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Police blotter: Father charged with threatening family
Father charged with threatening family
Police charged Ricardo A. Rocha, 43, of 50 Vitti St., New Canaan with second-degree threatening on June 22 after he made comments to his wife about hurting his two children, according to New Canaan Police Sgt. Carol Ogrinc.
The complainant, Rocha's wife, came to police headquarters and reported Rocha had been behaving in a threatening manner and told her, "he would hurt the kids if it meant hurting her," according to Ogrinc.
He was released on $482 bond, and was to appear in state Superior Court in Stamford.
Counterfeit $100 bill reported
A 56-year-old Oenoke Lane resident reported receiving a counterfeit $100 bill during a tag sale at his home during June, according to New Canaan Police Sgt. Carol Ogrinc.
New Canaan police detectives are investigating the incident, Ogrinc said.
The man reported the incident at 1:57 p.m. June 26 and told police a pair of women passed the bill, Ogrinc said.
Broken window
A 66-year-old Summer Street man complained to police about a rock breaking his window at 3:20 p.m. June 26, according to New Canaan Police Sgt. Carol Ogrinc. The window was valued at $75, Ogrinc said.
The man said he didn't know whether the rock was thrown by a person, Ogrinc said.
Teen charged with DUI
Tegan Saitta, 18, of 180 Bridle Path Lane, was arrested for driving under the influence on Smith Ridge Road at 1:38 a.m. on June 27, according to New Canaan Police Sgt. Carol Ogrinc.
Saitta's car was clocked on radar as traveling more than 60 mph on a 40-mph stretch of the road, Ogrinc said.
During the stop, the officer observed Saitta appeared intoxicated, and Saitta failed field sobriety tests, Ogrinc said.
He was released on $250 bond, and was to appear in state Superior Court in Stamford.


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Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue, Ashley is ready to say, "I do."
Bridal shower on Saturday, July 11 had a chalkboard look along with a touch of blue and white. A chalkboard sign in the yard welcomed the bride-to-be and her guests to the shower.
The posts on the porch were decorated with white delphiniums and silver sprays.
The letter "A" was a door decoration.
The table centerpiece consisted of white flowers and silver spray along with a large diamond ring on a pedestal.
Miniature individual quiche, fruit kebabs, assorted yogurts, nut bread, blueberry muffins and Danish pastry were the items on the menu along with mimosa's and other beverages.
While guests enjoyed drinks on the deck, they also took pictures with photo props.
Guests enjoyed themselves participating in several activities, and a gift tray was loaded with door prizes for everyone.
The bride-to-be requested that guests bring a brooch to be incorporated into her wedding bouquet. They were pinned for the time being to a paper bouquet.
I said the following for the toast: Getting married is easy. The really tough part is ahead of (them) which is staying married. (They), no doubt, will have many good times together in the upcoming years, but (they) will also have some bad moments, and occasionally (they) may encounter some ugliness. Hopefully, they will have a life filled with enough good things to sustain (them) when it is not going well.
For that day, however, everyone came to celebrate the goodness that awaits Ashley when she says, "I do."

subset: commoncrawl


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Modern Skinwalkers are individuals and corporations that harm or kill 1000s if not millions of people, but make millions if not billions of dollars for themselves doing it. Cancer cells are normal cells within the human body that suddenly start to replicate and grow uncontrollably, they become malignant and can seriously harm the individual, but with proper treatment can sometimes be kept in check. However, if left untreated (and many times even with treatment) cancer can overcome and kill the host. So let's consider modern Skinwalkers as a form of Cancer. Here are examples of such previously quoted from Tribe, On Homecoming and Belonging, except items in italic added:
Westerners live in a complex society, and opportunity for scamming relatively small amounts of money off the bottom are almost endless – and very hard to catch. But scamming large amounts of money off the top seems even harder to catch. Fraud by American defense contractors is estimated at around $100 billion per year. Defense industry fraud is a modern Skinwalker, a mild cancer that is kept in check, treatment perhaps costing $2000 per year per household.
Around 3% of people on unemployment assistance intentionally cheat the system, for example, which costs the United States more than $2 billion a year. Such abuse would be immediately punished in tribal society. Fraud in welfare and other entitlements programs is estimated to be roughly the same rate, which adds another $1.5 billion in annual losses. That figure, however, is eclipsed by Medicare and Medicaid fraud, which conservatively estimated at 10% of total payments – or $100 billion a year. Some estimates run two or three times that figure. Unemployment, welfare, Medicare and Medicaid fraud are examples of modern Skinwalkers, mild cancers that are kept in check, treatment costing perhaps $3000 per year per household.
Fraud in the insurance industry is calculated to be $100 to $300 billion a year, a cost that gets passed directly to consumers in the form of higher premiums. All told, combined public and private sector fraud costs every household in the US probably around $5000 a year – or roughly 4 months at a minimum wage job. A hunter gatherer community that lost 4 month's worth of food would face a serious threat to its survival, and its retribution against the people who caused that hardship would be immediate and probably very violent. Insurance industry fraud is a modern Skinwalker, a mild cancer that is kept in check, treatment costing $5000 per year per household.
These forms of Cancer are relatively minor compared to the financial industry. The FBI reports that since the economic recession of 2008, securities and commodities fraud in the US has gone up by more than 50%. The recession, which was triggered by illegal and unwise banking practices, cost American shareholders several trillion dollars in stock value losses and is thought to have set the American economy back by a decade and a half. Total costs for the recession have been estimated at $14 trillion, or about $45,000 per citizen.
For nearly a century, the national suicide rate has almost exactly mirrored the unemployment rate, and after the financial collapse, America's suicide rate increased by nearly 5 percent. In an article published in 2012 in The Lancet, epidemiologists who study suicide estimated that the recession cost almost 5,000 additional American lives during the first two years—disproportionately among middle-aged white men. That is close to the nation's losses in the Iraq and Afghan wars combined. If Sergeant Bergdahl betrayed his country—and that's not a hard case to make—surely the bankers and traders who caused the financial collapse did as well. And yet they didn't provoke nearly the kind of outcry that Bergdahl did. Not a single high-level CEO has even been charged in connection with the financial collapse, much less been convicted and sent to prison, and most of them went on to receive huge year-end bonuses. Joseph Cassano of AIG Financial Products—known as "Mr. Credit-Default Swap"—led a unit that required a $99 billion bailout while simultaneously distributing $1.5 billion in year-end bonuses to his employees—including $34 million to himself. Robert Rubin of Citibank received a $10 million bonus in 2008 while serving on the board of directors of a company that required $63 billion in federal funds to keep from failing. Lower down the pay scale, more than 5,000 Wall Street traders received bonuses of $1 million or more despite working for nine of the financial firms that received the most bailout money from the US government. The financial industry fraud and its real estate collapse of 2008 was a modern Skinwalker, a very malignant cancer that was treated and contained at a very high cost to society at large in lives and treasure. This is an example of a malignant cancerous Skinwalker that knowingly kills its own, the only difference being as the industry and individuals do such their deceit makes them billions of dollars.
Ex-DEA agent: Opioid crisis fueled by drug industry and Congress
In this case former DEA employees complicit with the pharmaceutical industry created this very malignant cancer, the opioid epidemic, that was in the process of being treated by the DEA, and then overcame this treatment with money, politics and a pliable Congress. This was and continues to be a very high cost to society in lives lost. Former DEA employees complicit with the pharmaceutical industry and facilities dispensing these opioids are examples of fraudulent malignant cancerous Skinwalkers, knowingly killing their own, the only difference being as they do such, they make millions of dollars with their deceit.
Whistleblower Joe Rannazzisi says drug distributors pumped opioids into U.S. communities -- knowing that people were dying -- and says industry lobbyists and Congress derailed the DEA's efforts to stop it
Narration: In the midst of the worst drug epidemic in American history, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration's ability to keep addictive opioids off U.S. streets was derailed -- that according to Joe Rannazzisi, one of the most important whistleblowers ever interviewed by 60 Minutes. Rannazzisi ran the DEA's Office of Diversion Control, the division that regulates and investigates the pharmaceutical industry. Now in a joint investigation by 60 Minutes and The Washington Post, Rannazzisi tells the inside story of how, he says, the opioid crisis was allowed to spread -- aided by Congress, lobbyists, and a drug distribution industry that shipped, almost unchecked, hundreds of millions of pills to rogue pharmacies and pain clinics providing the rocket fuel for a crisis that, over the last two decades, has claimed 200,000 lives.
BILL WHITAKER: You know the implication of what you're saying, that these big companies knew that they were pumping drugs into American communities that were killing people.
JOE RANNAZZISI: That's not an implication, that's a fact. That's exactly what they did.
Jim Geldhof, a 40-year DEA veteran, ran pharmaceutical investigations from dea's detroit field office. Frank Younker supervised the agency's operations in Cincinnati. Joe Rannazzisi was their supervisor. They saw distributors shipping thousands of suspicious orders. One example: a pharmacy in Kermit, West Virginia, a town of just 392 people, ordered nine million hydrocodone pills over two years.
JOE RANNAZZISI: And it in-- infuriated me that I was over there, trying to explain what my motives were or why I was going after these corporations? And when I went back to the office, and I sat down with my staff, I basically said, "You know, I just got questioned on why we're doing-- why we're doing what we're doing. This is-- this-- this is-- now this is war. We're going after these people and we're not going to stop.
BILL WHITAKER: Do you really think you were getting this pushback because you were going after big companies, Fortune 500 companies?
JOE RANNAZZISI: I have no doubt in my mind. So the question is, why would it be any different for these companies as compared to the small mom-and-pops that we had done hundreds of times before.
BILL WHITAKER: What's the difference?
JOE RANNAZZISI: The difference is, is they have a lot of money, and a lot of influence. And that's the difference.
