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What is Alchemy
Alchemy Symbols and Signs Self-Development, Spiritual Development, Alchemy of Love, Mindfulness, Online Life Coaching, Symbols and Signs, meditationSymbols and Signs
What is Alchemy?
Alchemy Symbols and Meanings
Secret Art of the Land of Khem
'Khem is an ancient name for the land of Egypt, and alchemy is one of the two oldest sciences known to the world. The other one is Astrology.'
Manly P. Hall about Alchemy
According to an old Rabbi legend, an angel gave Adam the mysteries and secrets of Kabbalah and of Alchemy, promising that when the human race understand these inspired arts, the curse of the forbidden fruit would be removed and man will again enter into the Garden of Eden.
Alchemy Symbols, Alchemy Signs
The earthly body of alchemy symbols is chemistry.
The Phoenicians, and Babylonians were familiar with alchemy. It was the most prized of the secrets of the Atlantean priest-craft, it was practiced in China, Greece and Rome; and it was the master science of the Egypt. The most powerful of the alchemical organizations were the Rosicrucians, the Illuminati, and certain Arabian and Syrian sects.
What is Alchemy and Nature
Alchemy is based upon the natural phenomenon of growth. According to Alchemists through the self development the consciousness of man can be transformed from base animal desires (represented by the metals) into a pure, golden, and enlightened consciousness; ignorance can, through proper endeavor and training, be transmuted into wisdom; metals can be transformed into gold.
Alchemy Symbols and Kabbalistic Tarot
painted by Oswald Wirth:
The stages through which matter passes in its journey towards perfection can be divided into twenty-two parts, the twenty-two major cards of Tarot, twenty-two paths of Kabbalah, and the Twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet.
Read More within Symbolism of Numbers
The Tarot cards are an Alchemical Formula of manifestation.
What is Alchemy Q&A
So what is Life according to the Alchemy?
What is intelligence? What is the essence? What is Nature of elements?
Nature manifests through growth, it is an urge from within outward, a force that drives expression and manifestation.
It is invisible, it is life found in bodies, animated by the divine breath.
How does the Nature manifest?
Nature manifests as male and female, as Yin and Yang, as Left and Right Sephirot within the Kabbalah's Tree of Life.
An alchemist must first know the Nature
An alchemyst knows that all substances grow from seeds, and that these seeds are already in the body of the substance. Nature transforms the black carbon into diamonds, through millions of years of natural hardening. Alchemy is the Art of increasing and bringing an element into perfection with the greatest possible speed.
The Alchemist must be able to discriminate between the male and female qualities and manifestations. The matter must be separated from its impurities.
Alchemy Symbol, Can we give Nature a chemical symbol, a sign, an element?
Nature can be compared to Mercury. Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver. It is highly toxic. Mercury is dual - fixed and volatile, it ascents and descents. Ascending, it seeks to purify.
Alchemy - transforming Metals into Gold, Soul into Spirit
Alchemy preserves the triple key to the gates of eternal life. It is a mystery of manifestation in three worlds: the divine, the human, and the elemental.
Alchemical Symbols: The Triple Key in Four Worlds
a table showing the analogies of the three principles in the four worlds across different cultures. These are alchemical symbols manifesting across different religions all around the world.
Timeless & Eternal |
Dynamic & Expanding |
Multiplying & Dying; contracting |
Spirit |
Soul |
Body |
Not an element: Life Force, Kundalini, Tao |
Fire and Air |
Water and Earth |
Philosopher's Mercury |
Sulphur |
Mercury or Salt |
The Alchemist starts with a good seed, puts it to its proper earth, and when the seed is ready s/he rarefies it so that its virtue is increased and indefinitely multiplied. According to Alchemy the Nature should be assisted, so the Alchemist works according to the laws of Nature, recognizing that the Art is merely a method that copies Nature. Within the process of purification the Nature ends…
Alchemy Symbol of Gold
An Alchemist would tell you that all the beings contain in their inmost centre a precious grain of the elementary gold. The nature of man reflects the entire universe in miniature. Read the Main Article
According to Alchemy, One is developed into Two, and the two are merged into one. Elementarily and symbolically Sulphur is the living male, and Mercury is the living female. Female and male must be joined together, so that they form a germ. The Alchemist should separate the light from the darkness. Both must be purified and putrefied and joined a-new together. Their merge results in an Egg (Philosopher's Stone) with the four elements joined together. The shell is Earth, the white is Water, the skin between the shell and the white is Air, and the yolk is Fire. In the middle of the yolk there is the 5th element that is the Life Force.
VITRIOL = Visita Interiora Terrae Rectificando Invenies Occultul Lapidem
After the purification, a perfect equilibrium of the four elements enters into the Lapis creating the Philosopher's Stone, the Mercury of the Philosophers, or the Philosopher's Medicine that gives health and cures diseases, perfects metals changing them into Gold. Long life, health, and happiness are all within the promise of this true AURUM, the most powerful and most precious Gold.
Lapis Alchemy Symbol
Many have tried to find Lapis, the Philosophers Stone, this sacred substance, searching amongst stones, liquids, air, or deep within their soul. The stone that turns metals into gold, the energy that transforms any fire into 'living fire', any flow into 'Divine flow'. Read within the Main Article
Chinese Alchemy
It is the merge of male and female that fascinates us so much, it is the White Queen and the Black King that unite to give a birth to a child that is perfect and immortal. It is Taoist Yin and Yang that when circling in perfect harmony create balance and harmony within a Human Being, on Earth and in the Universe.
Wisdom and Secrets of an Ancient Chinese Alchemy Text: The Secrets of the Golden Flower. Read the Main Article
Mystics of Our Past
The Mystics, the Magi initiates, the guardians of the oracle mysteries acquired deep knowledge of the laws of the spiritual world and their interaction with the sense world. Some of them worked hard all through their lives to decipher the spiritual forces behind the forces of nature and to learn how to control the elements. Read the Main Article
Tree of Life
Awakening or alchemical birth requires a precise spiritual method.
Hidden amongst obscure drawings and fascinating art work of ancient cultures is the re-occurring symbolism of the Tree of Life.
The meaning of the 'Tree of Life' is very powerful and it is often seen as the Key to Consciousness.
Read more...
What is Alchemy?
You've just read about the Phoenicians, and Babylonians were familiar with alchemy.
It was the most prized of the secrets of the Atlantean priest-craft, it was practiced in China, Greece and Rome; and it was the master science of the Egypt.
The most powerful of the alchemy organizations were the Rosicrucians, the Illuminati, and certain Arabian and Syrian sects.
Alchemy of Love Mindfulness Training
In March 2014, Art of 4 Elements developed and launched the Alchemy of Love Mindfulness Training Serial. Titles in the Alchemy of Love series include:
Using the process of self-discovery, the self-development and spiritual tools used within the Alchemy of Love Mindfulness Training Books are: mindfulness exercises, the practice of meditation, tools to understand conscious vs. unconscious behaviour, personality questionnaires, setting true personal goals, inner exploration through writing and drawing, use of mandalas, tree of life, spiritual diary, relationship contracts, flower of beliefs, etc.
The Art of 4 Elements is a Mindfulness Training and Self-help publisher. Founded in 2012 the Art of 4 Elements publishes books, audio, and video materials in areas of Alchemy of Soul, Mindfulness, Meditation, Self-Help, New Thought, Alternative Health, Vegetarian and Vegan Food and Nutrition, and Conscious Parenting.
You can start your journey with us simply downloading the above course materials and working with spiritual exercises that we have created for you.You can start your journey with us simply downloading the above course materials and working with spiritual exercises that we have created for you.
Read Ama Alchemy of Love Novel Spiritual Historical Fiction
What is Alchemy No comments on What is Alchemy:


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With the Democratic and Republican National Conventions coming up in the next month, both parties are left wondering how they can draw in the largest audiences possible.
Both sides know the conventions are not known for their excitement. And unless you are really into politics, the conventions aren't the most interesting of events. 2008 may have been the most exciting year both parties experienced in a while.
"The conventions were a ratings hit in 2008, when Democrat Barack Obama became the first black presidential nominee for a major party and Sarah Palin made her national debut as Republican John McCain's running mate," said Beth Fouhy with the Associated Press.
But both parties are working hard to add entertainment to this year's events which will hopefully add the widest appeal possible.
The Republican National Convention, taking place next week, has added a multitude of musical acts to their lineup. According to AllAccess.com, Lynyrd Skynyrd and the Oak Ridge Boys have signed on to play the event. Rodney Atkins will be the headliner.
The Democratic National Convention will take place the following week, with speakers such as Eva Longoria, Caroline Kennedy and even Bill Clinton. But as for musical performances, nothing has been announced yet.
Both events will have a multitude of politicians speaking, but those from Hollywood and the world of music will always add viewers.
The RNC begins on Monday, and they could add more musical acts by then. With none announced by the DNC yet, there is a good chance they will be adding some by the time their convention starts on the following Monday, September 3.
However, the excitement of the Republicans' convention may turn into the least of the Republicans' problems. Tropical Storm Isaac (which is set to turn into a hurricane any moment now) is currently headed straight for Tampa and may hit during the convention.
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subset: commoncrawl


