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Cell mechanics ? from single molecules toward filopodia
By Thomas Bornschlögl (Institut Curie), Candidat poste MdC
February 17, 2014 at 11:00AM - Salle de réunion du LJP (5-31)
I study how mechanical forces define and alter cellular behavior from a single molecule level to the more complex level of cellular sub-structures. One specific protein structure called coiled coil is often found at cellular locations that are exposed to mechanical forces as for example in intermediate filaments or in molecular motors. Quantifying the folding mechanics and the thermodynamic properties of this protein structure using single molecule force spectroscopy shows that it does not unwind due to physiologically occurring forces in the molecular motor kinesin. A thermodynamic equilibrium model that we developed allows now designing artificial coiled-coils with a desired stability profile, which could be used as non-toxic fluorescent force sensors in vitro.
Hair-like cellular substructures called filopodia are known to exert forces to the cells' surroundings. These structures serve the cell as sensory antennae, probing the mechanical and chemical properties of distant objects. This function can be hijacked by pathogens such as bacteria, to approach the host cell. We could show that the bacterium Shigella, but more generally contact with a passive bead can induce filopodial retraction simply via binding to its tip. Quantifying filopodial mechanics shows that the pulling force exerted by filopodia results predominantly from the retrograde flow in the cell cortex and is limited by few molecular links at the tip. I found first evidence that filopodial tips could serve as mechanosensors for the cell, allowing e.g. to sense the rigidity of the cellular environment. My experiments show that filopodia are a perfect model system to better understand how external mechanical signals are translated into cell internal biochemical signaling pathways.


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When you talk of the social media sites, your mind will go to Facebook. It is the most prominent media sites. If you have Facebook likes and followers, you can always make money and watch fights through Facebook. Some of your friends may decide to show the fight live and you can watch it live. It does not demand payment if you watch through your friends. This way you can easily watch UFC 252 From Facebook.
Unfortunately, you won't be able to watch UFC 252 in the BT Sport. Perhaps you haven't known this yet; the BT spokesperson confirmed that BT company would end the relationship with the UFC on December 3rd. That means BT Sports will no longer broadcast the UFC events on the channel. The UFC 252 event happens on Saturday, 15 August, 2020. But you can still purchase the PPV through the service.

subset: commoncrawl


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Overlap bench by Skagerak with rustic planks are sturdy and only get more beautiful with added patina. The painted steel frame strikes a dynamic contrast to the untreated wooden planks.
200x36x43 cm.
Western red cedar and steel
Estimated delivery 25-30 days
Info brand Skagerak, Designer TAF architects - M. Stahlbom


text: Our American Value Beefhide Knotted Bones and Chews have been designed for our cost conscious customers. They are still made with American Beefhides, but are assembled in Mexico and then shipped to our USA facility for final inspection prior to packaging and shipping. Our customers still receive the benefits of USA hides, while being able to take advantage of sharper pricing.


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Locations Served
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CertaPro Painters® of Missouri City, TX delivers quality painting that will refresh your property and maintain its value. We understand what is important to our business to business clients when it comes to commercial painting.
Commercial Painting


text: Salman Khan House Hey All here is a collection of Unseen Photos of Salman Khan House in Bandra, Mumbai. For all who are the fans of hotshot Salman Khan, they have to know that the actor has spent over forty years within the Galaxy apartments. He has been staying within the house ever since he […]Read More


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Silicone rubber insulating heat sink washers (reinforced with fibreglass) for mounting power semiconductors
The need for heat sink compound (as used, for example, with mica washers) is eliminated
10 washers supplied in each kit
* An M3 screw is recommended if the bush is not required, counter bore 6.8Øx0.8mm required.
Tgard™ 500 is a medium thermal performance insulator pad consisting of a ceramic filled high temperature silicone rubber coated on electrical grade fibreglass. Tgard™ 500 is designed for applications that require additional thickness to prevent electrical shorts from stamped aluminum heatsinks used in switching mode power supplies (SMPS) and debris from aluminum castings used in automotive motor controls. Tgard™ 500 is used in applications that require an interface of 2.5ºC/watt or higher on a TO-220 mounted at 50 psi pressure.
Thickness 0.009 in (0.230 mm)
Thermal resistance (e.g. 0.45ºC-in2/watt at 50 psi, 0.35ºC-in2/watt at 400 psi) has to be calculated with the dimensions
Thermal resistance 2.5ºC/watt (or higher) on a TO-220 mounted at 50 psi
Hardness 85 Shore A
Test Method - Hardness ASTM D2240
Tensile Strength 1.3k psi 9.0 MPa
Test Method - Tensile Strength ASTM D412
Elongation at 45º to Warp/Fill 0.20 %
Elongation along Width or Length 5 %
Test Method - Elongation ASTM D412
Mechanical RTI Temperature Rating 302 ºF 150 ºC
Test Method - Mechanical RTI Temp Rating UL 746D
Colour Dark Pink
UL Flammability Rating UL 94 V0
Dielectric WthStand Voltage 4500 VAC
Test Method - Dielectric WithStand Voltage ASTM D149
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage >6000 VAC
Test Method - Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ASTM D149
Volume Resistivity >1012 ohm-cm
Test Method - Volume Resistivity ASTM D257
Dielectric Constant at 1 MHz 3.30
Test Method - Dielectric Constant ASTM D257
Electrical RTI Temperature Rating 302 ºF 150 ºC
Test Method - Electrical RTI Temp Rating UL 746D
|Accessory Type
|Transistor Mount Kit
|For Use With


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Are E-MTBs The Ultimate Training Tool? | The EMBN Show Ep. 13
Published on March 28th 2018
What's going to happen when E bikes start hitting the Sea to Sky Valley and locations such as Whistler, Pemberton and Squamish? Are E-bikes going to replace the road bike as the professional mountain biker's go to training tool? All this and more on this week's EMBN show! Subscribe: http://embn.me/subscribenow Our shop: http://embn.me/3a We've got some epic hill climbs from the Ukraine, a peek into Remy Absalon's E bike training schedule and Martyn Ashton is back in time for the bike vault! Let's get into it! If you'd like to contribute captions and video info in your language, here's the link 👍 http://embn.me/39 More videos... Top upgrades: http://embn.me/upgrades 📹 Are E-bikes cheating? http://embn.me/echeat 📹 The Electric Mountain Bike Network (EMBN) is dedicated to igniting your passion for electric mountain bikes (eMTBs) by taking your riding further, faster and further than ever before. EMBN is dedicated solely to covering eMTB from every angle: from demystifying electric mountain biking, to inspiring you to go electric, helping you understand what you need, where and how to ride, and how to get the best from your eMTB experience. Every week, of every month we bring you videos on... The know-how… The skills… The tech… The inspiration… ...to go faster and explore more! EMBN is mountain biking… fully charged: the same thrilling freedom – only faster, going further, and more liberating than ever before. Join the EMBN community: Facebook: http://embn.me/facebook Instagram: http://embn.me/instagram Twitter: http://embn.me/embntwitter Thanks to our sponsors: Specialized: http://embn.me/specialized DT Swiss: http://embn.me/dtswiss Haibike: http://embn.me/haibike POC: http://embn.me/poc WD40: http://embn.me/wd4


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8♥ 8♥ 8♥ 8♥ 8♥ 8♥ 8♥ 8♥
Seven years ago I got divorced and left Kentucky, heading west. I made the Mississippi River in one day, and it just floored me how big it was. I watched the water until sundown. It didn't seem like a river, but a giant brown muscle instead. Two days later, my car threw a rod and I settled in Greeley, Colorado. Nobody in my family has lived this far off our home hill.
Chris Offutt's short story "Barred Owl" uses the skinning of a roadkill owl to shed light on two characters and what they consider to be home and that sense of belonging or lack thereof that go with it.
Outside of a divorce, we don't know exactly why the narrator left his Kentucky home to ramdomly settle in Colorado but it doesn't seem like he feels welcomed in this new town even after seven years. A drinking problem coupled with the fact that his "community" is a local bar could have something to do with it.
We also don't know why Tarvis appears to have followed him out to Colorado at some point. Both knew each other from Kentucky, but it doesn't seem that they are best of friends.
The roadkill owl that Tarvis brings to the narrator to skin is key to Tarvis' leaving, though. His inability to shoot animals possibly made him an outcast back in Kentucky.
Chris Offutt's collection of short stories Kentucky Straight pops up frequently in my neck of the woods whenever bookstores or libraries present selections by Kentucky authors. "Barred Owl" is not included in that collection. It's included in my copy of Home and Beyond: An Anthology of Kentucky Short Stories edited by Morris Allen Grubbs. I read it when I selected the Eight of Hearts for my Deal Me In 2016 short story project. My Deal Me In 2016 list can be found here. Deal Me In is sponsored by Jay at Bibliophilopolis.


