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The critical review
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This report will form a critical review of three selected research articles. It will analyse, evaluate and ultimately critique certain research designs and evaluate their effectiveness in achieving the proposed research aims and objectives. Research objectives including the relevance of research objectives, researcher control of variables, theories or frameworks used, limitations, main findings and future research directions will be analysed in order to accomplish this. The review will analyse the following three articles; Work - Unit Absenteeism: Effects of satisfaction, commitment, labour market conditions, and Time (Hausknecht, Hiller & Vance) from the Academy of Management Journal, Level of dispersion of satisfaction in teams: Using foci and social context to explain the satisfaction - absenteeism relationship (Dineen, Noe, Shaw, & Wiethoff) from the Academy of Management Journal, and "Taking a sickie": Job satisfaction and job involvement as interactive predictors of absenteeism in a public organisation (Wegge, Schmidt, Parkes & van Dick) from the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.
The underlying themes that are evident in the three articles are job satisfaction and absenteeism. It should also be noted that the studies in question have been included in scholarly publications after 2005.
Research Design Characteristics
This section of the paper will attempt to define the terminology and ideas used within the reviews. The review will critique the research characteristics and evaluate their effectiveness in achieving the research aims and objectives.
Firstly, the aim is to identify the objective of the research. In highly regarded research, the objective will be very clear and unambiguous so as to avoid any uncertainty in the findings (Zikmund, 2003: 65) Concepts are then presented, laying the underpinning development of hypotheses. Concepts can be defined as a characteristic or generalised idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences or processes providing a basic unit for theory development (Cooper & Schindler, 2008: 57). An examination of the theories and frameworks employed within the article will provide further understanding into the inter-relationships and important variables within the studies.
A hypothesis is then formulated as a tentative and conjectural statement designed for empirical testing concerning the relationship between two or more variables (Cooper & Schindler, 2008: 64). These can come from descriptive or relational hypotheses (Coote & Len. 2009: Lecture 2). Variables are identified and classified according to their nature as the researcher observes the hypothesis being tested. These types of variables include: Dependent variables (criterion variables) that have to be predicted or explained, independent variables (explanatory variables) which influence the dependent variable and its value may be altered independently of any other variable. Moderating variables are a type of independent variable that has a considerable effect on the original IV-DV relationship. Finally, mediating variables (or intervening variables) affect or influence a dependant variable (Cooper & Schindler, 2008: 62). Topical scope is concerned with what information is being obtained. Statistical studies are concerned with the breadth of information gathered, rather than the depth (Quantitative data), whilst case studies place more emphasis on gathering detailed information (Qualitative data) (Cooper & Schindler, 2008: 144). Subject perception is another factor that the researcher should be aware of. Subject perception is the participant's awareness in relation to the studies being conducted, and often has dramatic influences on research outcomes (Cooper & Schindler, 2008: 145).
The research design is constructed to include three types of research:
- Exploratory research is small scale research conducted to clarify and define the nature of the problem
- Descriptive research is designed to quantitatively describe characteristics or the level of a phenomenon, and
- Explanatory research, otherwise known as causal research, describes the relationship between to inter-correlated variables) (Zikmund, 2003: 54).
Once the research design has been selected, the reader can than identify the research environment, for example, whether the results were obtained in the field or in a laboratory environment. Furthermore, the reader must distinguish the methods of data collection, whether it is observational studies (watching) or by means of communication processes (the reader questions the subjects and collects their responses through personal or impersonal means). The time dimension is crucial to discerning whether studies are cross sectional (studies are carried out at one point in time) or longitudinal (repeated over an extended period to track changes over time) (Cooper & Schindler, 2008: 144)
Finally, the reader must assess whether the research objectives gave been achieved, and any issues or limitations with the research are recognised and dealt with for future studies.
Summary of Articles
Upon closer inspection of the three articles' research design characteristics, it can be seen that there are many key similarities and differences between the articles in the area of job satisfaction.