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byKevin McLaughlin on
CEO: Poojan Kumar
Former VMware and Oracle technology veterans got together to form PernixData, a startup that allows the flash storage and SSDs across multiple servers to act as a high-performance storage cluster for virtual environments.
"We're solving a very tangible problem in both enterprises and SMBs: As their environments go virtual, their back-end infrastructure is not keeping up," Poojan Kumar, PernixData CEO, told CRN in August.
PernixData in May closed a $20 million Series B funding round led by Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and existing investor Lightspeed Venture Partners.
CRN's third annual Channel Madness Tournament of Chiefs is under way! Choose your favorites:


text: HOW THE FUCKJohn Boehner7/18/14 10:40am42EditPromoteShare to KinjaGo to permalinkDoes one get unblocked from the Gawker mainsite? I have absolutely no idea why it happened. I emailed help BUT HOW. Advertisement (And why? I'm trying to figure out how anything I've said could be seen as offensive.)EDIT I AM BACK IN ACTION.Reply42 repliesLeave a reply


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The Rowans
The Rowans | |
Peter, Chris, and Lorin Rowan in 1975
Background information | |
Origin | Wayland (Boston) Massachusetts, U.S. |
Genres | Country rock, folk rock, progressive bluegrass |
Years active | 1970– present |
Labels | Columbia, Asylum, Appaloosa, BOS |
Website | www |
Members |
Past members |
The Rowans, also known as The Rowan Brothers, are an American country-rock group, originally formed by the brothers Chris Rowan and Lorin Rowan. They were joined by another brother, Peter Rowan, for their second, third and fourth album. Chris and Lorin were still playing together in 2009.[1]
Early years[edit]
Chris and Lorin were raised close to Boston, but in the beginning of 1970, they moved to the West Coast to pursue their music. In 1971, they opened for Grateful Dead as their first gig in San Francisco. Their first album, The Rowans, was issued on Columbia Records. It was very well critically acclaimed, except by Lester Bangs who savaged the LP in a Creem magazine review.[citation needed] It included such guests as Jerry Garcia and Bill Kreutzman of Grateful Dead and was produced by Clive Davis.[2]
Part of a 1971 rehearsal by the Rowan Brothers at the Fillmore West auditorium is included in the documentary film Fillmore.
Trio with Peter Rowan[edit]
The group had problems after the first record because their producer, Clive Davis, lost his job at Columbia. They were signed on Asylum records and issued their next album in 1975, this time joined by their more famous brother, Peter Rowan, who brought in such hits as "Midnight Moonlight" and "The Thunder on the Mountain". After releasing three albums as a trio, Peter left the group to pursue bluegrass music.
Duo again[edit]
Chris and Lorin have continued playing as a duo, with Peter joining them from time to time. Their project, Now and Then, was issued in 2004 on BOS Music.[3][4] They also play regularly with David Gans in the Beatles tribute band Rubber Souldiers. In 2002, Chris and Lorin added harmonies on 9 cuts of Bay Area country rocker J.C. Flyer's album, Movin' On.
Chris and Lorin[edit]
- The Rowan Brothers (1972)
- Livin' the Life (1980)
- Now and Then (2004)
Chris, Lorin and Peter[edit]
- The Rowans (1975)
- Sibling Rivalry (1976)
- Jubilation (1977)
- Crazy People (2002)
Peter Rowan & The Rowan Brothers[edit]
- Tree on a Hill (1993)


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Story continues below this advertisement
Good Moooooooorning, Drag Racing World! It's a new year, I've had about ten days of rest and recreation, and I am ready to get back to what I call work, reporting and commenting on the confusing and often strange world of drag racing.
The only thing that drag racing has to offer in the way of news during the off season is who will be fired from or driving/tuning for the premier teams when the next season starts. If it weren't for that speculation there would be nothing interesting at all about drag racing to report on between November 15th of one calendar year and February 15th of the next.
Evidently there are a lot of amateur journalists who think reporting these rumors are unethical. Hogwash. It comes with the territory when you are part of a professional sports team. By the way, I can think of only one and just one "deal" in my long career in this business that was killed by the info being circulated among the press prior to the official announcement. I can't tell you to whom that happened, but here's a hint: "Sir, is that a pack of camels you have in your back yard?"
If the professional teams, owners and crews of the NHRA don't want the working press to print the rumors they hear about them during the off season, maybe the teams should require their full-time PR types to develop and pitch some story ideas for the journalists during the off season.
Public Relations means more than drowning the press with pre- and post-race recaps during the racing season. Why not do controlled "leaks" to the working press with info about your team's racing plans for the new season instead of making us get if from other sources and then getting mad when we find out.
(Although any journalist worth his press card will balk at using a "canned" story and prefers to develop his own leads. That's the nature of the job -- finding out the truth and bringing it to the public.)
I have seen a lot of lists recently about what writers thought were the biggest and most important stories of the 2011 season in NHRA, IHRA, ADRL and NMCA. Unbelievably, many of these lists have the second or third retirement of Kenny Bernstein, or the banning of some sheet metal around the DSR teams roll cages as their top stories.
Sorry, but I think my peers have missed the mark. My top Drag Racing story of 2011 is the continuing drop in gross income for the once thriving NHRA. The 2010 tax returns proves that, and from all accounts the gross income of the NHRA in 2011 continued that trend. (Not that they're the only company to face that problem.)
DRAG RACING Online will be published on the 8th of each month and will be updated throughout the month. DRAG RACING Online owes allegiance to no sanctioning body and will call 'em as we see 'em. We strive for truth,integrity, irreverence and the betterment of drag racing. We have no agenda other than providing the drag racing public with unbiased information and view points they can't get in any other drag racing publication. |
Editor & Publisher, CEO Jeff Burk |
Managing Editor, COO Kay Burk |
Editor at Large | Bret Kepner |
Editor at Large, Emeritus | Chris Martin |
Bracket Racing Editor | Jok Nicholson |
Motorcycle Editor | Tom McCarthy |
Nostalgia Editor | Brian Losness |
Contributing Writers | Jim Baker, Steven Bunker, Aaron Polburn, Matt Strong |
Australian Correspondent | Jon Van Daal |
European Correspondent | Ivan Sansom |
Poet Laureate | Bob Fisher |
Cartoonists | Jeff DeGrandis, Kenny Youngblood |
Senior Photographer |
Ron Lewis |
Contributing Photographers | Donna Bistran, Steven Bunker, Adam Cranmer, James Drew, Don Eckert, Steve Embling, Mike Garland, Joel Gelfand, Steve Gruenwald, Chris Haverly, Rose Hughes, Bob Johnson, Bret Kepner, "Bad" Brad Klaassen, Jon LeMoine, Eddie Maloney, Tim Marshall, Matt Mothershed, Richard Muir, Joe McHugh, Dennis Mothershed, Ivan Sansom, Paul Schmitz, Dave Stoltz, Jon Van Daal |
Videographer |
Les Mayhew |
Webmaster: Axel G. | |
Production Manager: Axel | |
Director: Dave Ferrato | (504-237-5072) |
Director: Casey Araiza |
480.213.6384 |
Agent 1320 | |
At the Back Door (caption contest) |
Letter to the Editor (for publication) |
New product press releases | |
Racing Net Source LLC 607 Seib Drive O'Fallon, MO 63366 Phone: 636.272.6301 |


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Laughing like a Maniac
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Industrie : Lage gut, Erwartungen deutlich skeptischer
In der saechsischen Industrie hat das Geschaeftsklima, das sich lange Zeit auf hohem Niveau bewegte, im Maerz und April 2001 nachgegeben. Die Einschaetzung der Geschaeftsaussichten hat sich spuerbar verschlechtert. Bezueglich der Exportentwicklung war man im April jedoch zuversichtlich.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Volume (Year): 08 (2001)
Issue (Month): 03 (09)
Pages: 54-55
Handle: | RePEc:ces:ifodre:v:08:y:2001:i:03:p:54-55 |
Contact details of provider: | Postal: Poschingerstr. 5, 81679 München Phone: +49-89-9224-0 Fax: +49-89-985369 Web page: http://www.cesifo-group.de Email: More information through EDIRC |
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Text by Zhao Li Photographs by Li Jiang
In Beijing's Beihai Park, at the western foot of Qionghua Isle, stands a tower known as Yuegu, which means "study of ancient Chinese culture." Erected in 1753 during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the two-story semicircular building houses 25 rooms. Stored there are stone rubbing masterpieces by some of the most distinguished calligraphers of ancient China, including Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, and Wang Xun.
The collection features rubbings on 495 stones, each measuring 95 centimeters long, 30 centimeters wide, and 10 centimeters thick. Deeply impressed by the work of master calligraphers, Emperor Qianlong wrote dozens of poems to express his admiration.
In 1839, during the reign of Emperor Daoguang, the Qing government launched a project to re-carve the masterpieces and decorate the rims of the carvings.
In 1964, Beihai Park's administration moved all of the carvings to the second floor to better protect and showcase the stones, which were separated by 14 walls each filled with carvings, totaling 275 pieces.
In 1966, during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), employees of the park closed the exhibition and detached the horizontal board over the tower gate to deter destruction of the relics.
In 1975, then Premier Zhou Enlai visited Beihai Park and borrowed five volumes of books documenting the rubbings. He strongly suggested taking measures to better preserve the books and asked that the horizontal board be replaced. Though seriously ill, Premier Zhou asked his wife to inform Wang Yequi, then director of the State Cultural Relics Bureau, to assess the situation to ensure protection of relics stored in the tower. Soon afterwards, the Bureau dispatched a group of specialists to inspect the building and carvings. From that point, extensive protective measures have been enacted to ensure preservation.