Narration: Rannazzisi says the drug industry used that money and influence to pressure top lawyers at the DEA to take a softer approach. Former DEA attorney Jonathan Novak said it divided the litigation office. He said in 2013, he noticed a sea change in the way prosecutions of big distributors were handled. Cases his supervisors once would have easily approved, now weren't good enough.
JONATHAN NOVAK: We had been achieving incredible success in an almost unstoppable wave, and then suddenly it stopped.
He said his bosses started to bog down the system, demanding ever more evidence.
JONATHAN NOVAK: But now, three undercovers by four officers over three months, that wouldn't be enough. Maybe we need an expert to explain how recording equipment works. Maybe we need an expert to explain-- the system for prescribing. What's a prescription? It felt honestly confusing and almost insane. Where was this coming from?
Jim Geldhof says his investigations were getting bogged down too. He was looking into one mid-sized distributor that had shipped more than 28 million pain pills to pharmacies in West Virginia over five years. About 11 million of those pills wound up in Mingo County, population 25,000. Suddenly, he said, he ran into roadblocks from one of attorney Jonathan Novak's bosses.
JIM GELDHOF: "I spent a year working on this case. I sent it down there and it's never good enough. Every time I talked to this guy he wants something else. And I get it for 'em and that's still not good enough." You know? And this goes on and on and on. When this-- these roadblocks keep-- get thrown up in your face, at that point you know they just don't want the case.
BILL WHITAKER: But this is the DEA. That's what you're supposed to do.
FRANK YOUNKER: Yeah.
JIM GELDHOF: You would think.
Jonathan Novak said: one big reason for the slowdown, DC's notorious revolving door. Novak said he saw a parade of DEA lawyers switch sides and jump to high-paying jobs defending the drug industry. Once they'd made the leap, they lobbied their former colleagues, Novak's bosses, and argued the DEA's cases were weak and ultimately would lose in court. It had a chilling effect on DEA litigators.
JONATHAN NOVAK: Some of the best and the brightest former DEA attorneys are now on the other side and know all of the -- the -- the weak points. Their fingerprints are on, memos and policy and -- and -- and emails going out where you see this concoction of what they might argue in the future.
BILL WHITAKER: You and the other attorneys had been winning these cases.
JONATHAN NOVAK: All of the time.
FRANK YOUNKER: There was a lotta pills, a lotta people dyin', and-- and we had tools in our toolbox to try to use and stem that flow. But it seemed down in headquarters that that toolbox was shut off.
BILL WHITAKER: You're watching an out of control epidemic and yet you both feel that at the height of this epidemic your-- your-- your hands were being tied?
FRANK YOUNKER: Yeah, if it's a war on drugs then treat it like a war.
JOE RANNAZZISI: Addiction rate was still increasing. The amount of people seeking treatment was still increasing. It was all increasing. Still, the amount of prescriptions were increasing. And we started slowing down.
JOE RANNAZZISI: If I was gonna write a book about how to harm the United States with pharmaceuticals, the only thing I could think of that would immediately harm is to take the authority away from the investigative agency that is trying to enforce the Controlled Substances Act and the regulations implemented under the act. And that's what this bill did.
The bill, introduced in the House by Pennsylvania Congressman Tom Marino and Congresswoman Marsha Blackburn of Tennessee, was promoted as a way to ensure that patients had access to the pain medication they needed.
Jonathan Novak, who worked in the DEA's legal office, says what the bill really did was strip the agency of its ability to immediately freeze suspicious shipments of prescription narcotics to keep drugs off U.S. streets -- what the DEA calls diversion.
JONATHAN NOVAK: You're not gonna be able to hold anyone higher up the food chain accountable.
BILL WHITAKER: Because of this law?
JONATHAN NOVAK: Because of this law
BILL WHITAKER: How hard does it make your job in going after the wholesale distributors?
JONATHAN NOVAK: I would say it makes it nearly impossible.
Who drafted the legislation that would have such a dire effect? The answer came in another internal Justice Department email released to 60 Minutes and The Washington Post under the Freedom of Information Act: "Linden Barber used to work for the DEA. He wrote the Marino bill."
Advertisement: Hi, My name is Linden Barber. I'm the director of the DEA litigation and compliance practice at Quarles and Brady's Health Law Group.
JONATHAN NOVAK: It's not surprising that this bill, that has intimate knowledge of the way that DEA, you know, regulations are enforced, the way that those laws work, was written by someone who spent a lot of time there, charged a lot of cases there.
BILL WHITAKER: Knew the workings?
JONATHAN NOVAK: Very much so.
After almost 30 years with the DEA, Matt Murphy, Rannazzisi's lieutenant, became a consultant for the drug industry -- an industry with which he's now disillusioned. He said he was shocked at the animosity he witnessed toward his friend and former boss.
MATT MURPHY: My theory is that the industry through lobbying groups donated -- a certain amount of money to politicians to get a law passed that favored the industry. And also maybe using those political ties to have Joe removed.
BILL WHITAKER: Congress launched an investigation of him?
MATT MURPHY: Right.
BILL WHITAKER: And he was out?
MATT MURPHY: Yeah, pressure was put on for him to be moved out. I'm pretty confident of that. There was no reason to take the guy who was the most qualified person in DEA to run the Office of Diversion Control out of the Office of Diversion Control.
The investigation requested by Congressman Marino against Rannazzisi went nowhere, but soon after, Rannazzisi was stripped of his responsibilities. He says he went from supervising 600 people to supervising none -- so he resigned.
In the end, the DEA signed off on the final version of the "Marino bill." A senior DEA representative told us the agency fought hard to stop it, but in the face of growing pressure from Congress and industry lobbyists, was forced to accept a deal it did not want. The bill was presented to the Senate in March of 2016.
Majority Leader Mitch McConnell brought the legislation to the floor and it passed the Senate through unanimous consent with no objections and no recorded votes.
It passed the House the same way, with members of Congress chatting away on the floor.
A week later, with no objections from Congress or the DEA, President Barack Obama signed it into law without ceremony or the usual bill signing photo-op. Marino issued a press release the next day claiming credit for the legislation.
The drug distributors declared victory and told us the new law would in no way limit DEA's enforcement abilities. But DEA chief administrative law judge, John J. Mulrooney, who must adjudicate the law, wrote in a soon-to-be-published Marquette Law Review article we obtained, that the new legislation "would make it all but...impossible" to prosecute unscrupulous distributors.
JOE RANNAZZISI: I just don't understand why Congress would pass a bill that strips us of our authority in the height of an opioid epidemic in places like Congressman Marino's district and Congressman Blackburn's district. Why are these people sponsoring bills, when people in their backyards are dying from drugs that are coming from the same people that these bills are protecting?
BILL WHITAKER: Why do you think that is?
JOE RANNAZZISI: Because I think that the drug industry -- the manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and chain drugstores -- have an influence over Congress that has never been seen before. And these people came in with their influence and their money and got a whole statute changed because they didn't like it.
JOE RANNAZZISI: You know all these people that died happened under my watch. The one thing I wanted to do, the one thing that I just thought would have the most impact, is to lock up, arrest one of these corporate officers. You arrest a corporate officer. You arrest somebody that's involved in the decision process, knowing what the law is. If you make that arrest, then everybody sits up and takes notice because three-piece-suit guys just don't do well in prison. They don't.
In this case former DEA employees complicit with the pharmaceutical industry created this very malignant cancer, the opioid epidemic, that was in the process of being treated by the DEA, and then overcame this treatment with money, politics and a pliable Congress. This was and continues to be a very high cost to society in lives and treasure. Former DEA employees complicit with the pharmaceutical industry and facilities dispensing these opioids are examples of fraudulent malignant cancerous Skinwalkers, knowingly killing their own, the only difference being as they do such, they make millions of dollars with their deceit.
The following are quotes from the book Merchants of Doubt, Chapter 1, Doubt Is Our Product, 2010, by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, regarding cigarette smoking and the tobacco industry, except for statements added in italic. Pages numbers added for reference.
December 15, 1953, was a fateful day. A few months earlier, researchers at the Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York City had demonstrated that cigarette tar painted on the skin of mice caused fatal cancers. This work had attracted an enormous amount of press attention: the New York Times and Life magazine had both covered it, and Reader's Digest— the most widely read publication in the world— ran a piece entitled "Cancer by the Carton." Perhaps the journalists and editors were impressed by the scientific paper's dramatic concluding sentences: "Such studies, in view of the corollary clinical data relating smoking to various types of cancer, appear urgent. They may not only result in furthering our knowledge of carcinogens, but in promoting some practical aspects of cancer prevention."
These findings, however, shouldn't have been a surprise. We're often blinded by a 'bad people can do no right' line of thought. German scientists had shown in the 1930s that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer, and the Nazi government had run major antismoking campaigns; Adolf Hitler forbade smoking in his presence. However, the German scientific work was tainted by its Nazi associations, and to some extent ignored, if not actually suppressed, after the war; it had taken some time to be rediscovered and independently confirmed. Now, however, American researchers— not Nazis— were calling the matter "urgent," and the news media were reporting it. "Cancer by the carton" was not a slogan the tobacco industry would embrace.
With the mounting evidence, the tobacco industry was thrown into a panic. So industry executives made a fateful decision, one that would later become the basis on which a federal judge would find the industry guilty of conspiracy to commit fraud— a massive and ongoing fraud to deceive the American public about the health effects of smoking. The decision was to hire a public relations firm to challenge the scientific evidence that smoking could kill you.
On that December morning (December 15th, 1953), the presidents of four of America's largest tobacco companies— American Tobacco, Benson and Hedges, Philip Morris, and U.S. Tobacco— met at the venerable Plaza Hotel in New York City. The French Renaissance chateau-style building— in which unaccompanied ladies were not permitted in its famous Oak Room bar— was a fitting place for the task at hand: the protection of one of America's oldest and most powerful industries. The man they had come to meet was equally powerful: John Hill, founder and CEO of one of America's largest and most effective public relations firms, Hill and Knowlton.