In the first article, Hausknecht, Hiller and Vance (2008) investigated the effects of satisfaction, commitment, labour market conditions and time on absenteeism in the workplace. This explanatory study collected data at five points over six years. Social influence theories considered by state that members of a work unit develop homogenous attitudes about their jobs and organization, including shared levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. It was evident in the research that job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and local unemployment were time-varying predictors of absenteeism.
A longitudinal time frame for the collection of the responses was used and data was gathered within a large state agency consisting of approximately 12,500 employees located within 115 work units. Researcher control of variables included work unit size and given the nature of the employees' work dummy variables were implemented to represent the work - unit types. The obtained results were in support of the first five hypotheses, however disagreed with hypothesis 6 and 7. Hypothesis 6 and 7 forecasted that job satisfaction and organizational commitment would be related to the rate of change in absenteeism, results revealed that none of the parameters were statistically significant.
Limitations in the research were recognized by the authors including; the call for more extensive tests regarding social and normative factors, the single source of data collection and most importantly, that their longitudinal research design was unsuccessful in testing causality inferences. The authors suggested possible future research into whether group level dynamics, such as cohesiveness or absence culture mediate the effects of unit level shared attitudes. Although the culture - absence relationship has been documented at the individual level, unit-level tests are needed.
In article two, Dinen, Noe, Shaw and Wiethoff (2007) partake in a cross - sectional investigation into the relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism at a team level using social contextual underpinnings to indicate the dispersion of satisfaction. The study builds upon previous theories conducted at the individual level. Initially, the researchers expected these findings to materialise at higher levels of analysis, such as at the team level. This exploratory research sheds light on the job satisfaction and absenteeism relationship through satisfaction focus and the social context in which satisfaction experience is considered.
There were two studies conducted for their research. Firstly, a sample of 450 undergraduate students enrolled in 11 different business administration classes at a large university within the U.S.A. In order to account for work teams in organisational settings, a second study was administrated where 1,457 employees within an automobile manufacturing company were examined.
The controlled variables included team size, gender, ethnic diversity and medium team tenure. Results of the studies led researchers to conclude that mean levels of course or job satisfaction were unrelated to absenteeism when satisfaction dispersion among team members was lower. However, absenteeism and team satisfaction were highly related when dispersion in teams was lower.
Some limitations within studies were identified as; the two samples were extremely diverse, the limited team tenure in study 1 contributed to weaker overall effects and neither study accounted for unintentional absences, for example; legitimate illness. The authors suggested possible future research that investigates specific patterns of social interaction among team members which enhances the understanding of common in-group identity and social support.
In the third article, Wegge, Schmidt, Parkes and van Dick (2007) focused on job involvement and job satisfaction as interactive predictors of absenteeism in a public organisation. The researchers conducted a review of existing literature and identified a requirement for interactive effects of attitudes with different targets such as job involvement. The research design was explanatory (causal), and studies delved into how job satisfaction and job involvement influenced attitudes towards absenteeism.
Studies were conducted in a large federal organisation within Germany, using a cross - sectional time frame design. 498 employees completed the voluntary questionnaire during work hours. Controlled variables were the demographic, job level, (e.g. gender, office tenure) time lost and absence variables.
It was evident that for employees lacking job satisfaction, the impact of job involvement on absenteeism is higher than employees with high job satisfaction. Moreover, previous studies were supported with the finding that interactions between central work attitudes are fundamental predictors of absenteeism. Authors addressed multiple limitations including the incremental variance explained by the interaction terms with respect to absence frequency and time lost absence is rather small. Future research is recommended in the familiarisation of the interactions between job satisfaction and job involvement.

subset: commoncrawl


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The U.S. District Court has issued an order requiring same-sex marriage be allowed in Oregon effective May 19, 2014.
Can county marriage offices continue to use old forms?
Marriage licenses issued on the old form (paper form revision date 01/12) by the county after the effective date set by the court will not be accepted by the Oregon Vital Records.
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What are the major changes in the form?
There are two significant changes in the form.
Are Oregon Registered Domestic Partnerships (ORDP) still an option?
Yes. ORDPs are established in separate law and will continue to be an option for same sex couples until the law is changed.
