text: Latest news The Australian housing market – what are the key issues? 15 March 2017 Key points The Sydney and Melbourne property markets have hotted up again and high house prices and household debt leave Australia vulnerable. But a property crash remains unlikely. Expect average home prices to fall 5-10% once an interest rate tightening cycle gets underway in 2018-19. Sydney and Melbourne unit prices are most at risk. More macro prudential measures to slow property demand are likely on the way. Alleviating poor affordability over the long term is best addressed by boosting supply. Introduction The cooling in the Sydney and Melbourne property markets evident in late 2015 in response to macro prudential tightening deployed by APRA has proved ephemeral. Price gains have reaccelerated and auction clearance rates & lending to property investors have rebounded. Over the last five years Sydney dwelling prices have risen a ridiculous 73% and Melbourne prices are up 47%. As a result the Australian housing market continues to cause much angst around poor affordability and high household debt. This note looks at the main issues. Source: CoreLogic, AMP Capital Is Australian housing overvalued? On most measures Australian housing is overvalued: On the basis of the ratio of house prices to rents adjusted for inflation relative to its long term average Australian houses are 39% overvalued and units 13% overvalued. According to the 2017 Demographia Housing Affordability Survey the median multiple of house prices in cities over 1 million people to household income is 6.6 times in Australia versus 3.9 in the US and 4.5 in the UK. In Sydney it's 12.2 times and Melbourne is 9.5 times. The ratios of house prices to incomes and rents are at the high end of OECD countries. Source: OECD, AMP Capital Why is it so expensive and household debt so high? There are two main drivers of the surge in Australian home prices over the last two decades. First, the shift from high to low interest rates has boosted borrowing and hence buying power. This has taken Australia's household debt to income ratio from the low end of OECD countries 25 years ago to the top end. Second, there has been an inadequate supply response to demand. The following chart shows a cumulative shortfall relative to underlying demand had built up by 2014 and is still yet to be worked off despite record construction lately. Source: ABS, AMP Capital Consistent with this, while vacancy rates have increased they have only increased to around average long term levels. In Sydney vacancy rates are below average. What about investors and foreign buyers? A range of additional factors may be playing a role in accentuating demand beyond that implied by population growth. These include negative gearing and the capital gains tax discount, foreign buying and SMSF buying. Negative gearing is just part of the normal operation of the Australian tax system. However, the interaction with the capital gains tax discount by enhancing the after tax return available to property investment may be resulting in higher investment activity than would otherwise be the case. This may particularly be the case when past property price gains have been strong encouraging investors to think future gains will be too. While commitments to lend to property investors slowed in 2015 after APRA tightened macro prudential controls, this has since worn off. Source: ABS, AMP Capital Foreign buying is likely also impacting – with indications that it is around 10-15% of demand – but it is also concentrated in particular areas and SMSF buying appears to be relatively small. But like lower interest rates, all of these should have a less lasting impact if the supply response was stronger. Is a crash likely? The surge in prices and debt has led many to conclude a crash is imminent. But we have heard that lots of times over the last 10-15 years. In 2004, The Economist magazine described Australia as "America's ugly sister" thanks in part to a "borrowing binge" and soaring property prices. Most recently the OECD has warned of the risks of a property crash. However, the situation is not so simple: Firstly, we have not seen a generalised oversupply and at the current rate we won't go into oversupply until 2018 and in any case approvals suggest supply will peak this year. Secondly, mortgage stress is relatively low and debt interest payments relative to income are around 2003-04 levels. Thirdly, lending standards have not deteriorated like they did in other countries prior to the GFC. In recent years there has been a reduction in loans with high loan to valuation ratios and interest only loans are down from their peak. Finally, generalising is dangerous. While prices have surged in Sydney and Melbourne, they have fallen in Perth to 2007 levels and seen only moderate growth in other capitals. To see a general property crash – say a 20% plus average price fall - we need to see one or more of the following: a recession - which looks unlikely; a surge in interest rates - but rate hikes are unlikely until 2018 and the RBA will take account of the greater sensitivity of households to higher rates; and property oversupply – this would require the current construction boom to continue for several years. However, the risks on the supply front are high in relation to apartments. What can be done to fix it? Recent RBA commentary strongly hints that more macro prudential measures to tighten lending standards are on the way. These could include a further lowering in the 10% growth cap on the stock of lending to investors and tougher debt serviceability tests. This is in part about reducing the risks to financial stability when it's too early to consider raising rates. More fundamentally, policies to help address poor housing affordability should focus on boosting new supply, particularly of standalone homes which have lagged. This includes relaxing land use restrictions, releasing land faster, speeding up approval processes and encouraging greater decentralisation. This is largely a state issue. Policies designed to make better use of the existing housing stock (eg, by relaxing constraints on empty nesters downsizing) could also help. Policies that are unlikely to be successful include increased first home owner grants (as in periods of high demand they just result in