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Drug Profile
Alternative Names: LB 457; ONO-4057Latest Information Update: 01 Jun 2011
Price :
At a glance
- Originator Ono Pharmaceutical
- Class Anti-inflammatories; Antipsoriatics; Phenylpropionates
- Mechanism of Action Leukotriene B4 receptor antagonists
Orphan Drug Status
Orphan designation is assigned by a regulatory body to encourage companies to develop drugs for rare diseases.
On Fast track
Fast track status is assigned by the US FDA so therapies with the potential to address unmet needs can move faster through development.
Highest Development Phases
- Discontinued Behcet's syndrome; Gastritis; Ulcerative colitis
Most Recent Events
- 01 Jun 2011 Discontinued - Phase-II for Ulcerative colitis in Japan (PO)
- 01 Jun 2011 Discontinued - Preclinical for Gastritis in Japan (PO)
- 01 Jun 2011 Discontinued - Phase-II for Behcet's syndrome in Japan (PO)


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Track List
Album Notes
Personnel: Link Wray (guitar); Vernon Wray, Joey Welz (keyboards); Doug Wray (drums).
Liner Note Authors: Ted Carroll; Greg Laxton; Ray Topping.
Recording information: Swan Records, USA.
Introduction by: Jon Savage .
Ace's 2015 compilation pairs two old Chiswick vinyl compilations: 1978's Early Recordings and 1982's Good Rockin' Tonight. Despite the title of Early Recordings, these aren't the earliest sides Wray ever committed to wax. The guitarist cut these sides for Swan between 1963 and 1967, many years after "Rumble" rolled all the way to 16 on Cadence and long after he left Epic. They're midperiod but they're still prime and, in some ways, even dirtier than his trailblazing Epic instrumentals because they were done on the cheap and shamelessly ape trends. Wray embraces the corn in covering the "Batman Theme," co-opts surf for "Scatter," indulges in some backwoods boogie on "Turnpike U.S.A.," rips off "Telstar" on "Cross Ties," turns "Rumble" into a noir novelty for "The Shadow Knows" -- and those are just the recordings that came out as singles during the '60s. Good Rockin' Tonight is devoted to sides that were squirreled away in the vaults until 1982, many of which were covers, some of them even featuring vocals (like the title track). The music on the 1982 LP is of a piece with the 1978 set but it's not quite on par: the earlier comp really did have the cream of the crop. That said, having the two of these records on one CD is not only a blast, it's one of the best ways to hear Wray's '60s peak. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine
There are currently no reviews, be the first one!See Also
- Live Fast, Love Hard (Spedding, Chris)


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Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
Nice old hotel. Excellent setting in woods. Smell of old tobacco smoke in room.
nothing when we made our reservation it was supposed that it is a 3 stars hotel but it was not even a 1 star hotel , it was not clean .
It was peaceful and quiet
Quiet. Good breakfast. You hyave to bring your own soap/shampoo. Bed could be better.
It was just a straightforward hotel providing the accomodation I wanted.
the rooms were unclean, the bads were not comfortable
Peacefull, beautifull surroundngs. Cleanliness and quiet. It would be very good, even necessary to include in the hortel info word "garni",not even beverages or drinks were available. Being the weekend neiteher in none of other locals in the vicinity. Bein ravenous after a lengthy drive we had to resort to an Imbiss, which fortun
The hotel was in a very peaceful location, in woodland, it was clean and comfortable and the staff helpfull and friendly.
Large rooms. OK and early breakfast. The hotel has seen its best days 40 years ago. Smell of tobacco smoke in the whole hotel. Lots of broken details. Does nor accept credit cards.
Very friendly relaxed atmosphere .
No noise, easy parking, free wifi internet(slow) Cockroach (now dead) in bathroom. Lack of windows in most of the breakfast room. Would probably book elsewhere for the next visit as the cost for a single is more than a double at most family Hotels in the area.
Escellent hotel, staff extremely helpful and kind, everybody speaking English. The room and Bathroom were large, clean and nice. Breakfast was very good. Room service available and of good quality. We had a wonderful time at this hotel.
Good directions because of building on several levels food and service Switch for floor lamp at bedside ??? wellnee very poor no gym
Quiet area, friendly personnel. Worn out hotel with an awful design. Look much better on the pictures then in real. Location is OK-ish, but the hotel absolutely has no atmosphere at all. Not recommended, will not come back here.
close to business No Public internet access
I really enjoyed the warmth of he entire hotel staff, the pool and spa facilities, and last but least the charming location. I should have stayed for two additional nights! I loved it.
nothing rooms
restaurant meal
The restaurant and terrace for outdoor dining. the noise from railway and road
very good breakfast buffet. Good value for money overall. some of the features in the room should need a refurbishment.
The staff are very friendly and helpful. Lack of facilities.
The hotel is located on the main street, Wonderfull staff , not big but gives all convinyece you would expect for the fair price you paid.Thanks
Location is good. Breakfast not bad. There was no Internet connection with some rooms. The parking place was in quite different place, difficult to find and all in rainy water.
Calm and nice place. The breakfast excelent.
Nice sized clean room - good breakfast
the food was great, also the hotel staff.
we ask for no smoking roomm but we had smoking one


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Your skill will accomplish what the force of many cannot |
PerlMonks |
Re: OT: MySQL performance when the problem isn't Perlby dthacker (Deacon) |
on Jun 04, 2002 at 15:32 UTC ( #171513=note: print w/replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
I've been through the app vs DB meat grinder several times.
My shop uses Informix. There is a wealth of tuning information available at the International Informix Users Group. Membership is available at no charge, and gives access to a software repository that contains a lot of useful tools.
Dave Code On!
In Section


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Parallel optimization and high-throughput preparation of well-defined copolymer libraries using controlled/"living" polymerization methods
- Authors
- Publisher
- Springer New York LLC
- Publication Date
- Keywords
This chapter highlights the application of controlled/"living" polymerization (CLP) techniques in automated parallel synthesizers for both optimizing reaction parameters as well as preparing copolymer libraries. Special attention is given to the use of CLP techniques for constructing well-defined copolymer libraries. Furthermore, alternative strategies for the preparation of block copolymer libraries are discussed.


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Content in the News Category
With the modelling strength and flexibility of UML 2.5, combined with a rich toolset, Sparx Enterprise Architect (EA) 13 Beta is a model driven, team-based, lifecycle development platform. This beta release includes hundreds of new enhancements and technologies for distributed agile modelling and design, cloud-based project management and integrated simulation, software and database engineering.
No Magic and Jama Software have announced a partnership. This partnership results from the increasing demand on organizations to connect teams within an ecosystem of tools and processes specific to requirements solicitation and design.
Lucid Software, the company behind the bestselling online diagramming app Lucidchart, has announced the release of the UML Sequence Markup tool as a feature now available in Lucidchart.
The Modelio development team is pleased to announce the Modelio 3.3.0 release. Some evolutions, fixes and improvements have been made and new features have been added to the UML modeling tool.
MetaCase released a new, feature-rich version of its Domain-Specific Modeling and code generation tool, MetaEdit+®. MetaEdit+ 5.1 is aimed at expert developers who want to empower their team to generate efficient, complete code directly from domain-specific models.
Three years after having acquired MKS, PTC complete its ALM offer for software development with the acquisition of Atego, the British developer of model-based systems and software engineering applications for approximately $50 million in cash.
Sparx Systems has released the newest version of its flagship Enterprise Architect software, a versatile visual-modeling tool used worldwide by software developers, enterprise architects, business analysts and others involved in planning, designing and developing large corporate systems.
Embarcadero Technologies announced it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire CA Technologies industry-leading CA ERwin® Data Modeling solution. The acquisition will give Embarcadero a broader route to market through additional channel partners and a set of employees who stand to thrive in an organization that is closely aligned with CA ERwin's core strengths.
Structure101 Studio, combining the award-winning Structure101 and Restructure101 products, is now generally available. Structure101 Studio makes it feasible to discover, define, communicate, and enforce an architecture for an existing codebase, without major upfront surgery. Structure101 achieves this by letting the software architect construct an external model of the architecture while simultaneously mapping the model right into the code.
A text-based UML diagramming tool called PlantText.com was just released in beta. PlantText uses a language developed by the PlantUML open-source project to generate diagrams from simple text.


