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Boundaries Of Ownership Essay, Research Paper
Nobody owns this essay.
It is important that I make this very clear and that I do so at the earliest possible moment. I must do this because the essay that you are reading is about intellectual property, and that means that this essay must be self-referential. When one writes or speaks or communicates in any way about intellectual property, one is dealing with some of the most basic rules of the very medium in which one is operating. There is no neutral ground here, no possibility of genuine detachment or objectivity. Either I am going to claim the protection of the current laws that apply in the United States and under the World Intellectual Property Organization, or I am not.
So here it is: I am not.
There is a name just under the title of this essay, but that name has no connection with any concept of ownership. What you read here is not controlled by any copyrights, trademarks, service marks, patents, trade secrets, or any other kind of intellectual property. The words on this page are not an "authoritative" version of this essay; no such version exists, and–as far as I am concerned–no such version ever will exist. The only limits on what you can do with this essay and the words in it are the limits imposed by the laws of physics and the extent of your imagination. As the available technologies advance, the limits will move outward, and you will be able to do more and more things with these words. No matter what you do with this material, I will not send lawyers chasing after you demanding royalties or anything else. If you do get into some sort of trouble for using something from this paper, that trouble won't be started by me.
Why am I doing this? Why am I abandoning copyright protection for my own creation, for something that I might eventually be able to make some money from? I am not an independently wealthy dilettante doing all of my writing purely as some sort of hobby; my wife and I are both struggling along on the meager money we get paid for teaching. My bachelor's degree is in writing (technical writing, to be precise), and I am working on a master's degree in the same field–so why don't I act the way that you would expect a writer to act? Why should I toss away control over my own work with such apparent recklessness?
The simplest answer is this: I don't think that I actually have any control in the first place. Any person with a cheap personal computer, a cheap Internet connection, and extremely cheap software has the ability to take anything that can be seen or heard, modify it in any way they choose, make unlimited numbers of copies, and send those copies anywhere in the world. If one reads the previous sentence carefully, one can find details to quibble over; but the proof of its basic truth stands in front of millions of people every time that they turn their computers on, whether these people notice it or not. I see the obviousness of it every day that I use a computer, which is practically every day. It is my inability to ignore this reality which has finally driven me to abandon the idea of intellectual property for my own "creations" and to write this paper.
One of my favorite descriptions of the situation comes from an article by journalist Charles Mann in the September 1998 issue of Atlantic Monthly:
The transformation of intellectual property into electronic form creates new
problems. If the cost of manufacturing and distributing a product falls, economic
forces will drive down its price, too. The Net embodies this principle to an
extreme degree. Manufacturing and distribution costs collapse almost to nothing
online: zeroes and ones can be shot around the world with a few clicks of a mouse.
Hence producers of digital texts, music, and films will have trouble charging
anything at all for copies of their works–competitors can always offer substitutes
for less, pushing the price toward the vanishing point. . . . Even as digital
technology drives the potential value of copyright to ever greater heights, that same
technology threatens to make it next to worthless.
And how are people attempting to deal with this? Mann explains:
This paradox has engendered two reactions. One is to advocate eliminating
copyright altogether. Led by a small but surprisingly influential cadre of libertarian
futurists, anti-copyrightists believe that the increased ease of copying effectively
obviates the ? symbol and all it entails. . . . The other, opposing reaction is to
strengthen the hand of copyright owners. Realizing the growing economic import of
copyright, Congress is rapidly trying to overhaul the nation's intellectual-property
regime. The changes would give copyright owners more control for longer times;
some would make it a crime to work around copyright-protection schemes.
Mann summarizes the import of all this:
Today the marketplace of ideas is being shaken up by the competing demands of
technology, finance, and law. Large sums of money are at stake. Change seems
inevitable. One way or another, we will lay a new institutional foundation for
literary culture in the United States. How we do it will play a big role . . . in
determining our future well-being. It would be comforting to believe that decisions
will be made thoughtfully and well. But little evidence suggests this is true. Indeed,
we may be heading into a muddle that it will take us a long time to escape.
For another description of this muddle, let us turn to an article by John Perry Barlow (originally published in the magazine Wired) called "Selling Wine Without Bottles: The Economy of Mind on the Global Net." Here is a portion of Barlow's assessment of the intellectual property dilemma:
If our property can be infinitely reproduced and instantaneously distributed all over
the planet without cost, without our knowledge, without its even leaving our
possession, how can we protect it? How are we going to get paid for the work we
do with our minds? And, if we can't get paid, what will assure the continued
creation and distribution of such work?
Since we don't have a solution to what is a profoundly new kind of challenge,
and are apparently unable to delay the galloping digitization of everything not
obstinately physical, we are sailing into the future on a sinking ship.
This vessel, the accumulated canon of copyright and patent law, was developed
to convey forms and methods of expression entirely different from the vaporous
cargo it is now being asked to carry. It is leaking as much from within as without.
Legal efforts to keep the old boat floating are taking three forms: a frenzy of
deck chair rearrangement, stern warnings to the passengers that if she goes down,
they will face harsh criminal penalties, and serene, glassy-eyed denial.
Intellectual property law cannot be patched, retrofitted, or expanded to contain
the gasses of digitized expression any more than real estate law might be revised to
cover the allocation of broadcasting spectrum. (Which, in fact, rather resembles
what is being attempted here.) We will need to develop an entirely new set of
methods as befits this entirely new set of circumstances.
Most of the people who actually create soft property–the programmers,
hackers, and Net surfers–already know this. Unfortunately, neither the companies
they work for nor the lawyers these companies hire have enough direct experience
with immaterial goods to understand why they are so problematic. They are
proceeding as though the old laws can somehow be made to work, either by
grotesque expansion or by force. They are wrong.
There are a couple of noteworthy characteristics to be found in both of these articles. One is their novelty: Mann's article is the only cover story on this topic that I have been able to find in a major mainstream periodical during the two years or so that I have been researching intellectual property. Wired, the magazine that published Barlow's work, is much too far into the cyberculture to be called "mainstream;" yet even among "the programmers, hackers, and Net surfers" that Barlow describes as being in the know, the amount of discussion of technology's effect on intellectual property is surprisingly small considering the tremendous potential import of the subject.
The second interesting point is how both of these articles confirm an idea I mentioned in the second paragraph of this paper: no person can publicly discuss intellectual property in an objective way. Mann, acknowledging his role as journalist, admits, "Because I make much of my living from copyright, I find the to-and-fro fascinating, and have a vested interest in the results". Barlow mentions his experience in the music industry:
In regard to my own soft product, rock and roll songs, there is no question that
the band I write them for, the Grateful Dead, has increased its popularity
enormously by giving them away. We have been letting people tape our concerts
since the early seventies, but instead of reducing the demand for our product, we
are now the largest concert draw in America, a fact which is at least in part
attributable to the popularity generated by those tapes.
True, I don't get any royalties on the millions of copies of my songs which have
been extracted from concerts, but I see no reason to complain. The fact is, no one
but the Grateful Dead can perform a Grateful Dead song, so if you want the
experience and not its thin projection, you have to buy a ticket from us. In other
words, our intellectual property protection derives from our being the only
real-time source of it.
Barlow also looks at the status of the article "Selling Wine Without Bottles" itself:
Despite its print publication here, I expect it will continue to evolve in liquid form, possibly
for years. The thoughts in it have not been "mine" alone but have assembled themselves
in a field of interaction which has existed between myself and numerous others, to whom
I am grateful. . . . However, I should note in honesty that when Wired sends me a check
for having temporarily "fixed" it on their pages, I alone will cash it.
There is another interesting angle that comes up when writers write about intellectual property. In certain contractual situations, the author has already legally abandoned the ability to practice what he may be preaching. In early 1999, Stewart Alsop wrote one of the few articles which has both questioned the current intellectual property regime and appeared in the business
press–in this case, Fortune. Alsop's article concludes:
Doesn't it begin to feel as if we should go back and reexamine our assumptions
about whether creative effort should be protected by the government? Of course, as
a spur to these discussions, I would love to grant you blanket permission to copy
this article freely, but I don't own the copyright. You'll have to ask the permissions
manager here at Fortune if you want to make more than one copy.
So, we can not escape it. If you talk about intellectual property in public, you have to look at what you yourself are doing, and the context in which you are doing it. All three of these articles that I've quoted from were copyrighted. All three of the authors received money, under the traditional rules of intellectual property, for articles in which they critically questioned those very rules. Are there ethical problems here? Are they facing a conflict of interest? Do we even have a good way of phrasing these questions, let alone answering them?
I don't know, and I can't preach to anyone else about how they should approach these issues. But I definitely feel that the only way I can maintain some sort of objectivity is if I personally do not have money riding on the very subject that I'm trying to examine. So there it is. I don't own this essay, and neither does anyone else. Do with these words what you will. Run this essay through a photocopier, put this on a web site, email this to all your friends and relatives. As I said at the beginning, the only limits are the laws of physics and the extent of your imagination.
"All right," you may say. "You, the author but non-owner of this essay, have made a choice. Fine for you, perhaps. But where will everyone wind up in the long run? What is going to happen to copyrights and everything else as the technology changes?"
