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Ski to Defeat ALS•April 8th, 2017
Mt. Hood Meadows, Oregon
Grab your friends, co-workers, family members - anyone and everyone - to join us at Meadows. As a family friendly event, participants can ski, snowboard, or snowshoe. An epic event that is expected to sell out! Participants ages 11 and older meet a $150 fundraising minimum by the day of the event. Everyone can do their part to help us challenge ALS. #SkitoDefeatALS #DefeatALSOregon
We've raised $18,467.35 of our $125,000.00 goal!
Our Progress:


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City of Franklin, TN
Home Sitemap ContactAssistant City Recorder - Records
Our mission is to provide prompt, courteous, knowledgeable, and accurate information to all of our citizens and customers.
Lanaii Y. Benne, Assistant City Recorder
Phone: (615) 791-3217
Fax: (615) 790-0469
The Office of the Assistant City Recorder provides administrative support to the Board of Mayor and Aldermen and the City Administrator and is directly responsible for:
- Agendas and minutes
- Municipal Code and Records
- Liquor Store Retail Certificates
- Grocery Store Wine Sale Certificate Application
- Linda Fulwider, 615 550-6623
Board Recording Secretary; Records, transcribes, and maintains all minutes of the Board of Mayor and Aldermen and their committee meetings.
Agendas and Minutes
The Assistant City Recorder's office is responsible for the preparation of the Board's monthly meeting agendas, and also the Budget and Finance and Capital Improvement Program committee agendas. The Assistant City Recorder posts the Board's meeting agenda to the City Website on the Wednesday preceding their Tuesday meeting date. Committee agendas are posted one week prior to the committee meeting. The Board Recording Secretary posts a copy of the approved minutes to the website on the day after they are approved at the Board/Committee meeting.
Municipal Code and Records
All official City records, including ordinances, resolutions, and minutes, are maintained in the Administration Department. This office is also responsible for the city's records management in accordance with the records retention policy of the city, along with federal and state law. In accordance with state law, most records maintained by the City are public records available for review by State of Tennessee residents. Some exceptions include records related to an ongoing criminal investigation or certain personal information in employee files.
Citizens wishing to view or get a copy of a record may contact the Assistant City Recorder.
- Ordinance 2008-56 (fee schedule for open records)
- Records Inspection/Copy Request Form
The City's Municipal Code is available on the City's Website and updated shortly after each Board of Mayor and Aldermen's meeting to include any new ordinances passed by the Board.
Retail Certificates for Liquor Stores
The Board of Mayor and Aldermen approve the issuance and renewals of all liquor store retail certificates. These are coordinated through the Assistant City Recorder. Application for Retail Liquor Stores
NEW for 2016 is the Application for Retail Sale of Wine in Grocery Stores beginning July 1, 2016. Qualifying locations may use this link to download the application: Application for Retail Sale of Wine in Grocery Stores

subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to my weekly blog. It is for anyone who questions everything and wonders, as I do, how we can shine brighter and fashion our lives into something even more beautiful. Little pieces of life, love and everything in between...The words come from my heart and the photography, my lens.
Sunday, 26 May 2013
Feeling the first few drops of cool summer rain splash against my skin, I step casually into the quiet cocoon of the supermarket and snatch a basket from the pile as I walk past. Hit by an air-conditioned breeze, I instantly feel refreshed and ready to tackle the maze. And so I move forward into the aisle, suddenly engulfed by towering shelves and eye-catching labels. Plucking items from their metal branches, I place them one by one into my basket and continue onwards. Finally reaching the colourful fruit and veg, I stop to run through the list in my head and make my way over to the bright red peppers. My favourite song of the moment begins to play joyfully through blue headphones into my ears and I begin to think about what it means to get our 5-a-day. I have a new routine. My gratitude 5-a-day. Every night as I gently drift off to sleep, I run through the day and pluck out 5 things that I am grateful for: lessons learnt, conversations with friends, being lucky enough to see the sunset.... It's amazing how once we take a moment to really look at our life, we see how much we really have. Even on our darkest days, there is always something lying just under the surface to be thankful for.
And as I make my way through the checkout and back out towards the exit, I see that the rain is coming down heavily now...and I smile. Soon I will be home, safe and sound, grateful for the food in my bags and the music in my ears.
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Pic from my Instagram
The other day I got to thinking about what made my mornings tick. The routine that can get me out of bed and onto a 7.30am train (mostly) with a bounce in my step. Or make me feel inspired before sitting down for hours of desk time. Here are five, tried and tested, ways to begin your day with a smile. As the saying goes, start as you mean to continue . . . !
Go for a walk. Even if it's for ten minutes around the block, getting out into the fresh air before heading to the office is a brilliant way of stimulating your body and mind. Recently, Oli and I have taken 15minutes or more outside every morning. It's amazing how much more HUMAN you feel for having some you time before work.
Wait on the login. I try not to log into any technology for the first couple of hours of my day; that way when I start at my desk at 9 I feel fresh. If I have to check urgent e-mails, I flick over them and flag them for work time. And . . .
Logout before bed. I read an article a while ago which said that looking at a computer or phone screen before bed stimulated your mind into thinking it way daytime – hence making it difficult to fall asleep. I always have a magazine or paper book beside the bed to read until my eyes get tired. At the moment I'm reading the third Bridget Jones – Mad About the Boy – ugh addictive! OH and I always write down a to-do list before sleep, that way I feel unburdened of any pressing issues as I know I can deal with them tomorrow.
Have a hot towel waiting. This is such an old-lady tip, but I've found as the days are getting chilly that a warm towel makes getting in and out of the shower DREAMY. We don't have a radiator in our bathroom so I pop my towel in the drier for a few minutes, and love the feeling of it as I step out. I also got a beautiful new towel from Roos Beach Shop which makes me smile.
Listen to your body. I used to get anxious if I left the house in a rush, grabbing a coffee and croissant on my journey to work and generally feeling sluggish, and well, crap. Now I make time for a balanced breakfast, a flick through the news, and a comfortable time frame to get ready in. If I have a particularly early morning I'll pack my bag, laptop case, and iron my clothes before bed too.
I hope these tips help you kick start your days too lovely ones! Do you have any tips on how to get going with a smile?
Here's to a great week!
MB x


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Go to whole of WA Government search
Until recently, we treated Didemnum perlucidum like any other pest listed on the Western Australian Prevention List for Introduced Marine Pests (2014). Inclusion on this list meant that vessel operators were expected to follow certain management responses when this pest was found. Unfortunately, Didemnum perlucidum is now confirmed as being present in several locations around the coast of Western Australia.
We are now managing this pest species only in high value asset areas, ie State marine parks, A-class reserves, lands and waters adjacent to A-class reserves and pearling and aquaculture facilities.
A WA Stakeholders Working Group has been established to assess the practicality and cost-effectiveness of protecting high value State assets from this invasive marine pest.
1. Report it: Didemnum perlucidum remains listed as a marine pest and therefore suspected and confirmed detections should continue to be reported to the Department as soon as possible, so its distribution can be monitored.
You should:
2. Comply with our advice: If moving vessels or immersible equipment into, or adjacent to, high value asset areas, stakeholders are requested to comply with any specific Departmental management advice regarding D. perlucidum. Actions may include ensuring vessels, or immersible equipment, are clean before entering these areas.
3. Check any marine pest conditions within relevant Ministerial Statements made under the Environmental Protection Act 1986 which will require you to undertake actions.
Last modified: 2/12/2014 11:30 AM
© All contents copyright Government of Western Australia. All rights reserved. ABN: 55 689 794 77
© This work is copyright. You may display, print or reproduce this material only in an unaltered format for your personal or non-commercial use, or for use within your organisation. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved.
The information and advice provided by the Department of Fisheries website is made in good faith and is from sources believed to be reliable and accurate at the time of release onto the website. Changes in circumstances after a document is placed on the website may affect the accuracy of the information. Full disclaimer details are available at www.fish.wa.gov.au.