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For the third consecutive day, we have sad news to report about the death of a skier in the Colorado high country -- and the second in the vicinity of the Keystone ski area. But while the previous tragedy, involving a 46-year-old man who died after smashing into a tree over the weekend, will go down as an official ski-resort death (like that of publicity-shy St. Louis oil executive Gary R. Parker, who passed away after a crash at Beaver Creek), the latest fatality won't, since it took place following twin avalanches beyond Keystone's boundaries. Details and photos below.
At around noon on February 10, according to the Summit County Sheriff's Office, news surfaced about an avalanche in the backcountry south of Keystone.
A report from the indispensable Colorado Avalanche Information Center specifies the location as the North Fork of Swan River. Here's the first of five CAIC photos from the scene; all captions are by the center staff.
The skier who told authorities about the avalanche was able to free himself, but he couldn't find his companion, described as a Front Range man in his forties.
Search teams with dogs were immediately dispatched to the slide zone. Participants included around forty representatives from Keystone, Arapahoe Basin, Breckenridge, the Summit County Rescue Group, Vail Mountain Rescue, the Alpine Rescue Team and the U.S. Forest Service.
But despite the size of this contingent, the man couldn't be located on day one, and no wonder: The debris field was estimated at more than a third of a mile in length and up to nine feet deep in spots.
The search was suspended at 6 p.m. on February 10 for reasons of safety and visibility. But it picked up again on the next day -- and at about 11:30 a.m. yesterday, the man's body was found. His identity has not yet been released, pending family notification.
What happened?
Continue for more about the avalanche death near Keystone, including additional photos. The CAIC report notes that the two skiers had started out in-bounds at Keystone. However, they subsequently exited the ski area.
This decision means the man's death will not be included in official ski-industry statistics. As we've pointed out, the resorts themselves have established the rules about whether skiing deaths are counted toward the official total -- and this standard excludes those that are outside boundaries where the public is allowed to ski, even if they're otherwise on the ski area's property.
After the skiers descended into the North Fork of Swan River, the CAIC report goes on, avalanches "started in two locations and merged in a gully," with the fatal slide taking place near the treeline along the terrain's southeasterly aspect.
It was big. The center estimates its combined width at between 100 and 200 feet, with the avalanche breaking four feet to the ground and funneling into the gully for about 2,000 vertical feet.
The center calls the two skiers "sidecountry riders," defined as those who "exit ski areas to access backcountry terrain outside of operating ski area boundaries." But doing so at present is extremely risky. The CAIC currently rates the avalanche risk in the area as high.
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Our condolences to the skier's friends, family and loved ones.
Send your story tips to the author, Michael Roberts.
More from our News archive circa February 10: "Videos: Keystone death marks fourth official ski-resort casualty of season."


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Our community volunteers are the driving force behind the DISCOVERY Children's Museum ability to meet the educational needs of the children of Southern Nevada.
Community Service Projects
We encourage corporations and community organizations to bring groups of two to 10 volunteers to engage young people in science, technology, engineering, art, and math (STEAM) activities, during our special programming events, throughout the year. We offer half-day (4-hour) or full-day (7-hour) activities with no experience or training necessary. Please contact our Volunteer Services department for a complete listing of opportunities.
Educating our Teens
Do you or your organization have a special skill set or expertise you would like to share with teens in our volunteer and YouthWorks internship program? How about sharing your education or life journey with them? Let us know and we can help facilitate a class or talk. Our teens get a tremendous amount of value from learning new skills and being introduced to new subjects. A conversation can truly change a life!
If you would like to join our amazing team, please submit your application and the Volunteer Services & YouthWorks Coordinator will contact you to discuss current opportunities. You may also email, email@example.com, or call (702) 382-3445 ext. 110, for more information.


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Inside the life of medical students
Hillary Cullison had eight facial reconstruction surgeries from the age of 9 to 16.
She was born with a congenital malformation that impacted her lower jaw and upper palate. Cullison was barely able to chew by the time she reached third grade.
"Sometimes I had really good doctors and sometimes I had really bad doctors," said the second-year medical student from Caledonia. "I could tell how well the surgery went based on how well I was treated. That made me think the person who's (administering) the medicine matters. That's when I started to think about becoming a doctor."
Cullison wants to be like one of the good doctors who took care of her. She is one of 376 students pursuing a medical degree at Central Michigan University's College of Medicine.
Students are drawn to studying medicine for a variety of reasons. This is a time-consuming endeavor when combined with extracurricular activities most medical students are involved in, ranging from pursuing military service to volunteering in social justice activities.
Free time isn't free
Dr. Robert Fleischmann, a CMED faculty member, said the college wants its students to have a well-rounded life outside of their studies.
"We try very hard to encourage them to make time for themselves (to) work out in the gym, go for a walk; maybe that's the time when they want to watch TV — to save some time for themselves for their own mental health," he said.
It isn't always easy for a medical student to have a social life outside of school.
"Medicine is very focused, so during the week I work hard. I would probably say I spend 12 hours a day focusing on my work," Cullison said. "But on the weekend, you can make time. It's all about prioritizing and planning."
Intramural sports are big among CMED students, said Cullison, who has played soccer, basketball, volleyball and is considering softball.
"Everyone here is active and a lot were collegiate athletes in undergrad," she said. "We're all very motivated and competitive young people and we're fit — so it's very fun."
For Madeline Brockberg, activism is an interest she dedicates her free time to. The fourth-year student works with the Gold Humanism Honor Society, a group dedicated to medical students, residents and physician educators who provide for their community.
She's worked with the Underground Railroad, a women's shelter in Saginaw that helps victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, stalking and human slavery.
"Certainly we work hard, but we also tend to be high energy and passionate about a lot of things," Brockberg said. "I've been very impressed by the amount of involvement that my classes and the classes below me have had in volunteer work and activism."
In addition to managing how they spend their time, medical students must also be smart with how they spend their money.
Just scraping by
According to the American Association of Medical Colleges, the average amount of debt for a medical student in 2015 was $172,751.
"Going to medical school for the money is the worst decision you can make," said second-year student Firas Shalabi.
Because of the cost, Shalabi mostly lives on loans and said he is lucky to have a wife who works during the year. He also supports himself by working during the summer.
"That's how it works for me. My family is very supportive and wanted to try to help, but I showed them the numbers to show that they couldn't really help," Shalabi said.
As a member of the Army, Cullison receives a stipend that helps cover her cost of living expenses.
"I've seen people who got their loan money and went grocery shopping because they only had oatmeal left," she said. "That's a bummer. They're here trying to do things that require energy."
CMED works to help students find places to live when they travel to the partner facilities, said Dr. Steve Vance, associate dean of clinical education. Financial aid helps pay for their housing and the college provides scholarships to help reduce the burden.
Ghannam said getting by can be tough, but working with the college has made it easier.
"You're definitely not living lavishly. You try your best to live reasonably," he said. "CMED does a great job of helping with our budget and finding ways to make it work."
Shalabi doesn't mind living on a budget for now. After becoming a doctor, he knows his fortunes will improve.
"Nobody really feels pity for medical students because 15 years down the line (we'll be) making a very comfortable salary," he said. "That's just the bumps that we're going through now."
Medicine on a mission
CMED's mission is to train doctors who will serve in rural and under-served communities across Michigan, Vance said. CMED, which launched in 2009, has all four classes filled for the first time this semester.
First and second-year students spend most of their time in a classroom setting on campus while third-year students are embedded for six months at rural family practices across the state.
"This allows (students) to experience longitudinal care," Vance said. "Seeing a patient and having the opportunity to follow them through the healthcare environment (gives students) a sense of how particularly in rural and underserved regions folks get their care."
Third-year students will then join fourth-year students and spend the remainder of their time doing clinical rotations at CMED's partner facilities: St. Mary's and Covenant in Saginaw and St. John Hospital and Medical Center in Detroit.
Students showed their intellect to CMU through applying to the medical school, Fleischmann said. They were also recruited to be a part of the new school because of what drove them to pursue studying medicine.
"A distinguishing feature of our medical students is (they) are sensitive and caring individuals," Fleischmann said.
In May, CMED will graduate 64 students — its first class. They will then go through four years of residency before receiving their medical license.
"We don't expect all of our graduates will want to go into medical care in under-served communities," Fleischmann said. "I hope we get a significant percentage of them. I'm hoping we don't lose them all to the big city lights or the ultra-specialty."
Treatment through teamwork
Shalabi believes CMED isn't like most medical schools.
"We're kind of on the cutting edge of the way medical school is changing — and that's to include more teamwork," Shalabi said.
Traditional medical schools educate through several hours of lecture, which can be difficult to retain, the Ann Arbor native said. From the beginning, students at CMED are presented cases on a daily basis. They work in groups to figure out how to approach an illness.
"It's a long process of trying to think like a physician and learning the science through that process," Shalabi said.
Fleischmann was the first faculty member hired by CMED and helped build the college's curriculum. Starting a medical school from scratch has its advantages, he said.
"More and more medical schools are including problem-based exercise as part of their curriculum," Fleischmann said. "Instead of going up against an established practice, we started with a concept we wanted as our feature — problem based learning with groups of students interacting with each other in self-learning environments."
The importance of case-based learning can't be overstated, Cullison said. When talking with medical students from other colleges, she was surprised by the differences between curriculum.
"It was interesting to hear what everyone was talking about because they had never been presented a case," Cullison said. "We were presented a case on our third day."
Brockberg is working clinical rotations at St. John Hospital and Medical Center in Detroit. She said the teamwork skills she learned in her first two years helped her in the hospital setting.
"When I think about CMED, I think about the community we have," Brockberg said. "I feel lucky to be a part of a school that provides that."
About the Patients
Alex Ghannam is a third-year student from Novi. He's working in Owosso at a family health clinic and conducts rotations at Memorial Healthcare.
From the very beginning, CMED encouraged students to work on patient rapport, Ghannam said. He feels comfortable meeting and talking to patients because he's had the experience to work past it.
"Most of the anxiety of walking into a patient's room and examining them got worked out in the first couple of years," Ghannam said. "By the time I got into a clinic with actual patients, in the real deal, it was much more natural."
Fleischmann said the school wants students to understand the knowledge they gain in lecture has real world applications, and to learn to treat patients to the best of their ability.
"We want students to treat all patients the same way. Maybe some patients you might be tempted to say 'well that patient drinks too much so I don't care about them,'" Fleischmann said. "We don't want our physicians making those judgments. We want to make sure all patients are given the same, highest medical care possible."
Both Shalabi and Cullison worked at clinics in Clare as a part of their Integrated Clinical Experience. The students were able to interact with patients and practice their basic medical skills.
She remembers an awkward moment that occurred when conducting a routine cardiac exam on a female patient. The examination checks the heart at different places on the chest.
"I literally had to ask this woman to move her breast — it's really awkward the first time you do that," Cullison said, laughing. "But it's interesting to hit those walls you didn't know about and then have to overcome them with your instructor."
'Always more to learn'
Cullison and Shalabi still have two more years to go, while Ghannam has one.
Cullison hopes to get through CMED and serve her residency in the Army. She said wherever she is deployed, it's important for her to work in family medicine.
"It's hard to say because it's 10 years away from me, but I would not be opposed to moving back to Michigan," Cullison said. "Especially with the climate we have about public healthcare and how it is being developed and talked about — that's a climate I want to be a part of," Cullison said.
Shalabi has a big family in Michigan and plans on staying in the state.
"One of the things that really attracted me to this medical school is the fact that they're aiming to serve rural and underserved communities," Shalabi said. "I have always been interested in serving underserved communities, especially in southeast Michigan, certain racial and ethnic populations and that's my personal plan."
Ghannam isn't sure what he's going to do after his residency. He's just grateful for the education he's received at CMED.
"It was tough in the first and second years, because you're trying to figure out how what you're learning applies to patients," he said. "Now I'm in a clinic and seeing people with a lot of the conditions that we've learned about — it's been reassuring that I actually know what's happening. There's always more to learn, but I'm surprised at how much I now know."
Fleischmann is excited to see what the college's first graduating class is going to accomplish in residency and beyond. He hopes the students look back fondly on their experience.
"I hope they feel rewarded and feel they've gotten the highest quality education," he said. "I hope they don't lose their idealism — that sense of other-centerdness — to show care and concern for the patient above all else."
Brockberg is a part of that first class of students that will graduate in May. She came to the school because she wanted to be a part of something new.
She said she wouldn't have wanted to go to a medical school without the friends and mentors she met at CMED.
She has started applying to residencies and is waiting to find out which hospital she'll be matched with.
"I really liked the idea of being a part of the first class," she said. "I thought it was an exciting opportunity to be a part of shaping something, creating a culture and being a leader in a new venture."