The four company presidents— as well as the CEOs of R. J. Reynolds and Brown and Williamson— had agreed to cooperate on a public relations program to defend their product. They would work together to convince the public that there was "no sound scientific basis for the charges," and that the recent reports were simply "sensational accusations" made by publicity-seeking scientists hoping to attract more funds for their research. They would not sit idly by while their product was vilified; instead, they would create a Tobacco Industry Committee for Public Information to supply a "positive" and "entirely 'pro-cigarette'" message to counter the anti-cigarette scientific one. As the U.S. Department of Justice would later put it, they decided "to deceive the American public about the health effects of smoking."
At first, the companies didn't think they needed to fund new scientific research, thinking it would be sufficient to "disseminate information on hand." John Hill disagreed, "emphatically warn[ing] … that they should …
sponsor additional research," and that this would be a long-term project. He also suggested including the word "research" in the title of their new committee, because a pro-cigarette message would need science to back it up. At the end of the day, Hill concluded, "scientific doubts must remain." It would be his job to ensure it.
Over the next half century, the industry did what Hill and Knowlton advised. They created the "Tobacco Industry Research Committee" to challenge the mounting scientific evidence of the harms of tobacco. They funded alternative research to cast doubt on the tobacco-cancer link. They conducted polls to gauge public opinion and used the results to guide campaigns to sway it. They distributed pamphlets and booklets to doctors, the media, policy makers, and the general public insisting there was no cause for alarm.
The industry's position was that there was "no proof" that tobacco was bad, and they fostered that position by manufacturing a "debate," convincing the mass media that responsible journalists had an obligation to present "both sides" of it. The industry's position was that there was "no proof" that tobacco was bad, and they fostered that position by manufacturing a "debate," convincing the mass media that responsible journalists had an obligation to present "both sides" of it. Representatives of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee met with staff at Time, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report, BusinessWeek, Life, and Reader's Digest, including men and women at the very top of the American media industry. Their purpose was to "explain" the industries commitment to a "long range research…program devoted primarily to the public interest" – which was needed since the science was unsettled – and so to stress to the media their responsibility to provide a "balanced presentation of all the facts" to ensure the public would not be needlessly frightened.
The industry did not leave it to journalists to seek out "all the facts." They made sure they got them. The so-called balance campaign involved aggressive dissemination and promotion to editors and publishers of "information" that supported the industry's position. But if the science was firm, how could they do that? Was the science firm?
The answer is yes, but. A scientific discovery is not an event; it's a process, and often it takes time for the full picture to come into clear focus. By the late 1950s, mounting experimental and epidemiological data linked tobacco with cancer— which is why the industry took action to oppose it. In private, executives acknowledged this evidence. In hindsight it is fair to say— and science historians have said— that the link was already established beyond a reasonable doubt. Certainly no one could honestly say that science showed that smoking was safe.
But science involves many details, many of which remain unclear, such as why some smokers get lung cancer and others do not (a question that remains incompletely answered today). Some scientists remained skeptical.
One of them was Dr. Clarence Cook Little.
C. C. Little was a renowned geneticist, a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and former President of the University of Michigan. But he was also well outside the mainstream of scientific thinking. In 1954, the tobacco industry hired Little to head the Tobacco Industry Research Committee and spearhead the effort to foster the impression of debate, primarily by promoting the work of scientists who's views might be useful to the industry. Little's committee prepared a booklet, A Scientific Perspective on the Cigarette Controversy, which was sent to 176,800 American doctors, Fifteen thousand additional copies were sent to editors, reporters, columnists, and members of Congress. A poll conducted two years later showed that "neither the press nor the public seems to be reacting with any noticeable fear or alarm to the recent attacks."
The industry made its case in part by cherry-picking data and focusing on unexplained or anomalous details. No one in 1954 would have claimed that everything that needed to be known about smoking and cancer was known, and the industry exploited this normal scientific honesty to spin unreasonable doubt. One Hill and Knowlton document, for example, pre- pared shortly after one Hills meeting with the executives, enumerated fifteen scientific questions related to the hazards of tobacco. Experiments showed that laboratory mice got skin cancer when painted with tobacco tar, but not when left in smoke-filled chambers. Why? Why do cancer rates vary greatly between cities even when smoking rates are similar? Do other environmental changes, such as increased air pollution, correlate with lung cance? Why is the recent rise in lung cancer greatest in men, even though the rise in cigarette use was greatest in women? If smoking causes lung cancer, why aren't cancers of the lips, tongue, or throat on the rise? Why does Britain have a lung cancer rate four times higher than the United States? Does climate affect cancer? Do the casings placed on American cigarettes (but not British ones) somehow serve as an antidote to the deleterious effect of tobacco? How much is the increase in cancer simply due to longer life expectancy and improved accuracy in diagnosis?
None of the questions was illegitimate, but they were all disingenuous, because the answers were known: Cancer rates vary between cities and countries because smoking is not the only cause of cancer. The greater rise in cancer in men is the result of latency - lung cancer appears ten, twenty, or thirty years after a person begins to smoke - so women, who had only recently begun to smoke heavily, would get cancer in due course (which they did). Improved diagnosis explained some of the observed increase, but not all: lung cancer was an exceptionally rare disease before the invention of the mass-marketed cigarette. And so on.
When posed to journalists, however, the loaded questions did the trick: - they convinced people people who didn't know otherwise that there was still a lot of doubt about the whole matter. The industry had realized that you could create the impression of controversy simply by asking questions, even if you actually knew the answers and they didn't help your case. And so the industry began to transmogrify emerging scientific consensus into raging scientific "debate."
The appeal to journalistic balance (as well as perhaps the industry's large advertising budget) evidently resonated with writers and editors, perhaps because of the influence of the Fairness Doctrine. Under this doctrine, established in 1949 (in conjunction with the rise of television), broadcast journalists were required to dedicate airtime to controversial issues of public concern in a balanced manner. (The logic was that broadcasts licenses were a scarce resource, and therefore a public trust.) While the doctrine did not formally apply to print journalism, many writers and editors seem to have applied it to the tobacco question, because throughout the 1950s and well into the 1960s, newspapers and magazines presented the smoking issue as a great debate rather than as a scientific problem in which evidence was rapidly accumulating, a clear picture was coming into focus, and the trajectory of knowledge was clearly against tobacco's safety. Balance was interpreted, it seems, as giving equal weight to both sides, rather than giving accurate weight to both sides.
By the end of the 1950s, the tobacco industry had successfully developed ties with doctors, medical school faculty and public health authorities across the country. In 1962, when U.S. Surgeon General Luther L Terry established an Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, the tobacco industry made nominations, submitted information, and ensured that Dr. Little "established lines of communication" with the committee. To ensure that the panel was "democratically'' constituted, the surgeon general invited nominations from the tobacco industry as well as from the Federal Trade Commission (who would become involved if restrictions were placed on tobacco advertising). To ensure that the panel was unbiased, he excluded anyone who had publicly expressed a prior opinion. One hundred and fifty names were put forward, and the tobacco industry was permitted to veto anyone they considered unsuitable.
Despite these concessions, the 1964 report was not favorable to the tobacco industry. Historian Allan Brandt recounts how half the members of the panel were smokers, and by the time their report was ready, most of them had quit. For those close to the science, this was no surprise, because the evidence against smoking had been steadily mounting. In the U.S. Public Health Service had concluded that smoking was "the principle etiological factor in the increased incidence of lung cancer." In 1959, leading researchers had declared in the peer-reviewed scientific literature that the evidence linking cigarettes and cancer was "beyond dispute." That same year, the American Cancer Society had issued a formal statement declaring that "cigarette smoking is the major causative factor in lung cancer." In 1962, the Royal College of Physicians of London had declared that "cigarette smoking is a cause of cancer and bronchitis and probably contributes to . . . coronary heart disease," a finding that was prominently reported in Reader's Digest and Scientific Ameican. Perhaps most revealingly, the tobacco industries own scientists had come to the same conclusion.
As University of California professor Stanton Glantz and his colleagues have shown in their exhaustive reading of tobacco industry documents, by the early 1960s the industry's own scientists had concluded not only that smoking caused cancer, but also that nicotine was addictive (a conclusion that mainstream scientists came to only in the 1980s, and the industry would continue to deny well into the 1990s). In the 1950s, manufacturers had advertised some brands as "better for your health," implicitly acknowledging health concerns. In the early 1960s, Brown and Williamson's in-house scientists conducted their own experiments demonstrating that tobacco smoke caused cancer in laboratory animals, as well as experiments showing the addictive properties of nicotine. ln 1963 the vice president of Brown and Williamson concluded, presumably with reluctance, "We are, then, in the business of selling nicotine, an addictive drug." Two years later, the head of research and development for Brovm and Williamson noted that industry scientists were "unanimous in their opinion that smoke is . . . carcinogenic." Some companies began secretly working on a "safe" cigarette, even while the industry as a whole was publicly denying that one was needed.
It's one thing for scientists to report something in peer-reviewed journals, however, and another for the country's doctor in chief to announce it publicly, loud and clear. The 1964 surgeon general's report, Smoking and Health, did just that. Based on review of more than seven thousand scientific studies and testimony of over one hundred and fifty consultants, the landmark report was written by a committee - in this case selected from nominations provided by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Federal Trade Commission, the American Medical Association, and the Tobacco Institute - but its conclusions were unanimous. Lung cancer in the twentieth century had reached epidemic proportions, and the principal cause was not air pollution, radioactivity, or exposure to asbestos. It was tobacco smoking. Smokers were ten to twenty times more likely to get lung cancer than nonsmokers. They were also more likely to suffer from emphysema, bronchitis, and heart disease. The more a person smoked, the worse the effects.
