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Since 2007, over 150 Chinese companies, with a $12.8 billion value, have become listed on U.S. exchanges through a technique called a reverse merger.
This is a technique by which a private company is merged into a public company and the private company's management team takes over the combined publicly traded company. The public company is typically a shell company with no operations that has gone through bankruptcy and is now dormant.
The reverse merger has been used in the United States for decades as a faster and less expensive way to go public than an initial public offering.
While it's very convenient to help clients access China though companies listed on U.S. exchanges through reverse mergers, is it safe? Not by a long shot. According to Bloomberg, over 50 of the companies have been deregistered by the SEC, of which the SEC filed fraud charges on 40 of them.
Still, one recent study found that Chinese reverse merger stocks outperformed their U.S. peers. The study determined that Chinese companies were better capitalized than U.S. stocks going through reverse mergers. What's unclear is how the U.S. reverse merger companies did versus the small cap peers that went public via the old fashioned way.
Should you consider buying some of these for your clients? To me, the answer is an unequivocal "no." U.S. companies going through reverse mergers often end up being listed on the OTC bulletin board with little liquidity. They wind up being bonanzas for attorneys as they offer fertile ground for law suits.
There is no evidence as to why these companies should outperform on a risk adjusted basis. Even if there were some evidence, do you want to be explaining to your client why their statement shows some of their companies as having no value and being the subject of fraud law suits?
While the reverse merger is one of the few products the U.S. has exported to China, this is this a product that is developing. Access to foreign markets is better gained through broader ETFs and mutual funds.


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Literature Review Of Disease Resistance Genes In Crops Biology Essay
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Every living organism has always a desire to live a healthy long life and a fight for the survival has always been the main subject for all organisms. For this purpose, they strive for their best to enjoy a life with no or less problems using their innate and adapted immunity systems. Since the initial discoveries (Koch, 1876; Burrill, 1878), a wide array of microorganisms have been identified for their ability to harm animals or plants. Generally the capacity of an organism to keep invaders at a distance depends on the strength of innate and acquired resistance against the pathogens. Of the species under constant challenge, plants are one of the confronting species.
Despite the substantial advances in plant-pathogen interaction, recent characterization and cloning of many resistance genes in different plants, the global crop production and food supply to meet the needs of alarmingly increasing population of the world is still threatened by potential plant pathogens and pests which are significantly reducing crop yield and quality (Moffat, 2001; Garelik, 2002). Of many controls, chemical management provides effective protection but the nature has to compromise with its adverse effects such as environmental effects and the emergence of resistant pathogen strains. Moreover such controls are often beyond the means of farmers in many developing nations. Therefore much effort of the scientific community has always been towards understanding the natural resistance mechanisms in plants. The plant breeders have been exploiting this inexpensive, convenient and environmentally sound way to control plant diseases since many years (Agrios, 1988, Crute and Pink, 1996; Pink, 2002).
This review of literature will cover the host-pathogen interaction, different classes of disease resistance genes, analysis of the genetic architecture of the resistance (R) genes, signalling and transduction pathways supposed to be involved in the activation of the resistance genes, and finally the strategies adopted by plants to generate recognition specificities against the new potential pathogens.
Plant-pathogen Interaction
Plant pathogens deploy different strategies to attack plants e.g. necrotrophy, biotrophy or hemibiotrohpy (Keen, 1990; Long and Staskawicz, 1993; Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1997; Dangl and Jones, 2001). During a necrotrphic invasion, pathogen get nutrition from the plant body after killing the plant cells usually by excreting toxins e.g. Pythium and Botrytis species. Some of necrotrophic pathogens have a broad range of hosts while others have narrow (Walton, 1996; Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1997) but overall, necrotrophic invaders are less specialized (Agrios, 2005; Wit, 2007). By contrast, biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens develop a friendly and give-and-take (symbiotic) relationship with their host. Biotrophs utilize host nutrients by keeping the host cells alive (Agrios, 1988) whereas hemibiotrophs can kill the surrounding cells in the later stages of infection (Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1996; 1997). Some biotrophs live in the intercellular space between leaf mesophyl cells, while others feed on host through haustoria development (Voegele and mendgen, 2003; Ellis et al., 2006). Plant pathogens can affect plants in different ways and can cause significant economic losses in a managed ecosystem. They can have strong effects on plant fitness and can regulate the population sizes of the plant species as well (Rausher, 2001).
Conversely, plants being sessile cannot hide or escape themselves when invaded. Therefore, like other organisms, they are continuously under challenge by potential pathogens and are easily accessible to a wide array of pathogens (Zhang and Gassmann, 2003). Generally, most microbes access and infect plant body through direct penetration into the leaves and/or roots or these microbes enter into the plant body through wounds or natural openings e.g. stomata and other gaseous exchange pores. To be pathogenic, pathogens must have to breach many obstacles such as a cellulose-based rigid cell wall and plasma membrane. In the plasma membrane, they have to evade or confront extra-cellular or trasmembrane receptors (Chisholm et al., 2006).
The plants recognize the presence of a pathogen through extra-cellular or trasmembrane pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are specific against pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Underhill and Ozinsky, 2003; Chisholm et al., 2006; Postel and Kimmerling, 2009). These PRs and PAMPs molecules are conserved between the pants and pathogens respectively, and are indispensable for the occurrence of resistance or susceptibility (Nürnberger et al., 2004). The generation of basal protection activated through the recognition of the PAMPs is known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) (Zipfel et al., 2004; Chisholm et al., 2006). The pathogens have developed sophisticated ways to bypass the plant pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) using different strategies (Postel and Kimmerling, 2009). Most commonly, pathogens invade plants either by evading from PRs through the modification or acquisition of the PAMPs which are no longer recognized by plants (Gomez-Gomez et al., 1999; Chisholm et al., 2006) or suppressing the basal immunity through effector proteins (Alfano et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2005; Nomura et al., 2005; Block et al., 2008). To recognize the new pathogens evasions, plants have also evolved different up-to-date methods to combat against the pathogens having these niche PAMPs or effectors (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Such type of immunity developed as a result of effectors recognition is known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). This type of immunity involves the direct or indirect recognition of the effectors or other proteins used to subvert the effect PAMP-triggered immunity (Postel and Kimmerling, 2009). All the above observations are based on the gene-for-gene hypothesis which was proposed by Flor in 1956 and 1971.
Although, plants posses no circulatory system, antibodies, and B-or T-lymphocytes to protect themselves against pathogens (Martinon and Tschopp, 2005; Vivier and Malissen, 2005) yet they have developed strong multilayered defense system to cope with pathogens (Dangl and Jones, 2001; Holub, 2001; Jones, 2001). The understanding of evolution and generation of PAMPs and PRs along with the defense-related traits e.g. morphological structures, physiological responses, secondary metabolites, proteins and different enzymes will help researchers to develop durable resistance plant ecotypes and more sustainable pest management strategies (Tiffen and Moeller, 2006). However, the plant-pathogen interactions and plant protection can be divided into two lines.
First line of defense:
Plants have established very robust, sophisticated and effective mechanisms to recognize and respond to a variety of putative pathogens (Dangl and Jones, 2001; Zhen et al., 2006). During the first line of defense, plants attempt to restrict the growth of the pathogen at the pathogen ingress site through locally induced responses (Maleck and Lawton, 1998). These locally induced responses usually include a hypersensitive response (HR) i.e. a programmed cell death by rapid cell collapse in the infected and surrounding vicinity of the infection site (Holub et al., 1994; Morel and Dangl, 1997). The most robust biochemical changes associated with the hypersensitive response is the generation of the reactive species e.g. O2- and H2O2 (Dixon and Lamb, 1990; Dixon et al., 1994; Lamb and Dixon, 1997). The hypersensitive response is further followed by many rapid responses such as cross-linking of the cell wall of the infected tissues by callose deposition and production of antibiotics and antimicrobial enzymes e.g. chitinases and glucanases (Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1996; Jones and Dangl, 1996; Maleck and Lawton, 1998; Zhen et al., 2006). Additionally, the prevalence of the cuticular wax layers, secondary metabolites, different toxin compounds like phytoalexins also play a significant role in providing the protection to the plants (Maleck and Lawton, 1998; Zeng et al., 2006; Zhen et al., 2006). However, some studies documented that these responses resulted in the reduction of pathogen growth but sometime were unable to provide a complete blockage against different pathogens (Broglie et al., 1991; Maher et al., 1994; Zhu et al., 1994). Therefore, it needs the activation of a broad spectrum and highly effective resistance system (Bent, 1996).
Second life of defense:
In addition to the outcome formed as a result of first of line defense, the production of many other products such as NO, Ca+2 and other ion fluxes, changes in protein phosphorylation and salicyclic acid (Dixon, 1994; Dangl et al., 1996; Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1996; Métraux, 2001; Ryals et al., 1996; Delledonne et al., 1998; Durner et al., 1998) are thought to be involved in the initiation of signaling for the activation of some broad-spectrum, global and durable defense systems (resistance genes) against a wide array of pathogens (Bent, 1996; Dong, 2001; MacDowell and Woffenden, 2003; Durrant and Dong, 2004). The production and balance of the NO, RO, and SA is believed to be necessary for the complete occurrence of the hypersensitive response, and subsequent activation of the disease resistance genes (Klessing et al., 2000; Delledonne et al., 1998, 2001). Moreover, salicyclic acid (SA) production has been observed during both lines of defense thus it can be inferred that SA may play multiple roles like H2O2 generation (Laj et al., 1996) as well as HR stimulation (Tenhaken and Rubal, 1997).
During the second defense line, the most important response is the activation of different types of resistance (R) genes which provide protection against many pathogens including viruses, fungi, bacteria, oomycete nematodes and insects (Keen, 1990; Crute and Pink, 1996; Bent, 1996; Dangl and Jones, 2001). R gene-mediated resistance received more attraction and attention because it provides complete protection when activated and expressed timely. This system has no adverse environmental effect and provides pathogen specific protection. Moreover, economically it needs no inputs, and is a short period process from breeding point of view (McDowell and Woffenden, 2003).