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Starting With The Basics
Temporomandibular disorder/dysfunction (TMD) may range from a simple condition to a very complex one.
It is our belief that a well-informed patient is the most satisfied patient.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is part of the "dental anatomy"- it being a hinge that the lower jaw moves on. While the term TMJ is reflective of an early belief that these disorders originated in the joint itself, more recent knowledge has shown that the true cause of joint problems often lies somewhere else.
The many signs and symptoms of TMD often lead the patient to a physician prior to seeking a dental consultation. Physicians will often treat the symptoms with anti-inflammatory drugs, pain medications or tranquilizers. Dr. Morgan feels it should be treated in the most conservative manner (surgery as a last resort) and without drugs whenever possible.
If you are suffering from TMD, call immediately for an appointment!


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Great Horton Conservative Club saw off Clayton Rugby A to win the Moorhouse Shield, Bradford's oldest billiards trophy, at Chapel Green Liberal Club.
Terry Crawshaw produced some solid play against an out-of-sorts Peter Bennett and scored consistently well to win their match 200-115.
Great Horton team-mate Daniel Crompton was also in good form, a break of 32 mid-game taking him clear at 124-54.
And although opponent Mick Lythgow pulled some points back it was to prove in vain as the match finished 200-150.
Clayton player Hughie Donnelly found some consistency against Aussie McGann, an early 25 break establishing a 106-40 lead, and he eventually won by 200-100.
But this was to no avail as Brian Royston built up a 60-point lead for Great Horton against Paul Ascough, which included a break of 31, before moving further clear at 155-86.
Ascough had little running throughout the match but pulled back well and had reduced Royston's deficit to 200-170 by the end.
Report Courtesy of Richard Bakes,


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FLACSO Researcher
Ph.D. in Social Science with specialization in Political Studies, FLACSO Ecuador
Profesora investigadora
Department: Anthropology, History and Humanities
Phone: (593-2) 2946800 ext. 4605
Investigation lines:
Historia social y cultural, sectores populares y subalternos, poder y patrimonialización.
Geographic area:
- Biography
- Research projects
- Publications
- Historian. She graduated in History from the Catholic University of Ecuador, did her M.A. in Andean History at FLACSO Ecuador and her Ph.D. in Social Sciences and Political Studies at the same University. Her thesis, soon to be published, is on Practices and political secondary languages in the revolts indigenous of the 18th century in the `Audiencia de Quito´. She has worked colonial social and cultural History and contemporary issues about power, memory, heritage and culture. She has had experience in museums and public History. Currently, she is working in a research with Eduardo Kingman about Popular Culture and Urban Order in Quito between the late eighteenth century and the early twentieth century.


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I don't like to install plugins for small issues like inserting ads within your WordPress post content. Installing plugins for little things may effect your website's speed. Lesser the plugins = faster the speed. You can use maximum 15-20 WordPress plugin for an average site speed.
Read this: Must use WordPress plugins
Placing the ads in start and end points of your post is, however, legal, but putting it in the middle of your content is unfair according to the ads placement policies by Adsense. I've seen many blogs getting permanently banned due to the improper installation of Google AdSense ads. I don't want you all to make the same mistake. You can also place ads in the sidebar, footer, header and gain a good amount of impressions.
Read this: How to Add Google AdSense to Your WordPress WebSite
Following the Google Adsense rules is a must, and you'll also get various ads placement ideas on the official Google AdSense page and obtain a high quality of earning by following these rules.
For WordPress, there are many ad management plugins which offer the ad placement between the posts. But rather than installing plugins you can manually place ads in your posts. Let us see how.

The Google ads code just looks like the one given above. This code contains the Javascript which helps Google to change ads according to your content and also according to time. Now placing this code in the right place will give you a good number of impressions and also CPC. So let's check out these three easy steps to put ads post content without plugins on WordPress.
Read this: 6 Best Google Adsense plugins for WordPress
Login to your Adsense account. Copy the right ad code from your Adsense account ( Choose the ads according to your page size ). Adsense has a huge variety of different ad sizes and codes. You can choose any one of them which suits bet on your site. Also, you can choose what category of ads you would like to display on your website. Adsense will provide you with the best ads according to your desired type)
Read this: How to insert Google AdSense Ads in WordPress Sidebar
Done copying the right ad code. Now login to your WordPress dashboard and go under the Appearance > Editor. You will see you Stylesheet CSS file over there and the huge bunch of files on the right side of your editor page. Now click on file named single post or single.php. This file contains a large number of classes and divisions. This file contains the elements of your every post. As you have your ad code copied to the clipboard just paste it above and below this code.
<?php // Display post content get_template_part( 'partials/post/content' ); ?>
Your code might be different, but you will find one with the prefix or suffix named "content". The code above holds the content of your website. If you've found one just paste your code above and below it. You can also choose the different ad for displaying below the content from Google Adsense dashboard. You can also keep both the ads same. It depends on you. But I will recommend you to place different ads on both the locations, as Google pays differently for different ads. The resultant code must look like this.
    <?php // Display post content get_template_part( 'partials/post/content' ); ?>
Done pasting it on the desired places? Hit the "Update file" button below the container to let it take effect. Now visit any post on your site, and you will see that there is one ad above the post content, and the one is below it. Place ads display content without plugins
Hence, there are many WordPress tips and tricks which can save your time and space too. Installing the plugin and placing ads is easy, but what if those plugins increases your HTTP request and make your site slow? So as a Blogger, always choose a way which is helpful from all point of view. As we are publishers, AdSense allows us to post ads in the correct place. But for that, it has some important rules which should be followed. Otherwise, it will lead to the permanent deletion of your AdSense account. The rules are as follows.
- Any ad publisher should not modify their ads (ad codes)
- Any ad publisher should not encourage their visitors to click on their ads via offer banners or animations.
- The publisher must be aware of the Ad placement policy by Adsense.
- The publisher should not use the techniques of implementing AdSense ad code in a way that covers content or where material includes ads.
- The publisher should avoid the on click scripting of Google ads.
- One should use any code or script to display more than three Google AdSense ads on a page.
You can also watch this video for a detailed explanation of ad placement policy by Google Adsense.