higher prices) and allowing first home buyers to access to their super (again this will just result in even higher prices unless supply is fixed before and will mean less in retirement). Tax reform should ideally be part of the package and include replacing stamp duty with land tax (again a state issue), removing the capital gains tax discount that is a distortion in the tax system and lower income tax rates to discourage use of negative gearing as a tax avoidance strategy. Piecemeal cuts to stamp duty targeted at FHBs will just result in higher home prices. Abolishing negative gearing would just inject another distortion in the tax system and could adversely affect supply (although I can see a case to cap excessive benefits). What is the outlook? Generalised price falls are unlikely until the RBA starts to raise interest rates again and this is unlikely until later in 2018, which after a few hikes will likely trigger a 5-10% pullback in property prices as was seen in the 2009 & 2011 cycles: Sydney & Melbourne having seen big gains are most at risk. Prices are likely to fall further in Perth and Darwin this year, but they are close to bottoming and should rise next year. The other capitals are likely to see continued moderate growth this year and a less severe down cycle around 2019. But units are at much greater risk given surging supply and this could see unit prices in parts of Sydney & Melbourne fall by 15-20% as investor interest fades as rents falls. What are the risks to the economy? Slowing momentum in building approvals points to a slowdown in the dwelling construction cycle ahead. This combined with a slowing wealth affect from rising home prices means that the contribution to growth from the housing will slow. However, as this is likely to coincide with a fading in the detraction from growth due to falling mining investment and higher commodity prices it's unlikely to drive a slowing in the economy. However, a likely decline in rents (as the supply of units hits) will constraint inflation helping keep interest rates low for longer. Source: REIA, AMP Capital A property crash would have bigger impact given the exposure of banks, but as noted above such a development is unlikely. Implications for investors While there is a strong long term role for residential property in investors' portfolios at present their remains a case for caution. It is expensive on all metrics and offers very low net income (rental) yields of 2% or less. This leaves investors highly dependent on capital growth. But it is dangerous to generalise. Apartments in parts of Sydney and Melbourne are probably least attractive. Best to focus on areas that have lagged behind. Finally, investors need to allow for the fact that they likely already have a high exposure to Australian housing. As a share of household wealth it's nearly 60%. About the Author Dr Shane Oliver, Head of Investment Strategy and Economics and Chief Economist at AMP Capital is responsible for AMP Capital's diversified investment funds. He also provides economic forecasts and analysis of key variables and issues affecting, or likely to affect, all asset markets. Important note: While every care has been taken in the preparation of this article, AMP Capital Investors Limited (ABN 59 001 777 591, AFSL 232497) and AMP Capital Funds Management Limited (ABN 15 159 557 721, AFSL 426455) makes no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of any statement in it including, without limitation, any forecasts. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance. This article has been prepared for the purpose of providing general information, without taking account of any particular investor's objectives, financial situation or needs. An investor should, before making any investment decisions, consider the appropriateness of the information in this article, and seek professional advice, having regard to the investor's objectives, financial situation and needs. This article is solely for the use of the party to whom it is provided. You may also be interested in The Eurozone – will they or won't they break up? And what are the implications for investors? 08 Mar 2017 The $US200 trillion global debt mountain – how big a threat is it really & what are the implications for investors? 22 Mar 2017 Oliver's Insights Share this article Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via email Share on Google+ Share on LinkedIn Print Download as PDF Archive March 2017 The $US200 trillion global debt mountain – how big a threat is it really & what are the implications for investors? The Australian housing market – what are the key issues? The Eurozone – will they or won't they break up? And what are the implications for investors? 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July 2013 The world turns – from emerging to developed markets Investment outlook after a strong financial year June 2013 The Fed, interest rates and bonds Crunch time for the Australian economy - rebalancing the economy as the mining boom fades New worries for investors - how serious? May 2013 The death of 'risk on/risk off'? Interest rates still falling, more to go The Australian dollar - the best is behind it April 2013 Keys to successful investing Are we in for another mid year bout of weakness? China worries return – but how serious are they? Asset allocation is critical for investors - even as the world mends March 2013 Money printing and hyperinflation – what are the risks? Australian profits, growth, interest rates and shares A new secular bull in shares is close, but with constrained returns February 2013 The Italian election and European risk What's the chance of a bond crash? A new bull market in shares? January 2013 Japanese reflation 2013 and beyond - a list of lists The US fiscal cliff, debt ceiling & economic outlook Twitter follow US Feb manu PMI -1.4pts to still solid 53.4. Odd given strong regionals. But solid Feb durable goods orders with core capex shipments +1% Reply Re-tweet Favourite 13 hours ago Starting with ACA reforms first was a mistake. 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Wednesday, March 04, 2009
Critter Sitter for Hire
I'm in the middle of my final week teaching at the yoga studio. My class tonight is going to be a tough one. I'm calling it Weepy Wednesday. Tomorrow won't be much better.