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Dorset Button Trimmed Toddler Slippers, age 12 - 18 m, Yellow Taupe Floral S4
These unique slippers are made for the toddler who is crawling and starting to cruise, they are light and comfortable to wear and have elastic to ensure that they stay on whatever and feature an integral non-slip sole for safety.
The slippers are made from cotton rich fabric and lined with warm quilted poly-cotton.
They are trimmed with a matching 12mm Dorset button which is securely attached to the outside of the slipper upper.
They are sized to fit age 12-18 months. The sole measures approximately 12cm long and about 6.5cm at the widest part.
They are machine washable.
Bringing traditional Dorset Buttons into contemporary usage
Shipping & delivery
This item will be posted to you by Rosalind Atkins - Smocking and Dorset Buttons within 3 days of receiving payment.
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This is one of those beauty-things where experts have conflicting ideas about it – one minute it's "yes"; the next minute it's "no".
However, I believe that at the end of the day, you know your own body, and as far as junk food giving you acne… I believe it really depends on the person, and their skin type. (That being said, Do You Really Know Your Skin Type?)
So, does junk food cause acne? My thought is this: if you already suffer from acne and have a predisposition for it (genetics, bad luck, etc), junk food, I believe, will definitely affect your skin.
For example, I struggled with acne as a teen, and still get zits now and again, especially if I overdo it with eating greasy burgers, fries, chips, candy. It's fine in small amounts, but one week of a bad diet? Guarantee monster zits. Funnily enough, actually, anything with dairy gives me zits, which kinda makes sense because dairy is pretty inflammatory (one of the reason why, whenever someone asks me for acne help, I tell them stop eating dairy). Same with my other friend who has acne prone skin – she can't have chocolate without breaking out. But for my friends who have naturally clear skin, they can eat whatever they like and their face is still fine.
So the answer is yes and no – but it all depends on your acne situation already: Junk food will probably cause acne if you are already have a history with acne; but if not, you're totally fine. (And I'm totally jealous.)
P.S. Check out Are BB Creams Bad for Your Skin? where we again discuss if BB creams cause acne, and How to: Reduce Large Pores, which may be of interest.


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The Canadian Health Care System: Should Someone Write a 'do Not Resuscitate' Order?
Smith, Eldon R.
Bibliographic Citation
Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2001 February; 17(2): 209-210
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Should Patient Consent Be Required to Write a Do Not Resuscitate Order?
Biegler, P. (2003-12)Consent ought to be required to withhold treatment that is in a patient's best interests to receive. Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders are examples of best interests assessments at the end of life. Such assessments represent ... -
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Hypnography for Men creates the illusion of a beautiful woman who can easily be envisioned as your lover. She will ask you to imagine inhaling anesthesia; you will feel numbness and tingling. Then, as she asks you to walk down the relaxation steps, sexual guided imagery begins. The voice will ask you to envision yourself lying on a bed, picturing a movie screen, where you will meet the figure of a fabulous ghost-like woman, as all your senses come alive. Hypnography will satisfy both the sexually active man and those experiencing lack of arousal. It is a most pleasurable addiction to your library.
For Adults Only: Explicit Language. Must be 18 years of age to purchase.
Warning: Do not listen to this program while driving or using heavy machinery.
©1998; (P)1999 SE Publishing
"This guided visualization is not merely an enjoyable piece of erotica, but a powerful educational experience that will help the listener feel more comfortable and confident with their own sexuality." (P. Sandor Gardos, Ph.D., licensed clinical psychologist and sex therapist)
"Tastefully done"
I bought this for my husband for Valentines day. He loves it. This is a first class audio. It has helped our lovelife.
"Hypnatomy, Maybe?"
Not only does the female voice sound like it's that of an IRS agent, as stated in a previous review, but the "explicit language" she uses in the "sexual guided imagery" is right out of an anatomy textbook and couldn't sound more clinical. Some may not find this a problem, but I felt it interfered with the experience.
"It could be great with corrections mentioned."
The trance is good as far as relaxation but needs more hypnosis transition points than just the one. Also needs more descriptive visualization once in trance. It's supposed to be a story but it tries to pull memories in your own mind. Which doesn't work for me.
"Starts off nice but no happy ending"
The session starts of very nicely, relaxing the body and mind. Then proceeds to "you are given a drug" and goes downhill. If I wanted chemical relaxation I could go that route, what is the point of imagining being drugged? Yech!
"not erotic"
developed for those with ED who can't get a prescription.


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Kim Kardashian's wedding plans
Kim Kardashian's wedding plans. Throw scones if you will, but I didn't really care about the most recent Royal Wedding between Kate Middleton and Prince William. Oh, it was lovely and all, but not my cup of tea, so to speak. The upcoming nuptials between Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries, however, well, the whole thing is just intoxicating. It will be a downright royal wedding right here in the U.S.A. Because if the Kardashians aren't American royalty, then really, who is?So what do we know about the big day so far? Quite a bit, because you know those Kardashians are anything but shy about sharing. Here's what we've learned so far:
We will get to watch! Of course, it's no surprise that they'd try to cash in on the big day, but Kourtney Kardashian's reassurance is nice to hear. She told E!:
It comes with the territory. I mean, I would assume it would be ... we sell our souls to E!, but that's obviously up to Kim and Kris.


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You are here:
Rating(1-10) | Knowledgeability = 10 | Clarity of Response = 10 | Politeness = 10 |
Comment | Thank you, Jay. I appreciate your opinion. That coincides with what I have experienced with my furnace problem, which cost me $700 in service calls, money that could have been put toward what it cost to finally replace it. We have hard water here, so no telling what is happening with this tank besides this issue. |
Answers by Expert:
Plumbing & Heating (warm air, hot water & steam heat)
40 years in the business, 40 years as a lic. master plumber in NY State. Retired
Graduated Magna cum laude at the School of Hard Knocks
Past/Present Clients
Commercial, residential and light industrial. You name it ...I have probably worked on it


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Curious Bites
Mon Pot | The Smart Pot For Herbs
Get an instant green thumb with Mon Pot, the flower pot that lets you know when it needs water
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Welcome To Sergio Herman's World
Sergiology the new interactive food book from the three Michelin starred chef Sergio Herman
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How To Drink Like A President: Obama's White House Beer
Barack Obama is making history as the first United States president to have beer brewed in the White House
Find out moreCurious Bites
New Kitchen Design | The Origami Kitchen
With clean lines and sleek design, this origami kitchen is the latest in designs for the home
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The $50,000 BBQ Boat
The BBQ boat that seats up to ten people and features a built in steel charcoal grill - steak on the lake anyone?
Find out moreCurious Bites
Natural Food Design | Japanese Leaf Plates
These Japanese leaf plates are made of silicone and designed to look like the real thing. Flexible, microwable and dishwasher safe, these leaf plates were ...
Find out more


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From the merchant: Queensbury's premier roofing contractor.
From the merchant: Setup of your TV, Cable/Satellite box, Blu ray player, Receiver, and non-concealed speaker wires (customer provided).
From the merchant: We offer various kinds of promotions and installation services on bidet toilet seats. http://www.topbidets.com/
Discover new restaurants, spas, things to do & more great deals added daily!
*Valid on 1 unit per transaction; max 1 Local or Getaways deal per customer. Max discount $30. New customers only. Exclusive and non-transferable. Ends 3/31/17. Full details: gr.pn/promofaq


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LocationFirst aid advice » Amputation
1. Control blood loss by applying direct pressure and raising the injured part above the casualty's heart.
2. Place a sterile dressing or a non-fluffy clean pad on the wound, and secure it with a bandage.
3. Treat the casualty for shock
4. Call 999/112 for emergency help. Tell them amputation is involved.
5. Monitor and record vital signs - level of response, breathing and pulse - while waiting for help to arrive.
6. Wrap the severed part in kitchen film or a plastic bag. Wrap the package in gauze or soft fabric and place it in a container full of crushed ice. Mark the container with the time of injury and the casualty's name. Give it to the emergency personnel yourself.
DO NOT wash the severed part.
DO NOT let the severed part touch the crushed ice when packing it.
DO NOT allow the casualty to eat or drink because an anaesthetic may be needed.
Free first aid appKnowing what to do in the vital few minutes of an emergency is critical. The official St John Wales app contains simple step-by-step advice on dealing with injuries such as severe bleeding, burns, scalds and choking, while also giving advice on how to give CPR and other treatments. |
Most people will only ever encounter a St John Cymru Wales volunteer when they need one. By supporting our Winter Appeal, you'll help us offer free medical support and a safe place for vulnerable people in city centres and rural communities across Wales this winter.
Become a St John Wales volunteer and support your local community, learn first aid and make new friends. Your free guide includes first aid advice for choking, severe bleeding, fractures and unconscious casualties.
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Free pocket first aid guide