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Office Airconditioning Repair Frankston South Vic
Commercial Cooling Services In Frankston South
We can assist you with any business contracting services that you need. Our end-to-end service supplies design, quoting and estimating, specialist consulting, project management, installation and hands on job site management for any industrial a/c or ventilation job.
Our experience, drive for quality and enthusiasm for problem solving will offer the best option for any business challenge. We have actually established strong relationships within the industry that can be utilised for a holistic approach to your industrial project.
We are highly qualified and certified to National Code of Practice for the Building Market, Work Health and Safety guidelines.
Our Commercial Air Conditioning Service In Frankston South consists of:
- Mechanical services
- Office fitouts
- Air cooled systems
- VRV and VRF Systems
- Clean room
- Condenser water
- Mechanical system refurbishing
- Multi-zone systems
- Chilled and hot water
- Computer rooms and critical control locations
- Mechanical services
- Carpark ventilation
- Amenities ventilation
- Smoke spill and exhaust systems
- Lift motor room ventilation
- Warehouse ventilation
We understand that in a Commercial environment air conditioning is crucial that it be addressed fast. You can't have function spaces getting hot in important conferences, or staff going house for ANY reason let alone since the a/c system is down.
We provide a special approach to each business and can be there within 24 hours of complaint to its contracted customers if required, usually same day where possible. We do not waste time and get your a/c system running as quickly as is possible. Your requirements become our fixation and we make every effort even more than any business to get an option implemented for you.
Commercial Airconditioning Maintenance Frankston South
If you find that you machines are breaking down frequently or maybe you would like to look after your existing system let us take all the concern out of dealing with your air conditioning system by maintaining your system regularly and enhancing your air quality. We will examine the following under our maintenance agreement with you.
- Examining gas pressures Gas leaks
- Coil conditions Obstructions
- Purification media Fan performance
- Compressor performance Drainage
- Air flow Electrical integrity
- System installing and security
- Zone motor operation
We Can Repair Your A/C Unit In A Snap!
Our home A/C repair Frankston South professionals can look into your Air Conditioner system to see what repairs should be made. From there, we'll advise new parts and replace any component that is causing your system to break. We can ensure your Air Conditioner kicks on when you need it to in order to keep maximum comfort and fresh air. We have actually dealt with many different a/c units throughout the years, and also we're confident in our ability to find you a solution.
If you discover that your a/c system isn't really working, give us a call. More often than not, the a/c unit has a damaged part that needs to be replaced. Units that leak, blow warm air, or make a loud clanking noise have to be serviced as soon as possible. Enjoy optimum comfort once again with the help of our team.
Our accredited, fully guaranteed and accredited specialist could fix the following issues:
- Air Conditioner drain problems
- Noisy air conditioners
- Rusted brackets
- AC valve issues
- Air conditioner compressor issues
- Damaged air conditioner circuit boards
- A/c ductwork problems
- Malfunctioned fans
- Malfunctioned motors
- Heat pump problems
- And all other related problems
We Give Exceptional Services In Frankston South
When you decide to work with us, you can be certain that you will get the most professional and cost efficient cooling maintenance solutions Frankston South has to offer. Thanks to our superb services our clients can unwind, knowing that precautions have been taken to keep their air conditioner system functioning at their absolute best. When you want the very best care for your ac system, you could contact us at any moment to find out more about what we have to offer.
Domestic & Commercial Cooling Services In Frankston South
With extensive experience in both residential and commercial jobs, we can take care of all your urgent repairs and/or scheduled maintenance work. No job is big or too small. We could deal with you to provide a customised, budget-friendly maintenance contract to meet your air conditioner servicing requirements. You can be guaranteed of our dedication to professionalism and reliability, integrity, safety, high quality workmanship and the environment!
We work with a series of makes and model a/c systems as well both split and ducted systems. No matter whether you require one a/c system installed or hundreds for your commercial or industrial complex. We are ready and readily available to service all your cooling needs.
We Service All Systems
Numerous COOLING AND HEATING companies in Frankston South only service or install one brand because it is less complicated on their team to only learn about one system. This implies that you can pick in between upgrading older systems that are working fine or letting your current system go without maintenance until a serious trouble emerges. Fortunately for you, we service and repair most brands so you could give us a call regardless of what your problem is.
Quick And Trusted Service
Our quick service is what we are known for, and our professional, lasting results are what keep our customers returning. Our company believe in making your COOLING AND HEATING system function the way it should with little work on your part.
Our technicians have years of experience in the market and also successfully done countless a/c service Frankston South for commercial, industrial and domestic units. We provide unbiased advice for free that would save you cash and lower your down time. You can be certain that your air conditioner systems are running at their best with us on the job.


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For World Glaucoma Week, Dr João Barbosa Breda, writes about glaucoma in Portugal. Dr Breda is part of Allergan Foundation's International Glaucoma Panel.
In Portugal, the westernmost country of Europe, a recent study of national prescription data shows that 2.2% (231,634 inhabitants) of the total Portuguese population is under some type of eyedrops1. Moreover, in terms of surgery trends, we follow what has been described for several "western" countries, where trabeculectomy remains the most performed glaucoma procedure with a downward trend in comparison to other glaucoma procedures, like the glaucoma drainage devices2.
Complexities in delivering care
We have a universal and free national health system. Patients have to pay a small administrative fee for consultations, but no costs are charged for surgeries. This is covered by taxes and no extra insurance is needed. This type of health coverage is a great achievement but has its downside in the case of chronic diseases like glaucoma. It is very difficult to discharge a patient! Even if a patient is stable, we know that in the future this might not be the case and discharging would mean that no regular follow up would be done. As a result, all glaucoma specialists have no space to absorb new cases. This health care model is being questioned and virtual clinics might be a way of regularly following stable patients while allowing new cases to be observed. Our department is planning to move in this direction in the near future.
Another characteristic of our country is the high amount of pseudoexfoliation syndrome, especially in the north of the country, where I work. This syndrome can easily lead to glaucoma and these cases are very hard to manage due to their high pressures and potential intra and post-operative complications.
Research and outreach
I believe there is still much work to be done in glaucoma care. I am currently part of the European Glaucoma Society, working in the Communications Committee to get the best quality information to all glaucoma specialists across Europe. My research projects focus on the role of ocular blood flow, in order to better understand normal tension glaucoma (patients that develop glaucoma with intraocular pressure values that lie in the normal range), and I am also working with the optical coherence tomography angiography (angioOCT) device in order to enhance the information we can retrieve from its images, which are still underutilized.
I am also the national representative for young ophthalmologists in Portugal and, together with my team, we organize, among other projects, population screening programmes where we also try to improve patients' knowledge about several ophthalmological diseases. In the past, I have done a similar session in an elderly home and found that the general knowledge of our elderly population about ophthalmological diseases is scarce and full of misconceptions. Our job as ophthalmologists is also to educate and improve general knowledge and awareness regarding diseases like glaucoma.
- Sousa DC, Leal I, Nascimento N, Marques-Neves C, Tuulonen A, Abegao Pinto L. Use of Ocular Hypotensive Medications in Portugal: PEM Study: A Cross-sectional Nationwide Analysis. J Glaucoma 2017;26:571-576.
- Barbosa-Breda J, Goncalves-Pinho M, Santos JV, et al. Trends in Glaucoma Surgical Procedures in Portugal: A 16-Year Nationwide Study (2000-2015). J Glaucoma 2018;27:682-686.


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The Latest Finding Dory Trailer Reveals a New Setting for the Aquatic Sequel
When the first Finding Dory trailer dropped earlier this year, we finally got details about the storyline for Finding Nemo's much-anticipated sequel: Dory is looking for her long-lost family. With this new preview, released today, fans get a closer look at just where this story will take place.
Much like how Nemo was trapped by divers and trapped in a fish tank, Dory is snatched from the ocean and housed somewhere far from Nemo and Marlin: a fish hospital. The new setting provides room for a whole cast of new characters, which will be voiced by stars like Idris Elba, Diane Keaton, and Modern Family's Ed O'Neill and Ty Burrell. Dory meets a shark that is "not a good swimmer," a whale who "feels stupid" doing echolocation, and one inky octopus on her trying search for her relatives.
The trailer also gives us a first look at young Dory, a poor little fish who lost her family. "Where did you see them last?" a friend asks. "I forgot," the little voice responds, hinting that this new film will give us an idea of just how Dory came to be the forgetful but endearing fish we adore.
Watch the new trailer above to dive back into the adventurous and heartwarming world that Finding Nemo created 13 years ago. Finding Dory hits theaters June 17, 2016.


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Bob Marley People One Love One Heart
SKU: Art/175/Bob/47
On Sale
per item
Bob Marley People One Love One Heart Wall Art Home Decor Living Room Black Inspirational Quotes
- This product is one-time application. The decals are removable, but not reusable.
- Our decals are made with high quality removable vinyl and are custom cut when purchased.
- Our removable high quality vinyl decals when applied to the wall look painted on!
- Removable wall decals can be applied to almost all clean, smooth, dust and grease free surface.
- Size of decal may be a little bit bigger to show you all details.
- Art sizes are 47.24 by 47.24 inches
Note** Please note this image is a sample design and colors may vary slightly. You must allow 30 business days for your design to be completed.
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DTCP Approved (Mysore)
10.3 kms from city centre
3 acre project
30x40, 30x50, 40x60 & varying sizes
47+ plots (Approximately)
300m from Mysore-T.Narasipura Highway
Ready for Registration
- Water Facility
- 24/7 Security
- Electricity
- Tar Mac Roads
- Drainage
- Developed Park
Vyasti Blossom is spread over 3 acres of luxuriant land located overlooking the Varuna lake, now a famous Aqua-sports region. Vyasti Blossom is sure to excite you with all the nearby attractions and amenities of an established suburb. This beautifully landscaped green space invites you to the outdoors to enjoy life to its fullest.
Vyasti Blossom is a Gated Community Layout situated in the Varuna village located 300m from the majorly budding Mysore - T.Narasipura Road-NH 212. If you are the kind planning your weekends to explore new geographies - then Vyasti Blossom is nestled on the highway which connects to many tourist attractions like Garigeshwari, Shimsha, Talakadu etc. Vyasti Blossom is located just 10.3 Kms from Mysore Palace which is the pride of Mysore and one of the most famous tourist attractions in India. It is just 5 km from the Lalith Mahal Palace - now a Star Property and a prime tourist destination. Just 500 meters away is the Proposed Varuna Satellite Township. muda mysore muda sites in mysore properties in mysore
Project Approval: DTCP Mysore
Registration Status: Ready for Registration
Bank Loan Facility: LICHFL (LIC Housing Finance Ltd) & DHFL (Dewan Housing Finance Ltd) funding upto 75%
Current Status: Over 90% Plots Sold and Registered
Development Status: Over 90% Development Completed
Vyasti Blossom - With great road connectivity, a serene atmosphere and tourist attractions around - Vyasti Blossom is a perfect spot to Blossom and Shine.