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The Bellevue Blaze
50 years ago today, residents of Scranton witnessed a massive fire that destroyed 21 homes and businesses in the Bellevue section of the city. The fire left 17 families homeless. The fire started out as a brush fire near Railroad Ave and Emmett St., around 12:45pm. 90 minutes later the fire grew and spread into a massive general alarm.
The fire was so massive that all the fire units in Scranton were on scene along with fire companies from area communities. Even crews from Wilkes-Barre answered the call. In addition to the fire companies, 135 Scranton policemen and the entire Department of Public Works were also on duty to assist.
Below you will find pages and photos from The Scranton Times detailing the fire and its aftermath.
In other local history news:
Mystery Photo will return next Friday.
Coming this Sunday in The Sunday Times, local history writer Cheryl Kashuba will be looking back at the first children in our area who received the polio vaccination in 1955.
Dunmore is planning their 150 anniversary, read it about what the borough has planned so far, http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/planning-for-dunmore-s-150th-anniversary-under-way-1.1292351
Have a great weekend,


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USB: The new virus infection pathway
Be careful of passing viruses through removable storage devices.
We've known for a long time that viruses will use any and every possible communication pathway to gain access to a computer system. To aid in preventing infections we've deployed scanning software to scan local hard drives, network transmissions and even e-mail. However, there may be a new means of transference that is easily overlooked.
Download: You may be due for an upgrade to Windows 10, but watch out for common pitfalls
With Windows 10 launching you may feel the need to make the upgrade, but check out this guide first to see if a switch is really worth the trouble for your organization.
By submitting your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers.
You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.
USB storage devices have quickly gained popularity. There are several types of USB storage devices. They range from key-fob sized clips that can store eight to 256 MB of data on a built-in flash-memory chip, to external portable hard drives that can host 120GB of data. Even the portable music players that store audio files in flash memory or a hard drive can be used to store non-audio data files and serve as storage transfer devices.
The issue is not that USB storage devices are really anything new. They either use a form of flash memory or a small hard drive to store data. The issue is that removable media drives may not be included by default in the drive selections of antivirus scanning tools. Furthermore, it is harder to manage the movements and usages of portable USB storage devices, especially those that are small enough to fit inside a pocket or the palm of your hand. Just as with floppies or CD-R/CD-RWs brought in from external sources, USB storage devices can be host to viruses, Trojans, hacker toolkits, worms, logic bombs or other forms of malicious code with or without the knowledge of the user.
So, how does one protect against viruses borne on USB devices? Well, here are my suggestions.
- Implement a security policy that no external storage devices of any kind can be connected to the network or any client on the network until it has been scanned and purged of all malicious content. This will typically require a dedicated stand-alone system to be used as the scanning station.
- Configure antivirus software to scan all locally connected storage devices, especially removable media. Also, the antivirus scanner should watch the system's RAM for any virus-like activity.
- Consider disabling USB support on systems within environments where security is a top priority. Loosing the functionality and convenience of USB devices is well worth the cost in comparison to a serious virus infection, sensitive data disclosure or system corruption.
About the author
James Michael Stewart is a researcher and writer for Lanwrights, Inc.
Dig Deeper on Network intrusion detection and prevention and malware removal
Find more PRO+ content and other member only offers, here.


text: In 1992 brothers Maico and Dennis Signor launched Diemme. The brand's footwear are manufactured in the Montebelluna township of Veneto, Italy, resulting in progressive and innovative designs as well as sharply executed takes on classic footwear styles. Drawing from the region's heritage, they create modern footwear built on a foundation of performance-driven methods.


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Motor oil is an essential lubricant used in internal combustion engines to minimise the extreme friction and heat created when the engine is running. Car manufacturers recommend regular oil changes, because under these conditions motor oil eventually loses its viscosity and will wear out. Fortunately, changing the oil in your Mercedes E-class is a task that you can complete yourself.
- Skill level:
- Moderately Easy
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Automobile jack
- Jack stands
- Wheel chocks
- Metric socket set
- Oil drain container
- Oil filter kit
Show More
- 1
Warm the engine to its normal operating temperature. Turn off the engine. Raise the car at the front end using an automobile jack. Place jack stands under the jacking points behind the front wheels. Chock the rear wheels.
- 2
Remove six bolts from the under-engine protection plate with an 8-mm socket and wrench. Remove the plate.
- 3
Place an oil drain container under the oil pan. Remove the oil drain plug with a 13-mm socket and wrench. Remove the copper gasket from the drain plug; a new one is supplied with the new filter. Under the bonnet, release pressure to the oil system by removing the oil filler cap. Allow the oil drain completely.
- 4
Unscrew the oil filter cover by hand and lift the filter element out of the housing. Remove the old filter and four "O" rings from the element. Install the four new "O" rings and filter supplied in the oil filter kit as described in the manufacturer's instructions. Replace the new filter into the housing and turn the cover clockwise to tighten.
- 5
Install the new copper drain plug gasket and replace the drain plug with a socket wrench. Add new oil into the oil filler tube under the bonnet to the recommended level. Replace the oil filler cap.
- 6
Start the engine and check for leaks at the oil filter and drain plug. Turn off the engine and replace the under-engine protection plate. Lower the car to the ground. Check the oil level with the dipstick.
Tips and warnings
- Recycle the oil and filter; take it to the auto parts store where you bought the oil, your local AAA or neighbourhood recycling centre.


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Top collection of milfs pics in which they appear slutty and even naked. Hot ass women from all over the world sending selfies with them while enjoying sex, posing nude and even masturbating. A staggering collection which can make any man hard as a rock with tons of mind blowing picture galleries.
MILF, Selfie
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My Miller 210 wire is dragging a little now and then.The wire has a sight coating of rust on it.I put one of those pads with the oil on the wire .Is there anything I can spray on the wire to keep it from rusting.
No announcement yet.
Wire dragging /coated with rust
I would either replace the liner inside the gun lead or at least ,clean it by blowing air through it.the rust will cause the drag on the wire to get worse over time.
I have not seen any sprays that will help.
If the wire is old ,it may be bad also.
MY 2 cents
Love the power of Blue
Millermatic 200
Sync 200
Lots of Tools!
I've had that problem with wire that gets a little rusty. Sits for awhile and gets condensation on it. Next building will be insulated. If you don't use the MIG much take the wire in the house. My garage attached to the house is insulated and doesnt "sweat" near as much as the metal building does.Scott
HMW [Heavy Metal welding]
best to just rool off the rusty part, then take it in if it sits a lot. last time i had the problem i did not have to wind off much, but watch out for spring tention unwinding it for you, once it goes spoing, its a mess.thanks for the help
hope i helped
feel free to shoot me an e-mail direct i have time to chat. email@example.com
summer is here, plant a tree. if you don't have space or time to plant one sponsor some one else to plant one for you. a tree is an investment in our planet, help it out.


text:
(Photo Courtesy: www.investing.com)
Related Articles
According to the company's statement, the revenue decline was comprised of 16 percent due to lower volume; the impact of changes in price and foreign exchange rates on worldwide revenue was negligible.
The 16 percent decrease in worldwide volume was primarily driven by the loss of US patent exclusivity for Cymbalta, and to a lesser extent Evista, partially offset by volume gains for most other products.
Total revenue in the US decreased 33 percent to $2.218 billion, driven primarily by lower demand for Cymbalta and Evista following their patent expirations. Total revenue outside the US increased 8 percent to $2.658 billion, driven by higher volume.
Gross margin decreased 21 percent to $3.609 billion in the third quarter of 2014 compared to the third quarter of 2013, driven by lower sales of Cymbalta and Evista due to the loss of the US patent exclusivity.
Gross margin as a per cent of total revenue was 74 percent, a decrease of 5.2 percentage points compared with the third quarter of 2013. The decrease in gross margin percent was primarily due to lower sales of Cymbalta and Evista following US patent expirations.
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In the Name of Allah
Most Gracious-Most Merciful
Amel Abdullah
Amel S. Abdullah is an accomplished and versatile freelance writer, editor, researcher and Arabic to English translator with more than seven years of experience providing clients with top-quality work, meeting daily deadlines and finding creative solutions to everyday business and marketing challenges. Amel is frequently consulted for her expertise on Islamic topics and has written and translated nearly 1,000 published articles on topics related to health, science, technology, culture, history, language and education
Organization and Group Membership/Affiliations
Islamic Writers Alliance
Contact Information
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Copyright © 2005 IslamicWritersAlliance.net. All Rights Reserved. No portion of this site, and no content of any document herein may be reproduced, distributed or republished without the express permission of the Islamic Writers Alliance.
Website Content Disclaimer: Articles and external links posted on this website do not necessarily represent the views of the Islamic Writers Alliance.
Islamic Writers Alliance Position Statement: The members of Islamic Writers Alliance do not support any acts of violence against innocent men, women and children, and non-combatants by any persons/and or organizations.