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Important delivery notice
The products on this site are only delivered to UK addresses. If you require delivery to another country please visit one of our other sites below.
Seeds and garden supplies will normally be delivered within the time period stated against each product as detailed above. Plants, bulbs, corms, tubers, shrubs, trees, potatoes etc are delivered at the appropriate time for planting and will be stated on the product page or in your order acknowledgement page and email.
Orders for packets of seed incur a P&P charge of £1.95.
Orders which include any other products will incur a P&P charge of £4.95.
Where an order includes both packets of seeds and other products a maximum P&P charge of £6.90 will apply - regardless of the number of items ordered.
Please see our Delivery / P&P page for further details and details of any surcharges that may apply to certain destinations.
By Bryan Macefield 02-06-2016
These plants were amazing when I got them last year, giving a really good display and I was looking forward to seeing them again this year. However to date they appear dead (I even have bedding dahlia's coming back) which shows how mild it has been - very disappointing for a hardy plant, are you sure you didn't send bedding plants!
Thank you for your review. I'm sorry that you aren't happy with your plants. Could you please contact our Customer Care Department at firstname.lastname@example.com so that one of our agents can look into this further for you.
By Simon Crowhurst 13-05-2016
If you can get these to grow, they are great. However, as with most T and M plants, they are supplied very small and take a few years to get fully established. Once you've established them though, you will be rewarded with an endless summer full of large Gerbera flowers (one of ours already has flowers this year and it's only mid May. My main concern with these is they are just NOT hardy in the UK. We've bought 27 of these plants over the past years and only 8 have survived to this year - and that's with living in one of the warmer parts of the country, no harsh winters, being planted in sheltered borders or pots and given winter protection. I really can't recommend these as hardy garden plants.
Thank you for your review. I am sorry to learn of your disappointment with your purchase. If you would like to contact our Customer Care Department at email@example.com, one of our agents will be more than happy to look in to this further for you.


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Re: John Errington/Jane Henderson
In reply to:
John Errington/Jane Henderson
shannon gledhill 5/14/07
Hi Shannon,
Long-time no speak! I took early retirement last year and now run a book business. Theoretically I should have more time to devote to genealogy...
I think I have some more clues as to your John's origins. I've discovered three other coalmining ERRINGTONs: Robert, Richard and Henry, all of whom were born in Howden, Wallsend in the early 1800s according to the census and moved to Easington before 1841, none of whose baptisms are traceable!
I've also found the burial of a Jane ERRINGTON of Howden in 1823 aged 58 and that of a Robert also of Howden in 1831 aged 67, both in the Wallsend registers. The only marriage that seems to fit this couple is of Robert ERRINGTON to Jane Pescot in South Shields in 1790. My theory is Robert and/or Jane were Catholic, which explains why none of their 4 sons' baptisms can be found. Mind you, it is only a theory - but better than the old one about Lancelot and an entirely different family...
If you want to chin-wag some more, my email address is above; these days I live near Ormskirk in Lancashire. I assume you're back in Australia?
ERRINGTON One Name Study


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When responding to a network crash, don't just reboot the system and consider the problem solved when it comes up again
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Are tandem breakers available for the new panel?
Why would you need to unless hooking to new loads and then it's very easy to field
In my opionion, I believe that solar power has incredible potential. From solar
There is no reason to believe that your Bryant circuit breakers will not trip as
To be honest, I've found what I like to call a "real electrician" that can
Sponsored Introduction Continue on to (or wait seconds) ×