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The Story Behind the Silver Snoopy Award
Of all the Space Flight Awareness Awards, the Silver Snoopy Award is the most prestigious. NASA astronauts present it to fellow NASA employees and contractors for their outstanding contributions to flight safety and successful missions. Each year, less than one percent of the aerospace program workforce receives this award, making it a particularly special honor.
This history of the Silver Snoopy dates back to 1968. That year, the first-ever award was bestowed to certain members of the crew who worked on the LTA-8 project. They were responsible for testing what would become the first lunar module. Over the past fifty years, tens of thousands of people have received Silver Snoopy Awards. There's one recipient in particular who's especially near and dear to our hearts: Hans Widmer, OMEGA's former technical manager.
OMEGA's Critcal Role in the Apollo 13 Mission
OMEGA became the official watchmaker for NASA in 1962. Just seven years later, the duo made history when the OMEGA Speedmaster accompanied Buzz Aldrin during the first lunar landing. The pair continues to work together today.
1970 marked a significant moment in OMEGA and NASA's work together. On April 13th of that year, the Apollo 13 mission was preparing for another lunar landing. But then, an oxygen tank on the craft's exterior exploded and all non-essential systems had to power down. The crew had to abort the mission they set out on and pursue another. They had to face the daunting task of getting back to earth safely. Food and water was in limited supply, heating was gone, and the use of certain on-board instruments was lost. Yet, the astronauts needed to time a crucial burn of the engines. It would be their only chance to adjust their trajectory and enter the atmosphere at the correct angle. The only tool they had for the job was the OMEGA Speedmaster Professional.
Just four days later, the members of the Apollo 13 mission successfully landed in the South Pacific. Six months down the road, on October 5th, astronaut Thomas Stafford presented the Silver Snoopy Award to Hans Widmer. The accolade honored OMEGA's contribution to the safe return of the Apollo 13 crew.
The Speedmaster Professional Snoopy Award Watch
Thirty-three years after the Apollo 13 mission, OMEGA introduced a commemorative watch called the Speedmaster Professional Snoopy Award. The brand produced the model in a limited run of 5,441 pieces as a nod to the length of the mission: 142 hours, 54 minutes, and 41 seconds. This 2003 edition features a black luminova dial with a Snoopy badge painted on the subdial at the nine-o'clock position. It also comes equipped with a stainless steel construction. On the caseback, there's a colored variation of the Silver Snoopy Award logo. It's accompanied by the words, "Eyes on the Stars." The model has since been nicknamed the "Snoopy Eyes on the Stars" because of its incorporation of the NASA slogan.
The Speedmaster Apollo 13 Silver Snoopy Award Watch
Twelve years later, OMEGA debuted another Snoopy edition at Baselworld, this time in a limited run of 1970 pieces. The 2015 Speedmaster Apollo 13 Silver Snoopy Award features a distinctly different design from the original Snoopy and other Speedmasters. It showcases a white dial with a special fourteen-seconds counter. Along the counter, there's text that reads, "What could you do in 14 seconds?" The message is a reference to the critical window the crew had to burn the engines on the Apollo 13 mission. Like the initial Snoopy model, the 2015 version features Snoopy in the subdial at the nine-o'clock position. However, it's a different rendering of the beloved character. Another notable feature of the watch is the luminescence of the dial. The tachymeter scale, indices, hands, and Snoopy himself all glow in the dark. Instead of the bracelet strap found on the original Snoopy and most Speedy's, this model comes equipped with nylon strap. Finally, the caseback of the Silver Snoopy simply showcases the Award logo mounted on a dark blue enamel.
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Business Solutions for Manufacturers
Manufacturing is about making a great end product and delivering on time. And the same goes for our results-driven consultancy, implementation and business support services. Our razor-sharp analysis combines your data with our decades of hands-on experience. So whether your goal is greater control or to improve processes and performance, we are ready to help you achieve it.
We are here to help you get results, and we know that requires manufacturing or assembly sector experience, intelligent analysis and a solution that supports you for as long as you need. We will use all three to help you in the following areas…
What we offer
Business consultancy
Are you starting a new project, tackling performance issues or in need of effective change? You need to fully understand your challenges to achieve fast, sustainable results – which is why our consultancy is based on incisive analysis of your business data and decades of experience. We have achieved successful outcomes at a wide range of manufacturing companies, across a variety of sectors.
Implementation and delivery
Usually, consultation is limited to identifying and highlighting business change. With Hexagon Consultants, you can also implement our recommendations with support from highly accomplished professionals. Our services can be customised to your needs, providing on-site management of change projects, specialist resource or ad-hoc support as required.
On-going business support
There is no such thing as 'happily ever after' in manufacturing. As the business landscape changes, successful companies evolve with it. We can help you stay the course by providing regular reviews and off-site services such as forecasting, planning and inventory management. We can also offer resource to meet your short-term or long-term skills and capability needs.


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How To Use The Lightbox In Avada Video
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In this video we look at the integrated Lightbox in Avada, and the ways you can style it and call it from various Elements.
Useful Links:
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Purchase your next copy of Avada – https://bit.ly/39qD1WM
Avada Quick Start Guide – http://bit.ly/2DHIgql
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Today Ty got the mail like he always does. Wow, leave it to the USPS to screw things over. I received two envelopes with some review products and look the condition said envelopes arrived in:
I mean, seriously? Is it that hard to keep a freaking envelope from being attacked by your hunger? I dunno. How on earth does an envelope gets chewed up like this!? This whole almost got to what is inside it, thankfully all I'll have to do is wash. But COME ON! You get paid to not only deliver our mail but deliver it in one piece!
Next time, don't use my mail to shield the dog that was chasing you.
Just saying.
Now, explain this one. ARGH!! Simply pisses me off! It can't be that hard to keep things safe and CLOSED! I hope I did not loose a single thing that was in that envelope (samples).
This one, OK. This one I understand. It is a magazine. Get it. I am actually not mad about this one. Besides, it is Christina Aguilera. I've got nothing against her. I just don't like her. Doesn't she look photoshoped?
USPS, I hope that next time you deliver my mail it comes in one piece, clean and nice. Shouldn't even have to say this but, Please?


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A fun filled day with running, water and
Mah Sing Group Berhad (Mah Sing) officially launched the latest development in its freehold Meridin East township, the Hazel, with a carnival celebration featuring Asia's Biggest 5km Water Run and Music Festival, SongkRun, and a series of fun activities.
Featuring a size of 20' x 70' and built-up of 1,964 sf, Hazel offers the residents a spacious layout with 4 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms which is optimised for multigenerational living.
"We are confident that Hazel would be well-received by home buyers because it offers them a superb combination of distinguished design, contemporary concept, and comfortable spacious layout at an affordable price tag," shared Mah Sing's Chief Executive Officer, Datuk Ho Hon Sang.
Inspired by the renowned Songkran annual water festival in Thailand, the highlight activity of the launching carnival, SongkRun presented five thematic zones along the route with different effects, namely "Storm", "Lightning", Heat", "Fog", and "Rain".
The run was flagged off by Mah Sing's Chief Operating Officer, Benjamin Ong, Velocity Event Management's Director, Ivan Looi, and the management team of Mah Sing.
The uniquely designed activity wrapped up in high spirits with all the participants having an unforgettable running journey featuring entertaining water activities and sensational music. In addition to the extraordinary running experience, participants also got to enjoy the performances from famous DJ duo, the Leng Sisters, as well as a memorable classical and pop violin show by talented violin artiste, Jessica Loo.
It was a sight to behold as everyone was having an amazing time dancing to the music and getting wet at the same time bringing out the inner child in them. Even the local firefighters chipped in the fun by spraying the crowd with their water cannons.
"We are happy to see the huge crowd at the Hazel launch carnival. Our SongkRun was a big hit since it was announced and we will continue to reinvent the way we interact with the public and shall come up with more attractive activities in future to enhance the lives of the residents living around our township to ensure that there're constant interactions within the community," said Datuk Ho. – by Moazan Emran


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This car was inherited in 1987 from a very good friend of mine. Of course it was not running and was 1250 miles away at the time. Other "interesting" items were the $600 mechanic lien and an open title (the last took almost a year to clear up).
To bring it home, another longtime friend of mine, a 22 foot trailer, and a fifteen year old station wagon that had been in storage for two years
The wagon averaged 12.5 mpg of 87 PON and crossed the Monteagle pass in Midsummer without breaking 200 degrees.
Reaching home, one of the first things that required work was the wiring. *ALL* of the wiring. Next was the suspension, then the wheels/tires (the only wheel available from the factory was a styled 14x6" one and tires that "were not even safe in the driveway".
As can be seen in the lead picture, it now has 15x8 Snowflakes from a 1978 WS-6 TransAm, 225x70x15 tires in the front and 255x70x15 tires in the rear. The very tall tires in the rear help offset the 3.55:1 four pinion Saf-T-Track differential on the Interstate. At home I have a pair of sticky 245x60x15s for quicker accelleration. The hub caps sport proper 1970 Pontiac PMD emblems.
Next in importance was the factory air conditioner that was not there any longer. In central Florida, air conditioning is a necessity and fortunately the work was done before the ban on Freon went into effect. Four speed and a/c. My kind of options 8*)
Along the way a few comfort and convenience items were added: AM-FM 8 track (car came with AM-8track - FM rock was in its infancy in 1970), full guages, tilt stering with Formula wheel to set off the red interior, and a few other touches.
The hood tach is an interesting piece. When the car came home, there was a tach in the dash, but one of the most distinctive elements of the '67 - '72 GTO was the hood mounted tachometer. Right out in front of the driver and far enough away not to require a change in focus to read, it was a predecessor of the Pontiac Heads Up Displays of the '90s. Still I hated the idea of cutting a hole in a nice hood.
On examination however, it appeared that the hood had been cut out at one point and patched. Careful picking revealed the original factory holes. Opening it up all the way and dropping a fresh flat black factory hood tach in place with the proper wiring was the final touch the car needed.
Under the hood is a medium-tweaked 400 Ram Air engine with slightly lowered compression (for 93 octane gas) and 744 cam to replace the stock 068. Would not recommend the 744 with an automatic but coupled to a Muncie four-speed, it has a nice lope.
Then there was the mystery of the dysfunctional speedometer. Everything was there and when the cable was spun, the needle moved. Then it was discovered that somewhere along the way, the Pontiac Muncie four-speed had acquired a Chevrolet rear housing and the driving gear did not line up with the driven. Happiness.
Being hearing impaired, it was necessary to improve on the stock exhaust. Factory Ram Air manifolds are backed by 2 1/4" pipes back to the pair of cherry bombs. Was a bit too much so I toned it down with the addition of a crossover pipe. Is just about right now 8*).
Final move was to replace the factory drum brakes with single piston disks of the same era to add the whoa to the go.
Cornering was assisted by a 1 1/4" sway bar in the front and a 1" bar in the rear
Fanatics may note that it is nearly identical to the 1970 magazine car - Polar White with the D-50 flat black spoiler and accents. "After a few minutes of repectful silence, you may turn the page."
Is definately the most fun to drive though not quite as good as the Fiero in tight turns and the top does not fall off.
BTW, none of my cars are coffee tables
Go to Padgett's Home Page