A reasonable question, and a difficult one. We can return here to Mann: Large sums of money are indeed at stake, and change certainly seems inevitable. But there is a great deal of reluctance to recognize that change. The "serene, glassy-eyed denial" which Barlow described is widespread, and many people find it far too easy to maintain. The denial is built primarily around belief in the perpetual maintenance, and the further development, of three things:
Voluntary cooperation by the general public;
Punishment of those who don't voluntarily cooperate–in other words, the belief that the "stern warnings to the passengers," as Barlow described them above, can actually be backed up by fines and prison terms; and
Technological fixes for all the problems.
Why don't I think that any or all of these things will preserve intellectual property as we have known it? The next two portions of this paper answer that question. Since I believe that voluntary cooperation and legal enforcement are closely related, I will discuss them together. Technological fixes will get a section of their own.
Part 2: Useful Arts?
Can current laws governing intellectual property survive the onslaught of technology? Do they deserve to? How do we decide?
If current intellectual property law is a coherent structure, with clearly agreed-upon goals and clear ways of reaching those goals, then the system might have some chance of surviving. But just how clear and coherent is it?
Let's go back to the early roots of intellectual property in American constitutional law. (The tangled relationships between technology and intellectual property involve a multitude of international questions, but the laws of the United States give us some good starting points. Also, the situation in our country contains more than enough problems to keep us busy, as we shall soon see.) Here is what the United States Constitution *http://www.house.gov/Constitution/Constitution.html* says in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8: "Congress shall have the power . . . To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."
Now compare this with an excerpt from the "Online Terms of Us" at the web site of Warner Brothers as these terms appeared in 1999: "Any notes, message/billboard postings, ideas, suggestions, concepts or other material submitted will become the property of Warner Bros. throughout the universe and Warner Bros. shall be entitled to use the material for any type of use forever including in any media whether now known or hereafter devised."
Note the differences between these two documents. The Constitution applies only to the United States; Warner Bros., with its claim of jurisdiction "throughout the universe," apparently controls things out where even the World Intellectual Property Organization does not tread. The Constitution secures rights to the original "Authors and Inventors;" Warner Brothers is claiming rights to material that others have created and submitted to the company. The Constitution uses the phrase "limited Times;" Warner Brothers claims that their entitlement lasts "forever." Warner Brothers does not even want to be bound by the limits of today's technology: whatever comes along, "in any media whether now known or hereafter devised," belongs to the company. If we go beyond the original words of the Constitution and look at the specifics of modern copyright law, another noteworthy detail appears. The US Copyright Office itself flatly states that "ideas" cannot be copyrighted; yet Warner Brothers claims "ideas" as its "property," along with such dubious things as "suggestions" and "concepts."
I don't mean to portray Warner Brothers as being some kind of big corporate villain here. It is just another company trying to maximize its profits, which is what companies do. Its competitors in the media business, all of whom have similar policies in their "Terms of Use" statements, are in the same situation. It is difficult to believe that a company like Warner Brothers would not have such a policy; still, we must face the fact that there are some real differences between the letter of the laws which are on the books and the policies which large media corporations attempt to enforce–when they can. If "Terms of Use" like those of Warner Brothers do not actually reflect the law, in either the Constitution or the statutes, how confidently can copyright holders trust the law to solidly maintain the integrity of their "inventory"?
What of actual case law? How well do judges defend the rights of copyright holders when push comes to shove? Here, too, one's confidence may be shaken by the facts. Within the limited scope of this paper, one example will suffice.
In the case I am about to relate, the intellectual property involved was software; but this case has implications far beyond its original scope. The defendant, David LaMacchia, posted a number of commercial programs on his electronic bulletin board and allowed computer users to download copies of the programs for free. Originally, the charges brought against him were under federal "wire fraud" statutes; however, Judge D. J. Stearns found that these specific statutes did not apply when no personal profit was involved. Ultimately, he dismissed the charges. Congress later passed the "No Electronic Theft" or "NET" Act to make sure that no future LaMacchias would be able to escape scot-free as he had.
If one carefully examines different parts of Stearns' ruling in the case, one gets a vivid picture of the contradictions and paradoxes in both intellectual property law itself and in people's attitudes towards it. At one point in his decision, Stearn goes out of his way to emphasize how the "limited nature of the property interest conferred by copyright stems from an overriding First Amendment concern for the free dissemination of ideas." Stearns quotes Harry Blackmun's words from a Supreme Court decision in an earlier case. Blackmun, treading carefully along a fine line between the different kinds of "rights" accorded to different kinds of "owners," stresses that
infringement of copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion or fraud. . . .
The infringer invades a statutorily defined province guaranteed to the copyright holder
alone. But he does not assume physical control over the copyright; nor does he wholly
deprive its owner of its use. While one may colloquially liken infringement with some
general notion of wrongful appropriation, infringement plainly implicates a more complex
set of property interests than does run-of-the-mill theft, conversion or fraud.
However, near the end of his decision Stearns seems to speak in a different tone. Here is his description of the defendant and what the defendant did: "One might at best describe his actions as heedlessly irresponsible, and at worst as nihilistic, self-indulgent, and lacking in any fundamental sense of values. Criminal as well as civil penalties should probably attach to willful, multiple infringements of copyrighted software even absent a commercial motive on the part of the infringer."
Is Stearns being downright inconsistent here, or just sort of vague? If copyright infringement so "plainly implicates a more complex set of property interests than does run-of-the-mill theft, conversion or fraud," what exactly is the "fundamental sense of values" which LaMacchia allegedly lacks?
If a federal judge, experienced in copyright cases, can be moved by such contradictory ideas in the space of a single decision, what of the rest of the population? Although our government may never be perfectly democratic, the state of the laws and their effective enforcement still depends ultimately on genuine support by the broad mass of the people. How much is the general public going out of their way to actively cooperate in maintaining the old rules of the game? Does the person in the street even know what is going on with intellectual property?
I have mentioned the lack of mainstream journalistic coverage of these issues; how many times have you seen a story about this on the evening news? One reason why few journalists cover intellectual property stories is because journalists, and their employers, don't want to give the public any more ideas than they already have about copying and distributing copyrighted material. Another reason, I think, is that they know the public really isn't interested.
I can supply an anecdote from my own recent teaching experience. A month or so ago, I had my freshman composition students read a section from a book entitled New Media Technology: Cultural and Commercial Perspectives. The section that I assigned discusses several cyberspace issues; one portion, written for parents, runs: "Make sure that your child is not obtaining pirated material, such as digital recordings of copyrighted music or video. This is not only potentially dangerous but is illegal. If you do find pirated material, talk to your child about how he or she received it, and delete the files (Pavlik 383)."
After we read that excerpt in class, I asked the students how many of them had ever talked to their parents about intellectual property in any way. No hands were raised. I knew from earlier discussions that most of my students have computers at home, and that even those who aren't home users still have downloaded a variety of materials by using machines in our university's computer labs. I have little reason to believe that they ever check on the copyright status of the material they download. In general, questions of intellectual property simply don't appear on their radar screens. This attitude does not bode well for copyright holders. In particular, it does not encourage confidence in the enforceability of anti-piracy laws.
Laws which don't have public opinion behind them are difficult to enforce. Laws on the books which don't fit with the laws of physics are even more dubious. It is these laws of physics, as they are embodied in countless pieces of modern technology, that I will discuss in the next section.
Part 3: Technical Realities
The owners of intellectual property, quite understandably, are pursuing every course of action that they can find to maintain control over their "stock." They have turned to computer programmers and the like for answers. Have the technicians succeeded? Are they likely to?
While trying to answer these questions, one could look at many different pieces of hardware and software, and read through a flood of details about what they are supposed to do. For the purposes of this relatively short paper, I will rely upon one source which I think summarizes much of the most relevant and interesting information in this area. In addition, this source reveals–sometimes unwittingly and indirectly–a few of the more intractable problems in the technological approaches to preserving intellectual property.
In 1997, the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) released a document entitled "Intellectual Property Protection in Cyberspace: Towards a New Consensus *ipprotec.html*." The web-published piece begins with a message which is, in my opinion, generally correct: "When it comes to the Internet and government policy, the indecency issue has [recently] garnered the greatest attention. . . . However, over the long term, intellectual property protection will in all likelihood prove to be the more important concern."
Later in the document, as we move slowly towards the details of the proposed technological solutions, the authors (whose individual names are not supplied) seem to be maintaining a healthy and realistic amount of caution about the relationships between technology and law:
Too often, discussion surrounding digital copyright protection fails to take into
account the physical and practical limitations imposed by the Internet itself. . . . The
IT industry is concerned that attempts to legislate sanctions to digital copyright
protection and infringement may ignore technical realities. The physical operation
and working dynamics of this "network of networks" defy traditional legal notions
of enforcement [and] boundaries. . . . It is important to recognize that the actual
functionalities of the Internet, just like the laws of gravity, cannot be legislated.
But, not far away from these words, we find a burst of enthusiasm for the tools which are supposed to solve the problems of intellectual property in cyberspace:
When copyright holders and content providers begin to utilize the many and varied
technological tools that can serve to protect video, audio, and text-based
intellectual property distributed in a digitized form over the Internet . . . most of the
problems expressed during [recent] debates will be silenced.
There are already some technology tools today, and many more in
