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SKF 619/8 bearing
SKF 619/8 bearing | Deep Groove Ball Bearing | 8x19x6Best Price
- Bearing number : 619/8
- Size (mm) : 8x19x6
- Brand : SKF
- Bore Diameter (mm) : 8
- Outer Diameter (mm) : 19
- Width (mm) : 6
- d - 8 mm
- D - 19 mm
- B - 6 mm
- C - 6 mm
- d1 - 10,5 mm
- r1 min. - 0,3 mm
- r2 min. - 0,3 mm
- D1 - 15,5 mm
- D2 - 16,7 mm
- da min. - 10 mm
- Da max. - 17 mm
- rc max. - 0,3 mm
- Weight - 0,0071 Kg
- Basic dynamic load rating (C) - 1,46 kN
- Basic static load rating (C0) - 0,465 kN
- Fatigue load limit (Pu) - 0,02
- Reference speed - 85000 r/min
- Limiting speed - 53000 r/min
- Calculation factor (f0) - 6,6
- Calculation factor (kr) - 0,02
Deep groove ball bearings 619/8
Bearing dimensions and specification in SKF catalogue:
Tags: SKF, 619/8, Deep Groove Ball Bearing, Original, Fast delivery, Best price
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Deep groove ball bearings - 619/8-2Z - skf.c
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I feel the urge, familiar now, to wrench myself from my body and speak directly into her mind. It is the same urge, I realize, that makes me want to kiss her every time I see her, because even a sliver of distance between us is infuriating. Our fingers, loosely woven a moment ago, now clutch together, her palm tacky with moisture, mine rough in places where I have grabbed too many handles on too many moving trains. Now she looks pale and small, but her eyes make me think of wide-open skies that I have never actually seen, only dreamed of.
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subset: commoncrawl


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There's definitely no reason at all not to shake up a standard core muscle training session with a couple planking exercises. Plank exercising advantages are broad. With any board posture, you will be building up core muscle groups, that are essential stabilizers for your entire body. You will quickly discover lower back conditions improving, along with increased mid section definition.
Unquestionably, the very best way to boost muscular strength while reducing challenges back and improved your alignment is planking positions. With routine abdomen work outs, including crunches and sit-ups, you twist and bend the spinal column; all the board exercises keeps an upright bearing, fortifying bearing.
A board exercise, a mature brother of planking, is a prevalent abs exercise used to fortify ab appearance encompassing the stomach, typically aimed towards the lower back and abdominal muscles. Named "planking" because of the fact its subscribers look like boards of wood, this kind of action can be a simple method to tone the abdominal muscles and lower bottom back muscle. By no means to be used instead of routine calisthenic exercises, planking is somewhat made to enhance other styles of heart muscle training. A huge group could readily use get the most out of a straightforward center exercise. Individuals who are interested in simple core exercises should use them together with different kinds of exercises that are abdominal workouts to strengthen muscle tissue development and abdominal area power.
There are lots of the most extensive being pilate planking plank training variants, sidelong planking and reverse planking. In your regular board exercise, also called the front side planking exercise, you retain the shape of a push up, yet with ones forearms and elbows in contact with the surface in place of the hands. The purpose of a workout that is planking will be to keep the special type for a specific duration. Using a standard planking location, keeping this bearing so or a couple of minutes will rapidly develop the mid section and oblique muscles.
The most apparent benefit of a planks exercise is that it really is totally free! Complex gear or absolutely no fitness center dues are required for these workout routines. Actually the sole essential equipment are a willing body along with a powerful mind.
Given that gear that is associated isn't required by plank workout routines, you can utilize them . Take a couple of minutes during lunch or anytime you feel stressed in the office, go down to the ground with some board exercises, and reap the rewards. You may soon actually feel energized and feel much less exhausted in comparison with your coworkers who crammed themselves at lunch. The number one enormous advantage in relation to workout routines that are planking is the very fact the drawbacks seem to be almost nonexistent. Because of the numerous variations, just about all physical fitness ability levels can make the most of planking workout routines. They're at the same time 100% practical, easy as well as free.
Everyone is able to make the most of plank bearings. Players of all the sporting events apply planking exercise to improve tummy muscular strength, probably the most essential component of virtually every sport. The military also recommends board exercises because of their quick, stomach place muscular strength building.
If you've been doing thousands of crunches day after day, month after month, then it's finally time to drop them from your six pack abs routine. I need to inform you about board exercises. Doing boards for abs will help you get your washboard abs. It might not be the sexiest exercise for you "manly men," since planks are a yoga movement, but board exercises are definitely one of the best abdominal exercises near.
A Note on Crunches
I wish to talk about why crunches aren't the most effective abs exercise, before going into the facts of the exercise. In order to get washboard abs, you need to know that stomach exercises, or alternative types of workouts, are not going to lower the amount of fat you've around your belly. In order to see your abdominal muscles, you need to drop the extra weight by combining high intensity exercises using a healthful, low fat diet.
Furthermore, I consider that crunches don't operate nicely as an ab workout. Most people don't understand that abs are part of your core muscles – stabilize the body and their goal is to straighten your back. All you end up with for all your effort is a strained lower back and bad posture.
Situps solve half the problem since you should be keeping your back upright when performing them. Nonetheless, abdominal muscles aren't truly incorporated by situps; lower back muscles are utilized by them. As a consequence, your position will get worse and you also may even feel some discomfort in your back. You may have trouble agreeing with this, but only remember what your old gym teacher always told you about lifting a heavy weight. Bend your knees, lift with your legs – not the back. You would probably strain your back in case you bent straight over.
Board Exercises
Board exercises are a great method to work your complete core in addition to your abdominals. By pushing your body to stabilize itself in one position, boards function your back muscles along with both your abdominal muscles. What will occur with crunches alone (aside from back pain) is that the abs will stick out when seen from the side.
Various board exercises are available to help you meet your targets. Then an excellent place to start is the standard board in the event you're just starting off. You essentially get in a pushup position but instead of resting in your hands, you rest on your own forearms. You hold while attempting to hold your abdominals in, your back completely straight. I am confident you're thinking this seems easy, but the longer you try and hold the posture, the more challenging it becomes. Begin by supporting the board for 30 seconds at a time and build up to holding them for between 2 and 3 minutes each.
Do this work out no more than a couple times weekly. Don't forget to rest your abs as you would any muscle in the body. Bear in mind you will use your abs when you do other work outs too.
For those who are looking for a more ab focused training program, there are other center and abdominal exercises that you can enhance your routine, like leg raises and renegade rows. To perform renegade rows, get down as if you are going to do a push up and do a one-arm row as you keep yourself steady. You can even do hanging leg raises or lying leg raises. If you take your own time when you do these, your back and ab muscles will likely be targeted.
Constructing a strong center is the very best way to get washboard abs. Board exercises are just one of the best core exercises and abdominal exercises. A straightforward 5-10 minute routine performed 2-3 times weekly is all it requires to improve core strength. You don't have to do crunches any longer, except in case you would like to get back distress, poor-looking a slouch, along with abs.
Planks for People with Back Pain
Have you ever experienced back pain or has your doctor told you which you have awful position? As serious as this may sound, there is a simple solution to this issue by increasing your core strength, such as. Enhancing your core strength reduces potential injuries and posterior weakness. Weakness in your stomach region can contribute to these problems, along with the top exercise which can target your core is the plank.
All core muscles will be activated by planks; bracing your spine and hips. Not only will this secure and strengthen one's core, but also prevent many common spinal injuries and want. Planking additionally reinforces much of the upper-body and lower-body muscles along the very front of your body. One cannot go wrong integrating planking in their exercise routine. It's easy and straightforward.
Another great part of the plank is the fact that you literally want nothing to perform the exercise; it's mind over body. Boards are among the nest isometric exercises. Boards are the happy medium between the two strength-building techniques.
To perform it, you push up off from the floor into a bridge location need to lie face down and keep your back straight. The straighter the better the results, your entire body. Hold your core in and keep it tight. Take deep and long breaths. Hold it for as long as you can, but if you start to feel it after a certain point in your back than abs, relax.
A variation of a standard board is an inverse plank. To perform this, lie flat on your back and move both elbows backward to brace yourself off the ground. Ensure that you maintain your legs directly with your toes pointed up.
The above center training exercises could be performed anywhere you want. Yet, I generally perform core exercises between weight training sets or in after a work out. Exercises such as those listed above are fantastic methods to improve your core strength and muscle tone. The only main disadvantage of these boards is that they may put stress on your elbows and forearms. By investing in a good mat, which costs relatively affordable, but this dilemma is easily solved!


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The story of the Charles Tombe who was forced to marry goat Rose shouldn't come as a surprise to some. There are many who practise bestiality with their pets at least in secrecy. In Holland, The Charity, Freedom and Diversity (NVD) party hit the headlines when one of its political principles was to legalise bestiality. (It was discussed on WHYS ).Now the goat is dead .On this sad occasion, it should send a letter of condolences to Mr Charles Tombe. It also should send him another goat after his bestial marriage was short and not rosy enough. It should help him to raise his "son-in-law", now he's a widower. And why not help the kid to come to Holland to be raised along its political principles.
One problem that could have risen is this. Had Mr Tombe been the first to die, would "Mrs" Rose be entitled to inherit him according to the local customs as they were married according to them?


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Manufacture "Selfie Mirror Photo Booth".
Contact : +918288980007 | +917696870007 | +919888322007
A great way of making sure you & your guests never forget your wedding day.We can set the booth to print each photo twice – one for your guest to take away and one to stick in a guest book next to their message.We can also produce high quality, hard back photo books post event using fully edited images.Need a wedding photographer?Originally professional photographers (that's what started this whole thing off..) We create beautiful reportage wedding photography. We offer packages combining both wedding photography and our stunning photo booths. Click through to view some of the gorgeous weddings we have shot.
Brand exposure through photography and social mediaLaunching a new product or creating a fantastical themed event? The Funbox-Photobooth is all about creating stylish and interactive experiences. Take a look at some of our recent case studies to find out what we can do for you.Short and long term hires available.
Photobooth offers a different photo booth experience for your wedding, birthday & corporate events...Our aim? To be fun, classy and beautiful.
With our custom made booths and a huge choice of carefully selected backdrops and props – we have the booth for you.