Luther Terry (Surgeon General, 1964) realized that the reports release would be explosive, so when he gathered two hundred reporters into the State Department for a two-hour briefing, the auditorium doors were locked for security. The report was released on a Saturday to minimize impact on the stock market, but it was still a bombshell. Nearly half of all adult Americans smoked - many men had picked up the habit while serving their country during World War II or in Korea - and the surgeon general was telling them that this pleasurable habit, at worst a mild vice, was killing them. The government not only allowed this killing, but promoted and profited from it: the federal government subsidized tobacco farming, and tobacco sales were an enormous source of both federal and state tax revenues. To argue that tobacco killed people was to suggest that our own government both sanctioned and proffited from the sale of a deadly product. In hindsight, calling it the biggest news story of 1964 seems insufficient; it was one of the biggest news stories of the era. One tobacco industry PR director concluded that the cigarette business was now in a "grave crisis." They did not sit idly by.
Immediately, they redoubled their effort to challenge the science. They changed the name of the Tobacco Industry Research Council to the Council for Tobacco Research (losing the word "industry'' entirely), and severed their relations with Hill and Knowlton. They resolved that the new organization would be wholly dedicated to health research, and not to "industry technical or commercial studies." They "refined" the approval and review process for grants, intensifying their search for "experts" who would affirm their views.
Given the evidence produced in their own laboratories, the industry might have concluded that the "debate" game was up. The PR director for Brown and Williamson suggested that perhaps the time had come to back off "assurances, denial of harm, and similar claims." Others suggested identifying the hazardous components in cigarette smoke and trying to remove them, or adopting voluntary warning labels. In 1978, the Liggitt Group-makers of L&Ms, Larks, and Chesterfields - filed a patent application for a technique to reduce the "tumorigenicity" of tobacco. Tumor genicity is the tendency of something to generate tumors, so this was an implicit acknowledgement that tobacco did indeed cause tumors, as one newspaper realized.
The cigarette manufacturers did not give up. Rather, they resolved to fight harder. "A steady expansion in our program of scientific research into tobacco use and health has convinced us of the need for more permanent organizational machinery" one press release concluded. The industry had already given more than $7 million in research funds to 155 scientists at more than one hundred American medical schools, hospitals, and laboratories; now it would give even more. When Congress held hearings in 1965 on bills to require health warnings on tobacco packages and advertisements, the tobacco industry responded with "a parade of dissenting doctors," and a "cancer specialist" [who warned] against going off "half cocked" in the controversy."
Sometimes further research muddies scientific waters, as additional complications are uncovered or previously unrecognized factors are acknowledged. Not so with smoking. When a new surgeon general reviewed the evidence in 1967, the conclusions were even starker. Two thousand more scientific studies pointed emphatically to three results, enumerated on the reports first page: One, smokers lived sicker and died sooner than their nonsmoking counterparts. Two, a substantial portion of these early deaths would not have occurred if these people had never smoked. Three, were it not for smoking "practically none" of the early deaths from lung cancer would have occurred. Smoking killed people. It was as simple as that. Nothing had been learned since 1964 that brought into question the conclusions of the earlier report. How did the industry respond to this? More denial. "There is no scientific evidence that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer and other disease," Brown and Williamson insisted.
Although 125 lawsuits related to health impairment were filed against the tobacco industry between 1954 and 1979, only nine went to trial, and none were settled in favor of the plaintiffs. Still, industry lawyers were increasingly concerned, in part because their insistence that the debate was still open was contradicted not just by academic science, but by their own internal company documents. To cite just one example: in 1978, the minutes from a British American Tobacco Company research conference concluded that the tobacco-cancer link "has long ceased to be an area for scientific controversy." (Brown and Williamson lawyers recommended the destruction or removal of documents that spoke to this point.)
How could the industry possibly defend itself when the vast majority of independent experts agreed that tobacco was harmful, and their own documents showed that they knew this? The answer was to continue to market doubt, and to do so by recruiting ever more prominent scientists to help.
Collectively the industry had already spent over $50 million on biomedical research. Individual tobacco companies had invested millions more - bringing the total to over $70 miilion. By the mid-196os, that figure had exceeded $100 million. One industry document happily reported that "this expenditure exceeds that given for research by any other source except the federal government." Another noted that grants had been distributed to 640 investigators in 250 hospitals, medical schools, and research institutions. The American Cancer Society and American Lung Association in 1981 devoted just under $300,000 to research; that same year, the tobacco industry gave $6.3 million. It was time to do even more.
In the 1950s, the tobacco industry had enlisted geneticist C. C. Little – a member of the US National Academy of Sciences – to lend credibility to their position. This time they went one step further, they enlisted Dr. Frederick Seitz – the balding man introduced to Reynolds executives in 1979 – a former president of the academy. Seitz no doubt enjoyed the perks he received while working for the tobacco industry, such as flying to Bermuda with his wife when the R.J. Reynolds Advisory Committee met there in November 1979, as well as the heady feeling of distributing money to researchers he had hand-picked. Given his views that genetic weakness was the crux of disease susceptibility, and that modern science had become narrow-minded, Seitz may well have honestly believed that tobacco was being unfairly attacked, and that Reynolds money could do some real good. But we know from tobacco industry documents that the criteria by which he chose projects for funding were not purely scientific.
By May 1979, Seitz had made commitments for over $43.4 million in research grants. During this time, he corresponded frequently with H. C. Roemer - R.J. Reynolds's legal counsel - discussing with him which particular projects they planned to fund and why; all press releases regarding the research program had to be cleared by the legal department. It's not normal for granting agencies to consult legal counsel on each and every grant they make, so this connection alone might suggest a criterion related to legal liability. But we don't have to speculate, because industry documents tell us so: "support [for scientific research] over the years has produced a number of authorities upon whom the industry could draw, for expert testimony in court suits and hearings by governmental bodies." The industry wasn't just generating reasonable doubt; it was creating friendly witnesses - witnesses that could be called on in the future.
One of these witnesses was Martin J. Cline, who had earlier caught Seitz's attention. Cline was one of the most famous biomedical researchers in the United States. Chief of the Division of Hematology-Oncology at UCLA's medical school, he had created the world's first transgenic organism: a genetically modified mouse. In 1980, however, he was censured by UCLA and the National Institutes of Health for an unapproved human experiment injecting bone marrow cells that had been altered with recombinant DNA into two patients with a hereditary blood disorder. Cline was found to have misrepresented the nature of the experiment to hospital authorities, telling them that the experiment did not involve recombinant DNA. He later admitted that he had performed the experiment, but claimed that he did it because he believed it would work. Cline lost nearly $200.000 in research grants and was forced to resign his position as division chief, although he was permitted to stay on as a professor of medicine.
Many years later - in 1997 - Cline was deposed in the case of Norrna R. Broin et al. v. Philip Morris. (Broin was a nonsmoking flight attendant who contracted lung cancer at the age of thirty-two, and sued - along with her husband and twenty-five other flight attendants - charging that their illnesses were caused by secondhand smoke in airline cabins, and the tobacco industry had suppressed information about its hazards.) In the deposition Cline acknowledged that he had been a witness in two previous trials, one in which he testified that a plaintiff's cancer was not caused by exposure to toxic fumes, and another in which he testified that a plaintiff's leukemia was not caused by exposure to radiation. He had also served as a paid consultant in a previous tobacco litigation case, had given seminars to a law firm representing the tobacco industry, and had served on a so-called Scientific Advisory Board for R. J. Reynolds. (The scientists that Seitz supported were also sometimes called upon as an advisory group, attending periodic meetings to offer "advice and criticism." One letter suggested that they might also act as an advocacy group - although this was later struck out.)
When asked point blank in the Norma Broin case, "Does cigarette smoking cause lung cancer?" attorneys for Philip Morris objected to the "form of the question." When asked, "Does direct cigarette smoking cause lung cancer?" the attorneys objected on the grounds that the question was "irrelevant and immaterial." When finally instructed to answer, Cline was evasive. Cline: "Well, if by "cause" you mean a population base or epidemilogic risk factor, then cigarette smoking is related to certain types of lung cancer. If you mean: In a particular individual is the cigarette smoking the cause of his or her cancer? Then . . . it is difficult to say "yes" or "no." There is no evidence."
When asked if a three-pack-a-day habit might be a contributory factor to the lung cancer of someone who'd smoked for twenty years, Cline again answered no, you "could not say [that] with certainty. . . I can envision many scenarios where it [smoking] had nothing to do with it." When asked if he was paid for the research he did on behalf of the tobacco industry he acknowledged that the tobacco industry had supplied $300,000 per year over ten years - $3 million b 0ut it wasn't "pay," it was a "gift."
What Cline said about cancer was technically true: current science does not allow us to say with certainty that any one particular person's lung cancer - no matter how much she smoked - was caused by smoking. There are always other possibilities. The science does tell us that a person with a twenty-year, three-pack-a-day habit who has lung cancer most probably got that cancer from smoking, because other causes of lung cancer are very rare. If there's no evidence that the woman in question was ever exposed to asbestos or radon, or smoked cigars or pipes, or had prolonged occupational exposure to arsenic, chromium, or nickel, then we could say that her lung cancer was almost certainly caused by her heavy smoking. But we couldn't say it for sure. In scientific research, there is always doubt. In a lawsuit we ask, Is it reasonable doubt? Ultimately, juries began to say no, but it took a long time, in large part because of witnesses like Martin Cline, witnesses that the industry had cultivated by supporting their research. Reynolds supported scientists, and when the need arose they were available to support Reynolds.