Disease Resistance (R) Genes:
The disease resistance (R) genes are abundant in many plant species (Michelmore and Meyers, 1998). Many contemporary and previous studies suggest that almost virtually all plants have large number of disease resistance (R) genes to protect themselves from a wide array of pathogens (Dangl and Jones, 2001, Ding et al., 2007; Nemri et al., 2010). Over two hundred genes have been identified from the Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia, which were found to encode proteins similar to disease resistance proteins (Meyers et al., 2003; Kato et al., 2009). These resistance (R) genes belong to tightly linked multigene families with diversified functions (Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1996; McDowell et al., 1998; Hulbert et al., 2001). Resistance (R) genes are the segments of the genome encoding proteins that can recognize avirulence (Avr) proteins and activate signaling cascade to circumvent pathogen ingress and allow resistance to occur (Baker et al., 1997; Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1997; DeYoung and Innes, 2006; Jones and Dangl, 2006; Weaver et al., 2006). Plants with altered resistance genes showed susceptibility to most of pathogens (Kunkel et al., 1993; Bisgrove et al., 1994; Okubara et al., 1994; Innes, 1998; Maleck and Lawton, 1998). Many resistance (R) genes have been isolated, characterized and cloned from different plant species (Bent, 1996; Ellis et al., 2000) such as Arabidopsis thaliana (Jones et al., 1996; McDowell et al., 2000; Bergelson et al., 2001), Lactuca sativa (Meyers et al., 1998) flax (Lawrence et al., 1995; Dodds et al., 2000), tomato (Martin et al., 1993), rice (Wang et al., 1998), tobacco (Whitham et al., 1994) and Solanaceae (Couch et al., 2006).
Classification of resistance (R) genes:
Since the plant disease resistance proteins are known to posses many domains (Fig. 1) like TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor), CC (Coiled-coil), NBS (nucleotide-binding site), LRR (leucine-rich repeats), LZ (leucine-zipper), TM (transmembrane-domain) and PK (protein-kinase) (Meyers et al., 2002, 2003; Liu et al., 2007), therefore the prevalence of different domains make it very difficult and hard to classify these R proteins into proper groups. Nonetheless, Liu et al. (2007) divided these plant disease resistance (R) proteins into at least four main families which provide protection to the host against a wide array of pathogens (Staskawicz et al., 1995; Baker et al., 1997; Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1997; Liu et al., 2007). These four main groups are enlisted below;
Nucleotide-binding site plus leucine-rich repeats (NBS-LRRs)
Receptor-like kinase (RLK)
Leucine-rich repeat transmembrance (LRR-TM)
Transmembrance coiled-coil TM-CC
The NBS-LRR gene family represents the largest class (table 1) of resistance genes (Kobe and Deisenhofer, 1993; Traut, 1994; Martin et al., 2003; Belkhadir et al., 2004). The annotation data of the Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia genome recognized 207 genes which showed characteristics of plant disease resistance proteins (Meyers et al., 2002, 2003). Of 207, 149 displayed homology to the "nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) class of resistance genes" (Meyers et al., 2003). These NBS-LRRs proteins characteristically encode NBS peptide of about 300 amino acids (Traut, 1994) sandwiched between a variable N-terminal TIR/CC-domain of about 200 amino acids and a highly variable C-terminal LRR-domain (10-40 tandemly arrayed short LRR motifs; Jones and Jones, 1997). The NBS-LRR proteins lack a recognizable signal peptide at its amino-terminus (Leister et al., 1996). On the basis of N-terminal domain, the NBS-LRR class of proteins can further be categorized into two or three subclasses (Pan et al., 2000; Steven et al., 2002; Meyers et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2007) as follows;
TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL proteins)
CC-NBS-LRR (CNL proteins)
Non-motif group
The TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) class includes genes that provide resistance to host against virus (Whitham et al., 1994), fungi (Lawrence et al., 1995; Anderson et al., 1997) and oomycetes including genes RPP5, RPP1A, RPP1B, and RPP1C in Arabidopsis (Parker et al., 1997; Botella et al., 1998). Similarly the second subclass "CNL proteins" mainly specify resistance to Pseudomonas syringe pathovars covering genes RPM1 (Grant et al., 1995), prf (Salmeron et al., 1996) and RPS2 (Bent et al., 1994; Mindrinos et al., 1994). The TNL family is nearly two times bigger than the CNL class in Arabidopsis but TNLs are more homogenous in occurrence than CNLs (Meyer et al., 2005). However, the third non-motif subgroup covers all the domains which represent either sequence similarity or functional similarity to the standard NBS-LRR proteins. This subclass of resistance proteins includes genes encoding proteins that are
Fig. 1 Members of resistance proteins (Liu et al., 2007)
The plant resistance proteins classified based on the presence of conserved domains, which contain 14 groups (a, b, c…n) corresponding to different R protein types. Three novel R proteins (Xa13, Xa5 and Xa27) do not contain any conserved motifs of the known in R proteins. (NBS: nucleotide-binding site; LRR: leucine-rich repeat; TIR: Toll-interleukin-1 receptor; CC: coiled-coil; TM: transmembrane domain; PK: Protein Kinase; WRKY: WRKY domain; B-lectin: bulb-type mannose specific binding lectin domain).
Table 1. Arabidopsis NBS-LRR genes classes based on N-terminal proteins domain and genomic organization
Genomic organization
Single-gene loci
11 (34)
1 (2)
6 (12)
6 (23)
16 (44)
a Numbers of genes contained in clusters are given in parentheses. (Richly et al., 2002)
predicted to be transmembrane (Cf gens of tomato; Hammond-Kosack and Jones; 1996) and with extracellular LRR domains (Xa21 genes of rice; Song et al., 1995; McDowell et al., 1998).
Modulation of phosphorylation state is one of the most important and common mechanisms that living organisms usually use to control their protein activities. Therefore, kinases and kinase-like receptors (RLKs) attracted more attention and have been studied extensively (Pawson, 1994). Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) belong to a superfamily of transmembrane proteins with variable N-terminal extracellular domains that vary in structure and C-terminal intercellular kinase catalytic domains (Torii, 2000, Shiu and Bleecker, 2001). Sequence and expression data of different expressed proteins show that these RLKs represent the largest gene family in Arabidopsis. Over 600 RLKs have been found in Arabidopsis which constitute nearly 2.5% of Arabidopsis protein encoding genes (Shiu and Bleecker, 2003). These results can be supported by (Dardick et al., 2006) where they found over two times (1,429) more RLKs than in Arabidopsis.
Since the establishment of roles of RLKs in many processes such as development, self incompatibility, and defense against pathogens (Clark et al., 1993; Stein et al., 1996; Torii et al., 1996; Li and Chory, 1997; Gomez-Gomez and Boller, 2000), many plant RLKs including a) tomato Pto encoding a Ser/Thr protein kinase (martin et al.,, 1993), b) Xa21 and Xa26, two Ser/Thr protein kinases (Song et al., 1995; Sun et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2006), and c) Rpg1, a barley RLK protein (Brueggeman et al., 2002), have been identified. However, in plant-microbe systems, these RLKs are of central importance in perception and transmission of external signals from pathogens (Dievart and Clark, 2004; Zhou et al., 1995; Salmero et al., 1996; Zhou et al., 1997; Sasssa et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2006 Doods et al., 2006).
However, the prevalence and role of these three families e.g. receptor-like kinases, leucine-rich repeat transmembrance or transmembrane coiled-coil domains is also significant (Liu et al., 2007). There are some genes which possess no obvious NBS domain in their architecture, thereby fall in a distinct group as non-NBS extracellular and/or transmembrane domains (Fig.1 & Table 1; Jones et al., 1994; Dixon et al., 1996; Meyers et al., 2002). There are many plausible explanations for the occurrence of these proteins. Most of the domains included in this group have interaction with the main LRR and NBS domains in one way or the other, and are encoded together in different combinations between LRR domain, transmembrace domain, and kinases encoded by many R genes (Meyers et al., 2002, 2003).
Structural and functional dissection of R gene motifs:
Sequence analyses accumulated a large number of structural domains of the disease resistance genes (see Fig. 1 & Table 1) some of the import structural domains are listed and briefly discussed below;
Toll/interleukin-1receptor (TIR)
Coiled-coil domain (CC)
Necleotide-binding site (NBS)
Leucine-rich repeats (LRR)
Toll/interleukin-1receptor (TIR):
The TIR domain is an N-terminal motif of many plant disease (R) resistance proteins which was originally characterized due to having a sequence homology to the cytoplasmic domain of the Drosophila Toll peptide and/or to the mammalian interleukin-1 receptor (Whitham et al., 1994; Lawrence et al., 1995; Meyers et al., 2005). The TIR-domain is comprised of three portions; a central part containing conserved residues (ranging from 135-160 amino acids) and two interfaces involved in mediating TIR domain interaction (Xu et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2007).
Since Toll/interleukin-1 receptors are of central importance in mediating the innate immunity in Drosophila and humans (Ausubel, 2005), therefore the plant TIR domain is believed to be implicated in signaling and activation of the defense responses against a wide array of pathogen proteins including bacterial lipoploysaccharides, microbial and viral effecter proteins, cytokines and growth factors (Xu et al., 2000). Moreover, many additional roles of TIR and TIR-like domains in stimulating the activated oxygen production, oxidative burst and maintenance of salicylic acid have been reported as well (Dangl et al., 1996; Hammond-Kosack, 1996; Ryals et al., 1996). This plant TIR domain is a unique characteristic of disease resistance genes of the dicotyledonous plants, and is lacking in the R genes of monocotyledonous plants (Pan et al., 2000; Meyers et al., 2003).