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Publication number | US4496420 A |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 06/597,676 |
Publication date | Jan 29, 1985 |
Filing date | Apr 6, 1984 |
Priority date | Apr 6, 1984 |
Fee status | Lapsed |
Publication number | 06597676, 597676, US 4496420 A, US 4496420A, US-A-4496420, US4496420 A, US4496420A |
Inventors | Sigurd Frohlich, James V. Morris |
Original Assignee | Bmc Industries, Inc. |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (27), Classifications (18), Legal Events (6) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates primarily to a process and apparatus used in the manufacture of multi-layered printed circuit boards and more specifically, to improvements useful in plasma desmear etching of such boards.
2. Prior Art
Printed circuit board technology is an old and well-known art in the electronics industry. The space saving, low cost and productivity advantages of printed circuit boards for electronic circuitry are well-known benefits enjoyed by virtually all manufacturers of electrical and electronic equipment. As with other areas in electronics technology, the state of the art in printed circuit board design and manufacture has made great strides over the years. As a result, the size of circuit boards has decreased, the density has increased, reliability has improved and productivity has been greatly enhanced. Many of these state of the art improvements in printed circuit board technology relate to the more recent use of multi-layered laminated printed circuit boards.
Although multi-layered printed circuit boards are highly advantageous in that they are capable of providing greatly enhanced circuit density within a given printed circuit board volume, they also present a more complex engineering problem insofar as the manufacture of the board is concerned. For example, the manner of electrically interconnecting the appropriate portions of the circuit layers of the multi-layered printed circuit board is one such complication. This complexity has been readily solved by providing component pin receiving holes that extend through the various layers of the board to provide a means of selectively interconnecting the circuits of the board which are otherwise isolated from one another by intermediate layers of a dielectric material such as an acrylic. Such component pin holes in a multi-layered printed circuit board are very critical to the goal of achieving required performance of the circuit and reliability of the board.
It is very important that the holes comprising the various layers of a multi-layered printed circuit board be of the proper dimension and shape. The metal portions within such holes should be accessible for good contact with the component pin to be installed therein for proper electrical conductivity therebetween without inadvertent insulation as a result of dielectric material. Extraneous dielectric material may result from the circuit board production process and is commonly referred to in the industry as the smear. In the earlier prior art of multi-layered printed circuit board construction, each circuit board layer of the laminated structure was made principally of an epoxy dielectric material. The process of removing the smear from each component hole of the circuit board, a process commonly referred to as desmearing, was readily accomplished by applying appropriate acid such as sulfuric acid to each of the mechanically drilled holes.
This type of acid treatment served a dual purpose. Not only did it remove the smear from the hole but it also performed, to a certain extent, an etching of the intermediate dielectric board layers to measurably increase the diameter of those layers along the inner surface of the hole. As a result, individual annular metalized portions of the respective circuit board layers, which were not affected or affected less by the acid, extended radially into the hole to a greater extent on the order of several thousandths of an inch. Such metalized portions assure a biting metal-to-metal contact between the circuit of each board layer and the metal pin of the component installed into the board holes.
In the more recent prior art of multi-layered printed circuit board manufacture, the substances used for manufacture of the dielectric portion of the multi-layered printed circuit board have been changed to more exotic modern materials such as acrylic, polyimide, Kapton, and Kevlar. These new materials have become particularly advantageous for multi-layered printed circuit board manufacture because they can withstand a more severe environment than epoxy boards. For example, they are far more adapted for use in long term, high temperature applications. Furthermore, many modern packaging requirements particularly for the military and missile applications, and in airborne and satellite applications, require compliance with much more stringent military specifications. The use of higher densities in a multi-layered printed circuit board is often more readily accommodated in flexible structures for easier design and installation within small volumes. In such flexible applications particularly it has been found highly advantageous to use a multi-layer flexible circuit laminated between polyimide glass sections. Twenty layers or more of flex circuitry with board sizes of 24�24 inches or greater can be readily manufactured in such flexible configurations.
Unfortunately, these new exotic materials including polyimide as an example, do not react satisfactorily to acid desmearing and do not become etched to provide the aforementioned advantages derived in using acid on epoxy dielectric materials. Consequently, alternative desmearing and etching techniques have had to be developed.
Fortunately, a new technique has been developed recently which except for a substantial disadvantage to be described hereinafter, provides a viable means for desmearing and etching the holes in multi-layered printed circuits which use the aforementioned modern, more exotic dielectric materials. This recent innovation is commonly referred to as a plasma desmear etcher. In such plasma systems, each circuit board is placed between a pair of parallel plasma plates which are separated from one another by approximately 3 inches and which extend over the entire surface area of the printed circuit board. This is accomplished within an airtight chamber in which the air is evacuated by a pump and replaced with a known mixture of selected gases such as oxygen and freon. A high power radio frequency electric field is then applied to the plates to generate a plasma between the plates. In one typical example the electric field is at a frequency of 4.5 MHz. at a power of 2,200 watts. The plasma around the printed circuit board between the two plates produces a plurality of discharge sparks that occur between the plates and through the predrilled apertures in the printed circuit board. These discharges through the apertures desmear the apertures and etch back the dielectric material despite the use of acrylics and polyimides as well as epoxy resin dielectrics. Thus, the plasma desmear etcher replaces the prior art acid desmearing process and works well with the newer more exotic materials that are resistant to acid desmearing and etching.
However, there is one substantial problem associated with this plasma desmear etcher process which prevents the plasma innovation from being absolutely effective in all respects. This disadvantage relates to the difficulties in controlling the plasma so that the discharge is everywhere consistent and homogeneous along the entire surface of the printed circuit board. The negative effect of this inconsistency is to make the etching of the printed circuit board apertures dependent upon circuit board location. Accordingly, some apertures may be etched beyond the required specifications and some located in a different position on the board may not be adequately etched. Furthermore, in order to assure a minimum level of etching of all apertures irrespective of the aperture location on the board, those portions of the board which receive a more powerful discharge tend to be scorched and over-etched. The inconsistency of plasma desmearing and etching is therefore more likely to reduce the printed board yield during manufacture, increase the cost of manufacture, decrease the possibilities for long term reliability and increase the risk of providing the user with a faulty board.
In military applications where the reliability of the printed circuit board is especially critical, it is common to provide an extra portion of the board for production purposes only. This extra portion or test tab is used as a test vehicle to indicate whether the desmear and etching process during board production has been satisfactory. Such test vehicle portions of the board are typically disposable and are located along the outer perimeter of the board in selected locations. However, when plasma desmear consistency is lacking, even a satisfactorily tested disposable board portion may not provide an accurate indication of the desmeared and etched condition of the board at some portion thereof distant from the test vehicle portion of the board. The present invention is designed to be used with plasma desmear and etching systems to overcome the aforementioned disadvantage with respect to such systems. The applicants know of no other prior art device, system, apparatus or materials which have heretofor been available for overcoming the aforementioned disadvantage.
The present invention is designed to specifically solve the aforementioned disadvantageous problem associated with plasma desmearing and etching of multi-layered printed circuit boards. More specifically, the present invention comprises an aluminum screen one of which is affixed to one surface of the circuit board and a second of which is affixed to the other surface of the circuit board during plasma processing. Two different embodiments of the inventive screen are disclosed herein. In one such embodiment, the screen consists of an aluminum sheet of approximately the same dimensions as the printed circuit board being subjected to plasma etching and desmearing. The sheet contains a hole pattern which is substantially identical to the hole pattern on the printed circuit board. The circuit board is sandwiched between two such aluminum sheets and the hole patterns of all three are aligned so that the plasma discharge has a clear path from one plasma plate to a second plasma plate through each aperture. In a second embodiment, the aforementioned aluminum sheet is replaced by an aluminum screen that is similar in many respects to a conventional aluminum screen commonly found in use on windows and doorways for preventing insects from entering a structure while permitting air flow to pass through the structure. The difference resides in the size of the aluminum screen mesh and the size of the aluminum wire from which the screen is made. The wire should be thick enough to withstand the effects of the discharge but the mesh size need not be larger than the hole sizes to be desmeared and etched in the printed circuit board. In one actual reduction to practice the mesh size was about 25 thousandths of an inch. Under some circumstances it has been found advantageous to apply a small DC bias voltage to either one of the two of the aforementioned embodiments of the invention by means of a battery or low voltage power supply. With or without the bias, the aluminum screen and the aluminum sheet embodiments of the invention have the highly advantageous and surprising effect of rendering the plasma discharge substantially consistent and homogeneous throughout the surface area of the printed circuit board. As a result, it is now possible for the first time to achieve the highly advantageous desmearing and etching of multi-layered printed circuit boards that use the aforementioned exotic materials that are resistant to conventional acid desmear and etching processes. Furthermore, it is possible now to achieve the aforementioned advantages while avoiding the disadvantageous inconsistent and unequal plasma discharge distribution that otherwise adversely affects the multi-layered printed circuit board which is desmeared and etched in a plasma treatment process. Perhaps most importantly, it is now possible as a result of the present invention to achieve a desmeared and etched multi-layered printed circuit board which meets all of the manufacturer's specifications while precluding the need for potentially dangerous and harmful acid treatment to which conventional circuit boards are subjected.
It is therefore a principal object of the present invention to provide a novel process and apparatus for more advantageously utilizing plasma desmear and etching apparatus for the manufacture of multi-layered printed circuit boards while avoiding the prior art disadvantageous unequal and inconsistent plasma discharge heretofore described.
It is an additional object of the present invention to provide the novel plasma screen for use with multi-layered printed circuit boards subjected to plasma desmearing and etching which screen has the effect of equalizing and rendering homogeneous the distribution of plasma discharge through the drilled apertures of such printed circuit boards to provide a desmear and etching process of such boards which is more reliable and productive.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a novel improvement useful in the process of desmearing and etching multi-layered printed circuit boards using plasma discharge systems wherein the improvement renders the process more likely to provide apertures of consistent etching and desmearing quality while reducing the chances of burning or otherwise damaging certain portions of a printed circuit board.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a plasma shield or screen having apertures aligned with a printed circuit board for placement on either side of such a board during the plasma desmearing and etching process which shield or screen may be given a preselected magnitude of DC bias voltage for controlling and equalizing the distribution of plasma discharge therethrough whereby the printed circuit board is properly desmeared and etched.
The aforementioned objects and advantages of the present invention as well as further objects and advantages thereof will be more fully understood hereinafter as a result of a detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the variation and etching characteristics of prior art plasma desmear etching processes;
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the etch-back characteristics of a plasma desmear apparatus as a function of time for different locations on a printed circuit board;
FIG. 3 is a simplified representation of a photomicrograph of a portion of an aperture through a multilayered printed circuit board illustrating the results of an unsatisfactory desmear and etching process;
FIG. 4 is a simplified representation of a photomicrograph of a portion of an aperture through a multilayered printed circuit board illustrating the desirable results of a plasma desmear etching process;
FIG. 5 is a three dimensional view of a multilayered printed circuit board and accompanying pair of plasma shields in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a simplified illustration of a multilayered printed circuit board with the accompanying plasma shields attached thereto shown residing within a plasma cell within a chamber during a desmear and etching process;
FIG. 7 is a front view of a corner of a printed circuit board utilizing the present invention with a portion of the shield cut away to show the relationship between the circuit board and the shield;
FIG. 8 is a three dimensional view, partially in a schematic form, illustrating an alternative embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a three dimensional view of a typical plasma chamber in which the present invention may be used; and
FIG. 10 is an interior view of the plasma chamber of FIG. 9 with a circuit board employing the present invention shown partially installed in one of the plasma cells.
The present invention may be best understood by first fully appreciating the problem solved by the invention. Accordingly, reference will first be made to FIGS. 1-4 for a detailed discussion of this problem. As previously indicated, the present invention is designed to solve the problem associated with plasma desmear of multilayered printed circuit boards wherein the extent of the etching process is highly dependent upon the location of the aperture relative to the edge of the board. This is illustrated schematically in simplified form in FIG. 1 where it is shown that, for example, a square printed circuit board 10 may, because of the inconsistent and inhomogeneous distribution of the etching effect, be divided into a plurality of circular regions denoted by the dotted circles 12 of FIG. 1. Typically the radial dimension of these circular or annular regions may be considered to be two inches wherein only within each such circular annulus is the degree of etching of the circuit board relatively consistent. The extent of the etching is greatest in the outer circular regions adjacent the edges of the circuit board. The degree of etching diminishes as the radii of the circular regions is diminished towards the center of the circuit board. Thus, the innermost dotted line circle 12 of FIG. 1 represents an area on the printed circuit board on which the etching process produces the least effect. Of course, it will be understood that the slope of circles 12 of FIG. 1 are dictated by the shape of the circuit board which is substantially square in that figure and that the shape of the diminishing areas of circuit board etching would be dependent upon the board shape. Thus, for example, a more rectangular printed circuit board would exhibit etch-back characteristics which could be more accurately described by representing the areas of diminishing effect by ellipses or other shapes.
The extent of the problem associated with conventional plasma desmear and etching processes is compounded by the difficulty associated with detecting the degree to which the inconsistency of the etching process has effected any specific board during the manufacturing process. Those having skill in the relevant art will appreciate the inherent problems in determining the degree of etching that has been achieved in apertures over the entire board surface. Printed circuit board manufacturers have attempted to provide some means of assuring customers of a satisfactory board manufacturing process by providing a removable and disposable test portion or test tab which may be detached from the completed printed circuit board and carefully examined without concern regarding the destruction of that portion. However, these test portions or test tabs must be located adjacent a board edge in order to avoid destruction of the board. Thus, for example, as seen in FIG. 1, a test portion or test tab 14 is located along a edge of the circuit board 10. Unfortunately, however, because of the location of these test tabs, a careful examination of the etching achieved within the apertures of these tabs does not normally provide a realistic assessment of the etching of all the apertures on the board. In fact as seen in FIG. 1, test tab 14 would not provide an indication of the extent of etching of the central sections of the board that are likely to be the most problematic in respect to the question of whether all of the apertures of the board have been properly etched back to a minimum specification.
The problem solved by the present invention may also be better understood by referring to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the etch-back of a typical multilayered printed circuit board resulting from the plasma effect as a function of time for a printed circuit board within a plasma chamber. It is to be understood that FIG. 2 is only representative of a typical plasma desmear and etching process of a typical printed circuit board. Significant variations may be encountered depending upon the board size and number of boards within the chamber, the type of chamber, the power of the plasma inducing electric field and the temperature of the chamber prior to initiation of the plasma process. As seen further in FIG. 2, typically about one half the time devoted to the plasma desmear and etching process does not produce any etch-back effect. After about the first half of the total plasma process time has lapsed, the process begins to take effect and etch-back of the apertures of the printed circuit board starts to occur. As seen in FIG. 2, the etch-back induced by the plasma effect is substantially non-linear with an increasing slope as a function of time. More significantly, as seen in FIG. 2, the etch-back due to the plasma effect is substantially different for an edge portion of the board as compared to the center of the board. Thus, for example, if the plasma process were terminated when the printed circuit board represented by the graph of FIG. 2, would have an etch-back of about 1 mil. within apertures along the edge of the board there would be an etch-back of less than 1/10 mil. within apertures located adjacent the center of the board, and in fact no center etch-back at all until about 21 minutes into the desmear process.
Typically, a uniform specification of minimum etch-back for the entire board is established as a criterion for satisfactory production. One may thus then ask why not simply continue the plasma process for an additional period of time until the etch-back at the center has exceeded this minimum specification? This is in fact the simple solution to which most manufacturers of multilayered printed circuit boards using conventional plasma desmearing have resorted. Unfortunately, however, this simplified solution does not come without penalty and that penalty is represented in the uppermost right hand corner of FIG. 2 wherein it is shown that eventually scorching occurs along the edge of the circuit board at the elevated levels of etch-back needed to produce the minimum specified etch-back for the center of the circuit board. Scorching is a representative way of describing the eventual damaging attack that the plasma has on the copper surface of the circuit board along its edge and to some extent, inwardly of the edge depending on the degree to which the etch-back requirement at the edges is exceeded in order to achieve the minimum etch-back requirement at the center of the board. In addition to the scorching disadvantage, continued plasma effect brings the etch-back curve into the higher slope portions, particularly for the edge of the circuit board, and makes it far more difficult to control the plasma desmear and etching process. As a result, many boards may be damaged beyond the limits of acceptability and production yields negatively impacted.
The reason for the concern with the degree of etch-back within the apertures of a multilayered printed circuit board and the basis for specifying a minimum amount of etch-back for all apertures within the printed circuit board, may be more fully appreciated by reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 which are drawings of photomicrographs of portions of the apertures of multilayered printed circuit boards showing unsatisfactory and satisfactory etch-back characteristics, respectively. FIG. 3 illustrates the greatly enlarged cross section of a multilayered printed circuit board adjacent an aperture 16. Adjacent aperture 16 is a plurality of copper pads 18 among which are interspersed layers of polyimide film 20 and acrylic adhesive 22. The aperture of FIG. 3 has already been plated by a plating 24 which is shown in the left portion of FIG. 3 and which electrically interconnects the copper pads 18. Plating 24 also provides a suitable metalized receiving surface for the pin of a component to be installed on the circuit board. FIG. 3 is most noteworthy for illustrating the geometrical characteristics of the plating 24, primarily from the standpoint of the shape of its left and right surfaces 26 and 28, respectively. More specifically, as seen in FIG. 3, the left surface 26 of the plating 24 is relatively straight and the right surface 28 of the plating 24 is relatively smooth. The smooth surface 28 of the plating is indicative of little or no etching of the acrylic adhesive 22 and the polyimide film layer 20. As a result, the principal interconnection between the plating 24 and the copper pads 18 is along just the one vertical surface therebetween. Consequently, the electrical contact between the pads and the plating is extremely tenuous at best and may not provide a reliable electrical interconnection between board layers. Furthermore, because of the smooth surface 26 of the plating 24, the interconnection between the component pin that is inserted into aperture 16 and the electrical pads connected in the respective layers around aperture 16, is also tenuous at best. Those having skill in the art to which the present invention pertains will appreciate that the smooth surface 26 of plating 24 is due substantially to the lack of etch-back of the aperture prior to plating.
In contrast to the unsatisfactory, inadequately etched aperture configuration of FIG. 3, a properly etched and plated aperture is seen clearly in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 4, there is a considerable amount of etch-back of both the acrylic adhesive layers 22 as well as the polyimide film layers 20. As a result, the right surface 28 of the plating 24 has filled in the etched areas and contacts the copper pads 18 along three surfaces, thereby assuring excellent electrical interconnection between the various pads 18. It will also be seen that as a result of the etching of the acrylic adhesive and the polyimide film layers, the left surface 26 of plating 24 varies considerably from a straight line. Consequently, the frictional engagement between the aperture 16 and a pin of a component installed in the aperture is likely to be significantly greater and far more secure thereby assuring excellent electrical connection between the component pin and the electrical pads 18 of the aperture.
As a result of the discussion of FIGS. 3 and 4 it will now be more clearly understood why the aforementioned problem associated with plasma desmear and etching processes is highly disadvantageous either because the apertures located along the central portions of the board are inadequately etched, or on the other hand, the edge of the board has been scorched or otherwise damaged by the plasma process in order to provide adequate etching of the centrally located apertures.
The present invention overcomes this problem by rendering the plasma effect virtually consistent and homogeneous throughout the surface area of the printed circuit board irrespective of the location of the aperture relative to the edge of the board. It will be seen hereinafter that the invention is relatively simple in structure but profound in its effects in curing the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art. More specifically, as a result of the present invention rendering the plasma process far more uniform and homogeneous throughout the surface area of the printed circuit board, it is now possible to use the aforementioned test portions of the board in production to assess the etch-back of the apertures throughout the board surface irrespective of the location of the test tab. Furthermore, it is now possible to complete the plasma etching process in less time because it is no longer necessary to in effect, wait for the centrally located apertures to be etched adequately to meet the minimum specifications set for the board. Perhaps more importantly, it is no longer necessary to scorch or risk scorching the edge of the board or for that matter, to operate the plasma process along the high slope portion of the plasma effect curve in order to adequately etch-back centrally located apertures on the board.
In the present invention the aforementioned plasma etch desmearing and etching process is modified by using at least one and preferably a pair of aluminum shields. Each of these shields has a substantially identical hole pattern and each is secured to an opposite surface of the board being subjected to plasma etching. In one particular embodiment reduced to practice, the aluminum shield is ten thousandths of an inch thick and each hole is approximately twenty thousandths larger in diameter than the corresponding hole of the circuit board. The actual relationship between the shields 32 and the board 30 within the plasma chamber may be best understood by reference to FIGS. 6 and 7. In FIG. 6 the shields 32 are shown secured to the board 30 by tape 34 which may be aluminum tape or plater's tape, both of which are well-known in the art. As seen in FIG. 7, the combination of board 30 and shields 32 is located substantially symmetrical between plasma plates 42 of a plasma cell 40 whereby plasma induced ionized discharges occur between the plasma plates 42 through the apertures within the shields and board 30.
Contemplated alternative embodiments of the invention are illustrated in FIG. 8. FIG. 8 represents an alternative aluminum shield which comprises an aluminum mesh screen contained within a frame and having a substantially conventional rectangular or square mesh hole pattern substantially identical to or similar to conventional aluminum screen material used for windows and doorways. It is contemplated that one such aluminum screen configuration would replace each of the aforementioned aluminum shields 32 whereby it would not be necessary to reproduce the hole pattern of the board in such screens. An additional modification of the invention depicted in FIG. 8 comprises the use of a small DC bias illustrated schematically in FIG. 8 to render the screen somewhat analogous in function to the grid of a triode vacuum tube. It is contemplated that the bias applied to the two screens or shields affixed to the surfaces of the board would be of opposite potentials and would tend to increase the level of plasma consistency throughout the surface area of the board even further.
The process in which the present invention is employed may be carried out in a conventional plasma desmear and etching apparatus that might otherwise be used without the invention. One such plasma chamber, namely, a LFE Corporation Model PSM1824 plasma desmear and etching apparatus is illustrated in part in FIGS. 9 and 10. This system uses a 13.56 MHz. RF generator with a maximum power output of 3,000 Watts, but is typically operated at a lower power such as 2.2 KiloWatts during board etch processing. FIG. 9 shows a Model 1S8 reactor portion of the LFE system with the access door open revealing a portion of the plasma cell configuration contained therein and FIG. 10 is a close-up view of the plasma cell structure shown with a printed circuit board to which aluminum shields of the present invention have been attached and with the combination being partially inserted into a selected plasma cell. Because the present invention may be utilized with a conventional plasma desmear and etching system it is not necessary to describe the plasma system herein as such systems are well-known in the art and are described in detail in the respective operating manuals of the manufacturers thereof with which those having skill in the art are already well acquainted.
It will now be understood what has been disclosed herein comprises an improved process for plasma desmear etching of printed circuit boards and a novel apparatus for carrying out the process improvement. The apparatus comprises a pair of shields preferably of aluminum which are adapted to substantially duplicate the hole pattern of a multilayered printed circuit board to which two such shields are attached, one on each plasma surface of the board. The shields have the novel, highly advantageous and surprising effect of equalizing the plasma-induced etching of apertures within the printed circuit board along the entire surface thereof, thereby overcoming or substantially reducing the aforementioned disadvantages of conventional plasma desmear and etching systems. As a result of this improvement it is now possible to desmear and etch modern exotic materials within multilayered printed circuit boards utilizing a plasma process while avoiding the disadvantages of the prior art. More specifically, it is now possible to etch-back all of the apertures of a multilayered printed circuit board by an amount which is substantially equal throughout the surface area of the board irrespective of how close each such aperture is to the edge of the board. Furthermore, it is now possible to carry out the desmear and etching process in a shorter period of time and without scorching or otherwise damaging certain portions of the board in order to be sure that the centrally located apertures are adequately etched back to provide a board which is fully functional and electrically reliable.
Those having skill in the art to which the present invention pertains will, as a result of the teaching contained herein, appreciate that certain additions and modifications of the invention may be made. By way of example, a second embodiment of the invention disclosed herein comprises an aluminum screen mesh which may be used instead of the aforementioned aluminum shield while obviating the requirement for pre-drilling the identical hole configuration into such shields prior to their use. Furthermore, it is also contemplated that additional embodiments may be provided utilizing either the screen mesh or the apertured shield whereby a small DC bias may be applied to one or both such shields or screens to further improve the process. In any case all such additions and modifications, whether or not disclosed herein, are contemplated as being within the scope of the present invention which is to be limited only by the claims appended hereto.
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US4623441 * | Aug 15, 1984 | Nov 18, 1986 | Advanced Plasma Systems Inc. | Paired electrodes for plasma chambers |
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US4913789 * | Apr 18, 1988 | Apr 3, 1990 | Aung David K | Sputter etching and coating process |
US5082547 * | Feb 1, 1991 | Jan 21, 1992 | Plasma Etch | Plasma etching reactor |
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US20060000805 * | Jun 30, 2004 | Jan 5, 2006 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Method and apparatus for stable plasma processing |
US20060118133 * | Oct 7, 2002 | Jun 8, 2006 | Naoki Suzuki | Board cleaning method, board cleaning apparatus, and component mounting method |
US20070017898 * | Sep 11, 2006 | Jan 25, 2007 | Ajay Kumar | Method and apparatus for photomask plasma etching |
US20080099426 * | Oct 30, 2006 | May 1, 2008 | Ajay Kumar | Method and apparatus for photomask plasma etching |
US20080099431 * | Oct 30, 2006 | May 1, 2008 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Method and apparatus for photomask plasma etching |
US20080124781 * | Oct 26, 2007 | May 29, 2008 | Rainer Bischoff | Enzymes with modified amino acids |
EP0241718A2 * | Mar 13, 1987 | Oct 21, 1987 | International Business Machines Corporation | Process for removing contaminant from holes |
EP0241718A3 * | Mar 13, 1987 | Oct 18, 1989 | International Business Machines Corporation | Process for removing contaminant from holes |
WO2008004720A1 * | Aug 25, 2006 | Jan 10, 2008 | Jesagi Hankook Ltd. | Plasma semi-additive process method for manufacturing pcb |
U.S. Classification | 216/17, 134/1, 204/298.39, 156/272.6, 216/67, 204/298.34, 204/192.32, 156/345.3, 427/307, 29/852 |
International Classification | C23F4/00, H05K3/00 |
Cooperative Classification | H05K3/0055, C23F4/00, Y10T29/49165, H05K2203/095 |
European Classification | H05K3/00K6, C23F4/00 |
Date | Code | Event | Description |
Jun 11, 1984 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: BMC INDUSTRIES, INC., 1100 AMERICAN NATIONAL BANK Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:FROHLICH, SIGURD;MORRIS, JAMES V.;REEL/FRAME:004267/0649 Effective date: 19840329 Owner name: BMC INDUSTRIES, INC.,MINNESOTA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FROHLICH, SIGURD;MORRIS, JAMES V.;REEL/FRAME:004267/0649 Effective date: 19840329 |
Mar 14, 1988 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 4 |
Mar 14, 1988 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: SHELDAHL, INC., BOX 170, NORTHFIELD, MN 55057 A CO Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BMC INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004848/0518 Effective date: 19880304 Owner name: SHELDAHL, INC.,MINNESOTA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BMC INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004848/0518 Effective date: 19880304 |
Sep 2, 1992 | REMI | Maintenance fee reminder mailed | |
Jan 31, 1993 | LAPS | Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees | |
Apr 13, 1993 | FP | Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee | Effective date: 19930131 |