Stanley Prusiner would have been an even better witness for the industry - his work on prions was groundbreaking and his reputation untarnished - and his name did appear on a list of potential witnesses in the 2004 landmark federal case against the tobacco industry: U.S. vs. Philip Morris et al. (He evidently did not testify; available documents do not indicate why.) The industry was finally found guilty under the RICO Act (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations). In 2006, U.S.district judge Gladys Kessler found that the tobacco industry had "devised and executed a scheme to defraud consumers and potential consumers" about the hazards of cigaettes, hazards that their own internal company documents proved they had known about since the 1950s.
But it took a long time - just about half a century - to get to that point. Along the way the tobacco industry won many of the suits that were brought against it. Juries, of course, were much more likely to believe scientific experts than industry executives - especially scientists who appeared to be independent - and neither Cline nor Prusiner ever worked "directly'' for the tobacco industry; many of the funds were channelled through law firms. External research could also help bolster the industry's position that the public should decide for themselves. "We believe any proof developed should be presented fully and objectively to the public and that the public should then be allowed to make its own decisions based on the evidence," they had argued, seemingly reasonably. The problem was that public had no way to know that this "evidence" was part of an industry campaign designed to confuse. It was, in fact, part of a criminal conspiracy to commit fraud.
Cline and Prusiner were reputable scientists, so one might ask, didn't they have a right to be heard? In later years Seitz and his colleagues would often make this claim, insisting that they deserved equal time, and their ability to invoke the Fairness Doctrine to obtain time and space for their views in the mainstream media was crucial to the impact of their efforts. Did they deserve equal time?
The simple answer is no. While the idea of equal time for opposing opinions makes sense in a two-party political system, it does not work for science because science is not about opinion. It is about evidence. It is about claims that can be, and have been, tested through scientific research - experiments, experience, and observation - research that is then subject to critical review by a jury of scientific peers. Claims that have not gone through that process -or have gone through it and failed - are not scientific, and do not deserve equal time in a scientific debate.
A scientific hypothesis is like a prosecutor's indictment; it's just the beginning of a long process. The jury must decide not on the elegance of the indictment, but on the volume, strength, and coherence of the evidence to support it. We rightly demand that a prosecutor provide evidence - abundant, good, solid, consistent evidence - and that the evidence stands up to the scrutiny of a jury of peers, who can take as much time as they need.
Science is pretty much the same. A conclusion becomes established not when a clever person proposes it, or even a group of people begin to discuss it, but when the jury of peers - the community of researchers - reviews the evidence and concludes that it is sufficient to accept the claim. By the 1960s, the scientific community had done that with respect to tobacco. In contrast, the tobacco industry was never able to support its claims with evidence, which is why they had to resort to obfuscation. Even after decades and tens of millions of dollars spent, the research they funded failed to supply evidence that smoking was really OK. But then, that was never really the point of it anyway.
The tobacco industry was found guilty in under the RICO statute in part because what the Hill and Knowlton documents showed: that the tobacco industry knew the dangers of smoking as early as 1951 and conspired to suppress this knowledge. They conspired to fight the facts, and to merchandise doubt.
But it took a long time for those facts to emerge, and the doubt to be dispelled. For many years, the American people did continue to think that there was reasonable doubt about the harms of smoking (and some still do). While hazard labels were strengthened, it was not until the 1990s that the industry began to lose cases in courts. And although the FDA sought to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug in the early 1990s, it was not until 2009 that the U.S. Congress finally gave them the authority to do so.
More details regarding the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement from Wikipedia:
The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) was entered in November 1998, originally between the four largest United States tobacco companies (Philip Morris Inc., R. J. Reynolds, Brown & Williamson and Lorillard – the "original participating manufacturers", referred to as the "Majors") and the attorneys general of 46 states. The states settled their Medicaid lawsuits against the tobacco industry for recovery of their tobacco-related health-care costs, and also exempted the companies from private tort liability regarding harm caused by tobacco use. In exchange, the companies agreed to curtail or cease certain tobacco marketing practices, as well as to pay, in perpetuity, various annual payments to the states to compensate them for some of the medical costs of caring for persons with smoking-related illnesses. The money also funds a new anti-smoking advocacy group, called the American Legacy Foundation, that is responsible for such campaigns as The Truth. The settlement also dissolved the tobacco industry groups Tobacco Institute, the Center for Indoor Air Research, and the Council for Tobacco Research. In the MSA, the original participating manufacturers (OPM) agreed to pay a minimum of $206 billion over the first 25 years of the agreement.
Regarding The U.S. Government's racketeering case against Big Tobacco via RICO: Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act.
In September 22, 1999, the United States Department of Justice, under the Admistration of then President William J. Clinton, filed a racketeering lawsuit against the major cigarette manufacturers and two industry affiliated organizations:
· Philip Morris Companies (now Altria)
· R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), now Reynolds American
· Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation (BW), now part of Reynolds American
· Lorillard Tobacco Company
· The Liggett Group
· American Tobacco (now part of Reynolds American)
· British American Tobacco Industries (BATCo)
· The Council for Tobacco Research (CTR)
· The Tobacco Institute, Inc.
On August 17, 2006 Judge Kessler issued a 1,683 page opinion holding the tobacco companies liable for violating RICO by fraudulently covering up the health risks associated with smoking and for marketing their products to children. "As set forth in these Final Proposed Findings of Fact, substantial evidence establishes that Defendants have engaged in and executed – and continue to engage in and execute – a massive 50-year scheme to defraud the public, including consumers of cigarettes, in violation of RICO."
Final Findings
Based on the evidence presented in the case, Judge Kessler ruled that:
Defendants knew for fifty years or more that cigarette smoking caused disease, but repeatedly denied that smoking caused adverse health effects. Defendants publicly distorted and minimized the hazards of smoking for decades.
Defendants concealed and suppressed research data and other evidence showing nicotine is addictive, and withheld information about their internal research on addiction, from the American public, the government, and the public health community, including the United States Surgeon General. The Defendants acted this way to maintain profits by keeping people smoking and attracting new consumers, to avoid iability, and prevent regulation of the industry.
Defendants falsely denied that they can and do control the level of nicotine delivered to smokers to create and sustain addiction.
Defendants falsely marketed and promoted low tar/"light" cigarettes as less harmful than "full flavor" cigarettes to keep people smoking and sustain corporate revenues.
From the 1950s to the present, different tobacco companies using different methods have intentionally marketed cigarettes to young people under the age of 21 in order to recruit "replacement smokers" who would ensure the future economic viability of the Tobacco Industry.
Defendants publicly denied, while internally acknowledging, that secondhand tobacco smoke is hazardous to nonsmokers.
At various times, Defendants attempted to, and did suppress and conceal scientific research and destroy documents relevant to their public and litigation positions.
As part of this RICO settlement, a Federal Court has ordered RJ Reynolds Tobacco, Philip Morris USA, Atria and Lorilard to make the following statement about the health effects of smoking, appearing in the New York Times, November 26, 2017 and January 7, 2018, as well as many more:
The Tobacco Industry has behaved in the last 50 years as described earlier, and as has been concluded in the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement of 1998, the RICO verdict of 2006, and as stated above by the Tobacco Industry itself, as a very malignant cancer that has killed millions and continues to kill hundreds of thousands of people in the US and 5 million worldwide every year. The Tobacco Industry is an example of a malignant cancerous Skinwalker, knowingly killing their own, the only difference being as they do such, their deceit makes them billions of dollars.
Metaphorically as we just discussed, fraud in Unemployment Benefits, Welfare, Medicare, Medicaid, and in the Defense, Financial and Pharmaceutical Industries started in their various subgroups (the cells), within a particular industry (an organ), and then metastasized and affected the whole country (the host).
Metaphorically as we just discussed, fraud started within the Tobacco companies (the cells), within the tobacco industry (an organ), that has metastasized now affecting people in all countries around the world (the host).
These cancers are or have been treated and contained for the most part, although at tremendous cost, but there may be another form of cancer that started as particular companies (the cells), within a particular industry (an organ), that has metastasized now involving all nations and is affecting the entire earth (the host). Read the next Chapter on climate change.
Here's the video of the 60 Minutes piece titled, The Whistleblower, with host Bill Whitaker, that aired on October 15, 2017, followed by pertinent quotes from that video, and a conclusion drawn from such in italic.
Chapter 17
Modern Skinwalkers and Societal Cancer


text:
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apoptosis. ; proteins. ; cellular signal transduction. ; proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2.
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5-azacytidine induces fetal hemoglobin by a cell signalling mechanism that is upstream of changes in differentiation kinetics and promoter hypomethylation.
Antineoplastic agents -- Mechanism of action. Hemoglobin -- Synthesis -- Regulation. Protein kinases. Cellular signal transduction. Promoters (Genetics) -- Methylation. Azacitidine -- pharmacology. Fetal Hemoglobin -- biosynthesis. p38...
The β-hemoglobinopathies sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia represent some of the most common inherited diseases. It is recognized that increased fetal hemoglobin (HbF) ameliorates symptoms, mortality and morbidity in β-hemoglobinopathy...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Brain repair after trauma : birth and migration of immature neurons after focal traumatic brain injury in piglets and human children / by Sabrina Rose Taylor.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of acquired disability in children, yet innate repair mechanisms are incompletely understood. A possible innate mechanism to repair injury after insult is neurogenesis - the birth, migration,...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Design and synthesis of novel tricyclic-bis-enones: a series of highly active inhibitors of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages.
Alicyclic compounds -- Synthesis. ; Nitric-oxide synthase -- Inhibitors. ; Cyclooxygenases -- Inhibitors. ; Macrophages. ; Oxidoreductases -- Inhibitors. ; Inflammation -- Mediators -- Pathophysiology.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Targeted manipulation of ß-globin promoter chromatin structure: implications for gene therapy of ß-hemoglobinopathies.