Coiled-Coil domain:
The Coiled-Coil domain (also called LZ) mainly occurs in the N-terminus of NBS-LRR genes and serves as oligomerization domain for a large number of proteins including structural proteins, motor proteins and transcription factors (Nooren et al., 1999). This Coiled-Coil domain has almost similar and conserved structure from viruses to plants and mammals. Sequence and expression analyses showed that these CC proteins are 5% of the total encoded proteins by a plant genome (Nooren et al., 1999). These CC proteins typically comprised of two or more alpha-helices that wrap around each other with a superhelical twist, and their structures are characterized by the heptad repeat sequences (abcdefg)n, where a & d denote hydrophobic residues, and e & g charged polar residues (Alber, 1992; Bent, 1996; Nooren et al., 1999). Likewise TIR domain, CC/LZ proteins are well known for their role in protein-protein interactions, homo-and hetrodimerization of many eukaryotic transcription factors (Nooren et al., 1999; Burkhard et al., 2001). Interestingly, the CC type is present in both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant (Bai et al., 2002; Meyers et al., 2003; Monosi et al., 2004).
Nucleotide-binding site (NBS):
Most of the disease resistance (R) genes encoding LRR domain, also encode NBS domain, both of which make the largest class of R proteins. The NBS domains of the plant disease (R) genes show high degree of homology with NBS domains of cell death related genes (CED4) from Caenorhabditis elegans and Apaf-1, FLASH, CARD4, and Nod1 from humans (Van der Biezen and Jones, 1998; Arvind, 1999). The NBS domain is a key component of diverse proteins with three ATP or GTP binding motifs known as P-loop or kinase 1a, kinase 2 and kinase 3a. The P-loop motif with the consensus sequence GXXXXGK (T/S) is supposed to be involved in binding with phosphates and Mg21 ions (Saraste et al., 1990). The kinase 2, which require a phospho-transfer reaction, contains four consecutive hydrophobic amino acid followed by a conserved aspartate (D) residue, which coordinates the divalent metal ions on Mg-ATP. The kinase 3a motif is involved in binding purine or ribose and contains a conserved tyrosine (Y) or arginine (R) residue (Traut, 1994). Overall, this NBS domain is believed to be involved in cell growth, cytoskeletal organization, differentiation, apoptosis, vesicle transport, and defense, such as ATP synthase β subunits, ras protein, ribosomal elongation factors and adenylate kinase (Saraste et al., 1990; Traut, 1994; Dangl and Jones, 2001).
The NBS domain has central importance in the signaling of plant defense. Mutational, transgenic and functional studies and analyses showed that ATP binding site and P-loop of the NBS domains are of crucial importance in displaying the protection against these pathogens (Tameling et al., 2002). These results were later supported by Ade et al. (2007) during their study of amino acid substitution in P-loop motif of the NBS region of Arabidopsis RPS5 (D266E) and tobacco N (GK221, 222AA) (Mestre and Baulcombe, 2006) protiens, both of the replacements eliminated their activities.
Leucine-rich repeats (LRR):
The LRR domain, firstly recognized in the leucine-rich 2-glycoprotein, is repeats of motifs tandemly arrayed to the C-terminal of the NBS domain in many R proteins, and is considered to be responsible for pathogen protein recognition (Jones and Jones, 1997). Meyers et al. (2003) documented that these LRR domains are connected to NBS domain through an exon (with average size of approximately 300 bp which is conserved in many plant R proteins) in all TNL R proteins but this exon is missing in the CNL R proteins architecture. The LRR motif is usually 20-29 (with average 24; Kobe and Deisenhofer, 1994) amino acids long containing a conserved 11-residue sequence LxxLxLxxN/xxL where x can be any amino acid and L can also substituted by valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine) (Bostjan and Andrey, 2001). Bent et al. (1996) added that these hydrophobic and conserved regions (LxxLxLxxN/xxL) of LRR domains are more likely to be involved in assigning characteristic structure to the LRR proteins rather than in determining the functional specificity.
With the established roles of all LRR-containing proteins and their distinct subfamilies in mediating protein-protein interactions and protein-carbohydrate interaction during many important biological processes (Kobe and Deisenhofer, 1994; Kajava, 1998), such as enzyme-inhibition (RNase and RNase inhibitor), hormone-receptor interactions, cell adhesion and cellular trafficking (Bostjan and Andrey, 2001, Torii, 2004), the LRR domain of plant R proteins are considered as key mediators of plant-pathogen interaction (Kobe and Deisenhofer, 1994). It was proposed that these LRR domains are associated in binding with the ligand produced by pathogen (Jones and Jones, 1997; Dixon et al., 1996), and are the major determinant of resistance specificity (Hulbert et al., 2001). Domain swap and amino acid(s) substitution studies further strengthened the fact that these highly variable but conserved regions (LRRs) of R proteins are indispensable for the occurrence of resistance in the host and compatibility of interaction between plant and pathogen (Wulff et a., 2001; Van der Hoorn et al., 2001; Dodds et al.,, 2001).
Some studies reported that any change in the conserved region of the LRR is very crucial. Jia et al. (2000) were unable to found a resistance response by just substituting a single amino. Conversely, Zhou et al. (2006) refuted this notion. They documented that the 8 amino acids substitutions in the xxLxLxx motif brought no significant change in the resistance specificity (Zhou et al., 2006). More interestingly, Ade et al. (2007) found some results in which they observed that the LRR domain negatively affected activation of resistance genes by interacting with other domains (NBS) of R genes by blocking the signaling cascade.
Signaling Mechanisms of Disease Resistance (R) Genes:
Despite new advancements in the characterization of R genes, exact signaling pathway underlying these genes is poorly known. Preliminary studies showed that Calcium channels, phosphatases and kinases were found to be associated with R genes signal transduction (Scheel et al., 1998). The complete description of the signaling mechanism underlying the resistance genes is big challenge because R gene signaling is highly branched and partially redundant (Innes, 1998). Using genomic and mutational approaches, Innes (1998) observed that most of mutations/insertions in the potential signaling genes suppress more than one R genes, suggesting that most of the R genes share a common signaling pathway. In two different studies, it was also proposed that different R genes are either induced by different signaling pathways or through a common one (Freialdenhoven et al., 1994; Peterhänsel et al., 1997).
There are many preliminary reports that represent the involvement of either NBS or one of the TIR or coiled-coil/leucine-zipper domains in activating signal transduction of resistance proteins (Hommond-Kosack and Jones, 1997). The sequence comparison studies of plant TIR domain with Toll/interleukin-1 receptor of Drosophila and human respectively propose that plant TIR domain transduce the activation of R genes in a similar fashion to Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor of Drosophila or human (Hommond-Kosack and Jones, (1997). Since the redox reaction is the immediate and first response of mammalian innate immunity (Doke and Ohashi, 1988; Hommond-Kosack and Jones, 1996), the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a consequence of perceiving a signal from pathogen strengthens the above mentioned role for plant TIR domains (Doke and Ohashi, 1988; Hommond-Kosack and Jones, 1996; Meyers et al., 1993).
Careful investigations of the signaling components involved in the initiation of defense responses revealed intriguing results. Mutational studies and screening of the mutants led to the identification of many potential genes (NDR1, EDS1 and PAD4) required for the complete occurrence of resistance to bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes (Parker et al., 1996; Century et al., 1997; Rogers and Ausubl, 1997; Aarts et al., 1998; Zhou et al., 1998; Glazebrook et al., 1999; Nawrath and Métraux, 1999; Feys and Parker, 2000). Parker et al. (1996) and Century et al. (1995, 1997) identified and isolated EDS1 and NDR1 respectively as indispensable components of the Arabidopsis signaling pathways during their mutant screening. Evidences accumulated showed that a mutation in the NDR1 gene abolished resistance to RPS2 and RPS5 (Pseudomonas syringe) along with RPM1 gene-mediated (Perenospora parasitica) resistance but not RPS4 (Pseudomonas syringe) (Century et al., 1997). Conversely, eds1mutation caused susceptibility to RPP gene-mediated (Perenospora parasitica) resistant plants along with RPS4 (Pseudomonas syringe) whereas this mutation showed no effect on RPS2, RPS5 and RPM1specifed resistance. From these results it was inferred that NDR1 may encode a component needed for signal transduction and may interact either directly with many specific receptors (formed as a result of resistance gene products) to transduce a signal or serve as transporter/receptor for an elicitor signal (Century et al., 1997).
Similar results (see Table 2) were observed by Aarts et al. (1998) which indicate that the R genes strongly dependent on EDS1, showed very weak or no dependence on NDR1. Upon careful examination, it became obvious that the choice of activation of either of abovementioned signaling pathways (EDS1 or NDR1) depends upon the presence or absence of TIR and CC/LZ domains to the N-terminus of NBS-LRR R proteins (Rustérucci et al., 2001). They further added that the choice of activation of signaling pathways is independent of the pathogen type. Glazebrook et al. (1996) identified a third potential component PAD4, believed to be involved in signal transduction of disease resistance responses. Likewise EDS1, PAD4 was found to encode a lipase-like protein (Falk et al., 1999; Jirage et al., 1999) and was supposed to be implicated in salicyclic acid (SA) signaling pathway (Rustérucci et al., 2001).
Later on, Feys et al. (2001) studied and developed a direct relationship between EDS1 and PAD4 (see fig. 2) using mutational approaches. They demonstrated that both EDS1 and PAD4 are needed for the defense response to occur and these genes are the main regulators of SA abundance. It was observed that the mutant plants (eds1-2) displayed no HR response allowing a rapid pathogen ingress and mycelium to establish whereas mutants with pad4-2 strikingly produced HR response though this response can't stop the infection to develop. From their mutational analyses and results, they established facts that EDS1 is present upstream of the PAD4 in the genomic organization which either triggers early plant signals or recruits PAD4 to tranduce plant defense responses through the accumulation of the SA. Nonetheless, all these signaling components require further investigations.
Table 2
RPP locus,
P. parasiticaisolate
F3 families, n
RPP2 (Cala2)
Col-gl 3 Ler-eds1-2
RPP2, eds1-2
RPP4 (Emwa1)
Col-gl 3 x Ws-eds1-1
RPP2, ndr1-1
RPP4, eds1-1
RPP5 (Noco2)
Col-ndr1-1 3 x Ler
RPP4, ndr1-1
RPP5, ndr1-1
rpp5, NDR1
RPP8 (Emco5)
Col-ndr1-1 3 x Ler
RPP8, ndr1-1
rpp8, NDR1
Phenotypes of different RPP loci in combination with wild-type or mutant eds1or ndr1after inoculation of selected F3 families with P. parasitica
Figure 2. A proposed model for the roles of EDS1 and PAD4 in R gene mediated resistance (Feys et al., 2001).