development, that can securely label intellectual property and provide the means
for those who have control and have been given notification of the infringement to
monitor, take down, and/or block infringing material. . . . Technology can provide
solutions for these needs. Technological solutions exist today and improved means
are being developed to better protect digital works through varying combinations of
hardware and software.
Copyright owners and content providers have the tools available to label,
tag, or add a digital watermark to the work at the beginning of a transmission's
"food chain," before it is sent out onto the Internet. Depending on the perceived
value or importance of the work, the copyright holder can "wrap" the package with
various levels of protection. These protections can restrict reproduction, use,
re-transmission, and provide the means necessary to identify, locate, impede or
take down unauthorized reproductions. This technology approach maintains the
value of copyrighted material.
For those not familiar with the concept of the "digital watermark" and other such innovations, there is at the end of the article I have been quoting a list of copyright-protection products and the companies which make them. One of the more well-known firms in the digital watermark business is Digimarc *http://www.digimarc.com/*. Here is the description of Digimarc's product, PictureMarc:
PictureMarc embeds an imperceptible digital watermark within an image. The
watermark carries copyright information and links to the image creator, enabling
copyright communication, authorship attribution and electronic commerce.
Coupled with Digimarc's aggressive distribution strategy, PictureMarc promises to
yield a viable solution to the long-standing problem of how to communicate
copyright in a digital setting. A Digimarc watermark is durable, able to survive
across file formats and most transformations of the image such as copying and
editing, and can be read even when the image is cropped. The watermark is
embedded digitally within the image, remaining a part of the image even when
printed, and can be read by scanning the printed image into a computer. This
durability ensures that the watermark stays with the image wherever it may travel.
First, of course, one might ask the same questions that consumers should ask about anything when it is just coming onto the market: will this product work completely as advertised, or does it have some of those nasty little bugs and limitations that we have observed in so many modern "miracles"? Since we are talking high-tech, another natural question should emerge: can PictureMarc be "hacked" by hostile programmers? Experience should make us very cautious at least; few pieces of electronic technology are either bug-free or bulletproof, and the ITAA itself, as they remark in their introduction to their list of copyright protection products, unequivocally refuses to "make any claims as to the validity of the claims made by the providers of these technologies. All information provided is summarized and condensed from company press releases and responses to requests for information. . . . As with most emerging technologies, there is a varying degree of protection and efficiency among technologies available for copyright protection."
But let us assume, with supreme optimism, that all of Digimarc's claims about its product are correct, and that the claims will remain true indefinitely. What, in fact, do we have? Even if PictureMarc lets us keep track of the origin and legal ownership of an image, firmly and forever, we still find nothing in Digimarc's description of it that implies some physical restriction on the ability of people to make copies and send them racing around the world. And this is precisely where some of the most important copyright questions lie. Intellectual property, like other forms of property, is subject to the laws of supply and demand; it is the electronic creation of a theoretically unlimited supply that is the economic problem for authors and publishers. PictureMarc may help resolve cases of theft, in which someone is trying to falsely claim authorship of an image in order to try to make money from it illegitimately; but a profit-motivated thief, just as much as a legitimate owner, wants to maintain the value of the merchandise he has stolen, or else he can make no money either. None of the features of PictureMarc seem to be relevant to the problem that Charles Mann described: how the flexibility of cyberspace is "pushing the price toward the vanishing point."
If space permitted, I could describe some of the other gadgets and programs that are listed in the ITAA article: electronic "containers" of one sort or another, with their own varied "locks" and "keys;" "WebArmor," program which "archives your web site and affixes an authoritative, encrypted time-date stamp and content signature" so that "you can then show, in court if necessary, what your web site looked like at a particular instant in time;" the "Flickering Screen" from Bellcore Corporation, which displays data on a screen in such a way that the human eye can see it but the computer supposedly can not dump it to a printer; and so on and so forth, almost without limit.
After all is said and done, one does not need to be an expert to decide whether or not technology is really likely to protect intellectual property. All one has to be is an ordinary computer user. The next time that you sit down at the keyboard and go into your word processor or email program, ask yourself: is there really anything that prevents you from taking any piece of text and sending copies of it anywhere in the world? If you are using a web browser, ask yourself the same question about graphic images and other media.
I restate what I said near the beginning of this essay: I use a computer daily, and I look at the evidence staring me right in the face. It is two years after the ITAA produced their document, with all of its contradictory statements of confidence and caution; it is more than twice that long since Barlow described the holes in the hull of the sinking ship; and no group of technical geniuses, no matter how intelligent and well-paid they may be, has yet found really effective patches for those holes. I am not betting that they will in the foreseeable future.
Part 4: Software, Hardware, Hard Facts, Hard Choices
As I look back over the earlier portions of this essay, I realize how much I have omitted from my description of this huge universe called "intellectual property." There are so many more things that I could include, if time and space permitted.
For example, I could include the words of Nicholas Negroponte Professor of Media Technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Founding Director of the Media Lab at MIT: "Copyright law is totally out of date. It is a Gutenberg artifact. Since it is a reactive process, it will probably have to break down completely before it is corrected" (58).
I could include some more words from the book by John Pavlik that I mentioned above, New Media Technology:
Earlier generations of technology, including the photocopying machine and audiotape
recorders, have presented challenges to existing copyright law, but none have posed
the same threat as the digital age. Earlier technologies, although they may sometimes
have made copying copyrighted material possible, did not have the copying advantages
of digital technologies, which make instantaneous mass copying of exact duplicates on
an international scale a matter as simple as pressing the Enter key. (286)
I could include excerpts from the debates that have taken place on the floor of both houses of Congress as they have wrestled with these issues; excerpts from a slew of court decisions; excerpts from analyses by a variety of legal scholars; excerpts from the long-running, and still ongoing, arguments over "fair use;" and on and on and on.
But this essay, originally written for a college class, had to stay under twenty pages, not surpass twenty million; and this essay had to be completed within a few weeks, not be spread out several decades. So I must limit myself to just a few brief concluding remarks and recommendations.
In order to work our way out of the "muddle" that Charles Mann described, we need to move far away from our wishful thinking, our old conditioned reflexes, and our deep-seated, short-sighted, narrow greed. We cannot keep on saying, both to ourselves and each other, that the old rules of the game will somehow continue forever just because we want them to and just because we become very uncomfortable when we think about those old rules failing. We cannot keep looking only at which pattern of laws will (we hope) provide us with the largest possible amount of money in the shortest possible amount of time, and then keep demanding that Congress maintain or strengthen that set of laws. We cannot trust blindly in nice-sounding but unproven, even uninvented, technologies to help us, when so many of the old, proven, well-established technologies have so clearly turned into integral–indeed, into rapidly expanding–parts of the very problems we are trying to solve.
I suggest that we need to change our entire frame of reference. Rather than starting out with the status quo and arguing over how to tweak it slightly–a little tighter here, a little looser there–I believe we need to mentally jump to the opposite extreme from our current laws and our long-accustomed practices.
Imagine, hypothetically, that the part of the US Constitution that I quoted earlier did not exist. Imagine that our government had neither a Copyright Office *http://www.lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/* nor a Patent and Trademark Office *http://www.uspto.gov/*. Suppose that, when someone did something with a piece of writing or art or music or film or software or whatever–some intellectual "property" that someone else had created–the government did absolutely nothing to intervene, and that no judge in any court granted any rights towards any "owner" of any intellectual "property" under any circumstances whatever.
What would happen in this environment? I caution the reader to avoid jumping to any hasty and simplistic conclusions; neither "total disaster" nor "nobody would ever create anything good again" are well-thought-out answers. "I personally would go broke" is also not a useful answer; as I said, we must get beyond narrow and personal financial interests, difficult though that may be. We must look at this alternate world with all the objectivity, clarity, and thoroughness we can possibly muster, for it is only by doing so that we can assemble in our own minds the solid core of intellectual property that is genuinely worth protecting, if such a solid core even exists.
Ultimately, I return to the points I raised on the first few pages of this essay. Anyone can move around any information that they want to, and nobody really seems to be changing that fact in spite of many efforts to do so. I personally have chosen not to fight the fact until the fact changes. Take what you want from these words. Do what you want with them. Change them, send them, mail them, post them, write them, draw them, paint them, speak them, sing them, chant them, record them, film them. This essay is yours, and everybody's, and nobody's.
Nobody owns this essay.
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Call Us: 800-472-4655
Multi-Paired PVC Thermocouple Wire is part of our highly regarded collection of high temperature cable and thermocouple wire. Both extension grade thermocouple wire, Multi Pair Thermocouple Extension Cable With Overall Shield and Multi Pair Thermocouple Extension Cable With Individually Shielded Pairs help connect multiple sensors to operating instrumentation. Our entire stock of thermocouple wire is available in various configurations for the convenience of both application and environment.
Extension grade thermocouple wire is a vital high temperature cable for any application requiring a thermocouple. Without the extension wire connecting the thermocouple signal from probe to the instrument reading the signal, a thermocouple would render vitally useless.
In Multi-Paired PVC Thermocouple Extension Cable with Individually Shielded Pairs, colored coded twisted pairs are numbered sequentially for easy identification. They possess extruded high temperature 105°C PVC insulation as well as a 20 gauge solid thermocouple alloy.

subset: commoncrawl


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You can sell your used, old, damaged, or junk car for cash in Vienna, West Virginia today with Peddle. Get an offer on the value and worth of your car your car instantly, no haggling necessary. Once you accept your offer, we'll come to you or you may be able to drive it to our location, and we'll pay you on the spot! If you're looking for more than our instant offer, you can set your asking price, list your car for sale and we'll work on finding a buyer for your car.
We buy used and junk cars in Vienna ! Give us a quick rundown of your car, we'll let you know how much we can pay, and you're done. It's fast, easy, and convenient.
We've made 11 offers in Vienna in the last 30 days.
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Before order
1,Customized the production line and auxiliary machine according final products,and show all technical parameter to buyer,provide the turnkey project to customer.
2,Free machine running when customer visit our factory for quality inspection .
3, Design the mold drawing according customer requirements.
4,Design the machine layout and water and electricity layout according buy factory.
5,Any technical parameter support if customer in need.
In production
1,Confirm the mold drawing after received the down payment.
2,Start the product asap and updates the production status every 10 days.
3,Confirm the water and electricity layout and other accessories,ensure plant preparations well before the machines arrives.
4,Determine raw material preparation in customer factory.
5,Within 60 working days after receiving the advance payment, the seller shall notify the buyer to carry out the inspection
6,Arrange machine and mold testing to ensure customer or third party inspection satisfaction.
7,The seller shall complete the packing of the goods within 15 working days after receiving the full payment and be ready to ship.
8,The seller shall inform the buyer of the exact loading time and the buyer shall arrange to supervise the scope of the loading.
Machine in customer factory
1,After determining the date of the machine arrived customer's factory, arrange our professional engineer to install and debug the machine.
2,What the engineer should to do at the customer's plant:
2.1 Quickly install, debug the machine to normal operation and ensure product good quality products.
2,2 Provide the formula for production.
2.3 Teach workers how to use and maintain machines,solutions to daily problems in production
2.4Any production technical support for customer need.
3,Technical support online
If any problems when production we will reply online asap,within 24 hours to give the solution.
4, Warranty
4.1 Warranty period: 12 months from the first day of operation of the machine in the customer's warehouse
4.2 The seller shall guarantee that service and spare parts are free of charge throughout the warranty period of the equipment.
4.3Lifetime service: After the 12-month warranty clause, the seller should provide lifelong service for the goods sold and provide the buyer with the payment for the required spare parts.
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WARNING: This interview contains major spoilers for Outlander season 1 and also includes a tease of what's to come in season 2! If you have not seen up to episode 11, "The Devil's Mark," you might want to skip this for now.
After posing as a healer at Leoch, butting heads with the War Chieftain of Clan MacKenzie and almost receiving a death sentence at a witch trial, Claire's (Caitriona Balfe) finally come clean and revealed to Jamie (Sam Heughan) that she's from the future. While in New York City promoting the Outlander mid-season premiere, I got the chance to sit down with Balfe to discuss the challenges of filming that especially pivotal scene of the show.
On top of that, we also discussed some of her favorite moments from the second half of season 1, what put her at ease when tackling the nudity and sex scenes, the period wardrobe items she wish she could steal and wear today, and more. You can catch all of that as well as Balfe's brief tease of what's to come in Outlander season 2 in the video interview below. Outlander airs on Starz on Saturday at 9pm.
Caitriona Balfe:
- 00:05 – What's to come in the second half of season 1.
- 00:30 – Balfe is particularly excited for fans to see episodes 9, 11, 14, 15 and 16 .
- 01:13 – On the nudity in the show, trusting Ronald D. Moore and knowing that those scenes are integral to the story.
- 02:51 – Outlander is NSFW.
- 03:03 – Which period costume would Balfe actually want to wear today?
- 04:25 – On the gorier moments in the show and the whipping scenes.
- 05:34 – Preparing for the scene during which Claire finally tells Jamie she's a time traveler.
- 06:38 – What's to come in Outlander season 2.


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At Bradford Strategies we understand that the look and feel of your marketing campaigns must be cohesive and streamlined across the board. We will help you develop a flexible, custom-tailored, multichannel marketing campaign to integrate seamlessly with the rest of your operation.
Bradford Strategies will evaluate and monitor your current marketing plan, strengths, deficits, and needs.
Integrated Marketing is "a strategic marketing process specifically designed to ensure that all messaging and communication strategies are unified across all channels and are centered around the customer." IMC is used practically to allow one medium's weakness to be offset by another medium's strength, with elements synergized to support each other and create greater impact.
-The Journal of Integrated Marketing Communication from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University
Let us help you develop a relevant and targeted message for your audience. Whether your business is in need of precision-targeted copy, brochures, flyers, invitations, or other promotional materials, we are ready to partner with you to take your company to the next level.
We will provide your company with ongoing support to help you expand your market reach and strengthen the relationship between your brand and your audience so you can stand out in the vast sea of modern technology.


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I got a call on Thursday from SM2LIY who was at the QTH and said that the 40m yagi had tilted 90 degrees. This made me very depressed and I called SM2XJP so he could go out there and check if everything seem to be ok and it was just a matter of "twisting" it back and tighten the clamps. He called back a few hours later and confirmed that everything looked OK which made me a bit more calm.
I arrived at the QTH on Friday when it was dark, so I could not see the mess myself and started to do other work instead. I had gone to SM2EKM and picked up the SB220 he borrowed me to use on the 2nd radio during CQWW SSB that I plan to do SOAB HP as SJ2W. When I connected the amp and started it up it did blow the fuse and the anode current meter getting floored. This made me very scared but I was confused since I had handled the amp with care. So I checked to see if the tubes were properly in the sockets since I suspected maybe some glitch making it not "cut off". I moved the tubes a bit and started it again and the amp was running, so I thought the problem was solved. Until I stepped upp from the chair which apparently made the table move slightly and bang the fuse went again. This made me very confused and I started to look at the tubes and did notice that the anode in the tube was lose and at some angles it did hit the cathode creating a shortcut. This made me very upset thinking I broke the tube so now I was not just nervous to climb the tower on Saturday morning but also the call to SM2EKM to tell him I broke his amp.
On Saturday morning I had a hard time eating anything because I was really nervous for the tower climb, for some strange reason since I've done it many times before without problems. I just had one of those days where I didn't feel like doing it but I did pull myself together and climbed the tower mid day on Saturday. It went pretty easy but I avoided looking up since I could see some ice in the tower at some points, like where antennas were attached to the tower. However nothing fell and after I climbed up I broke the ice loose and threw it down, so that it wouldn't hit me on my way down. Well in the top of the tower everything went very smoothly. I loosened the clamps more and with help of the boom support I could turn the yagi back. However the elements look worse aligned than compared to when we put the beam up, so I am afraid that it might twist even more this winter but hopefully it will survive as long as possible and we can fix it in the spring/summer.
When this was finished and I had gotten down to the ground again I called SM2EKM and told him what happened and he said "But Mikey, you should know that I have lots of tubes" so he will send two new tubes with me down to replace the ones in the amp now. So I had been nervous over nothing, both when it came to the tower climb as well as the call to SM2EKM 🙂 Thanks Jim!
After this was done SM2XJP and I did some work down at where the 40m 4-SQ will be placed but after a few hours we pretty much gave up. The snow makes it too hard and we don't really have time to do everything to get the 4-SQ up before the ground will get rock hard and even getting rid of all the trees and branches is a big job. So this will need to wait until the spring/summer to be done. I am considering putting up a loop with apex @18m vertically polarized as EU antenna for 40 to use when beaming some other direction with the beam.
Here are some pictures taken by gf Anna!


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By Simon Davies.
OPINION: If you want some aspect of the private or public sector to be messed up, just ask the Labour party to improve it. After an exhaustive and expensive review consulting with all the stakeholders, except perhaps the ones most affected, a number of changes will be announced usually to widespread dismay.
With the changes just announced for the early childhood learning sector, once again I feel rural New Zealanders are being treated as third rate citizens.
- Government reveals plans to have 100 percent qualified teachers in early childhood education
- Survey reveals 'disgraceful' wages of early childhood educators
Education is a big deal and I am a firm believer in it. For us that means both our daughters have been, or are going, to an early learning centre. This is both for learning, and more importantly for us, the socialising with other children.
In our case it means a 26 km round trip to the nearest centre, twice a day. We started both our girls before they were aged 3 so have been paying full costs.
The costs I can Iive with; not having the option of early learning education I cannot.
Therefore I was dismayed to hear that the early childhood education sector has just been subjected to the Labour treatment. The Education Minister has announced a number of changes, including insisting that 80 percent of teachers be qualified (over time, rising to 100 percent) and teacher to child ratios must be increased. The changes might sound great but the outcomes will be far from it. Both of these changes will result in fewer placements for children in early learning.
Right now the sector is struggling to find enough qualified teachers for the current children in the system. By increasing the teacher to child ratio and insisting on a higher proportion of qualified teachers, it seems to me there is only one realistic option available for the sector to remain viable, compliant and to qualify for government funding. That is to reduce the number of child placements.
This is a rather perverse outcome, given in the same announcement the Minister stated that early childhood education is very important and his intention is to get more children into ECE.
The minister acknowledged the sector already has an issue with teacher availability, but was confident this would all be smoothed out in the future....Really! How exactly? There may be a few under-employed early learning teachers waiting in the wings in Wellington but there certainly aren't in the provincial towns and villages. In fact, to be frank there is hardly anyone employable who isn't already in a job in our hinterland.
As is often the case, the solutions dreamed up by bureaucrats in the Capital will have the biggest implications in rural New Zealand. Child placements in these areas are extremely tight now, with a number of rural towns having waiting lists for early learning centres. These changes will only make it worse.
If by chance some entrepreneur had been thinking about taking the risk of opening an extra early childhood centre in a rural town, and by some miracle finding sufficient teachers qualified or not these new edicts from Wellington will likely shoot the prospect down. And it will be the kids who miss out.
Simon Davies is President of Otago Federated Farmers.


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Media statement: WADA Independent Commission report
Acting CEO of ASADA, Trevor Burgess, has welcomed the findings of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Independent Commission released today.
"This report identified systemic failures that prevent or diminish an effective anti-doping program and demonstrates the far-reaching damage doping has in international competition.
"The effects of this program go far beyond the athletes at the centre of the report. Doping and corruption affect all clean athletes that have competed against them by robbing them of their right to a level playing field on which to test their skills, spirit and years of hard work.
"The work of the Independent Commission, of WADA, and of anti-doping authorities around the world, are crucial to ensuring sport is fair.
"The threat of doping is ever-present and ASADA will continue to protect Australia's clean athletes as we await the consequences of this report."


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What is a CT scan?
A computerised tomography (CT) scanner uses X-rays & a computer to create detailed images of the inside of the body.
What is a CT scan & what is it used for?
CT scans can sometimes be referred to as CAT scans, or computed tomography scans.
CT scans produce detailed images of multiple structures inside the body, including the internal organs, blood vessels & bones.
CT can be used to:
- Diagnose conditions – including damage to bones, injuries to internal organs, problems with blood flow, such as coronary artery disease, strokes & cancer.
- Guide further tests or treatments – for example, CT scans can help to determine the location, size & shape of a tumour before having radiotherapy, or allow a doctor to take a needle biopsy (where a small tissue sample is removed using a needle) or drain an abscess
- Monitor conditions– including checking the size of tumours during & after cancer treatment
Relevant links
Relevant Edinburgh Imaging publications
22 Jun 20. Featured Paper. Coronary 18F-sodium fluoride uptake predicts outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease.
16 Mar 20. Featured Paper. Low-attenuation noncalcified plaque on coronary computed tomography angiography predicts myocardial infarction: results from the multicenter SCOT-HEART Trial (Scottish computed tomography of the heart).
24 Jul 19. Featured Paper. Disentangled representation learning in cardiac image analysis.
24 May 19. Featured Paper. Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage & cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial
16 Apr 19. Featured Paper. The Meta VCI Map consortium for meta-analyses on strategic lesion locations for vascular cognitive impairment using lesion-symptom mapping: Design & multicenter pilot study.
20 Mar 19. Featured Paper. Detection & prediction of bioprosthetic aortic valve degeneration.
11 Feb 19. Featured Paper. Disease activity in mitral annular calcification: A multimodality study.
22 Jan 19. Featured Paper. Coronary artery plaque characteristics associated with adverse outcomes in the SCOT-HEART study.
30 Oct 18. Featured Paper. Effect of IV alteplase on the ischemic brain lesion at 24–48 hours after ischemic stroke.
28 Aug 18. Featured Paper. Coronary CT angiography & 5-year risk of myocardial infarction.
21 Aug 18. Featured Paper. Cardiac CT in prosthetic aortic valve complications.
24 May 18. Featured Paper. 18f-fluoride positron emission tomography: computed tomography angiography predicts bioprosthetic valve degeneration.
- 17 May 18. Featured Paper. Artificial Intelligence improves stroke & dementia diagnosis in brain scans.
- 04 Apr 18. Featured Paper. Computed tomography aortic valve calcium scoring in patients with aortic stenosis.


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|php.net | support | documentation | report a bug | advanced search | search howto | statistics | random bug | login
[2008-08-21 16:22 UTC] richrumble at gmail dot com
Description: ------------ Technically phpinfo() can show you part of the problem With SNMP enabled, running that script from the browser will show you snmp enabled, running the phpinfo script from cli shows it's not enabled, but every other function is! Any simple snmp command will result in the following error: Fatal error: Call to undefined function snmprealwalk() substitute snmprealwalk with any snmp function Reproduce code: --------------- <?php phpinfo(); ?> or <?php $host = "localhost"; $community = "public"; $oid = ".22.214.171.124.22.214.171.124.1.2"; $arr = snmpwalk($host, $community, $oid); print_r($arr); ?> Expected result: ---------------- PhpInfo(cli) that matches phpinfo from browser SNMP results from host. Actual result: -------------- SNMP Extension missing from phpinfo when called via command line interface
Pull Requests
AllCommentsChangesGit/SVN commits
[2008-08-21 16:30 UTC] email@example.com
which php.ini is used by your webserver and which is used by cli? Do you get any error while running cli (cannot find dll xyz, etc)? Have you installed the required files and data as described in the manual?
[2008-08-21 17:28 UTC] richrumble at gmail dot com
I've tried specifying the php.ini via the -c argument C:\php>php.exe -c c:\php\php.ini snmptest.php I've copied the php.ini file to c:\windows\ SNMP is enabled when I call phpinfo via the browser, but does not show enabled when called via CLI. It's easy to reproduce on any windows system. There appear to be no additional steps to install php-snmp extension, uncomment in php.ini, and snmpwalk works via browser, but fails via cli. -rich
[2008-08-21 17:35 UTC] firstname.lastname@example.com
It does not make sense. Double check that the php.ini is correctly loaded and that you use the right extension_dir. php.exe -i > info.txt and then open info.txt in your editor.
[2008-08-21 18:53 UTC] richrumble at gmail dot com
I got it working with a new download and install, I think a wamp php.ini file was being used, very strange nonetheless that it worked via the browser calling the php vs the cli... Thanks for your time.
[2008-08-21 20:15 UTC] firstname.lastname@example.com
Not a bug > bogus.
Copyright © 2001-2020 The PHP Group
All rights reserved.
|Last updated: Sun Sep 27 14:01:24 2020 UTC


text: New Demon options detailedby Patrick Rall on November 14, 2017 at 9:02 am EDT While we knew about some of the options for the 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon from the original introduction, new options have been announced with the start of vehicle deliveries. The key information in last week's press release was that Demon deliveries officially began on November 10, and we received confirmation this past Saturday that the first car reached a dealership in Holland, Michigan. However, for buyers waiting to get their hands on their 840 horsepower Mopar muscle car, the bigger news last week was the expanded option list for the 2018 Demon. Here is a quick rundown of the newest option list for the 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon, including prices if available. Not listed are the key items which we already knew about, such as the Demon Crate ($1). Demon Authentication Package – MSRP: $1 This package contains customized documentation for each specific 2018 Demon. It comes with the authentic build sheets which document each step of production, with a total of 12 sheets of information in a "hermetically sealed sleeve" and a carbon-fiber certicard with the owner's name, the vehicle VIN, the vehicle serial number, the production option sales codes and the fact that it is the fastest quarter mile production car in the world. There is also a unique portfolio in which owners can store all of their Demon paperwork. This is in addition to the leather-bound track manual which comes with every 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon. At a buck, this package is a no-brainer that will likely have a 100% take rate. Demon Street Tire Package – MSRP: TBA This is one of the most important packages for those buyers who are waiting for their 2018 Challenger Demon to arrive. This package includes the 20×11 split-spoke wheels from the Challenger Hellcat Widebody wrapped in Pirelli 305/35ZR20 PZero tires, allowing Demon owners to preserve their Nitto drag radials for track use while also making the 840-hp Challenger a little more surefooted in the rain. Custom Personalized Demon Car Cover – MSRP: $695 This indoor cover is constructed to match the Demon's exterior paint finish with dimensions specifically of the widebody Demon while also having the owner's name is embroidered on the cover over the driver's door. Speedlogix four-point harness bar – MSRP: $1,299.88 Announced at the launch of the Demon back in April, the folks at Speedlogix will be offering a four-point harness bar, allowing buyers to safely add racing harnesses for track use. Rear-seat Delete Package – MSRP: TBA For those 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon buyers who opted to add the rear seat assembly for $1, the Rear-seat Delete Package comes with the items needed to remove the rear seat for a day at the track without having a big, empty hole in the rear of the cabin. This package includes a seatback closeout panel, a Demon-branded seatback panel bezel, the lower seat tray with cargo net, a seat belt delete, C-pillar covers and a rear packaging shelf. Exclusive Dodge Demon VBOX Video HD2 system – MSRP: $3,680 The most exciting new option for the 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon is the Demon-specific VBOX video HD2 system. This GPS-equipped system includes a video camera and the ability to record a long list of key metrics of high performance driving which can be displayed over the video footage. The VBOX will record and display 0-60 times, quarter mile times (and the fractions leading to the quarter mile), accelerator/brake input, gear selection, engine RPM, vehicle speed, G-Force readings on launch, wheel slip, air temperature, altitude, launch control activation and TransBrake activation. Finally, the Demon VBOX system has the buyer's name, VIN and serial number stamped on the mounting bracket and on the carrying case. At $3,680, this system isn't cheap, but this is the state-of-the-art on-track recording and telemetry device – one which I expect will be a popular item for buyers to add on once they receive their cars. Share me!RedditFacebookTwitterMorePrintTumblrLinkedInGoogle


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- President Maida Ingalls
- Vice President Diana Collins
- Secretary Arlene Davidson
- Treasurer Larry Pesce
Trustees –
- Emma Reilly (2020)
- Roger Thorson (2021)
- Jim Jordan (2022)
a digital perspective of the history of Carnation
Meetings of the Tolt Historical Society have been suspended until further notice.
The Tolt Historical Museum at the Hjertoos House is closed until further notice.
The Tolt Historical Society museum at Hjertoos House is located at 31523 NE 40th St., Carnation, just off the road to Tolt MacDonald Park.
Copyright © 2020 · Tolt Historical Society · Site built by Cascade Valley Designs


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Georgia Peach Festival
At a glance
Friday, June 7, 2019 to Saturday, June 15, 2019
Historic Heartland|
The 33rd Annual Georgia Peach Festival is home of the World's Largest Peach Cobbler and a shared event between Fort Valley, GA (June 7-8, 2019~7am-10pm) and Byron, GA (June 15, 2019~3pm-10pm). The Georgia Peach Festival is a sanctioned food festival which honors peach growers for their contribution to our state's economy and to the food industry nationwide. You will enjoy some Amazing Arts & Crafts Vendors, Parade, Fun Kids Zone, Delicious Food Trucks & Vendors, Georgia Largest Inflatable Water Slide, a Spectacular Fireworks Show and Outstanding Live Music Concert! It's Easy Bein' PEACHY!
City of Fort Valley and Byron, GA
City of Fort Valley, GA Downtown (June 7-8, 2019) ~ 205 W. Church Street, Fort Valley, GA 31030 and North Peach Park (June 15, 2019) ~ 401 W. White Road, Byron, GA 31008
Fort Valley|


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Aloka Collister/ Kiranjot Kaur was raised in the UK within the Kundalini Yoga community. She Attended the Miri Piri school in the Amritsar, India, and has been immersed in sacred chanting, singing and music since birth. As a young artist she sung with the National Youth Choir of Great Britain, The London Youth Choir, Camden youth choir and performed at the Royal Albert Hall. She composed and performed a solo track live in the show 'Orbital' at the Circus festival at the London Roundhouse Studios, and won a choral scholarship to attend St Marylebone school specializing in Performing Arts in London. Aloka recorded with Recorded with Basement Jaxx christmas song 2014, and toured with her mother Siri Sadhana Kaur, chanting at concerts and festivals since her early years. She has recorded and featured on many Mantra Music Cds "Sacred Nectar", "Song of soul", "Alokas Grace", and more recently was a featured artist on solo tracks on "Awakening heart", "Ancient keeper and "Transition"
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text: Twelve more games have made it through the Steam Greenlight voting process, and will be distributed through the store when they are ready. The games succeeding in this fourth round include Akaneiro: Demon Hunters, which is already aiming for a Jan. 24 release date, the remakes of La-Mulana and Leisure Suit Larry, along with Asylum, DLC Quest, Eador: Masters of the Broken World, MaK, The Age of Decadence, Unepic, and War for the Overworld.In addition, two non-game software titles, "game design tool" articy:draft and "modeling app" GroBroto, have been Greenlit. Show full PR text FOURTH SET OF GREENLIGHT TITLES REVEALED Another Dozen Titles Receive Distribution Offers January 15, 2013 - Valve today revealed the fourth set of games and Software titles to advance through Steam Greenlight and be offered worldwide distribution via the popular platform for games and software. Over 60 titles have advanced through Steam Greenlight and been offered Steam distribution agreements since Greenlight launched in August of last year. The latest Software titles are: articy:draft | Game Design Tool GroBoto - Modeling App The latest games are: Akaneiro: Demon Hunters Asylum DLC Quest Eador. Masters of the Broken World La-Mulana Leisure Suit Larry MaK The Age of Decadence Unepic War For The Overworld These titles will be released independently in the months ahead (as they are varying stages of completion). Steam Greenlight is a new platform feature that enlists the community's help in selecting some of the next games to be released on Steam. Launched on August 30, Greenlight allows developers and publishers to post information and media about their game in an effort to convince Community members that their game should be released on Steam. For more information, please visit http:\/\/steamcommunity.com\/greenlight\/


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It's hot hot hot. Started walking too late.
Beautiful day. Beach was more crowded than usual.
Where I usually sit. Seaweed everywhere. It was so hot I had to put my shoes back on the sand as it was burning my feet. Yet the water was still cold.
Found these on the neighbour's side.
I'm home with the AC on. Going to go have a shower and pop to the shops. See if I can grab something reasonable for lunch.


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Gift Guide: 29 of the Best Skincare Gift Sets for Every Skin Type and Budget
Figuring out the right routine for your skin is all about trial and error—which is why a skincare gift set is a great way to get started.
Not only do you get more bang for your buck than if you were to purchase everything individually, but you also get the opportunity to try brands and products that you might not normally splurge on at a higher price point.
Plus, if you stick with moisturizing and brightening kits (and avoid anything to do with acne or wrinkles!), it can also be an ideal self-care gift for any beauty lovers on your list.
Here are this year's best skincare gift sets to give or get.
The Best Skincare Gift Sets of 2020
Dr Roebuck's Pack Up & Glow Discovery Kit
Dr Roebuck's Pack Up & Glow Discovery Kit gives you three of the brand's bestselling products for glowing, hydrated skin. You get an exfoliating face mask, a nourishing moisturizer (reviewed here), and a dewy face mist (reviewed here)—all made with clean ingredients.
Dr. Barbara Sturm Advent Calendar
Dr. Barbara Sturm Advent Calendar is skincare heaven—a whopping 21 different products (including two full-sized ones) from the celebrity-loved line. Although it's a serious splurge, the value is more than $1,500!
Glow Recipe Damn Bright
Glow Recipe Damn Bright promises a "glass skin" result from three brightening and hydrating products. There's a gentle gel cleanser, a vitamin C serum, and a sleeping mask with AHAs and hyaluronic acid. The cleanser is part of my fall routine—it's really good!
Indie Lee Discovery Kit
Indie Lee Discovery Kit is an introduction to the most popular products from this natural beauty brand. They include a mild gel cleanser, a hydrating toner mist and a bottle of pure squalane oil, all of which can be used on any skin type. See my in-depth review of all the products here.
Omorovicza Stars Travel Set
Omorovicza Stars Travel Set is a duo of cult favourites from one of the most luxurious (yet cleanly formulated) skincare brands. Prepare to fall in love with the creamy foaming cleanser (which was part of my spring routine) and the super-fine face mist (reviewed here).
The Ordinary The Daily Set
The Ordinary The Daily Set delivers hydration at an affordable price. It features a cream cleanser, a hyaluronic acid serum, and a non-greasy moisturizer that replenishes the skin's naturally-occurring amino acids. See my complete review of this brand here.
Herbivore Balance + Clarify Natural Skincare Mini Collection
Herbivore Balance + Clarify Natural Skincare Mini Collection is an all-natural skincare kit for normal to oily and blemish-prone skin types. You get a balancing toner, a gentle exfoliating serum with five percent fruit acids, a lightweight face oil blend, and a clarifying mask.
The Inkey List The Pore Wonders Set
The Inkey List The Pore Wonders Set is a four-piece kit for oily and acne-prone skin. It contains niacinamide to reduce excess oil, and a BHA to exfoliate dead skin. Squalane gives lightweight hydration, while retinol helps smooth the skin long-term.
Skin Gym Jade Facial Workout Kit
Skin Gym Jade Facial Workout Kit gets a glow going with three jade tools. You get a Gua Sha plus two types of rollers, which can be used to increase circulation, reduce puffiness and relax facial tension.
Kristina Holey + Marie Veronique Serum Set
Kristina Holey + Marie Veronique Serum Set improves and strengthens your skin with three expertly formulated serums. There's one to repair the skin barrier, one to soothe and moisturize, and one to decrease pore size for a smoother complexion.
Moon Juice Anti-Gravity Duo Resurface and Plump
Moon Juice Anti-Gravity Duo Resurface and Plump is a pair of smoothing and radiance-boosting products made with clean ingredients. The toner exfoliates with AHAs and brightens with niacinamide, and the jelly-like serum delivers non-greasy hydration.
Caudalie Vinoperfect Natural Brightening Stars
Caudalie Vinoperfect Natural Brightening Stars is a trio of brighteners for dull skin and dark spots. They include an essence, a serum (reviewed here) and a night cream, which contain ingredients like glycolic acid and grapevine sap (said to be more effective than vitamin C!).
Tata Harper Resurfacing Trio
Tata Harper Resurfacing Trio gets you glowing with three of the brand's bestselling natural skincare products. You start with the gentle exfoliating cleanser, and then apply the cult-favourite BHA resurfacing mask (reviewed here). Finish with the serum, which brightens with AHAs and BHAs.
Drunk Elephant Precious Cargo Kit
Drunk Elephant Precious Cargo Kit gives you a five-step skincare routine in a handy travel bag. The star product is the exfoliating AHA-BHA mask; you also get a gel cleanser, moisturizer, eye serum and face oil. I did a full review of this brand here.
Lano Jet Set Travel Essentials
Lano Jet Set Travel Essentials is your skin's "wingman" for long-haul travel. This kit of travel-friendly essentials in TSA-approved sizes includes a hydrating cleanser, a moisturizer and a nourishing leave-on mask. I'm currently using the cleanser as part of my fall routine, and love it!
Foreo Luna Fofo Micro-Foam Cleanser Set
Foreo Luna Fofo Micro-Foam Cleanser Set takes your cleansing routine to the next level. The cleansing brush not only gives you a deeper clean, but also measures your skin's moisture levels and then syncs up with an app to recommend a customized solution. Use it with the sulfate-free cleansing gel, which is suitable for all skin types.
SkinCeuticals Hydrating Regimen Set
SkinCeuticals Hydrating Regimen Set has three powerhouse products for boosting glow and moisture while targeting fine lines and wrinkles. You get the brand's famous vitamin C serum, plus a hydrating serum (reviewed here) and mask with vitamin B5 and hyaluronic acid.
BeautyBio The Complete Glo
BeautyBio The Complete Glo gives you all you need to get started with microneedling at home. The kit includes the needling tool itself—which is one of my top skincare investments—along with five different attachment heads for targeting the face, eyes, body and lips.
REN Get the Glow
REN Get the Glow is all about boosting radiance, evening out tone and smoothing skin texture. You can make it happen with the AHA toner, vitamin C moisturizer (featuring ascorbyl glucoside), and a once-a-week lactic acid mask.
Dermalogica Be Radiant
Dermalogica Be Radiant promises to reveal your most radiant skin yet, thanks to two products. One is a professional-grade exfoliating peel with lactic acid and pumpkin enzymes. The other is a brightening serum with vitamin C and lactic acid.
Verso Super Serum Series
Verso Super Serum Series is a pair of next-generation retinoid serums to target signs of aging. One is for the face, and the other is for the eyes, and both contain retinyl retinoate—a stable form of vitamin A that is said to be eight times more effective than retinol.
Glossier The Skincare Edit
Glossier The Skincare Edit gives you six of the brand's most popular skincare products in mini sizes, along with an Instagram-friendly pink headband. You get the Milky Jelly Cleanser, Super Bounce hyaluronic acid serum, Priming Moisturizer Rich, Futuredew oil-serum, and two Balm Dotcom lip balms (reviewed here).
Skinfix #Skinfixme Starter Kit
Skinfix #Skinfixme Starter Kit is a set of six hydrating and healing products for a healthy skin barrier. They include a sulfate-free cleanser, a lip balm, a moisturizer, an anti-redness face mask, a multipurpose skin balm, and a hand cream.
iS Clinical Luxurious Glow Collection
iS Clinical Luxurious Glow Collection is a great way to try a brand that's loved by celebrities and their facialists alike. The trio includes a clarifying face wash, a vitamin C serum, and a hyaluronic acid-based moisturizing cream.
NuFace Trinity Shimmer All Night Set
NuFace Trinity Shimmer All Night Set harnesses the power of microcurrent to firm and tighten your skin. For the same price as the device and gel primer alone, this kit also gives you a new line-smoothing serum and a mirrored compact.
Sephora Favorites 12 Days of Skincare
Sephora Favorites 12 Days of Skincare is a collection of 12 skincare minis to try. There's a toner; acid peel; face cream; night cream; bakuchiol serum; retinol serum; face mask; sleeping mask; two face oils; and two vitamin C serums.
African Botanics Departures Essentials Set
African Botanics Departures Essentials Set is a luxurious seven-piece set inspired by African beauty rituals. Marula oil is the star ingredient in all the products—there's a cleansing oil, cleanser, exfoliator, essence, mask, face oil and skin balm.
First Aid Beauty Fablantis
First Aid Beauty Fablantis is a five-piece set for keeping skin bright, fresh and dewy. Start with the cleanser (reviewed here), followed by the gentle acid pads (reviewed here). Then, seal in moisture with a serum, moisturizer and lip balm.
Susanne Kaufmann Glow Box
Susanne Kaufmann Glow Box is a set of the brand's most popular products for all skin types. They're formulated with clean ingredients, and include the famous hyaluronic acid serum, face mist and glow mask (which brightens with papaya enzymes).
Shop Editor's Picks
Have you tried any of these brands yet?
Which skincare gift set is on your list?


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Appears in Collections:
|Management, Work and Organisation Journal Articles
|Peer Review Status:
|Resilience as positive coping appraisals: Testing the schematic appraisals model of suicide (SAMS)
|Johnson, Judith
Gooding, Patricia A
Wood, Alex M
Tarrier, Nicholas
|Contact Email:
Positive appraisals
Life events
Young adults
|Issue Date:
|Johnson J, Gooding PA, Wood AM & Tarrier N (2010) Resilience as positive coping appraisals: Testing the schematic appraisals model of suicide (SAMS), Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48 (3), pp. 179-186.
|Aims: The Schematic Appraisals Model of Suicide (SAMS) suggests that positive self-appraisals may be important for buffering suicidal thoughts and behaviours, potentially providing a key source of resilience. The current study aimed to explore whether positive self-appraisals buffered individuals from suicidality in the face of stressful life events. Method: 78 participants who reported experiencing some degree of suicidality were recruited from a student population. They completed a battery of questionnaires including measures of suicidality, stressful life events and positive self-appraisals. Results: Positive self-appraisals moderated the association between stressful life events and suicidality. For those reporting moderate or high levels of positive self-appraisals, raised incidence of stressful life events did not lead to increases in suicidality. Discussion: These results support the SAMS framework, and suggest that positive self-appraisals may confer resilience to suicide. Positive self-appraisals may be a promising avenue for further resilience research, and an important area to target for suicide interventions.
|DOI Link:
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text:
When you first begin at Montefiore and each year thereafter during the Fall Annual Benefits Election Period, you have the opportunity to elect your benefit options.
You enroll online at Montefiore's Enrollment Website – www.montebenefits.com – or call the Benefits Enrollment Call Center 888.860.6166 Monday through Friday between 8am and 8pm EST. You'll speak to an enrollment specialist who will help you enroll.
If you have any questions:
- About the enrollment process or the Enrollment Website, you can use the online Chat feature for assistance (Monday through Friday between 8am and 8pm EST). Just click on the Chat icon on the top, right toolbar after you log in.
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Enroll Online
Log on to www.montebenefits.com using your Username and Password.
Verify Your Personal Information and Dependent Eligibility.
If you need to make any changes to your personal information, please email the HR-Benefits Office at [email protected].
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text: Kate is a meditation teacher and organizational change consultant based in Philadelphia. She's been a nerd for Buddhist meditation since her early 20's, and has trained to teach primarily at Spirit Rock Meditation Center. Currently, Kate is a faculty member of MIT's Presencing Institute, where she trains leaders to use embodied, awareness-based approaches to systemic transformation. You can find her teaching about mindfulness, creativity and social change at the Institute for Contemporary Art in Philly, the Rubin Museum in NYC, Spirit Rock, the Omega Institute, Kripalu, and the Eileen Fisher Leadership Institute.


text: Monday, January 21, Week 3 Intake After making slight modifications to the intake prototype CAD, we began cutting out polycarbonate pieces on the shopbot. We will have to find a new method of cutting them out for the final mechanism because the shopbot sort of melted the pieces and created a very jagged cut. For... Continue Reading →


text:
I have one precious, unique, smart, funny, and kind little nephew named
But. to my surprise.
you can get more than one.
So I am happy to say.
little new baby, Ike, is lovely.
A fall baby.
This is his birthday picture:
And this is his plane ride sunrise.
and this.
Is Ike.
And while big brother is on new adventures...
he is a good boy.
and still a little boy when he needs to be.
Thank goodness.
Don't anyone worry.
He's here.
This guy.
The verdict is in, it gets more fun.


text:
The news of the death of Luke Perry sent shockwaves throughout Hollywood, leading many stars to express their condolences on social media.
The "90210" and "Riverdale" star passed away on Monday after suffering a stroke last week. Perry's rep said the star was "surrounded by his children, Jack and Sophie, fiancé Wendy Madison Bauer, ex-wife Minnie Sharp, mother Ann Bennett, step-father Steve Bennett, brother Tom Perry, sister Amy Coder, and other close family and friends."
Not long after his passing, many stars took to Twitter to pass along their feelings.


text:
First Touch
Shasa, 8th April 2018 – Based on a weird dream I had
For that passing ship that brought me this.
a stranger walked into my room, while my light was on
and mumbled something about a project I was working on
I spoke about it a little and then realized I was hard
I cupped my hands to her ear and said a little embarassed
Lady, I may not be that good in bed,
but its been a while since I gave a girl head
If you know anyone let me know and I'll willingly oblige
But instead of pulling away I just knelt and put my arms around her side
Wanting badly to go down on her but not knowing what to do
we just stayed there for hours, just us two
in silence that embrace seemed to last forever
a couple whove bonded, will always be together
dawn came and with it her roommate who I knew
who'd sent her to help me with my projects – quite a few
when the roomie left, I realized the depth of our attraction
not wasting a moment, I began to give her satisfaction
a week of love-making while time stood still we went through
a love that grew from a hunger that consumed us two
this time we played for keeps, a love that grows in leaps
and bounds. Still together, we love each other heaps!


text:
in 5-7 days
Free exchanges in store
Ref 4680701000
Baby boys' long all-in-one made of cotton piqué jersey with breton stripes.
- Panels on the shoulders and kangaroo pocket made of waxed yellow fabric.
- Pinstriped ribbed cuffs and ankles.
- poppas on the back and between the legs.
- The composition label can be found on the outside of the product. It can be cut off easily.
- 100% Cotton 97% Cotton 3% Elasthane 100% Polyester polyurethane coating


text:
Gordia White 2012
Slovenska Istra, Primorska, Slovenia
We continue with the orange wine parade with this stunning offering from Gordia, the first I've tried from this small producer from the village of Kolomban on the Ankaran (or Muggia) peninsula, not far from Slovenia's main port city of Koper. And for that matter, not too far south of Italy's north Adriatic port city of Trieste.
Now that you have your geographic bearings, we'll hone in a little bit closer: Gordia is the name of the steep south-facing slope that winemaker Andrej Cep's 3.5 hectares of vineyards sit on. A certified organic operation since 2011, he prefers and largely sticks with a low-intervention approach and has made his name primarily with his extended maceration creations — that, and the highly regarded restaurant he operates as well.
This white (belo in Slovenian) cuvee is a blend of Malvasia (Malvazija, or Istrska Malvazija), Pinot Gris and Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains (Rumeni Mušcat), macerated for 120 days, and later aged for 18 months in used oak barrels sur lies before being bottled, unfiltered.
Its color is a stunning deep caramelized orange, with creamy butterscotch and vanilla on the nose and palate. That's just its most immediate layer. It keeps on giving; it's bone dry but the raisiny and dry fig notes lend an impression of sweetness. There's also some nuttiness that imparts a strong earthy quality. It's a mouthful, too, with a long delicate finish. I don't know if it can much better because it's already great, but has enough firm backbone to live on for at least another half decade.
If you like orange wines, you'll love this one. If you're new to macerated whites, Gordia provides a fabulous place to start.
Just 2500 bottles produced. At about €15 a bottle –I had it at Bujol, a charming homestyle seafood restaurant in Izola for €3/glass– it's an absolute bargain.
Tasted Feb 2018
Kolomban 13b, 6280 Ankaran
To get your bearings: nice peninsula, no?
[Wine Event Calendar] [About Piran Café's wine reviews] [More Slovenska Istra reviews] [Don't miss a post]


text:
I'm just wondering how the filters update are working.
My lists were not updated since last Saturday.
Does that mean that no changes were made to the lists, or it's simply failing to automatically update?
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text:
En lys deal! Opptil 40% rabatt på belysning! >>
This carafe from Stelton belongs to the unique series Foster, which has been designed by the world-famous architect Norman Foster. The series combines simple sculptural shapes with soft lines, which means that it can be used in several contexts, both for everyday and finer occasions. The carafe is suitable for water or juice.


text:
When discussing OSGiAndNetBeans proposal Richard Hall and Jesse Glick come up with following idea how to map existing NetBeans manifest tags to OSGi. The mapping is 1:1 trying to mirror all the functionality of NetBeans runtime container in OSGi.
Mapping NetBeans specification dependencies to OSGi
NetBeans allows a module to declare a dependency on another module's public API packages. In OSGi there are two options for declaring dependencies: Import-Package and Require-Bundle. Unless there is good reason to do otherwise, we should try to use Import-Package. Assume we have some provider module in NetBeans:
OpenIDE-Module: some.module OpenIDE-Module-Specification-Version: 2.1 OpenIDE-Module-Public-Packages: x.y.z
As far as I can understand, NetBeans specification version is implicitly the version number of all exported packages (i.e., the exported packages cannot have their own version number). In OSGi, both the bundle and the packages have versions. For our mapping, we will assume that the bundle version and the package version are the same, but they need not be. Thus, we map the above to OSGi as follows:
Bundle-SymbolicName: some.module Bundle-Version: 2.1 Export-Package: x.y.z; version=2.1
Then the following NetBeans public API dependency:
OpenIDE-Module-Module-Dependencies: some.module > 2.1
Is mapped to OSGi as follows:
Import-Package: x.y.z; version="(2.1,3)"
JesseGlick comments: That is not an accurate mapping. You must consider the major release version in NetBeans (implicitly -1 but can probably be considered to default to 0) as the major component of the version. Any larger specification version with the same major release version is compatible. Also note that > in NB really means >=.Therefore some.module > 2.1 should be mapped to
version="[0.2.1,1)"and some.module/2 > 13.14.15 to
When a major release version range is given, you can also do a straightforward mapping; the specification version constraint applies only to the lowest major release version in the range,thus some.module/2-3 > 1.0 maps to
version="[2.1.0,4)"(3.0 is fine) and so on.
RichardHall comments: That sounds fine, please feel free to edit my mappings. I used the (2.1,3) mapping since that was the translation presented in the previous section. There might be some issues if four components in the version number are actually needed, since OSGi versions are only three numerical components.
If this dependencies needs to be narrowed down to a specific module, then the following mapping could be used:
Import-Package: x.y.z; version="(2.1,3)"; bundle-symbolic-name="some.module"
Mapping NetBeans implementation dependencies to OSGi
NetBeans allows a module to declare a dependency on another module's implementation packages. Recall that a NetBeans module explicitly declares its public API via OpenIDE-Module-Public-Packages. This means that the implementation API is implicitly every other package contained in the module. Reconsider the previous NetBeans module:
OpenIDE-Module: some.module OpenIDE-Module-Specification-Version: 2.1 OpenIDE-Module-Public-Packages: x.y.z
The package x.y.z comprises the module's public API, but assume that there are implementation packages named x.y.impl1, x.y.impl2, and x.y.impl3. Then, to map the above module to OSGi, we need to declare these packages to be exported as well:
Bundle-SymbolicName: some.module Bundle-Version: 2.1 Export-Package: x.y.z; version=2.1, x.y.impl1; x.y.impl2; x.y.impl3; version=2.1; nonpublic="true"; mandatory:="nonpublic"
JesseGlick comments: This does not look right. Getting access to all packages of the other module is the benefit of an implementation dependency. The cost is that you are restricted to running against that exact OpenIDE-Module-Implementation-Version. The specification version is irrelevant in this case.
RichardHall comments: The issue here is that I am not fully up-to-speed on how NetBeans does its versioning. Restricting the dependency to a specific implementation version should not be an issue as a mention at the end of this section. We just have to figure out how we will map the implementation version token to our exports. For example, the implementation version token could be attached to both public and private packages, then the implementation imports would import all of its packages specifying the implementation version token so they could only match against that version (and effectively that provider). Other possibilities might exist, but we have to discuss all of the various version tokens in both module systems and figure out their relationships.
This OSGi bundle exports the public API package and all implementation packages; again we assume that bundle and package versions are the same. The implementation packages are guarded by a mandatory attribute which is a simple mechanism that requires that any importer of the package also specify the attribute; this prevents importers from accidentally wiring to implementation packages and could also be used by tooling to give warnings. (NOTE: The nonpublic attribute has no special meaning to OSGil; OSGi exports support arbitrary attributes).
Given this definition of the module, public API dependencies work the same as previously described, while implementation dependencies are similar, but include the mandatory attribute, such as (we assume that an implementation dependency also imports the public API packages):
Import-Package: x.y.z; version="(2.1,3)", x.y.impl1; x.y.impl2; x.y.impl3; version=[2.1,2.1]; nonpublic="true"
Likewise, these could be narrowed to a specific module if needed:
Import-Package: x.y.z; version="(2.1,3)"; bundle-symbolic-name="some.module", x.y.impl1; x.y.impl2; x.y.impl3; version=[2.1,2.1]; nonpublic="true"; bundle-symbolic-name="some.module"
Keep in mind that in OSGi it is not necessary to import every implementation package, only those that are needed. So, if the given module only used x.y.impl2, then its dependency could be described as:
Import-Package: x.y.z; version="(2.1,3)"; bundle-symbolic-name="some.module", x.y.impl2; version=[2.1,2.1]; nonpublic="true"; bundle-symbolic-name="some.module"
The BND tool from Peter Kriens can simplify this process greatly by automatically calculating the proper Import-Package value.
Since OSGi imports and exports support arbitrary attributes, it would also be possible to further narrow implementation dependencies if necessary, such as including an implementation version token.
Mapping NetBeans generic provide/require tokens
NetBeans allows modules to declare generic provide/require tokens using OpenIDE-Module-Provides (?) and OpenIDE-Module-Requires, respectively. OSGi does not have an analogous mechanism. However, it is my understanding that these tokens are largely used to determine the activation ordering of modules. Given that, it would be possible to support this mechanism as a layer on top of the OSGi framework.
JesseGlick comments: Provide/require tokens (also OpenIDE-Module-Needs and OpenIDE-Module-Recommends) do affect load order of modules, but this is a minor side effect; load order is irrelevant for the great majority of modules. (It can affect layer masking, in the absence of a proper fix for Issue 141925; and it affects the order in which ModuleInstalls are called, in case anyone cares.) Tokens also have no effect whatsoever on class loader wiring. The primary purpose of tokens is to ensure that the right service provider modules are in fact enabled when they ought to be, so inversion of control works. For example, openide.io says OpenIDE-Module-Recommends: org.openide.windows.IOProvider because any client of this API ought to have an SPI implementation available. core.output2 says OpenIDE-Module-Provides: org.openide.windows.IOProvider and so advertises itself as the likely implementation, but other implementation modules could be freely swapped in instead. The API client only interacts with the implementation by finding the interface in lookup. I do not know enough about OSGi to say whether there is a clear equivalent of this system.
RichardHall comments: Some discussion is still needed in this area, but it still sounds like this should be possible as a layer on top of Felix.
It is not specifically necessary to use the OSGi activation mechanism; instead, a NetBeans activation layer could be created that would do any necessary activation of NetBeans modules according to its normal rules. The OSGi framework would then only be responsible for resolving module dependencies (i.e., the class loader wiring); this is an example of the OSGi extender pattern. Of course, it is still potentially possible to define a hybrid approach, where a standard NetBeans bundle activator is used for all NetBeans modules, which handles any necessary activation dependencies. The important thing, is that I believe this is do-able in a reasonable way.