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The room itself was okay, the staff was okay, my problem was the internet would not work, and when I called the front desk, they gave me a number to call, so I called 2 times still no internet, when I called the desk again, they said they would call. I have never been in a motel where the guest is to call a help line for internet. Very dis satisfied with this issue.
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The Adventures Of Tintin. : Season Two (2012, original release: 1991)
Call Number J/DVD/FICTION/ADVENTURES
All Copies Checked Out
(0 holds on 1 copy)
(0 holds on 1 copy)
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Kids' Movies | J/DVD/FICTION/ADVENTURES | Due 03-31-17 |
Title from container
Release date: Mar. 20, 2012
Colin O'Meara, Dan Hennessey, David Fox, Susan Roman
Originally broadcast 1991-1993
One of the most popular classic comic strips of all time tells stories of the heroic escapades of youthful reporter Tintin and his loyal canine companion Snowy. Follow Tintin and Snowy in solving mysteries closely related to the much-loved original stories. A colorful cast of characters is along for the ride, including the salty Captain Haddock, handy Professor Calculus, and clumsy Thomson and Thompson. Includes all thirteen episodes of Season Two
Rating: TVY
DVD, region 1; NTSC; Dolby; full screen
English or Spanish dialogue; English subtitles
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Arlington Heights Memorial Library
500 N. Dunton Avenue, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-5910
Tel: 847-392-0100 / Fax: 847-506-2650
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($14.99, 47% off)
Baby Einstein Explore and Discover Soft Block Toys @ Amazon
Store: Amazon.com List Price:$14.99 Current Price: $7.99 (47% off)
Features: Shapes block features multi-textured fabrics for tactile stimulation. Animal block features a chime ball for fun sounds. Color block has fun vibe and the names of colors shown in English, Spanish and French. |