Evolution of R genes:
The key and paramount components of evolutionary and developmental forces have always been the ability of plant defense system to detect and respond to potential pathogens (Kato et al., 2009). According to fossil records, the establishment of the first land plants occurred approximately 480 million years ago. However, molecular-clock estimates suggest that land plants evolved more than 700 million years ago (Heckman et al., 2001). As it is believed that the early land plants were established by the interaction with symbiotic fungal associations, it can be suggested that plants have coevolved with microbes since their first appearance on land (Gehrig et al., 1996). Furthermore, it can also be speculated that the evolution of land plants has been shaped by molecular interactions with epiphytic, symbiotic, and pathogenic microbes (Chisholm et al., 2006).
What were the ancestors of R genes and how they evolve is still obscure but there are some plausible explanations to these questions. Firstly, as it is evident that mammalian, yeast, insects and different homologues of these plant disease (R) genes from other species, have been found implicated in the endogenous signaling, development and/or cell adhesion, so it could be suggested that these proteins might be previously involved in the recognition or signaling of the plant growth and development (Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1997). Their potential roles in plant growth and development can be further supported from the role of two Xa21proteins (similar to the extracellular LRR R protein) encoded by the Arabidopsis erecta and clavata genes determine floral organ shape and size (Torii et al., 1996) and are believed to be involved in communication between the adjacent cells (Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1997). Secondly but less likely could be possible that the R genes of multi-cellular organisms might have evolved from progenitor R genes associated in pathogen recognition by their unicellular ancestors. This notion is further strengthened by the significant structural homology between the NBS/LRR class of R proteins and the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II transcription activator (CIITA), and between the extracytoplasmic LRR class of R proteins and the mouse RP105 protein involved in B cell proliferation and protection against programmed cell death (Jones and Jones, 1996), which suggest that plant R genes and genes involved in mammalian immunity may have a common evolutionary origin (Jones and Jones, 1996; Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1997).
Lastly, it has been observed that taxonomically distinct plant species provide recognition and protection against the same bacterial Avr genes (Whalen et al., 1988; Kobayashi et al., 1989). From this evidence, it can be inferred that either there has been preservation of an ancient specificity or this same recognitional specificity have evolved in the relevant pathogen in multisteps over a period of time (Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1997). Currently from the availability of studies and systems for the isolation and characterization of additional plant R genes and their related gene families, it may be possible to determine which of these evolutionary scenarios is more likely.
Evolution of R gene specificity:
To enjoy a life at its best, organisms must be equipped with the best means of defense against pathogens like bacteria, fungi, and viruses otherwise these pathogens would replicate out of control inside those organisms which consequently lead to malfunctioning of many systems or even to death. Therefore organisms employ different types of defense to stop this happening. The opening of twenty-first century era with latest advances in genomics, proteomics, population genetics, evolutionary biology and bioinformatic tools has changed our biological views and developed new links between these sciences, ultimately increased our understanding about the interaction of host and pathogen and evolution of new mechanisms for their survival. Many evolutionary biologist have studied natural variation and its impact on the adaptation of the plants (Maloof, 2003; Ungerer et al., 2003; de Meaux et al., 2005; Juenger et al., 2005; Shindo et al., 2005; Weigel and Nordborg, 2005; Balasubramanian et al., 2006; Briggs et al., 2006; DeCook et al., 2006; Mitchell-Olds and Schmitt, 2006; Shindo et al., 2007). These evolutionary studies are of great significance for gaining better understanding of environmental adaptation and evolution of new plants.
According to gene-for-gene hypothesis (Flor, 1947, 1971), for each Avirulence gene in the pathogen, there is a virulence gene in the host (Plant or human). For an infection to be established, Avirulence ligand should interact with its receptor in the host and circumvent the activation of host defense response and system (Keen, 1990; De Wit, 1992). For this purpose, an arm race between the pathogen and the host to evolve novel Avirulence lignads and host systems to detect/recognize and response against these novel changes respectively has been observed by many researchers (Day, 1974; Keen, 1990; Ellis, 1993; Alfano and Collmer, 1996; Crute and Pink, 1996; Knogge, 1996; Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1997; Dangl and Jones; 2001; de Wit et al., 2002). Since, evolutionary processes are the key determinant of the structure of genetic polymorphism (Kato et al., 2009) so it has been proposed that such forces are the basis of evolution of new varieties and populations within the same species (Luck et al., 2000; Dangl and Jones, 2001).
After the characterization of the genes responsible for resistance against many potential pathogens, determination/demonstration of the domains of R proteins residing resistance specificity was the next challenge which is still obscure. Because LRR domains of the resistance proteins are highly polymorphic in sequence (Botella et al., 1998; McDowell et al., 1998; Meyers et al., 1998; Ellis et al., 1999) so it was suggested that these are LRR domains that confer specificity against pathogen specificity (Jones and Jones, 1997). The presence of cytoplasmic and transmembrane LRR domains further supports their role in the determination of disease resistance specificities (Dangl and Jones, 2001). Some researchers suggest that in LRRs, the variable β-strand-β-turn motif of the LRR domains is more likely to be involved in the Avr-vr ligand recognition and interaction (Ellis et al., 1997, 2000).
Moreover, on the basis of mutations accumulated in the LRR region, it can be supposed that 1) these variable regions (LRR) are not involved in the generation of resistance gene specificity and therefore are accumulating mutations (neutral selection) or 2) they might be strictly engaged in determining R genes specificity. Later studies covering the rates of synonymous and non-synonymous amino acids substitutions in the LRR domains showed that these substitution are deleterious for gene specificity rejecting the 1st possibility (neutral selection; discussed above). They further documented that variation rate in the LRR domain (especially in the sequence coding for xxLxLxx) is higher than non-LRR regions, and this variation in the LRR region seems more likely to be responsible for the generation of specificities against pathogen ligands (Parniske et al., 1997; Botella et al., 1998; McDowell et al., 1998; Meyers et al., 1998; Noel et al., 1999; Wang et al., 1998). Sequence comparison (Ellis et al., 1995; Lawrence et al., 1995) and loss of function (addition or deletion) of LRR repeated units (Staskawicz et al., 1995) further supported the involvement of LRR domains in determining the resistance gene specificity. These results were refuted Hammond-Kosack and Jones (1997) where they found no change in the specificity after deleting 6 LRR units.
There are many proposed mechanisms through which plant has evolved different modifications in their genomes. The shuffling of DNA sequences has proven a powerful process for the generation of novelty in the resistance gene specificity. The most likely way of generating variation is believed to be governed by a combination of point mutations, duplication events following by recombination, deletion and insertion (Jones and Jones, 1997; Parker et al., 1997; Crameri et al., 1998; Ellis et al., 2000; Blanc et al. 2000; Meyers et al., 2003; Leister 2004; Sampedro et al. 2005; Kong et al. 2007Kato et al., 2009) and transposable elements (especially retrotransposon; Zhang and Wessler 2004; Bennetzen et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2006).
To gain a better understanding of how gene specificities evolve, detailed dissection and deep insights of disease resistance gene architecture and their existence in the genome would be of significant importance. Since it is evident that a trait/character can be the product of single gene or many genes (Mendelism), and these genes could be present in a tightly linked, unlinked or in both forms which could be on a single locus or many loci. In 1997, Hammond-Kosack and Jones proposed that there are many possible ways of existing genes and loci carrying these genes. Firstly, a single gene with distinct alleles each providing different recognition can exist on a single locus (e.g. flax L locus; Pryor, 1993). Secondly, it is also possible that a single locus may contain a single copy of R gene which is present only in the resistant plant but absent in susceptive one (e.g. RPM1 gene; Pryor, 1993). According to third possibility, a locus may comprised of closely linked tandemly arrayed gene homologues, each providing different specificities (e.g. flax complex M locus; Martin et al., 1993; Jones et al., 1994, 1995; Song et al., 1995; Dixon et al., 1996). Last but not the least possible way of containing disease resistance genes represents the loosely clustered formation of the R genes (1-2cm apart; Michelmore, 1995; Dixon et al., 1996; Kunkel, 1996; Holub, 1997).
Moreover, the genetic analysis of plant disease resistance genes showed that R genes at each locus are often highly polymorphic for resistance specificities (Botella et al., 1998; Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1997; Ellis et al., 2000). Most of the R genes in complex loci are pseudogenes (Song et al., 1997; Bevan et al., 1998). Generally, it is assumed that at simple resistance loci where different R genes having specific borders and recombine normally, their number remain same or their chances to expand are limited. In this scenario, unequal intragenic recombination during cell cycle replication may result in the resistance gene diversity (Parniske et al., 1997). Expansion and clustering of disease resistance genes at complex loci suggest duplication as an initial force followed by unequal crossing over events i.e. deletion, insertion, inversion and translocation for the evolution of specificities (Herbers et al., 1992, 1996; Richter et al., 1995; Yang and Gabriel, 1995; Pryor, 1993; Sudapak et al., 1993; Ellis et al., 1995; Holub et al., 1997; Hulbert et al., 1997; Thomas et al., 1997; Young, 2000). Additionally, some researchers have suggested that alternative splicing of R genes could also be one of the reasons for the generation of new specificity (Whitham et al., 1994; Lawrence et al., 1995).
In addition to evolution of novel specificities, the final adaptability of these novel systems depends upon selection systems. Many researchers have established the fact that positive and diversifying selection has been the main force in shaping the evolution of plant systems and modifying changes in their genomes (Tiffer and Mullar, 2006) while others proposed the balancing or frequency-dependant selection for maintaining the diversity among resistance gene specificities (Tian et al., 2003; Caicedo and Schaal, 2004; Rose et al., 2004; Allen et al., 2004). Meyers et al. (2005) proposed that although balancing selection seems more likely the case for maintaining the polymorphism across disease resistance (R) genes but this arena needs further investigations and evidences.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Ask an Expert: All About Organizing and Cashing In On Your ClosetTessa Miller7/15/13 12:00pmFiled to: q&aask an expertorganizationclosetsclothesclothing451EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Say hello to Tracy DiNunzio, founder and CEO of Tradesy, a website and mobile app that allows users to sell their unwanted clothing and accessories. You probably have clothes, shoes, bags, and more hiding in your closet that you no longer want—but chances are, that stuff is still worth something. Not sure how to start the resale process? Want to know which items are worth the most? Need some serious organization help first? Tracy is here for the next hour—ask away! Advertisement Have an expert you'd like to see participate? Email us.Reply45 repliesLeave a reply


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Now you can get monthly updates of upcoming San Francisco Museum and Historical Society activities by subscribing to our monthly electronic newsletter, Panorama Online.
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Thousands of people who have followed the case of the killing of Allison Baden-Clay by her husband are relieved this morning to hear that that the case is not closed.
Having been convicted of the murder of his wife Gerard Baden-Clay won an appeal that would have his life sentence for murder reduced.
The Australian High Court has agreed to hear an appeal against the downgraded murder conviction of Brisbane wife killer Gerard Baden-Clay.
Gerard Baden-Clay was convicted by jury in 2014 of murdering Allison at their family home in Brookfield, in Brisbane's west, in 2012 however it was downgraded to manslaughter in December 2015.
This downgrading would dramatically reduce the prison sentence Baden-Clay would have to serve.
It outraged Allison's family and friends, and their supporters that included those concerned about the welfare and justice for victims of domestic violence.
The Queensland Director of Public Prosecutions' appeal is against the downgrading of Gerard Baden-Clay's murder conviction to manslaughter.
The Court of Appeal ruled to downgrade the conviction after his defence successfully argued that the murder of his wife Allison could have been unintentional.
The 2015 decision to downgrade Baden-Clay's previous murder conviction to manslaughter caused community outrage and thousands gathered in protest for 'Justice for Allison' in Brisbane's King George Square. An estimated 70,000 supporters signed a petition to have the Appeal Decision overturned.
The ABC reported that Queensland Attorney-General Yvette D'Ath broke the news to sitting MPs shortly after the decision was announced, but would not comment further as the matter was before the courts.
The Appeal will be heard by the full bench of The High Court.
Tell us, do you think that the verdict should be overturned? Should Gerard Baden-Clay be reconvicted of murder?
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Yes. He should have. He obviously killed her for financial reasons and to be with his girlfriend. His children, Alison's parents, family and friends all have to live without her in their lives, Alison probably went through a dreadful last few minutes of her life and he diesn't deserve to be ever released from jail. He put his children through hell and lied to them to cover up his evil crime. I hope he is never released and that his children and Alison's family can make a new and better life without jim.


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MAUC has developed programs that will enhance parental involvement, family strengthening and neighborhood development by providing classes related to physical and emotional development, addressing school readiness and literacy, nutrition and financial literacy. Achieving these goals will ensure that families in MAUC's communities' will become stronger, more stable, and self- sufficient.
Program Description
The target population served by the Mexican American Unity Council, Inc. (MAUC) includes families who reside at one of two affordable housing communities owned by MAUC and families from surrounding communities who seek social service assistance. The majority of families being serviced are Hispanic, bilingual, and live on low to moderate incomes. Many of these families experience un-employment or under-employment have limited access to affordable health care and pay more than 30% of the total household income on housing.
MAUC will survey the target audience annually to provide services and educational classes as determined by the family needs. Programs that MAUC offers are free of no charge are listed below:
Prepares parents in understanding the school system and how they are able to advocate for their children and guide them through their school years all the way to receive a higher education in a college or university.
The "General Equivalent Diploma" is for adults 18 years of age and older that have not completed high school. This program prepares the student to take the GED "State Assessment" to acquire an alternative diploma to improve employment possibilities.
"English as a Second Language" is a program that supports adult immigrants in learning English to improve their basic language skills and better opportunities for employment.
Nutrition Education assists parent(s) to understand the connection of good nutrition and physical activity such as exercise to promote good eating habits and family wellness.
Free art classes for adults are offered to promote creativity and learn techniques in art acrylic painting on canvas.
Free art classes for children 7-12 years of age are offered to promote creativity, imagination and learn techniques in drawing and painting. Students also work on creative seasonal activities throughout the year.
Centro de Estudios provides the opportunity for immigrant parent(s) from Mexico to continue their education in completing their "Primaria" and "Secundaria "so they may receive a "certificate of completion". The ultimate goal is to assist (parent)s in entering a "G.E.D." program that is offered in English or Spanish and to continue the parent(s) education in reading, writing and the ability to speak in English.
For more information please contact staff:
Community Programs Manager
Crystal Requejo
Client Coordinator
Leslie Quintanilla


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CodePlexProject Hosting for Open Source Software
I have zip file from which i am getting some record line by line in a text file
public static IEnumerable<PDR> GetPDRRecordList(string fileName) { ZipFile zipFile = new ZipFile(fileName); foreach (ZipEntry ze in zipFile.Where(ze => ze.FileName.ToLower().EndsWith(".pdr")).AsParallel()) { using (BufferedStream buffer = new BufferedStream(ze.OpenReader())) { using (StreamReader reader = new StreamReader((buffer), Encoding.ASCII)) { PDR obj = null; string line = string.Empty; int recordID = 0; while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) != null) { if (line.Trim().Length > 0) { recordID++; obj = new PDR(); obj.RecordRowNumber = recordID; obj.JobID = line.Substring(0, 8).Trim().Length == 0 ? String.Empty : line.Substring(0, 8).ToLower();//casesensitivecheck obj.CQTDatabaseID = line.Substring(8, 8).Trim().Length == 0 ? String.Empty : line.Substring(8, 8); obj.PackageID = line.Substring(16, 6).Trim().Length == 0 ? String.Empty : line.Substring(16, 6).ToLower();//casesensitivecheck obj.PieceID = line.Substring(22, 22).Trim().Length == 0 ? String.Empty : line.Substring(22, 22).ToLower();//casesensitivecheck line = null; yield return obj; } } reader.Close(); reader.Dispose(); } buffer.Close(); buffer.Dispose(); } } zipFile.Dispose(); zipFile = null; }
As the File size can be from 10 Kb to 800MB can any body suggest me better way loop through each reacords
#1. you do not need to call buffer.Close() or buffer.Dispose() when buffer is declared in a using clause. Likewise for your reader object.
#2. you should always employ a using clause for the ZipFile object. Your call to .Dispose() is not sufficient. Read the documentation on IDisposable for an explanation of why. Or just trust me. Follow the examples, and employ a using clause.
#3. What problem are you trying to solve? You are asking for "a better way", and it's not clear how you are judging "better". If you need to loop through a large file, I don't know of "a better way" than to just loop through it. If there are 10,000 records, you will need to search all 10,000. But, this isn't really a DotNetZip question.
Are you sure you want to delete this post? You will not be able to recover it later.
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2. St Mark's Hotel, East Village: This hotel is in the East Village. It is right in the heart of all manner of quirky shops and restaurants. It provides a nice 'focal point' for those who are looking to explore the entirety of New York but do not wish to spend vast sums of cash staying somewhere. Within walking distance of this hotel, you will have access to Union Square, Greenwich Village, and a whole lot more 'must visit' places.
Accommodation 6 Budget Places to Stay in New York


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Schmalenbergers to reign as king & queen of Middlesex Mardi Gras
The Middlesex Family YMCA and Middlesex Kiwanis Club are pleased to announce that the king and queen of this year's Middlesex Mardi Gras will be Carolyn and Ken Schmalenberger, who have deep roots in Middlesex County and are actively involved in numerous initiatives and organizations to improve the life of local residents. posted 02.15.2017Time of supervisor meetings questionedPublic comments at the February 7 Middlesex County Board of Supervisors meeting ranged from urging supervisors to change their meeting time; to giving more funds to schools; to recommending Deltaville consider becoming an incorporated town; to Dominion Power transmission lines. posted 02.15.2017Rev. Teresa Sutherlin invocation on floor of House of DelegatesRev. Teresa Sutherlin of Lebanon Baptist Church in Saluda gives invocation on floor of House of Delegates at the Capitol in Richmond. posted 02.13.2017Museum in the Streets coming this summerThe Urbanna Museum in the Streets project is in its final stages of editing and a print image of Panel 4, "Steamboat Era" (above), was presented to Urbanna Town Council last month. posted 02.08.2017More News: page 7 of 528 pages « First < 5 6 7 8 9 > Last » |


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In an attempt to learn jit.phys, I create pong. However, when I go full screen, -the ball seems to have edges and is not smooth -when it moves it starts to look rather elliptical -the movement seems to stutter a little bit as if my computer is struggling to compute the images
Any ideas how this can be improved?
put your qmetro timing to 15 so it updates faster and gives smoother playback.(even 5 is fine with PONG ! with the jit.gl.gridshape for the ball right click in the input select dim (its on 20 20) and put the number up to 40 or 60. Thats the amount of subdivisions that divide the shape, more dims = higher resolution/smoother look Hope that helps.
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With a stay at Hampton Inn and Suites Spokane Valley in Spokane Valley, you'll be close to Spokane Valley Mall and Mirabeau Meadows Park. This hotel is within the vicinity of Splash Down Waterpark and Trailhead Golf Course.
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I just can't fix this, tried a lot of different guideshttp://www.hackint0s.../f152/96112.htmseems to work best. But no matter what after about 15 Minutes the PID 0 kernel_task process takes up alsmost 90% of the system cpustried with differrent prepherials, dsdt.amturning on off ahci 2.0 nothing seems to solve it!Any ideas?My System Asus P5W DH Deluxe Bios Version 3.001Nvidia 7600


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Phuket Gazette - December 26, 2016 | 12:00 PM
PHUKET: If you are a foreigner living in Thailand, you need a visa. That's fair enough. It's like that all over the world. But no matter what kind of visa the foreigner has here, he or she often has to spend time and money, and frequently to risk life and limb, just to stay legal.
Last week brought news of three foreigners killed in a horrific minivan crash in Phang Nga while doing a land border visa run from Phuket.
The driver, who survived, 'lost control' of the van as he took a bend at high speed on the wet road and then slammed into a power pole and a house.
What a senseless waste of life just to cross a border, turn around and then immediately come back again.
And now, because of the completely unnecessary idiocy on the roads, at least three families will be in mourning this Christmas because the foreigners were forced to put their lives in the hands of a reckless driver who had likely received little, if any, safety training.
Apart from foreign deaths, hundreds of Thais will no doubt die on the roads again over the new year holiday. Raising penalties for dangerous or drunk driving is all good, but what is really needed are widespread public relations campaigns so that more people grow up understanding the risks, and speaking up when other drivers put their lives in jeopardy.
Here we drive on the left because Thailand copied much from UK roads when building highways. Britain though, is boasting a dramatic reduction in road deaths over the past 10 years, from 3,201 in 2005 to an average of 1,700 for the past three years.
The British government puts the reduction down to a range of factors, including: safer infrastructure; new vehicle technologies; hazard perception testing; tougher law enforcement; shifting social attitudes and better trauma care.
Please, Thailand, do something to educate the public and make it 'trendy' to think of safety.
Come up with some snappy public service announcements for radio and TV that strike a chord in the minds of road users and motorists so that it becomes 'cool' to be a safe - not a show-off, driver.
Fobbing off unnecessary road deaths as the victim's karma is not acceptable particularly not when so many of those accidents could be prevented with a more safety-aware public.
This article first appeared in the December 24-30 issue of the hard-copy Phuket Gazette newspaper.
Digital subscribers may download the full newspaper, this week and every week, by clicking here.
Keep checking the Phuket Gazette, join our Facebook fan page or follow us on Twitter @PhuketGazette for the latest news updates.
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Now that the two parties have bid farewell to most of their presidential contenders and between them are now down to four — sorry, Congressman Paul — perhaps they will consider last rites for their faith in the role of money, endorsements, polls, pollsters and formidable political machines. There was a far more potent influence in this election, one that helped propel candidates to victory and allowed some to trick defeat, often long enough even to escape it.
It wasn't money; the candidates who raised the most lost many of the early contests, and Mitt Romney was unable to stop either of his under-funded rivals in the GOP. It wasn't a commanding lead in the polls, either; consider New Hampshire and California. And it wasn't the best pollster; Hillary ClintonHillary Rodham ClintonWarren: 'Today is a great day... but I'm not doing a touchdown dance' Hollywood stars weigh in on GOP pulling healthcare bill Hillary Clinton: Today was a victory, 'but this fight isn't over yet' MORE has one of them, and has paid him $4.3 million, though she has run out of money. John McCainJohn McCainMcCain says he hasn't met with Trump since inauguration Overnight Defense: General warns State Department cuts would hurt military | Bergdahl lawyers appeal Trump motion | Senators demand action after nude photo scandal Senate lawmakers eye hearing next week for Air Force secretary: report MORE hasn't had a pollster since June.
It wasn't endorsements. Consider Sen. Edward Kennedy's (D) influence in Massachusetts. It wasn't the best political machine, either — McCain's first formidable, flush, establishment-built campaign died a spectacular death last summer while his subsequent shoe-leather campaign prevailed. Now Clinton's vaunted and unrivaled operation is struggling for survival.
In this first election without an incumbent since Sept. 11, 2001, it wasn't al Qaeda or the Iraq war or even that war we thought we were starting with Iran. It was personality, what the dictionary defines as: "The visible aspect of one's character, as it impresses others." This changed the story again and again.
For Barack ObamaBarack ObamaThe Memo: Winners and losers from the battle over health care Ex-Trump aide: Tillerson is 'part of the swamp' Rand Paul takes victory lap on GOP health bill MORE, there was little chance of taking on the powerful Clinton machine, let alone the fantasy of upending it, without his remarkable blend of cool and charisma, confidence and hope. Before the voters were involved, a team of Democrats had to believe in him and be willing to buck the tide. It was Obama himself, and never his policies, that moved them to take such a risk.
The inimitable insurgency of Mike Huckabee, with few dollars and many obstacles, was born of the charm, warmth and humor of the underdog, who spent much of 2007 below 10 percent in the polls. Lacking in foreign policy experience and branded a tax-and-spend liberal by economic conservatives, the delightful Huckabee has smiled his way past the cynics and the odds and unnerved the party with his surprise victories, nearly nabbing Virginia from McCain this week.
McCain's Phoenix-like rise from the political pyre is the most astounding tale of the 2008 race thus far and is attributable only to the senator's trademark blend of grit and humility. McCain was resolved to win the race, but resigned to the odds that he could not. He fought doggedly for victory but fought even harder for redemption. He was willing to be broke, tired, rejected, even laughed at — but losing would come only on his terms.
Then there is Hillary Clinton, a political force who wields her husband's larger-than-life personality as a key asset, yet assiduously guards her own. She is known to charm everyone she meets in small settings, but voters see a different person. There is even a pro-emote vs. anti-emote rift inside her team, a bizarre tension since it is only up to candidates to reveal or hide themselves. Clinton herself chalks it up to being a Methodist, which may largely be true. She is no Obama, Bill ClintonBill ClintonWe must act now and pass the American Health Care Act Trump's message: Russia First or America First? Senate Democrats should grill Judge Gorsuch on antitrust. Here's how. MORE or even McCain, but she need not be. As long as it is real, voters are satisfied. A little more of Hillary is probably what she needs the most.
Stoddard is an associate editor of The Hill.


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An alkaline direct NaBH4–H2O2fuel cell with high power density
- Authors
- Journal
- Journal of Power Sources 0378-7753
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Publication Date
- Volume
- 190
- Issue
- 2
- Identifiers
- DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.134
- Keywords
Abstract A high performance alkaline direct borohydride–hydrogen peroxide fuel cell with Pt–Ru catalyzed nickel foam as anode and Pd–Ir catalyzed nickel foam as cathode is reported. The electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition of the catalyst components on nickel foam. Their morphology and composition were analyzed by SEM–EDX. The effects of concentrations of NaBH 4 and H 2O 2 as well as operation temperature on the cell performance were investigated. The cell exhibited an open circuit voltage of about 1.0 V and a peak power density of 198 mW cm −2 at a current density of 397 mA cm −2 and a cell voltage of 0.5 V using 0.2 mol dm −3 NaBH 4 as fuel and 0.4 mol dm −3 H 2O 2 as oxidant operating at room temperature. Electrooxidation of NaBH 4 on Pt–Ru nanoparticles was studied using a rotating disk electrode and complete 8e − oxidation was observed in 2 mol dm −3 NaOH solution containing 0.01 mol dm −3 NaBH 4.


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Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
1Any of the fine thread-like strands growing from the skin of humans, mammals, and some other animals.
'coarse outer hairs overlie the thick underfur''thick black hairs on his huge arms'- 'Her eyes were an intense chocolate and her thick, black hair fell to the bottom of her back.'
- 'Strands of her black hair fell into her face and she brushed them out of the way.'
- 'The animal was approaching quickly down the trail, its hair bristling.'
- 'There was a man at the bus stop with a mole this morning - the kind of mole that grows thick black hairs.'
- 'Stripes sometimes occur on the tail, but more often the tail is composed of both black and white hairs intermixed.'
- 'But what most people will see when they look at me is the black hair and pale skin, right?'
- 'Nose, ears, and feet are covered with dark sepia hairs and the tail hairs are almost black.'
- 'The time of year that the animal was killed has a bearing on how well the hair stays in the skin, making trapping in the winter the best time to hunt for pelts.'
- 'Strands of her black hair fell smoothly to the sides when she shook her head in declination.'
- 'The entire body and limbs were covered with a thick fine hair or wool curling tightly to the skin.'
- 'The creature was covered from mouth to tailfin in thick, bristly hairs.'
- 'She also couldn't help but notice how handsome he was with his black hair and darker skin tone.'
- 'Bristle-like hairs associated with claws of the hind feet form a sort of comb, probably used in grooming.'
- 'There skin was darkened and their black hair fell down to the middle of their backs.'
- 'It was a day when the fine hairs on your skin seem to crinkle up in the sun.'
- 'Holly suddenly moved her head, and a few strands of her black hair fell across her face.'
- 'The gene is known to help determine hair color in many mammals, from humans to mice.'
- 'The oils are rapidly absorbed through skin although the hair on animal skin makes it difficult to apply them.'
- 'They are covered with dense, long, shaggy fur made up of thick hairs with longitudinal grooves.'
- 'A thick white coat of hollow hairs provides good insulation from the arctic climate.'
fur, woolView synonyms- 1.1 A fine thread-like strand growing from the epidermis of a plant, or forming part of a living cell.'scalloped leaves edged with silver hairs''it damages the cilia, tiny hairs that clear invading bacteria from the lung'
- 'The fine hairs on this flower come off and float around in the tea.'
- 'They have tiny hairs which contain toxins and if you come into contact with enough of them you can come out in a nasty rash.'
- 'Plants have bark and hairs and, above all, toxins.'
- 'The fine hairs of loquat leaves can irritate the throat so these are brushed off.'
- 'Other plants will produce thick cuticle or reflective hairs to reduce the amount of light and heat they receive.'
- 'The leaf surfaces of almost all plant species possess specialized epidermal cell types that form hairs or trichomes.'
- 'Stems and leaves have a fringe of fine hairs that are particularly appealing when plants are side- or back-lit by the sun.'
- 'They release tiny hairs which can cause a severe rash if they come into contact with a person's skin.'
- 'Plastid morphogenesis in trichome hair cells from the stem and petiole of tomato plants.'
- 'The cuticular hairs formed by epidermal cells are not the only examples of cellular projections found in Drosophila.'
- 'When infestations are heavy, leaf hairs become matted and flower buds fail to open.'
- 'All details of her woodcarvings, even the villi, or small hairs on the stem of each plant, are done by hand with a knife.'
2mass noun Hairs collectively, especially those growing on a person's head.
'her shoulder-length fair hair'- 'Her shoulder length hair had grown down to her back and gone from straight to curly.'
- 'Jessica is tanned and has shoulder-length brown hair while Holly is fair and has blonde hair.'
- 'She was a moderately young woman with long fair hair twining around a gaudy hairpin.'
- 'When ever you talk about being on the road, and other times, you mention your beard or facial hair.'
- 'The bag snatcher was described as white, in his 30s, with fair, sandy hair.'
- 'They neither shave, nor have a haircut, allowing their beards and hair to grow long.'
- 'She was very clean and smart looking, with her fair hair always tied back neatly in a ponytail.'
- 'The second man was white, between 40 to 45 years old, with grey shoulder length hair and a beard.'
- 'She has brown eyes, very long dark brown hair, a fair complexion and a brace on her teeth.'
- 'With a mane of shaggy white hair and beard, he looked like the archetypal wild old man of the woods.'
- 'The little girl with fair hair and twinkling eyes laughed with sheer joy and said it would be her best Christmas ever.'
- 'She was strikingly good-looking, with long, wavy, fair hair, a cute face and bulbous lips.'
- 'Her soft, wispy fair hair had been pulled into a loose bun at the back of her head and tied with a black ribbon.'
- 'He was wearing a light-coloured t-shirt and had short cropped fair to ginger hair.'
- 'Those vivid green eyes stood out against his fair complexion and dark hair.'
- 'The woman was described as white, in her early twenties, long fair hair.'
- 'The darker your skin, the more likely you are to see changes; if you're very fair or have red hair you may not notice any at all.'
- 'He has a thick brown beard and shoulder length brown hair that curls ever so slightly.'
- 'He is white, tall, in his 20s, clean-shaven with short, dark hair and no facial hair.'
- 'He is thought to be in his mid - to-late 20s, of stocky build with short fair hair.'
head of hair, shock of hair, mop of hair, maneView synonyms3a hairA very small quantity or extent.
'his magic takes him a hair above the competition'- 'It's family style, you pay a lot of money for it, and the food is a hair above the other restaurant.'
- 'On the whole, readings ended up just a hair above normal.'
- 'She's gorgeous and all but I'd still put her a hair below my favorite of the night.'
- 'But just a hair above a majority of his votes came from a secularized portion of society.'
hair of the dog
informal An alcoholic drink taken to cure a hangover.
- 'They also had steaming mugs of hot coffee, laced with a hair of the dog that bit them for fortification.'
- 'I'm sure we'll be there, indulging in mad gayness and a little hair of the dog.'
- 'I started the day off trying to stave off my hangover with the hair of the dog.'
- 'Down the ages, there have been numerous 'folk' cures and remedies for hangovers, one of the best known being 'the hair of the dog that bit you' - another drink on waking.'
- 'Well, a little hair of the dog would settle that.'
- 'Have you ever taken a drink in the morning to relieve the symptoms of alcohol (commonly known as hair of the dog or an eye-opener)?'
- 'A heavy night of drinking might be followed by a glass of salted water poured from the jar containing pickled cucumbers - a well-tested Russian hangover cure - accompanied by a shot of vodka as hair of the dog.'
- 'The hair of the dog that bit you is a dangerous slope but try a classic Bloody Mary, including basil leaves, Tabasco sauce, Worcestershire sauce, two shots of vodka and four shots of tomato juice.'
- 'No need for hair of the dog and standing against accusations of being an alcoholic that way.'
- 'The team also experimented with the hair of the dog - or drinking a little more alcohol in the morning.'
in (or out of) someone's hair
informal Annoying (or ceasing to annoy) someone.
'they sent him to America, just to get him out of their hair'- 'You have just fast-tracked this to get us out of your hair.''
- 'I've really enjoyed working on the piece, but I'm very, very glad to get it out of my hair, at least temporarily…'
- 'So there should be plenty of room to build that addition you'll want to keep those crazy teenage martyrs out of your hair.'
- ''As long as the youngsters are out of their hair, parents don't care.''
- 'With this note she would probably not want to come home early, but I'm going to stay out of your hair, I promise!'
- 'They can't wait to get rid of you, put you out of their home, get you to return home, stop you from calling them all the time, just get you out of their hair someway by hook or crook.'
- 'Mum and Dad were especially excited to send me to my first school camp - I thought they were pleased to see me growing up, not keen to get me out of their hair for a week.'
- 'Her parents were probably more than glad to get her out of their hair.'
- 'The wired bedroom works well for parents who want to keep their kids pacified and out of their hair, but it offers too many nocturnal temptations for even the most disciplined of students.'
- 'I was sort of glad to get these guys out of my hair for a few hours, a day or two.'
annoy, irritate, gall, irk, pique, needle, nettle, bother, vex, provoke, displease, offend, affront, upset, anger, exasperate, disgruntle, ruffle, put someone's back up, get on someone's nerves, make someone's hackles rise, raise someone's hacklesView synonymskeep your hair on!
informal Used to urge someone not to panic or lose their temper.
- 'Yes, yes, I'm coming… keep your hair on.'
- 'Keep your hair on, he'll wake up in a few minutes.'
let one's hair down
informal Behave uninhibitedly.
'let your hair down and just have some fun'- 'It is also to let your hair down, unwind and enjoy yourself.'
- 'It's a frenetic fortnight when people let their hair down and enjoy themselves to the full.'
- 'The evening is a chance for people to let their hair down and enjoy some great racing.'
- 'A short vacation allows you to let your hair down and enjoy natural surroundings with a loved one.'
- 'People choose to go there on holiday to let their hair down and enjoy themselves.'
- 'Secretaries, spouses, their children and the bosses were there, letting their hair down literally and enjoying themselves.'
- 'This week has a nice surprise with your name on it - so stop work, let your hair down and enjoy it.'
- 'She had forgotten how great it felt to just let her hair down and get loose with the ones she held dearest.'
- 'They also have the chance to let their hair down and enjoy a drink or two and party the night away!'
- 'They should be jolly occasions, a chance to let your hair down and enjoy yourself, but there's always the nightmare of what to wear.'
have a good time, have a great time, enjoy oneself, have fun, make merry, have the time of one's life, let oneself go, have a flingView synonymsmake someone's hair stand on end
Alarm or horrify someone.
'any kind of siren makes my hair stand on end'- 'I have phone bills that would make your hair stand on end.'
- 'Howls that did not belong to wolves filled the air and made Lee's hair stand on end.'
- 'He was a good friend, a close colleague, someone who fearlessly undertook assignments that would make your hair stand on end.'
- 'A roar erupted from the trees behind him, making his hair stand on end.'
- 'A woman patron tells me that electrical outlets (for dryers) are so shockingly few as to make your hair stand on end.'
- 'Soon after the cars were loaded, a rumor started to spread that made Ava's hair stand on end.'
- 'And even knowing that the credit card bill is going to make my hair stand on end, life is pretty goddamn okay right now.'
- 'The traffic system would make your hair stand on end.'
- 'If I told you the fights we had over this golden anniversary, it would make your hair stand on end.'
- 'If you talk to people in the private sector about what happens in universities, it makes your hair stand on end.'
horrify, shock, appal, scandalize, dismay, stunView synonymsnot a hair out of place
Used to convey that a person is extremely neat and tidy in appearance.
'she was perfectly made up with not a hair out of place'- 'He turned around, not a hair out of place, the pen poking out the top of his breast pocket.'
- 'At the end of the day, there were all these 18-year-olds sitting on the floor, sweating and exhausted, and there was this 57-year-old woman, not a hair out of place.'
- 'All day in the park with Fido and not a hair out of place.'
- 'This was a ridiculous notion, as he looked perfectly normal to everybody except himself - he was used to being immaculate in public, with not a hair out of place.'
- 'Eliza said that she had just gone to the movies, but she was wearing a very expensive tailored suit in pearl gray, with not a hair out of place.'
- 'Because I wished I were Joanna - tall, cool and calm, with not a hair out of place.'
- 'A moment later Kelley walked into the kitchen dressed immaculately in a crisp white shirt and blue jeans, not a hair out of place.'
- 'Seeing her like that upset me as all my life I'd seen her look perfect not a hair out of place… but now she looked like a shadow of her former self.'
- ''Hello,' her voice was silky and bright, flashing me a perfect smile with white teeth to go along with it, not a hair out of place.'
- 'His mustache was neatly trimmed and his hair meticulously combed, not a hair out of place.'
not turn a hair
- see hair
Remain apparently unmoved or unaffected.
'if I was told I'd been sacked tomorrow, I don't think I'd turn a hair'- 'She's so used to maltreated children that she doesn't turn a hair when they arrive covered in lice, or riddled with worms.'
- 'Now, if you are fortunate to have one of those ex-racers who is so grateful to be off the track that they don't turn a hair when you get on them, and walk around quiet and flat-footed from day one, you can begin to introduce the other gaits.'
- 'I want the old dog, who doesn't turn a hair if you burst a balloon behind her and who sleeps on our bed at night (even if she does try to eat out feet occasionally).'
- 'And of course, cacti and succulents don't turn a hair in the heat.'
- 'While his owner trembled at the turbulence, he happily looked out of the window and didn't turn a hair.'
remain calm, keep calm, keep cool, remain composed, remain unruffled, appear unaffected, maintain one's equilibrium, keep control of oneself, not show emotion, not lose one's head, bite one's lip, keep a stiff upper lipView synonymssplit hairs
Make small and overfine distinctions.
'one of those medieval disputes which split hairs endlessly'- 'It may come down to semantics and splitting hairs, but it doesn't actually say anywhere in the constitution that Japan can't have an army.'
- 'But even as the scientists and the Government split hairs over whether more stringent standards are required for bottled water, the consumers have no option but to go for what is available in the market.'
- 'Okay, so maybe I'm splitting hairs, but whatever the case may be, it is delicious and I gorged myself on it this Thanksgiving weekend.'
- 'I'm perhaps splitting hairs, here, but there has got to be a difference between drawing influence from various sources and plagiarizing.'
- 'I'm not splitting hairs - TV is different from real life.'
- 'One of the things I want to do is give this site a desperately needed spring-clean (yes, it's winter, but let's not split hairs, shall we?).'
- 'Yes, I do see the distinction and am perhaps splitting hairs over the delivery of the message.'