If partners currently in an ORDP want to get married (to the same person), can they?
Yes. We anticipate that a dissolution of the ORDP will not be required if the partners want to be married.
What if a person is currently in an ORDP and wants to marry someone other than their partner?
Dissolution of the ORDP must occur before either partner could marry someone else.
If a couple is legally married in another state, should they also get married in Oregon (to the same person)?
No. Oregon recognizes marriages between same sex couples occurring in other states. There is no benefit to being married (again) in Oregon.
The new form has checkboxes for Bride, Groom, or Spouse. What is this for? Can it be left blank?
The new form allows each party to decide what title they would like to use. These titles will not affect the marriage. These items can be left blank.
What about the commemorative form? Is it going to be changed too?
ORS 106.165 authorizes the county clerk to prescribe the commemorative marriage certificate. Each county clerk should determine what modifications are needed for the commemorative form.
Multnomah County allowed same sex marriages in 2004 and those marriages were voided by court order. Will those marriages be reinstated (will those couples be considered legally married)?
No, those marriages remain voided. Any couple would need to marry after the court decision recognizing same sex marriages to be considered legally married.


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scottsheltonmagic New user Raleigh, NC 59 Posts |
In the 80's, large stage illusions were popular because of Copperfield and others. Street magic is currently all the rage. What do you think will be the next trend?
Kozmo V.I.P. 4860 Posts |
Well I don't think that The kind of street magic I do is the rage. I'm a busker. I go out on the streets, build BIG audiences and then pass my hat and hopefully make a living. Its worked out over the last 20 years or so.
Street magic today is I guess what Blaine does but truthfully street magic is busking using magic as your tool..... |
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Join Date: Apr 2012
Location: Melton, Australia
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Car Model: Subaru Outback Wagon
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Next time up the Hume Highway a few months later. Drop in to see if Charlie is OK. He is surprised that we even remember him.
Give him a few health books and a mixer/blender to process the food so it is easier to digest. Still looks sick and is putting on a brave front. Says he will soon have to give it away as he is getting too old for the nightly callouts from the NRMA.
Over the next four or five times we go through Holbrook we drop in when we can and say g'day to Charlie. The Valiant Charger sits in the driveway, always looking fresh and polished.
Roll forward to just before Christmas time 2011. Went to Sydney for a few days and then on to Queensland to visit relatives. It was 4am when we went through Holbrook on the way north, and we noticed there was no car in Charlies driveway when we went past. Concerned and made a note to check on the way back.
Went to Sydney and on to Queensland and visited relatives in Bundaberg and central Queensland. End of January 2012 was caught in the floods in Emerald and had to wait for the floodwaters to subside before they would let us through.
The road was closed and water falling slowly. I heard in town the road would be opening soon. It was getting dark and there was a queue of cars waiting at the flooded creek. They were letting trucks and 4WD through. I asked when it would be OK to go through, and the traffic control bloke looked at the Subaru and said you have more clearance than an ordinary car, don't you? Yep, and he told me to tuck in behind a semi-trailer and just keep going regardless.
The wall of water made quite a wash at the front of the car, but we got through OK.
We went the New England Highway route as the Pacific Highway was blocked by floodwaters and there were floods further inland in Dubbo. They closed the highway about half an hour after we went through Tamworth (see first pic below for floodwaters lapping the highway).
After a diversion through Wagga to see friends we took the back road to join the Hume at Holbrook to see how Charlie was.
No car in the driveway and no answer at the front door.
We hope you're OK Charlie. We won't forget how you went out of your way to help us.
The town of Holbrook is being bypassed. Roadworks are well on their way to completion in mid 2013. Conlons Castle (second pic) won't be on your right as you head southbound, but on your left just before you take the first exit and should be readily visible from the new bypass. In the pic you can just make out the earthmoving equipment for the new highway behind the castle. When the bypass is opened, the entire length of the Hume highway will then be dual carriageway from Sydney to Melbourne, and the only set of traffic lights on the whole highway (the pedestrian crossing at Holbrook) will be bypassed.
HMAS Otway submarine at Holbrook in third pic.
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