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The Little Dive Shack by the Sea DIVE CENTER
The Little Dive Shack by the Sea is a small Dive Center.
We take small groups diving, from one to four persons is our ideal. We like to be flexible and the attention is personlized. Our instructors are Padi Certified, very qualified and bilingual.
We go for two tank dives, in the morning at 7.30am and in the afternoon at 1.30pm. Night dives are also available at 5pm.
We offer FUN DIVES for Certify Divers and a wide range of Padi Diving Courses. Check all the Options below:
* FUN DIVES (For Certify Divers)
* DISCOVER SCUBA (For Non Certify Divers)
* E.F.R.(Emergency First Responder)
See you soon underwater!!
Our crew:
The Dive Instructor at the center is Alejandro San Gil, from Costa Rica, he is a certified Padi OWSI and bilingual (spanish and english)
The boat captain is Noel Hunter, he is from Little Corn Island, with a lot of experience in these waters.


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Create Your Own Cartoon Strip (Ages 10 - 18)
Date: Every Thursday between May 9 and Jun 13 from 4:00pm to 5:30pm.
Number of Classes:
Do you have characters and a story roaming around your imagination? Let's turn them into a cartoon strip or
graphic novel. Fine-tune your creativity in this class with Terry Kole. She had a comic that was published in five Midwest newspapers
back in the day. We'll work on character development, story content and drawing characters with action and emotion.
Supplies: Students will bring sketchbooks, pencils, erasers and their great imagination.
Terry will bring tons of reference, markers and special paper for the finished product.
Member Price:
Class Limit:


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Nowadays convergence is a new trend with more and more technologies being integrated into mobile phones. And among those, wireless technology is one of the most common one to sustain network communication for seamless connectivity. Instead of relying on multiple discrete components to fulfill such requirements, TI (Texas Instrument) has recently unveiled a new chip that integrates WLAN, GPS, Bluetooth and FM transceiver function into one and named as WiLink 7.0, it is claimed to be the industry's first single-chip that being designed specifically for mainstream mobile devices.
WiLink 7.0 is much tinier, only around 50 percent smaller than its previous generation but without constraint by its tiny form factor, it has added new GPS feature as compared to its predecessor. In order to cancel out chip-level RF interference, the new chip has unique coexistence capabilities that allow multiple individual RF modules to work in parallel for effective BOM (Bill of Material) and design simplicity. Besides, it features best-in-class high performance GPS core that enables accurate positioning assisted with advanced algorithm. On top of this, its Bluetooth core includes dedicated audio processor SoC supporting both low energy and 3.0 specifications. Others include a robust WiFi 802.11a/b/g/n as well as FM core that make it a powerful all-in-one solution suitable for MIDs (Mobile Internet Devices), PNDs (Personal Navigation devices), gaming devices and many more.
No pricing and exact availability yet, but this will definitely able to improve future mobile gadgets in wireless capabilities while maintaining smaller form factor with integrated feature sets for prolong battery life.


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Pevensey Castle
© English Heritage
- Pevensey Castle is a great family day out in East Sussex, encompassing rich history and fun things to do and see for adults and children. With a history stretching back over 16 centuries, Pevensey Castle chronicles more graphically than any other fortress the story of Britain's south coast defences. Beginning in the 4th century as one of the last and strongest of the Roman 'Saxon Shore' forts, two-thirds of whose towered walls still stand. It was the landing place of William the Conqueror's army in 1066. During the century after the Conquest a full-scale Norman castle, with a great square keep and a powerful gatehouse, was built within one corner of the fort. In the 1250s the towered bailey wall was constructed, and soon put to the test during the great siege of 1264.


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Bix Weir is back to re-examine 'The World in 2016' according to the Rothschild's Economist magazine. What did the esoteric, occult symbology riddled cover predict, what has come to pass thus far, and what is still to come? We take a deep dive into this and more. Thanks for joining us.
Via SGTReport


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The long-awaited beginning for Joe Joyce's adventure in the professional ranks is only six weeks away. The Londoner will make his debut at the 02 Indigo Arena against seasoned heavyweight, Ian Lewison.
Channel Dave is the proud live broadcaster for the show after agreeing a deal in owning the rights of future Hayemaker Ringstar promotional shows.
31-year-old Joyce, a silver medallist at the 2016 Games in Rio, is eager to return to the ring.
"It's been over a year now since the Olympics so it'll be good to lace the gloves up again and put on a show. Exciting stuff, slightly different compared to the way WSB (World Series of Boxing) is set up, you normally do the weigh-in, and you'd be boxing the next day. This was the pre-press-conference so there's a bit of a way from the weigh-in so it's different and exciting at the same time," Joyce exclusively told World Boxing News.
Joyce has plenty of experience from those impressive amateur days, notching up Gold medals in the Commonwealth and European Games as well as collecting that Silver in Brazil.
The Middlesex University graduate is currently getting to grasps with the change of environment having come from the Team GB gym in Sheffield to train in London with promoter David Haye.
He admitted there is a difference in terms of the training required but believes he is in good hands with his well-respected trainer, Ismael Salas.
Joyce said: "It's a different routine and step-up with how you go about your training. It's not training for a sprint, with the three rounds, it's more of an endurance race and picking up new skills with my trainer, I couldn't wish for a better trainer in Ismael Salas (also training Haye), so he's teaching me so many things.
"Obviously WSB is five rounds so it's a little similar to the pro game but the difference is the weight of the gloves and the ring size can vary in professional so there's less padding."
And Joyce expects his fight against Lewison to be a corker whilst also eyeing title opportunities in the non-distant future.
"I think he's a tough, strong opponent; he's never been knocked out so he'll be coming to fight and it should be interesting. I've stated off a bit at the deep end but it'll be starting my career off with a bang. It's not a title fight; I believe I can beat him.
"As David said, I'm 32 by time my debut fight comes round, it's about time I get on with it and believe I am at that level where I can challenge for titles," he added.
His promoter, David Haye, is set to take on Tony Bellew in a December rematch – as WBN has revealed, and the pair are hoping to settle their bad blood.
The 'Juggernaut' expects a different result this time round.
"I thought the fight would have gone different the first time round but obviously you don't know what's going to happen in the ring.
"His Achilles went but I've seen him in the gym and he's recovered, he's moving on his feet fine so come the rematch it's only going to go one way I think," he concluded.
Joe Hewlett is lead writer for World Boxing News. Follow Joe on Twitter @Hewlett95


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The term 'Priory Consultants Limited' or 'Priory Consultants' or 'us' or 'we' refers to the owner of the website whose registered office is 1 Alderbrook Drive, Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England CV11 6PL. Our company registration number is 02391225 England and Wales.
The term 'you' refers to the user or viewer of our website. The term 'registered user' refers to you as an individual or representative of a company who has completed our registration process and subsequently has access to additional features when you log in to the site using your recognised email address and the password that you defined.
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Raspberry Pomegranate Kombucha
You Da Pom!
A delicious combo of sweet raspberry and tangy pomegranate gently blended with quality, slow-brewed kombucha cultures. Plus, it features added probiotics for immune health* and the adaptogen maca, known for its ability to fight occasional stress.
Raspberry Pomegranate Kombucha bottles up water, black tea kombucha, raspberry, pomegranate, lemon juice, ginger juice, cane sugar, maca, inactivated bacillus coagulans and probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus.
- Made with adaptogen Maca
- Added probiotics to support immune health*
- 15.2oz
- Verified Non-Alcoholic
- USDA Certified Organic
- Dairy-free, soy-free, gluten-free
- Vegan
- No added flavors or concentrates
*As part of a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle
2 servings per container
Serving size 8 fl oz (236mL)
|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value*
|Total Fat 0g
|Saturated Fat 0g
|Trans Fat 0g
|Cholesterol 0mg
|Sodium 5mg
|Total Carbohydrate 7g
|Dietary Fiber 0g
|Total Sugars 7g
|Includes 0g Added Sugars
|Protein 0g
|Vitamin C 0
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Ingredients: WATER, ORGANIC BLACK TEA KOMBUCHA CULTURE, ORGANIC RASPBERRY PUREE, ORGANIC POMEGRANATE JUICE, ORGANIC LEMON JUICE, ORGANIC GINGER JUICE, ORGANIC CANE SUGAR, ORGANIC MACA, INACTIVATED BACILLUS COAGULANS GBI-306086, PROBIOTIC LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS


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The marine conservation organisation Sea Shepherd has announced that its flagship vessel – the Steve Irwin– is to be recycled.
The vessel conducted nine Antarctic whale defence campaigns in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary – helping to save more than 6,000 whales from the Japanese whaling fleet, according to Sea Shepherd.
TheSteve Irwinalso conducted campaigns protecting pilot whales in the Faeroes, blue fin tuna in the Mediterranean, humpback whales off Australia, protesting oil and gas exploration in the Great Australian Bight, protesting coal shipments through the Great Barrier Reef, stopping illegal Chinese drift-netters in the South Indian Ocean and stopping illegal tooth fish poachers in the Southern Ocean.
Built in 1975, the Steve Irwinwas a Scottish fisheries patrol vessel before being bought and converted by Sea Shepherd.
"It has been my honour to have been the master of this vessel for so many successful high seas campaigns," says Sea Shepherd founder, Captain Paul Watson.
"The lives we have saved and the difference we have made with this vessel has been awesome.
"We worked the ship hard – through horrific storms and crushing ice – and after 11 good years our engineers have determined that the Steve Irwinis no longer safe to take to sea.
"It is not wise to risk the lives of our crew beyond the boundaries of practicality.
"Battle scarred and damaged, regrettably she must be retired – but the memories.
"The campaign victories and lives saved will be the lasting legacy of a ship that was as valiant and courageous as her namesake."
Sea Shepherd had hoped to us the vessel as a maritime museum or a dive site, but the ideas turned out be unviable.
The Steve Irwinwill depart Australia this week for a Hong Kong Convention-approved recycling facility in China.


