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Publication number | US7982944 B2 |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 12/114,860 |
Publication date | Jul 19, 2011 |
Filing date | May 5, 2008 |
Priority date | May 4, 2007 |
Fee status | Paid |
Also published as | US20080285606 |
Publication number | 114860, 12114860, US 7982944 B2, US 7982944B2, US-B2-7982944, US7982944 B2, US7982944B2 |
Inventors | Tobias Kippenberg, Pascal Del'Haye, Albert Schliesser |
Original Assignee | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Wissenschaften E.V. |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (24), Referenced by (12), Classifications (13), Legal Events (2) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
The invention relates to a monolithic optical frequency comb generator. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of generating an optical frequency comb.
Optical frequency combs 1-3 provide equidistant frequency markers in the infrared, visible and ultra-violet4,5 and can link an unknown optical frequency to a radio or microwave frequency reference6,7 (citations refer to the listing of references at the end of the present description). Since their inception frequency combs have triggered major advances in optical frequency metrology and precision measurements6,7 and in applications such as broadband laser-based gas sensing8 and molecular fingerprinting9. Early work generated frequency combs by intra-cavity phase modulation10-12, while to date frequency combs are generated utilizing the comb-like mode structure of mode locked lasers, whose repetition rate and carrier envelope phase can be stabilized13.
Conventional techniques for generating optical frequency combs generally may have disadvantages in terms of complex optical setups and costly control thereof.
Optical microcavities21 are owing to their long temporal and small spatial light confinement ideally suited for nonlinear frequency conversion, which has led to a dramatic improvement22 in the threshold of nonlinear optical light conversion by stimulated non-linear processes23 such as Raman scattering. In contrast to stimulated gain, parametric frequency conversion24 does not involve coupling to a dissipative reservoir, is broadband as it does not rely on atomic or molecular resonances and constitutes a phase sensitive amplification process25, making it uniquely suited for tunable frequency conversion. In the case of a material with inversion symmetry—such as silica—the elemental parametric interaction involves four photons26 and is also known as hyper-parametric interaction27 (or modulation instability in fiber optics26). The process is based on four-wave mixing among two pump photons (frequency ωP) with a signal (ωS) and idler photon (ωI) and results in the emergence of (phase coherent) signal and idler optical sidebands from the vacuum fluctuations at the expense of the pump field. The energy conserving nature of the process (
ωI+ωS=2ωP) poses stringent conditions on the amount of cavity dispersion that can be tolerated to observe parametric interactions, while momentum conservation are intrinsically satisfied for signal and idler modes. Indeed, it has only recently been possible to observe these processes in crystalline CaF2 and silica microcavities15,16, in which all-resonant parametric oscillation is achieved owing to nonlinear mode pulling generated by self-phase and cross-phase modulation15.Conventional techniques of using optical microcavities for non-linear light conversion have a disadvantage with regard to the strongly limited number of sideband frequencies generated in the resonator. Accordingly, the optical microcavities could not be used for generating a frequency comb. Generation of increased number of sideband frequencies was excluded due to the effect of dispersion in the cavity15.
The objective of the invention is to provide an improved optical frequency comb generator and a method of generating an optical frequency comb avoiding the limitations of the prior art techniques.
This objective is solved by devices and methods of the invention.
According to a first aspect, the present invention is based on the general technical teaching of providing an optical frequency comb generator, comprising a laser device (pump laser) being arranged for generating input laser light having a predetermined input light frequency, a dielectric micro-resonator having a cavity exhibiting a third order nonlinearity, so that the micro-resonator is capable of optical parametric generation providing parametrically generated light, and a waveguide optically coupled to the micro-resonator, the waveguide being arranged for in-coupling the input laser light into the micro-resonator and out-coupling the parametrically generated light out of the micro-resonator. According to the invention, the laser device, the waveguide and the micro-resonator are adapted for resonantly in-coupling the laser input light to a mode of the micro-resonator with a power level so that an optical field inside the cavity exceeds a predetermined cascaded parametric oscillation threshold at which the parametrically generated light includes frequencies of direct frequency sidebands of the input light frequency and furthermore frequencies equal to frequency sidebands of the sidebands of input light frequency. According to the invention, multiple frequency sidebands (comb components) are generated in the resonator forming a frequency comb.
The micro-resonator, preferably in combination with the waveguide, can be provided as a monolithic optical component. With the invention, a monolithic optical frequency comb generator, i.e. a device capable of generating a plurality of monochromatic optical frequency components separated in frequency by a substantially constant frequency increment is disclosed. The micro-resonator is capable of optical parametric generation, i.e. two photons of a first frequency can be converted in a cavity of the micro-resonator to two photons of a second frequency higher than the first frequency and a third frequency lower frequency than the first frequency, resp. Preferably, the micro-resonator is arranged for generating the parametrically generated light by four-wave-mixing. In this case, the parametrically generated light is obtained by a non-degenerated parametric process, wherein photons of different frequencies are converted in the cavity of the micro-resonator to two photons with shifted frequencies.
The inventors have found, that the nonlinear interaction in micro-resonators allows a cascaded parametric generation resulting in generation of frequency combs. This can be understood by noting that the initially generated signal and idler sidebands can interact among each other by non-degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM)28 and produce higher order sidebands (with frequencies ωI2,ωS2) via the interaction ωP+ωS=ωI+ωS2 (see below, in particular
Before the invention, the generation of an optical frequency comb in this fashion was not expected, owing to the potential coherence breakdown which can occur at high intensities and since the parametric process itself could produce signal-idler sidebands which are pairwise equidistant but not mutually equidistant. However, the inventors have investigated the nature of the parametric sidebands and have found first evidence of frequency comb generation from a monolithic micro-resonator, giving rise to periodic optical waveforms in time domain.
According to a first preferred embodiment of the invention, the laser device, the waveguide and the micro-resonator are arranged so that an optical field inside the cavity exceeds a predetermined cascaded parametric oscillation threshold at which the parametrically generated light includes frequencies of at least 10 frequency sidebands, in particular at least 50 frequency sidebands relative to the input light frequency. Preferably, the micro-resonator is adapted for exhibiting high-Q modes characterized by a photon lifetime in excess of 10 nanoseconds.
According to further preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one of the following features is implemented: the waveguide includes a prism or a tapered optical fiber; the waveguide is made from silicon or silicon nitride; the micro-resonator is a whispering gallery mode micro-resonator; the micro-resonator has a non-circular shape; the micro-resonator has a circular shape; the micro-resonator has a disk shape or a ring shape; the micro-resonator is made from at least one of silicon, silicon nitride, calcium fluoride, silica and plastic, and the micro-resonator is doped with a nonlinear material exhibiting a third order nonlinearity. If the micro-resonator is made from silicon on insulator wafer material, particular advantages in terms of implementing the invention with SOI technology can be obtained. According to a further preferred feature of the invention, the micro-resonator has a diameter of less than 1 mm. Furthermore, the inventive micro-resonator is a micro-resonator which contains laser input light at an intensity of more than 1 Gigawatt per square centimeter.
According to further preferred embodiment of the invention, the optical frequency comb generator comprises a substrate containing the micro-resonator and the waveguide. Advantageously, a monolithic frequency comb generator can be implemented. Particularly preferred is an embodiment, wherein the waveguide is a rectangular waveguide arranged on the substrate. According to a further preferred feature of the invention, the micro-resonator is compensated for its dispersion. Dispersion compensation is obtained e.g. by mutual adapting a material dispersion of the cavity and the intrinsic dispersion of the waveguide, e.g. by selecting a material and/or geometry of the cavity and/or of the waveguide.
Preferably, a detector device is arranged for detecting the parametrically generated light. The detector device can be combined with a feedback loop, so that a repetition rate (spacing between adjacent comb modes) is detected and stabilized using the feedback loop controlling intrinsic properties of at least one of the laser device, the waveguide and the micro-resonator. Preferably, the feedback loop is arranged for controlling at least one of temperature of the micro-resonator, strain on the micro-resonator, pump power of the input laser device, laser frequency of the input laser device and distance between waveguide and micro-resonator
According to a second aspect, the present invention is based on the general technical teaching of providing a method of generating an optical frequency comb, comprising the steps of generating input laser light with a laser device, said input laser light having a predetermined input light frequency, coupling the input laser light via a waveguide into a dielectric micro-resonator having a cavity exhibiting a third order nonlinearity, providing parametrically generated light in the micro-resonator by optical parametric generation, wherein the laser input light is coupled to a mode of the micro-resonator with a minimum power level so that an optical field inside the cavity exceeds a predetermined cascaded parametric oscillation threshold at which the parametrically generated light includes frequencies of frequency sidebands of the input light frequency and of the sidebands thereof, and coupling the parametrically generated light out of the micro-resonator.
Preferably, the parametrically generated light is provided with phase-coherent frequency sidebands of first and higher order, i.e. the frequency sidebands of the input laser light and the cascaded frequency sidebands are phase-coherent relative to each other.
According to a further preferred feature of the invention, the parametrically generated light is provided such that the amplitudes of neighboring frequency sidebands of first and higher order, particularly preferred the amplitudes of no more than ⅓ of the comb components, have a variation smaller than 3 db. According to another preferred feature of the invention, an out-coupling rate of the parametrically generated light is selected such that most of the sidebands have the same amplitude (intensity) or a comparable amplitude (difference preferably smaller than 50%) relative to the amplitude of the frequency of the input laser (pump laser). According to yet a further preferred feature of the invention, an out-coupling rate of the comb components of the parametrically generated light from the micro-resonator to the waveguide is not smaller than 1/10 of an intrinsic lost rate within the resonator (reciprocal lifetime of photons in the resonator). These features are preferably implemented by at least one of the measures, which comprise a detuning of the input laser light relative to a resonance mode of the micro-resonator, a detuning of the input laser light to another resonance mode of the micro-resonator, a variation of the resonator and/or waveguide geometry, e.g. a distance of the resonator and the waveguide, and a variation of the pump intensity of the input laser.
The invention represents an entirely novel approach in which equally spaced frequency markers are generated from a continuous wave (CW) pump laser of a known frequency interacting with the modes of a monolithic high-Q micro-resonator14 via the Kerr nonlinearity15,16. The intrinsically broadband nature of parametric gain enables the generation of discrete comb modes over a 500 nm wide span (˜70 THz), around 1550 nm without relying on any external spectral broadening. Optical-heterodyne-based measurements reveal that cascaded parametric interactions give rise to an optical frequency comb, overcoming passive cavity dispersion. The uniformity of the mode spacing has been measured to within a relative experimental precision of 6 parts in 1010. In contrast to femtosecond mode-locked lasers17 the present invention represents an enabling step towards a monolithic optical frequency comb generator allowing significant reduction in size, cost and power consumption. Moreover, the present approach can operate at previously unattainable repetition rates18 exceeding 100 GHz which is useful in applications where the access to individual comb modes is required, such as optical waveform synthesis19, high capacity telecommunications or astrophysical spectrometer calibration20.
Further details and advantages of preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the following with reference to attached drawings, wherein:
With the following description of preferred embodiments, reference is made to frequency comb generation in micro-resonators of disc or ring shape. It is emphasized that the application of the invention is not restricted to this embodiment, but rather possible with other solid resonators adapted for resonant increasing the optical field inside the cavity above the cascaded parametric oscillation threshold.
To generate parametric sidebands, a preferred embodiment employs an ultra-high-Q micro-resonator in the form of a silica toroidal microcavity as described in publication14. Toroid microcavities are monolithic resonators made from silica on a silicon chip, which possess giant photon storage times (τ) i.e. ultra-high quality factors (Q=ωτ>108) and small mode volumes (V˜500λ3/n3). Highly efficient coupling29 is achieved using tapered optical fibers as detailed in prior work22,30. Owing to the high circulating power, parametric interactions are readily observed at a threshold of ca. 50 μW. When pumping with a continuous wave (CW) 1550-nm laser source, a massive cascade and multiplication of the parametric sidebands extending to both higher and lower frequencies is observed.
With the experimental setup for the optical beat measurement, an external cavity laser at 1550 nm was used to pump the parametric interactions (cf.
Next, the role of dispersion underlying the observed comb generation has been investigated.
Dispersion in whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microcavities is characterized by the deviation in the free spectral range (FSR) Δω=(ωm+1−ωm)−(ωm−ωm−1)=ωm+1+ωm−1−2ωm and exhibits both a material contribution and a contribution from the geometry (cf. supplementary information). Measurement of dispersion was accomplished by directly coupling the fiber based frequency comb into the waveguide coupled to the micro-resonator. In addition it proved advantageous to use an external cavity diode laser (ECDL) as a reference marker, and to mutually stabilize the cavity, marker laser and the reference comb. The latter was achieved by first using the thermal self-locking34 of the microcavity to the marker laser. Next a phase lock was implemented which locked the reference comb to the marker laser by a known offset frequency. Owing to the ultra-high-Q and the high repetition rate (100 MHz) of the reference comb, only one comb mode at a time can be resonant with a single microcavity mode. To record the single reference comb mode that is resonantly coupled into the microcavity, a monochromator was used, sequentially tuned to the wavelengths where parametric sidebands were observed (at high pump powers) and the reflected power from the cavity was recorded while the reference comb's offset frequency is tuned. This reflection signal is generated by modal coupling35,36 (inset
The measurement reveals that the FSR increases for shorter wavelength (i.e. positive FSR dispersion). Geometrical dispersion accounts however only for a negative FSR dispersion, since the intrinsic geometrical resonator FSR dispersion37 can be approximated by
where R the cavity radius (cf. supplementary information). The measured positive value is ascribed to the contribution arising from material dispersion, i.e.
is the group velocity dispersion parameter (cf. supplementary information). Indeed, the GVD of silica is positive for wavelength >1.3 μm, which compensates the intrinsic resonator dispersion (causing ΔωFSR>0) and leads to a reduced accumulated dispersion of only ˜20 MHz over a span of ca. 60 nm.
This low value indicates that the present experiments are carried out close to the zero dispersion wavelength. It is noted that lower dispersion can be achieved by optimizing the cavity parameters and zero dispersion wavelength accordingly.
Note that cavity dispersion exceeding the "cold" cavity linewidth does not preclude the parametric comb generation process. This can be explained in terms of a nonlinear optical mode pulling process as reported in publication15, analogous to mode pulling in gas lasers38. The strong CW pump laser will induce both self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM)26, the latter being twice as large as the former. This gives rise to a range of detunings (Δω=2ωm−ωm−1−ωm+1) over which the parametric gain is nonzero (0<Δω<Ω) as detailed in prior work15 is given by
(the effective nonlinearity being
where Aeff is the effective mode area, n the refractive index, c the speed of light in vacuum, n2=2.2�10−20 m2/W the Kerr nonlinearity of glass and P the stored optical power in the cavity). The resultant XPM and SPM induced refractive index changes will shift the cavity resonance frequencies by different amounts, thereby causing a net change in the (driven) cavity dispersion Δω=ωm+1+ωm−1−2ωm from its passive (un-driven) value15. We note that the present reasoning is analogous to parametric gain in optical fibers28, albeit with momentum mismatch (in the waveguide case) now corresponding to a frequency mismatch. While an analytic derivation of the mode pulling has been developed39 and the XPM mode pulling has been measured experimentally40, extending the theory to cascaded parametric interactions has not yet been accomplished. The present experimental findings however suggest that the nonlinear mode pulling equally applies to the process underlying the Kerr comb formation.
Consequently, the present comb generation process represents an intra-cavity phase modulation (IPM) by the Kerr nonlinearity, with the distinct advantage that the parametric gain is broadband (limited only by the transparency window of glass, extending from ca. 200-2200 nm) and gives rise to nonlinear mode pulling process. The latter causes the intra-cavity phase modulation to be less sensitive to a dispersion related cut-off, which has limited the width of the generated combs when relying on active electrooptic intra-cavity phase modulation in earlier studies11.
A direct consequence of having equidistant Kerr modes in frequency space is a periodic signal in time domain. In the case where the phase of the Kerr modes varies linearly with frequency, the generated light gives rise to Fourier limited optical pulses2. Information on the temporal shape of the emission was retrieved using a second order auto-correlation function I2(τ)∝
|E(t)+E(t+τ)|4 (employing a PPLN nonlinear crystal, see below). Indeed, periodic autocorrelation functions were recorded for all samples, yielding maxima with a contrast ratio of up to 5:1 (cf.The inventive frequency comb generation could potentially prove useful for metrology, given however further major improvements. Evidently a readily measurable repetition rate would prove useful when directly referencing the optical field to a microwave signal2. To this end a 660-μm-diameter microcavity would already allow operating at repetition rates
of less than 100 GHz (compared to the 375 GHz for the largest samples permitted by our present lithography mask). Note that spacing in the GHz range could prove useful in typical metrological applications, as it allows to directly resolve individual comb modes using a conventional grating spectrometer, while beat notes with cw lasers are in a technically accessible <50 GHz frequency range and benefit additionally from the significantly enhanced power in a single comb component, compared to conventional mode-locked lasers. To this end, the recent progress in observing parametric interactions in mm-sized crystalline micro-resonators is a highly promising result16.
The present experimental limit on the accuracy of the mode spacing could be vastly improved when relying on counters, as used in pioneering experiments on the comb spacing of femtosecond lasers33. Furthermore, improvement of the bandwidth of the spectrum to an octave might be possible and enable stabilization of the output spectrum by an f-2f interferometer13 (via thermal tuning41). Beyond frequency comb generation, the generation of phase coherent emission over a large bandwidth is yet another application that could derive from our work and prove interesting for waveform synthesis of ultra-short light pulses or as sources of broadband radiation. Owing to the high repetition rate, the present source could be used to drive nonlinear processes that emit THz radiation. The high repetition rate from the on chip device may also prove useful for the generation of multiple channels for high capacity telecommunications or related applications that require addressing and manipulation of individual components of the frequency comb. Furthermore, we note that parametric interactions do also occur in other types of microcavities—e.g. CaF2 16—provided the material exhibits a third order nonlinearity and sufficiently long photon lifetimes.
As such the cavity geometry is not conceptually central to the work and the reported phenomena should become equally observable in other types of high-Q micro-resonators, such as silicon42, SOI43 or crystalline44 based WGM-resonators. Indeed the recent observation of net parametric gain45 on a silicon chip is a promising step in this direction.
In the following, further detailed information as to the inventive optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic micro-resonator is added. In
Generation of Kerr Combs at Lower Repetition Rates
Beat Note Experiments Between the Fiber Laser Comb and the Inventive Kerr Comb
To demonstrate the equidistant nature of the parametric Kerr lines, a reference frequency comb in the form of a mode locked fiber laser is used. The principle underlying the measurement is similar to the concept of multi-heterodyne spectroscopy[1]. Assuming that the reference comb produces a spectrum with frequencies f0+n�frep (where frep is the repetition rate, f0 is the carrier envelope offset frequency and n is an integer number of order 2�106) and the Kerr comb produces frequencies f′0+m�fFSR (with m≈200), the signal generated by interfering the two combs will have an imprinted radio frequency (RF) beat note spectrum. If the repetition rate is adjusted such that the FSR of the cavity is close to a multiple of the reference combs repetition rate, i.e. fFSR≈m0�frep (with an integer m0), then the N different Kerr comb lines will generate N different RF beat notes which will be evenly spaced in the RF domain, i.e. the frequencies of the RF beat notes are f″0+Δ�k (with Δ=(fFSR mod frep) and k=1 . . . N ).
The experimental setup is depicted in
In the microresonator a spectrum of lines is generated via nonlinear parametric interactions and four-wave mixing (see above). The output signal of the tapered optical fiber (containing the light that is coupled from the microresonator back to the tapered fiber) is split by two 3 dB couplers and monitored with a photodiode connected to an oscilloscope and an optical spectrum analyzer. Another fraction of the taper output is sent to a "beat detection unit" (BDU) and superimposed with an octave spanning fiber laser based reference frequency comb with a repetition rate of 100 MHz49. The BDU consists of quarter wave plates and half wave plates to prepare orthogonal linear polarization in the two input beams, which are subsequently combined using a polarizing beam splitter. By means of a half-wave plate, an adjustable linear combination of the two input beams' polarizations is then rotated onto the transmission axis of a polarizer, where the two input beams interfere. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), light in the spectral region containing the Kerr comb lines is selected by a grating and finally detected with a PIN InGaAs photodiode (Menlo Systems FPD 510). An oscilloscope with a built-in FFT routine is utilized to analyze the radio frequency spectrum. For rough analysis an electronic spectrum analyzer is used. Since the repetition rate of the reference comb is around 100 MHz the beat note frequencies between a laser line and the reference comb are in the range of 0 MHz to 50 MHz. Now the repetition rate of the reference comb is adjusted until (fFSR mod frep) is a small frequency such that for all k of interest the condition 0<k�Δ<frep/2 is fulfilled. The observation of an equidistant RF beat "comb" then provides unambiguous proof for the equidistance of the Kerr comb.
Measurement of Cavity Dispersion
To measure cavity dispersion, the arrangement shown in
In brief, an external cavity laser is first locked around 1550 nm to one of the fundamental WGM cavity modes (the same resonance that gives rise to cascaded sidebands at higher power). The cavity resonance of the monolithic micro-resonator is locked to the external cavity laser by virtue of the thermal self locking technique50. The power is chosen to be far below the parametric threshold <85 μW but sufficient to entail a stable lock. Next, the frequency comb is o set-locked to the external cavity laser. The latter is accomplished by recording the beat note of the frequency comb and ECDL in a separate beat note detection unit (for working principle of the beat detection unit see last section). To achieve stable locking the generated beating is filtered and amplified yielding a SNR of ca. 25-30 dB (at a resolution bandwidth of 400 kHz). For dispersion measurement the frequency comb is locked at an arbitrary detuning with respect to the ECDL. The latter is accomplished by mixing the beat note with a (variable) reference signal (foffset) down to 10 MHz and implementing a phase lock with feedback on the fiber comb's repetition rate frep) by controlling the cavity length using a mirror mounted on a piezoelectric tube (Note that all RF generators and analysators are stabilized using an in-house 10-MHz-reference). Owing to the fact that the cavity linewidth is <5 MHz and the repetition rate of the fiber comb (FC) is 100 MHz, not more than one FC comb mode at a time can be resonant with one micro-resonator mode. Since measuring the coupling of an individual comb mode into the resonator in transmission is difficult, the reflection of the cavity induced by modal coupling is measured51. By variation of foffset (and by recording simultaneously frep) this allows to resolve the linewidth of individual cavity modes in reflection. Hence this measurement provides an accurate means to measure frequency gap (free spectral range) between two cavity resonances νm and νm+Δm modulo the repetition rate of the fiber comb ((νm−νm+Δm) mod frep). The low power of the individual FC lines (ca. 10 nW) ensures that the probed cavity mode is not thermally distorted. To remove the ambiguity in the number of comb lines (n) between the FSR of the cavity i.e. n=[(νm−νm+Dm)/frep] a second measurement was carried out with a different repetition rate, which allowed to retrieve n. So the actual free spectral range between two cavity resonances can be derived by: FSR=fbeatnote+n�frep.
Dispersion Predictions
The dispersion in the inventive microcavities has two contributions. First, whispering gallery mode microcavities exhibit an intrinsic variation of the free spectral range owing to the resonator geometry. The resonance frequency of the fundamental mode of a microsphere is approximately given by52
where c is vacuum light speed, n the refractive index, R the cavity radius and h1 the first zero of the Airy function (h1≈−2.34). Hence, the variation of the free spectral range
is given by
Evidently, the free spectral range reduces with increasing frequency corresponding to a negative group velocity dispersion (GVD), i.e. low frequency modes exhibit a shorter round trip time than high frequency modes.
Shown is the FSR dispersion for two resonator radii (40 μm and 80 μm) including the effect of silica dispersion via the Sellmeier equation. Resonance locations were calculated using an asymptotic expansion of the microsphere resonance locations. Owing to the different sign of silica material and resonator dispersion, a zero dispersion point exists in the infrared.
A second contribution comes from the dispersion of the fused silica material constituting the resonator. Its contribution can be estimated by considering that the refractive index n is actually a function of frequency (and therefore mode number m), n≡n(m). Neglecting geometric dispersion, the GVD of fused silica alone would lead to a FSR variation of
is the group-velocity dispersion of fused silica. This material parameter is well-known to change its sign in the 1300-nm wavelength region from about −100 ps/nm km at 800 nm to +20 ps/nm km at 1550 nm. Combining the two contributions, the positive sign of the GVD allows us in particular to cancel the geometric dispersion of our resonators to some extent, rendering the FSR nearly constant over a wide frequency span. FIG. S3 displays the FSR variation for an 80- and 160-micro microsphere, considering both material and geometric dispersion. Importantly, a zero dispersion point close to our operating wavelength occurs. Note that for a toroidal microcavity the location of the zero dispersion point is expected to be shifted to shorter wavelengths owing to the different resonator geometry. This expectation is borne out of finite element simulations showing that the resonance wavelength for a given m value is shorter in a microtoroid cavity as compared to a microsphere53.
Second Order Autocorrelation Experiment
Interferometric autocorrelation experiments were carried out using a Michelson interferometer. The length of one of the arms can be changed by a stepper motor controlled translation stage carrying a retroreflecting mirror. A 1-mm long periodically poled lithium niobate crystal (PPLN, Thorlabs SHG5-1) is used to generate the optical second harmonic of the incident light. For higher conversion efficiency the polarization of the beam can be adjusted with half- and quarter-wave-plates and the beam is focused into the crystal by an achromatic doublet lens. The generated second harmonic light is focused to a highly sensitive Si photodiode after passing a 950 nm short pass filter to block the fundamental wavelength. The employed PPLN crystal is phase matched around 1550 nm and is 1 mm long.
Owing to the broad bandwidth of the generated spectrum, the role of fiber dispersion is important. For a 100 nm wide spectrum around 1550 nm, a bandwidth limited pulse would spread (owing to the group velocity dispersion, GVD of 15 ps/km nm) in the employed 1 m of SMF-28 fiber to 2 ps. This effect could be partially compensated by the tapered optical fiber itself54, which has been shown to exhibit a large negative dispersion (for an 0.8 μm taper ca. −2000 ps/km nm). However, this compensation was not undertaken in the present set of experiments. As such, the second harmonic generation setup was used as an independent way to demonstrate the periodic nature of the waveforms, rather as a measure of their underlying pulse duration.
It is shown that the optical sidebands generated via optical parametric oscillations in a monolithic microcavity are equidistant thus overcoming the intrinsic cavity dispersion. This leads to the generation of optical frequency combs at input powers <10 mW.
The nonzero dispersion of the cavity renders the resonance modes of the cavity non-equidistant. Since the generated OPO sidebands are equidistant, before the invention it was expected that they are not resonant in the cavity. However, owing to the effect of cavity enhanced cross- and self phase modulation the parametric scattering and four wave mixing (FWM) which gives rise to the cascaded frequencies can pull cavity modes equidistant.
To proof experimentally that the generated sidebands are indeed equidistant the inventors used a fiber based frequency comb as a reference1. The measurement scheme is further depicted in
The RF beat frequencies for a total of 9 simultaneously measured Kerr comb components are indeed measured to be equidistant on a 3-kHz level, limited only by the resolution bandwidth of our measurement.
Since the calculated dispersion of the cavity is in the range of several 100 MHz it is concluded that cavity dispersion can be overcome over a wide bandwidth. Interferometric intensity autocorrelation measurements furthermore show that femtosecond pulses (<100 fs) with very high repetition rates (in the range of THz) are generated. This work opens the route to planar devices for frequency comb generation.
The features of the invention disclosed in the above description, the drawings and the claims can be of significance both individually as well as in combination for the realization of the invention in its various embodiments.
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5 | Diddams et al., "Direct Link between Microwave and Optical Frequencies with a 300 THz Femtosecond Laser Comb", Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, pp. 5102-5105 (2000). | |
6 | Diddams et al., "Molecular fingerprinting with the resolved modes of a femtosecond laser frequency comb", Nature, vol. 445, pp. 627-630 (2007). | |
7 | Dunn et al., "Parametric Generation of Tunable Light from Continuous-Wave to Femtosecond Pulses", Science, vol. 286, pp. 1513-1517 (1999). | |
8 | Foster et al., "Broad-band optical parametric gain on a silicon photonic chip", Nature, vol. 441, pp. 960-963 (2006). | |
9 | Gohle et al., "A frequency comb in the extreme ultraviolet", Nature, vol. 436, pp. 234-237 (2005). | |
10 | Ilchenko et al., "Dispersion compensation in whispering-gallery modes", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., vol. 20, pp. 157-162 (2003). | |
11 | Ilchenko et al., "Nonlinear Optics and Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Cavities", Physical Review Letters, vol. 92, pp. 043903-4-043903-4 (2004). | |
12 | Jones et al., "Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis", Science, vol. 288, pp. 635-639 (2000). | |
13 | Keller, "Recent developments in compact ultrafast lasers", Nature, vol. 424, pp. 831-838 (2003). | |
14 | Kippenberg et al., "Kerr-Nonlinearity Optical Parametric Oscillation in an Ultrahigh-Q Toroid Microcavity", Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, pp. 083904-1-083904-4 (2004). | |
15 | Kourogi et al., "Wide-Span Optical Frequency Comb Generator for Accurate Optical Frequency Difference Measurement", IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 29, pp. 2693-2701 (1993). | |
16 | Maleki et al., "Whispering gallery mode lithium niobate micro-resonators for photonics applications", Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5104, pp. 1-13 (2003). | |
17 | Matsko et al., "Highly nondegenerate all-resonant optical parametric oscillator", Physical Review, vol. 66, pp. 043814-1-043814-8 (2002). | |
18 | Rokhsari et al., "Observation of Kerr nonlinerarity in microcavities at room temperature", Optics Letters, vol. 30, pp. 427-429 (2005). | |
19 | Savchenkov et al., "Low Threshold Optical Oscillations in a Whispering Gallery Mode CaF2 Resonator", Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, pp. 243905-1-243905-4 (2004). | |
20 | Savchenkov et al., "Parametric oscillations in a whispering gallery resonator", Optics Letters, vol. 32, pp. 157-159 (2007). | |
21 | Steinmeyer et al., "Frontiers in Ultrashort Pulse Generation: Pushing the Limits in Linear and Nonlinear Optics", Science, vol. 286, pp. 1507-1512 (1999). | |
22 | Udem et al., "Optical frequency metrology", Nature, vol. 416, pp. 233-237 (2002). | |
23 | Vahala, "Optical microcavities", Nature, vol. 424, pp. 839-846 (2003). | |
24 | Ye et al., "Highly selective terahertz optical frequency comb generator", Optics Letters, vol. 22, pp. 301-303 (1997). |
Citing Patent | Filing date | Publication date | Applicant | Title |
US8498539 * | Apr 21, 2010 | Jul 30, 2013 | Oewaves, Inc. | Dielectric photonic receivers and concentrators for radio frequency and microwave applications |
US8780948 | Feb 20, 2012 | Jul 15, 2014 | Raytheon Company | Precision photonic oscillator and method for generating an ultra-stable frequency reference using a two-photon rubidium transition |
US8787767 | May 11, 2012 | Jul 22, 2014 | Raytheon Company | High-speed low-jitter communication system |
US8816779 | Sep 1, 2010 | Aug 26, 2014 | Csem Centre Suisse D'electronique Et De Microtechnique S.A. | Device for an atomic clock |
US8816783 * | Sep 1, 2010 | Aug 26, 2014 | Csem Centre Suisse D'electronique Et De Microtechnique S.A. | Device for an atomic clock |
US9048625 | Jul 29, 2014 | Jun 2, 2015 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Normal dispersion frequency comb |
US9246302 | Jul 14, 2014 | Jan 26, 2016 | Raytheon Company | Precision photonic oscillator and method for generating an ultra-stable frequency reference using a two-photon rubidium transition |
US9246529 * | Jan 26, 2009 | Jan 26, 2016 | California Institute Of Technology | Photonic RF down-converter based on optomechanical oscillation |
US9356703 | Jul 21, 2014 | May 31, 2016 | Raytheon Company | High-speed low-jitter communication system |
US20090263137 * | Jan 26, 2009 | Oct 22, 2009 | California Institute Of Technology | Photonic rf down-converter based on optomechanical oscillation |
US20120212298 * | Sep 1, 2010 | Aug 23, 2012 | Csem Centresuisse D'electronique Et De Microtechnique S.A. | Device for an atomic clock |
WO2016164263A1 | Apr 1, 2016 | Oct 13, 2016 | Imra America, Inc. | Systems and methods for low noise frequency multiplication, division, and synchronization |
U.S. Classification | 359/330, 372/32, 359/245 |
International Classification | G02F1/35, G02F2/02, H01S3/13 |
Cooperative Classification | H04B10/506, G02F2203/56, G02F2203/54, G02F2203/15, G02F1/39 |
European Classification | G02F1/39, H04B10/506 |
Date | Code | Event | Description |
May 30, 2008 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: MAX-PLANCK-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FORDERUNG DER WISSENSC Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KIPPENBERG, TOBIAS;DEL HAYE, PASCAL;SCHLIESSER, ALBERT;REEL/FRAME:021020/0025;SIGNING DATES FROM 20080519 TO 20080527 Owner name: MAX-PLANCK-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FORDERUNG DER WISSENSC Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KIPPENBERG, TOBIAS;DEL HAYE, PASCAL;SCHLIESSER, ALBERT;SIGNING DATES FROM 20080519 TO 20080527;REEL/FRAME:021020/0025 |
Jan 12, 2015 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 4 |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Donaji & the Magical Poncho
This is the story of a fearless girl and her encounter with the wicked cold wind god
4.34 / 5.00 6,453 ViewsBBQbeefburgerman seeks words of wisdom. There are a couple of pregnant pauses, the movie goes on.
I liked it.
This was pretty crazy but pretty lengthy as well which was cool,i like the different scenes it had to offer i especially got a kick out of the Vin Diesel one,great job.
I laughed.
Just so you know.
Could you explain in further detail the characteristics of the laugh please and thank you.
The graphics and style were, actually, pretty good in this flash! I like the black & white stlye you used! Also, this flash was kind of funny (in a sick way, especially at the end), and I like the voices and sound.
Well, maybe you could have made it a little longer...?
If you liked it, search up BBQbeefburgerman in author, or title, there is alot more that are similair.
that was
the weirdest thing i have ever seen in my life!!!!!!!!!!
Have you ever seen a man eat his own head?


text:
I have a former Squidoo lens I just edited to fit Hub Pages. I'm trying to publish it and I get a warning:
Please review the automatically generated warning below, and correct the problem if possible. These warnings are only visible to you, the author. Please click on the warning to learn more.
CONTENT WARNING: This Hub appears to be about dubious media products
It appears this Hub may be about dubious media products. Hubs that promote software or devices that would commonly be used to violate intellectual property laws are prohibited by our terms of use, any may be unpublished as a result. This is an automated warning; if you've received this warning in error, please disregard it. Keep writing great Hubs!
I don't have anything like this on my hub. It won't let me disregard this like it says in the warning. It won't let me publish it. I believe the problem is with an ad I have on it. It instructs you to download their free product. It's called from DOC to PDF.
I have no way of removing the ad. What do I do?
Thanks for any advice.
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by Carolee Samuda4 years ago
I was hub hopping and had to flag a few hubs for being substandard (word count). One hub had exactly 10 words and 2 photos. There should be a way the system prevents you from publishing a hub like that except if it's in...
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I've trying to publish a new hub over the last 18 hours but no luck. Every time I type in the captcha code it says "There is something very wrong with our server." Does it happen to anyone else?
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Hello everyone! The Forums sure have been interesting lately! Many Hubbers have noticed our new publishing standards and site policies, many of which have been introduced as a response to a search algorithm change...
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Were you attempting to publish a hub? This is not the place. Look up, top right, "Start a Hub".By the way, you can't promote a business here.
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Any Advice would be welcomedhttp://tamron.hubpages.com/hub/Keep-Bab … -Baby-Food
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text:
Music Gear News
Nail varnish – the key to being a great guitar player
Milos Karadaglic, a Montenegrin classical guitar player who is fast becoming a household name, told the Brisbane Times that his "special nails" – long so that he can pluck the strings of the guitar with precision – are reinforced with "special nail varnish".
''They're all mine. But I have a little help from strengthener. I have to reapply it every day. If you have weak nails, you should think about the ladies' salons because they have gels and all sorts of things.''
Karadaglic chanced upon the guitar almost by accident – he discovered a battered old one on top of a cupboard in his parent's bedroom.
As soon as he held it in his hands he knew that this was meant to be.
Speaking to the Music Network, he said: "Discovering guitar at that difficult time was a blessing.
"In a way, music formed a magic bubble from the outside world. It was the same for all of us that attended the music school - we were surrounded by loving teachers who did the best they could with the resources at hand."
Posted on 16 Sep 2011 12:42 to category : Instruments NewsRelated Music News
In a three week celebration extravaganza, the city of Liverpool will be paying testament to the legendary Beatles album 'Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'
Building on the fundamental success and design of the NS6 controller, Numark bring forth the next generation of DJ controllers to eagerly awaiting DJs the world over
After years of continual evolution, Dave Smith's revered Analog Drum Machine is to finish product development as creators fulfill the devices capacity.
Cutting edge interfaces designed to bring the latest in audio recording technology, the pair have been produce professional grade audio quality upon every use
Palmer's popular pocket amp series extended with bass version
PreSonus add three new mixers to their StudioLive range.
Recent Music News
On the 22nd of April, Pink Floyd will be releasing an unheard version of the iconic classic 'Interstellar Overdrive' in celebration of world record day
With an increased quality of specifications right across the board, Apple's eponymous 'iPad' will host a whole generous selection of great new features.
Supported by the likes of Ed Sheeran, Royal Blood, Wolf Alice and many more, Fanfair Alliances new educational guide is available for free download online.
An icon who helped propel the rock 'n' roll movement to new and unprecedented heights. Chucky Berry is praised by many as a founding father of modern music.
Until the 31st of May the CS18AI is available at an incredibly reduced price. Additionally, claim a free upgrade to PreSonus Studio One upon purchase.
Through a collaboration with watch manufacturer Raymond Weil, Gibson's 'Freelancer' watch pairs extravagance and musically inspired design with stunning results


text: The Tower of the Ascension, high atop the Mount of Olives, can be seen for miles around in any direction, and marks the site where Jesus ascended to Heaven (Luke 24:50-51; Acts 1:9). It stands in the midst of a small grove of fir and olive trees on the top of the mountain just off the main road north of the Mount of Olives lookout. For many years, few Russian Christians visited this shrine built more than a century ago by the Russian Orthodox, but now they flock here once again. The paintings in one of the two small chapels, done by nuns a hundred years ago, have been lovingly restored. A garden plaza with a sweeping wilderness vista is a quiet gathering place. The six-storey tower, with a fabulous view of Jerusalem and the Judean Desert is open only on Ascension Day, 40 days after Easter.


text:
"Why yes, I do love earth tones!"
"I'm innocent as the new fallen snow. Why are you giving me that funny look?"
Brown and Darigan Ogrin
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The deal values the 72 per cent of the mutual fund group held by AIM founder directors and management at pounds 720m and creates a group in the same league as Mercury Asset Management, Britain's biggest independent fund manager.
Four top executives of AIM, including Ted Bauer, the 77-year-old founder, are to be locked in with four-year fixed- term contracts which will then convert to one-year rolling contracts. Mr Bauer's stake in AIM is worth about pounds 110m and he will end up with 5 per cent of the merged company.
In total, seven of the AIM directors will together hold a 20 per cent stake in the merged company, to be named Amvesco, and they have agreed not to sell their stakes for five years.
The announcement revealed that Invesco was notified last month that it was being investigated by Imro, the fund management regulator, for possible breaches of rules which "should be the subject of disciplinary proceedings".
Invesco said it had notified the breaches to Imro and they related to technical requirements for bank accounts and to written compliance procedures. It added that there was no loss to clients and any penalties would not be material.
One British analyst described the AIM mutual fund business as America's nearest equivalent to Perpetual, which is a fast-growing British unit trust business with a reputation for innovation
Invesco is paying with $1.1bn worth of new ordinary shares with the other $500m to be raised in cash from loans and a proposed one-for-five rights issue, which is expected to raise more than pounds 100m.
AIM shareholders will own about 45 per cent of the enlarged group, and all of them - including TA Associates, a US venture capital firm which will hold 12 per cent of Amvesco - will be restricted for at least a year in selling their stakes.
A majority of AIM shareholders have agreed to the proposal, which Invesco said would be broadly neutral for its earnings per share next year.
Mr Bauer said there was no plan to switch the company's main stock market quote from London to the US, although he confirmed that the deal raised the proportion of the business in the US from 90 per cent to 95 per cent.
Invesco has already switched its business heavily across the Atlantic under its chairman, Charles Brady, who is based in Atlanta.
But Mr Brady said that Invesco still had 50 per cent of its shareholding in London.
- More about:
- Bonds
- Bonds And Funds
- Debt Market (bond Market)
- Investment


text:
Thursday, 15 August 2013
Wingback Chair and Spring is Coming!
Since my sister left we have mostly been ill. I have just had no energy! I have been working on my second wing back chair though.
This is it before.
It has taken me a long time to get all the upholstery off. My hands were really sore from all the pressure on my palm from twisting the screw driver under all the staples. There are hundreds of staples and it takes longer to get them all out than to put the new covers on. I just used a screw driver and a pair if pliers. Those were all the tools I needed.
The first piece to come off was the skirt and then the back, which is held on with this metal strip. I will reuse all of that. Under the back was a thin layer of foam which I will reuse.
This is the back of the chair upside down.
Then the sides come off and then the outside of the wings.
Then it is the inside of the wing.
Then the seat back.
Finally the arms and front of the underseat were left. The arms are the hardest bit to put back on. Last time I took ages removing them to try to remember how to get them back on.
It had some old fabric underneath which was similar to the top fabric but not the same. So it had already been reupholstered once. I removed every single staple that was not needed. I just don't like to think of any old staples or fabric underneath - this must be the perfectionist in me!
Here it is completely stripped. I am leaving the white underseat fabric as it is really thick and there is nothing wrong with it. I just have to sew the new piece onto it by hand as I can't get it to the machine. I feel this is easier than removing it. So that is what I have spent some time doing lately!
I also made a new cushion cover for the seat. For the other one I never got round to making either the seat cover or the arm covers and I regret this. I am definitely going to make the arm covers this time to keep the chair clean.
Here is the piping for the cushion cover. I bought the cord for this. For the piping for the chair I used the old cord which was plastic, and recovered it. I bought some new cord because I never had arm covers so had no piping to reuse.
I used the old cushion as a sort of template to get it the right size.
Here is the new cushion. It is too loose for the cushion and so next time I will take apart the cushion cover and use that as the template. It isn't too bad but could be a better fit. This cushion cover was actually the hardest part about doing the entire chair which surprised me. The piping was hard to sew around.
Sadly I have had to use different fabric for the second chair. The first one has gone bobbly in places and I really didn't want to do another chair in it. I think this is what put me off doing arm covers or seat cover. My plan is to recover it, but I don't think it will be very soon. I am not too heart broken as I think I can do a much better job of it next time.
I should be able to recover the chair faster than it took to take off the old covers... well I hope so!
1 comment:
it's a great article, i love the pictures. Thanks for sharing this bookmarking your website as we speak lol xx
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text:
Google to reign-in Chrome's resource hunger
Article By: Mikail Baker
Thu, 16 Mar 2017 10:12 AMGoogle is answering Chrome users' prayers with plans to reduce the program's RAM and CPU usage, in a bid to improve battery life.
In a Chromium blog post published on Tuesday, Google says it's focused on prolonging battery life and improving the overall user experience – and it has a plan.
"Starting in version 57, Chrome will throttle individual background tabs by limiting the timer fire rate for background tabs using excessive power," it says. "Chrome 57 will delay timers to limit average CPU load to 1% of a core if an application uses too much CPU in background."
It adds that this new policy won't affect real-time connections, like audio playback, running in the background, focusing only on latent and inactive tabs that are consuming excessive resources.
The company claims that this new technique leads to a 25% reduction in busy background tabs, paving the way for a future where background tabs can be fully suspended and maintained only by Google's own APIs.
Google Chrome is notorious for being resource-heavy, with online communities often branding it a 'RAM-eater' and battery-depleter.
This reputation is perhaps one of the biggest reasons many browser users opt for more efficient options, like Firefox and Edge, despite Chrome's array of features.


text:
Post Contents
THE STAMPIN SCOOP SHOW – November 1
Episode 22
On today's Stampin Scoop Show we showcased the new Stitched from the Heart dies that came out this morning. We had a special guest appearance from Brandi Barnard (although she doesn't know it lol). We'll share many, many projects from the awesome stamp sets that are included in the 25% off sale that began this morning. Join us for some stamping fun.
Thank you to all who support our Stamp Out Breast Cancer Fundraiser. We had an amazing event this past weekend. The event, combined with the online donations raised over $6,200 for Making Strides Against Breast Cancer!
If you are a winner, please contact me via email with your shipping address to email@example.com
- Cozy Critters Live Instant Winner: Krista Gauthier Raposo
- Mini Jingle Bells Live Instant Winner: Carol Reed Sanquenetti
- Mini Jingle Bells Live Instant Winner: Janet Sheppard
- Holly Jolly Layers Stamp Set (October): Robyn Palmquist
- Holly Jolly Layers Stamp Set (October): Debbie Beckwith
- See all winners here
- 25% Off stamps sale and Stitched Framelit Dies
- Paper Pumpkin Blue Box Special Edition: Paper Pumpkin Special Edition Box for November, must sign up by November 10
- Paper Pumpkin Projects: Tami's Paper Pumpkin Alternate Projects for October
- Holiday Helper – 25 Days of Free Christmas Tutorials has begun
- Tami and Linda will be attending Stampin Up OnStage this week.
- Upcoming Stampin Scoop Dates and Past Episodes
Replay video on YouTube
A replay of The Stampin Scoop Episodes are available my youtube channel following each episode of the show.
This week's projects shared on the show
[huge_it_gallery id="2″]
Join Tami White, and Linda Cullen, live on Facebook Live (formerly on Periscope) on Tuesdays for the Weekly Stampin Scoop Show. A live interactive video broadcast, where the viewers are part of the show. We share Stampin Up projects, inspiration, news and host monthly giveaways. Actual show times may vary and will be posted on our Facebook Pages:
- Tami White: www.facebook.com/stampwithtami1
- Linda Cullen: www.facebook.com/craftystampin
- Past episodes
Weekly Hostess Code: JWFBWQQM
COMBINE SPECIALS- SALE-A-BRATION While supplies last - Earn free limited edition stamps - ends March 31
- PAPER PUMPKIN SALE-A-BRATION SPECIAL - ends March 31
- 2017 OCCASIONS CATALOG - ends May 31
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- "Remarkable You" Step Card Template & Tutorial w/any size order*
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- Get up to $200 for only $99 and free shipping! BEST DEAL - Purchase the demo kit Get $125 worth of products, for only $99 plus 2 bonus stamps (value up to $104) AND free shipping on your kit. Plus discounts on all future Stampin Up products. Offer ends March 31.


text:
Pussy shaving videos show the act of removing pubic hair from around the labia and clitoris, typically using a razor and cream. Close-up footage is common so the intricacies of the act can be witnessed by the camera.
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text:
Product parameters:
Pro can look at each of the installation method, as long as you can close the video of the installation method can be adopted: 'Please copy the link to open'
Simple http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XOTEwNTc1NjQw.html
Snap-type http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzQ2MjcyMjk2.html
Regular http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzQ2Mjc0ODYw.html
Lengthened http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzQ2MjcyMzY4.html
On the ribbon length Description: There will be a plus or minus 10CM error, such as the case is too short, etc., please contact customer service, thank you.
Rally on the rope with: You can help train the arms and legs, etc .; Rally rope color and style randomly sent, the quality and intensity is the same.
On the use of elastic rope Note:
1, elastic rope hanging in the hoop, the natural latex contact parts can not have the movement back and forth, because it will lead to softening rubber heating fracture. {Has a pro-produced this situation so warned later friends} pro You can ring in the ring that Rao fixed.
2, elastic rope can not be sun, not blisters, can not touch acid salt.


text:
New for 2017 Vegetables
Highly-adaptable, large-fruited Ancho, ideal for chile rellenos.
New! Highly-adaptable, large-fruited Ancho pepper.
65 green; 85 red ripe
Highly-productive black heirloom with excellent flavor and fruit quality.
New! Highly-productive, black heirloom with excellent flavor.
76 Days
Beautiful, three-dimensional, oak-type leaves add loft to salad mix.
New! Beautiful oak-type leaves.
21 baby, 40 full size
Excellent disease resistance package with reduced spines on open plant.
New! Excellent disease resistance package with reduced spines.
45 Days
Dark purple roots with sweet flavor and tall, strong, healthy tops.
Now available pelleted! Dark purple roots. Conventional seed with NOP-compliant pelleting.
73 Days
Early-maturing, organic hybrid with uniform, smooth roots.
New! Early maturing, organic hybrid.
23 Days
Phytophthora-resistant bell pepper for green or red harvest.
New! Phytophthora resistant bell.
61 green, 82 red ripe
High yields of flashy fruit, exceptionally uniform in shape and size.
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95 Days
Beautiful jalapeno with high yields and good, hot flavor.
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Higher-yielding Costata type with large, attractive edible blossoms.
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Early, powdery mildew resistant large jack with uniform fruits.
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Our recommended sub for Top Bunch.
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Disease-resistant mini ornamental featuring uniform, high yields.
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A classic mild yellow onion with excellent size potential.
Now available organic! Huge, mild onions.
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Large beefsteak-type with broad disease resistance for the South.
Now available organic! Large, organic beefsteak-type with broad disease resistance for the South.
78 Days


text:
More than 20 years of experience in providing solutions to direct sales industry in Poland and other Central European countries, facilitating start ups and reengineering existing operations
Traditional divisions within direct sales world for unilevel , party plan and multilevel systems are not valid any longer. Today we see more and more often companies, both new and established ones, which operate hybrid systems, trying to combine the best solutions
Central and Eastern Europe is frequently mistakenly taken as a homogeneous region. Economic conditions can be pretty similar but cultures of the countries can differ dramatically and different approach to sales force might be required
There are couple of factors making successful direct sales company :
- unique and wanted product
- compensation plan properly balancing efforts and rewards
- company culture attracting people
There are still many other things necessary but these three are absolute must


text:
21 | 5 Star Reviews | |
2 | 4 Star Reviews | |
0 | 3 Star Reviews | |
0 | 2 Star Reviews | |
0 | 1 Star Reviews | |
23 | All Reviews |
Carol Meddings | 19/01/17
"Brought this as a 70th birthday present. It was well received as the person has worked with trains.Will let us know how it went "
rebecca andrews | 05/01/17
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"It was a gift to a dear friend. It came well presented and with lots of choices. The packaging was good and the service was helpful. "
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"We were very pleased to receive our order very quickly after ordering it, and my parents were extremely happy with the gift. They are looking forward to their steam train experience and were especially pleased to find they could use the vouchers on a Welsh steam route as they can go with my aunt and uncle who have just moved there. I'm glad we bought 2 vouchers for 4 people. Excellent, speedy service."


text:
Top Definition
A word used to describe a situation where an unexplainable incident occurs
OMG WHAT HAPPENED?! That was some hectic shit!
by royal kush
January 22, 2012
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If you have been around the blogging block with me a few times, you know that we have a fair amount of company. I love having company. It involved a lot of planning and work to cook for a crowd, but it is fun.
Our company last week was like that for me. No huge deal, just a little lack of energy after:
But, sometimes company comes . . . in real time. Like Jack Bauer in 24, he was sometimes captured by the Chinese, his former work partner, the mafia etc. before he had time to eat or sleep . . . in real time.
Our company last week was like that for me. No huge deal, just a little lack of energy after:
*oral surgery last week
*anticipating plastic surgery next week
(removal of a spot on my left temple)
*my dad was back in the hospital for a few days
with an irregular heart beat
*a couple nights of not sleeping well
*and a whole host of good things, too
So . . .
1. Clean the house early in the week. I cleaned our apartment on a sunny afternoon when I was home alone, with music blaring, which restored some energy.
2. Ask for help. My husband did the grocery shopping. (Yup, he is very cool.) And his administrative assistant brought some of the food for one of our all day meetings. (Thanks, S.)
3. Choose some easy menu items . . . NOT ALL HOMEMADE. Let me say this again, this is not the time to be Martha Stewart.
For breakfast one morning, I served Costco's delicious apple turnovers. Put it on a pretty plate, throw on a few blueberries, add a colorful napkin, have my husband make his delicious coffee and voila . . . super easy.
For one dinner, I used Bertolli Oven Bake Meals, specifically, Meat Lasagne Rustica, which I put in a pretty baking dish. This was 30 seconds of work. I made one of our favorite quick salads (cucumber, grape tomato and avocado with Italian dressing) and we had a delicious, easy, company worthy meal.
This is where knowing yourself, pays off. Pay attention and be kind to yourself when your energy level is low and you are tired. I am sure you can think of many areas of your life where this principle will benefit your mental and physical health.
How is your energy level today? What is one way you can be kind to yourself?
Linking with Jen and the lovely Soli Sisters.
8/4/2011 - Hop over to this fun link for other great ideas.
image credit: blogher.com


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Price incl. VAT | £9.29 |
Price excl. VAT | £7.74 |
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Cincinnati, OH, USA < change city >
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Best BBQ in Cincinnati - everyone loved all the main courses and sides. Really g...
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text:
(650 quotes found)
"Let's face it, in today's corporate environment it's the bureaucratic nuts running the corporate nuthouse; brandish ineptitude and incompetence, and your odds of landing a job or promotion improve exponentially."
Quentin Braun
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Dedrick D. L. Pitter
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Lorrin L. Lee
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Kofi Annan
"If they run a promotion and have a real low price, then that's going to lower in the whole area the prices. It doesn't mean that ten miles, twenty miles away it might still be a little bit higher."
Alan Wright
"And now and then caterpillar does all the work, but the butterfly gets all the publicity."
Lily Chatterjee
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sotonye anga
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text:
Causality in macroeconometrics: some considerations about reductionism and realism
This paper investigates the varieties of reductionism and realism about causal relations in macroeconometrics. There are two issues, which are kept distinct in the analysis but which are interrelated in the development of econometrics. The first one is the question of the reducibility of causal relations to regularities, measured in statistics by correlations. The second one is the question of the reducibility of causes among macroeconomic aggregates to microeconomic behaviour. It is argued that there is a continuum of possible positions between realism and reductionism for both the questions, but, as far as the second question is concerned, the dominant position of mainstream macroeconometrics is strongly reductionist. The paper defends an integrative approach that emphasizes the gradual nature of many real world cases.
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Volume (Year): 12 (2005)
Issue (Month): 3 ()
Pages: 433-453
Handle: | RePEc:taf:jecmet:v:12:y:2005:i:3:p:433-453 |
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- King, Robert G. & Plosser, Charles I. & Stock, James H. & Watson, Mark W., 1991.
"Stochastic Trends and Economic Fluctuations,"
American Economic Review,
American Economic Association, vol. 81(4), pages 819-840, September.
- Robert G. King & Charles I. Plosser & James H. Stock & Mark W. Watson, 1987. "Stochastic Trends and Economic Fluctuations," NBER Working Papers 2229, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Tom Doan, "undated". "RATS programs to replicate King, Plosser, Stock, Watson AER 1991 results," Statistical Software Components RTZ00107, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Robert G. King & Charles I. Plosser & James H. Stock & Mark W. Watson, 1991. "Stochastic trends and economic fluctuations," Working Paper Series, Macroeconomic Issues 91-4, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
- Titus O. Awokuse & David A. Bessler, 2003. "Vector Autoregressions, Policy Analysis, and Directed Acyclic Graphs: An Application to the U.S. Economy," Journal of Applied Economics, Universidad del CEMA, vol. 6, pages 1-24, May.
- Christopher A. Sims, 1986. "Are forecasting models usable for policy analysis?," Quarterly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, issue Win, pages 2-16.
- Alan P. Kirman, 1992. "Whom or What Does the Representative Individual Represent?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 6(2), pages 117-136, Spring.
- Ben S. Bernanke, 1986.
"Alternative Explanations of the Money-Income Correlation,"
NBER Working Papers
1842, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Bernanke, Ben S., 1986. "Alternative explanations of the money-income correlation," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 49-99, January.
- Kevin Hoover & Selva Demiralp, 2003.
"Searching for the Causal Structure of a Vector Autoregression,"
Working Papers
33, University of California, Davis, Department of Economics.
- Selva Demiralp & Kevin D. Hoover, 2003. "Searching for the Causal Structure of a Vector Autoregression," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 65(s1), pages 745-767, December.
- Uhlig, Harald, 2005.
"What are the effects of monetary policy on output? Results from an agnostic identification procedure,"
Journal of Monetary Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 381-419, March.
- Tom Doan, "undated". "UHLIGFUNCS: RATS procedure to compute criteria for Uhlig sign-restricted shocks," Statistical Software Components RTS00217, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Tom Doan, "undated". "RATS programs to replicate Uhlig's VAR identification technique," Statistical Software Components RTZ00163, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Uhlig, H.F.H.V.S., 1999. "What are the Effects of Monetary Policy on Output? Results from an Agnostic Identification Procedure," Discussion Paper 1999-28, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
- Uhlig, Harald, 1999. "What are the Effects of Monetary Policy on Output? Results from an Agnostic Identification Procedure," CEPR Discussion Papers 2137, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Lawson, Tony, 1989. "Realism and Instrumentalism in the Development of Econometrics," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 41(1), pages 236-258, January.
- Lucas, Robert Jr, 1976. "Econometric policy evaluation: A critique," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 19-46, January.
- Leamer, Edward E., 1985. "Vector autoregressions for causal inference?," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 255-304, January.
- Hoover,Kevin D., 2001.
"Causality in Macroeconomics,"
Cambridge Books,
Cambridge University Press, number 9780521002882, December.
- Hoover,Kevin D., 2001. "Causality in Macroeconomics," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521452175, December.
- Granger, C. W. J., 1980. "Testing for causality : A personal viewpoint," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 2(1), pages 329-352, May.
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text:
I applied online. The process took 2 weeks. I interviewed at Thomson Reuters (Ann Arbor, MI) in December 2012.
I filled out an application online and received a call for a phone interview a week later. Did a phone interview and went to the Ann Arbor office for an on site interview. The interview was basic questions. For example tell me how you would trouble shoot a printer problem, give me an example of a time you fixed something technology related, give me an example of a time you went above and beyond for a client. Process was pretty easy. At the Ann Arbor office you get to sit with a current employee and listen to their calls for an hour so you get a feel for the job.
Interview Questions
Reasons for Declining
I thought it was going to be more business and technology oriented, but it turns out to be more about answering the phones all day answering questions. I did not want to sit in a cube all day and answer phones so I declined the offer.
I applied through college or university. The process took 4+ weeks. I interviewed at Thomson Reuters (Bowling Green, OH) in October 2012.
Received an offer to interview with Thomson Reuters after attending a college Career Expo. The interview last for about 15-20 minutes, and consisted of basic behavioral questions, a few questions about myself, and extremely basic computer-related questions. The computer-related questions were along the lines of: "Explain how you would go about moving a file to a different folder." "How you would go about troubleshooting a printer that is not printing," and the like.
The interviewer was very pleasant, and I was requested to come into Thomson Reuter's Ann Arbor office to interview in person. However, this request was ultimately turned down due to Thomson Reuter's inflexibility, regarding the starting date of the internship. The internship was to begin on December 20th, but I needed to travel 750 miles back home, for Winter Break. Thomson Reuter's offered to allow me to start on the 27th of December at the very latest. This required to begin training with their Tax Accounting software on my own, and also required me to leave on Christmas day to get out to Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Interview Questions
Reasons for Declining
The inflexibility of the internship starting date. The rate of pay of $12 per hour was also a contributing factor in this decision.
Helpful (1)
The process took 2 weeks. I interviewed at Thomson Reuters (Ann Arbor, MI) in June 2011.
Interview was pretty easy. Basic behavior questions that they would say at any other interview. Started off with some technology questions that I wasn't sure about but they didn't seem to mind. I first had an interview at my school and then another one at their site. They took me around and showed me the place and then I had another interview and same basic behavioral questions.
Interview Questions
Reasons for Declining
Got a better offer from another company
I applied through college or university. The process took 5 days. I interviewed at Thomson Reuters in February 2012.
Put resume on University Career Services Network. Met on campus at Career Services Center. I was asked questions regarding troubleshooting in a given situation. For example, 1.) The customer is having trouble connecting to a printer 2.) Copy a file to a new folder 3.) Computer is running slow. Interviewer was very nice and accommodating, vague regarding explanation of product being provided.
Interview Questions
Reasons for Declining
I felt as though I didn't require a degree to answer the questions.
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