text: 28 Jul 2018Career.Education What are the benefits of your kids learning STEM? Every week, it seems that there is a new study out telling you of a new way for kids to learn. It can be hard to keep track of this stuff and Read More 27 Jun 2018Travel What's on Your Summer Agenda? Given summer goes by so quick, it is important to make the most of it. With that in mind, what does a normal summer often look like to you? For Read More 7 Jun 20188 Jun 2018Education The Advantages of Renting a Car on Holiday Most students face financial challenges at some point during their courses — whether they're full-time or part-time, or loving on- or off-campus. Read More 12 May 2018Education.Entertainment Summer Camp Benefits Add up What does your child have planned for the summer when school lets out? If they have not much going on their schedules, is summer camp a good Read More 5 May 2018Education Does a Boarding School's Location Make a Difference? Location, location, location: it's a slogan that realtors love to use, but what about boarding schools? Does location matter? Most parents and Read More Load More Previous 1 2 3 4 … 7 Next


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Maytech has data centers across the globe, meeting data residency requirements and speeding up the transfers and access to data on our platform. To meet the needs of businesses in the UK and address uncertainty surrounding the outcome of Brexit,… Continue Reading →
Maytech has a huge asset in our customer service team. Dedicated, knowledgeable and professional, the feedback we receive from customers squarely places this as a key reason they choose Maytech, and then go on to recommend us once they become a… Continue Reading →