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While there are many number of people who understand the importance of investment, there are relatively really few, individuals who realize the importance of start investing early. Hardly like the fact, it's indispensable to invest for the future, it is likewise important, to invest at the appropriate time. Time is a deciding factor, when you are set for the investments. The earlier you are ready for the investments, the better it is for you, your life and your family. In order to further elucidate the fact, herein listed are some of the benefits:-
- You are able to take risks- There are some really important thumb rules associated with the investments. The investment tools with the highest return are the ones, which are more volatile. So, there are a relatively less number of investors who invest in these tools. However, if you are the one who has start investing early, you can take the risk of these tools. With the time by your side, you have the opportunity to make riskier moves with ease; compared to if you have invested in later years.
- Compound interest- The best advantage of investing early is related to the benefit of compound interest. But for understanding the benefit of compound interest you will have to understand what exactly the term all about is. The compound interest is the interest which you are able to gain on the interest. When you are continually reinvesting your earning, you are able to increase the return on your investment exponentially. Hence, this reinvestment has a lot of advantages when you pursue the process relatively earlier.
- Good spending habits- Habits improve when you continually focus on them and develop them from the start. The youth years are the first years, when you can actually tame the habit of cutting expenses. So basically you have one goal, in your life. The goal is simply related to earn money by saving it. This habit when made a daily life to life feature will help you all the way to the retirement age.
- Step ahead- When you have started investing better, it is going to be of great importance in your life, especially when you compare the same with your counterpart. So, when you reach the age of retirement or the time when you need money for your child education or marriage you will have sound finances to deal with them. Life is always associated with unpredictability. If anything of the sort happens to you, then you will not have to worry with regards to finances.
- Good quality of life- If you are young as if right now, than by investing early you are basically enhancing your chances of leading a good quality of life, when at later age. That will be the time with more liabilities. It is only with the early investment of young age, that you will be able to enjoy the perks of life later.
So go ahead, find out a suitable plan for you and your family safety and inculcate happiness in your life.


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Most oft-heard refrain since Dipsy left yesterday: "Who will be my friend? No one will be my friend! [Insert sob.]"
Friday, December 31, 2010
December 2010 Tidbits
As Ry mentioned, Tess is very inclusive when it comes to holiday greetings. Periodically she wishes us a "Happy Hanukkah." Convinced she had no idea what she was talking about, Ryan asked Tess, "What is Hanukkah anyway?" Her response, "Dad, it's a CELEBRATION!"
Today we were setting up our nativity scene and Tess was delighted to find the little baby Jesus. She ran over and showed him to baby Drew. "Look, baby brother! It's you!"
Today Tess told me she wanted to wear her tuba so she could do her dancing. Tutu, Tess. Tutu.
Most oft-heard refrain since Dipsy left yesterday: "Who will be my friend? No one will be my friend! [Insert sob.]"
When Tess was playing with Drew today, she told me: "Mom, sometimes I call him Little Peanut. Hi, Little Peanut!" I have no idea how she came up with that nickname. Ryan sometimes calls Drew "Buddy," which makes Tess mad because "his name is Drew, not Buddy." My terms of endearment include "Drewser," "Drew Drop," and "Snoozy Drewzy."
Tess informed us that her Baby Elmo needed some milk from her "breft." Ry & I looked at each other and waited to see what she'd do next. She lifted up her shirt and fed Baby Elmo all through dinner. Kind of sad to report that she's been more successful at breftfeeding than I have.
Tess came up with a new "Baby Jesus" game:
"Mom, I be Baby Jesus in baby brother's swing. You and Drew be the wisemens. You bring me something."
"You mean how the wisemen brought Baby Jesus gifts?"
"Yes. Bring me gifts!"
Today when Tess asked what we are going to do today, I told her we could go to the library. She got very still and started shifting her eyes from one side of the room to the other. When I asked what she was doing she said, "I'm thinking about the library with my eyes." Has it really been that long since we left the house?
After a matter-of-fact anatomy lesson during Drew's diaper change, Tess has made a slight modification to baby brother's nickname "Little Peanut." She also just informed me that Baby Jesus has a penis. Someone help me.
"Mom, what Dad's body look like?"
"Like Baby Brother's. Dad's a boy too."
Tess: "Dad, where we go today?"
Ryan: "Should we go to the North Pole to visit Santa?"
Tess: "No, he live in another building. It's too cold."
"Mom, I call baby brother a different name. I don't like Drew the best. I like Dylan! Let's call him Dylan, OK?"
Tess' eyes got all sparkly when she saw our the first snowflakes of the season coming down outside. "I build a SNOWMAN, Mom!" I explained that we'd have to wait until there was a lot of snow for a snowman. "OK, Mom. I wait outside."
Drew was down for a nap, and Tess & I were getting ready to go play in the snow. When I heard Drew starting to cry, I said with some frustration: "Jeez, Tess, baby brother is crying again!" She replied, "It's OK, Mom. It's OK. Babies are supposed to cry and sleep."
Today Tess got her first taste of Primary when her Nursery class visited singing time.
Tess: "I go to PRIMARY, Mom!"
Me: "Wow! What did you do in Primary?"
Tess: "We sit in chairs!"
Yep--that's about right.
Tess had a crushing realization today: "I no have a chimney for Santa!"
After Tess and I finished eating at a fast food place, I asked her, "Are you ready to go?"
Tess' reply: "I wanna finish my story."
After Tess and I finished our custard at a frozen custard shop, I stood up and asked her, "Are you ready to go home?"
Tess' response: "I wanna talk to you first."
Tess and I were painting when she suddenly exclaimed, "That's HUGE!"
Ryan: "Tessie, what does huge mean?"
Tess' excited answer: "It means 'Oh my gosh!'"
Tess received a new teddy bear for Christmas from Santa. As we drove home tonight, we asked her, "Tess, what is your teddy bear's name?" Tess replied, "Kwanzaa, because he's like a Kwanzaa!"
Tess got a toy laptop for Christmas from Nana and Papa that she calls her "lil puter." She's been telling me: "Mom, check this out! It is SO COOL!" Visions of her teenage years have been flashing in front of me. Today she said, "Baby brother wants to play with my video game."
Today Tess and I were ballet dancing and I started humming. Tess: "What song is that?"
Me: "It's a song from 'The Nutcracker.'"
Tess: "The sweet one?"
Me: "Yes, from 'The Nutcracker Suite.'"
A cute song Tess has been singing: "Mom and Dad and Baby Brother, that's my fam-i-ly! That's my fam-i-ly! That's my fam-i-ly!"
Tess had her second visit to Primary today. Her report: "We sit in other chairs!"
Tess' description of a light-up spinner toy she received for Christmas from Santa: "It's the weird thing I ever seen." (I think she intended to say "weirdest.")
After seeing the booties, stocking cap, and bib made by Maureen for Drew, Tess commented: "Maureen made these. I saw it yesterday on the 'puter. I like these stuff."
The other evening Tess put on Miriam's shoes and started clomping around.
Tess: "These are the shoes that I wear to bed."
Miriam: "I don't think those are your shoes."
Tess: "They fit me fine."
As I put on my winter coat last night, Tess looked at me and asked: "Where're you going, Dad?"
Ryan: "To take out the garbage, Tess."
Tess: "All right. I have to stay here in Virginia."
We've taught Tess that she should say "Excuse me" when she burps at the dinner table, and she's become very consistent in following the practice. At dinner tonight, she looked at me after I hiccuped. "Say 'scuse me, Dad," she said. I replied, "Why? Did you burp?" She responded, "Just you."
I'm wishing Drew didn't find the bath such a [bowel] moving experience.
On Christmas Eve, Nana gave Tess a small sugar angel from our Buche de Noel dessert. Instead of eating it, Tess has been playing with it like a toy doll. Today we were playing dollhouse and Tess brought the angel out for a "visit."
My doll said to Tess' angel: "Oh hi, welcome to our house! Where are you from?"
Tess' angel replied: "I'm from God."
Posted by Ryan at 9:58 PM 0 comments
Friday, December 24, 2010
Signs of the Season
You can tell it's almost Christmas when...
The first snowflakes of the season start to fall;
The house is decorated with snowmen;
You have to watch your back for snowballs;
Tess makes a "gingy" house with Nana & Mom;
All the decorations on the gingy house start to disappear;
Ryan gets to be home with us;
The wisemen bring gifts and roast marshmallows;
Miriam actually makes Drew his own blankie; and
Babies break out their winter boots.
Merry Christmas--it's almost here!
Posted by Ryan at 12:01 PM 5 comments
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
Drew Wishes His Dipsy a Very Happy Birthday
Posted by Ryan at 10:04 PM 2 comments
Three-Year-Old Tess
Tess was very excited about her birthday this year. This is the first year that she really understands what birthdays are all about, and she was ready for a party! Thanks to the big help of family and friends, she had a great birthday, in spite of all the chaos that's been going on here.
Tess' birthday happened also to be the day we had to take Drew to his appointment at National Children's Medical Center. Tess spent the day exhausting (I mean playing with) Nana and Papa. Nana made sure Tess' birthday itinerary was packed full of fun activities, including making Christmas cookies, a snowman craft, and lots and lots of dollhouse playtime.
When we got back, Nana threw a festive birthday party in Tess' honor which included all of the elements Tess believes are requisite for a proper party (balloons, party hats, cake and presents). Nana outdid herself with Tess' favorite dinner (mac & cheese and asparagus) and one heck of a birthday cake!
Tess got some darling clothes and a sweet book from Nana & Papa, and her Calico Critters set from Dipsy & Papa was a big hit. (I've been playing "Kitty Kitchen" nonstop ever since.)
The next day, my friend Natalie let me bring cupcakes to Tess' playschool so she could have a mini-celebration with her friends. They loved their Hello Kitty treats and ran around the living room in circles to burn off all the extra sugar.
While Dipsy was here, she also bought Tess a new bookshelf for her birthday. I LOVE the way the kids' room turned out. Dipsy made the cutest custom curtains for the room--I couldn't imagine them any cuter! She also made matching bedskirts for the crib and bed. I love the fabrics and the way she tied everything together. It's a delightful space to be in.
Tess has been relishing this creative Dipsy idea, too. Dipsy brought Tess her own little Christmas tree with one tiny ornament to open each night before Christmas. Tess is actually excited to get ready for bed when we remind her that she gets to open an ornament.
This, coincidentally, is also the table that I fell off of and sprained my ankle when Drew was a week old. "Mommy jumped and knocked over my Christmas tree." Have I not told that story yet? Probably best that way. It's been a long month.
One more Dipsy project: a stocking for Drew. Luckily I had the foresight to buy an extra stocking and letters when I made these a few years ago...just in case.
Posted by Ryan at 9:06 AM 3 comments
Monday, December 13, 2010
Nearly Three
Tess has one more night of being 2 years old. She's more than ready to turn 3, especially since she figured out how to hold 3 fingers up on one hand. ("Pinkie down, thumb on top!")
Posted by Ryan at 6:26 PM 4 comments
Saturday, December 11, 2010
Two Weeks & Two Days
Posted by Ryan at 8:27 AM 4 comments
Monday, December 6, 2010
Baby Brother
Posted by Ryan at 5:09 PM 12 comments