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Fiber Content: 100% Polyester
Series SKU: NP
This 1.5 inch by 15 yard ribbon is a crochet lace. It would be perfect for gift wrap, card making, sewing, scrapbooking, hair bows and home decor. This ribbon would also be ideal for floral arrangements, weddings, birthdays, Valentine, summer and Christmas projects.
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Artwork Description
Cover for the Fighting Fantasy book 'Trial Of Champions'
February 10th, 2003
Wow, the solidity of this is freaky! It just jumps out in 3D! It does look like it's done in a 3D program, though the only criticism is I've noticed you've used the same photo as a texture for the right side brick wall, and the exact same photo for the left... but the flailing drapery really gives a feeling of menacing movement and action! Great pic!


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I would like to express my sincere gratitude and gratification to CMO Asia, CMO Council India, the Team at Fun And Joy At Work and to your kind self at being Awarded the "PR Professional Of The Year", at the 2nd CMO Asia Awards For Excellence In Branding & Marketing held on July 22, 2011 in Singapore.
It would be most appropriate and befitting at this time for me to express my good fortune at having a special mentor like Dr. Prodipta Sen to guide me on my path of evolution as a professional, entrepreneur and most of all, as a human being with a wider vision of life.
I must also add that it is our team at PR Grid that enables the firm to help clients meet their business objectives in a professional and dedicated manner, which in turn helps us to increase our levels of excellence at work.
In my capacity as a PR professional I look forward to reciprocating this honour by disseminating any news or information considered relevant by you at any time, to the media about the primary objectives and good works of apex bodies associated with your organization.