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Kaifeng Jews
Jews of Kaifeng, late 19th or early 20th century
|Regions with significant populations
|Israel, China
|20 (as of 2016)[1]
|Mandarin Chinese and Hebrew (modern)
Judeo-Persian (historic)
|Related ethnic groups
|Han Chinese, Hui people, Persian Jews.
The Kaifeng Jews (開封猶太族, Kāifēng yóutài zú) are members of a small Jewish community in Kaifeng, in the Henan province of China, whose members had largely assimilated into Chinese society while preserving some Jewish traditions and customs. Their origin and time of arrival in Kaifeng are a matter of debate among experts.
Most scholars believe that a Jewish community has existed in Kaifeng since the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127), though some scholars date their arrival to the Tang Dynasty (618–907), or earlier.[2] Kaifeng, then the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, was a cosmopolitan city on a branch of the Silk Road. It is surmised that a small community of Mizrahi Jews, most likely from Persia or India, or perhaps fleeing the Crusades, arrived either overland or by a sea route, and settled in the city, building a synagogue in 1163.[3]
During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), a Ming emperor conferred eight surnames upon the Jews, by which they are identifiable today: Ai, Shi, Gao, Gan, Jin, Li, Zhang, and Zhao. By the beginning of the 20th century, one of these Kaifeng clans, the Zhang, had largely converted to Islam.[4]
Leaders among this community were called "mullahs" in a stone inscription giving the community's own account of itself and its origins.[5]
A catastrophic flood in 1642 destroyed the synagogue, and considerable efforts were made to save the scriptures. One man of the Gao clan, Gao Xuan, dove repeatedly into the flooded synagogue to rescue what he could, and afterward all seven clans helped restore and rewrite the 13 scrolls.[6] Floods and fire repeatedly destroyed the books of the Kaifeng synagogue;[when?] they obtained some from Ningxia and Ningbo to replace them, and another Hebrew Torah scroll was bought from a Muslim in Ning-keang-chow in Shen-se (Shanxi), who acquired it from a dying Jew at Canton.[when?][7]
The existence of Jews in China was unknown to Europeans until 1605, when Matteo Ricci, then established in Beijing, was visited by a Jew from Kaifeng, who had come to Beijing to take examinations for his jinshi degree. According to his account in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas,[8][9] his visitor, named Ai Tian (Ai T'ien; 艾田), explained that he worshipped one God. It is recorded that when he saw a Christian image of Mary with Jesus, he believed it to be a picture of Rebecca with Esau or Jacob. Ai said that many other Jews resided in Kaifeng; they had a splendid synagogue (礼拜寺 libai si) and possessed a great number of written materials and books.
About three years after Ai's visit, Ricci sent a Chinese Jesuit lay brother to visit Kaifeng; he copied the beginnings and ends of the holy books kept in the synagogue, which allowed Ricci to verify that they indeed were the same texts as the Pentateuch known to Europeans, except that they did not use Hebrew diacritics (which were a comparatively late invention).[10]
When Ricci wrote to the "ruler of the synagogue" in Kaifeng, telling him that the Messiah the Jews were waiting for had come already, the archsynagogus wrote back, saying that the Messiah would not come for another ten thousand years. Nonetheless, apparently concerned with the lack of a trained successor, the old rabbi offered Ricci his position, if the Jesuit would join their faith and abstain from eating pork. Later, another three Jews from Kaifeng, including Ai's nephew, stopped by the Jesuits' house while visiting Beijing on business, and got themselves baptized. They told Ricci that the old rabbi had died, and (since Ricci had not taken him up on his earlier offer), his position was inherited by his son, "quite unlearned in matters pertaining to his faith". Ricci's overall impression of the situation of China's Jewish community was that "they were well on the way to becoming Saracens [i.e., Muslims] or heathens.".[10]
Later, a number of European Jesuits visited the Kaifeng community as well.
The Taiping Rebellion of the 1850s led to the dispersal of the community, but it later returned to Kaifeng. Three stelae with inscriptions were found at Kaifeng. The oldest, dating from 1489, commemorates the construction of a synagogue in 1163 (bearing the name 清真寺, Qingzhen Si, a term often used for mosques in Chinese). The inscription states that the Jews came to China from India during the Han Dynasty period (2nd century BCE – 2nd century CE). It cites the names of 70 Jews with Chinese surnames, describes their audience with an unnamed Song Dynasty emperor, and lists the transmission of their religion from Abraham down to Ezra the scribe. The second tablet, dating from 1512 (found in the synagogue Xuanzhang Daojing Si) details their Jewish religious practices. The third, dated 1663, commemorates the rebuilding of the Qingzhen si synagogue and repeats information that appears in the other two stelae.[11]
Two of the stelae refer to a famous tattoo written on the back of Song Dynasty General Yue Fei. The tattoo, which reads "boundless loyalty to the country" (simplified Chinese: 尽忠报国; traditional Chinese: 盡忠報國; pinyin: jìn zhōng bào guó), first appeared in a section of the 1489 stele talking about the Jews' "boundless loyalty to the country and Prince". The second appeared in a section of the 1512 stele talking about how Jewish soldiers and officers in the Chinese armies were "boundlessly loyal to the country."
Father Joseph Brucker, a Roman Catholic researcher of the early 20th century, notes that Ricci's account of Chinese Jews indicates that there were only in the range of ten or twelve Jewish families in Kaifeng in the late 16th to early 17th centuries,[12] and that they had reportedly resided there for five or six hundred years. It was also stated in the manuscripts that there was a greater number of Jews in Hangzhou.[12] This could be taken to suggest that loyal Jews fled south along with the soon-to-be crowned Emperor Gaozong to Hangzhou. In fact, the 1489 stele mentions how the Jews "abandoned Bianliang" (Kaifeng) after the Jingkang Incident.
Despite their isolation from the rest of the Jewish diaspora, the Jews of Kaifeng preserved Jewish traditions and customs for many centuries. In the 17th century, assimilation began to erode these traditions. The rate of intermarriage between Jews and other ethnic groups, such as the Han Chinese, and the Hui and Manchu minorities in China, increased. The destruction of the synagogue in the 1860s led to the community's demise.[13] However, J.L. Liebermann, the first Western Jew to visit Kaifeng in 1867, noted that "they still had a burial ground of their own". In 1868 it was reported that their liturgy consisted only of pieces from the Bible.[14] S.M. Perlmann, a Shanghai businessman and scholar, wrote in 1912 that "they bury their dead in coffins, but of a different shape than those of the Chinese are made, and do not attire the dead in secular clothes as the Chinese do, but in linen".[15]
In China, due to the political situation, research on the Kaifeng Jews and Judaism in China came to a standstill until the beginning of the 1980s, when political and economic reforms were implemented. In the 1980s, the Sino-Judaic Institute was founded by an international group of scholars to further research the history of the Jewish communities in China, promote educational projects related to the history of the Jews in China and assist the extant Jews of Kaifeng.[16] The establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Israel in 1992 rekindled interest in Judaism and the Jewish experience, especially in light of the fact that 25,000 Jewish refugees fled to Shanghai during the Nazi period.[17]
It is difficult to estimate the number of Jews in China. Numbers may change simply because of a change in official attitudes. The last census revealed about 400 official Jews in Kaifeng, now estimated at some 100 families totalling approximately 500 people.[18] Up to 1,000 residents have ties to Jewish ancestry,[13] though only 40 to 50 individuals partake in Jewish activities.[19]
Some descendants of Kaifeng's Jewish community say their parents and grandparents told them that they were Jewish and would one day "return to their land",[13] others are only vaguely aware of their ancestry.[20]
The Kaifeng Jews intermarried with local Chinese sufficiently to be indistinguishable in appearance from their non-Jewish neighbors.[21] One trait that differentiated them from their neighbors was not eating pork.[13] Qu Yinan, a Chinese woman who discovered her Jewish ancestry after her mother attended a conference on minorities in 1981, says her family did not eat pork or shellfish and her grandfather always wore a blue skullcap.[22]
Within the framework of contemporary rabbinical Judaism, matrilineal transmission of Jewishness is predominant, while Chinese Jews based their Jewishness on patrilineal descent. As a result, in Israel they are required to undergo conversion in order to receive Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return.
After contact with Jewish tourists, some of the Jews of Kaifeng have reconnected to mainstream Jewry.[23] Recently a family of Kaifeng Jewish descendants formally converted to Judaism and accepted Israeli citizenship.[24] Their experiences are described in the documentary film, Kaifeng, Jerusalem.[25] On October 20, 2009, the first group of Kaifeng Jews arrived in Israel, in an aliyah operation coordinated by Shavei Israel.[26][27][28]
In the 21st century, both the Sino-Judaic Institute and Shavei Israel sent teachers to Kaifeng to help interested community members learn about their Jewish heritage, building on the pioneering work of the American Judeo-Christian Timothy Lerner.[citation needed]
Recent repression[edit]
In 2014, the authorities closed down the Jewish school and by the summer of 2015 both organizations' teachers had been expelled, community gatherings were prohibited, the various museum exhibits on the Kaifeng Jews closed to visitors, Jewish group tours forbidden, and the synagogue well filled in and closed off. Difficulties with the authorities continued in the following years.[29] Advocates for the Kaifeng Jewish descendants are currently exploring ways to have Chinese authorities recognize the antiquity of the Kaifeng Jews and allow those interested a way to practice their Chinese Jewish way of life.[30]
Kaifeng manuscripts[edit]
A number of surviving written works are housed at Hebrew Union College's Klau Library in Cincinnati, Ohio.[31] Among the works in that collection are a siddur (a Jewish prayer book) in Chinese characters and a Hebrew codex of the Bible. The codex is notable in that, while it ostensibly contains vowels, it was clearly copied by someone who did not understand them. While the symbols are accurate portrayals of Hebrew vowels, they appear to be placed randomly, thereby rendering the voweled text as gibberish. Since Modern Hebrew is generally written without vowels, a literate Hebrew speaker can disregard these markings, as the consonants are written correctly, with few scribal errors.[citation needed]
Also at the Klau Library is a haggadah from the 17th century and another from the 18th century, one written in Jewish-Persian hand, the other in Chinese Hebrew square script (like that of the Torah scrolls), using text primarily from an early stage of the Persian Jewish rite.[32] The Haggadah of the Kaifeng Jews of China has a facsimile of one manuscript and a sample of the other, the full text of the Hebrew/Aramaic and Judeo-Persian haggadah (in Hebrew characters), as well as an annotated English translation.[33]
The British Library houses a Torah scroll from the Kaifeng Synagogue.[34]
The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions[edit]
In The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions: The Legacy of the Jewish Community in Ancient China, Tiberiu Weisz, a teacher of Hebrew history and Chinese religion, presents his own translations of the 1489, 1512, and 1663 stone stelae left by the Kaifeng Jews. Based on the new information gleaned from this translation, Weisz theorizes after the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BCE, disenchanted Levites and Kohanim parted with the Prophet Ezra and settled in Northwestern India. Sometime prior to 108 BCE, these Jews had migrated to Gansu province, China and were spotted by the Chinese general Li Guangli, who was sent to expand the borders of Han Dynasty China. Centuries later, the Jews were expelled from China proper during the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution (845–46), where they lived in the region of Ningxia. Weisz believes they later returned to China during the Song Dynasty when its second emperor, Taizong, sent out a decree seeking the wisdom of foreign scholars.[11]
In a review of the book, Irwin M. Berg, a lawyer and friend of the Kaifeng Jewish community, claims Weisz never figured the many religious documents—Torah, Haggadah, prayer books, etc.—into his thesis and only relied on the stelae themselves. Such documents can be roughly dated from their physical and scribal characteristics. Even though he refers to Persian words utilized in the stelae, Weisz did not include a study on when the Judeo-Persian language of the liturgical documents first came into use in his thesis. Judeo-Persian first developed in Central Asia during the 8th century,[35] well after the author supposes the Jews first entered China. Berg questions the historical reliability of the three stone inscriptions themselves. He gives one anachronistic example where the Jews claim it was an emperor of the Ming Dynasty who bequeathed the land used to build their first synagogue in 1163 during the Song Dynasty.[36]
Authenticity of the Kaifeng Jews[edit]