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Endothelial cell diversity revealed by global expression profiling
Contributed by Patrick O. Brown, July 15, 2003
The vascular system is locally specialized to accommodate widely varying blood flow and pressure and the distinct needs of individual tissues. The endothelial cells (ECs) that line the lumens of blood and lymphatic vessels play an integral role in the regional specialization of vascular structure and physiology. However, our understanding of EC diversity is limited. To explore EC specialization on a global scale, we used DNA microarrays to determine the expression profile of 53 cultured ECs. We found that ECs from different blood vessels and microvascular ECs from different tissues have distinct and characteristic gene expression profiles. Pervasive differences in gene expression patterns distinguish the ECs of large vessels from microvascular ECs. We identified groups of genes characteristic of arterial and venous endothelium. Hey2, the human homologue of the zebrafish gene gridlock, was selectively expressed in arterial ECs and induced the expression of several arterial-specific genes. Several genes critical in the establishment of left/right asymmetry were expressed preferentially in venous ECs, suggesting coordination between vascular differentiation and body plan development. Tissue-specific expression patterns in different tissue microvascular ECs suggest they are distinct differentiated cell types that play roles in the local physiology of their respective organs and tissues.
The vascular system is a complex network of vessels connecting the heart with diverse organs and tissues to maintain their homeostasis in response to physiological and pathological changes. Endothelial cells (ECs) line the inner surface of blood and lymphatic vessels and play important roles in the development and remodeling of vasculature, maintenance of vascular tone, blood fluidity, coagulation, nutrient exchange, and organ development. Given the diversity of the vascular channels and the associated differences in hemodynamics, structure, and embryonic origins, it is not surprising that the ECs lining different vessels exhibit regional specializations in morphology and functions. Systematic identification of the specific molecular features of specialized components of the vascular network will not only enhance our understanding of vascular development, lymphocyte homing, and various disease processes but may also provide the potential for site-specific delivery of therapeutic agents. A variety of approaches have been applied to identify molecular markers for specific vessels or vascular beds, including the Stamper–Woodruff assay, mAbs, phage display, differential display, sage analysis (1), and microarrays (2).
In this article, we used DNA microarrays to explore the diversity of ECs in different types of blood vessels and different anatomic locations, as reflected in the intrinsic global gene expression programs observed in ECs from different body sites cultured under identical conditions. Our analysis shows that ECs from different blood vessels or anatomical sites are indeed distinct differentiated cell types with correspondingly characteristic gene expression programs. The analyses of these differences provide insights into the diversity of vascular beds, their differentiation programs, and distinct adaptations to physiological and pathological changes.
Materials and Methods
Reagents and Cells. Intestinal and nasal polyp ECs were obtained from the University of Oslo (3). Two of the human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) samples were provided by the J. Swain laboratory (Stanford University). All other ECs were from Cambrex, East Rutherford, NJ. The cells were thawed and propagated on plastic flasks in EGM-2MV media (Clonetics, San Diego) containing 5% fetal sera and vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, and antibiotics. After the cells grew to 60–70% confluency, we changed the media 13 h before harvesting the mRNA with FastTrack (Invitrogen). The cells were harvested between the third and fifth passages (10–16 generations in culture). Antibodies against cytokeratins (C-11, Sigma), desmin (Ab-1, NeoMarkers, Fremont, CA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (ab-7, NeoMarkers), vimentin (V9, Sigma), and CD31 (Ab-2, Neomarkers or PharMingen) were obtained from the indicated sources.
Microarray Procedure and Data Analysis. Human DNA microarray production of the Stanford Functional Genomic Facility and hybridization, scanning, and analysis with the Stanford Microarray Database (4) were performed as described (5). For the Hey2 expression study, total RNAs were purified with TRIzol reagents and amplified by using a linear amplification method. Human common RNA reference (Strategene) was used in all experiments as the standard reference. Hierarchical clustering with weighted average linkage clustering (6) was performed as described. To identify genes that showed significant variations in expression between large vessels vs. microvascular ECs and artery vs. vein ECs, a Wilcoxon rank-sum test was performed by using P < 0.005 as a threshold (7). To identify genes with tissue-specific expression, we used multiclass Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) (8) to analyze variations in expression in ECs from different tissues. The tissue-specific gene list was selected to have a false discovery rate of 0.2%, using 100 iterations. For detailed procedures and complete data, see http://microarray-pubs.stanford.edu/endothelial.
Retroviral Vector Production and Infection of HUVECs. The Hey2 cDNA (American Type Culture Collection) was cloned into pMIGR (gift of W. Pear, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia) (9) and used to transfect amphotropic Phoenix cells (gift of Gary Nolan, Stanford University) to generate retrovirus containing either GFP or Hey_GFP to infect HUVECs by spin infection (protocol detailed at www.stanford.edu/group/nolan). The HUVECs were analyzed and collected with a cell sorter 48 h after retroviral infection.
Results and Discussion
Overview of the Gene Expression Patterns. Fifty-two purified EC samples, representing 14 distinct locations, were propagated in identical culture conditions. This sample set included ECs from five different arteries (aorta, coronary artery, pulmonary artery, iliac artery, and umbilical artery), two different veins (umbilical vein and saphenous vein), and seven different tissues (skin, lung, intestine, uterus myometrium, nasal polyps, bladder, and myocardium). All ECs displayed a cobblestone appearance and were free of contamination by spindle-shaped cells. The cell purity was further assayed by flow cytometry or staining with CD31 antibody, desmin, vimentin, cytokeratin, or glial fibrillary acid protein. Samples that exhibited significant non-EC cells contamination were excluded from further analysis.
EC mRNA samples were labeled and hybridized to DNA microarrays, containing 43,000 elements representing 32,275 unique Unigene clusters (Build no. 158, released on January 18, 2003). We analyzed mRNA from 53 different cultured EC samples, including two samples from one coronary artery EC culture that was sampled twice at successive passages (coronary arteries 2a and 2b), totaling 2.4 million gene expression measurements. The first significant result was a striking order and consistency in the expression patterns, reflecting the sites of origins of the cultured ECs. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering (6) of the gene expression patterns from all 53 samples produced a consistent grouping of the cells according to their sites of origin (Fig. 1A). This finding suggests that ECs from different locations have distinct and characteristic expression patterns that persist with in vitro culture. The majority of ECs had expression patterns that clustered into discrete groups of ECs from the same location. Overall, the samples were divided into two major branches. Branch I comprises three subgroups: (i) an artery group consisting of all ECs cultured from arteries, including aorta, coronary artery, pulmonary artery, iliac artery, and umbilical artery; (ii) a vein group, consisting of all ECs cultured from umbilical vein and saphenous vein; and (iii) a group we called tissue type II consisting of ECs cultured from nasal polyps, bladder, and myocardium (Fig. 1 A). Branch II, which we designated as tissue type I (Fig. 1 A), contains all of the microvascular ECs from skin, lung, intestine, and myometrium. The most prominent differences between the two branches are defined by two large groups of genes that we label as the large vessel cluster and microvascular cluster, respectively (Fig. 1B).
Intrinsic Differences in Gene Expression Patterns Between Large Vessel and Microvascular ECs. We used a Wilconxon rank-sum test to identify genes with the most consistent different levels of expression between ECs from large vessels and microvascular ECs (28 large vessel ECs and 25 microvascular ECs) (7). We selected 521 large vessel EC-specific genes and 2,521 microvascular EC-specific genes with P value < 0.005. Although this P value is not corrected for multiple testing, it provides an ordering of genes in terms of their ability to differentiate between large vessel and microvascular ECs. The multiple testing correction was not performed because of heterogeneity in the samples, but the top 235 large vessel and 1,014 microvascular genes display P values < 0.5 even with the conservative Bonferroni correction.
We then performed a hierarchical cluster analysis of all of the EC samples based on expression of these genes in this combined gene list (Fig. 2A). With the exception of two saphenous vein ECs, all of the large vessels ECs were clustered in one branch, separated from all of the microvascular ECs (Fig. 2 A). The distinct gene expression patterns are likely to be related to the characteristic differences in physiological functions of these vascular channels. The differentially expressed genes play diverse roles in endothelial biology, including the biosynthesis of and interaction with extracellular matrix (ECM), neuronal signaling and migration, angiogenesis, and lipid metabolism.
Large vessel ECs differentially express several genes involved in the biosynthesis and remodeling of ECM, such as fibronectin, collagen 5α1, collagen 5α2, and osteonectin (Fig. 2B, gene names shown in blue). These differences are likely to be related, in part, to the relatively thick vascular wall surrounding the endothelium of the large vessels. On the other hand, microvascular ECs express genes encoding basement membrane proteins, such as laminin, collagen 4α1, collagen 4α2, and collagen 4α-binding protein and ECM-interacting proteins, such as CD36, α1 integrin, α4 integrin, α9 integrin, and β4 integrin (Fig. 2B, gene names shown in blue), perhaps related to the intimate association of microvascular ECs with the basement membrane and ECM.
ECs present a physical barrier to both blood-borne pathogens and immune cells, which must transverse the barrier for trafficking between tissues and the bloodstream. It is interesting to note that microvascular ECs express higher levels of transcripts encoding proteins involved in the traffic of circulating blood cells and pathogens (Fig. 2B, gene names shown in blue). For example, CD36 is a cellular receptor for Plasmodium falciparum; CEACAM-1 (CD66a) interacts with the Opa proteins of Neisseria bacteria, and macrophage mannose receptors (CD206) are important for pathogen trapping and lymphocyte recruitment. "Docking" with these microvascular ECs-specific gene products proteins may help both pathogens and immune cells migrate to target tissues. We have confirmed the specific surface expression of mannose receptor and α1 integrin on skin microvascular ECs by flow cytometry (Fig. 2C).
The similarity of the migration paths of blood vessels and nerves has inspired interest in their interactions during development. Our data highlight the divergent ways in which large vessels and microvascular circulation appear designed to communicate with peripheral nerves during development and maturation. Large vessel ECs express many genes associated with neuronal cells, such as robo-1, neuron navigator 1, and neuron navigator 3 (NAV1, NAV3), neuroligin, neurogranin, and neuroregulin and its receptor ErbB (Fig. 2B, gene names shown in orange). Some of these proteins play important roles in neuronal migration during development. For example, robo-1 is a surface receptor for the slit proteins that act as migration signals. This finding suggests the possibility that large vessel ECs may respond to some of the same guidance signals that specify the paths of neural processes through the mesenchymes of different target tissues and organs (10). Recent studies have shown that when peripheral nerves are severed, large vessels still migrate to their target locations while microvascular circulation is greatly affected (11). Our results show that microvascular ECs express receptors for a wide variety of paracrine signals from neuroglial cells, such as growth hormone receptor, endothelin receptor B, glycine receptor, purinergic receptor, glial cell line derived-neurotrophic factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, IL-1 receptor, and IL-6 receptor (Fig. 2B, gene names shown in orange.) Microvascular ECs also express secreted factors that promote the survival and differentiation of neuroglial cells, such as transforming growth factor α, glial maturation factor γ, stromal cell-derived factor 1, and spinal cord-derived growth factor. These proteins, uniquely expressed in small vessel ECs, suggest an intimate functional interaction between microvasculature and peripheral nerves. In view of the importance of Schwann cells in microvasculature development (11), the microvascular EC-specific expression of genes involved in the EC–glia cell interaction (glial cell line derived-neurotrophic factor receptor and glial maturation factor γ) is particular noteworthy.
Large vessel ECs expressed placental growth factor, which is involved in the establishment of collateral circulation, a response to ischemia unique to large vessels (12). They also express vascular endothelial growth factor C, a growth factor essential for the growth and differentiation of lymphatic vessels (13) (Fig. 2B, gene names shown in red). Microvascular networks are the main sites for angiogenesis in adults. Many genes associated with angiogenesis were expressed specifically in microvascular ECs (Fig. 2B, gene names shown in red). Angiopoietin 2, a marker of tumor angiogenesis, modulates the remodeling of vessels during angiogenesis by reverting vessels to a more plastic state that may facilitate the vascular sprouting necessary for subsequent remodeling (14). Lmo2 is a LIM-only transcription factor involved in angiogenesis. Sprouty is a fibroblast growth factor antagonist that participates in regulating the branching pattern of insect tracheal trees (15). Transforming growth factor α induces ephrin-A1 expression that is involved in tumor angiogenesis (16). The expression of both transforming growth factor α and ephrin-A1 in microvascular ECs raises the possibility of autocrine regulation. The higher level of expression of actin binding LIM protein 1, actinin-associated LIM protein, Arg binding protein 2, Slingshot, vav3, myosin IB, myosin 5C, myosin 7A, and myosin light chain kinase in the microvascular ECs may be related to the ability of microvascular ECs to undergo extensive cytoskeletal remodeling and migration during angiogenesis.
The microvascular EC gene clusters included genes related to lipid transport and metabolism, such as ApoD, ApoJ (clusterin), ApoL, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, FABP4, FABP5, and Hyperlip (Fig. 2B, gene names shown in black), consistent with a major role for small vessel ECs in mediating lipid transport and metabolism.
Several genes that have previously been identified as lymphatic markers were present in the microvascular gene cluster, including prox-1, desmoplakin (13), and neuropilin 2, a gene essential for the development of lymphatic vasculature (17). These results suggest that lymphatic ECs (LECs) may have been copurified in the microvascular EC cultures. Delineation of LECs vs. blood ECs (BEC) gene expression has been recently reported (2, 18). There are some discrepancies among these two reports and some proposed differences between LECs vs. BECs appear in the microvascular vs. large vessel ECs gene lists. Importantly, most of the genes that we identified comparing large vessels vs. microvascular ECs were not different between LECs and BECs. Thus, the difference between large vessel and microvascular EC gene expression could not be solely accounted for from LEC contamination in the microvascular EC preparations.