Since regular paychecks are going to be a thing of the past, I've already started accepting odd jobs. For the next two weeks, I'm kitty sitting.
I've known these three fur balls since they were kittens. And since there are usually two rowdy little girls in the house, I think the cats are looking at the experience of being home alone as their own vacation. I show up every other day and fill their food and water bowls, clean the litter boxes, and scratch their itches.
This is Cocoa and Tigger.
And this is Chili.
Chili, again.
They love me.
I've done kitty sitting for friends and family for years. Sometimes, I think I should start a business. And since I don't just do cats, I think I should call it "Critter Sitters."
Friends of mine have a small farm a couple of miles from here and I have a nice little barter exchange with them. When they go away, I take care of their cats, dogs, horses, cows, chickens, and fish. When I go away, Sara checks in on my kitty, Skye. And my mom. You may think I get the better end of that deal, but I'm thrilled with it. Skye is picky about people, but she adores Sara. And, seriously, how many people can you trust with your mom?
I have other important qualifications. I can give shots. I can administer fluids subcutaneously should your cat be in renal failure. I have experience with oral meds, too. Dogs are easy. Stick a pill in some burger or one of those pill pocket things and they wolf it down. Cats require some finesse.
Actually, quite a bit of finesse.
The weirdest critter sitter job I ever had was on a nearby farm that raises miniature horses. While the owners were out of town, I fed, watered, turned out, cleaned stalls, and brought in about 20 of the little guys. But that wasn't the weird part. Theirs is a breeding facility and I was also required to take one of the studs out to "tease" a mare. For the city folks amongst you that basically means finding out if the mare is interested in a hot date.
The stud is ALWAYS interested. Surprise, surprise.
What do you think? Should I print up business cards?
Or maybe I'll just finish the short story I began a while back that involves a pet sitter finding a dead body.
16 comments:
Sounds like a business to me! But the businesswoman in me wants to remind you that you should charge extra for special services (e.g. giving shots or "teasing" mares.)
I also think it could lead to some GREAT stories to add to your writing. Maybe even an article or two? Or a listserve or blog?
Perhaps you could become the American equivalent of _All Creatures Great and Small_.
My word verification is "pyrist."
Does that mean I start fires? - 3/4/09, 6:38 AM
- Joyce said...
I agree with Tory.
If you didn't live so darn far from me, I'd enlist you to take care Layla when we go away. You're the only visitor she comes out of hiding to see! Although you could charge for mileage... - 3/4/09, 7:18 AM
- Annette said...
Tory, yes, I definitely see the potential for some great stories. And I agree...extra charge for certain services. Pilling cats would require a bandage fee for all the scratches and bite marks received in the effort. However, I'm pretty good at it...
Joyce, Layla just knows a sucker for a pretty face when she sees one. - 3/4/09, 7:28 AM
Annette -
I need someone to watch my cats while I'm at the Pennwriters conference . . .
Actually, my ex-husband checks on my cats for me when I'm out of town. They like him, but they will not let him give them pills.
My magic word is "pormo." Short for "pormography?" - 3/4/09, 8:34 AM
- Jennie Bentley said...
Go to Vistaprint.com, get yourself some free business cards, hand them out when the occasion demands, and see what happens. You don't have to consider it a 'business,' per se... just picking up some extra income from time to time. Some of the most successful small business have started that way. And extra income is always nice, especially these days.
My word verification is "tring." Not sure what, if anything, it means. Do I remember rightly that Carola Dunn has a character named Sergeant Tring in her Daisy Dalrymple series? - 3/4/09, 8:49 AM
- Annette said...
I love these weird word verifications.
Gina, I'm not available for those dates. Heh.
Jennie, Vistaprint IS a cool site. I need to get some new writers cards printed and that's where I'm going. I've been doing them on my computer for years. Time to go pro. - 3/4/09, 9:14 AM
Absolutely! Make cards, find out about Craig's list - I'll bet lots of people will be looking to save boarding fees this summer when they vacation without their pets.
Kathy Sweeney - 3/4/09, 11:10 AM
- Jennie Bentley said...
Can't beat Vistaprint's prices. The quality is excellent, too. (And no, they're not giving me a kick-back for this. I just like them a lot.)
- Joyce said...
My cards are from Vistaprint, too. I agree you can't beat the price.
- Sandy Cody said...
Definitely, get some cards. You offer more than the usual service - one I'm sure a lot of people would be delighted to know about. Or you may want to make your own. I did - just bought some of the blanks from Staples and played around with them until I got a design I liked. They come in a variety of designs and are set up with 10 cards on each page like labels. You can print a page at time and change them whenever you feel like it. Love the pictures.
Annette, I wish you lived closer to me! The dogs go to Grandma's, but I always get the kids' teenage babysitter to catsit for me when we go on vacation. The first time she did it for us, I forgot to say, "Rinse out the cat food cans and put them in the recycling bin outside." (I guess I thought it would be obvious???) She put them, unrinsed, in the kitchen trash can. It was August, and we didn't have the AC on while we were gone. I have never smelled anything so awful in my life. When we walked in the back door, I was sure one of the cats must have died and its corpse was decomposing under the couch. So next time I added the instruction about rinsing the cans and putting them in the recycling bin.
My word verification word is pallr. As in, my face had a greenish pallr when I smelled that rotten cat food. :-) - 3/4/09, 3:00 PM
- canada mystery author said...
Yes I agree with Tory.I just like them a lot.
Keep up posting good work. :) - 3/4/09, 3:04 PM
- Annette said...
Ugh, Lisa! I know that smell. I think a decomposing cat wouldn't stink as bad as rotting cat food.
Well, I survived Weepy Wednesday at the yoga studio. Made it all the way through class before getting teary. Now if I can just maintain my composure through two more classes tomorrow... - 3/4/09, 7:27 PM
- Wilfred Bereswill said...
I actually left a comment early in the morning, but when I hit "publish" I got an error message. Oh, and it was a witty comment.
Regarding a mystery with a pet sitter, I envisioned a very dark opening scene where the sitter is looking for a pet they are responsible for only to find it with a bloody snout, chewing on a human leg. No body, just a leg. - 3/5/09, 8:09 AM
- Annette said...
Will, I think Blogger may be having some issues because the same thing happened to me Monday when I tried to leave a comment on YOUR post.
And I LIKE that opening. Hmmm... - 3/5/09, 9:11 AM
- aileen said...
I recently came accross your blog and have been reading along. I thought I would leave my first comment. I dont know what to say except that I have enjoyed reading. Nice blog. I will keep visiting this blog very often.
http://dogfurniture.info - 8/22/09, 11:08 AM


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*All prices listed below apply when payments are made on the day of service. Payments made after the day of service will be billed at a rate of $40 per 15-minute unit.
Initial 90-minute appointment= $145
90 minute session= $145
60 minute session= $95
Skype 60 minute session= $95
BioMat session (without other treatment)= $35 for 30 minutes
Cash, Check, PayPal or Credit Card
Motor Vehicle Claims are accepted
I do not participate in barters, or offer discounts. However, if you are looking for more learning material, I have a whole bunch of free material on my Alignment Monkey Blog.
Health Insurance: I'm an in-network provider with Moda Health OHSU PPO, Synergy and Connexus (formerly ODS Plus) network. Starting Feb. 15th, 2017 I will also be contracted with Regence BlueCross BlueShield of Oregon
Please call 503-341-0663 or email the Nurturance office with your Name, ID # and date of birth to verify your benefits before making an appointment.
Business Policy– You are responsible for paying for missed or canceled appointments with less than a 24-hour advanced notice.


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The Department of Education and Training provides recurrent and capital assistance to eligible non-profit organisations providing hostel accommodation in rural areas to accommodate geographically isolated primary and secondary students (including students with disabilities) so they may have daily access to schools.
The Student Hostel Recurrent Grant is a per capita grant designed to assist hostels with operational costs. The department strongly encourages expenditure of 40% on pastoral care services to students in hostels.