Chromatin. ; Promoters (Genetics). ; Gene targeting. ; Globin genes -- Expression. ; Genetic vectors -- Therapeutic use. ; Hemoglobinopathy -- Treatment. ; Hemoglobinopathy -- Genetic aspects.
Dartmouth Dissertations
The 4S polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-binding protein: isolation, characterization, and evidence for the modulation of cytochrome P-4501A1 gene expression.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- Genetics. ; Enzyme induction. ; Oxidation -- Genetics.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Pharmacological targeting of Wnt and Hedgehog pathways in lung cancer / by Alexander M. Busch
The Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt pathways are key biological signaling pathways responsible for embryonic development, cellular proliferation, stem cell maintenance and self-renewal, and adult somatic tissue homeostasis. Because these pathways serve as...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Chemico-physical and pharmacologic factors that influence delivery of IONPs to tumors in rodent breast cancer models / by Jennifer Tate.
Nanoparticles have made significant advances in recent years in the realm of cancer therapy. These nanoparticles typically range in size from 10-250nm in diameter, allowing for differential systemic-based biodistribution. The enhanced permeability...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The SERM, Arzoxifene, and the rexinoid, LG100268, cooperate to prevent estrogen receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer as well as colon cancer.
Estrogen -- Receptors -- Regulation. Selective estrogen receptor modulators. Receptor-ligand complexes. Breast -- Cancer -- Chemoprevention. Colon (Anatomy) -- Cancer -- Chemoprevention.
We have previously shown that the selective estrogen receptor modulator, Arzoxifene (Arz), and the rexinoid, LG100268 (268) synergistically prevent breast cancer in an ER+ breast cancer model. This study was designed to determine the mechanism of...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Identification and characterization of signaling pathways underlying the tumorigenic activity of [Delta]Np63[alpha] in breast cancer stem cells / by Amanda Lynn Balboni.
Studies presented in this dissertation focus on the transcriptional targets and cellular functions of [Delta]Np63[alpha], the predominant TP63 isoform expressed in epithelial stem cell compartments. TP63, a member of the p53 family of...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The causes and consequences of regulation of [Delta]NP63[alpha] in mammary and breast cancer stem cells / by Andrew Joseph DeCastro.
Despite the array of targeted therapeutics that currently exist to combat breast cancer, disease progression leading to metastasis, and tumor recurrence still remains a significant clinical challenge. Efforts to identify novel pathways and...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Constitutively activated PI3K signaling accelerates tumor initiation and progression in breast and lung cancers / by Mee Rie Sheen.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a major positive regulator of the PI3K signaling pathway that regulates many important cellular functions including growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, and angiogenesis. The PIK3CA gene, encoding the...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Quantifying optical tomography methods for biomolecular sensing / by Jennifer-Lynn H. Demers.
Diffuse optical imaging techniques can be combined with standard imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to allow measurement of spectroscopic signals pertaining to the molecular components of...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The role of cell stress signalling in the induction of [gamma]-globin gene expression / by Emily K. Schaeffer.
Increased fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression is beneficial for [beta]-hemoglobinopathy patients; however, most inducing agents do not possess the ideal combination of efficacy, safety and availability. Better understanding the mechanisms involved in...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Role of NA[subscript v]1.1 in septo-hippocampal coordination of theta rhythm and spatial memory : implications for cognitive deficits in Dravet syndrome / by Alex C. Bender
In the nervous system, neuronal communication relies critically on the function of membrane ion channels. One of these is the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC), which is essential for the generation and propagation of action potentials in...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Shared decision making for people with severe mental illness.
Mentally ill -- Care -- Decision making. Mental illness -- Treatment -- Decision making. Mental health services -- Decision making. Mental health -- Information services. Medical informatics. Mental Disorders -- drug therapy.
Objective. We explored preferences and perceptions about treatment decision-making roles among persons with severe mental illness and evaluated two computer-based medication values clarification tools. Methods. In this study we conducted a pilot...
Dartmouth Dissertations
UCN-01: a protein kinase antagonist abrogating cell cycle checkpoint control.
Protein kinase C -- Antagonists. Cells -- Growth -- Regulation. Antineoplastic agents -- Mechanism of action.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Characterization of the monosaccharide transport system of the thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophage and in vitro actions of glucocorticoids on macrophage growth, glucose metabolism, and monosaccharide transport
Glucose -- Metabolism. Macrophages. Glucocorticoids. Mice
Dartmouth Dissertations
Apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death by anticancer agents.
Apoptosis. Antineoplastic agents.
Dartmouth Dissertations
From target discovery to high-throughput screens--selective CAL PDZ inhibitors as candidate CF therapeutics
Peptides -- Therapeutic use. ; Chloride channels -- Pathophysiology. ; Ligands (Biochemistry) ; Protein-protein interactions. ; Cystic fibrosis -- Molecular aspects. ; High throughput screening (Drug development) ; PDZ Domains. ; Cystic Fibrosis...
PDZ domains are protein:protein interaction domains that serve as molecular scaffolds, especially in the case of specialized cellular environments like polarized airway epithelial cells of the human lung. Historically the domains have been thought...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Formation and interactions of infectious prions
Prions. ; Proteins -- Conformation. ; Nanoparticles. ; Iron oxides. ; PrPSc Proteins.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Exploring the role of ligand processing in HH mediated development and disease
Dartmouth Dissertations
The interplay between BCL2 family members in response to pharmacologically induced apoptosis
Apoptosis.; Cancer cells -- Growth -- Regulation. ; Cellular signal transduction. ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins -- pharmacology. ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 -- pharmacology. ; bcl2-Associated Death Protein -- pharmacology. ; Vinblastine --...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The identification of molecular targets of synthetic oleanane triterpenoids
Terpenes -- Mechanism of action. ; Protein kinases -- Inhibitors. ; Oleanolic Acid.
Synthetic oleanane triterpenoids (SO) are a novel class of therapeutic compounds based on the structure of oleanolic acid. These synthetic oleanane triterpenoids which include 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), CDDO-methyl...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Capillary permeability in the rabbit heart.
Capillaries -- Permeability. ; Rabbits -- Physiology. ; Heart -- Blood-vessels.
Dartmouth Dissertations
The contribution of vaginocervical input on the reinforcing aspects of mating in female rats.
Rats -- Behavior. Sexual behavior in animals. Vagina -- Psychophysiology. Cervix uteri -- Psychophysiology.
The present dissertation examined the contributions of vaginal and cervical stimulation to sexual motivation and reward in female rats. New, more complex behavioral methods such as the display of paced mating behavior and the induction of a...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Targeting anaphase catastrophe through CDK inhibition in lung cancer / by Shanhu Hu
Aneuploidy is frequently detected in human cancers and is implicated in carcinogenesis. Pharmacological targeting of aneuploidy is an attractive therapeutic strategy, as this would preferentially eliminate malignant over normal cells. Our prior...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Wnt pathway activation by ADP-ribosylation / by Eungi Yang
Wnt/[beta]-catenin signaling directs metazoan development and is aberrantly activated in many cancers; however, effective inhibitors to treat Wnt-driven cancers have long been elusive. Following the recent discovery that the ADPribose polymerase...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Novel approaches to targeting innate immunity for cancer immunotherapy / by Patrick H. Lizotte
Many kinds of cancer, and almost universally metastatic cancer, are refractory to treatment by conventional methods: surgery, radiation, and non-specific cytotoxic chemotherapy. The dawn of the age of personalized medicine presaged 15 years ago...
Dartmouth Dissertations
CXCR3 and its cognate-chemokine expression : implications for cancer immunotherapy / by Eleanor Clancy-Thompson
Despite immunogenicity, melanoma-specific vaccines have demonstrated minimal clinical efficacy in patients with established disease, but enhance survival when administered in the adjuvant setting. It has been shown that T cell infiltration of...
Dartmouth Dissertations
A study of neutral amino acid and drug transport in slices from human and rabbit placentae.
Placenta; Maternal-fetal exchange.
Dartmouth Dissertations
The mechanism of action for angiotensin-1-7 in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the modulation of cardiovascular sympathetic nerve activity / by Mark S. Bilodeau
Elevated sympathetic discharge from the CNS is an underlying pathogenic mechanism in neurogenic hypertension and an exacerbating factor in chronic heart failure (CHF). Current treatment of these diseases focuses on attenuation of the downstream...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Characterization of cancer risk and response to immunotherapy through pathway-based genomic analyses / by David C. Qian
For most cancers, the genetic mechanisms that predispose normal cells to neoplastic transformation and tumor cells to therapeutic eradication are poorly understood. High throughput genotyping technologies have allowed the rapid discovery of...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Cellular organization in syncytia : nuclear autonomy and cytosolic organization across kingdoms / by Samantha Elizabeth Roberts
All cells must organize their cytoplasm in order to carry out functions properly and survive in different environments, and the requirement for organization is increased in large, multinucleate cells. It has long been known that membrane-bound...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Determinants of the il-1β response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa / by Yash R. Patankar
IL-1β is a potent proinflammatory cytokine produced in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. While it is appreciated that IL-1β is a critical modulator of the host response to P. aeruginosa infection, the host and bacterial determinants...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Isolation of interleukin-2-induced immediate-early genes.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Probing a receptor-binding domain of interleukin-2 by combinatorial cassette mutagenesis.
Interleukin-2. ; Mutagenesis.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Interleukin-2 analogs with enhanced biological response: a novel ligand based mechanism.
Interleukin-2 -- Derivatives. ; Interleukin-2 -- Receptors. ; Ligand binding (Biochemistry).
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunoregulatory cytokine whose biological effects are mediated through interaction with specific receptors (IL-2R) on the surface of target cells. Due to its presumed role in generating a normal immune response, IL-2 is...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Neuroimmune and behavioral responses to peripheral nerve injury in the rat.