Gene Expression Patterns Difference Between Arterial and Venous ECs. Arteries and veins in the vertebrate circulatory system are functionally defined by the direction of blood flow relative to the heart. Recent evidence indicates that the artery-vein identities of ECs are established before blood circulation begins (19). Several molecular markers specifically expressed in arteries or veins have been identified in model organisms (19). In the unsupervised clustering analysis, all of the arterial and venous ECs were separated into two different branches (arterial branch and venous branch in Fig. 1 A), reflecting extensive differences in their expression patterns. Because the microvascular ECs could contain different ECs from a complex mixture of vessels of different kinds, such as small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules or lymphatic vessels, they were excluded from analysis. We used a rank-sum test to identify genes with the largest, consistent differences in expression between two groups of samples: 8 venous ECs (6 umbilical veins and 2 sapheonous veins) and 20 arterial ECs (3 aortas, 2 pulmonary arteries, 5 coronary arteries, 5 umbilical arteries, and 5 iliac arteries). We selected 817 vein-specific genes and 59 artery-specific genes (Fig. 3A) with P values < 0.005. The multiple testing correction was not performed because of heterogeneity in the samples, but the top 7 arterial and 65 venous genes display P values < 0.5 even with the conservative Bonferroni correction.
The higher number of vein-specific genes compared with artery-specific genes may reflect the relatively low diversity of vein samples (2 types, 8 samples) compared with artery samples (5 types, 20 samples). EphB4, as previously reported, was among the venous EC-specific genes (Fig. 3A). Genes involved in determining left/right (L-R) asymmetry of the body plan, including smoothened, growth differentiation factor 1, lefty-1, and lefty-2 were particularly noteworthy members of the venous-specific group. During development, right-sided looping of the developing cardiac tube is the first sign of the L-R asymmetry, and the L-R determination is intimately connected to the development of the heart and vasculature. Defects in L-R asymmetry, such as situs inversus, are characteristically associated with vascular anomalies. Disruption of lefty-1 in mice leads to malpositioning of venous vessels and anomalies in the heart and its connection with major vessels (20). Lefty-1 is an antagonist of Nodal through the activin-like receptor. Mutations in activin receptor-like kinase-1 result in persistent arterial-venous shunts and early loss of anatomical, molecular, and functional distinctions between arteries and veins (21). The persistent expression of these genes in venous ECs suggests a molecular connection between L-R determination and the distinct differentiation programs of arterial and venous ECs.
The arterial EC-specific gene cluster includes cell surface proteins (Notch 4, EVA1, CD44, Ephrin-B1, and integral membrane protein 2A), metabolic enzymes (aldehyde dehydrogenase A1 and endothelial lipase), C17, keratin 7, and a transcription factor termed Hairy/Enhancer of split-related basic helix–loop–helix protein 2 (Hey2). We have confirmed the arterial-specific expression of Hey2 and C17 transcript with real-time PCR and CD44 surface expression with flow cytometry (Figs. 5 and 6, which are published as supporting information on the PNAS web site, www.pnas.org). Several of these genes have already been implicated in vascular development. The Notch family of receptors and ligand Delta-like 4 show arterial expression in zebrafish/mouse and are essential for arterial cell fate determination (22). Hey2, a member of the Hairy-related transcription factor family of transcription factors, is induced by Notch signaling (23). The zebrafish homolog of Hey2 is the gene targeted by the gridlock (grl) mutation (24), which leads to a localized defect in vascular patterning of dorsal aorta, consistent with specific expression of grl in dorsal aorta. The apparently conserved expression pattern of the Notch pathway (Notch 4 and Hey2) in human arterial ECs highlights the potential importance of this pathway in human arterial EC differentiation.
Hey2 Activates Expression of Arterial-Specific Genes. To further examine the possible role of Hey2 in EC differentiation, we tested whether Hey2 expression would be sufficient to confer features of arterial EC gene expression on vein-derived ECs. We infected HUVECs with a retroviral vector carrying the Hey2 gene, along with a GFP marker, or with a control vector expressing GFP alone, and selected the infected ECs by positive GFP expression by using flow cytometry. Typically, 40–60% of the infected HUVECs exhibited elevated levels of GFP (Fig. 3B). RNA isolated from these GFP-positive cells was labeled with either Cy3 (GFP only) or Cy5 (Hey2_GFP) and the global expression profiles were analyzed by comparative hybridization to DNA microarrays (Fig. 3B). Forty-nine genes were found to be consistently affected by Hey2 expression in three independent experiments (Fig. 3C). The Hey2 transcript was consistently elevated in the Hey2-transduced cells, serving as positive control for the retroviral transduction. Hey2 transduction leads to elevated expression of follistatin, an antagonist of activin, and several artery-specific genes identified in our previous analysis (Fig. 3A), including ADHA1, EVA1, and keratin 7 (gene names in red in Fig. 3C), and down-regulation of myosin I (colored in blue in Fig. 3C). These results suggest a pathway of arterial EC differentiation in which Hey2 turns on features of artery-specific gene expression program. Hey2 induction of follistatin may also contribute to arterial differentiation by antagonizing transforming growth factor β family members (such as GDF, lefty-1, and lefty-2) expressed by veinous ECs.
Genes Differentially Expressed in ECs from Different Tissues. Previous studies with phage display have revealed molecular heterogeneity in the vascular beds in different organs/tissues (25), but little is known about the detailed origins of this heterogeneity. ECs are also implicated in the development of pancreas (26) and liver (27), suggesting their ability to deliver specific paracrine inductive signals during development. Our survey of different fibroblasts from diverse anatomical sites revealed intrinsic differences in gene expression programs, related to the anatomic site of origin (10). We were therefore interested in exploring the possibility that there might be similar consistent differences among ECs derived from different organs and tissues. We used a permutation-based technique termed Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) (8) to systematically identify genes whose expression in cultured ECs varied according to the tissues of origin. SAM was used for multiclass classification because rank-sum test is not able to perform mutliclass classification. The analysis identified >2,000 such genes, with an estimated false discovery rate <0.2% (Fig. 4A). Some of the identified genes varied in expression among ECs from different groups of tissues, such as the tissue type I and II branches in Fig. 1 A, and some were highly specific to ECs from a single tissue. Groups of genes specifically expressed in one or two of the tissues we examined are marked and expanded in Fig. 4B.
Nasal polyp ECs expressed SIX3, a homeodomain protein with forebrain-specific expression (28) (Fig. 4B). The specific expression of SIX3 in ECs from the nasal cavity suggests that developmentally patterned transcriptional programs in ECs may preserve the positional information consistent with their sites of origins even after transfer to tissue culture. Diverse tissue-specific genes point to different physiological properties of ECs from each site. The skin ECs expressed basic fibroblast growth factor and a set of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, including squalene epoxidase (SOLE), 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), fatty acid desaturase (FADS2), and 3-hydroxy-3-metheylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1). The intestinal ECs express biotinidase, which is involved in biotin recycling. The lung ECs specifically expressed phospholipase A2 group XII, an enzyme involved in surfactant secretion, and the developmental regulators, secreted frizzled related protein 1 (sFRP1), and osteoglycin. Myometrium ECs specifically expressed the calcitonin receptor and gallanin. Calcitonin is important for the implantation of embryos (29), and gallanin is a peptide hormone that stimulates the contraction of the uterus myometrium (30). Their specific expression in myometrium EC may point to active roles played by ECs in the function and physiology of the uterus. Together, these results show that ECs from different tissues are distinct differentiated cell types, with specialized roles in the functions and physiology of the respective tissues/organs from which they were derived. It will be an important challenge to trace the steps by which angioblasts adopt a distinct differentiated fate in each different tissue or organ during development and tissue repair.
There is no doubt that our vascular system is extremely diverse in structure, architecture, and physiology. The branching architectures, histological structures, and hemodynamic characteristics are clearly specified and regulated in great detail and with exquisite anatomical specificity, during development and in physiological adaptation. Recent studies have provided evidence that the "stromal cells" that make up the infrastructure of our bodies may be more diverse and specialized than previously apparent (10). We investigated the possibility that ECs might comprise a diversity of specialized differentiated cell types and that understanding the nature and the basis of this diversity might provide new insights into vascular physiology, organogenesis, and vascular diseases. Our studies provide strong evidence that ECs actually comprise many distinct differentiated cell types, with distinct, intrinsic gene expression programs, that persist for many generations in cell culture. It is important to note that, although the gene expression patterns we saw in cultured cells clearly reveal the molecular heterogeneity of these cells, their correspondence with the gene expression programs in their in vivo counterparts remains to be defined. Our results do suggest at least three broad themes in the specialization of ECs. First, ECs from large vessels share many differences from microvascular ECs in global gene expression patterns. Some of these differences may be related to differences in the mechanical and structural characteristics that accompany differences in vessel calibers, others may be related to different physiological roles in coagulation and hemodynamics. An understanding of the basis of the differences and their implications will require much more investigation. Second, ECs from arteries and veins appear to share many distinct differences in their expression programs. The persistence of molecular distinction between arterial and venous ECs in culture is consistent with the accumulating evidences that their identities are established before patent vessel formation and independent of environmental differences. Interestingly, some of these differences suggest an evolutionarily conserved early developmental divergence, in which the Notch signaling pathway and Hey2 transcription factor appear to have a role. Third, we find extensive specialization of ECs related to anatomical locations. The differences in expression strongly suggest the possibility that there will be important differences in their physiology and developmental responses in those locations, their behavior in disease processes, and their responses to drugs.
This diversity of differentiated cell types, and their retention of distinct differentiated gene expression programs in homogenous cell culture, has implications for the design of research studies using isolated ECs, and for tissue engineering using cultured ECs, and surgical treatments that rely on autologous vessel grafts. The differences in gene expression programs strongly suggest that ECs from different sites will have corresponding differences in their developmental potential, their response to experimental manipulation, and their interactions with other cells. Therefore, the precise identity of ECs should be carefully considered in future research and therapeutic applications involving manipulations of ECs or vascular structures.
Our studies have also offered insight into the EC's role in different disease processes affecting vascular systems. It has long been recognized that diseases that affect vascular structures do not do so uniformly. We are used to thinking that these differences are largely caused by differences extrinsic to the ECs (such as local inflammatory responses and hemodynamic differences in the corresponding vessels), which differentially affect what would otherwise be a relatively homogenous cell type. Our studies have clearly shown that ECs from different blood vessels have distinct expression profiles and these differences might account for the selective involvement in different disease processes. For example, the preferentially arterial involvement of atherosclerosis is usually attributed to the hemodynamic characteristics of arteries. We have found that artery ECs have higher levels of CD44 and endothelial lipase (Fig. 3A). Disruption of CD44 in mice results in a dramatic decrease in atherosclerosis (31). Elevated level of endothelial lipase is associated with reduced high-density lipoprotein and increased atherosclerosis (32). Therefore, the higher level of CD44 and endothelial lipase of artery ECs may underlie the preferential arterial involvement of atherosclerosis.
The diversity and regional specificity in gene expression programs in ECs provides insight into the well-recognized regional variations in physiological properties and pathological processes that affect the vascular system. It will be important now to extend these studies to define the full range of diversity of ECs and other cells found in the vascular system and to dissect the regulatory mechanisms that lead to the diversification and specialization of these cells during development. It is also imperative to investigate the changes in gene expression of ECs undergoing physiological (wound healing, menstrual cycles) and pathological (cancer angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, arteryvein fistula) adaptations to analyze their roles in these processes and explore the potentials for therapeutic interventions.
We thank members of the Brown and Botstein laboratories and staff at the Stanford Microarray Database for their support and comments on the manuscript. We are indebted to Mike Fero and the staff at the Stanford Functional Genomic Facility for their support. We are also grateful to the Hutchison Foundation and Cambrex Corporation. This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and a grant from the National Cancer Institute (to P.O.B.). P.O.B. is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
↵‡‡ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: pbrown{at}pmgm2.stanford.edu.
Abbreviations: EC, endothelial cell; HUVEC, human umbilical vein EC; LEC, lymphatic EC; ECM, extracellular matrix; L-R, left/right.
- Copyright © 2003, The National Academy of Sciences
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St Croix, B., Rago, C., Velculescu, V., Traverso, G., Romans, K. E., Montgomery, E., Lal, A., Riggins, G. J., Lengauer, C., Vogelstein, B. & Kinzler, K. W. (2000) Science 289, 1197–1202.pmid:10947988
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Sherlock, G., Hernandez-Boussard, T., Kasarskis, A., Binkley, G., Matese, J. C., Dwight, S. S., Kaloper, M., Weng, S., Jin, H., Ball, C. A., et al. (2001) Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 152–155.pmid:11125075
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Eisen, M. B., Spellman, P. T., Brown, P. O. & Botstein, D. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14863–14868.pmid:9843981
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Troyanskaya, O. G., Garber, M. E., Brown, P. O., Botstein, D. & Altman, R. B. (2002) Bioinformatics 18, 1454–1461.pmid:12424116
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Tusher, V. G., Tibshirani, R. & Chu, G. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5116–5121.pmid:11309499
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Pear, W. S., Miller, J. P., Xu, L., Pui, J. C., Soffer, B., Quackenbush, R. C., Pendergast, A. M., Bronson, R., Aster, J. C., Scott, M. L. & Baltimore, D. (1998) Blood 92, 3780–3792.pmid:9808572
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Chang, H. Y., Chi, J. T., Dudoit, S., Bondre, C., van de Rijn, M., Botstein, D. & Brown, P. O. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12877–12882.pmid:12297622
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Oliver, G. & Detmar, M. (2002) Genes Dev. 16, 773–783.pmid:11937485
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Lawson, N. D., Scheer, N., Pham, V. N., Kim, C. H., Chitnis, A. B., Campos-Ortega, J. A. & Weinstein, B. M. (2001) Development (Cambridge, U.K.) 128, 3675–3683.
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Nakagawa, O., McFadden, D. G., Nakagawa, M., Yanagisawa, H., Hu, T., Srivastava, D. & Olson, E. N. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 13655–13660.pmid:11095750
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Zhong, T. P., Rosenberg, M., Mohideen, M. A., Weinstein, B. & Fishman, M. C. (2000) Science 287, 1820–1824.pmid:10710309
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Choi, S. Y., Hirata, K., Ishida, T., Quertermous, T. & Cooper, A. D. (2002) J. Lipid Res. 43, 1763–1769.pmid:12401876


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Our very own Ronald Kaminski, CEO and Donald Kleyweg Jr, Sr. Vice President/Director of Engineering attended the 21st Annual Centuri Customer Advisory Board Meeting held on April 4-5th in Scottsdale, AZ. The first day focused on different business session including: Safety and Quality, Capital Delivery Strategies, and Strategic Relationships.
On April 5th, Mr. Kaminski participating in a executive panel with the theme of "Thriving in a disruptive new world."


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Ok, we are back with an excellent guide on how to install SSIPTV on your smart TV.
This app works for Samsung, LG, Phillips and Sony Smart TV and the advantage is that it is totally free. So it's a great alternative to the paid IPTV Smart app if you're using a Samsung that unfortunately does not have it yet. Smart IPTV in the App Store.
Installing SSIPTV on your Smart TV
Ok, let's see what to do. The first thing to do is go to your Smart TV application store and search for SS IPTV. You should see the app icon. Just click on it to download and install the application.
Once you have installed the app, open it and you will get terms and conditions, so click accept unless you want to read it? Well yes we did not think either
Once you have accepted, you will see an image like this below, just click on jump in the upper right corner of the screen.
You will now be redirected to the main screen of SSIPTV, so you will now want to click on the cog icon in the small list of icons at the top right of the screen, like the third icon of.
Once you are in the settings, you can choose an interface language if English is not your native language, then go left and choose Content.
Adding the URL M3U to SS IPTV
Now, what you will need to do now is to make sure you have a subscription from us that will give you an M3U URL to use for that part. You can buy an IPTV subscription here from us or you can have an M3U URL from another provider that you can use.
So once you have an M3U URL, you will have to click on the button at the bottom that says Add.
You will then see a new message indicating that Playlist 1 is correct, simply go to Playlist 1 and click on it to display a keyboard on the screen. It is here that the 5 minutes of fun begin to enter the M3U lonnnnnng.
Quick Tip on IPTV:
Fortunately, we have a good easy way to enter it if you go to http://tinyurl.com and enter the code in the box below where it says Enter a long URL to create a small: then click on the button Create TinyURL! the link will be shortened so that it is much faster and easier to capture on the TV using the smart TV pop-up keyboard
Here are 2 images below to show you what we mean
So once you have typed the shortened URL into the TV, you will get an image like the one below
Then, on the on-screen keyboard, you will see an entry key, just click on it to save the URL and remove the onscreen keyboard.
Then, at the top of the screen, save and click on it to save the settings.
Once you have backed up, you may want to change the playlist name Playlist_1 and rename it as desired. Strong IPTV, if you wish. But this step is not necessary, you can keep it if you want it named Playlist_1.
Just click on the small icon of the back button at the top of the screen to return to the SSIPTV home screen.
You will now see something called Open TV that you can completely ignore, but you will see the new IPTV profile you just added, so you'll want to click on it.
You will now want to wait about 30 seconds to let the playlist load for the first time, after which you will see all categories.
Changing the settings of the SS IPTV application
Ok, there are a few things you may want to change for the app, such as when changing channels, you may be used to pressing the up and down keys to move up or down a channel . If this is the case, you will need To activate it, you can access the settings menu again by clicking on the gear icon again.
Now go to Misc and just below where it says Special navigation mode in the player, check the box to use the up / down keys to move to previous / next.
If you do not want to use the up and down buttons to change channels, you can leave it unchecked and simply use the channel up / down button on the remote control, it suits you perfectly.
Now, once checked, you can press back and set parental control, etc. if you need it. Once you're done, tap again to view all