Continued payment is conditional upon the provision of a Financial Certificate signed by an auditor and the completion of a satisfactory Statement of Uses and Benefits for the funds received in the previous calendar year. Student attendance is also certified by both the hostel management authority and school principal(s).
A subsidy of up to 50% is available for approved capital expenditure incurred by eligible organisations in maintaining, establishing, improving or equipping an approved student hostel.
Hostel management authorities must account for capital grant funds received by completing a Financial Statement and Audit Report, to be signed by a qualified auditor.
Paragraph 368 of the Education (General Provisions) Act 2006 (Part 9)
Student Hostel Support Scheme Procedure
All benefits are conditional upon hostels being approved to receive funding. Hostels must demonstrate triennially that they continue to meet hostel general funding conditions.
Assistance can occur when:
Assistance can occur when:
Capital Grant Application Form 71K
Intention to Apply for Capital Grant 68K
Student Hostel Recurrent Grant Claim Form 81K
Statement of Uses and Benefits 133K
2017Calendar of Events including future school holiday vacation dates
Cash grant
Payment | During month of | Entitlement paid if |
Semester 1 | March | Students are in attendance for at least four weeks prior to claim being submitted |
Semester 2 | August | Students are in attendance for at least four weeks prior to claim being submitted |
Supplementary | November | Students are enrolled between August and October |
During month of | Entitlement paid |
During financial year of approval | Up to 50% of approved project costs |
Rates of payment for Recurrent Grant from 01 January 2017:
Up to 50% of approved project costs up to a maximum of $50 000 per hostel per annum
Data required | Data source | Time collected |
Student names, home addresses, boarding dates, schools attended, years enrolled | Hostel | March, August, November |
Financial Certificate and Statement of Uses and Benefits | Hostel | Second Semester |
Data required | Data source | Time collected |
Intention to apply for capital funding in the following financial year | Hostel | December |
Formal application | Hostel | May |
Financial Statement and Audit Report | Hostel | Accompany next Financial Certificate for recurrent funding |
School Financial Services
Telephone: (07) 3034 5825
Facsimile: (07) 3034 5890
This page was last reviewed on 09 Mar 2017 at 11:29AM
Copyright | Disclaimer | Privacy | Right to information | Access keys | Other languages
© The State of Queensland (Department of Education and Training) 2017.


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Andorra: Law of Offshore
Table of Statutes
This is a non-exhaustive list of the main Andorran statutes affecting offshore and non-resident business. The statutes are listed in alphabetical order – click on the statute for a fuller description of the statute, the legal regime it forms part of, or in some cases the text of the law.
- Corporations Act 1983
- Foreign Direct Investment Law 2012
- Foreign Investment Law 2008
- Immigration Law (Llei Qualificada d'Immigracio) 2002
- Law of Business Accounting 2007
- Law of Companies 2007
- Law on Passive Residence Permits 1996
- Law of Protection of Banking Secrecy and of Prevention of Laundering of Money or of Assets Deriving from Crime 1995
- Law Regulating the Financial System 1993


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I tried searching and could not find a definitive answer. I have a rather large I-tunes library on my PC and have just bought a Mac book pro. I there an easy way to transfer my i-tunes library from my PC to my Mac? Would I have to download 3rd party software? Thanks
Have you tried a simple copy? You can copy it to any place you like then to start iTunes hold down option key while clicking the iTunes icon and iTunes will Ask you to tell it which library. Do you really want a "rather large" library on the MBP's internal disk? The MBP disk is not really large enough. You can have one on the internal and keep the bulk of your collection on a larger 500GB external. You can point iTunes to the correct library when it starts
I've just copied over the iTunes folder from Windows to OS X and vice versa. http://forums.macrumors.com/showthread.php?t=404452 http://forums.macrumors.com/showthread.php?t=381073
you can just make a sheared documents folder on windows then open ur server thing on osx and put all ur music in the folder and go on ur shared docs on the pc and open them to itunes


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FREE cancellation on most rooms! Instant confirmation when you reserve
174 reviews
Featuring air conditioning, Mas Valentí 1511 offers pet-friendly accommodations in Vall-Llobrega. Lloret de Mar is 19 miles from the property.
92 reviews
These rustic-style houses are situated in Torre Gran, only 2 miles from the beach and town of L'Estartit, a peaceful and ideal area for a family vacation in the sun.
"It was just what was needed for a long weekend (2 nights). It's not for luxury fans (there was rust on the bath, the decor is dated) but for people who just want a comfortable place to enjoy family time and..."