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What's up with Kelsey Gardens?
Noticed plywood over several units. What's up with that?My un-educated gut guess is that the owners are trying to sell it and so aren't filling the units up with new tenants. Of course, there could have been a fire. I don't know.
So anybody know what's going on?


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By Rebecca Boulton on 27th January 2017 in Blog
For a long time I had a love / hate relationship with sugar. I knew I wanted to cut back on sugar as my energy levels kept crashing and my moods were all over the place, plus the sugar hangover is a killer! But I really craved the sweet stuff and had to gradually wean myself off it. Swapping it out for some alternatives really helped me in that process but it can feel really confusing as there is so much information out there (and it all contradicts itself). So, here's my take on the best options for sugar alternatives.
If you're looking to wean yourself off sugar, swapping it for alternatives is one step. But it's also really important to look at your diet as a whole as your body craves sugar more when your hormones are out of balance, when you are deficient in certain nutrients and when you are eating the wrong types of food.
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ASGA 2016 Florida Cup in Sarasota, Florida
The Jacksonville Chapter of the American Singles Golf Association (ASGA) is a golf organization dedicated to getting single people together both on and off the course!
Jacksonville members range in age from 30-70 years with the majority in their 40's and 50's. Members have handicaps ranging from 10-40. Currently we have about 35 members in the group. ASGA Jacksonville Chapter Newsletter February 2017 Click Here to Join ASGA! |


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The Boys of 'Girls' Pose for 'GQ Style': Behind the Scenes with Terry Richardson (PHOTOS)
cheeky campaign video for Barack Obama).
Lena Dunham isn't the only Girls star to make headlines this week (with her Adam Driver, Andrew Rannells, Alex Karpovsky and Chris Abbott — the male stars of the hit HBO series — recently paid a visit to Terry Richardson's studio for a new GQ Style photo shoot, and they held nothing back.
This week, Richardson released a series of behind the scenes snaps of the actors goofing off at his studio, and even giving their best Terry Richardson poses (glasses included).
Dunham and company are gearing up for the premiere of the show's second season, which will return to HBO in January.
In the mean time, fans of the hit drama can feast their eyes on these black-and-white stills of the boys of Girls.
Are you excited for the return of 'Girls' on HBO? What do you think will happen on Season 2? Share your thoughts below!


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We include the printing on the item in the price (first color first location) the setup charge is typically additional. When you choose additional location to print (where available) there will typically be addition printing and setup charges.
Protect your investment with this sleek designed promotional smart phone/camera case by Royce. Beautiful while functional, this top grain Nappa leather case features an exterior front pocket and 4 interior credit card pockets. Accented with a 7" drop wristlet strap. This custom cell phone case can fit perfectly in your pocket! Your customers and employees will truly appreciate this stylish gift.
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Additional imprint locations and/or methods may be available. Ask your Brand Consultant for details.
Leather - Full Grain
5.5"w x 3.5"h x0.75"d
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Product 6/8
Joseph Ruckman
An exploration of the life, clothing, and gear of the longhunter of America's frontiers.
From the author's introduction: As the title implies, this book was written for those who are looking for some guidelines on what the 18th century longhunter looked like and the type of equipment he used with an eye toward reproducing it. But rather than limit the reader to appearances, I hope to encourage those who wish to do so to go beyond being 21st century men (and in some cases women) wearing funny clothes and shooting old-fashioned guns and move into the realm of creating their own 18th century character (sometimes called a persona) with a unique history and identity of their own.
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This product was added to our catalog on Wednesday 09 May, 2007.


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CMT Music Awards Tickets Bridgestone Arena Sommet Center Nashville TN Tennessee.
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