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What Sets Us Apart
The Poole & Willis Orthodontics Philosophy
When it comes to creating optimal oral health, straight teeth, and beautiful smiles, we have a proven approach: develop custom treatment plans based on the patient's unique needs, using state-of-the-art technology and processes, and involve the patient in the treatment journey.
Dr. Morris L. Poole, Dr. Morris N. Poole, Dr. Craig L. Willis, and our team are experienced professionals, but we never forget the all-essential human connection we develop with our patients. Over the course of orthodontic treatment, we get to know our patients as individuals, and come to see them as friends. As a result, we look forward to their visits and hearing the latest news about their families, adventures, and hobbies. It's a pleasure to create amazing smiles for people we care about!
Our Office Environment
We have worked hard to create and maintain a practice that is filled with positive, happy energy. When you arrive, not only will you be greeted with warm smiles from our front office staff, but you'll see smiles on the faces of our other patients, too. Our team members are all friendly and approachable, and we enjoy spending our days helping great people achieve healthy, incredible smiles.
We believe in the highest levels of customer service: we are here to serve you and make your orthodontic treatment an experience you love. Each of us is here for you, whatever you need. Whether you have questions about treatment, need to clarify a billing or insurance issue, or have a concern that you'd like addressed, we'd like to help. Just let us know!
Our Promises to You
At Poole & Willis Orthodontics, we believe in transparency: you need to know you can trust us to deliver the highest quality of care in the safest, most welcoming environment. We promise always to:
- Treat you with respect and compassion
- Offer treatment recommendations that are right for your specific situation
- Educate you about orthodontics and your oral health, so you can be a knowledgeable advocate for your care
- Update you at each visit on the progress we're making in creating your new smile
- Answer your questions in a direct, easy-to-understand manner
- Encourage you to be an active participate in your orthodontic journey
Schedule a Complimentary Consultation
Before starting orthodontics, it's important you understand how treatment works, your care options, and your responsibilities. We invite you to schedule a complimentary consultation for yourself or a loved one at one of our three locations: in Logan and Providence, UT, and Preston, ID. Come in, receive a complimentary initial exam, and learn how we can create a great smile for you!
Everyone at Poole & Willis Orthodontics looks forward to meeting you and starting you on the path to years of healthy, confident smiles!


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As opposed to developed nations like the US, the Jamaica budget 2011-12 focuses on creating the perfect balance between available resources and economic necessities. The government has been successful in bringing down its investment rates to their lowest in the last 40 years and the 2011-12 budget will aim to continue the positive trend.
Highlights of Jamaica Budget 2011-12:
The major area of importance for the 2011-12 budget is to improve the financial set-ups of the national government.
The 2011-12 Jamaica budget has allocated 3.5 billion dollars for reduction of the gas tax.
For 2011-12 Jamaica s budget accounts for 43 percent of the GDP, compared to 56 percent in 2007 fiscal.
In 2011-12 the Jamaican government aims at borrow no more than 39 percent of the available banking credits, which is a significant reduction compared to 64% of the 2006-07 fiscal.
Jamaica Budget 2011-12 : Goals:
The Jamaica budget 2011-12 has been planned with several goals:
The budget will look to eliminate fiscal shortfalls and generate the surplus that will safeguard Jamaica against natural disasters and further financial crises.
Reduce governmental debt for allocating more resources for investment, jobs and business.
Reduction of debt servicing costs and ratio of debt to GDP so that sectors such as education, health, justice and security, and infrastructure can be allotted more money.
Improving the tax structure to make sure that it is more equitable and helps with the increase of jobs and opportunities for business and investment.
To make sure that the bureaucracy is better organized, provides improved service, and focuses more on the jobs and business sector.
To make the government more accountable and transparent so that the taxpayers have a good idea of its operations and financial management.
To make Jamaica competitive from a global perspective focus will be on areas where more investment and jobs can be created.
Expectations from Jamaica Budget 2011-12:
One of the major challenges for Jamaican economy is creating ideal conditions for economic growth and continued investment as only then the national government will be able to properly deal with the requirements of the economically backward section of the population.
This has even led to several leading financial organizations closing their operations the business sector of Jamaica has been affected as well and investment sentiment has become negative. It is expected that the 2011-12 Jamaica budget will deal with these issues adequately.
According to the former Jamaican President, Bruce Golding, the government has never accepted its responsibility and has continued to borrow to cover the deficit. At present the Jamaican government spends approximately 48.34% of its expenditure in debt repayment and servicing.
In the previous fiscal the inflation was 7.8 percent and for the last 6 months the annualized rate of inflation was 6.2%. Through the 2011-12 budget the government will look to maintain such lower rates of inflation as well as the present levels of foreign reserves and exchange rate.
The basic aim of the Jamaica government in 2012 is to create the ideal environment for both major and small investors in critical sectors such as:


