by Alain Guerreau about feudalism, by Patrick Geary about nationality, or more radical questionings about the pertinence of the historical reconstruction of an already dead past, such as those written by Gabrielle Spiegler and other authors inspired by the so-called linguistic turn.
In the case of national histories, the problem is presented in a special way. In the syntheses of the Nouvelle histoire, it was necessary to use concepts whose pertinence was open to discussion (such as those developed in our modern times, when applied to such different worlds as Antiquity or the Middle Ages) to define and interconnect highly fluid and diversified phenomena, with indeterminate subjects or objects, and depending on structures that it was impossible to establish and identify. In national histories, however, the destiny of a defined object is traced over time; in other words, we follow the progress of a group of human beings established in a given territory and subject to a continuous political power. In thematic syntheses, it is difficult to avoid a certain arbitrariness in establishing causal connections and relationships. In national histories, one can follow a narrative sequence that helps to define the object itself. Synthesis even becomes indispensable. It demonstrates the coherence of the collective behavior in whose name it is possible to talk about the nation. The enduring nature of the territory and the transmission of clearly identified powers along one single time line make it possible to construct the national history. Furthermore, the awareness of national identity can be seen, above all, through the formation of historical memory. It is not by chance that nationalist ideologies owe so much to history, and that the national history frequently becomes transformed into myth.
Contrary to what Marxist theory proclaimed, the mythification of national history and its ideological appropriation by nationalist movements do not affect its pertinence. Although critics highlight the illusory nature of facts such as the miracle of Ourique, or reduce the proportions of an epic exaltation such as the Lusiads, what matters is not to deny the amplifications of memory, but to explain their appearance and the role that they played in the collective destiny. Critics call upon historians to explain why their nation endures over the centuries and what keeps it alive. These phenomena can only be understood and explained from a perspective of national history. The synthesis seems to me to be the best way to understand this.
Let us now see how some recent histories of Portugal, written as syntheses, have resolved the problem of the national history. I shall begin by excluding from the range of my comments the more extensive works, or, in other words, those written by Veríssimo Serrão, and those edited by Oliveira Marques, João Medina, Hermano Saraiva and myself. In these, the collaboration of many authors, frequently with different criteria, is prejudicial to the synthetic nature of the work. The history edited by Oliveira Marques took as its model the university textbook, such as those produced by Cambridge or by Clio, i.e. it presents a great deal of data and information, offers a copious bibliography and attempts to cover all sectors. The one that I was responsible for editing sought to make interpretive syntheses by periods, but it only partially achieved this aim. The heterogeneity of the work directed by João Medina is also quite evident. One positive aspect of this diversity is the fact that readers can find objective information and descriptive data in the Nova História by Oliveira Marques and interpretive panoramas or reflections on problematic questions in the other two collections. Before moving on to my analysis, however, I wish to underline the difficulty of historical synthesis. Deliberately excluded from the program outlined by Oliveira Marques, it was only partly achieved by some collaborators in the other two collections.
Therefore leaving this group of works to one side, I now wish to refer to the historical syntheses published in one or two volumes, or, in other words, to the works by Rui Ramos, Nuno Monteiro and Bernardo de Vasconcelos (2009), J.-F. Labourdette (2000), A. R. Disney (2009) and M. Newitt (2009). In order to be complete, I should perhaps also examine earlier works, such as those by D. Birmingham (1993), Y. Bottineau (1977), Carmo Reis (1999), Oliveira Marques (1972) and Hermano Saraiva, in his two versions from 1978 and 1993; but I was more interested in trying to understand the trends that have begun to develop recently.
I shall begin by referring to a significant point: Rui Ramos and his collaborators did not attempt to master the whole of the historical subject. Rui Ramos wrote the text relating to 1807-2008, which is his area of research, and entrusted the rest to two specialists, one for the Middle Ages and another for the Modern Age. He was careful enough to choose authors with conceptions of history that were similar to his own in order to achieve the necessary interpretive unity. In fact, they all follow a narrative line that is based on political facts; they seek to explain what happened at the national level with the help of economic and social facts; they reveal the concrete indicators on which they base their explanations of the facts; they refer to the essential facts about the institutions that were peculiar to each period; and they briefly point out the most significant cultural manifestations at the times when these occurred. They attempt to assess what happened by basing their analyses on quantitative information, such as demographic indicators, the volume of economic production, imports and exports, the evolution of GDP, and other data of the same kind; they take care to check on the countrys regional differences, whenever these gaps are significant. In short, they provide an account of the role played by the leading actors, making use, whenever possible, of particularly expressive contemporary testimonies, as brushstrokes illustrating personal actions. Furthermore, they have avoided making value judgments about figures who until the end of the period of the Salazar regime served as ideological standard bearers not only for republicans but also for monarchists and other traditionalists, without, on the other hand, attempting to conceal somewhat less edifying episodes of their behavior and performance. In this way, they have succeeded in achieving a great interpretive unity. They therefore demonstrate the same idea about what is important and what is secondary in history, and about the correlation between political, social and economic facts. They see history as the narrative of a common action and not as an enumeration of data, a discussion of theses, an ideological justification or an account of individual actions. They have opted for the presentation of a simple text, devoid of artificial emphases or rhetorical devices, and they have taken every possible care over the writing. In this way, the diversity of the authorship and the specificity of the historical periods have been overcome by the unity of conception, the mastery of the historical material and the quality of the form. And that is some achievement.
These qualities are particularly noticeable when we compare the book with those written by Labourdette and Newitt. As they are both specialists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they are not very familiar with the earlier periods, so that for these times their syntheses are poorly written, biased or, at the very least, debatable. Sometimes, they make basic mistakes, as happens with Labourdette, who uses the name Tanque to refer to Tariq, the Arab leader of the invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, and translates the term legists as legislators. At various stages, the Portuguese proofreader found himself obliged to correct erroneous information given by the author in identifying characters and events. In the case of Newitt, for example, it can be seen that, by passing from the conquest of Lisbon in 1147 to Portugals involvement in the Hundred Years War, he reveals his lack of interest in the relationship of Portuguese history with the history of Europe and the world in the fourteenth fifteenth centuries, thus contradicting what he announces in the title of his book. The narrative of the conquest of Lisbon is a mere pretext for adding some more pages to his work.
These remarks show that when one seeks to cover several historical periods, it is better to entrust their writing to different authors rather than to just one person. History has become far too complex a discipline for it to be easy for just one author to capture the essential qualities of different epochs, and to present correct syntheses about all of them. In fact, despite the sheer amount of facts and information that are to be found in the seventeen volumes written by Veríssimo Serrão, and the merits of his undertaking, it would be senseless to quote him as an authority on medieval matters. It is a different case with Disney, however, who is a specialist on the modern period and international relations. He also deals with the Portuguese past from its origins until the present day, but I do have to acknowledge, in this case, that he demonstrates a correct knowledge of medieval political facts; however, what he has to say about the society, economy and culture of the same period is nothing more than a series of banalities.
I should now like to mention another type of specialization. Labourdette and Newitt are only interested in political history. The former retains more details in his synthesis than the latter, which makes his exposition rather heavy and unclear: they both manage to achieve a reasonable integration of Portuguese history into the international history of the modern era; yet, on the other hand, they both ignore the repercussions of social and economic facts upon political life. Disney, who attempts to deal with all aspects of the past in each historical epoch, from pre-history to the present day, reduces to the bare bones what he says about the organization of the court, the royal administration, the organization of the boroughs (concelhos), the struggle between the civil power and the spiritual power, etc. On this subject, I should like to express the opinion that matters dating from before the foundation of the Portuguese nationality must be dealt with in an Iberian context and not in a national context, for the simple reason that the nation did not yet exist. The little that we know about the Portuguese Visigoths is based more on the history of the Visigoths as a whole than upon the actual sources relating to the north-east of the peninsula; the Portuguese Roman past can only be understood within the context of the Roman history of Iberia.