Nerves. ; Peripheral -- Pathophysiology. ; Nervous system -- Diseases -- Immunological aspects. ; Spinal cord -- Pathophysiology. ; Pain -- Physiological aspects. ; Rats -- Nervous system -- Diseases -- Immunological aspects. ; Rats -- Behavior.
The pain that follows nerve injury is chronic and consistently refractory to available analgesics. Neuropathic pain syndromes include deafferentation pain, diabetic, cancer and ischemic neuropathies, phantom limb pain, trigeminal neuralgia,...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Muscle-specific and activity-dependent transcriptional regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene.
Acetylcholine -- Receptors -- Genetic aspects. ; Muscles -- Innervation. ; Neuroplasticity.
Dartmouth Dissertations
The retinoid inducible nuclear receptor coregulator, RIP140: a limiting factor in retinoid and estrogen signaling.
Antineoplastic agents. Tretinoin. Nuclear receptors (Biochemistry). Genetic regulation.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Rabbit genomic clones for synovial fibroblast collagenase: tools for understanding connective tissue disease.
Collagenases. ; Fibroblasts. ; Connective tissues -- Diseases -- Genetic aspects. ; Clone cells. ; Rabbits.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Methods for prevention of oral Toxoplasma gondii infection-induced hyperimmune response in mice.
Toxoplasma gondii. ; Biological response modifiers. ; Immune response -- Regulation. ; Toxoplasmosis -- Immunotherapy. ; Interleukin-10 -- therapeutic use. ; Cholera Toxin -- therapeutic use. ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents -- therapeutic use.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Regulation of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 in the inflammatory response to endotoxin.
CD antigens. Cell receptors. Endotoxins -- Pathophysiology. Glycoproteins -- Pathophysiology. Immune response -- Regulation. Septicemia -- Molecular aspects. Macrophages. Haptoglobins. Hemoglobin. Receptors
Sepsis is a worldwide problem with an annual mortality rate reaching as high as 45%. Understanding its pathogenesis and the innate immune response to infection is key to the development of new treatments. CD163, a monocyte/macrophage-specific...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in an insulinoma cell line, adipocytes and muscle.
Protein kinases. ; Adenylic acid. ; Islands of Langerhans -- Tumors. ; Fat cells. ; Muscle cells. ; Adenoviruses.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Bcl-2 family proteins and the regulation of apoptosis.
Apoptosis. ; Proteins. ; Cellular signal transduction. ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2.
Apoptosis is induced by chemicals and death receptor activation. Although the stimuli are different, common proteins are activated downstream. The Bcl-2 family of proteins plays an important role in mediating apoptotic signaling at the mitochondria...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Hemodynamic effects of an intravenous infusion of a volatile vasodilator.
Vasodilators -- Physiological effect -- Mathematical models. ; Lungs -- Blood-vessels -- Effect of drugs on. ; Hemodynamics. ; Halothane -- Physiological effect. ; Rats -- Respiration. ; Swine -- Respiration.
The use of non-selective vasodilators for the purpose of pulmonary vasodilation has, to date, given mixed results; systemic hypotension has been the limiting factor. Lipid soluble gases (e.g. volatile anesthetics) are capable of inducing smooth...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Molecular characterization of human deoxyribonuclease II[alpha]: structural determinants of activity and therapeutic implications.
Deoxyribonucleases. ; Deoxyribonucleases -- Therapeutic use. ; Endonucleases -- Genetic aspects. ; Structure-activity relationships (Biochemistry). ; Pichia pastoris -- Cytogenetics. ; Cystic fibrosis -- Chemotherapy.
Dartmouth Dissertations
TRAF dependence of CD40 signaling in B cells.
B cells. ; CD antigens. ; Lymphocytes -- Receptors. ; Signal Transduction. ; Antigens CD40 -- immunology. ; B-Lymphocytes -- immunology.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Actions of substances placed in the cat cerebrospinal fluid space.
Pharmacology, Experimental. ; Cats.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Forming, operating, and improving micro-systems of health care.
Clinical medicine -- Practice. ; Medicine -- Practice. ; Group medical practice.
Health care micro-systems are small, organized groups of clinicians and staff working together with a shared clinical purpose to provide care for a defined set of patients. The size of individual micro-systems vary--a micro-system must be large...
Dartmouth Dissertations
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PrimaLoft® is lightweight and breathable with excellent water repellency to keep you dry, warm and comfortable even in the most extreme weather conditions. The human body uses energy to keep warm. PrimaLoft® uses a patented structure with ultra-fine microfibres to help retain body heat and conserve energy. PrimaLoft® is as warm as down, compressible, breathable and offers superior water repellency to keep you warm, dry and comfortable, even in the most extreme weather conditions.
eShop Partner: Calicantus S.r.l. / Via Luigi Mazzon 30 30020 - Quarto D'Altino (VE) Italy / C.F. e P.IVA: 03757590272 / REA: VE- 335872 / PEC: firstname.lastname@example.com / Capitale sociale: € 100.000,00


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Buy Cheap Simplisafe2 Wireless Home Security System 8-piece Plus Package
Overall Rating (based on real customer reviews): 4.6 out of 5 stars
Simplisafe2 Wireless Home Security System 8-piece Plus Package
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- Manufacturer: SimpliSafe (DS)
- Product Dimensions: 13.2x13x6.2 inches
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If you're like me, you HATE monthly reoccurring charges, such as cable, insurance, cell phone companies (I'm looking at you Verizon), etc. Why burn money every month on reoccurring charges? I like to have controlled costs and very little "renting"…Read more
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British singer, songwriter, and captivating storyteller of Nigerian (Yoruba) descent – Lánre puts out yet another notable song off her recently released four [4] tracks soulful and profound extended play dubbed 'Human EP' – available for download via iTunes – a follow up to her two [2] year old "Home EP".
With the Human EP, Lánre enchants on each single with her prowess storytelling ability coupled with good vocals.
Below is the first track which takes after the EP's title – Human, with notable hooks from the song like: "We are all broken so that light can come in". Lánre uses the song to explain the typical human quality.
Listen to 'Human' below and don't forget to cop the "14 minutes, 28 seconds" Human EP HERE


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Q: Is there a plan to invoice curling centres for individuals who do not pay by Stripe, and how
much will they be charged ($2 plus MA fee?)? Who will invoice? Curling Canada or MA?
A: Clubs remit affiliate fee payments to their MAs, who in turn remit any applicable Curling Canada fees (e.g. $2 IMF) to Curling Canada, as per the usual protocols. It is the responsibility of the MA to invoice their clubs and for Curling Canada to invoice its MAs.
NOTE: All inter-organizational fees (e.g. IMF, competitor card, affiliate fees) must be remitted through the traditional means via the MA to Curling Canada, as Curling I/O currently only calculates them and doesn't auto-remit them. Auto-remittance for fees paid online is on the road-map for the 2019-20 season.


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Progress Kinvey is a rapid enterprise mobile app development platform with enterprise and legacy system integrations, scalable serverless infrastructure, and low-code application development accelerators.
We're developing a new tool called Kinvey Studio that really speeds up creating web, mobile and chat applications with model driven development, application templates, and other high productivity features. We'll also make sure to deliver a high degree of control. That means you can build anything you like with Kinvey Studio, not just template-based apps.
Kinvey Studio keeps developers focused on building the innovative parts of their app, skipping boilerplate and ceremonial code. With Kinvey Studio, you always get perfectly formatted source code you can use with your own source control and processes.
Kinvey Studio is an early access program. We'd like you to take it for a test drive and let us know what you think. Sign up for an early access invitation and we'll get back to you soon.
Progress collects the Personal Information set out in our Privacy Policy and Privacy Policy for California Residents and uses it for the purposes stated in that policy.
You have the right to request deletion of your Personal Information at any time.
You can also ask us not to pass your Personal Information to third parties here: Do Not Sell My Info
Copyright © 2020 Progress Software Corporation and/or its subsidiaries or affiliates.All Rights Reserved.
Progress, Telerik, Ipswitch, and certain product names used herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Progress Software Corporation and/or one of its subsidiaries or affiliates in the U.S. and/or other countries. See Trademarks for appropriate markings.


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Product Description
Every person born on earth was born to be a genius. Be it a Software Genius, a Finance Genius, a Design Genius, an Innovation Genius, an Acting Genius, a Dancing Genius, a Musical Genius, a Boxing Genius, a Cricket Genius or a Mathematics Genius – you and your child were born to be one. Every human being is born with the genes and the cells of a Genius but as a child grows, learns, upgrades himself – the upbringing, the environment and the nurturing in the early days normalize the special talent of this person making him/her one amongst the crowd of ordinary people. We have been taught since our early childhood that one must work very hard on areas/subjects where he/she is weak and strive to become good at them. However, the fact of life is that even if you invest 20-30 years working on your weaknesses, you will still be weak or average at it. So should you work on your weaknesses??? Well, if you want to be successful, the answer is "NO" because you can never be known by your weaknesses, it will always be your strengths that will make you shine. The only way to become a genius and live an extraordinary life is by working on your Distinct Forte. And when you work on your Distinct Forte for 10 years or 10,000 hours, you become a "Genius." In this 4 hour power-packed program, India's most well known Motivational, Confidence & Entrepreneurial Guru Mr. Santosh Nair enlightens the viewers on – – What does Distinct Forte mean – 'Doing what you love to do and do best.' – D.F.F. i.e. Distinct Forte Fears that keep you away from working on your Distinct Forte. – Distinct Forte 5 Power Process – The process of Identifying your Distinct Forte – Distinct Forte Squad – The team that will support you to work on your Distinct Forte – D.F.Ms i.e. Distinct Forte Mediums – the distribution channel through which you can reach your Distinct Forte to the world Having gone through this life transforming revelation by Mr. Santosh Nair, you will not only be able to identify your Distinct Forte but also learn the magic of creating unimaginable wealth by working on it and thus you leave behind a legacy for the world to remember you for an eternity.