- 'By this point we were probably splitting hairs.'
- 'I hate to split hairs here, but there's a difference between 'might not be true' and 'knew the info was false.''
- 'One sentence in the manual required that lawyers participating in the recount should 'have the courage to voice disagreement and must split hairs trying to find faults.''
quibble, raise trivial objections, find fault, cavil, carp, niggle, argue over nothingView synonyms- see hairquibble, raise trivial objections, find fault, cavil, carp, niggle, argue over nothingView synonyms
Old English hǣr, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch haar and German Haar.
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.


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Email: See contact form below to email this seller.
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Location: YAZOO CITY, MS 39194
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First published in 1967, this book looks at what the role of a headteacher should be, challenging the traditional views of the head and the authoritarian structure of schools. Contributors explore new concepts of the head's role in school and authors include both theorists and headteachers coming from various backgrounds including those that are historical, philosophical, sociological, and practical. The book also benefits from some more down-to-earth musings by heads on the job.
The collection as a whole offers a stimulating variety of views on a subject which is of importance to all teachers, as well as those concerned with management and decision making. Although first published some time ago, it explores issues that are ever present today.
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June 3, 2013 CUNY starts continued education off right with pots of steaming coffee(Dunkin!), a ginormous fruit platter (Pineapple!), and a diverse array of bagels(Sesame!). As a willing guinea pig of CUNY Publishing Institute's inaugural class, I give it a capital F for fantastic. For anyone who couldn't shell out $$$, here's a recap of vitals you missed.
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Tag Archives: writers
This means war: the manager vs. the creative
Have you ever had one of those days ridden with angsty anxiety? You can't quite put your finger on it but there's something off about the universe. Sure, a mac truck nearly ruptures your eardrum and there's some extra crazy people screeching in your subway car…but that's not it.
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Dreaming BIG with Random House
December 14, 2012 at Random House Open House. I am pumped up with a capital P.
There is nothing more welcoming than a genuine smile… or some free swag.
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Man accused of stealing from firetruck outside firefighter's funeral
HOQUIAM (AP) — A man is accused of stealing a flashlight from a firetruck parked in Hoquiam for a firefighter's funeral.
Witnesses pointed out the suspect Friday, and an officer stopped him and recovered the flashlight and also found methamphetamine.
KBKW reports the suspect was jailed on an outstanding warrant from the Department of Corrections and also for investigation of vehicle prowling.
The firetruck crew was attending services for Michael Webber, who died last month in a truck accident.
Comments | More in General news, The Blotter | Topics: Hoquiam, stolen firetrruck


text: Islamabad: The India-bound Samjhauta Express train was delayed for a few hours on Monday after its engine caught fire due to an electrical short circuit in Pakistan's Punjab province, officials said. The locomotive burst into flames near Mughalpura station on Monday morning due to an apparent short circuit in a battery, railway police official Muhammad Atique said. The driver immediately separated the engine from the train and no damage was done, he said. All 100 passengers on the train were safe and unharmed, officials said. Another official had earlier mistakenly said that there were over 300 passengers in the train. Railway police officials said they had found no evidence of sabotage. Pakistan Railways has set up a three-member committee to ascertain the cause of the fire in the engine. "Though the apparent cause appears to be a short circuit, the committee will thoroughly probe the matter," railway spokesman Zubair Gori told reporters. "The fire occurred shortly after the train left from platform no 1 at 8:35. Fortunately it was not far from the station and we easily managed to extinguish the fire," Gori said. The cross-border train left for India a few hours behind schedule after a replacement engine was sent from Lahore. Latest News from World News Desk


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yo EXI another tip: start checking out writers in your town, figure out what crews are goin on, who's writing with who, notice their diff. styles an stuff, it wont help your can control or anything but it's good stuff to know
yo EXI another tip: start checking out writers in your town, figure out what crews are goin on, who's writing with who, notice their diff. styles an stuff, it wont help your can control or anything but it's good stuff to know
That is a great quote who ever said it. And I will probably rock one of those names when my current name has too much publicity.
I already hang out with the writers in my town. They are helping me with showing me spots, letting me go ot with them etc. My idle who is leader of a krew down here lets me go to his house and throw up some stuff on some plywood board and he helps me with can control with teaching techneqiues.
Thanks, I'm not egotistical at all and know my place on the totem poll of writing. And I know if I go out than my stuff would be burned within that week. and I have basic tags ans a basic throw up down. Hit up the throwie section to see it
I'm working on a piece on a plywood board that I drew out first, I'm taking my time with it so i understand the art side of it. I'll take a picture when I get home!
so... if u dont want your face to appear in the flic, why be IN the flic at all? showing off your pimp hand?
and will someone crit me puhleez?
yo phat, i stared at that for about 5 minutes trying to figure out if it was on a wall or a sketch, not sure if that's a good thing or a bad thing, just something i noticed
then i remembered it's in the bombs/pieces thread
PHAT. really dark colors. Dark fill, with a dark out line wont stick out to much. if your fill flack, then out line in bright colors to make the letters pop.
it says mush and who says anything about not wanting to be in the flick...i am in the flick...if my face is covered it is a complete coincedence...and PHAT2 i agree with thingy your colour scheme is quite dark...potential solutions to this include using lighter colours
hehehe yeah yeah mans... colors are an easy fix... I'm more concerned about the structure and the composition and shit. crit me on that?
do it on the streets
yo phat, i suggest maybe stepping back after you finish each letter, seeing how it looks. the only problem i see is like everyone else said, too dark. your can control is pretty decent, just make sure that T is the same size as the rest. heres some shit ive done over the last few months i just havent been able to get a camera.


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Padova, (Padua) has been protagonist of Venetian history from ancient times. It was already an important centre during the Roman era - the historian, Tito Livio, was born here in BC 59 – as documented by the remains of an Arena. During the municipal period, the city's history was particularly dazzling – being very important for Christianity, in that S. Anthony, said to be from Padova, but really originally from Lisbon, spent the last days of his life here – then expansion in a great period of cultural and artistic development, under the dominion of the Carraresi Family from 1318 to 1405, thanks to the presence of illustrious scholars and popular artists also from the University, already active from 1222. During the Carraresi period, the city saw the erection of some of its most famous monuments: Palazzo della Ragione, (Ragione Palace), the Basilica di S. Antonio, (Cathedral of S. Anthony) the Chiesa degli Eremitani, (Eremite Church) the Cappella degli Scrovegni (Scrovegni Chapel) containing Giotto's frescoes, almost anticipating the role that Florence would have in 1400. In 1405, Padova changed hands to the dominion of Venice, at the same time, continuing an autonomous role in culture and arte; due to the presence of artists such as Mantegna and Donatello. Notwithstanding this, the city never took on a monumental look, with its urban, irregular layout, alternating with large squares and small arched and picturesque roads, especially in the area of the old ghetto; towards a restored and lively centre for art galleries, shops, antiques and cafés. Today, the city's life is characterized by tourism, cultural events, the University and renowned Fiera Campionaria, with its continuous activities throughout the year and its constantly growing pavilions, has become one of the most important economic magnets of Northern Italy. A visit through the city should begin at the Chiesa degli Eremitani (Eremite Church) which was built between 1276/1306 in the Roman/Gothic form; the inside is a single, magnificent nave with a vaulted, wooden ceiling. Not only is the church a pantheon of ancient patavina society, but also of the city itself, having been destroyed by ruinous bombardments from 11th March 1944: testimonial of this destruction and then of the reconstruction, are the remains of the recomposed frescoes of Andrea Mantegna in Cappella Ovetari (Ovetari Chapel). Next to the church, the Capella degli Scrovegni stands high – from the surname of the family who purchased it – the casket of the Giotto masterpiece; the 38 panels with stories of Maria and Jesus and the great Universal Judgement, painted between 1303 and 1305, representing the birth of modern Italian painting, with characteristic prospective of colour and characterization of personage, who already seem to be ahead of their time.
PADUA Art City
Vuoi inserire un LINK? Hai un HOTEL o un'altra attività legata al TURISMO IN ITALIA? Promuovilo nella pagina della tua città dentro IN ITALY TODAY! OFFERTE PROMOZIONALI PER I PRIMI LINK
In Italy Today loves art


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Lindsay Lohan's Dad Defends His Outspoken Nature Over Her Drug Problem
Lindsay Lohan's dad Michael Lohan has defended his decision to speak out about the actress' drug problems, insisting he has only turned to the press because he is desperately worried about the star. Michael first opened up about his famous daughter in 2007 and has since become well known for airing his grievances about their fractured relationship in public.
The "Mean Girls" star entered rehab twice in 2007 and she recently claimed her dad's outspoken nature caused her drug-taking to spiral out of control. In a candid interview with Britain's The Sun newspaper, Lindsay said, "When my father was going public, that's when I hit rock bottom."
But Michael has slammed the allegations, insisting his daughter's wild ways had become uncontrollable, forcing him to turn to the media as a last resort. Michael admits he's pleased the star is finally coming to terms with her drug problems but he is adamant she's still hooked on prescription pills.
He tells Hollyscoop.com, "In response to Lindsay's interview with the Sun, While I'm very happy that Lindsay is beginning to come 'clean,' the truth of the matter is I went public when she hit rock bottom. SHE DID NOT GO ROCK BOTTOM WHEN I WENT PUBLIC... And while I find her admissions of her experiences with alcohol and cocaine to be noble, the REAL PROBLEM still exists with the prescription drug use that the so-called 'addiction specialist', therapist and doctors are prescribing... to Lindsay."
Michael accepts his messy divorce from Dina Lohan may have prompted Lindsay to get addicted to prescription drugs, but he has vowed to continue speaking out until he believes Lindsay is completely clean and sober.
He says, "Lindsay and my other children were torn apart because they lost the stability of a family... . The problem for Lindsay and so many others is prescription drug use... I will not stop (speaking out) until I finally get my daughter off of all the prescription drugs which she never needed and doesn't need no matter how much I get bad mouthed or slandered by the people out there who aren't so perfect themselves... I will do ALL I can to make things right, even if it costs me, or is at my own expense!"
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