As a conclusion to these comparisons, I would say that it is preferable to run the risk of prejudicing the interpretive unity, by attributing each period to its own author, than to fill pages uselessly or deceptively with information that the more enlightened readers quite reasonably prefer to look for in syntheses written exclusively about specific periods. In my opinion, the current state of development of modern-day historiography calls for a specialization in historical periods, in a way that has ceased to be accessible to those attempting to write a more general history. It is true that this opinion may be disputed by the defenders of certain criticisms of modern-day historiography, such as those made by Gabrielle Spiegel, which, amongst other things, call into question the very notion of historical periods. The pertinence of some of her criticisms does little to help us find a solid and practical solution to this problem. Periodization does not depend only on historians but also on their readers. The notion of the Middle Ages has become so spontaneous and includes such a large quantity of other notions that it seems impossible to create a new conceptual system that is capable of accounting for the phenomena that were peculiar to that time without resorting to such unfounded generalizations as this one itself, or even worse. Without denying that we need to revise some of our common ideas, I believe that this happens above all in the thematic specializations of research and not so much in epochal specialization. In questions such as this, we need to exercise some common sense. It is best not to confuse research with dissemination. Deeper investigative study may not have immediate repercussions on dissemination and synthesis. Furthermore, not everything that we find in the new historiographic fashions is good. Before preaching the revisionist gospel, it is advisable to know exactly what it is that this calls into question. As Agostinho da Silva used to say, dont let yourself be overimpressed by something new that appears; dont afford it an absolute place of honor, but rather gauge it according to the scale that the past provides you with; being modern means not allowing everything eternal that the present offers to lose its soul.
Let us now look at another question raised by the intellectual training and nationality of the authors. It is asked whether the Anglo-Saxon background in which Disney and Newitt were trained, or the French background of Labourdette, bring them any advantages or disadvantages as authors of works about an alien country, such as Portugal. They are not, of coursenot by a long shotthe first foreign authors to write about our country. We all know of historians of other nationalities who have specialized in Portuguese historical research. It is sufficient to mention C. Erdmann and Pierre David for the Middle Ages, Boxer for the modern period, Robert Smith for the Portuguese and Brazilian baroque. They are, however, researchers. Can we say the same in the case of less specialized works? It is logical to admit that a foreigner who is well informed about international history may be better able than a Portuguese historian to solve the problems arising from Portugals political, economic or cultural relations with other countries. This seems to me to be precisely one of the positive aspects of the works by Disney and Newitt, especially for the modern era, about which they are both very knowledgeable.
In fact, until almost the very end of the twentieth century, one of the negative aspects of Portuguese historiography was the way that we conceived of our past as a closed circuit. Little is known about the history of the Iberian kingdoms. Only much later was it understood, for example, that the wars with Castile in the time of Dom Fernando and Dom João I had to be included within the scope of the Hundred Years War. Portugals participation in the European wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was afforded less attention than the cultural works of Dom João V or Pombals anti-Jesuit policy. Great importance was given to the seventeenth-century skirmishes with the French and Dutch in Brazil and Angola and to the loss of the seaborne empire in the East to the English, but without mentioning the debt that the Portuguese resistance owed to the Spanish administration during the Iberian Union. As it happens, these criticisms do not apply to the English and French works that we are commenting on. Problems of this type, which were customary in Portuguese historiography before the 1960s, now seem to me to have been overcome, thanks to the internationalization of research. Knowledge of the Spanish, French, English or American bibliography has become an indispensable requisite in any work of history, whichever period is being dealt with. It is not surprising therefore that, as far as this point is concerned, Rui Ramos synthesis can perfectly well bear comparison with those of Labourdette, Disney or Newitt.
I should also like to mention the state of specialist Portuguese research, in order to arrive at a global understanding of our history. Do the syntheses that are currently available give us a complete, coherent and precise panorama of our past? Regretting my incompetence in matters relating to the other two periods, I am obliged, in this regard, to restrict myself to the medieval period. In order to say something about this, it is not enough to have a general knowledge of the periods and the problems. I shall therefore refer only to the chapters written by Bernardo de Vasconcelos e Sousa in the History of Portugal published by Esfera dos Livros, anticipating the next session of this meeting, which is dedicated to the medieval period.
I have no hesitation in saying that the text by Bernardo de Vasconcelos is clearly of a much higher quality than the corresponding part of the French, Australian and English works that serve as our reference. All that remains is to ask if I consider them to be totally impeccable. I must begin by saying that he was kind enough to allow me to read his text before it was published, and that he took into account the few remarks that I made to him. In fact, I didnt see any reason to alter his views and I didnt discover any important gap. It seemed to me to be a synthesis that I myself might have written, and which nicely resolved a difficulty that is peculiar to the medieval period, namely that of having to deal with institutional, social and economic questions that can only be explained over a long time span. I believe that he managed to link these aspects most satisfactorily with the development of political events. Only after re-reading them in printed form did I notice what seemed to me to be a weak point: the role of the Church. In this case, however, the insufficient coverage of this aspect does not result from the authors incapacity, but from the state of Portuguese research: some essential questions related with the religious factor have never been properly explained amongst Portuguese historians. In fact, the religious history of Portugal is reasonably well known for the twelfth century, but a lot of research is still needed about the history of the Church from the thirteenth century to the Council of Trent.
For this period, the available bibliography is completely out of date. It essentially consists of the seventeenth and eighteenth-century monastic chronicles that, above all, were interested in the glorious deeds of the respective order or congregation, which gave rise to numerous falsifications and abusive interpretations, further exacerbated by the ignorance of the auxiliary sciences and the absence of any critical appraisal of the sources. The exceptions to this rule are rare, and, when they do exist, they transmit information that is highly incomplete. The nineteenth century produced practically nothing in this sector, except in regard to the rationalist criticisms that were madenormally rather ferocious and summary in nature, and generally more interested in denigrating the Church than in understanding the past. The first half of the twentieth century brought the first reactions on the Catholic side, but the apologetic stance that the authors adopted in seeking to respond to the anti-clerical offensive frequently proved to be either inadequate or partial in nature. Little more was produced than Fortunato de Almeidas História da Igreja em Portugal, which is a compilation of the information provided by the previous chronicles, classified into self-contained and watertight sectors, without any obvious links being established between politics and society, its institutions or culture. Apart from Fortunato, whose work was published during the period of the fiercest attacks against the Portuguese Church, we only have the works of Monsignor José Ferreira about the Archdiocese of Braga and the Diocese of Porto, Monsignor José de Castro about the Dioceses of Bragança and Miranda, and Father Francisco Rodrigues about the Society of Jesus. And that is practically all. Beginning in the 1950s, some monographs and journal articles began to appear, including those that were published by the journal Lusitania Sacra, and there were also some works written about the Portuguese Padroado in the Far East; but no work looking at the whole subject-matter was ever published, except for the extremely elementary and never replaced textbook written by Monsignor Miguel de Oliveira. Finally, all that is left for me to mention is the recent História Religiosa de Portugal, published by the Center of Religious History Studies at the Catholic University of Portugal, which, nonetheless, at least for the Middle Ages, continues not to answer essential questions.
It will be sufficient to mention the comprehensive nature of questions that require in-depth research in order to understand the Churchs influence on our national history. Above all else, there is the problem of the relationship between the spiritual power and the temporal power, which is known about through the violent confrontations that took place throughout the thirteenth century. It is impossible to accept the point of view of the agnostic historiography that turned our kings into courageous predecessors of the liberal governments of the nineteenth century. Following in the footsteps of Herculano, those who continued his approach were content to make episodic quotations handpicked from papal bulls, dispensing with the need to rigorously establish the facts, while ignoring the profound reasons for the conflict and putting everything down to the greed of the clergy. They did not attempt to investigate the development of the administration of dioceses, the setting up of episcopal curias, the application of canon law, the organization of the network of parishes, the strategies of the papacy, the role of the mendicant orders, or the relationship between the bishops and the untouchable religious orders.
This last point deserves to be stressed. The Franciscans and Dominicans exerted a great influence over religious practice, as well as the conceptions of morality and the cultural and social role of the Church, both from the point of view of doctrine and as the mediators of the relationship between the congregation and the Church hierarchy. These themes have been well studied at the level of Christianity. But what role did they play in Portugal? Did the Franciscans and the Dominicans intervene in any way in the conflict between the kings and the bishops? Or did they remain passive throughout this institutional battle? From what is known so far, they do not seem to have played a particularly leading role in events. Why was this? Did the conflict so absorb the attention of all the different sectors of the Church that it led to a withering away of all other religious activities? Can this circumstance explain the weak influence that they seem to have had on Portuguese social and cultural life, when they played such an important role at the level of Christianity? Can we reasonably understand thirteenth-century Portuguese history without clarifying these points?
Let us look at another example of the inadequacy of the Portuguese historical synthesis caused by the lack of any mature research. Traditional historiography presents the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries as periods of great religious decadence. Indiscipline and corruption, it is said, were rife in the religious orders, the priesthood regularly had concubines, the bishops set bad examples, the Roman Curia maintained an abusive system for the purchase of privileges, the trade in pardons became scandalous, the Western Schism brought discredit to the papacy, piety was channeled into a devotion for superstitious practices and strange forms of worship, the Inquisition spread witchcraft through torture, etc., etc. It was only after the Council of Trent that better days were to come. This thick screen of generalizations does, however, conceal realities that our historians have completely overlooked. Without it being necessary to ignore well documented facts about the effective corruption of a part of the clergy and the venality of the pontifical Curia, it should be remembered that the introduction into Portugal of the order of Observant Franciscans with their strictly run hermitages dated from the late fourteenth century, and that their determined fight for ascetic discipline gradually overcame the resistance of the Conventual Franciscans until they managed to achieve the unification of the order. And furthermore that, around the same time, there appeared in Portugal, originating from Spain, the new order of the Hieronymites, who combined intellectual study with the austere discipline that was common in deserted places. In the same years, two other typically Portuguese orders were founded, the Lóios or the canons of St. John the Evangelist, who also set great store by scholarly study and discipline, and the hermits of Serra de Ossa, a poor and simple order that came about in a popular and spontaneous fashion, but who organized themselves into a more institutional form during the fifteenth century. We should also mention the Dominicans, whose reformed branch was protected by João das Regras and who were entrusted by Dom João I with the custody of the Monastery of Batalha. Now, it was against such a background that Dom João II founded the Hospital de Todos os Santos and began the reform of the hospitals and brotherhoods that would be continued by Dom Manuel I; that Dona Leonor created the charitable institutions known as the Misericórdias; that many nobles founded chapels where they worshipped in memory of their own lineages; that the Books of Hours were disseminated amongst the lay population; that the liturgy of Salisbury was introduced into the royal court; that some bishops began to make visits to their dioceses; that the first parish records were created; that the catechisms appeared in everyday language; that relations were intensified between the most active sectors of the Portuguese Reformation and those of the Italian Reformation, in which the abbot Gomes of Florence played such a vital role; that, finally, certain cores of resistance were to be found that opposed this movement, amongst which was the one directed by the Archbishop of Braga, Dom Fernando da Guerra. It was also in this same context that the king of Portugal attempted to control the issue of pontifical documents setting up the controversial system of royal consent, whose meaning cannot be explained solely by political reasons, and even less so by anti-clerical ones.
There was, therefore, a wide-ranging religious movement in Portugal that urgently needs to be studied in depth and as a diversified whole. This could also include what certain historiographers have referred to as the pre-reformation period. It would be limiting to consider it to be an exclusively religious problem. Besides having significant aspects from the point of view of both culture and mentalities, it also involved the royal court and broad sectors of society, and it altered the ecclesiastical organization, revealing important facts in the domain of international relations. It shows a social vitality and a cultural originality that have rarely been achieved in Portugal (can Fernão Lopes, Gil Vicente or Nuno Gonçalves be understood without a full knowledge of the backdrop that I have been referring to?). It demonstrates a kind of collective energy that must inevitably be related to the expansion into Morocco, the occupation of the Atlantic islands and the exploration of the African coast. Jaime Cortesão, who very clearly understood some of its aspects, spoke about Franciscanism and related it to the cult of the Holy Spirit. Other Portuguese historians studying the Low Middle Ages either noticed none of this or were afraid to explore a forest that was far too thick for them. As for the historians of the Church, who were influenced both by the Protestant vision and the Catholic reaction, these based their studies on the principle that the ecclesiastical reformation only seriously began with the Council of Trent. They therefore ignored the positive aspects of religious feeling in the Low Middle Ages. Neither Catholic nor agnostic historians have realized its importance for understanding the fifteenth century in Portugal. Yet, until such time as modern research begins to investigate this question in such a way that it can be understood as a whole, it will not be possible to fill in this gap in our history.
Since I am now talking about the fifteenth century, I should also like to mention, from another perspective, the place that histories of Portugal have tended to give to the voyages of exploration along the African coast. All of our historians are seriously concerned about these, carefully enumerating the places that were discovered, their leading figures and the royal policy with regard to this issue. I should like to ask if the place that has since been set aside for these obviously important facts (which certainly were not understood as such previously, other than by a small minority of people) is not the result of a teleological conception of history. Or, in other words, the importance that we now give to this question results from what we know to have happened afterwards. I doubt whether contemporaries, even those who actually sponsored the voyages, could imagine the consequences that they would have in the distant future. The Portuguese presence in Morocco was probably a much more important matter for the Portuguese society of that time: it involved more people, required a greater allocation of resources, had serious consequences for the life of those participating in this enterprise, were they soldiers, merchants, government officers, criminals, priests or women, called for the taking of some of the most controversial political and economic decisions, implied more contacts with international powers, caused more losses of life, inspired more records in the written memory of the period, and exerted a greater influence on the public administration, the legal system and military organization. It can now be understood why the historians of our time, knowing in advance that the Portuguese fortresses in Morocco had their days numbered, have paid less attention to the facts relating to these than they have to the overseas voyages, whose consequences were to bring much greater changes to the world than the Portuguese presence in Morocco. I believe that the difference in perspective, determined by the teleological context and not by the point of view of its leading figures, also has a decisive influence on the history that we must write. In the first case, one looks at the situation from the outside, in the second case one looks at it from within. On this very subject, I cannot avoid mentioning that A. Disney did, in fact, give more importance to these matters than does the History of Portugal edited by Rui Ramos. This is one of the rare points in which this latter work seems to me to be less successful than one of the other histories that I have examined for this talk.
We cannot forget, however, that a synthesis is a synthesis. By mentioning this self-evident truth, I merely wish to say that a synthesis requires its author to make choices, that choices inevitably lead to omissions, and that omissions in turn invite criticisms. Most choices do not need to be justified. One is free to choose the vantage point from which one looks at the past. There are various points of view that are equally legitimate and necessary. In an atmosphere of intellectual development, diversity is natural and beneficial. It expresses the strict demands and the fertile nature of intellectual debate and scientific debate. That is what we are here for. I should now like to hear your opinions.
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Mattoso, José (dir.), (1992-1993), História de Portugal, 8 vols, Lisbon, Círculo de Leitores.
Medina, João (ed.), (1993), História de Portugal, 15 vols, Alfragide, Ediclube.
Newitt, Malyn, (2009), Portugal in European and World History, Londres, Reaktion Books.
Oliveira, Monsignor Miguel de, (2001), História Eclesiástica de Portugal, Mem Martins, Europa-América.
Peres, Damião (dir.), (1928-1937/1954), História de Portugal, 8 vols,Porto Barcelos, Portucalense Editora.
Pimenta, Alfredo, (1936), Elementos de História de Portugal. Lisbon, Empresa Nacional de Publicidade.
Ramos, Rui ; Sousa, Bernardo Vasconcelos e ; Monteiro, Nuno Gonçalo, (2009), História de Portugal, Lisbon, Esfera dos Livros.
Reis, A. do Carmo, (1999), Nova História de Portugal, Lisbon, Notícias Editorial.
Rodrigues, Francisco, (1931-1950), História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 4 vols, Porto, Apostolado da Imprensa.
Saraiva, José Hermano, (1978), História Concisa de Portugal. Mem Martins, Europa - América.
Saraiva, José Hermano (ed.) (1983), História de Portugal, Lisbon, Publicações Alfa.
Serrão, Joaquim Veríssimo (1978-2010), História de Portugal, 18 vols, Lisbon, Editorial Verbo.
Smith, Robert, (1968), The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800, New York, Meredith Press.
Spiegler, Gabrielle, (1997), The Past as Text: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography, Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press.
2 A História hoje: que História ensinar?, Obras completas, Lisbon, Círculo de Leitores, vol. 10, p. 89.
3This list was prepared by the editors. When an author is quoted in the text without any mention to a particular work, only one reference title is given.


text:
Grip-Rite 1-1/4 in. L 18 Ga. Electrogalvanized Finish Brad Nails 1 000 pc.(GRF18114M)
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3215 Taylor Road
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2050 Meriwether Rd
Pike Road, AL 36064

subset: commoncrawl


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Electricity reforms on their way
A new wave of reforms are set to help electricity companies put the consumer first and to ease the struggle of rising electricity prices. This series of moves is set to provide much needed relief to energy customers.
The new reforms will ease price pressures on households and businesses and ensure more efficient energy markets, said resources and energy minister Gary Gray on June 6.
Mr Gray acknowledged that the biggest driver of electricity prices in recent years has been network investment in poles and wires, rather than other factors such as the carbon price or renewable energy. This is a fact also reflected in the Queensland Competition Authority's recent final determination on electricity prices.
"I'm pleased to announce that all States and Territories have agreed to make it harder for energy companies to ignore consumers' interests," said Mr Gray.
Through the Standing Council on Energy and Resources (SCER) states and territories agreed to reforms. Firstly, the appeals framework for energy will be changed, meaning that appeals to regulatory decisions must be decided in the long term interests of the consumers.
Secondly, a national energy consumer advocacy body will be set up from July 1 2014, which will put in place clear lines of communication with the relevant and affected groups and individuals. The advocacy body would also work on behalf of the consumer to develop evidence based research which would in turn influence the energy market reform program.
"These reforms are part of the most comprehensive package of reforms to Australia's electricity markets in more than a decade, returning consumer interests to the centre of Australia's electricity markets," said Mr Gray.
Other reform changes include strengthening energy market governance and empowering consumers through the use of improved access to energy data through measures such as advanced metering.
In addition, a greater level of competition will be introduced into the market, and network investment will need to be balanced and supported by a thorough regulatory framework.
The Australian Energy Regulator (AER) has previously stated its goals to align Australia's electricity providers with the consumers' needs.
"For the first time, there is a regulatory requirement for network businesses to consult with their consumers in the development of their regulatory proposal. And, the AER is now required to take into account this consultation when considering the proposal," said the chairman of AER Andrew Reeves.
This news provides a level of cautious optimism for the consumer who may now experience fewer struggles with their household electricity.
Posted by Charlie Moore


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Book Tee Times
Tee Times
Input Score
18 hole executive length course
66 par | 4,797 yards | 94 slope
61.2 rating
Suggest Edit
The 18-hole "Goat Hill Park" course at the Goat Hill Park facility in Oceanside, California features 4,797 yards of golf from the longest tees for a par of 66. The course rating is 61.2 and it has a slope rating of 94. Designed by Ludwig Keehn, the Goat Hill Park golf course opened in 1951. Eli Ivey manages the course as the General Manager.
"the goat" I have been practicing/playing at the goat for over a year now the course plays tough for the size, but if your on your game you can put up some good numbers. the greens are in the best shape they have ever been in. the practice facility has a nice chipping/putting area. all the staff is very friendly and helpful. you cant find a beter deal in north county.
Center City Golf Course, or "Goat Hill" as most of the people who play there call it, is a great local golf facility. I live about 15 minutes down the road and I find myself there about 3 or 4 times a week. The practice area is great. They have two putting greens which are in great shape, a bunker with its own green, a great chipping area, and a driving range where you actually get to hit off of "real grass" and not those horrible mats. The course is a par 66 which is much harder than any executive type golf course around, but doesn't have the full length of a par 72 course. Overall, it is very challenging for all skill levels. They have three sets of tees, the greens are in great shape and the elements are always changing when you are playing that close to the ocean. The people who play their are the best, as well the employees in the pro shop and out on the course who are all super friendly. Besides all of this, "The Goat" is one of the most reasonably priced golf courses I know, and you can always walk right on without a tee time. Hope to see some new faces out there soon...Cheers!
Its frustrating when your best drives of the day end up middle of the fairway, in a large patch of hard dirt. They need to get grass in this place and it would be a great course. Fun greens, good challenge.
This course has got a great practice area where you can hit balls off REAL GRASS at the range. It is by no means the longest course but offers some difficult par threes as well as some shorter par fours to make up for those double-bogeys. Not the magnet for aristocrats, but a place where people come together for the love of the game. The local pros couldn't be nicer and everybody's attitude is great; that mixed with the best deal I have seen for a round of golf keeps me coming back and will keep you going to Center City Golf course too!
master this course and your score will drop dramatically everywhere else. the greens are greatly improved and a couple of them are as difficult as any in the county. It's target golf at it's best and you would be hard pressed to find a better value anywhere in the county.....period. try it, you'll be amazed and want to come back to "master the goat."
This not a great course, even thou it is very cheap its still a shame to encourage them. I played it again because a guy told me it had gotten better, WRONG! The layout is lame the par threes are long and the par fours are short, the greens are slow and the traps are rock hard. The layout is about 25% dirt. I cant think of a good thing to say about goat hill as the locals call it and I won my match on it, maybe its so bad its tuff?
Goat Hill Park
Golf Only facility
20 tees driving range
18 executive holes
No recent major awards have been noted.
No local tournaments listed for this course. Add a tournament here.


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Internet connectivity issues, Help please?
My laptop is having this problem. When I connect it to the internet through our home network it doesn't connect.
When I check the connection settings it indicates that it's connected, and the connection is working properly, but when I go to my browser its shows me that its offline. It's also having the same problem with the peer to peer network (p2p) and all other programs that connects to the internet.
My PC and my laptop are connected on the same server, but there are connecting to the internet properly, they don't seem to have a problem. Then today at school I tried to connect to the internet using their server.
The internet was connected, but it again could not get the internet through. I tried using the internet setting transfer wizard from my PC to the Laptop, but it never worked.
This problem happened before, and I formatted the laptop and after formatting it worked well, so am about to format it again, if I don't get a way of making it work.
Is there anybody in here with a solution to this problem?
Please help me out.


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Solar sign: Pisces – Element: water
Amongst Pisces natives, these born on February 28 stand out as dynamic leaders. Your dreamy, Neptune-ruled nature notwithstanding, you are the 1 to call on in a crisis. When a problem arises, your gut response would be to confront it head on. You proceed complete steam ahead to straighten things out; then you definitely direct them to a productive conclusion. Your ability to tune in to your surroundings supplies you having a sense of what persons are considering and feeling. Your knack for discerning patterns, tastes, and trends tells you what the public wants and wants.
Those born on February 28 have a caring, compassionate nature and an idealistic view with the world. Consequently, you do not generally deal nicely with rock-bound reality, specially when it intrudes on your dreams and illusions. Though you are much less forceful than other individuals, your one of a kind combination of intuition and ambition aids you hold your very own in the competitive milieu of enterprise or the arts. Occasionally you may really feel caught in between your artistic Pisces temperament as well as the energy and drive in the root number one. When you send out mixed signals, you confuse even individuals who consider they know you nicely.
Your many activities and independent spirit can get within the way of close relationships. In an intimate union, you're caring and romantic, but you really feel emotionally vulnerable. Nevertheless, you'll need love within your life. With out it, you feel only half alive.


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This groundbreaking light is designed for maximum versatility, serving as both an everyday carry light and an improvised weapon light. The Tactician's dual-output LED is paired with a proprietary reflector to create our MaxVision™ Beam, a useful wall of light that fills in the space around you. Hand-tighten its front bezel to set the light to deliver all 800 lumens for longer-range or tactical tasks; rotate counterclockwise a quarter-turn for 5 lumens of light for those tasks requiring less light and more runtime. Either setting is activated in momentary-on mode with a press of the tailcap; twist for constant-on mode.
A lightweight but durable aerospace-aluminum body is knurled for a secure grip, and a Mil-Spec hard anodized finish protects against abrasion and corrosion. Because you're going to want to take this portable powerhouse with you just about everywhere you go, it features a robust pocket clip for secure bezel-up carry in a pocket, pack, or purse.
• Highly versatile light serves as an everyday carry light or a highly versatile light serves as a fighting light and a task light.
• Dual-output LED with MaxVision™ Beam, delivers a broad useful wall of light that fills in the space around you
• Hand-tighten its front bezel for maximum output; loosen by a quarter-turn for low-output
• Either setting is activated in momentary-on mode with a press of the tailcap; twist for constant-on mode
• Output / Runtime -- White Light
• High: 800 Lumens / 1.0 Hours
• Low: 5 Lumens / 70 Hours
• Length: 5.0 in
• Bezel Diameter: 1.0 in
• Weight w/Batteries: 3.5 oz
•Batteries: 2 x CR123A (included)
Surefire E2T-MV Tactician Dual-Output MaxVision Beam Flashlight - 800 Lumens
Regular price: $149.00
Items marked "(R)" No Export, No Paypal, NO EXCEPTIONS
Contact Us:
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 919 818-3649
Address: 2533 Atlantic Ave, Suite 103, Raleigh, NC 27604
Phone Hours: Monday-Friday, 8am - 4pm Eastern Standard Time (EST)
Walk-In/Retail Store Closed Currently
Online Sales Ship As Per Normal
Online Orders Normally Ship in 1-2 Business Days, Expect Slight Delays In Some Cases.
NEXT DAY AIR OPTIONS, 2ND DAY AIR, 3 DAY SELECT, and INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING ARE SUSPENDED.
Due to COVID19 Delays, We Cannot Guarantee On-Time Delivery for these Options.
International Customers: Please Consider a Third Party US Shipper for Orders.
$5 Standard Shipping to any US or APO/FPO Address!
UPS Shipping Options: Orders must be placed by 12pm EST to ensure they go out the same day.
Orders are not processed on the weekends.
Verified Service Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business, we accept GPC Cards and Government Contracts


text:
Chromecast has been gaining popularity around the world and even in India since the last year or so, to the point where it makes good sense to have one in every Indian household. So among all the big Nexus phones being launched, Google also did a prominent segment on their HDMI miracle stick. Here's what you need to know…
Chromecast gets Smarter
Google's adding more functionality to Chromecast with even more app tie-ups (most of them US content providers, not available in India). The Google Photos app will now seamlessly work with Chromecast, allowing you to showcase pictures from your mobile to the biggest screen in your house.
A lot of initiative is being taken to power a second screen experience, where instead of just mirroring what's on your mobile screen to your TV, you can use the mobile to add additional functionality. This is especially useful in mobile gaming, which was showcased using Angry Birds Racing on the TV, being controlled by a mobile's accelerometer. Fun fact: the mobile being used for this demo was an iPhone.
There's a new Chromecast
We knew this was coming, and Google finally lifted the veil off their new generation Chromecast. No longer an "HDMI stick", the new Chromecast comes in a circular form-factor, with an integrated HDMI cable, making it easier to reach into those tight HDMI slots. It's a lot cuter looking, and comes in three colour options – Black, Lemonade and Coral.
But it's not just the look that's changed. The new Chromecast comes with three antennas that adapt to changing Wi-Fi conditions in the house. The enhanced network capabilities are in conjunction with a faster processor, which result in faster and higher quality streaming with lesser buffering.
The new Chromecast will still sell for $35 in the US – the exact same price as the previous generation. Will it come to India at the same Rs 2,999 MRP? We'll have to wait and see.
And then there's Chromecast Audio
Why go for an audio-only Chromecast when the fully-functional one is so cheap, right? Because Chromecast Audio can connect to any speaker system in your house using the standard 3.5mm aux cable. Yes, it supports RCA and optical out as well.
It still functions like the regular Chromecast – connects to the Wi-Fi in your house and is controlled by your phone. But it only outputs audio. It's perfect for multiple scenarios. Besides playing music off your device or other streaming services like Soundcloud, you even have the option to play music off YouTube, without bothering to have a screen on.
It's priced at $35, the same as the standard Chromecast.
Both new Chromecast devices are on sale today in the US and 16 other countries.


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e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Tel.: +36-1 327-3811
Skype: ceu-sun
The course has two main aims. First, it will investigate the significant transformations taking place in the sphere of cultural consumption and production in the context of globalization. In doing so, the course will go beyond an assessment of the consequences and repercussions of intensified cultural transfers that have occurred as a result of globalization, and consider the more serious and as yet under-explored transformations of the very character of the cultural sphere. Second, it will consider the links between various cultural practices and democracy, and consider the implications of the contemporary transformations of the cultural sphere for democratic futures on both the local and global levels.
The course will consider these issues in both their contemporary manifestations and in historical perspective. Issues to be addressed include: cultural transnationalism, the politics of culture in the periphery, the politics of popular culture, contemporary visual culture, anti-Americanism, and cultural democracy.
This course is designed for faculty and students with research and teaching interests in the effects of globalization on cultures around the world. Participants should have some previous background in cultural studies, critical theory, political theory, globalization studies and/or cultural policy studies.


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House Republicans plan to punt until late February a controversial transportation bill that includes a provision to fast-track the Keystone XL pipeline, as rank-and-file Republicans raise concerns and the White House issues a veto threat.
Some conservatives in the House GOP caucus oppose the levels of highway spending in the bill, despite efforts by Republican leaders to pay for the provisions and strip out earmarks, as well as include sweeteners like the Keystone rider.
On the other side, the Obama administration says the bill doesn't spend enough, and is adamantly opposed to congressional meddling in the pipeline debate.
Complicating matters is the fact that nearly 300 amendments have been filed to the package.
Amid the debate, senior House GOP leaders told Fox News on Wednesday that they do not intend to finish the bill until late February. Formal debate on the bill was likely to begin on Thursday...
In its first real bit of business to mark the new year, the House passed a symbolic Republican measure against President Obama's request to increase the federal debt limit by $1.2 trillion.
Last summer's bipartisan debt and budget agreement allowed the White House to automatically raise the debt ceiling 15 days after the president officially notifies lawmakers that the government is close to the current $15.2 trillion cap. The administration's request can be halted if both chambers of Congress agree.
The measure opposing raising the debt limit passed 239 to 176, largely along partisan lines. Six Democrats supported the measure, and only one Republican — House Rules Committee Chairman David Dreier of California — rejected it. Two Republicans voted "present."
But the measure is dead on arrival in the Democrat-run Senate. And even if it somehow clears both chambers, Mr. Obama would almost certainly veto it...
The 2012 congressional elections are more than 10 months away, but some key votes already have been cast — and not by the electorate.
Judges, rather, are playing major roles in reshaping the House landscape this election cycle, as the courts in many states have ruled — or soon will — on disputed redistricting maps in several battleground states.
Democrats have won early-round court battles in Texas and California regarding congressional redistricting — a process conducted every 10 years based on census data that reflect changes in population.
Congressional leaders announced Thursday that they've struck a deal to ensure the payroll tax rate does not rise at the beginning of next year, potentially ending a stalemate that had put House Speaker John Boehner in a politically uncomfortable position.
Following a day of political grandstanding by members of both parties, as well as private talks in pursuit of an agreement, Boehner said at a news conference late Thursday that the House plans to vote on a new version of the Senate-passed bill -- which would extend the payroll tax cut for another two months -- despite earlier opposing a short-term extension.
In exchange, the Senate will appoint negotiators who will meet with House lawmakers to next hammer out an extension of the tax cut for the rest of 2012.
The deal still has to clear both chambers, and rank-and-file Republicans already are expressing concern about the terms Boehner outlined.
House Democrats tried Wednesday to force a vote on the Senate's two-month extension of the payroll-tax cut, but Republicans gaveled the House closed to prevent them from having a chance, as top GOP leaders huddled down the hall to try to figure a way out of the mess.
The House was set to hold a pro forma session, but two top Democrats, Reps. Steny H. Hoyer and Chris Van Hollen, demanded to be recognized to try to force a vote on the two-month extension. House Republicans have blocked that deal, which is strongly backed by President Obama, and are holding out for an extension that covers all of 2012.
Rep. Michael Fitzpatrick, a Pennsylvania Republican who was serving as the presiding officer, banged his gavel to close the session Wednesday morning even as the two Democrats were demanding to be recognized.
"You're walking out, you're walking away, just as so many Republicans have walked away from middle-class taxpayers,," Mr. Hoyer shouted after Mr.
House Republicans defending their opposition to a two-month payroll tax extension are pointing to a letter sent by a payroll processing trade organization that says even if the bill were made law, it's logistically impossible to make the changes in tax software before the extension expires.
In a letter to the the leaders of the House and Senate Ways and Means committees, the National Payroll Reporting Consortium, whose members serve 1.5 million employers and more than one-third of the private-sector workforce, wrote that the Senate's two-month extension allows "insufficient lead time" to institute changes by Feb. 29.
The group wrote that a shortened deadline could create "substantial problems, confusion and costs affecting a significant percentage of U.S. employers and employees."
According to the proposed law, the two-month extension of a 4.2 percent taxable wage is applied only to the first $18,350 of income.
Racing to meet an end-of-year deadline, House Speaker John A. Boehner said Monday the House will insist on a full-year extension of the payroll tax cut and demanded senators cut short their Christmas vacation, return to Washington and hash out an agreement the old-fashioned way.
"The president has said repeatedly no one should be going on vacation until the work is done. Democratic leaders in the House and Senate have said exactly the same thing," Mr. Boehner, Ohio Republican, said at a morning press conference.
Mr. Boehner stunned senators and the White House on Sunday when he rejected the bipartisan two-month deal the Senate passed a day earlier, 89-10.
WASHINGTON – The House has passed a $1 trillion-plus catchall budget bill paying for day-to-day operations of 10 Cabinet departments and averting a government shutdown, while Senate talks on renewing a payroll tax cut and jobless benefits reached a critical phase.
The 296-121 vote to approve the spending measure represented a rare moment of bipartisanship in a polarized Capitol. The Senate's top Republican, meanwhile, raised the stakes in the showdown over the payroll tax cut, insisting he won't back a compromise extension unless the bill includes language aimed at forcing construction of a Canada-to-Texas pipeline.
Seeking to outflank Democrats, House Republicans announced early Thursday morning they had introduced a new 1,219-page spending bill to keep the government open past Friday, when current funding is scheduled to run out.
At a total of $915 billion in discretionary spending, the bill amounts to $750.6 million per page and funds the vast majority of government operations, from defense to homeland security to federal parks.
The bill is a direct challenge to Democrats and the White House, which late Wednesday called on Congress to pass a short-term stopgap spending bill to buy more time to negotiate a payroll tax cut deal.
In a statement, White House communications director Dan Pfeiffer said President Obama has "significant concerns" about the broad spending bill, which he said would cut away at Mr.
WASHINGTON – The House has passed a $662 billion defense bill after the White House dropped a veto threat over provisions on handling terrorist suspects.
The vote Wednesday evening was 283-136.
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Sometimes a simple piece of paper can unlock a deep and tragic story about your ancestors. That's what happened for Molly Shannon, who went on an emotional journey to trace her 2x great-grandparents, Hugh Cattigan and Bridget Farry. Molly's adventure led her to Ireland, where she discovered their 1851 marriage certificate. That simple piece of paper unlocked a deep story of suffering for her ancestors on the Island of Achill, off the coast of Ireland.
Marriage records are frequently important in Irish genealogy, usually because they provide names of family members (the bride and groom, their fathers, witnesses who were likely close relatives, etc). In the case of Molly Shannon's ancestors, however, their marriage record revealed a desperate tale of survival. The marriage was performed in a Protestant Church of Ireland ceremony, despite Hugh and Bridget (and their families) being Catholic. This happened during the Irish Potato Famine, when food was scarce and survival was a desperate, day-to-day struggle. Edward Nangle, a Church of Ireland priest, brought food and supplies for the starving Catholic population of Achill, but gave preferential treatment, food, and resources to families that converted to the Protestant Church of Ireland. Many refused, and the cost of that refusal was often starvation. For others like Hugh and Bridget, they resolved to do whatever it took to survive. So they were married by Edward Nangle in a Church of Ireland parish on 22 February 1851, indicating that they had decided to convert.
Though we don't know for certain whether Hugh and Bridget had other family who converted, we know the witnesses to their marriage were donors to the Church of Ireland mission. Marriage-witnesses were traditionally close relatives; the absence of relatives here possibly suggests Hugh and Bridget's families did not support their decision to marry in the Church of Ireland and become Protestant. Many who converted to escape hunger reverted back to Catholicism, and the same was the case for Hugh and Bridget once the Famine was over.
Marriage records in Ireland can bring a wealth of information for people researching their Irish ancestry. From religious denomination to names of witnesses, you can find many details that can help paint a picture of your ancestors' lives.
Tips from AncestryProGenealogists: what to know when looking for marriage records in Ireland
- Church registers are very significant in Irish research for a number of reasons. Civil registration only began in Ireland for all births, marriages, and deaths in 1864 (and for Non-Catholic marriages starting in 1845). As such, church registers may be the only direct evidence available of a parent and child relationship or a maiden name. Witnesses on marriage records are particularly important. Traditionally, the witnesses were often close family members, which can be a rich source of finding potential relatives. However, as we learned in researching the Cattigan family, the witnesses on the 1851 marriage record were Protestant donors to the mission. This provided clues as to the circumstances of the marriage.
- Most Catholic registers in Ireland do not start until the mid-1800s, with registers in the north and west of Ireland starting the latest. It is important to recognize that Roman Catholic parish boundaries were different from civil parish boundaries, which typically followed the boundaries of the Church of Ireland parish. More than 3,500 Catholic registers are held by the National Library of Ireland and are searchable at various websites, including
- Church of Ireland registers typically begin earlier than Catholic registers in Ireland. However, estimates indicate that approximately 50% of the Church of Ireland records (over 1,000 original registers) were destroyed in the Public Record Office explosion and fire in 1922. Fortunately, some registers were copied or remained in local custody. The Representative Church Body Library website has a color-coded list of all Church of Ireland records and where they are located.
Apply these tips the next time you're researching your Irish ancestors. You could find relatives who witnessed your ancestor's marriage, or discover the name of the townland where they lived. Or, like Molly Shannon, you could unlock a long-buried tale in your family history.
Watch Molly Shannon's full journey, download the TLC GO app or watch on TLC.com/WDYTYA. Binge full episodes of Who Do You Think You Are? on TLC.com, and discover more celebrities uncovering their family history on all-new episodes Mondays 9|8c on TLC.


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The name of the project was inspired by the slang word "fusi".
The name of the project was inspired by the slang word "fusi". Originally, this expression meant the non-permitted and tax-avoiding work of craftsman and mechanics.using the resources of the workplace in the socialism "illegaly". Today it is not the state system but consumer society we are stepping up by looking for tools solving the problems in a "do it yourself" way, within the system but with no extra resources. Café Fusi presented workshops, panel discussions, films to call attention to overconsumption, waste, and depreciation over design. Café Fusi was organized as part of Design Week Budapest 2015, reflecting on the main topic of the Design Week "Home Sweet Home" in a provocative way and asked what the role of designers behind the slogan "sustainability" was. The project contrasts well-known terms in industrial design such as planned obsolescence and styling with the forward-looking ethical design where it does matter how we leave Earth behind to the next generations. Promoting reuse, repair is in the center of the project.
- AZTA! Közösségi barkácsműhely
- Cyclonomia
- Repair Café Hungary
- Ent-eriőr Műhely


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Wiesława Lewandowska talks with the parliamentarian Jerzy Polaczekabout a great satisfaction, big money, beautiful stadiums and roads from the lower European level
WIESLAWA LEWANDOWSKA: – There is no end for delight, thanks to the Euro Poland had – not including the sport loss – a great promotion success. Despite the earlier complaints of the opposition, which is being emphasized by the Civic Platform politicians with satisfaction, however, it has been successful; we all are glad about the beautiful stadiums and railway stations, even roads. But in richer countries besides praises there have also appeared sceptical comments that Poland has exaggerated slightly with the sumptuousness. Do you also think so?
THE PARLIAMNETARIAN JERZY POLACZEK: – As far as I guess, the symbol of this sumptuousness if the National Stadium…
– It is probably the most beautiful in the whole Europe!
– Maybe, because, after all, it has been built for a gigantic amount of 2 milliard zlotys! And this building still requires some inputs so that it could obtain a permission necessary for its utilization according to the law. I want to note that it has been not accounted till today; like a 'hot potato' between an order-giver, that is, the National Sport Centre and the sub-executors, there is still a dispute about a payment of a few hundred millions of zlotys. The symbol of building the National Stadium will also be the bankrupt of the general executor of the stadium, announced a few days before the beginning of the European Football Championships. What to comment on here!
– A discussion about the future development of the National Stadium is already starting, although with shyness. Will it be able to work for its maintenance by itself?
– Indeed, today one can predict that after the final settling any arrears there will probably be necessary a few dozen million annual grant from the state budget for maintaining of this sport building. In the initial plans it was assumed to 'building' the stadium around with various beneficial objects.
– Wasn't it 'built around' with them?
– The works were resigned from, so the discussion about the self-financing by the National Stadium will be raised soon. Maybe it will be in Portugal so, where the stadiums built for championships turned out to be deficit because they were simply too big for the needs of those clubs and their fans.
– Whereas in Poland on the wave of enthusiasm towards the Euro there are appearing other stadiums at present, also in many smaller cities, although it is known in advance that they will be too big for the needs…Mr parliamentarian, football is becoming an objective reason of the Polish existence?
– Yes, today it looks ridiculous! In the governmental propaganda, football is a reference point to nearly everything, and, first of all, for this policy whose essence is to buy holy peace and time…. Nobody from the government does not care about or analyses results that it happens at the cost of a high growth of the debts of public finances and putting off those matters and tasks which really – and not only through showing beautiful stadiums to the world – decide about the development and civilizational progress of Poland. The spheres are neglected in: family, demography, development of the employment market, realistic presence of the country where people need it the most. For example, it is being planned to liquidate a few hundred police stations in districts. The government of the Civic Platform and the Polish People's Alliance is clearly conducting the policy, in which there are attempts to give the society 'laxative herb tea' without waking it up!
– And the pleased nation is dreaming only the football power; after all it has 4 big stadiums! Were these really investments so essential for only one football holiday?
– In the case of Wrocław, Poznań and Gdańsk one can assume and hope that buildings will serve there to thousands fans of local league teams. In Warsaw the situation is more complicated…If one made a cold analysis of the condition of the Polish football, one can say that these championships rather support the prognosis of pessimists about the future of big Polish sport objects, especially the National Stadium. And, by the way, everyone of us should receive today an index of sport and cultural events in this object one year in advance…
– Therefore a political interference in the matter of such an 'independent' creation is needed, which is the Polish Football Association, because the repair of the Polish football will justify the future existence of these big stadiums?
– Yes. After all, this organisation has an influence on the state of the sport discipline, so in the future it will influence the fact whether these objects will be possible to maintain or not. It is a very essential dependence. Not the opposition but the economic newspapers were alarming during the football championships that the elimination of the Polish representation had had a factual influence on the decrease of some share courses in some market companies, so it was transferred onto economy. This dependence was visible with a bare eye in trade and services which were directed specially onto only this sport event.
– Somehow, especially for the Euro 2012 roads were built as well. The government pointed out to the pessimistic predictions of your party in this matter – because fans got there without any difficulties!
– If the standard of the government is not about finishing highway connections to Polish host cities and 'possibility of travelling' of the A2 only for passengers' cars, I wish the politicians of the Civic Platform a good well-being and self-satisfaction. I will recall that during over four and a half years the office of Donald Tusk did not manage to build the A4 highway to the border with Ukraine, the A1 or A2 highways were not connected with Gdansk, the construction of connecting the express road S5 between Poznań and Wrocław was 'put away' beyond the horizon of the year 2020. Let the present government look at its declarations from the year 2010. Nothing goes here with the law and order between official declarations and today's reality which has verified it brutally.
– After the Euro there still remains finishing and repairing unfinished roads. It is going to be easier or more difficult, if there is no more impulse in the form of a prestigous date?
– It is going to be more difficult. The rate of debts of the National Road Fund is predicted to be 43 milliard zlotys in the end of 2012! In governmental documents connected with inputs for road investments in 2013, a decrease to 7 milliard zlotys was predicted (from over 20 milliard!). Finishing the set of these investments, which were included in a program prepared by the Law and Justice party for building national roads in the years 2008-2012 – ridiculed by the Civic Platform as hardly ambitious and in the program of this party in 2007 fulfilled with additional dozens new tasks, which later…were excluded in a non-precedential way – is going to be very problematic now.
– Why?
– As a consequence of the governmental model created around building of the roads for the Euro, today we have a 'fire' of the whole sector of building companies – gigantic financial problems, bankruptcies, dangers of bankruptcies for some other highway and express investments and the exclusions of executors from the building sector. So far it has happened so in the building area of the A1 near Toruń and A4 near Rzeszów, and earlier between Brzesko and Wierzchosławice where contracts were dissolved by the General Directors of National Roads and Highways or by the very executors. These are only the signs of coming problems and many processes of building companies with the government.
– And all this because of the fact that there were attempts to build modern highways 'for half a price'…
– Yes. We were paying attention to it two years ago, when many contracts were signed for building highways within the model 'do projects and build' for 50-60 percent of the starting price list when the previous Infrastructure Ministry and the management of the General Directors of National Roads and Highways thoughtlessly announced 'successes' – how many milliard zlotys 'had been saved'. It stopped at the point, that not only are there not many expected investments, but a part of road and building market in Poland was done away with in a rude manner. For example, in Portugal and Spain, by realising programs of building road and railway infrastructure - a good competitive position of one's companies was built. In Poland it happened exactly the other way round! And if the Polish government was pursuing a responsible policy, many Polish companies could work not only in Poland in the nearest time, but also in the building sector abroad.
– Whereas in Poland roads were unsuccessfully built by the Chinese…
– Not only, in the previous years contracts were also signed with, for example, a company from Macedonia – for building the A4 highway – which was, later, excluded from construction, and which, with the respect to this small country, is not rather a powerful country in the European road-building. In this respect I can ask a question: what is it about in this ill model of giving governmental orders….sometimes freely?
– When it is not known what it is about, it is always about money…
– About the money spent from our budget. On the one hand, the government assures that it wants to save the money and therefore, as it says, it is conducting a business game towards the building market to its state order of a highway, and on the other hand- the same team gave us a guarantee of 4 milliard euro during the last four years, for building 2 segments of private highways: Świecko – NowyTomyśł and Grudziądz –Toruń. 100 per cents of loans taken by private operators were covered by governmental guarantees! According to my knowledge, the amount of extra payments for private highways which is to be paid this year by the government to concessionaires on the A1 highway (Gdańsk – Toruń) and on A2 highway (Świecko – NowyTomyśl), will exceed 1.3 milliard zlotys this year.
– Maybe, hence, a necessity of drastic savings on other segments?
– It is difficult to say, we are rather dealing here with a kind of strange governmental schizophrenia. Here milliards of euro are easily guaranteed and in the second place realistic costs of investments are ignored or decreased. The logics of the government is best illustrated by the pronouncement of the Transport Minister Slawomir Nowak from the end of this February who announced publicly a few weeks before the bankruptcy of the DSS company that this company is in a good condition and he trusts it and that it fulfils its duties very well. The reality was different but for a few dozen hours somebody earned again at the cost of a temporary growth of market quotes of this bankruptcy.
– However, the government is full of optimism, also in the matter of Polish roads and nothing will probably change this positive thinking (supported by the successful Euro)…
– The slogan: warm water in a tap and grill as well as football – are a 'public' possession of this government. Only there have recently been more railway catastrophes somehow…
– Will pessimistic point of view of the Law and Justice party about the bad quality of roads built hastily and 'for half a price' also turn out to be a reality?
– It has already turned out so! Road embankments and the foundation of silt loam were done somewhere sparingly and building of roads from clay ….., in another place from broken toilets….And in addition it is more and more known that in fact the costs of these investments will not be low at all. I ask: what results from it for people and drivers in the sphere of quality when we sum up 1.4 milliard zlotys! (in the years 2008-2012) spent via made contracts with companies supervising the investments of executors? The time will show.
– It will and at present the built roads – which during the construction was found out by journalists than those controlling services – will rather be of poor quality and with a short expiry date….
– Yes. The road boomerang will come back and hit the country, when in a few years we will have to spend extra milliards not only on maintenance but also on necessary repairs and rebuilding roads. The consequence of signing a big part of contracts 'for half a price' is the effect from a lower European shelf. In a few months on these built highways fees for travelling will be taken from drivers…
– However, for now we can be still glad with some new roads, after the Euro we will also have a few nice railway stations…
– The railways stations are a realistic namecard of the country, indeed and it is good that at least a few of them were possible to improve. It is not known whether the government would have decided to make an effort if not for the Euro. Rather not, which is seen through a miserable state of the whole railway infrastructure hidden behind their façade. It is just possible to see the façade of this 'civilisation jump' of Poland in the poor condition of railway in Poland and dramatic low using European means – as if not to evaluate the historically biggest EU financial means for Poland in the years 2007 – 2013. The government of Donald Tusk still has 20 milliard euro negotiated with the European Commission through the government of Jarosław Kaczyński, from the European means for the modernisation of roads, railway and airports, that is, the amount of money which is a few dozen times higher than the government in which I had a function of the Transport Minister.
– Do you envy your successors a bit?