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Key West, FL
- Mon-Sun, 5pm-9:30pm
Take Out
- Mon-Sun, 5pm-9:30pm
About the KEY WEST, FL BENIHANA
Welcome to Benihana in Key West, Florida, where you'll find a dining experience unlike any other! Our guests are seated at communal hibachi grill tables in groups, where your personal chef will perform the ancient art of Teppanyaki. Watch as we slice and dice, preparing a meal that will dazzle your eyes as well as your taste buds, whether you choose mouth-watering steak, tender chicken or succulent seafood. You can also enjoy sushi and sashimi prepared by a talented sushi chef and indulge in our famous, award-winning signature hot sake or a specialty cocktail.
Stop in to see our new line of shirts, hats and visors that have the Benihana Key West logo. We have sizes for all of our guests, including the kids!


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Homeowners can be expected to pay up to £331,605 on average to live near an 'outstanding' school, according to a recent study by confused.com.
Most shockingly, this price rockets to £635,949 for a London house.
The study used Ofsted data to calculate how much it would cost to live near the most sought after schools. They have analysed prices for each city, living near schools rated from 1-outstanding to 4- inadequate by the regulatory body.
School admission rules within England are largely based on 'catchment area'; a location where a child must live within a specific mile radius to hold a chance of being accepted. For example, the average house price drops from £331,605 to £292,933 for a 'Good' rated school, across the country.
The number of pupils outstrips the number of places, causing a 'catchment crisis' which has led the website to create an online guide on 'How to buy near good schools'.
A spokesperson for Confused.com said: "There is a lot to consider when applying for schools, and it can be quite confusing for parents who might not know where to start!
"So we've created a guide to buying a house in a good catchment area, which highlights some of the key considerations and things parents can explore to help them get their child into their school of choice, without forking out for a new house."
Sunderland has been rated the best value place to live in England for parents wanting their child to attend leading schools; with house prices costing an average of £114,157.
In Western Central London, landing one of these properties in the 'outstanding' catchment costs a staggering £1,345,614; ranking SW7 as the most expensive postcode in England. This includes South Kensington and parts of Knightsbridge.
Londoners could be expected to pay up to £1.7m to be accepted into the best schools locally.
Buying a house in an area near a school that has received an 'inadequate' Ofsted rating is considerably cheaper, costing £461,273.
School catchment crisis details can be found here


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A happy 50th
By thargoids, Oct 15 2019 05:55PM
A small note from Cissie, Simon's wife about the final Birthday Bash event in Brighton.....
".....Words are not enough to thank you all who attended 'In Memory Of Simon Manning - 50th Birthday Bash' at The Prince Albert, Brighton. Be assured it was truly appreciated and worth all the hard work and stress making it happen. We hope you had a fantastic night celebrating with us. 💜
Also, huge thanks to The Last Cry and Children On Stun for pulling out all the stops, from helping promote the event and playing equally blistering sets. You guys rock. After venue costs etc, £750 was raised for The Samaritans on the night with more to come. We will let you know the final amount as soon as we know ourselves. Lastly, we know Simon would have been 'mighty chuffed' and he would have loved every second of it, so thank you ever so much again.
Oi oi awesome! xxx... "
Web feed


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Results (198)
Book Review
Orienting Canada: Race, Empire and the Transpacific, Pacific Connections: The Making of the US-Canada Borderlands, Chasing the Dragon in Shanghai: Canada's Early Relations with China, 1858-1952
Pacific Connections: The Making of the US-Canada Borderlands
Chasing the Dragon in Shanghai: Canada's Early Relations with China, 1858-1952
BC Studies no. 178 Summer 2013 | Pages 128-131
Book Review
Orienting Canada: Race, Empire and the Transpacific
The history of Canada's Pacific relations has long been a neglected subject. The general consensus was that Pacific relations were not central to understanding the history of the country and its place in the world....
BC Studies no. 178 Summer 2013 | Page(s) 128-131
Book Review
Book Review
Exalted Subjects: Studies in the Making of Race and Nation in Canada
This is an interesting and provocative book that will motivate readers to rethink the role of the state in directing and managing a multicultural society. Exalted Subjects is divided into a number of sections labelled...
BC Studies no. 160 Winter 2008-2009 | Page(s) 135-137
Book Review
After Canaan: Essays on Race, Writing, and Region
It has been three years since we have seen a major critical monograph published in the field of black Canadian cultural studies. The last was Katherine McKittrick and Clyde Wood's significant edited collection, Black Geographies...
BC Studies no. 174 Summer 2012 | Page(s) 147-9
Book Review
Race and the City: Chinese Canadian and Chinese American Political Mobilization
Race and the City approaches racism, politics, and space through a comparative case study of two umbrella ethno-cultural community organizations, one in Toronto and one in Los Angeles. Drawing from interviews with key individuals employed...
BC Studies no. 162 Summer 2009 | Page(s) 193-4
Book Review
Contesting White Supremacy: School Segregation, Anti-Racism, and the Making of Chinese Canadians
In September 1922, the Victoria, B.C. school board ordered 155 Chinese children (97 were Canadian-born and many spoke only English) to leave its regular elementary schools and move to segregated schools which only they would...
BC Studies no. 173 Spring 2012 | Page(s) 148-50
Book Review
The Amazing Foot Race of 1921: Halifax to Vancouver in 134 Days
Three teams left Halifax in a 3,645-mile pedestrian race to Vancouver in 1921. Amateur sportsman Charles Burkman was first to head west on 17 January, followed a few days later by Jack and Clifford Behan,...
BC Studies no. 180 Winter 2013-2014 | Page(s) 184-185
Book Review
Subverting Exclusion: Transpacific Encounters with Race, Caste, and Borders, 1885-1928
In 1871 in the process of dismantling the mibun or caste system that had been the basis of Japanese politics and society for hundreds of years, the fledgling Meiji government emancipated the buraku jūmin, or...
BC Studies no. 181 Spring 2014 | Page(s) 144-45
Book Review
Book Review
Framing the West: Race, Gender, and the Photographic Frontier in the Pacific Northwest
PHOTOGRAPHS OCCUPY a paradoxical place in our historical imagination. As Carol J. Williams notes in the introduction to Framing the West: Race, Gender, and the Photographic Frontier in the Pacific Northwest, contemporary historians have primarily...
BC Studies no. 145 Spring 2005 | Page(s) 118-20
Book Review
Gold Rush Manliness: Race and Gender on the Pacific Slope
Ten years and many miles separated two distinct, yet in some ways similar, gold rushes. In 1848, rumors of gold at Sutter's Mill sparked a process that would lure roughly 265,000 people to California, a...
BC Studies no. 203 Autumn 2019 | Page(s) 157-158
Book Review
Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality, and the Law in the North American West
Nayan Shah observes that historians get it wrong when they privilege permanent populations over transient, the nuclear family over other domestic arrangements, and polarized rather than various gender roles. He complains – fairly —...
BC Studies no. 176 Winter 2012-2013 | Page(s) 174-5
Book Review
Asian Canadian Studies Reader
This collection of essays is an integral part of American-modelled activism to establish a collective scholarly field for Asian Canadians beyond national boundaries. Such trials, as the editors argue, have already been initiated, for example,...
BC Studies no. 201 Spring 2019 | Page(s) 153-154
this space here
Book Review
Book Review
Women and the White Man's God: Gender and Race in the Canadian Mission Field
THOUGH THE ENCOUNTER between missionaries and Aboriginals continues to fascinate, the tables have dramatically turned. Where once missionaries saw it as part of their task to explain Aboriginal culture to a White society, in today's...
BC Studies no. 138-139 Summer-Autumn 2003 | Page(s) 189-90
Book Review
"Metis:" Race, Recognition, and the Struggle for Indigenous Peoplehood
In "Métis," Chris Andersen highlights the widespread marginalization of Métis peoples by taking to task the continued racialization of the term "Métis." Systematically unpacking the ways in which the word "Métis" has been misrecognized and...
BC Studies no. 188 Winter 2015-2016 | Page(s) 116-17
Book Review
The Silent Debate: Asian Immigration and Racism in Canada
PDF – Book Reviews, BC Studies 127, Autumn 2000
BC Studies no. 127 Autumn 2000 | Page(s) 144-6
Book Review
The Politics of Racism: The Uprooting of Japanese Canadians During the Second World War
PDF – Book Reviews, BC Studies 53, Spring 1982
BC Studies no. 53 Spring 1982 | Page(s) 66-8
Book Review
Yip Sang and the First Chinese Canadians
Francis Hern's Yip Sang and the First Chinese Canadians is the biography of a prominent merchant in Vancouver's Chinatown in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The story begins with Yip Sang's arrival in...
BC Studies no. 177 Spring 2013 | Page(s) 189-90
Book Review
Paddling Her Own Canoe: The Times and Texts of Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake)
POET, WRITER, storyteller, spokesperson, performer, actress, performance artist. Pauline Johnson is certainly the most public and popular writer that nineteenth-century Canada produced, and perhaps even the most public Canadian writer of the last century. Such...
BC Studies no. 144 Winter 2004-2005 | Page(s) 115-8
Book Review
One Step Over the Line: Toward a History of Women in the North American Wests
One Step Over the Line is the second published collection of papers drawn from a conference held at the University of Calgary in 2002 (the first, Unsettled Pasts: Reconceiving the West through Women's History, was...
BC Studies no. 161 Spring 2009 | Page(s) 127-30
Book Review
Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885-1945
PDF – Book Reviews, BC Studies 91/92, Autumn/Winter 1991/92