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I used a very sharp Stanley #4 bench plane to smooth out the joints after the glue dried. It was much faster than sanding. Careful of the direction, it's easy to blow out MDF. If you en up splitting any edges (as I did) you can just glue them down again using titebond. Fill any remaining gaps with bondo, sand and paint... you should not see any seams after that.
No announcement yet.
The Quarks - M.O.S.D. Computer Speaker
new posts
Okay seems like years since I started these but I guess given the start date of this discussion the most it could be is a year and a half. I've built maybe a dozen pairs of speakers, more interested in following plans than designing; it's led me into woodworking which is a better fit for for me. Anyway these were meant to be a two birds solution, new desktop speakers, and a way to practice gluing up boards, planing, and cutting dovetails. I had some nicely beat up white and red oak from pallets I wanted to use, cut offs from a larger project. I did most of the work when I got the kit but was disappointed by my many mistakes, so I put them away for a week, which turned into a year and some months. I'll see if I can do some glamour shots.
- 1 like
I have a couple questions. Tucked inside the back vents was a length of sticky foam. Was this intended to seal the back? Or make a seal around the bigger driver? Anyone skip using it? As I type this they sound pretty good.
Also, is there meant to be any stuffing in the box? If so, a measurable amount, or just a handful?
And, I have a flat-pack left over I don't need. (Assuming I can find it.) Happy to send it off to whoever for the price of shipping it. I don't think that will be very necessary for anyone as I think all the kits come with the packs, don't they?
Very nice bscalled those turned out great, and well worth the time invested. Listening to a pair at my office desk as a type this. FYI, wouldn't have even guessed pallet leftovers if you hadn't said anything.Paul
The "SB's" build page
Seasoned Veteran
- Nov 2012
- 3094
I had some nicely beat up white and red oak from pallets I wanted to use, cut offs from a larger project.
Don't you just love the wood you can reclaim from pallets. In the 90's, I had access to a full wood shop (planar, jointer cabinet saw), and was able to reclaim red oak from several pallets. I made a scale bridge and 36 count trestle set for the kids G-scale trains running around the tree at Christmas time.
Thanks guys, and Jeff F; I thought I'd read that somewhere once but I overlooked it recently; read the first few posts over then skipped to the end. I also appreciated ScenesFromAHat drawing out the crossover, which I used to check mine.
I guess the tape was something I put in the box myself, I don't know. I just discovered a box with an Overnight Sensation kit in it, which I just barely started then forgot all about. I think I was going to build both small speakers, compare them, and give one pair away. Yikes. It's been an eventful few years and that's the excuse I'm sticking with.
To those who have built a Quark, would you be able to weigh one?
I'd like to put a captured nut on the back to mount them on the lightweight Monoprice stands. The stands have a 5lb capacity, so I thought it would be good to ask before going further.
Dual monitors these days leave so little desktop real estate...nothing can stop me now
I think you would be fine, they are close to the same weight as my laptop, that I know is 3-pounds, so they are probably 4-5 pounds.Paul
The "SB's" build page
Hi, I am hoping this thread is alive. My first post, my first build (proposed). Since the F83's are not available, I purchased these woofers PE part# 299-422. I have included the T/S parameters for both the Buyout woofer and the F83 as published. Note: I tried to attach a normal word document with docx extension and would not accept. May be I need to read the forum rules for attachments.
I am hoping the woofer can be used as a replacement, with just some minor tuning & crossover work. Your answers and comments are greatly appreciated. Thank you for the help.
Buy out Product Specifications
- Nominal Diameter3"
- Power Handling (RMS)20 Watts
- Power Handling (max)40 Watts
- Impedance 8 ohms
- Frequency Response80 to 13,000 Hz
- Sensitivity84.1 dB 2.83V/1m
- Voice Coil Diameter0.8"
- Magnet Weight8 oz.
- Cone MaterialCoated Paper
- Surround MaterialRubber
- Voice Coil Wire MaterialCopper
- Voice Coil FormerAluminum
- Basket / Frame MaterialSteel
- Magnet MaterialFerrite
- Overall Outside Diameter3.63"
- Baffle Cutout Diameter2.76"
- Depth1.76"
- Bolt Circle Diameter3.27"
- # Mounting Holes4
Fountek 83 Product Specifications
- Nominal Diameter3"
- Power Handling (RMS)12 Watts
- Impedance8 ohms
- Frequency Response100 to 25,000 Hz
- Sensitivity85.7 dB 1W/1m
- Voice Coil Diameter0.78"
- Cone MaterialAluminum
- Surround MaterialRubber
- Voice Coil Wire MaterialCCA
- Voice Coil FormerAluminum
- Basket / Frame MaterialSteel
- Magnet MaterialFerrite
- Overall Outside Diameter3.55"
- Baffle Cutout Diameter2.75"
- Depth1.7"
- Bolt Circle Diameter3.25"
- # Mounting Holes4
JB thinks the FE-85 could be substituted. Why not try that?
Thanks for replying Chris. I have already bought the woofers and tweeters, so I am looking for peoples knowledge on whether these components could be used in the Quarks build. I do not have the capability to measure these woofers at the present time. I may have to resort to a build and see effort, but I would like to get some comments from some of the builders here before starting to build.
Funny, I didn't realize it but I've got a pair of those on the bench (apparently they're Dayton DS90-8s). They'll PROBably work OK as a 3" woofer in that box. Same vent. I'll look at the XO later (today maybe). I wouldn't call them the "Quarks" though, maybe the "Charms". (Hope JB doesn't mind).
Anyone got a schematic or XO description?Last edited by Chris Roemer; 08-04-2017, 09:16 PM.
Originally posted by Chris Roemer View PostFunny, I didn't realize it but I've got a pair of those on the bench (apparently they're Dayton DS90-8s). They'll PROBably work OK as a 3" woofer in that box. Same vent. I'll look at the XO later (today maybe). I wouldn't call them the "Quarks" though, maybe the "Charms". (Hope JB doesn't mind).
Anyone got a schematic or XO description?


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how to make a pillowcase dress tutorial,Cornhole is a lawn game performed with beanbags and wood planks. The goal is to throw the luggage into a ditch on the planks; this produces 3 points. Obtaining the bag on the plank is certainly worthy of 1 stage. Custom Pillow Covers
red pillowcase kmart,Place your creativeness to great make use of and make your cornhole set friendly to the eye with a DIY paint job. As a bonus, piece of art your place also shields the wood. Adhere to the instructions below to get started.
Black Vertical Striped Pillow Case
One of the most fulfilling parts of creating your very own cornhole sets can be the design. You've currently place in a lot of time and function to make the set; right now you want to make sure it appears great so you can display it off to your friends. Before you obtain prepared to prime and paint it, you must perform some prepare function. pillowcase bandits florida.
Since the boards are produced out of plywood, we require to get a great bottom for our paint. The first stage in the procedure is place primer on everything. I utilized a Rustoleum primer that stays to anything. This is usually essential to give your paint a solid surface to stay to. This procedure should end up being a extremely quick part, since you no longer possess to be concerned about making it appear perfect. silk pillowcase for skin amazon.
One caution can be that primer is usually almost difficult to get off of anything (including yourself). I utilized a super cheap sponge clean to apply the primer so I could just throw it in the trash afterwards. Perform NOT use a quality brush, as it will be ruined once this process is usually completed. This part won't require to appear great; simply make sure all the wooden is definitely covered.
Grey jersey pillowcase,The greatest part of the procedure can be getting to style and paint your board however you need. There actually are no limits. You can end up being as creative or simple as you wish. Slight caution: Even more creative styles take more period and more endurance, but are well worthy of it in the end. If you need straight, sharp lines on your boards, after that artists tape is normally important. I always make use of Frog Record; I think it is usually by far the best artists record around. You can measure out your styles, tag with a pen, and lay your video tape down.
I chose a variety of lines on my boards, pretty simple. This process was a little bit even more period consuming simply because I selected to make use of 4 different colours. This means you have got to apply multiple layers and continue allowing them dried out before you can move on to the following color. Also, even more colours means even more money (price). So consider that before you lay down out your style. You shouldn't need even more than a quart of any color of paint, so don't waste materials money buying color by the gallon.
There are a few essential problems to address when beginning the painting process.


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I trained in Textile Design at Brighton and the RCA specialising in Woven Textiles, and have worked as a designer, freelancer and teacher. Inspired by my love of nature, flowers, birds and my surroundings I create colourful mixed media artwork combining paper collage with paint, ink and fabric. My work is creative and expressive, and I use a variety of materials and tools to explore texture, pattern and colour. I also make felt from Merino wool fibres combined with embroidery and applique to make original gifts and decorations and run small inspiring workshops in my rural studio near Odiham.
Commissions welcome, artwork for sale
Parking available, disabled access, dogs welcome
Visitors welcome by appointment
The Garage Studio
The Stables
Park Corner Farm
tel: 01252 851254
mobile: 07771 780874
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
web: www.pennyfleet.co.uk


text:
23rd July 2007
Re: Pics
Hello! I am bored tonight. I am nice girl that would like to chat with you. Email me at firstname.lastname@example.com only, because I am writing not from my personal email. To see my pics
This entry was posted on Monday, July 23rd, 2007 at 7:50 am and is filed under PPC.
You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.


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How to Repair Chairs That Have Spindles
Chairs with spindles can be problematic over time. Wood contracts and expands as weather fluctuates. Glue joints loosen, and dowels and tenons that hold spindles in place become movable. They won't come out, but they revolve, squeak and allow the chair to sag or feel like it will collapse. You can't take the chair apart to fix it, but you can reinforce the joints with small dowels to stop them from moving.
Insert a 1/4-inch drill bit into a drill/driver. Hold the tip of the bit at a 30-degree angle at the point where the spindle penetrates into an adjoining piece of wood.
Drill into the joint, maintaining the 30-degree angle. Drill through the penetrating end of the spindle and into the adjoining piece of wood by at least 1/2 inch. Do all of the spindles on the top and bottom of the chair.
Inject glue into the holes using the tip of the glue bottle.
Tap 1/4-by-1 1/2-inch dowels into the holes using a hammer. Wait overnight for the glue to dry.
Trim the ends of the dowels off flush using a coping saw. Smooth the ends of the dowels off using a small file.
Color the ends of the dowels with a stain marker to match the existing stain on the chair.
Things Needed
- 1/4-inch drill bit
- Drill/driver
- Glue
- Dowels, 1/4-by-1 1/2-inch
- Hammer
- Coping saw
- File
- Stain marker
- Wear safety glasses when working with wood.
- If you have spindles larger than about 2 inches in diameter, you can use two or more dowels. You can also dowel the joints in the structural part of the chair, such as legs, braces and stretchers. It's not always possible, but if you can get clamps on the chair it will help to bond the spindles even better.
Photo Credits
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images