– No, but it is sorrowful that this manna from the Heaven has happened to this weak governmental team of the Civic Platform, one would feel like repeating the words to the team of Donald Tusk now: how long, boys, do you want to play football?! After all, the final match has finished.
"Niedziela" 29/2012


text: Carmine DErrico 0 Report post Posted October 29, 2014 Hallo! First of alla I declare that I´m not skilled with XML. I´ve a big .XML file generated by TestStand. I have to recognize a special Dataset and not All dataset. For example in the attached XML I want to extract only the ARRAY from: TestResultCollection > TestResults > TestGroup > Test. I tried to build a Labview-Cluster type but at the moment I can´t make this with the Lybraries. Can you help me with an example? Thank you. Ciao! Carmine test_01_ok.xml Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
Joey Ryan wrote on Twitter that his time on the independent circuit is coming to an end. Ryan even has a new "Farewell" tour shirt available at Pro Wrestling Tees.
As previously reported, WWE had talks with Joey Ryan last week to work in their developmental system after they found out he was free from his Lucha Underground contract. In the latest edition of Wrestling Observer Radio, Dave Meltzer noted that WWE's offer was "nothing special" and wouldn't be for the main roster. It is more of a case of signing him so that he wouldn't be available for other promotions.
In The Wrestling Observer Newsletter last week, it was reported that WWE had asked Ryan to move to Orlando to wrestle in NXT for a few years before transitioning into a coaching position.
Ryan had been expected to sign with AEW, as he was a big part of All In last September and he has been regularly featured in the Being The Elite series. In his tweet, Ryan used #RAW, which could always be to swerve fans. Ryan also posted his schedule on the indies this month, which consists of 16 dates.
Ryan had a WWE tryout back in 2013. After the tryout, Ryan, who is 39 years old now, told Wrestling Inc. that the only feedback he received was that he was too old.
"I mean, it was what it was," Ryan told us in 2013. "I don't even know how to really describe it because it didn't have a whole lot to even do with professional wrestling. It was more just conditioning and they focused very little on professional wrestling and very little of the drills they ran that had to do with professional wrestling. We did hours and hours of rolls and cardio and then like a minute on promos. So it was like, really different than I thought it was because I thought they'd want to focus more on seeing everyone's acting abilities or everyone's personalities, but they really didn't. It was more like, let's just have a look at everybody and see what we like. I don't even know if there was any kind of measuring stick to be like, well if he does this well or they do this well then we're going to have our interest in them.
"It was more kind of just them having a look at everybody and just getting everybody in one room and making their decisions based on what they personally liked or not. My only feedback from them really was that they feel like I'm too, which was kind of confusing to me, they feel like I'm too old and experienced to be in developmental. I'm in my 30s now, but my age and experience didn't change from when they invited me to the camp, so I didn't really understand that. To them, they're in control of how they do their system. So that was my feedback. They just didn't feel like it was the right time in my life to be in developmental. They're not bringing anybody straight onto TV at the moment because they've got a full roster themselves. So it was what it was."
You can check out Ryan's tweets below:
I guess the word is out now. Am I signing somewhere? Have I already signed elsewhere? One thing is certain; my time on the indies is coming to an end so pick up this "Farewell" tour shirt at https://t.co/suQhuyoTFj for a limited time only! Get em before I'm gone! #RAW pic.twitter.com/xH20IoKJGV Joey Ryan (@JoeyRyanOnline) April 29, 2019
May Joey Ryan (@JoeyRyanOnline) April 29, 2019
3 @BashatBonanza
4 @LuchaVaVOOM
5 @beyondwrestling
8 @BarWrestling
10 @PWRevolver
11 @RESPECTwomensW1
12 @NextGenTN
13 @CWFHollywood
16 @FISTCombatTV
17 @MCPWOnline
18 @PPWPower
19 @BizarroLucha
23 @JoeyRyanDoc
24 @StarrcastEvents/@HOODSLAM
25 @aiwrestling
26 @InspireProWres pic.twitter.com/NWbURzpP1g


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What is spiritual cleansing?
Spiritual cleansing is a very beneficial practice I peoples life that helps them control the negative energies that seem to happen in their life. Every human in this universe has negative energies in their lives and bodies that may cause the spirit to become clouded with bad and harmful energy. Prince out of experience encourages everyone to practice spiritual cleansing in their life every now and then as for the many benefits involved by cleansing your spiritual life. The reason why most people in the European Union practice spiritual cleansing with Prince Isaac is to promote balance which can help to improve mental thinking, intellectual power and clarity and also help in building self esteem. So if you want to live the experience and effects of spiritual cleansing then you should better summon Prince Isaac now through the contact form below the following are the Different ways of spiritual cleansing
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According to Prince Isaac his easy cleansing spiritual ritual will spiritually cleanse every bad energy in your psyche. Are you having an intensive problem with fate your fate? Cast these powerful cleansing spiritual rituals to clear your thoughts as well as give you the momentum to control your own thoughts. These are very powerful spells that are can be casted at a long distance and still guarantee you 100% positive results. All you need is to summon prince in to spiritual life to teach you how to control it.
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text: On 9/28/06, Philipp von Weitershausen <philipp at weitershausen.de> wrote: > Jeff Shell wrote: > > One blow-up instance was on something that was marked deprecated (a > > vocabulary that used `zope.app.utility.vocabulary.UtilityVocabulary` > > as its factory). > > How? can you provide a traceback? Like Jim said, we tried having 3.3 be > backward compatible. It's a reference that was marked as deprecated, and that it would go away in 3.3. Now it's 3.3, and it's gone! It's just something that I wish I had caught sooner, but it was an easy fix. > > Strangely, I never saw that deprecation warning, or I > > would have fixed it a long time ago. It looks like deprecated items > > referenced in ZCML wouldn't trigger the warnings in Zope 3.2, whereas > > Python based importing/referencing would. > > Hmmm. Weird. Can you reproduce this? If so, please file a bug. I'll submit one if I can make an easily re-producable case. I'm a bit swamped right now. > > That said, I still don't really know much about what's new and > > special. > > Ugh, that's bad. I'm sorry if we've been unclear. Does > http://kpug.zwiki.org/WhatIsNewInZope33 help? Yes. Why isn't that linked off of any sensible page or place in the Zope 3 wiki? Releas page? I was pretty sure someone had been working on such a document. But I couldn't find it at all, which is why I asked here. > > I see a lot of things in the Wiki in proposals, but the > > proposals don't always mirror final implementations, so sometimes it's > > a bit of a guessing game if one even has that to go on. Only a few of > > the proposed ZCML reductions went into play, correct? > > I just checked and the "Implementation status" section is correct > regarding Zope 3 ("trunk" refers to 3.3 though). > > I admit, though, I coudl've done a better job updating the proposals > after having implemented them. Without moving the blame elsewhere, I > think we should consider a more formal proposal process again, like I > suggested once. Python PEPs and Plone PLIPs seem to work very well. I agree. The Wiki is perhaps a good place to collaborate or brainstorm initially. But there's just not enough data ever available to maintain pages like this: http://plone.org/products/plone/roadmap without a lot of human intervention (manually creating the tables, status information, owner information, etc, in multiple places). > > It would be nice if there was at least a small document that went > > through deprecated items and covered how to migrate away from them - > > separate from the change log or proposals. > > I've tried to emit helpful deprecation warnigns that dont' just say > "this is deprecated" but also say "use XYZ instead". The proposals > should also document this. What is it that you're particularly > struggling with? I saw those messages! Those made me happy. And that kpug.zwiki.org page looks like it'd be very helpful too. I'm struggling with the "migrate by hitting ./runzope over and over again until the thing starts up...." Having some better information before I even download a Zope release would help - including reminders that certain features that had been marked for removal in 3.3 have actually been removed. I have some old Zope 3.1 era code that I'm trying to update right now. It was made to work comfortably with Zope 3.2, but we had one customer continue along with that installation and we've just forgot about it and never got around to the "change this when everything is running on Zope 3.2" comments we had lying around. > > Now, here's the strange one: > > > > What happened to Tools? `zope.app.component.browser.tools`? I'm not > > even sure what tools were, > > We weren't either ;) so we got rid of them. I was able to get rid of our references with no change in expected behavior, so I think we're good. Like I said, I think we just used those directives because we saw someone / something else doing it. We certainly weren't getting any special behavior out of them that I know of, I just wanted to be sure I could kill them off completely. -- Jeff Shell