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Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin
Total population | |
c. 30.8 million[1] (December 2016) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
United States | 3,261,000[1] |
Saudi Arabia | 3,053,567[1] |
Malaysia | 2,986,274[1] |
United Arab Emirates | 2,803,751[1] |
Myanmar | 2,008,337[1] |
Pakistan | 2,000,000[2][3][4][5] |
United Kingdom | 1,325,000[1] |
South Africa | 1,560,000[1] |
Sri Lanka | 1,614,000[1] |
Canada | 1,016,185[1] |
Kuwait | 923,260[1] |
Mauritius | 894,500[1] |
Oman | 796,001[1] |
Singapore | 650,000[1] |
Qatar | 600,000[1] |
Nepal | 600,000[1] |
Trinidad and Tobago | 556,800[1] |
Languages | |
Languages of India and various languages of the countries they inhabit | |
Religion | |
Predominantly: Hinduism Minorities: |
Related ethnic groups | |
Indian people |
A Non-Resident Indian (NRI) is a citizen of India who holds an Indian passport and has temporarily emigrated to another country for six months or more for employment, residence, education or any other purpose.
A Person of Indian Origin (PIO) is a person of Indian origin or ancestry but who is not a citizen of India and is the citizen of another country. A PIO might have been a citizen of India and subsequently taken the citizenship of another country, or have ancestors born in India or other states.
Other terms with vaguely the same meaning are overseas Indian and expatriate Indian. In common usage, this often includes India-born individuals (and peoples of other nations with Indian ancestry) who have taken the citizenship of other countries.
According to a survey conducted by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, India has the largest diaspora population in the world.[6]
Legal definitions[edit]
Non-Resident Indian (NRI)[edit]
Strictly speaking, the term non-resident refers only to the tax status of a person who, as per section 6 of the Income-tax Act of 1961, has not resided in India for a specified period for the purposes of the Income Tax Act.[7] The rates of income tax are different for persons who are "resident in India" and for NRIs. For the purposes of the Income Tax Act, "residence in India" requires stay in India of at least 182 days in a financial year or 365 days spread out over four consecutive years. According to the act, any Indian citizen who does not meet the criteria as a "resident of India" is a non-resident of India and is treated as NRI for paying income tax.
Person of Indian Origin (PIO)[edit]
This section needs to be updated. (February 2015) |
Government of India considers anyone of Indian origin up to four generations removed to be a PIO, with the exception of those who were ever nationals of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Nepal, Pakistan, or Sri Lanka.[8][9] The prohibited list periodically includes China and Iran as well.[10] The government issues a PIO Card to a PIO after verification of his or her origin or ancestry and this card entitles a PIO to enter India without a visa. The spouse of a PIO can also be issued a PIO card though the spouse might not be a PIO. This latter category includes foreign spouses of Indian nationals, regardless of ethnic origin, so long as they were not born in, or ever nationals of, the aforementioned prohibited countries.[8] PIO Cards exempt holders from many restrictions that apply to foreign nationals, such as visa and work permit requirements, along with certain other economic limitations.
Overseas Citizenship of India[edit]
Emigration from India[edit]
Towards Southeast[edit]
Another major emigration from the subcontinent was to Southeast Asia. There is possibility that the first wave of Indians migration towards Southeast Asia happened when the Emperor Ashoka invasion towards Kalinga and Samudragupta's expedition towards the South.[11] It followed by early interaction of Indian traders and, after mid-first millennium CE, by some import of members of the Brahmin social caste. This resulted in the establishment of the so-called Indianised kingdoms in Southeast Asia. The Cholas, who were known for their naval power, conquered Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. The influence of Indian culture is still strongly felt in Southeast Asia, for example with the royal Brahmins of Thailand (Rajkru), or especially in Bali (in Indonesia). In such cases, it is not reasonable to apply the label 'PIO' to the descendants of emigrants from several centuries back. Intermixture has been so great as to negate the value of such nomenclature in this context.
Another early diaspora, of which little is known about was a reported Indian "Shendu" community that was recorded when Yunnan was annexed by the Han Dynasty in the 1st century by the Chinese authorities.[12]
Central Asia[edit]
The modern Indian merchant diaspora in Central Asia and Arabia emerged in the mid-16th century and remained active for over four centuries. Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga was the first place in Tsardom of Russia where an Indian merchant colony was established as early as the 1610s. Russian chroniclers reported the presence of Hindu traders in Moscow and St Petersburg in the 18th century.[13]
Multani people from Multan, Shikarpur, and Mawar of both Hindu and Muslim background acted as bankers and merchants in Safavid Persia. Hindu merchants in Hamadan were massacred by Ottomans as stated by an Armenian, with the Indian merchant community plummeting due to the Ottoma and Afghan wars in Iran.[20] In Kerman traders of Hindu background had a caravanserai.[21] Traders of Indian background were mentioned by Jean Chardin, Jean de Thévenot, Adam Olearius and F. A. Kotov in Safavid era Persian where they lived along with Jews and Armenians. Traders from India of Sikh and Hindu background lived in Qajar era Persia and Zand era Persia. after a clampdown by Nader Shah and the Afghan Ghilzar wars in Iran.[22]
Sarmarqandi and Bukharan traders bought Indian indigo from merchants of Hindu origin in Kandahar in 1783 according to George Forester. The tallest houses were owned by Hindus according to Elphinstone in 1815. Lumsden recorded 350 stores owned by Hindus in Kandahar. Finance, precious metals, and textiles were all dealt with by Sikhs and Hindus in Kandahar.[23]
A Hindu worked for Timur Shah in Afghanistan. Peshawar Hindus were in Kabul by 1783. Usury was the main occupation of Hindus in Kabul. Armenians and Hindus lived in Kabul according to an 1876 survey.[24] Jews and Hindus lived in Herat in the 1800s.[25] Sindhi Shikarpur Hindus, Jews, and Arabs lived in Balkh in 1886.[26] Sindhi and Punjabi were language used by Indians in Afghanistan. Some Afghan cities including Kabul have places of worship for Hindus and Sikhs.[27] Local citizenship has been obtained in Afghanistan by Hindu and Sikh traders.[28]
Peshawari and Shikarpuri Indian traders were involved in Central Asia with Shikarpuri invested in grain in the Bukharan Emirate as well as Ferghana cotton as well as engaging in legal money lending in Bukhara, which they could not legally do in Russian Turkestan.[29] Samarqand contained Jews, Hindus, Baluch, Persians, and Arabs. Baluchistan and Khorasan in Iran both contains Hindus and Bahais.[30]
The usurers and merchants of Hindu background from British India in Xinjiang were guaranteed by the British Consul-General.[31][32] Russian refuges, missionaries, and British-Indian merchants and usurers of Hindu background were potential targets of gangs of Kashgaris so the Consulate-General of Britain was a potential shelter.[33][34] Killings of 2 Hindus at the hands of Uighurs took place in Shamba Bazaar.[35] They broke their feet, hands, teeth, stabbed their eyes, cut their tongues and ears.[36][37][38] Plundering of the valuables of slaughtered British Indian Hindus happened in Posgam on March 25 and on the previous day in Karghalik at the hands of Uighurs.[39] Killings of Hindus took place in Khotan at the hands of the Bughra Amirs.[40] Antagonism against both the British and Hindus ran high among the Muslim Turki Uyghur rebels in Xinjiang's southern area. Muslims plundered the possessions in Karghalik of Rai Sahib Dip Chand, who was the aksakal of Britain, and his fellow Hindus in March 24, 1933, and in Keryia they slaughtered British Indian Hindus.[41] Sind's Shikarpur district was the origin of the Hindu diaspora there. The slaughter of the Hindus from British India was called the "Karghalik Outrage". The Muslims had killed 9 of them.[42] The forced removal of the Swedes was accompanied by slaughter of the Hindus in Khotan by the Islamic Turkic rebels.[43] The Emirs of Khotan slaughtered the Hindus as they forced the Swedes out and declared Shariah in Khotan in March 16, 1933.[44]
Arabian peninsula[edit]
Modern times[edit]
During the 19th century and until the end of the British Raj, much of the migration that occurred was of poor workers (Mostly Biharis and other Bhojpuri and Awadhi speaking people from the Bhojpur district of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) to other British colonies under the indenture system. The major destinations, in chronological order, were Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, other parts of the Caribbean, Fiji, East Africa, and South Africa.
Gujarati and Sindhi merchants and traders settled in the Arabian Peninsula, Aden, Oman, Bahrain, Dubai, South Africa and East African countries, most of which were ruled by the British. Indian Rupee was the legal currency in many countries of Arabian peninsula. Maneesh Media has compiled a book featuring Gujarati Diaspora named Jewels of Gujarat: Leading Global Gujarati Personalities.[45]
After independence[edit]
After the 1970s oil boom in the Middle East, numerous Indians emigrated to work in Persian Gulf countries. With modern transportation and expectations, this was on a contractual basis rather than permanent as in the 19th century cases. These countries in the Persian Gulf have a common policy of not naturalising non-Arabs, even if they are born there. Some Persian Gulf nations give citizenship if the family has lived there for many generations or years. Two examples are Kuwait and UAE.
Indians migrated in large numbers to the United States to assume professional occupations as well as business opportunities beginning in the 1960s. A second wave of Indian immigrants has been attracted to the US since the 1990s with the advent of the Information Technology (IT) boom and the concomitantly robust American economy. Indians are also attending universities in the United States and elsewhere in large numbers; as per the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the number of Indian students abroad tripled from 51,000 in 1999 to over 1,53,000 in 2007, making India second after China among the world's largest sending countries for tertiary students.
PIOs today[edit]
Overseas Indians' Day[edit]
Since 2003, the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Overseas Indians' Day) sponsored by Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, is being celebrated on 9 January each year in India, to "mark the contribution see of Overseas Indian community in the development of India". The day commemorates the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in India from South Africa, and during a three-day convention held around the day, a forum for issues concerning the Indian diaspora is held and the annual Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards are given away.[46] As of January 2006,[47] The Indian government has introduced the "Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)" scheme to allow a limited form of dual citizenship to Indians, NRIs, and PIOs for the first time since independence in 1947. The PIO Card scheme is expected to be phased out in coming years in favour of the OCI programme.
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South East Africa[edit]
Before the larger wave of migration during the British colonial era, a significant group of South Asians, especially from the west coast (Sindh, Surat, Konkan and Malabar) regularly travelled to South East Africa, especially Zanzibar. It is believed that they travelled in Arab dhows, Maratha Navy ships (under Kanhoji Angre), and possibly Chinese junks and Portuguese vessels. Some of these people settled in South East Africa and later spread to places like present day Uganda, and Mozambique. Later they mingled with the much larger wave of South Asians who came with the British.
Indian migration to the modern countries of Kenya, Uganda, Mauritius, South Africa, and Tanzania started nearly a century ago when these parts of the continent were under British and French colonial rule. Most of these migrants were of Gujarati or Punjabi origin. There are almost 3 million Indians living in South-East Africa. Indian-led businesses were (or are) the backbone of the economies of these countries. These ranged in the past from small rural grocery stores to sugar mills. In addition, Indian professionals, such as doctors, teachers, engineers, also played an important part in the development of these countries.
Indians in Madagascar are descended mostly from traders who arrived in 19th century looking for better opportunities. The majority of them came from the Indian west coast state of Gujarat and were known as Karana (Muslim) and Bania (Hindu). The majority speak Gujarati, though some other Indian languages are spoken. Nowadays the younger generations speak at least three languages including, French or English, Gujarati and Malagasy. A large number of Indians are highly educated in Madagascar, particularly the younger generation, who try to contribute their knowledge to the development of Madagascar.
Outside of India itself, Mauritius is the only country where people of Indian origin form the vast majority (not including Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago where Afro-Caribbeans and Indo-Caribbeans have equal populations, or Fiji where the Indo-Fijians once formed the majority but has declined due to large-scale emigration). The people are known as Indo-Mauritians, and form about 65.8% of the population. The majority of them are Hindu (73.7%) and a significant group are Muslims (26.3%). There are also some Bahá'ís and Sikhs, but the Bahá'í and Sikh populations are relatively small ones. The mother tongue of Indo-Mauritians is Creole, as well as French and English in general fields, however various Indian languages are still spoken, especially Bhojpuri, Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Hindi, and Urdu are used in religious activities. Mauritius hosts the Aapravasi Ghat, the only site of UNESCO in the world, to pay homage to the memory of indenture.
Mauritius is the only Hindu majority (48.5%) country of Africa according to the 2011 census.
The Indian Festivals of Maha Shivaratri, Diwali, Thaipusam, Ponggal, Ganesh Chaturthi and Ugadi are all National Holidays as well as the Annual Commemoration of the Arrival of Indian Indentured Labourers in Mauritius.
Indians make up a quarter of Réunion's population. Most originally came as indentured workers from Tamil Nadu.
South Africa[edit]
Most Asians in South Africa are descended from indentured Indian labourers who were brought by the British from India in the 19th century, mostly to work in the sugar cane plantations of what is now the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). A minority are descended from Indian traders who migrated to South Africa at around the same time, many from Gujarat. The city of Durban has the highest number of Asians in sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi worked as a lawyer in the city in the early 1900s. South Africa in fact has the highest number of people of Indian descent outside of India in the world, i.e. born in South Africa and not migrant, compared to the US. Most of them are fourth to fifth generation descent. Most Indian South Africans do not speak the Indian languages which were 'lost' over the generations, although they do enjoy watching Indian movies and listening to Indian music.
United Kingdom[edit]
The Indian emigrant community in the United Kingdom is now in its third generation. Indians in the UK are the largest community outside of Asia proportionally, and the second largest in terms of population, only surpassed by the United States, and closely followed by Canada. The first wave of Indians in the United Kingdom worked as manual labourers and were not respected within society. However, this has changed considerably. Third and fourth generation immigrants are on the whole proving to be very successful, especially in the fields of law, business and medicine.