In 2004, Dr Xun Zhou, a research fellow at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, published doubts regarding the authenticity of the Kaifeng community.[37] Zhou asserts that the apparent presence of the Jews was largely a Western cultural construct,[34] which grew following the publication by James Finn of The Jews in China (1840) and The Orphan Colony of Jews in China (1874)[38] whose initial research was based upon the accounts of the 17th century Jesuit missionaries.[37] She maintains that the community had no Torah scrolls until 1851, when they suddenly appeared to be sold to eager Western collectors.[37] She also states that drawings of the synagogue were doctored in the West because the original did not look like one, and that the Kaifeng community claimed to have kept some Jewish practices since before they are known to have begun. Xun Zhou's conclusion is that the Kaifeng community was not Jewish in any meaningful sense.[37] Her hypothesis is countered by historical evidence, artifacts now residing at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, and by the persistence of memory among the Jewish descendants themselves.[39]
Recent findings[edit]
Yu Peng completely rejects the Song-entry theory,[40] which is widely accepted by many Chinese scholars. The Sinologists Chen Changqi and Wei Qianzhi argue that the Jews went to China in 998, as Song History records that in the year 998 monk Ni-wei-ni (僧你尾尼) and others had travelled for seven years from India to pay homage to Emperor Song Zhenzong. They take it as given that Ni-wei-ni was not a Buddhist monk but a Jewish rabbi.[41][42] Zhang Qianhong and Liu Bailu even cite one statement in Song History as proof that a large population of Jewish expatriates, having followed monk Ni-wei-ni all the way from India, went to Kaifeng on 20 February 998.[43] However, after careful research in Fo-zu Tong-ji (佛祖统计 Buddha Almanac), a Buddhist book composed by monk Zhi-pan (志磐) in the Song Dynasty, Yu Peng finds the following statement: "In 998, the Central Indian monk Ni-wei-ni (沙门你尾抳) and others came to China to meet Emperor Song Zhenzong with Buddhist relics, scriptures, banyan leafs and several banyan seeds."[44] The description in the book uses the term Sha-men (沙门) Ni-wei-ni rather than Seng (僧) Ni-wei-ni, as used in Song History, though both words mean "Buddhist monk" in Chinese. That said, monk Ni-wei-ni did not bring Western cloth with him, and that he was not a Jewish rabbi.[40]
Yu Peng proposes a Yuan-entry theory that the Kaifeng Jews entered China together with the Hui-hui people (Muslims) during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, as Chinese sources do not mention the existence of Chinese Jews until the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.[45] He argues that the Kaifeng Jews were from Persia.[40]
Based on a sentence on the 1679 stela that mentions An-du-la of Kaifeng Jewish Chao clan as Jin-yi Gong (锦衣公), Yu points out that the synagogue was initially built rather than rebuilt or restored in 1421, and that two figures in the 1489 inscription, An-du-la of Song Dynasty and An Cheng of Ming Dynasty, were actually one person. According to the genealogical sequence of the Kaifeng Jewish Li clan in a book, Diary of the Defence of Pien, he ascertains that the earliest reliable date for Jewish arrival in Kaifeng is the Hung Wu Period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty. Yu also claims that the imperial policy of discrimination and forced assimilation toward the Semu people (色目人) during the early Ming Dynasty that forcibly accelerated the assimilation of the Kaifeng Jews into the Chinese population. The Jews pushed their phase of immigration from Mongol Yuan to Song Dynasty, Han Dynasty or even Zhou Dynasty to make it seem that the Jews had been settled in China for almost as long as the Han Chinese and to avoid being discriminated against or persecuted as foreigners.[40]
Books and films[edit]
Literary references[edit]
American novelist Pearl S. Buck, raised in China and fluent in Chinese, set one of her historical novels (Peony) in a Chinese Jewish community. The novel deals with the cultural forces gradually eroding the separate identity of the Jews, including intermarriage. The title character, the Chinese bondmaid Peony, loves her master's son, David ben Ezra, but cannot marry him due to her lowly station. He eventually marries a high-class Chinese woman, to some consternation of his mother, who is proud of her unmixed heritage. Descriptions of remnant names, such as a "Street of the Plucked Sinew", and of customs such as refraining from the eating of pork, are prevalent throughout the novel.
The Broadway musical Chu Chem is a fictional tale that revolves around the Kaifeng Jewish community. In the show, a group of European actors join a troupe of Chinese performers to present the story of Chu Chem, a scholar who journeys to Kaifeng with his wife Rose and daughter Lotte to learn about his ancestors and find a husband for the girl.
Documentary films[edit]
In his 1992 documentary series Legacy, historian Michael Wood walked down a small lane in Kaifeng that he said is known as the "alley of the sect who teach the Scriptures", that is, of the Jews. He mentioned that there are still Jews in Kaifeng today, but that they are reluctant to reveal themselves "in the current political climate". The documentary's companion book further states that one can still see a "mezuzah on the door frame, and the candelabrum in the living room". Similarly, in the documentary Quest for the Lost Tribes, by Canadian filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici, the film crew visits the home of an elderly Kaifeng Jew who explains the recent history of the Kaifeng Jews, shows some old photographs, and his identity papers that identify him as a member of the Jewish ethnic group. A recent documentary, Minyan in Kaifeng, documents and covers the present-day Kaifeng Jewish community in China during a trip to Kaifeng that was taken by Jewish expatriates who met for weekly Friday night services in Beijing; upon learning about the Jews of Kaifeng, members decided to travel to Kaifeng to meet with descendants of the Kaifeng Jews and to hold a Shabbat service.[46]
See also[edit]
- This article incorporates text from Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1, a publication from 1863 now in the public domain in the United States.
- ^ Winer, Stuart. "5 Chinese women immigrate to Israel, plan conversion". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ^ Laytner, Anson (2011). Baskin, Judith R. (ed.). China. The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–2. ISBN 978-0-521-82597-9. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ Fishbane, Matthew (March 30, 2010). "China's Ancient Jewish Enclave". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved 9 May 2020.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- ^ Ehrlich, M. Avrum, ed. (2008), The Jewish-Chinese Nexus: A Meeting of Civilizations, UK: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-45715-6.
- ^ "Record of the Reconstruction of the Ching-Chen-Si", Dartmouth Digital Collections
- ^ Malek, Roman (2017). From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 9781351566285.
- ^ Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia. 1. Oxford. 1863. p. 48. Retrieved 2011-07-06.(Original from the University of Michigan)
- ^ Ricci, Matteo (1953), "11", in Gallagher (ed.), De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas [China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals], one, New York: Random House, pp. 107–11.
- ^ De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu (Google Books) (in Latin), one, pp. 131ff.
- ^ a b Ricci 1953, p. 109.
- ^ a b Weisz, Tiberiu. The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions: The Legacy of the Jewish Community in Ancient China. New York: iUniverse, 2006 (ISBN 0-595-37340-2) Google books
- ^ a b De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas, p. 108 in Gallagher's English translation (1953)
- ^ a b c d Pfeffer, Anshel (2008-06-27), Taking the Silk Route back home, Haaretz, archived from the original on 24 January 2010, retrieved 2009-12-28
- ^ Chambers's encyclopædia, 1868, p. 155
- ^ Dawid, Heinz (1998), "From Berlin To Tianjin", in Goldstein, Jonathan (ed.), The Jews of China, 1, p. 117
- ^ "The Sino-Judaic Institute". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ Jüdische Nachrichten. "Youtai – Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ "Are There Really Jews in China?: An Update". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ "China Virtual Jewish History Tour". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ "Hadassah Magazine".
- ^ Epstein, Maram, American The Jews of China. Volume 1, Historical and Comparative Perspectives (review), China Review International — Volume 7, Number 2, Fall 2000, pp. 453–45
- ^ "CHINESE WRITER STUDIES JEWISH ROOTS". The New York Times. 18 June 1985. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ Kaifeng Jews Celebrate Hannukah on YouTube
- ^ From a Village in China. To the Wedding Canopy in Jerusalem. Arutz 7
- ^ "箱根の楽しみ方ガイド". Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ From Kaifeng to kibbutzim. Jerusalem Post
- ^ Descendants of Chinese Jews arrive in Israel, Jewish telegraphic Agency news service, 10//26/09.
- ^ Kaifeng Jews study in Israeli yeshiva, On road to full Orthodox conversion, seven dedicated Chinese Jews plan to exchange their visitor permits for aliyah visas to make their trip to Israel a permanent one, by Rebecca Bitton, 08/24/10.
- ^ Ty Joplin, CCP is Silencing Tiny Community of Kaifeng Jews, Bitter Winter, January 17, 2019.
- ^ Anson Laytner, "Between Survival and Revival: The Impact of Western Jewish Interaction on Kaifeng-Jewish Identity," in Anson Laytner & Jordan Paper, The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance (Lexington Books, 2017)
- ^ Dalsheimer Rare Book Exhibit Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine Jews of Kaifeng Manuscripts
- ^ Stern, David (Spring 2013). "Why Is This Haggadah Different?". Jewish Review of Books. Archived from the original on 26 November 2019.
- ^ Wong, Fook-Kong; Yasharpour, Dalia (2011). The Haggadah of the Kaifeng Jews of China. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004208100.
- ^ a b "Sacred Texts: Kaifeng Torah". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ Roth, Norman. Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2002, p. 394
- ^ Review of The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions. Retrieved 09-26-2009
- ^ a b c d Zhuo, Xun (2005). "The Kaifeng Jew Hoax: Constructing the 'Chinese Jews'". In Kalmar, Ivan Davidson; Penslar, Derek Jonathan (eds.). Orientalism and the Jews. UPNE. pp. 68–80. ISBN 978-1-58465-411-7.
- ^ The Orphan Colony of Jews in China, 1874
- ^ See Jordan Paper, "The Theology of the Kaifeng Jews, 1000–1850" (Wilfrid Laurier UP, 2012); Xu Xin, "The Jews of Kaifeng China" (KTAV, 2003); Sidney Shapiro, "Jews in Old China" (Hippocrene, 2001); Anson Laytner and Jordan Paper, "The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng" (Lexington Books, 2017); and Chaim Simons, "Jewish Religious Observance by the Jews of Kaifeng China" (Sino-Judaic Institute, 2010).
- ^ a b c d Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–86.
- ^ Chen,Changqi.'Buddhist Monk or Jewish Rabbi?', in Shapiro (ed.), Jews in Old China, pp. 139–42
- ^ Wei, Qianzhi. 'Investigation of the Date of Jewish Settlement in Kaifeng', Historical Monthly 5 (1993), pp. 36–41; p. 39.
- ^ Zhang, Qianhong and Liu, Bailu. 'A Study on the Social Condition of Kaifeng Jews from the Remaining Stone Inscriptions', Journal of Henan University 46:6 (2006), pp. 97–100; p. 97.
- ^ Zhi-pan, Fo-zu Tong-ji (Buddha Almanac), vol. 44; in Fo-zu Tong-ji CBETA Electronic Version (: Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association, 2002), p. 444, http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/sutra/chi_pdf/sutra20/T49n2035.pdf
- ^ Chen, Yuan. 'Study of the Israelite Religion in ', in Z. Wu (ed.), Selected Historical Essays by Chen Yuan (Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1981), pp. 84–5.
- ^ "Minyan in Kaifeng: A Modern Journey to an Ancient Chinese Jewish Community". Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Further reading[edit]
- Anson Laytner and Jordan Paper, The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance (Lexington Books, 2017).
- Loewe, Michael (1988). "The Jewish Presence in Imperial China". Jewish Historical Studies. 30: 1–20. JSTOR 29779835.
- Patricia M. Needle (ed.), East Gate of Kaifeng: a Jewish world inside China, China Center, U. of Minnesota, 1992, ISBN 978-0-9631087-0-8.
- Jordan Paper (2012), The Theology of the Kaifeng Jews, 1000–1850 (Wilfrid Laurier UP).
- Michael Pollak, Mandarins, Jews, and Missionaries: the Jewish experience in the Chinese Empire, (New York: Weatherhill, 1998), ISBN 978-0-8348-0419-7.
- Shlomy Raiskin, "A Bibliography on Chinese Jewry", Moreshet Israel (Journal of Judaism, Zionism and Eretz-Israel), No. 3 (September 2006), pp. 60–85.
- Sidney Shapiro, Jews in Old China, Studies by Chinese Scholars, (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1984), 2001 ISBN 978-0-7818-0833-0.
- Chaim Simons, Jewish Religious Observance by the Jews of Kaifeng China (Sino-Judaic Institute, 2010).
- William Charles White, Chinese Jews, 2nd edition (New York: Paragon, 1966).
- Xu Xin, The Jews of Kaifeng, China, (Jersey City: KTAV, 2003), ISBN 978-0-88125-791-5 Google books.
- Xu Xin, Legends of the Chinese Jews of Kaifeng, (Hoboken: KTAV, 1995), ISBN Google books.
- Nicholas Zane, Jews in China: A History of Struggle, (N House Publishing, 2019). ISBN 978-1-9161037-0-2. Google Books.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judaism in Kaifeng.
- Kaifeng Haggadah text, pages 1-3
- Chinese Jews, a student led organisation
- Kaifeng Jews: Why their ancestors came to China (with links to English translations of source documents appended)
- Jewish Kaifeng
- Sino-Judaic Institute
- Berg, Irwin M. "Among the Jewish Descendants of Kaifeng." Judaism: A Quarterly Journal of Jewish Life and Thought, Winter, 2000. Hosted at Kenyon College.
- Demsky, Aaron (editor). Offprint from These are the Names Studies in Jewish Onomastics Volume 4. Bar-Ilan University Press, 2003. – Names of the Kaifeng Jews, hosted at Kenyon College
- Notes on The Jewish Colony at Kaifeng from the papers of Charles Daniel Tenney
- The Jewish Community of Kaifeng, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot