text: Item is not available Find Another One Others Looked At... Smith & Wesson "K & L" Frame Real Ivory ... SELLER: GA_1143125 0 $995.00 Smith & Wesson Grips K Round Magna Amate... SELLER: Robertson Trading Post 1 $39.00 Smith & Wesson K & L Frame Repro Ram Hor... SELLER: GA_1143125 0 $85.00 Smith & Wesson model 39 439 639 Pachmayr... SELLER: Robertson Trading Post 1 $39.00 Smith & Wesson Factory Grips J Frame Rou... SELLER: Robertson Trading Post 1 $33.00 Smith & Wesson J Frame Round Butt Revolv... SELLER: Robertson Trading Post 1 $39.00 Non Guns Gun Parts Grips Smith Wesson Grips S W K or L Frame Square Butt s Import Rosewood Checkered Target with Thumb Rest Groove No Cut Models | 1487 | 0 | Lc | 218.8199ms Grips S&W K or L Frame Square Butt 1970s Import Rosewood Checkered Target with Thumb Rest Groove No Cut Models 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 64, 65, 66, 67, 581, 586, 681, 686 For Sale from Robertson Trading Post | Positive feedback: 99% View | Verified Seller | 19485 Completed Sales View Sellers Items This item is no longer available. /UserImages/87270/998634354 4833706.jpg /UserImages/87270/998634354 4833707.jpg /UserImages/87270/998634354 4833708.jpg /UserImages/87270/998634354 4833709.jpg /UserImages/87270/998634354 4833710.jpg /UserImages/87270/998634354 4833711.jpg /UserImages/87270/998634354 4833712.jpg /UserImages/87270/998634354 4833713.jpg /UserImages/87270/998634354 4833714.jpg /UserImages/87270/998634354 4833715.jpg Description Shipping and Payment More Info This listing is for One set of grips; buyers, however, may take as many extra sets as we have on hand at the same per-set price, and with no additional shipping charges. Most Smith & Wesson Revolvers manufactured after 1996 have Round Butt Grip Frames. If you aren't sure which yours is, please see the comparative photo. In the mid to late 1970s, Smith & Wesson marketed only a few smooth-contoured Rosewood Target Stocks for the K Frame Revolvers. They were quite pricey at the time, 35 years ago, in the $30 per set range. There were never many issued, and most of them went on revolvers like the Texas Ranger 19s and Special Order 66s. Here was one attempt to market similar imported grips. We found these in an old East Coast Warehouse, and we estimate they were manufactured in the early to mid 1980s, perhaps late 1970s. They will not accommodate speedloaders, note the configuration of the left panel with a thumb rest recess only. Grip screws are white steel and escutcheons are brass, and only exhibit faint toning at places. Finish is uneven at place, usually around the butt area and backstrap area, but overall a good job of manufacturing. Note the excellent cut checkering in the panel sides. From our understanding, these were manufactured in Italy or India, that's about as near as we can come to a brand name. Construction appears to be Rosewood, very dark stained. These grips are period appropriate for any classic Smith & Wesson K or L Frame Square Butt revolver manufactured from the late 1960s all the way up to the discontinuance of the Square Butt Grip frames around 1995. Models they will fit include models 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 64, 65, 66, 67, 581, 586, 681, and 686, square butt grip frame only like the Nixon Era model 66 in the photos, which is not for sale in this listing, and not included, and long gone anyway. Some of them we've used require some internal fitting where the frame's butt area rivet fits in, not a big deal at all. We're offering them each for only $29.00>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Grips, Magazines, slings, holsters, scopes, mounts, parts & most any small light items, entire accessory orders only $10.00 total shipping no matter how many a person buys. $10.00 for an entire order, Not $10.00 per item or anything of the sort. $20 Flat Fee on magazine orders to Alaska, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico, and gun parts to PR civilians must ship to an FFL. Magazines and any small light non-gun items ride free with ammo orders. We accept checks with no more than 7 days hold. GA Pay, MC, Visa, Discover phone- or fax-in 7 3 1 9 8 9 4 7 2 3 orders, USPS Money Order items shipped ASAP please put your full information, venue number, and what the item is on any messages. Internet phone hours 8:00 – 5:00 CST Mon – Fri. Robertson Trading Post 117 Front Street PO Box 365 Henderson, Tennessee 38340. We buy, sell, and trade. Always have, since 1952. $10.00 total for an entire order lower 48. for any combination of small light items. $20 to AK, HI, or PR. Grips Magazines & all small items ride free with Gun or Ammo shipments. We Buy, Sell, or Trade. We always have. Trades Accepted: We Buy, Sell, or Trade. Always have. Don't let your buddies use your account. Registered user must be the buyer, with his or her own money. Buying firearms and related items for other people can result in felony charges. Don't try, either, to circumvent any law; for example, a California civilian may not buy a high capacity magazine and have it shipped to his brother-in-law in Nevada. That is a felony. GA Pay buyers are NOT charged until we confirm we have the item and are ready to ship it. The same thing is true for phone-in, fax-in, and mail-in payments. In this respect, and in several others, Guns America outshines all its competitors. This is the best firearms website there is, hands down. Condition: Never fired Location: TN Share Item Item #: 998634354 Stock No.: GRP175 This item is no longer available. Price: This Seller Accepts Online Payment Shipping: $10.00 Accepted Payment Methods: Returns: 7 Days Robertson Trading Post Seller Since: Jul. 2007 Seller Level: Trusted Seller This seller is an FFL City: Henderson State: TN Your Recently Viewed Items


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Excel does its best to handle hyperlinks such as email addresses and URLs, even though they're incredibly awkward to shoehorn into spreadsheets. If you have only a few links in your spreadsheet, no problem. But hyperlinks use memory, and lots of hyperlinks in a spreadsheet, document, or email can slow your system to a crawl, crash the open file, or refuse to open the file (usually with a 'not enough memory' error message).
منبع: pcworld

subset: commoncrawl


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Kate Winslet, James Cameron attend 3D Titanic premiere
Actress Kate Winslet attended the premiere of Titanic's 3D premiere, the film that catapulted her and costar Leonardo DiCaprio into global stardom.
She said that watching her 1997 hit is a 'profoundly weird experience' and she finds it hard not to pick holes in her acting.
The actress delighted onlookers at the premiere of Titanic 3D in Royal Albert Hall in London. She had slipped on a full-length black gown with plunging neckline and silver embellished cap sleeves for the occasion.
The Jenny Packham gown featured bejewelled details on the front, leading the eye to her mini waist and highlighting the drop diamond earrings, retro waved up hairdo and her Hollywood red lips.
Image: Kate Winslet
Photographs: Dave J Hogan/Getty Images
Kate Winslet, James Cameron attend 3D Titanic premiere
'It's like saying 'We're going to show three and a half years of your life, live to the Albert Hall!' the Mirror quoted her as saying.
'My American accent was bad!' she said.
Although her co-star in the film, Leonardo DiCaprio, couldn't make it to the premiere, she revealed that the actor, who she calls 'little lovekin', meant a lot to her.
'Leo is a very big part of my life. I'm very fortunate to find that friendship with the film hit it off right away,' she said.
Image: Kate Winslet
Photographs: Dave J Hogan/Getty Images


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Division of Campus Life
Meet Gregory '17
Meet John '17
Meet Dominga '15
Meet Dillon '17
Meet Arijeta '16
Meet Mikayla '16
The Division of Campus Life enriches and supports lifelong learning for all students throughout their experience at Wagner College. The Campus Life mission is to encourage active participation in Wagner, New York City, and global communities while encouraging responsible, accountable leadership and creating an inclusive and respectful campus culture.
Dean of Campus Life Events Student Handbook Sexual Violence Student Publications Alternative Winter Break
Co-Curricular Programs Campus Events Student Clubs Fraternities and Sororities Recreational Sports
Residential Education Residence Halls Living on Campus Policies & Procedures
Intercultural Advancement Expanding Your Horizons Education Abroad International Students
Heath and Wellness Health Services Counseling Services Health Record
Student Government Association Student Clubs Student Leadership and Advocacy Campus Events
Center for Spirituality Religious Services and Events Spiritual Counseling Local Places of Worship
Dining Meal Plans Locations Catering
Bookstore Textbooks Supplies Apparel Gifts
Lifelong Learning Laundry Service Academic & Personal Enrichment Test Prep Driver Education


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Visual processing disorder has nothing to do with eyesight or vision; it has to do with the brain not processing the information which the eyes take in. Children with visual processing disorder have difficulties learning visual information due to the deficits in the visual control system in their brains. Children with visual processing disorder struggle in these 3 areas in reading and writing:
Visual Word Memory Problems
Children with visual processing disorder will often show abnormal behaviors during reading, such as:
- Frequent word or line skips
- Tendency to move their whole head to read instead of just their eyes
- Difficulties with automatic sight-word recognition
- Double vision, squinting or closing or rubbing one eye
- Complaints of visual blurring or letters moving around, popping in and out of the paper
- The letters in words are not in sequence
Letter and Symbol Reversal Problems
It is common for children under the age of 7 to reverse letters or numbers when writing or to make letter substitutions when reading. Children with visual processing disorder will still make reversals and substitutions beyond the age of 7. These children will also show problems with letter formation that extends far beyond simple difficulties with reversals.
Contrast Sensitivity Problems
Children with visual processing disorder often have difficulties with poor visual contrast sensitivity. These children may experience:
- Glare from the paper
- Eyestrain
- Difficulties making out the letters
Symptoms may be worse in some lights than others. Fluorescent lights frequently produce the most problems.
The best learning environment for a child with visual processing disorder is a multisensory setting. Multisensory teaching utilizes all the senses to relay information to the students. The teacher accesses the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic pathways in order to enhance memory and learning.
For example, when learning the vowel combination "oa" the student might first look at it and then have to trace the letters in the air while speaking out loud. This combination of listening, looking, and moving around creates a lasting impression for the student as things will connect to each other and become memorable.
If a child struggling with visual processing disorder is given a task that uses just vision, without drawing upon other senses, the child will be at a disadvantage. When taught with a multisensory approach, children will learn alphabetic patterns and words by utilizing all pathways – hearing (auditory), seeing (visual), touching (tactile) and moving (kinesthetic).
To Schedule an Appointment, Call 1-866-774-3342


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When a young troll named Hawthorn is stolen from Fairyland by the Golden Wind, he becomes a changeling - a human boy - in the strange city of Chicago, a place no less bizarre and magical than Fairyland when seen through trollish eyes.
Left with a human family, Hawthorn struggles with his troll nature and his changeling fate. But when he turns twelve, he stumbles upon a way back home, to a Fairyland much changed from the one he remembers.
Soon, Hawthorn finds himself at the centre of a changeling revolution - until he comes face to face with a beautiful young Scientiste with very big, very red assistant . . .
With The Boy Who Lost Fairyland, Catherynne M. Valente´s wisdom and wit will continue to charm readers of all ages.
Einband | Taschenbuch |
Seitenzahl | 352 |
Erscheinungsdatum | 07.01.2016 |
Sprache | Englisch |
Reihe | Fairyland |
Verlag | Little Brown & Co Inc |
Maße (L/B/H) | 198/126/27 mm |
Gewicht | 385 |


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Register | Blogs | FAQ | Members List | Search | Today's Posts | Mark Forums Read |
Where are you? east, west, up north, down under.. Wher ever you are. Find and talk to other people from your area, Post info about upcoming rave and club events... even organize eBPM get togethers at your local favorite clubs :) |
Forum Tools | Search this Forum |
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Jessica Tunic in Grape by Sun Kim
Sun Kim runs a little generous, we suggest going down a size.
Shoulder: 16"
Bust: 38"
Waist: 40"
Sleeve: 24"
Length: 36"
Fabric & Care
Color: Grape
92% Modal 8% Spandex
100% Polyester
Hand wash inside out with cold water.
Handmade in the USA.


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Good point. I'm slightly afraid I might be overdoing all this, but then I guess most people will never see the amount of effort that went in it but only the result. And usually, such results just feel a lot better, even if you don't know why.
Let's cross check the old list with the new list. I felt free to change some spellings, since english speakers just don't know how to pronounce a proper J or W, and I might have gotten some ideas for completely new names which are now completely mixed up with those I took directly from the page.
Bryndis, Eydis, Finndis, Mirya, Nyala, Salin, Sendis, Svea.
And I noticed that Dragon Age, from which I took quite some ideas for the BL elves, already did use a couple of icelandic names for elven NPCs. That's probably what made me think scandinavian names feel right for elves.
I've read that some years ago, but there are a few things that actually made me have good ideas right now. I think next thing will be making a list of things that need to be named and then sorting out which of the ancient languages got to name them.
That's sooo anoying. I completely failed at French, but seeing the de'Arnise family in Baldur's Gate II always makes me want to scream."Well, forget it, no apostrophes."
Regarding the places that need to be named:
SpoilerNortheastern Sea (descriptive)
Northeastern Coast (descriptive)
Arctic Ocean (descriptive)
Eastern Part of the Mountains in the North (descriptive)
Western Part of the Mountains in the North (descriptive)
> Fortress of the Mountain Kaas
Central Pass of the Northern Mountains (descriptive)
Tundra beyond the Mountain Pass (descriptive)
> Main Town of the Surri (giant)
> Fortress of the Ice Witches (giant)
Highlands south of the Northern Mountains (descriptive)
Hills West of the Highlands (descriptive)
> Town of the Snow Elves (elven)
Tundra of the Kaas
> Gathering Place of the Tribes
Arctic Bay of the Kaas (descriptive)
Mountains beyond the Bay of the Kaas (descriptive)
Great Northern Forest (elven)
> City of the North (elven)
> Town of Coastal Elves (elven)
> Town of the Forest Elves (elven)
Mountains in the Northern Forest (descriptive)
Border Hills (descriptive)
> Mountain Pass Keep
Mountains South of the Border Hills (descriptive)
> City of the Underground Elves
Mountains on the Coast (descriptive)
> Town of the Forest Gnomes
Smaller Northern Forest (elven)
> Town of the Elven Druids (elven)
> Tree City of the Wood Elves (elven)
> The Black Tower (descriptive)
Great River (giant)
Great River Valey (giant)
> Crossroads Keep (descriptive)
Great Plains in the West (descriptive)
Inner Sea (descriptive)
Inner Sea Coast (descriptive)
> Crystal Caves City
> Town of the Sorcerers
Northern Islands
> City of the Sea Elves
> Smugglers Haven (descriptive)
Southern Islands
Outer Islands
Southern Jungle Coast
> Dark Elves Port (elven)
Southern Jungle (naga)
> City of the Sun Priests (naga)
> Fortress of the Canibal King (naga)
Mountains in the Naga Lands (descriptive)
Mountains West of the Jungle (descriptive)
Forest beyond the Mountains (descriptive)
Which is a quite impressive list. And I have lots of ideas for each of them, I just need names to start writing.
I kind of like Border Hills and Inner Sea, I think I leave them as that.


text:
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text:
Private Investment in Conservation Reaches $8.2 Billion [more...]
New guidance on biodiversity in environmental management systems [more...]
Aidenvironment Study: Sustainability Issues and Solutions in the Rubber Sector [more...]
Mexico launches biodiversity and business alliance [more...]
Nature is an essential economic factor. It provides a variety of renewable and non-renewable resources and the economy depends on the provided ecosystem services. Neither benefits nor costs are adequately reflected in corporate accounting like the balance sheet or the consolidated profit and loss account. The economic valuation of natural capital is the key instrument to change this. Compared to a purely quantitative assessment it has the advantage to express the value of or damages of natural capital in the "same language as financial capital.
How it works in practice and which corporate examples exist can be found in the study "How companies value natural capital, which you can download here.
Pilot projects such as the "The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) studies, initiated by the European Commission, aimed to highlight the value of ecosystem services and biodiversity for the society and provided new arguments against destruction and overuse.
Lately, the private sector has increased its efforts to measure and evaluate environmental costs, and in the longer term to incorporate them into the accounting. Especially the WBCSDs "Guide to Corporate Ecosystem Valuation (CEV) that was road tested by 14 companies and PUMAs environmental profit and loss account stand out as good examples.
Numerous reasons exist why companies should deal with the topic "natural capital" in general and more specifically the economic valuation, e.g.:
Further information can be found at www.naturalcapitalmarkets.org. The GNF can also support you in testing and applying natural capital accounting. For more information please get in touch with:
Stefan Hörmann


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From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
Of use to cleanup project members are the various tools needed to mark pages for the correct type of cleanup. In that regard, the cleanup templates category contains many valuable templates used to notify editors of problems with pages. In addition to cleanup-specific ones, you should also be familiar with the following templates:
- Controller button templates, for cleaning up pages needing control images.
- Message templates, for leaving contributors messages on their talk pages to help them learn how to correctly edit the wiki.
The following are snapshot explanations of the cleanup templates you'll most likely run into.
Template | Category | Use |
{{copyvio|source}} | Possible copyright violation / No source provided | Pages that appear to have been copied from another source with incompatible licensing. |
{{cleanup|reason}} | Pages needing cleanup | Pages that either need more cleanup than a more specific tag would indicate, or pages that just need better writing or organizing. |
{{company stub}} | Company stubs, Companies | Company category pages that don't have enough information. |
{{copyedit|reason}} | Pages needing copy edit | Pages with improper grammar, spelling or phrasing. |
{{delete|reason}} | Requests for deletion | Pages with no current use, either due to vandalism, housekeeping or scope, usually. |
{{drivel|reason}} | Pages containing drivel | Pages using subjective point of view, first-person point of view, or content that makes a page too informal or off-topic. |
{{needcontrols|system}} | Pages lacking control images/System | Pages with either no controls on them, or controls that aren't currently using images with the button templates. |
{{needinfobox}} | Pages needing an infobox | Automatically inserted with use of the "Main page" preload button, and if certain parameters in the {{Game}} infobox aren't filled out. |
{{needcat}} | Pages needing categorisation | Automatically inserted with use of the "Main page" preload button. |
{{needimages|reason}} | Pages needing images | Pages with little or no images that could use some. |
{{needselector}} | Pages needing control selector | Pages for guides that have multiple systems, and so should use the {{control selector}} template. |
{{stub}} | Stubs | Pages that don't have enough content, per the perfect stub article. |
{{system stub}} | Systems, System stubs | System category pages that don't have enough information. |
{{series stub}} | Series, Series stubs | Series category pages that don't have enough info. |
{{subpage}} | Pages needing subpaging | Pages with enough content to be put on more than one page. |
{{transparency}} | Images needing transparency | Images that need their backgrounds converted from opaque to transparent. |
{{wip}} | Works in progress | Pages that are being worked on, but are not yet complete. |
{{wikify|reason}} | Pages needing wikification | Pages that aren't using any wiki markup, or are using it improperly. |


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In one month, Hanley Wood's BUILDER and Metrostudy will host the 30th Annual Housing Leadership Summit, at the Ritz Carlton Laguna Niguel, in Dana Point, Calif.
The May 16-18 conference program focuses on Leading Change, and assemble an unmatched group of home building company CEOs, presidents, thought and practice leaders, game-changers, investors and lenders, under one roof, for three days. We'll bring to light the latest exclusive telltale market data, and explore what it means to production home building businesses, and how, as leaders, you can make your teams and your processes agile as you make them valuable.
This year's program line-up, and specifically our high-powered slate of speakers, are wholly committed to shedding fresh light on opportunity--both near- and long-term--amidst the host of challenges home builders face in the day-to-day and over time. Those who've been with us before know that we don't resort to a formula when it comes to our conference program. Every year is different. Every year takes chances.
This year, our program reflects a belief in two assertions. One, is that even if your company is doing well today, it needs to evolve. Two, is that the best way to both learn how and where your company needs to evolve is in connection with other home builders, even competitors. There are four essential "buckets" of content engineered into the program: human capital, land value, process improvement, and, broadly, customer focus.
That's the exclusive value of HLS. It's a connection to peers, and it's a bold conversation on where to head, a GPS, if you will, for the community as a whole.
Take a look at the program we have planned, and who's engaged to be part of it.
Ivy Zelman will be back with us, kicking off the general session proceedings. What better moment than in the midst of Spring Selling Season 2016 to hear from Ivy on her latest harvest of data and insights. She'll update her take on the progress and trajectory of the housing recovery, specifically focusing on the role of entry-level volume and demand in overall growth ahead.
Ivy will also roadmap what the data suggests both for multi-regional public companies and single-market private operators, and, as a special new feature, Ivy will go one-on-one with an executive leader of a private home building company in an "unplugged" conversation. The focus of this spotlight will range from ongoing access-to-capital challenges, to operational advantages, to readying one's company for sale to a public or otherwise creating a succession plan.
Ivy's domain of expertise is three-fold: financial acumen, competitive market intelligence, and operational insight. In a moment, specifically where the first half of 2016 is showing signs of strength--albeit with mixed signals--and the second half looks like a crapshoot, a strong dose of Zelman intel is what the doctor orders.
BUILDER sibling Metrostudy will be more integrated than ever into the beginning, middle, and end of HLS proceedings this year. From our opening Lightning Roundtable Advisors panel of presidents, CEOs, and leaders, hosted by Metrostudy chief economist Brad Hunter, to our concluding day's sessions, focusing on how to map big data into home sales and how to optimize a land plan for the greatest profitability, HLS attendees will get exclusive, confidential access to Metrostudy's unequaled knowledge base and expertise.
And just as Ivy and her team's work and Metrostudy set themselves apart as a vital, trusted advisory resources in home building, we're introducing three additional guest keynotes whose messages should resonate with volume home builder leaders.
Barry LePatner, an attorney and author, is one of the most well-connected, informed, and insightful voices as regards a chronic area of pain and risk for home builders and every other part of the construction ecosystem. Central to Barry's research and insight is this: Dysfunction, inefficiency, and capacity constraints are locked into construction workflows because of an imbalance of knowledge that separates labor from management.
Most management's lack of intel on the technical level of difficulties of the zillion parts of a project, or a master plan, or a subdivision, or any part of a residential deal makes putting a value or a price tag on the labor a total guessing game. Each side of the management vs. labor equation tries to take advantage of that asymmetry, which is why many companies are simply unable to model their labor input costs going forward.
Barry's remarks will shoot to the core of home building's ongoing labor crisis and shine a bright light on scenarios and solutions to address it from a pure, better management standpoint.
Leaning in on this notion of Leading Change, we've invited two compelling voices from outside our endemic box of residential construction industry leaders. One, Tom Flick, is a highly regarded force of nature on the issue of identifying prospective leaders and how to nurture fearless, fresh action as a career-development within your organizations. Two, Sarah Milby, vp at fitness and wellness company Grokker, will address what it means and what it takes to make a company a magnet for young adult talent and commitment.
The unheralded but far-and-away most valuable part of the conference, year in and year out, are home building executives--both listed as speakers and ones standing next to you at the coffee breaks and cocktail receptions. Your peers are our true north, and this year, BUILDER and Metrostudy's commitment and promise is to give you three days to learn from one another where to set the bar for your organization. And an action plan for how to get over that bar. Leaders who come to the event tend to like the program, and they really enjoy this location. But, the value above all is this: each other. One insight; one best practice; one tip you might not have thought of yourself can be worth millions. Be there.
Enough said.


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William Howard Taft (1857-1930)/biography
< William Howard Taft (1857-1930)
this wiki
William Howard Taft (September 15 1857 – March 8 1930) was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, a pioneer in international arbitration and staunch advocate of world peace verging on pacifism, and scion of the leading political family in Ohio.
Taft served as the Solicitor General of the United States, a federal judge, Governor-General of the Philippines, and Secretary of War before being nominated for President in the 1908 Republican National Convention with the backing of his predecessor and close friend Theodore Roosevelt.
His presidency was characterized by trust-busting, strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission, expanding the civil service, establishing a better postal system, and promoting world peace. Roosevelt broke with Taft in 1911, charging Taft was too reactionary. Taft and the conservatives were alarmed at Roosevelt's attacks on the judiciary, and took control of the party machinery. Taft defeated Roosevelt for the Republican nomination in a bruising battle in 1912 that forced Roosevelt out of the GOP and left Taft's people in charge for decades. William Howard Taft remains the only U.S. President to finish third in a bid for reelection. During World War I he helped set national labor policy that reduced strikes and generated union support for the national cause. In 1921, he became Chief Justice. As President and Chief Justice he helped make the federal courts, especially the Supreme Court, much more powerful in shaping national policy.
Early life
Taft was born on September 15, 1857, in Cincinnati, the third of five children. His mother, Louisa Torrey, was a graduate of Mount Holyoke College. His father, Alphonso Taft, came to Cincinnati in 1839 to open a law practice.[1] Alphonso Taft was a prominent Republican and served as Secretary of War under President Ulysses S. Grant.
Taft was brought up in the Unitarian church and remained a faithful Unitarian his entire life (later in life he once remarked, "I do not believe in the divinity of Christ, and there are many other of the postulates of the orthodox creed to which I cannot subscribe."[2]). At age 18, he met his future wife, Helen Herron, in Cincinnati; she and Taft courted while he was away at college. William Taft enjoyed spending time with his aunt, Meredith Johnson, who unfortunately needed a wheelchair and crutches.
The William Howard Taft National Historic Site is the Taft boyhood home. The house in which he was born has been restored to its original appearance. It includes four period rooms that reflect the family life during Taft's boyhood. The home also includes second floor exhibits highlighting Taft's life center.[3]
In 1874, Taft attended Woodward High School. Like most of his family, he attended Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut. At Yale, he was a member of the Linonian Society, a literary and debate society; Skull and Bones, the secret society co-founded by his father in 1832; and the Beta chapter of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. Later in life he was also inducted into the Omicron-Omicron chapter of the secret society of Theta Nu Epsilon, after delivering the commencement address to the class of 1910 at Ohio Northern University. He was given the nickname "Big Lub" because of his size, but his college friends knew him by the nickname "Old Bill".[4] Taft received jibes about his weight throughout his life: as governor of the Philippines, Taft once sent a telegram to Washington that read, "Went on a horse ride today; feeling good;" Secretary of War Elihu Root replied, "How's the horse?" [2] In 1878, Taft graduated from Yale, ranking second in his class out of 121.[5] After college, he attended Cincinnati Law School, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880. While in law school, he worked on the area newspaper The Cincinnati Commercial.[6]
After admission to the Ohio bar, Taft was appointed Assistant Prosecutor of Hamilton County, based in Cincinnati. In 1882, he was appointed local Collector of Internal Revenue. Taft married his longtime sweetheart, Helen Herron, in Cincinnati in 1886. In 1887, he was appointed as a judge of the Ohio Superior Court. In 1890, President Benjamin Harrison appointed him Solicitor General of the United States. In 1892 Harrison appointed him to the newly created United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, a post that he held until 1900. It was then that he met Theodore Roosevelt for the first time.
In addition to his judgeship, between 1896 and 1900 Taft also served as the first dean and a professor of constitutional law at the University of Cincinnati.[7] Eventually, he became the chief judge of the Sixth Circuit. One of Taft's most famous opinions was in Addyston Pipe and Steel Company v. United States (1898).
In 1900, President William McKinley appointed Taft as the chairman of a commission to organize a civilian government in the Philippines, which had been ceded to the United States by Spain following the Spanish-American War and the 1898 Treaty of Paris. Although Taft initially had been opposed to the annexation of the islands and told McKinley that his real ambition was to become a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, he reluctantly accepted the appointment when McKinley suggested that he would be "the better judge for this experience."
From 1901 to 1903, Taft served as the first civilian Governor-General of the Philippines, a position in which he was very popular among both Americans and Filipinos. In 1902, Taft visited Rome to negotiate with Pope Leo XIII for the purchase of lands in the Philippines owned by the Roman Catholic Church. Taft then persuaded Congress to appropriate $7,239,000 to purchase the lands, which he sold to Filipinos on easy terms. In 1903, President Roosevelt offered Taft the seat on the Supreme Court to which he had for so long aspired, but he reluctantly declined when native Filipino groups begged him to remain in Manila as Governor-General.
Secretary of War, 1904–1908
In 1904, Roosevelt appointed Taft as Secretary of War. Roosevelt made the basic policy decisions regarding military affairs, using Taft as a well-traveled spokesman who campaigned for Roosevelt's re-election in 1904. Taft met with the Emperor of Japan, who alerted him of the probability of war with Russia. In 1906, Roosevelt sent troops to restore order in Cuba during the revolt led by General Enrique Loynaz del Castillo, and Taft temporarily became the Civil Governor of Cuba, personally negotiating with General Castillo for a peaceful end to the revolt. In 1907, Secretary Taft helped supervise the beginning of construction on the Panama Canal. Taft repeatedly had told Roosevelt he wanted to be Chief Justice, not President (and not an associate justice), but there was no vacancy and Roosevelt had other plans. He gave Taft more responsibilities in addition to the Philippines and the Panama Canal. For a while, Taft was Acting Secretary of State. When Roosevelt was away, Taft in effect was the Acting President.
Presidency 1909–1913
After serving for nearly two full terms, the popular Theodore Roosevelt refused to run in the election of 1908. Roosevelt certified Taft as a genuine "progressive", in 1908, pushing through the nomination of his Secretary of War for the presidency. At the age 51, Taft easily defeated three-time candidate William Jennings Bryan. Taft considered himself a "progressive" because of his deep belief in "The Law" as the scientific device that should be used by judges to solve society's problems. Taft proved a less adroit politician than Roosevelt and seemed to lack the energy and personal magnetism of his mentor, not to mention the publicity devices, the dedicated supporters, and the broad base of public support that made Roosevelt so formidable. When Roosevelt realized that lowering the tariff would risk severe tensions inside the Republican Party, pitting producers (manufacturers and farmers) against department stores and consumers, he stopped talking about the issue. Taft ignored the risks and tackled the tariff boldly, on the one hand encouraging reformers to fight for lower rates, then cutting deals with conservative leaders that kept overall rates high. The resulting Payne-Aldrich tariff of 1909 was too high for most reformers, but instead of blaming this on Senator Nelson Aldrich and big business, Taft took credit, calling it the best bill to come from the Republican Party. Again, he had managed to alienate all sides.
Unlike Roosevelt, Taft never attacked business or businessmen in his rhetoric. However, he was attentive to the law, so he launched 80 antitrust suits, including one against the country's largest corporation, U.S. Steel, for an acquisition that Roosevelt personally had approved. As a result, Taft lost the support of antitrust reformers (who disliked his conservative rhetoric), of big business (which disliked his actions), and of Roosevelt, who felt humiliated by his protégé. Progressives within the Republican party began agitating against Taft. Senator Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin created the National Progressive Republican League to replace Taft at the national level; his campaign crashed after a disastrous speech. Most of LaFollette's supporters went over to Roosevelt, leaving LaFollette embittered and alone. More trouble came when Taft fired Gifford Pinchot, a leading conservationist and close ally of Roosevelt. Pinchot alleged that Taft's Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger was in league with big timber interests. Conservationists sided with Pinchot, and Taft alienated yet another vocal constituency.
Taft fought for the prosecution of trusts (eventually issuing 80 lawsuits),[8] further strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, established a postal savings bank and a parcel post system, and expanded the civil service. He supported the 16th Amendment, which allowed for a federal income tax, and the 17th Amendment, mandating the direct election of senators by the people, replacing the previous system whereby they were selected by state legislatures.
Foreign policy
Taft actively pursued what he termed "dollar diplomacy" to further the economic development of less-developed nations of Latin America and Asia through American investment in their infrastructures. Throughout the early part of his presidency, Taft had difficulties with Nicaragua. When the United States shifted its interests to Panama for the purpose of building a canal, Nicaraguan President José Santos Zelaya negotiated with Germany and Japan in an unsuccessful effort to have a canal constructed in his country. The Zelaya administration had growing friction with the United States government, which started giving aid to his Conservative opponents in Nicaragua. In 1907, U.S. warships seized several of Nicaragua's seaports. In early December, United States Marines landed on Nicaragua's Caribbean Sea coast. On December 17, 1909, Zelaya resigned and left for exile in Mexico. The U.S.-sponsored conservative regime of Adolfo Díaz was installed in his place. Military invasions increased with marine landings in 1910 and 1912. The Marines stayed in Nicaragua through 1925.
One of Taft's main goals while President was to further the idea of world peace. Given his judicial sensibilities, he believed that international arbitration was the best means to effectuate the end of war on Earth. As such, he championed several reciprocity and arbitration treaties. In 1910, he convinced congressional Democrats to support a reciprocity treaty with Canada, but the Liberal Canadian government of Wilfrid Laurier that negotiated the treaty was turned out of office in 1911 and the treaty collapsed. In 1910 and 1911, however, he secured the ratification of arbitration treaties that he had successfully negotiated with Britain and France and thereafter was known as one of the foremost advocates of world peace and arbitration.
16th Amendment
To solve an impasse during the 1909 tariff debate, Taft proposed income taxes for corporations and a constitutional amendment to allow income taxes on individuals on June 16, 1909.[9] His proposed tax on corporate net income was 1% on net profits over $5,000. It was designated an excise on the privilege of doing business as a corporation whose stockholders enjoyed the privilege of limited liability, and not a tax on incomes as such. In 1911, the Supreme Court, in Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., approved it. Receipts grew from $21 million in the fiscal year 1910 to $34.8 million in 1912.
An income tax on individuals (unlike the tax on corporations) required a constitutional amendment. One was passed in July, 1909, unanimously in the Senate and by a vote of 318 to 14 in the House. It quickly was ratified by the states, and in February 3, 1913, it became a part of the Constitution as the Sixteenth Amendment, as Taft was leaving office.
Party schism
Despite his obvious achievements, progressives decried Taft's acceptance of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, which lowered the tariff on the farm products of the western states, whose citizens desired lower rates on Eastern factory products. Taft opposed to the entry of the state of Arizona into the Union because of its judicial features. Progressives grumbled that he worked too closely with conservative Senator Nelson W. Aldrich and Speaker of the House Joseph G. Cannon. By 1910, Taft's party was deeply divided between progressives and conservatives.
On his return from Europe, Roosevelt broke with Taft in one of the most dramatic political feuds of the 20th century. To the surprise of observers who thought Roosevelt had unstoppable momentum, Taft outmaneuvered Roosevelt and LaFollette, seized control of the GOP, and forced both out of the party. The main issue in 1911–12 was independence of the judiciary, which Roosevelt denounced. Most lawyers in the GOP supported Taft, including many of Roosevelt's key supporters like Elihu Root, Henry Stimson, and Roosevelt's own son-in-law, Nicholas Longworth. In lining up delegates for the 1912 nomination, Taft outmaneuvered Roosevelt, who had started much too late, and kept control of the Republican party. 1912 was the first year that some delegates were determined through primary elections. Primary elections were seen as a way to take power away from party bosses and put it in the hands of the people. Out of the 14 Republican primaries held, Roosevelt won 9, and Taft only won 3. Robert Lafollette won the other 2. Nevertheless, Taft had the delegates and won the nomination at the Republican nominating convention in Chicago.
Instead, Roosevelt was forced to create the Progressive Party (or "Bull Moose") ticket, splitting the Republican vote in the 1912 election. Woodrow Wilson, the Democrat, was elected, although many historians argue that Wilson would have won anyway, because the Republican factions would not support each other. Taft won the mere eight electoral votes of Utah and Vermont, making it the single worst defeat in American history for an incumbent President seeking re-election. He achieved what he felt were his main goals as President, however: keeping permanent control of the party and making the courts sacrosanct. It also should be noted that while the strife during the election of 1912 devastated the once very close friendship between Taft and Theodore Roosevelt, the two eventually did reconcile not long before Roosevelt's death in 1919.
Administration and cabinet
President | William Howard Taft | 1909–1913 |
Vice President | James S. Sherman | 1909–1912 |
None | 1912–1913 | |
Secretary of State | Philander C. Knox | 1909–1913 |
Secretary of the Treasury | Franklin MacVeagh | 1909–1913 |
Secretary of War | Jacob M. Dickinson | 1909–1911 |
Henry L. Stimson | 1911–1913 | |
Attorney General | George W. Wickersham | 1909–1913 |
Postmaster General | Frank H. Hitchcock | 1909–1913 |
Secretary of the Navy | George von L. Meyer | 1909–1913 |
Secretary of the Interior | Richard A. Ballinger | 1909–1911 |
Walter L. Fisher | 1911–1913 | |
Secretary of Agriculture | James Wilson | 1909–1913 |
Secretary of Commerce & Labor | Charles Nagel | 1909–1913 |
Supreme Court appointments
During his presidency, Taft appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- Horace Harmon Lurton — 1910
- Lurton had served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit with Taft, and Taft's attorney general said that at 66 he was too old to become a Supreme Court justice, but Taft had always admired Lurton. According to the Complete Book of U.S. Presidents (2001 edition), Taft later said that "the chief pleasure of my administration" was the appointment of Lurton.
- Charles Evans Hughes — 1910
- Even though Hughes resigned in 1916 to run in the presidential election that year, he became Taft's successor as Chief Justice.
- Edward Douglass White — Chief Justice — 1910
- Already on the Court as an associate justice since 1894, White was the first Chief Justice to be elevated from an associate justiceship. Taft succeeded White as Chief Justice in 1921.
- Willis Van Devanter — 1911
- Joseph Rucker Lamar — 1911
- Mahlon Pitney — 1912
Taft's six appointments to the Court rank (in number) third only to those of George Washington (who appointed the entire Court as the first President) and Franklin D. Roosevelt (who was president for twelve years); as well, his appointment of five new justices ties the number appointed by Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln. Four of Taft's appointees were relatively young at ages 48, 51, 53 and 54.
The appointments of Edward Douglass White and Charles Evans Hughes also are notable because Taft essentially appointed both his predecessor and successor Chief Justices, respectively. Hughes initially was appointed an Associate Justice, but later resigned to run for the Republican Party's presidential candidate in the 1916 election, which he would lose. President Herbert Hoover renominated Hughes to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice following Taft's retirement.
States admitted to the Union
- New Mexico: January 6, 1912
- Arizona: February 14, 1912. Taft had opposed the admission of Arizona owing to what he viewed as defects in its judicial system.
Upon leaving the White House in 1913, Taft was appointed the Chancellor Kent Professor of Law and Legal History at Yale Law School. Upon his appointment, the Yale Chapter of the Acacia Fraternity made him an honorary member. At the same time Taft was elected president of the American Bar Association. He spent much of his time writing newspaper articles and books, most notably his series on American legal philosophy. He was a vigorous opponent of prohibition in the United States, predicting the undesirable situation that the Eighteenth Amendment and prohibition in general would create.[10] He also continued to advocate world peace through international arbitration, urging nations to enter into arbitration treaties with each other and promoting the idea of a League of Nations even before the First World War began.
When World War I did break out in Europe in 1914, however, Taft founded the League to Enforce Peace. He was co-chair of the powerful National War Labor Board between 1917 and 1918. Although he continually advocated peace, he strongly favored conscription once the United States entered the conflict, pleading publicly that the United States not fight a "finicky" war. He feared the war would be long, but was for fighting it out to a finish, given what he viewed as "Germany's brutality."
Chief Justice
In 1921, when Chief Justice Edward Douglass White died, President Warren G. Harding nominated Taft to take his place, thereby fulfilling Taft's lifelong ambition to become Chief Justice of the United States. Virtually no opposition existed to the nomination, and the Senate unanimously confirmed Taft by voice vote. He readily took up the position, serving until 1930. As such, he became the only President to serve as Chief Justice, and thus is also the only former President to swear in subsequent Presidents, giving the oath of office to both Calvin Coolidge (in 1925) and Herbert Hoover (in 1929). He remains the only person to have led both the Executive and Judicial branches of the United States government. He considered his time as Chief Justice to be the highest point of his career: he allegedly once remarked, "I don't remember that I ever was President."
In 1922, Taft traveled to England to study the procedural structure of the English courts and learn how they disposed of such a large number of cases in such an expeditious manner. During the trip, King George V and Queen Mary received Taft and his wife as state visitors. With what he had learned in England, Taft advocated passage of the Judiciary Act of 1925 (often called the "Judges Bill"), which shifted the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction to be exercisable principally on review by writ of certiorari, thereby empowering the Supreme Court to give preference to cases of national importance and allowing the Court to work more efficiently. In addition to giving the Court more control over its docket, the new legislation (and the Judicial Conference that Taft organized) gave the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice general supervisory power over the scattered and disorganized federal courts, bringing the District of Columbia and the territories within the federal system, uniting the courts for the first time as an independent third branch of government (contrary to the British model) under the administrative supervision of the Chief Justice of the United States. Taft was also the first Justice to employ two full-time law clerks.
In 1929, Taft successfully argued for the construction of the Supreme Court Building, reasoning that the court needed to distance itself from Congress as a separate branch of government. Until then, the Court had heard cases in the old Senate Chamber of the Capitol; the justices had no chambers and their conferences were held in a room in the basement. Taft, however, did not live to see the building's completion in 1935.
While Chief Justice, Taft wrote the opinion for the Court in 256 cases out of the Court's ever-growing caseload. His philosophy of constitutional interpretation was essentially historical contextualism. Some of his more notable opinions include:
- Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 U.S. 20 (1922) (opinion for the Court)
- Holding the 1919 Child Labor Tax Law unconstitutional.
- Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922) (opinion for the Court)
- Ruling that the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply the criminal provisions of the Bill of Rights to overseas territories. This was one of the more famous of the "Insular Cases."
- Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 (1923) (dissenting opinion)
- Disapproving of the Court upholding Lochner v. New York.
- Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926) (opinion for the Court)
- Ruling that the President of the United States had the power unilaterally to dismiss executive appointees who had been confirmed by the Senate.
- Gong Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78 (1927) (opinion for the Court)
- Reluctantly ruling that the Fourteenth Amendment did not prohibit Mississippi's prevention of Asian children attending white schools in the midst of racial segregation.
- Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928) (opinion for the Court)
- Ruling that the judicial practice of excluding evidence obtained without a warrant was based on the Fourth Amendment's proscription on unreasonable search and seizure but did not apply to wiretaps.
- Wisconsin v. Illinois, 278 U.S. 367 (1929) (opinion for the Court)
- Holding that the equitable power of the United States can be used to impose positive action on the states in a situation in which nonaction would result in damage to the interests of other states.
- Old Colony Trust Co. v. Commissioner, 279 U.S. 716 (1929) (opinion for the Court)
- Holding that where a third party pays the income tax due to an individual, the amount of tax paid constitutes additional income to the taxpayer.
Medical condition
Evidence from eyewitnesses and from Taft himself strongly suggests that he had severe obstructive sleep apnea during his presidency, resulting from his obesity. Within a year of leaving the presidency, Taft lost approximately 80 pounds (32 kg). His somnolence resolved and, less obviously, his systolic blood pressure dropped 40–50 mmHg (from 210 mmHg). Undoubtedly, this weight loss extended his life.[11] Beginning in 1920, Taft used a cane; his was a gift from Professor of Geology W.S. Foster, made of 250,000-year-old wood.[12]
Death and legacy
Taft retired as Chief Justice on February 3, 1930, because of ill health. He was succeeded by Charles Evans Hughes, whom he had appointed to the Court while President. Taft died of heart disease on March 8, 1930. Three days later, on March 11, he became the first president[13] to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery. His grave marker was sculpted by James Earl Frazer out of Stony Creek granite.[13]
A third generation of the Taft family entered the national political stage in 1938, with the election of the former President's oldest son Robert A. Taft I to the United States Senate, representing Ohio; he continued in office as a senator until his death in 1953. His other son, Charles Phelps Taft II, served as mayor of Cincinnati, from 1955 to 1957. Two more generations of the Taft family later entered politics. The President's grandson, Robert Taft Jr., served a term as a Senator from Ohio from 1971 to 1977; the President's great-grandson, Robert A. Taft II, served as the governor of Ohio from 1999 to 2007. William Howard Taft III was U.S. ambassador to Ireland from 1953 to 1957. William Howard Taft IV, currently in private law practice, was general counsel in the former Department of Health in the 1970s, Deputy Secretary of Defense under Casper Weinberger and Frank Carlucci in the 1980s, and acted as Secretary of Defense during the vacancy of January–March 1989. In addition, he was a high-level official in the United States Department of State from 2000 to 2006.
Taft's enduring legacy has included many things being named after him. These include the courthouse of the Ohio Court of Appeals for the First District in Cincinnati, Ohio, streets in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Manila, Philippines, a law school in Santa Ana,[14] and high schools in San Antonio, Texas, Woodland Hills, California, Chicago, Illinois, and the Bronx, New York. After a fire burned much of the town of Moron, California during the 1920s, it was renamed Taft, in his honor.
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See also
- Taft family
- History of the United States
- Dollar Diplomacy
- United States Supreme Court cases during the Taft Court
- ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/alphonso-taft
- ^ Papers of William Howard Taft, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
- ^ http://www.nps.gov/wiho
- ^ ArlingtonCemetery.Net citing New York Times. "Obituary: Taft Gained Peaks in Unusual Career." March 9, 1930.
- ^ ArlingtonCemetery.Net citing New York Times. "Obituary: Taft Gained Peaks in Unusual Career." March 9, 1930.
- ^ ArlingtonCemetery.Net citing New York Times. "Obituary: Taft Gained Peaks in Unusual Career." March 9, 1930.
- ^ Cincinnati Law School: 2006 William Howard Taft Lecture on Constitutional Law
- ^ http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wt27.html
- ^ President Taft speech of June 16, 1909 [1]
- ^ Burton, Baker, Taft, Time Magazine (October 15, 1928).
- ^ http://www.apneos.com/taft_intro.html William Howard Taft and Sleep Apnea
- ^ The Edmonton Journal, July 10, 1920.
- ^ a b "Biography of William Howard Taft, President of the United States and Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court". Historical Information. THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/william_taft.html. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
- ^ http://www.taftu.edu.
Primary Sources
- Butt, Archie. Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt (1930)
- Taft, William Howard
- Liberty Under Law Yale University Press, 1922.
- Popular Government Yale University Press, 1913.
- Present Day Problems
- The Anti-Trust Act and the Supreme Court Harper and Row, 1914.
- The Collected Works of William Howard Taft. Edited by David H. Burton. Ohio University Press, 2001–. 6 of 8 volumes have appeared.
- The President and His Powers. Columbia University Press, 1924.
- Taft, Mrs. William Howard, Recollections of Full Years (1914)
Secondary sources
- Anderson, Donald F. William Howard Taft: A Conservative's Conception of the Presidency (1973)
- Anderson, Judith Icke. William Howard Taft: An Intimate History (1981).
- Anthony, Carl Sferrazza. Nellie Taft : The Unconventional First Lady of the Ragtime Era (2005)
- Bromley, Michael L. William Howard Taft and the First Motoring Presidency (2003)
- Burton, David H. Taft, Holmes, and the 1920s Court: An Appraisal (1998)
- Burton, David H., Taft, Roosevelt, and the Limits of Friendship (2005)
- Burton, David H. William Howard Taft, Confident Peacemaker (2005)
- Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs — The Election that Changed the Country (2004)
- Coletta, Paolo Enrico. The Presidency of William Howard Taft (1973), standard survey
- Conner Valerie. The National War Labor Board' '(1983)
- Duffy, Herbert S. William Howard Taft (1930)
- Friedman, Leon, ed. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Vol 3,
- Hechler, Kenneth S. Insurgency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era 1940.
- Michael J. Korzi, Our chief magistrate and his powers: a reconsideration of William Howard Taft's "Whig" theory of presidential leadership (2003)
- Manners, William. TR and Will: A Friendship that Split the Republican Party 1969.
- Minger Ralph E. William Howard Taft and United States Diplomacy: The Apprenticeship Years. 1900–1908 (1975)
- Mowry George E. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt (1958)
- Pringle, Henry F. The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography 2 vol (1939); Pulitzer prize; the standard biography
- Renstrom, Peter G. The Taft Court: Justices, Rulings and Legacy ABC-CLIO, 2003
- Scholes, Walter V. and Marie V. Scholes. The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration 1970.
- Stanley D. Solvick. "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 50, No. 3. (Dec., 1963), pp. 424–442. in JSTOR
- Wilensky, Norman N. Conservatives in the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912 (1965).
External links
- Works by William Howard Taft at Project Gutenberg
- Extensive essay on William Howard Taft and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- Inaugural Address
- Audio clips of Taft's speeches
- Taft's sleep apnea
- Taft's medical history
- White House biography
- Presidential Biography by Stanley L. Klos
- ArlingtonCemetery.Net citing New York Times Obituary
- William Howard Taft cylinder recordings, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California Library.
- W.H. Taft Pages: Taft Humor and Anecdotes
- William Taft National Historic Site
- The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, CHAPTER II, Former President William Howard Taft, State Funeral, 8–11 March 1930 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark
The Taft Court | ||
1921–1922: |
J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | W. Van Devanter | M. Pitney | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | J.H. Clarke | |
1922: |
J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | W. Van Devanter | M. Pitney | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | Geo. Sutherland | |
1923–1925: |
J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | W. Van Devanter | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | Geo. Sutherland | P. Butler | E.T. Sanford | |
1925–1930: |
O.W. Holmes | W. Van Devanter | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | Geo. Sutherland | P. Butler | E.T. Sanford | H.F. Stone |
This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at William Howard Taft. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License. |


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The Leukocyte Response to Fluid Stress
Fariborz Moazzam, Frank A. DeLano, Benjamin W. Zweifach and Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Vol. 94, No. 10 (May 13, 1997), pp. 5338-5343
Published by: National Academy of Sciences
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/42497
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Leukocyte migration from a hemopoietic pool across marrow endothelium requires active pseudopod formation and adhesion. Leukocytes rarely show pseudopod formation while in circulation. At question then is the mechanism that serves to minimize leukocyte pseudopod formation in the circulation. We tested the hypothesis that fluid shear stress acts to prevent pseudopod formation. When individual human leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes) spreading on glass surfaces in vitro were subjected to fluid shear stress (≈ 1 dyn/cm2), an instantaneous retraction of pseudopods was observed. Removal of the fluid shear stress in turn led to the return of pseudopod projection and cell spreading. When steady shear stress was prolonged over several minutes, leukocyte swelling occurs together with an enhanced random motion of cytoplasmic granules and a reduction of cytoplasmic stiffness. The response to shear stress could be suppressed by K+ channel blockers and chelation of external Ca2+. In rat mesentery microvessels after occlusion, circulating leukocytes project pseudopods in free suspension or when attached to the endothelium, even though immediately after occlusion only few pseudopods were present. When flow was restored, pseudopods on adhering leukocytes were retracted and then the cells began to roll and detach from the endothelium. In conclusion, plasma shear stress in the circulation serves to reduce pseudopod projection and adhesion of circulating leukocytes and vice versa reduction of shear stress leads to pseudopod projection and spreading of leukocytes on the endothelium.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America © 1997 National Academy of Sciences


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Jury begins hearing Harkey investor lawsuit
SANTA ANA – On one side of the courtroom Monday sat investors, many of them elderly, saying they are victims of fraud – and that a prominent Orange County politician benefited.
On the other side sat veteran loan broker Dan Harkey and his wife, Assemblywoman Diane Harkey, R-Dana Point. His attorney said he was caught in the undertow of the Great Recession and his wife doesn't even belong in the courtroom.
Investors are seeking $43 million from Harkey's Aliso Viejo company, Point Center Financial Inc.
The trial in Orange County Superior Court is expected to last until June. A 16-member jury, including four alternates, is hearing the case before Judge Steven L. Perk.
"The evidence will paint a classic tale of elder abuse and fraudulent misrepresentation," investor attorney David Grant said. He said that in several Point Center deals "the only parties assured of making money" were Point Center and its affiliates.
Jeffrey Benice, the attorney for Point Center and the Harkeys, said that the "misrepresentations" that Grant complained of were fully disclosed in documents given to investors before they paid their money.
Point Center, Benice said, "was a highly successful business until the horrendous events of 2007."
One of several key issues in the trial will be Point Center's refusal to pay redemptions, or refunds, to investors after May 2007.
Grant said that while Point Center was rebuffing investors it paid the Harkeys $8 million in 2007.
Benice said that Point Center had no choice.
"They could not redeem and operate," Benice said. "It's why they're still in business today."
Another key issue will be risk.
Grant said Point Center disguised the riskiness of its real estate investments by making loans based on "as-completed values" rather than the more common "as-is" values. When something went wrong, the borrower defaulted and Point Center foreclosed on an incomplete project worth a fraction of what it had loaned.
But Point Center reaped fees for originating those loans, even if investors got nothing.
For example, the Mi Arbolito luxury condominium project near Balboa Park in San Diego got $13.625 million from Point Center investors in June 2006. Total return to investors: zero. Total fees to Point Center: $2 million.
Benice countered that Harkey had always told his investors to expect risk.
"This is not a government-insured investment," Harkey said in a brief video that Benice played for the jury. "Do not invest if you are looking for a risk-free loan."
Some of the sharpest rhetoric Monday was reserved for Diane Harkey, a minor player in the 300-page complaint. She figures in just four of the 116 causes of action.
Grant said the Harkeys had transferred their home in the Ritz Cove neighborhood of Dana Point, originally built with a Point Center loan, from the family trust to a trust controlled solely by Diane Harkey in October 2007.
"At this sensitive time, (Dan) Harkey was well aware of the investor complaints" about failing to redeem investor money, Grant said. "It's an asset that should be returned."
Benice, who spent much of his 95-minute opening statement in a dry recitation of the documents that investors are supposed to read before signing, exploded with indignation when he discussed the allegations against Diane Harkey.
Benice said he had asked several investors in pretrial depositions why Diane Harkey was sued. The answers typically were "no comment" or "I don't know." Benice told the jury he was going to ask the question again, in front of them, so they could hear the non-answers for themselves.
"Not one of them is going to be able to articulate to you why Ms. Harkey was sued," Benice said.
If anyone had any doubts about the projected eight-week length of the trial, those doubts disappeared three minutes into Grant's opening statement when Benice requested a sidebar, a huddle among the judge and attorneys out of the jury's hearing.
Benice said it would take only a few seconds. It took 38 minutes.
The investors filed their complaint in November 2008. During the many delays since then the litigation has come to resemble a political campaign.
The investors have staged public protests against Diane Harkey. They have demanded that she resign from the Legislature and give up her campaign for a seat on the state Board of Equalization.
Point Center has countered with a website attacking lead plaintiff Lloyd Charton, a neighbor of the Harkeys and retired attorney who led a colorful, often-controversial career.
In recent days the Point Center website on Charton, lloydchartoninvestigation.com, has promised to launch more than 50 new "watch" sites devoted to individual plaintiffs. Point Center registered many of these sites in February 2010, according to an Internet domain search.
We'll be keeping an eye on the trial and will let you know how it develops.
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This star rating is the opinion of the property owner only. A Self-Rated hotel has not been assessed by the AA or Visit Britain, whose official star ratings we use across LateRooms.com.
Hotel Nikko Düsseldorf
4 Self ratedImmermannstrasse 41, Düsseldorf, 40210
Price From
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- 1 guest reviews
About the hotel
A 4-star superior business hotel right in the heart of Düsseldorf, enjoying a superb location close to the world-famous Königsallee, the old town, the River Rhine, Düsseldorf´s banking district and the main railway station, the hotel is a long-standing favourite amongst business and leisure travellers. It is also conveniently located 15 minutes drive away from Düsseldorf Airport and the exhibition grounds. Designed with the business executive in mind, the hotel's modern design is very highly regarded, particularly by international business clientele.
Each one of the hotel's 386 guest rooms and suites offer an array of amenities within comfortable and relaxing surroundings. All hotel rooms are soundproofed and air-conditioned. Non-smoking rooms are also available throughout the hotel. The hotel offers guests its two enticing restaurants. Authentic Japanese cuisine is served at the atmospheric Benkay Restaurant where privacy and fine dining are paramount. This atmospheric hotel restaurant offers a Teppanyaki Grill, Tatami Rooms and a Fish Corner with Sushi Bar. The Torii Bar & Bistro, in the hotel lobby, is the ideal place to meet up with business partners in the very heart of the city and serves fine international food in a relaxed and elegant but casual setting. The sky spa features a wellness area with relaxing sauna and steam bath. Guests have the choice of body and facial treatments, designed to re-balance and recharge the skin and body. On the 11th floor our guests can enjoy an amazing view over Düsseldorf while swimming in our penthouse pool or exercising in the modern equipped fitness room. There are family times in the sky spa to guarantee a relaxed stay for all persons. These times where guests with children can use the spa are the following from the 18th of June 2016: from Monday to Friday from 08:00 AM to 04:00 PM (CET) and on Saturday, Sunday & Public holiday from 08:00 AM to to noon (CET).
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- Air conditioning in rooms, 24 Hour Reception, Cots available, Smoking allowed in bedrooms, Safety Deposit Box, Tea/Coffee making facilities in each room, Hairdryer in each room, Telephone In Each Room, Limited Hours Room Service, Limited room service for hot food, Laundry/Valet Service, Wake Up Call Available, Currency Exchange, Interconnecting rooms available, Pets Allowed, Porter, Lift to all floors, Public Air Conditioning
- Parking
- Car parking available onsite, Car Parking Available Offsite
- Business
- Wi-Fi Available, Meeting Facilities, In-room Modem Hook up, Wi-Fi Available In Public Areas, Wi-Fi Available In Rooms, Business Centre
- Dining
- Restaurant, Lounge Menu, Bar, Breakfast to go
- Leisure
- Indoor Pool, Fitness Centre, Sauna, Steam Rooms, Massage, Beauty Salon/Manicure, [Channels] News, [Channels] Foreign (European), [Channels] Foreign (Other), [Channels] Music
- In Room Entertainment
- TV, Satellite TV
Useful Info Show/hide
- From 14:00 hours
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- The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are allowed
Customer Reviews
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100% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
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location 5 min from Main train station 2 stops on Ubahn to alts stadt, had some complaints
hotel was in Japanese district 5 min walk to Hauptbanhof ideal 2 stops on Ubahn to the Alts Stadt
had complaints but manager gave discount...


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You can send Just Because Gifts to Germany APO in the following cities.
What our Customers Say about our Service |
"One very happy customer. Everything went smooth right from placing order, getting contacted by a customer Representative and delivery of the product.
Ordered "The Gifts of Heaven Holiday Assortment" to a friend in USA to surprise him on his birthday.. The gift was delivered on time and was exactly the same as shown in pic. I will definitely be back to buy more and recommend this service to all my friends and family. Wish Giftbasketsoverseas.com all the very best. Keep up the Great service.
Soumya" Soumya - Waterloo NSW, Australia - January 11, 2013 "I gave a very short notice on my order. Giving them less than 2 business days and wanting it delivered on the weekend. Between those two facts, I figured my package wouldn't be on time. But I was pleasantly surprised to realize it arrived exactly when I wanted it to! The service is fantastic and ill definitely be using them again. " Austin - USA - Mar 7, 2015 "This option in sending a gift overseas was easy, convenient with a wide variety of choices available. When I made a mistake with my delivery date overseas i received a phone call advising me of the new date. On arrival the gift was met with a very courteous and helpful delivery person and the gift itself was given high praise for its quality, it brightened up my mums day. " Janet H - Sydney NSW, Australia - Feb 9, 2014 "I would go so far to say this is the best customer care I have ever received. This is a very professional company, end to end. The follow up from the confirmation of the order to the delivered goods was perfect." Kelsey Swaby - Queensland, Australia - Dec 20, 2012 Read more testimonials or leave your feedback here. |


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The Toyota of North Miami dealership is a unique new kind of dealership that is now open for Toyota and Scion drivers to test drive and check out the latest models.
Toyota of North Miami opened for business in Miami Florida. This is the newest and most unique dealership in South Florida. It is situated on a 12-acre property and boasts an 85,000 square foot storefront, 40 air-conditioned service bays and 1,000 vehicles in stock waiting for new homes. Toyota of North Miami features a "Best Price Guarantee" for sales, service and parts. This guarantee means if anyone find a better price within 72 hours after their purchase they will refund 102% of the difference or give the money back. Guaranteed financing is also available because there is a finance company located inside of the dealership.
— On December 1st,Every Toyota bought from Toyota of North Miami has complimentary Maintenance +1 for two years and vehicles equipped with Toyoguard Elite add an additional year of complimentary oil changes and tire rotations. Every vehicle, whether purchased or leased, receives free car washes for life through the all-new high-speed car wash; vacuuming included. Because associates are fluent in 20 different languages, all sales and service needs are handled smoothly.
Those who visit the Toyota of North Miami dealership for sales or service can take some time to eat at Tony's Pizza "Open Latte Café" that is on-site, and is open for breakfast, lunch and dinner. There is also an on-site barber that offers haircuts starting at $10. The dedicated Kids Zone area is a favorite for children, with toys, video games and movies to help keep them occupied while you shop.
One comment about this new dealership is, "Toyota of North Miami is unlike any dealership in South Florida with a focus on customer satisfaction unheard of in the automotive business. With an 85,000 sq. ft. showroom on 12-acres and 1000 vehicles on the ground, this is a destination you must see to believe."
Everyone can visit this dealership online at www.ToyotaOfNorthMiami.com or call them at (305) 652-6500 for sales or (305) 749-3836 for service.
About Toyota of North Miami: Eric Friedman is the Dealer Principal and Eddie Flores is the Business Development Director for the brand new Toyota of North Miami dealership. Having proudly served North Miami and surrounding South Florida communities since 2004, this beautiful new dealership is looking forward to offering its customers top-notch customer service and the best selection of new and pre-owned vehicles in the area.
Toyota of North Miami is conveniently located at the "Golden Glades Interchange" where 826, I-95 and the Florida Turnpike meet, at:
Contact Info:
Name: Toyota of North Miami
Organization: Toyota of North Miami
Address: 444 NW 165 ST MIAMI, FL 33169
Phone: (305) 652-6500
Source URL: http://marketersmedia.com/toyota-of-north-miami-is-now-open-and-ready-for-business/28350
For more information, please visit http://www.toyotaofnorthmiami.com
Source: MarketersMedia
Release ID: 28350


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Katy Perry vs. Eva Longoria – Grammy Awards 2011 Red Carpet: hit or miss?
Here is a look at the Grammy Award 2011 most attractive fashionistas.
Read More Filled under: Ashi Studio, Brian Atwood, Casadei, Eva Longoria, Giorgio Armani, Grammy, Grammy Awards 2011, Katy Perry, Loree Rodkin, Russell Brand, Sergio Rossi, Swarovski
Most Read Rumors
- 1Kate Middleton not pregnant with royal baby no.3, ...A new report claims that the royal couple is expecting their third baby. Read More
- 2Kate Middleton isn't upset with Prince William aft...A new rumor surfaced recently, alleging that there are problems in paradise. Read More
- 3Kate Middleton talks about the 'huge challenge' of...The royal confessed about her own experience of being a mother and the emotions that it brought her. Read More


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Dr. Susan Walker MD
- General Surgery Irvine, CA
Patient Reviews
Dr. Susan Walker, MD is a Doctor primarily located in Irvine, CA. She has 30 years of experience. Her specialties include General Surgery. Dr. Walker is affiliated with Kaiser Permanente Riverside Medical Center. She speaks English.
Find out the languages this doctor/ or staff may speak.
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Specialties & Expertise
Dr. Susan Walker has the following 2 areas of expertise and 1 specialty.
General Surgery
A surgical specialist is a physician who has additional training in a specific area of surgery.
The American Board of Medical Specialties acknowledges the following surgical specialties: general surgery, thoracic and cardiac surgery, colon and rectal surgery, obstetrics and gynecological surgery, neurological surgery, ophthalmic surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngological surgery, pediatric surgery, plastic surgery, urological surgery, and vascular surgery.
Some procedures are performed by more than one type of specialist. Also, some surgeons may choose to specialize in specific procedures within their specialty area. For example, a plastic and maxillofacial surgeon may specialize in performing rhinoplasty procedures.
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Health Guides
Metastatic Melanoma
The facts about metastatic melanoma, a serious skin cancer, including signs, symptoms & what happens to the body in each stage of cancer.
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Nearby Doctors
Dr. Susan Walker, MD is similar to these 3 Doctors near Irvine, CA.
Dr. Jack Liu
Dr. Christopher Washington
Dr. Nader Yamin


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by Manu Galvez
Why not start your own farm in Papaya's world? Millions of users have already done it. In the wake of titles like Farmville or Farm Story, Papaya Farm lets you grow a wide range of different crops and fruits. But a farm isn't just about vegetables: you can also breed your own animals by setting up a ranch. The cattle will give you milk, meat and some other foods to sell at the market. In fact, the aim of the game is to grow as many crops and fruit (as well as animal goods) you can to sell them at the market, where all the users sell/buy food and tools to improve their farming methods. Do this and your score will get higher and higher. You can share your score on an online leaderboard provided by Papaya and can display it on Facebook too.
When we mean "users" we're talking about millions of real people that join Papaya's World through Facebook Connect or the Papaya Mobile servers. This makes Papaya a true, real-time online multiplayer game. Apart from selling/buying goods to and from other users, you can contract them to help you on your farm, or even get hired by them. But beware: the relationship with the other users isn't always neighborly: you can steal from them and they can steal from you.
Papaya Farm was developed by Papaya Mobile Inc., the developers of the "Papaya" series of Android social-based games (there are a ten altogether).
There are lots of social-based Farm simulator games around, with Facebook integration. But it has to be said that Papaya Farm works really well and mixes cool graphics, ease-of-use and high playability. 100% recommendable for all those farm lovers out there!
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Ahh, summer. It's finally here. Hot days, tall glasses of lemonade, and the perfect time to dive into a good book...for FREE!
Kick-Start Your Summer With These 10 FREE Must-Read Contemporary Novels From Some Amazing Authors!
Ready to feed your e-reader?
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Sometimes coming home is the hardest part...
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Jack has some 'splainin' to do! Dog trainer Callie Lassiter's normally well-behaved Great Dane Jack has run off and done the wild thing with the neighbor's dog and now she's pregnant. It must be puppy love!
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I was falling, emotions first, in The Raven's trap. And I didn't try to stop myself.
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Is a future together worth drudging up their past?
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When you're lost, sometimes the only place you can go is home.
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Make it Last is a second-chance love story about two people trying to find their way in life, and the friends that always support them.
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Together the two learn there are moments in life that hold within them all the power to break you...
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Sky changed her life for a man once, and she has no intention of doing so again - even if he is a six-foot, tattooed rock god who makes a mean bacon sandwich.
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Getting into her top choice sorority? Easy. Failing out of college? Oops.
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Happy Reading!
Be sure to spread the word about these Must-Read #FREE Novels!


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Add a sense of Nordic charm and floral craft to your interior with this wonderfully pretty 3D floral cushion. It looks wonderful within a calm bright space and provides a modern accent to your home.
We wanted to introduce a square cushion to the floral range, also something with a more Scandinavian and relaxed feel than the existing pieces, this cushion is wonderfully pretty and screams 'summertime'.
At Cushlab we don't believe in bulk manufacturing, all of our pieces are made to order by hand, with this cushion each of the flowers is cut and attached by hand within our studio. One person will be made responsible for your order, while they are making your cushion they will be thinking of you....literally!....Your name and address will be beside them on the cutting table.
This cushion is made of 100% UK sourced wool felts
We are keen that clients have a real say in the design of their cushions, if you would like to purchase a colour combination or size that you cannot find on our site, contact us and we will create it for you.
Because cushions are made to order, dispatch will usually range from 1-4 weeks, please inform us when purchasing if you need it by a certain date, otherwise we will let you know once you have purchased when you can expect the order to arrive.
Cushions sent outside the UK/EU will not contain an inner feather pad because of import and postage restrictions, you will also be liable for any import charges, duty and tax payable in your country if you live outside the EU.


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So More like Summer Camp than a Prison?
Foxconn, the contractor that makes the iPods is being more specific now in their denials about employee mistreatment in China.
Thanks for reading! I'd love to hear your thoughts. Please scroll down to post a comment. Click here to be notified about posts via email. Learn more about Mark Graban's speaking, writing, and consulting.


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2011 playbook: Obstacles to going on offense
Exclusive: Tom Tancredo notes GOP elites aren't serious about attacking big government
A successful strategy for reducing the size and scope of government must begin by forcefully rejecting the unwritten rule that has governed American politics for the past 100 years. Liberals and progressives really do believe and really do follow this rule: "What's mine is mine, and what's yours is negotiable."
We like to think this kind of arrogance is heard only from bullies on school playgrounds. But liberals have been getting away with it for decades. When was the last time any government program was abolished?
In 1995, President Clinton made headlines by saying in his State of the Union Address, "The era of big government is over." Sadly, what he meant was that the rhetoric of big government was passé, not the thirst for it.
Sixteen years later, we hear promises from Republicans in Congress to end deficit spending and halt the growth of the federal debt. Republicans do not have the votes in the U.S. Senate to accomplish those things, but it's good to see at least a change in direction. Yet, do they really understand the enormity of the task?
Federal deficit spending is so embedded in our politics that it cannot be fixed in one year or by any one Congress. It will take a sustained, Herculean effort, and conservatives need a plan to support and persevere in that effort over several election cycles, not just the 2012 presidential election.
The first lesson Republicans ought to have learned is that you must stay on the offensive. But even that simple rule cannot yield results unless you know where the goal posts are.
It may be that the most dangerous opponents in the struggle to reduce government spending are not the liberals – who have run out of arguments for expanded deficit spending after the hundreds of billions spent on their failed "stimulus" program – but the "business as usual" thinking within the Republican party itself.
Someone who cares mainly about keeping the trains running on time is not interested in joining a debate over the destination of the train. And unfortunately, they are not helpful at all when the train is out of control and heading for a crash.
The 2010 elections brought a brigade of reinforcements to the Republicans who want to take the offensive against big government. This was not the result of better polling or better "messaging." The Republican victories in 2010 were the result of a return to first principles, an insistence that acts of government that are unconstitutional must be repealed, not made to work better or more efficiently. Yet despite this strong showing by principled candidates, the Republican Party still has an echelon of party leaders, consultants and strategists who do not think in terms of a serious, sustained attack on the size of government.
Here we come to the crux of the matter: How do we cut spending if voters are schizoid? The conventional wisdom is that voters want government spending reduced but do not want their own benefits touched. It is no coincidence that Republican presidential candidates who go to Iowa do not talk about ending the subsidies for ethanol. So, is it utopian to think that government can be made smaller?
The truth of the matter is that voters have not been challenged to face and deal with a harsh reality – the reality that we are not only broke, we are rapidly approaching a day or reckoning when more debt cannot be financed by bonds. We are only a few steps behind Greece, Portugal and Ireland. If voters do not understand this, it is not because they are stupid, it is because politicians are afraid to tell them.
Our impending bankruptcy will force the hand of all politicians who prefer to dole out benefits instead of asking people to tighten their belts. Entitlement programs and retirement benefits must be restructured and taxpayer costs reduced. Federal intrusions into energy and education must be scaled back.
The good news is that while the U.S. can help bail out other countries that go bankrupt, there is no one that can bail us out. We will have to save ourselves. For self-styled progressives, this is Armageddon. For conservatives, it's the day we leave fantasyland behind and return to the Constitution.