Indian culture has been constantly referenced within the wider British culture, at first as an "exotic" influence in films like My Beautiful Laundrette, but now increasingly as a familiar feature in films like Bend It Like Beckham.
The United Kingdom Census 2011 recorded 1,451,862 people of Indian ethnicity resident in the UK (not including those who categorised themselves as of mixed ethnicity).[48] The main ethnic groups are Tamils, Marwaris, Panjabis, Gujaratis, Kannadigas, Bengalis and Anglo-Indians.[citation needed] Hindus comprise 45% of the British Indian population, Sikhs 22%, Muslims 18%, Christians nearly 5%, with the remainder made up of Jains (15,000), Parsis (Zoroastrians), and Buddhists.[citation needed]
Most Indians in the United Kingdom have settled in London, the Midlands, the North West, Yorkshire and the South East. Their presence in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and other regions is not as large. The first generation of immigrants were to be found in the east-end of London which, traditionally was the poorest area in London. However, due to gentrification, this is no longer the case.
There are 2,360,000 people currently speaking Indian languages in the United Kingdom.[49] Punjabi is now the second most widely spoken language in the United Kingdom,[50] and the most frequently spoken language among school pupils who do not have English as a first language.[51]
Netherlands and Suriname[edit]
There are around 120,000 people of Indian origin in the Netherlands, 90% of whom migrated from the former Dutch colony of Suriname, where their forefathers were brought as workers to farm and tend to crops in the former Dutch colonies.
Indo-Surinamese are nationals of Suriname of Indian or other South Asian ancestry. After the Dutch government signed a treaty with the United Kingdom on the recruitment of contract workers, Indians began migrating to Suriname in 1873 from what was then British India as indentured labourers, many from the modern-day Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and the surrounding regions. Just before and just after the independence of Suriname on 25 November 1975 many Indo-Surinamese emigrated to the Netherlands.
During the heyday of the British Raj/Empire, many people from India were sent to other British colonies for work. In the Dutch colony of Suriname, the Dutch were allowed by the British Raj to recruit labourers in certain parts of the North-Indian United Provinces.[52] Today, Europe's largest Hindu temple is currently being built in The Hague.[53]
United States of America[edit]
The United States has the largest Indian population outside of India in the world. Indian immigration to North America started as early as the 1890s. Emigration to the US also started in the late 19th and early 20th century, when Sikhs arriving in Vancouver found that the fact that they were subjects of the British Empire did not mean anything in Canada itself, and they were blatantly discriminated against. Some of these pioneers entered the US or landed in Seattle and San Francisco as the ships that carried them from Asia often stopped at these ports. Most of these immigrants were Sikhs from the Punjab region. They were referred to in the US as Hindus (due to the idea that everyone from the around and beyond the Indus river was a Hindu and also for want of a term that distinguished these immigrants from Native Americans who are called Indians).
Asian women were restricted from immigrating, because the US government passed laws in 1917, at the behest of California and other states in the west, which had experienced a large influx of Chinese, Japanese, and Indian immigrants during and after the gold rush. As a result, many of the South Asian men in California married Mexican women. A fair number of these families settled down in the Central Valley in California as farmers, and continue to this day. These early immigrants were denied voting rights, family re-unification and citizenship. In 1923 the Supreme Court of the United States, in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, ruled that people from India (at the time, British India, e.g. South Asians) were ineligible for citizenship. Bhagat Singh Thind was a Sikh from India who settled in Oregon; he had earlier applied for citizenship and was rejected in Oregon.[56] Thind became a citizen a few years later in New York.
From the first quarter of 1900, missionaries from the US travelled to Kerala spreading and preaching Pentecostalism denomination. Many Pentecostal sub denominations including Assemblies of God, Church of God etc. invited the local Keralites / Malayalis to the US for theology studies.
After World War II, US immigration policy changed to allow family re-unification for people of non-white origin after being banned for almost half a century. In addition, Asians were allowed to become citizens and to vote. A large number of the men who arrived before the 1940s were finally able to bring their families to the US; most of them in this earlier era settled in California and other west coast states.
Another wave of Indian immigrants entered the US after independence of India. A large proportion of them were Sikhs joining their family members under the new more (though not completely) colour-blind immigration laws, then Malayali immigrants from Middle East, Kerala etc. and professionals or students that came from all over India. The Cold War created a need for engineers in the defence and aerospace industries, some of whom came from India. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, Marwaris, Gujarati, Kannadigas, Telugu and Tamil people settled in the US. The most recent and probably the largest wave of immigration to date occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s during the internet boom. As a result, Indians in the US are now one of the largest among the groups of immigrants with an estimated population of about 3.2 million, or ~1.0% of the US population according to American Community Survey of 2010 data.[57] The US Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians.
In contrast to the earliest groups of Indians who entered the US workforce as taxi drivers, labourers, farmers or small business owners, the later arrivals often came as professionals or completed graduate study here and moved into the professions. They have become very successful financially thanks to the hi-tech industry, and are thus probably the most well-off community of immigrants. They are well represented in all walks of life, but particularly so in academia, information technology and medicine. There were over 4,000 PIO professors and 84,000 Indian-born students in American universities in 2007-08. The American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin has a membership of 35,000. In 2000, Fortune magazine estimated the wealth generated by Indian Silicon Valley entrepreneurs at around $250 billion.
The New York City Metropolitan Area, including Manhattan, Queens, and Nassau County in New York, and Jersey City, Edison, Plainsboro, Bergen County, and Parsippany in New Jersey, is home to by far the largest Indian population in the United States,[54] estimated at 679,173 as of 2014.[55]
Though the Indian diaspora in the US is largely concentrated in metropolitan areas such as New York City (enumerating 679,173 Indian Americans as of the 2014 American Community Survey by the US Census Bureau, composing by far the largest Asian Indian population of any metropolitan area in the United States);[55] Washington DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, almost every metropolitan area in the US has a community of Indians.
According to Statistics Canada, in 2011 there were 1,260,000 people who classified themselves as being of Indian origin, including terms of "East Indian", South Asian or Indo-Canadian.[59] In 2001, Sikhs represented 34%, Hindus 27%, Muslims 17% and Christians 16% (7% Protestant/Evangelical, 9% Catholic) of the total people of Indian origin in Canada.[60] Relatively few people of Indian origin have no religious affiliation.
The first known Indian settlers in Canada were Indian Army soldiers who had passed through Canada in 1897 on their way back home from attending Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebration in London, England. Some are believed to have remained in British Columbia and others returned there later. A Sikh-Canadian community has existed in Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada, for over 100 years. Punjabi Indians were attracted to the possibilities for farming and forestry. They were mainly male Sikhs who were seeking work opportunities. Indo-Caribbeans, descendants of the Indian indentured workers who had gone to the Caribbean since 1838, made an early appearance in Canada with the arrival of the Trinidadian medical student Kenneth Mahabir and the Demerara (now Guyana) clerk M N Santoo, both in 1908.
The first Indian immigrants in British Columbia allegedly faced widespread racism from the local white Canadians. Race riots targeted these immigrants, as well as new Chinese immigrants. Most decided to return to India, while a few stayed behind. The Canadian government prevented these men from bringing their wives and children until 1919, another reason why many of them chose to leave. Quotas were established to prevent many Indians from moving to Canada in the early 20th century. These quotas allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when the number was increased to 300. In 1967, all quotas were scrapped. Immigration was then based on a point system, thus allowing many more Indians to enter. Since this open-door policy was adopted, Indians continue to come in large numbers, and roughly 25,000-30,000 arrive each year (which now makes Indians the second highest group immigrating to Canada each year, after the Chinese).
Most Indians choose to immigrate to larger urban centres like Toronto, and Vancouver, where more than 70% live. Smaller communities are also growing in Calgary, Edmonton, and Montreal. A place called Little India exists in Vancouver and a section of Gerrard Street (Toronto) in Toronto as well. Indians in Vancouver mainly live in the suburb of Surrey, or nearby Abbotsford but are also found in other parts of Vancouver. The vast majority of Vancouver Indians are of Sikh origin and have taken significant roles in politics and other professions, with several Supreme Court justices, three Attorneys General and one provincial premier hailing from the community. Both Gurmant Grewal and his wife Nina Grewal were the first married couple in Canada to be concurrently elected as Member of Parliament in 2004. Most read newspaper in the Indian community is The Asian Star and The Punjabi Star based in Vancouver started by an immigrant from Mumbai-Shamir Doshi.
The Greater Toronto Area contains the second largest population of Indian descent in North America, enumerating 572,250 residents of Indian origin as of 2011, surpassed only by the 592,888 estimate by the 2011 American Community Survey[61][62] (and 659,784 in 2013[63]) for the New York City Combined Statistical Area. Note, however, that the Toronto count (but not the New York count) includes individuals of West Indian/Indo-Caribbean descent. Compared to the Vancouver area, Toronto's Indian community is much more linguistically and religiously diverse with large communities of Gujaratis, Malayalis, and Tamils, as well as more Indians who are Hindu, Christian and Muslim than Vancouver. From Toronto, Indian air carrier Jet Airways offers daily flights to Delhi via Amsterdam, while Canadian carrier Air Canada operates non-stop flights to Delhi and (starting July 1, 2017), Mumbai.[64]
From 1838 to 1917, over half a million Indians from the former British Raj or British India, were brought to the British West Indies as indentured servants to address the demand for labour following the abolition of slavery. The first two ships arrived in British Guiana (now Guyana) on 5 May 1838.
The majority of the Indians living in the English-speaking Caribbean migrated from eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar, while those brought to Guadeloupe and Martinique were mostly from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. A minority emigrated from other parts of South Asia, including present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh. Other Indo-Caribbean people descend from later migrants, including Indian doctors, Gujarati businessmen and migrants from Kenya and Uganda. A vague community of modern-day immigrants from India is to be found on Saint-Martin / Sint Maarten and other islands with duty-free commercial capabilities, where they are active in business.
Indo-Caribbean's are the largest ethnic group in Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. They are the second largest group in Jamaica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and other countries. There are small populations of them in Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, French Guiana, Grenada, Panama, Guatemala, St Lucia, Haiti, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and the Netherlands Antilles.
The indentured Indians and their descendants have actively contributed to the evolution of their adopted lands in spite of many difficulties. Jamaica has always celebrated the arrival of the East Indians in Old Harbour Bay on 13 May. In 2003, Martinique celebrated the 150th anniversary of Indian arrival. Guadeloupe did the same in 2004. These celebrations were not the fact of just the Indian minority but the official recognition by the French and local authorities of their integration and their wide-scale contribution in various fields from agriculture to education and politics, and to the diversification of the Creole culture. Thus the noted participation of the whole multi-ethnic population of the two islands in these events.[65]
South America[edit]
The migrations of Indians began when the British had Guyana as a colony, primarily in the same time period Indians started migrating to other British colonies. Later on the Dutch colonists had a trade off with the "British Raj" to import Indians into one of their biggest colonies, Suriname. The French has also imported Indians, although with small numbers. The latest pre-world war migration has taken place since 1873 in Suriname and was only stopped due to the first world war 1914. See more under Netherlands and Suriname.
In 2006, the newly formed Nepal parliament passed the controversial citizenship act Nepal citizenship law that allowed nearly 2 million Indian people especially living in Madhesh of Nepal to acquire Nepalese citizenship and Nepalese identity via naturalisation.[66] There are about 2 million Nepalese people of Indian origin assembled into already existing Madhesi people of indigenous Nepalese origin who were living in Madhesh of Nepal.[67] The total number of Indian citizens temporarily living and working in Nepal is estimated to be somewhere between 2 and 3 million.[68] Nepal is also the 7th largest source of remittance to India, with remittance from Nepal to India amounting to nearly $3.5 billion in the 2013/2014.[69][70]
Though there are no official figures, it is estimated that there are around 125,000 Indians living in Indonesia and 25,000 PIOs/NRIs living in Indonesia of which the Indian expatriate community registered with the Embassy and Consulate in Medan numbers around 5,000-7,000 peoples. Mostly are from Tamil descendants.
Indians have been living in Indonesia for centuries, from the time of the Srivijaya and Majapahit Empire both of which were Hindu and heavily influenced by the subcontinent. Indians were later brought to Indonesia by the Dutch in the 19th century as indentured labourers to work on plantations located around Medan in Sumatra. While the majority of these came from South India, a significant number also came from the north India. The Medan Indians included Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. They have now been in Indonesia for over four generations and hold Indonesian passports. While local statistics continue to suggest that there are some 40,000 PIOs in Sumatra, the vast majority are now completely assimilated in Indonesian society, though some elements of the Tamil, Sikh and Bihari communities still maintain their cultural traditions.
The Indian diaspora also includes several thousand Sindhi families who constitute the second wave of Indian immigrants who made Indonesia their home in the first half of the 20th century. The Sindhi community is mainly engaged in trading and commerce.
Among these communities, Tamils and to a lesser extent Sikhs were primarily engaged in agriculture while Sindhis and Punjabis mainly established themselves in textile trade and sports business.
The inflow of major Indian investments in Indonesia starting in the late 1970s drew a fresh wave of Indian investors and managers to this country. This group of entrepreneurs and business professionals has further expanded over the past two decades and now includes engineers, consultants, chartered accountants, bankers and other professionals.
The Indian community is very well regarded in Indonesia, is generally prosperous and includes individuals holding senior positions in local and multinational companies.
Due to economic factors, most traders and businessmen among PIOs have over past decades moved to Jakarta from outlying areas such as Medan and Surabaya. Almost half the Indian Community in Indonesia is now Jakarta-based; it is estimated that the population of Jakarta's Indian community is about 19,000.[71] There are six main social or professional associations in Jakarta's Indian PIO/NRI community. Gandhi Seva Loka (formerly known as Bombay Merchants Association) is a charitable institution run by the Sindhi community and is engaged mainly in educational and social activities. The India Club is a social organisation of PIO/NRI professionals. An Indian Women's Association brings together PIO/NRI spouses and undertakes charitable activities. There is a Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee in Jakarta and Sindhis as well as Sikhs are associated with Gurudwara activities The Economic Association of Indonesia and India (ECAII) brings together leading entrepreneurs from the Indian community with the objective of promoting bilateral economic relations, but has been largely inactive. Finally, there is the Indonesian Chapter of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI).
Indians in Japan consist of migrants from India to Japan and their descendants. As of December 2008[update], there were 22,335 Indian nationals living in Japan.[72] Roughly 60% consist of expatriate IT professionals and their families.[73]
Malaysia has one of the world's largest overseas Indian and overseas Chinese populations. Most Indians migrated to Malaysia as plantation labourers under British rule. They are a significant minority ethnic group, making up 8% of the Malaysian population. Most of these people are Tamils but Telugu, Punjabi and Malayalam- speaking people are also present. They have retained their languages and religion — 88% of ethnic Indians in Malaysia identify as Hindus. A significant number of the population are Sikhs and the rest are Christians and Muslims.
There is also a small community of Indian origin, the Chitty, who are the descendants of Tamil traders who had emigrated before 1500 CE, and Chinese and Malay locals. Considering themselves Tamil, speaking Malay, and practicing Hinduism, the Chittys number about 2,000 today.
India and Philippines have historic ties going back over 3000 years and there are over 150,000 people of Indian origin in Philippines[74]
Indian Filipinos are Philippine citizens of Indian descent.
Iron Age finds in the Philippines also point to the existence of trade between Tamil Nadu in South India and the Philippines Islands during the ninth and tenth centuries BCE.[75] The influence of Culture of India on Culture of the Philippines intensified from the 2nd through the late 14th centuries CE.[76]
Indians from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India also came with the British expedition against Manila that took the city from the Spaniards and occupied Manila and the area around Caintâ and Morong (which is now Rizal province) between 1762 and 1763. Many of them declined to leave, mutinied, and married local Tagalog women, which explains why many Filipinos around Caintâ, Rizal are Indian descendants.[77][78]
Indian Singaporeans—defined as persons of South Asian paternal ancestry—form 10% of the country's citizens and permanent residents, making them Singapore's third largest ethnic group. Among cities, Singapore has one of the largest overseas Indian populations.
Although contact with ancient India left a deep cultural impact on Singapore's indigenous Malay society, the mass migration of ethnic Indians to the island only began with the founding of modern Singapore by the British in 1819. Initially, the Indian population was transient, mainly comprising young men who came as workers, soldiers and convicts. By the mid-20th century, a settled community had emerged, with a more balanced gender ratio and a better spread of age groups. Tamil is one among the four official languages of Singapore alongside English, Chinese and Malay.
Singapore's Indian population is notable for its class stratification, with disproportionately large elite and lower income groups. This long-standing problem has grown more visible since the 1990s with an influx of both well-educated and unskilled migrants from India, and as part of growing income inequality in Singapore. Indians earn higher incomes than Malays, the other major minority group. Indians are also significantly more likely to hold university degrees than these groups. However, the mainly locally born Indian students in public primary and secondary schools under-perform the national average at major examinations.
Singapore Indians are linguistically and religiously diverse, with ethnic Tamils and nominal Hindus forming small majorities. Indian culture has endured and evolved over almost 200 years. By the mid to late 20th century, it had become somewhat distinct from contemporary South Asian cultures, even as Indian elements became diffused within a broader Singaporean culture. Since the 1990s, new Indian immigrants have increased the size and complexity of the local Indian population. Together with modern communications like cable television and the internet, this has connected Singapore with an emerging global Indian culture.
Prominent Indian individuals have long made a mark in Singapore as leaders of various fields in national life. Indians are also collectively well represented, and sometimes over-represented, in areas such as politics, education, diplomacy and the law. There is also a small community of Indian origin, the Chitty, who are the descendants of Tamil traders who had emigrated before 1500 CE, and Chinese and Malay locals. Considering themselves Tamil, speaking Malay, and practicing Hinduism, the Chittys number about 2,000 today. Also there are few Marwaris in Singapore doing business successfully.
West Asia[edit]
There is a huge population of NRIs in the West Asia, most coming from Kerala and Hyderabad. They work as engineers, doctors, lawyers, labourers and for clerical jobs. Unlike in Europe and Americas, most of the countries in the West Asia do not provide citizenship or permanent residency to these Indians, however long they might live there. The Persian Gulf region has provided incomes many times over for the same type of job in India and has geographical proximity to India, and these incomes are free of taxation. The NRIs make up a good proportion of the working class in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). NRI population in these GCC countries is estimated to be around 6 million (2007), of which a quarter is resident in the UAE.[79] In 2005, about 40% of the population in the United Arab Emirates was of Indian descent. Majority of them originate from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Goa. Similarly, Indians are the single largest nationality in Qatar, representing around 25% of the total population as of 2014.[80] NRI population tends to save and remit considerable amount to their dependents in India. It is estimated such remittances may be over USD 10 billion per annum (including remittances by formal and informal channels in 2007-2008). Since these people travel to their homes often twice or thrice a year, they are very close to the Indian culture. There are TV soaps aimed at them, especially Tiarts for Goans living in UAE also there are shows that happen quite often through the community groups in the UAE. Many NRIs live for a couple of months in the year in India, often during the holiday periods. They often continue their banking relationships & telecom relationships in India. (Source: Research by S Kadwe, 2009).
The Bene Israel (Hebrew: בני ישראל, "Sons of Israel", Marathi:बेने इस्राएल) are a group of Jews who migrated in the 19th century from villages in the Konkan area to the nearby Indian cities, primarily Mumbai, but also to Pune, and Ahmedabad. In the second half of the 20th century, most of them emigrated to Israel, where they now number about 60,000. The native language of the Bene Israel is Judæo-Marathi, a form of Marathi.
The Jews of Cochin, in Kerala (Cochin Jews), were another prominent community that migrated to Israel after its creation. They were granted protection by the King of the Princely State of Cochin. The earliest Jews in this region, as per local tradition, date to as early as 379 CE. The community was a mix of native Jews (called 'Black Jews'), and European Jews (called 'White Jews') who had emigrated to Cochin after the successive European conquests of Cochin. The Jewish community of Cochin spoke a variant of Malayalam, called Judeo-Malayalam. The community, after the creation of Israel, saw a mass exodus from Cochin, and is presently facing extinction.
Another group of Indians to arrive in Israel belong to the Bnei Menashe ("Children of Menasseh", Hebrew בני מנשה) a group of more than 9,000 people from India's North-Eastern border states of Manipur and Mizoram, who claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel, and of whom about 1,700 now live in Israel (some of them in Israeli settlements on the West Bank). Linguistically, Bnei Menashe are Tibeto-Burmans and belong to the Mizo, Kuki and Chin peoples (the terms are virtually interchangeable).[81] The move to convert them to Judaism and bring them to Israel is politically controversial in both India and Israel.[citation needed]
In 2009, it was estimated that there were over 390,894 Australians of Indian origin, of whom 308,542 were born in India.[82] Before roads and road transport were developed, many Indians had come to Australia to run camel trains. They would transport goods and mail via camel in the desert. Some of the earliest Punjabi arrivals in Australia included Kareem Bux who came as a hawker to Bendigo in 1893, Sardar Beer Singh Johal who came in 1895 and Sardar Narain Singh Heyer who arrived in 1898. Many Punjabis took part in the rush for gold on the Victorian fields.
Indians also entered Australia in the first half of the 20th century when both Australia and India were still British colonies. Indian Sikhs came to work on the banana plantations in Southern Queensland. Today a large number of them live in the town of Woolgoolga (a town lying roughly halfway between Sydney and Brisbane). Some of these Indians, the descendants of Sikh plantation workers, now own banana farms in the area. There are two Sikh temples in Woolgoolga. One of which even has a museum dedicated to Sikhism. A large number of Britons and Anglo-Indians born in India migrated to Australia after 1947. These British citizens decided to settle in Australia in large numbers but are still counted as 'Indian' Nationals in the census. The third wave of Indians entered the country in the 1980s. After the policy was abolished many Indian teachers and doctors settled in Australia. Another big influx began with the IT revolution. Large numbers of Indian IT professionals arrived in Australia from 1976 onwards. After successive military coups in Fiji of 1987 and 2000 a significant number of Fijian-Indians migrated to Australia as such there is a large Fijian-Indian population in Australia. Fijian-Indians have significantly changed the character of the Indian community in Australia. While most earlier Indian migration was by educated professionals, the Fijian-Indian community was also largely by professionals but also brought many small business owners and entrepreneurs.
The current wave of Indian migration is that of engineers, toolmakers, Gujarati business families from East Africa and relatives of settled Indians. Starved of government funding, Australian education institutes are recruiting full fee paying overseas students. Many universities have permanent representatives stationed in India and other Asian countries. Their efforts have been rewarded and a new influx of Indian students entering Australia. The total number of student visas granted to Indian students for 2006-2007 were 34,136;[83] a significant rise from 2002 to 2003 when 7,603 student visa's were granted Indian students.[84] As artistic director of Abhinay School of Performing Arts, Aishveryaa Nidhi has been actively trying to connect India with Australia through Art & Culture.[85][86] According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, 87% of Indians residing in Australia are aged under 50 and over 83% of the population are proficient in English.
New Zealand[edit]
Indians began to arrive in New Zealand in the late eighteenth century, mostly as crews on British ships. A small number deserted; the earliest known Indian resident of New Zealand was living with a Māori wife in the Bay of Islands in 1815.[citation needed] Numbers slowly increased through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, despite a law change in 1899 which was designed to keep out people who were not of 'British birth and parentage'. As in many other countries, Indians in New Zealand dispersed throughout the country and had a high rate of small business ownership, particularly fruit and vegetable shops and convenience stores. At this stage most Indian New Zealanders originated from Gujarat. Changes in immigration policy in the 1980s allowed many more Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis into the country, and the 1987 and 2000 military coups in Fiji caused a large increase in the number of Fijian Indians coming to New Zealand. Notable Indian New Zealanders include former Dunedin mayor Sukhi Turner, cricketers Dipak Patel and Jeetan Patel, singer Aaradhna, and former Governor General Anand Satyanand.[87]
Indo-Fijians are Fijians whose ancestors came from India and various other parts of South Asia. They number 3,13,798 (37.6%) (2007 census) out of a total of 8,27,900 people living in Fiji.[88] They are mostly descended from indentured labourers, girmitiyas or girmit, brought to the islands by Fiji's British colonial rulers between 1879 and 1916 to work on Fiji's sugar cane plantations. Music has featured prominently in Indo-Fijian culture, with a distinctive genre emerging in the first decades of the 20th century that some claim influenced early jazz musicians. The Indo-Fijians have fought for equal rights, although with only limited success. Many have left Fiji in search of better living conditions and social justice and this exodus has gained pace with the series of coups starting in the late 1980s.
See also[edit]
Diaspora of Indian ethnic groups[edit]
- World Malayalee Council
- Department of Non Resident Keralites Affairs
- Gujarati diaspora
- Tamil diaspora
- Telugu diaspora
- Sindhi diaspora
- Kashmiri diaspora
- Bihari diaspora
- Punjabi diaspora (Sikhs)
- Non Resident Oriya
Related diasporas[edit]
- List of NRIs
- Indianized kingdom
- Indian Arrival Day
- Indo-Caribbean, Indo-Caribbean American, British Indo-Caribbean people
- Indian diaspora in East Africa
- Indophobia
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- ^ a b c "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES - 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates - Asian Indian alone". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
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- ^ [2]. Emirates24/7 Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
- ^ A microcosm of India in the heart of oil-rich Kuwait
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- ^ Joshua Project. "Cuba :: Joshua Project". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ "Sorry for the inconvenience.". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
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- ^ "自分で脱毛処理をする時のポイント!キレイに仕上げる方法!". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. "Bharat Dadlani: "La comunidad hindú de Chile se siente como en casa"". Observatorio Asiapacifico. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
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- ^ http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian diaspora. |


text:
This is a nice quick and easy recipe for spinach cheese dip that can be made ahead and kept in the refrigerator for up to 7 days. The spinach dip can either be served chilled or warm. We prefer it with crackers, but toast points and chips go well with this dip as well.
1 package frozen spinach 1 cup mayonnaise 4 oz can water chestnuts, drained and chopped 8 oz sour cream 1 package Knorr Vegetable Soup Mix
Mix all ingredients and place in a sealed container. Refrigerate for 2 hours before serving.
Serve with tortilla chips, crackers or toasted bread points.
*note: If desired, spinach dip can be heated in microwave or oven prior to serving.
Related Recipes: Appetizer Recipes


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Pessoas | 6 |
Quartos | 3 |
Banheiros | 2 |
Área | 1.200 sq. ft. |
Tipo de imóvel | casa |
Estadia Mínima | 30 noites |
Lovely, casa de estilo clássico de Santa. 30 dias + aluguel. 3 quartos e 2 banheiros com estudo, esta bela casa é artisticamente decorados e equipados e dispõe de uma cozinha equipada, espaços ao ar livre deslumbrantes, eo charme de vigas (vigas), kivas interiores e exteriores (lareiras), e pisos de madeira por toda parte. O conceito aberto cozinha-sala de jantar-sala de visitas é perfeito para relaxar ou entreter. Existem 3 conjuntos de portas francesas para trazer o ar fresco dentro Santa Fe, permitindo fácil acesso a pátios ao ar livre e uma lareira exterior. Flores, jardins e um fácil 7 minutos de carro do centro velho de Santa Fe (Santa Fe Plaza). 2 milhas para o Mercado do Agricultor Santa Fe; um bloco para acessar a andar / trilhas corrida / bicicleta, e uma quadra de parque da comunidade com playground.
The home and gardens are very enchanting! We enjoyed dining and sitting out in the private, beautiful patio. The home was completely furnished for our vacation rental. Lisa Braunberg was very helpful and friendly in meeting all our needs and providing us with local information. The house has nice neighbors and is in a quiet neighborhood, with a large park nearby. The property is close to the center of Santa Fe. If we return to Santa Fe, we'd love to stay here again!
We loved the house right from the start, has very nice curb appeal. The home has old fashioned southwestern charm but with all the modern updates that made us feel comfortable. We loved and enjoyed the outdoor space and enjoyed our meals on the patio. The neighborhood is also very nice, we enjoyed walking around the neighborhood. We highly recommend this home and we're hoping we will return -- soon!
So inviting and cozy...from the minute we opened the front door. Especially loved the patio with the kiva in the yard. Great location, easily accessible to the plaza and the equestrian grounds, where we spent much of our time. Clean, comfortable so nice to come "home" to at the end of the day!! Captured that warm feeling of Santa Fe. Can't wait to come back!!
The house was really nice and we particularly enjoyed the open garden. Lisa was more than accommodating to our needs. We will definitely stay again!
A very comfortable and beautiful home to stay in with close proximity to all of the wonderful things Santa Fe has to offer. The space was perfect for our family and the kids loved the backyard.
We had a great time in Santa Fe, and it had a lot to do with staying at this property! The house and yard were clean and well maintained, and the location made it super convenient to visit museums, shopping and restaurants (some were walking distance). It is also very close to a number of markets which made getting food and eating in easy (stress free!). We loved the back yard and the fire pit. The neighborhood is very quiet ( there is a big park behind the house that you access down the street). We took the kids up to ski and play in the snow - not far, about 30 minutes away. I would absolutely recommend this property to our friends, and would stay here again!
Validade da Tarifa | por noite | Noite (fim de semana) | por semana | por mês * | Pacote ou Evento | ||||
Tarifa Básica
Estadia mínima: 30 noite(s)
Taxa de animais de estimação | R$ 312 |
Seguro-Fiança | R$ 309 |
30 day cancellation policy.
* Tarifa mensal aproximada. O valor real dependerá dos dias em que você de fato se hospedar no imóvel.


text: When developing web applications one challenge is web server mocking. If you are writing an application that ultimately relies on a connection to a web server how do you effectively stand up a mock server? In the past many developers would rely on the standards, Microsoft IIS and Apache for example, which are separate applications running locally or on a development server. But the big issue here is dynamically changing their configurations – a primary requirement of mock environments. This is hard to achieve since these are separate applications tightly integrated with the local operating system and keep under lock and key by rigid security protocols.


text:
Union Wood Co. Dog Collar - Brown
Union Wood Co. Dog Collar - Brown
For a man or woman's BFF. This 3/4" wide leather dog collar features a brass roller buckle, rivets, tag and leash rings. Manufactured in Vancouver, BC, Canada. Union Wood Co.'s Craig Pearson focuses on the aesthetic aspects of vintage industrial objects and construction. He utilizes antique wood and other raw materials in his custom reclaimed furniture pieces. His designs are bold, uncomplicated and one of a kind.
Developed by two friends who shared the same idea of how they wanted their kids to dress. Adult style clothing for small humans.


text:
Category Archives: Design
A Luxurious wedding at Liuna Station featured on Wedluxe
Happy Friday everyone! We are over the moon to share another wedding featured on Wedluxe today. This wedding is nearView full post »
WEDDING FEATURE: Regal Romance
Wedding Feature: Regal Romance Today we're featuring a Regal Romance wedding that took place last summer in Toronto.View full post »
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Destination Wedding Invites With wedding season in full bloom, invitations have been sealed, signed and delivered. IfView full post »
Spring Wedding Open House – Trump Toronto
Oliver & Bonacini hosted the 2016 Spring Wedding Open House at Trump Toronto last week, filled with elegant decorView full post »
A Happy Valentine's Photo Shoot
Happy Valentine's Day! Despite the cold arctic air we have been experiencing, a nice Valentine's treat canView full post »
Wedding Feature: A Modern East Meets West Wedding
Wedding Feature: A Modern East Meets West Wedding In celebration of the Chinese New Year, we're featuring a beautifulView full post »
A Very Happy Valentine's Day Style Shoot
Happy Valentine's Day! It appears that Love is in the (cold) Air! We have a Valentine's Day present to ourView full post »
Weddinspiration Board: Shikiri Concept
Hi Everyone! I've come back with a new Weddinspiration! This week is based off a design by the French architect,View full post »
Weddinspiration Board: Jeff Koons High art inspired wedding
We love little details in our daily life and we get inspired by them. This Weddinspiration board is based on theView full post »
Pantone Color of 2012: Tangerine Tango
Pantone LLC, universal authority on all things color, has announced over the weekend their choice for Pantone Color ofView full post »
Freaky Cakes for the Unique Taste in You
Just when you think you've seen it all… Here's some freakishly amazing cake installations that can beView full post »


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Product 1/2
Birdsfoot Trefoil Seed - Birdsfoot trefoil is a long-lived perennial legume ideally suited for many pastures in central northeast. Birdsfoot Trfoil grows and produces forage during July and August when most cool season grasses are semi-dormant. Trefoil does not cause bloat, as do many other commonly used legumes.
Don't forget to purchase the required inoculant for this product. A combination of trefoil and bluegrass or other cool-season grasses will produce three times as much feed as unimproved grass. Even heavily fertilized grass will produce one-third less beef per acre than a trefoil-bluegrass combination. Other benefits from introducing trefoil into grass pastures include 30 percent higher daily gains by the grazing animals and more uniform distribution of forage production. Trefoil makes 60 percent of its production during June, July and August. Plant: 5-10 lbs. per acre. Region of adaptation Birdsfoot trefoil will grow anywhere in Missouri, but it is more persistent in the northern and central regions. It produces exceptionally well on Shelby-Grundy and similar soil types. It has been least successful on level soils with poor internal drainage, such as Putnam and Mexico soil types. In poorly drained soils, diseases such as root rot become more severe and careful grazing management is necessary to maintain stands. It is not as sensitive to acid soils and soils with low fertility as most other legumes except lespedeza.
Use In Missouri, birdsfoot trefoil should be used primarily as a pasture legume. It should not be expected to replace alfalfa or other forages as a hay crop for several reasons. It doesn't have the yielding ability of most legumes when managed as a hay crop, and in some cases it has been damaged when cut for hay. Establishment Trefoil is no more difficult to establish than other forages, but it requires a different technique. During the seedling period (first 60 to 90 days of life), it is less aggressive than most plants, so competition from other plants must be controlled.
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Steve Morse Bonus: Gear Gallery
October 20th, 2009Steve Morse's live rig from the Out Standing In Their Field tour. These pictures were taken on October 20th, 2009 in Boston, Massachusetts.
Click on the thumbnails below to view the full-size images:
Steve Morse's Complete Rig
Steve Morse's Signature Engl Amps
Steve Morse's Rack Gear
Steve Morse's Pedalboard
Steve Morse's Picks