20 reviews
Located in Castelló d'Empúries, Casa del Rec del Molí is 0.9 miles from Aiguamolls de l'Empordà. Free private parking is available on site. All units feature a sitting area.
116 reviews
This attractive 17th-century farmhouse outside Sant Pere Pescador, on the Costa Brava, is just 5 minutes from the beach. The uniquely designed rooms all have balconies, fans and free Wi-Fi.
20 reviews
Located in Pau, Ca la Sònia offers a seasonal outdoor pool and sun terrace. The property features a hot tub. Girona is 28 miles away. The accommodation is fitted with a flat-screen TV.
Featuring an outdoor pool, Mas Genesta is a vacation home located in Palamós. You can fire up the barbecue for a tasty meal and enjoy the grounds when the weather's nice.
Located 27 miles from Lloret de Mar and 20 miles from Girona, Casa Rafale offers accommodations in Begur. The property features views of the sea and is 20 miles from Roses.
3 reviews
This villa is located in Costa Brava, Sta Cristina d'Aro in Spain. It offers an equipped kitchen, living room, 5 bedrooms, private swimming pool and balcony.
1 review
Featuring an outdoor pool, Casa Judibar located in Calonge offers a self-catering accommodation with free Wi-Fi and BBQ facilities.
135 reviews
Featuring a private swimming pool and free WiFi, Finca Bell-Lloc is located in Palamos. This country house is 5-minutes' drive from the nearest beach in Cala de la Fosca.


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Southern Railway SD35 #3016 leads 2 more SD35s, a GP30, and a GP35 southbound through Richwood, KY.
The Jersey Central's last purchase of new freight power was twelve SD35's in 1965. Nine secondhand SD40's from the B&O rounded out the CNJ's second generation freight roster, and together they wer... (more)
One Engine, Five Numbers.Southern Pacific SD35 3102, seen on November 8th, 1980, rolling through the railroad's West Colton Yard in Bloomington, California, was built by EMD in Febr... (more)
A Harrisburg-bound train crosses the bridge over the Lehigh Canal as it departs Allentown Yard.
NPR 3502 and a four pack of former UP tunnel motors wait for CP 299 to clear the Thief River Falls yard before entering and retrieving empty grain hoppers for the elevators along the Wheat Line in... (more)
Prior to the formation of Conrail, intermodal traffic on the Allentown area was predominated by the Lehigh Valley's Apollo and Mercury trains between Oak Island and Buffalo, which bypassed Allento... (more)
Eastbound N&W train at Roanoke, VA led by SD35 #1578.
A smoke-belching U25C brings up the rear of a 3-unit lashup at one of the Boro's river access ramps. The lead unit was built for the PRR in April, 1965; the 2nd unit, SD40 6242 was built for the ... (more)
Three 1965 products of EMD, all SD35's, lead local train WJAL-18 west through what once was Richards yard on the Lehigh Valley on the last day of 1983. The PRR/PC unit is still a "patch job", whil... (more)
SD35s team with an SD24 to lead coal out of Knoxville and toward Chattanooga. Back in the train an RC car transmits the engineer's every whim to a pair of SD40-2s.
One of a quartet of SD35's assigned to hauler service rest between runs at SP Dolores yard
Awaiting Restoration The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad museum in Baltimore, MD has quite an array of equipment displayed outside the museum for visitors to see. In this photo a B&O... (more)
A Southern freight has picked up its train on the Ohio side from Cincinnati and now is crossing over the Ohio River into Ludlow Ky. At one time you could walk across this bridge on foot but not n... (more)
Since the statute of limitations has expired, I'll admit my vantage point for this shot was a Southern Railway hopper (No, I wouldn't do that today--but I was 20 years old, and a little foolish at... (more)
Switching the south end of the yard is a real veteran, ex SBD, ex L&N, ex-SCL. In later years the old steam generator compartment was shortened but the flat end remained.


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125 College Dr
Casper, WY 82601
Casper, WY 82601
Website: www.caspercollege.edu
Location: Rocky Mountains CO ID MT UT WY
Location: Rocky Mountains CO ID MT UT WY
Learn what types of careers Casper College graduates can look forward to.
Advertising, Marketing, Promotions, Public Relations, and Sales Managers (1)
Air Transportation Workers (2)
Art and Design Workers (3)
Business Operations Specialists (2)
Computer Specialists (4)
Counselors, Social Workers, and Other Community and Social Service Specialists (7)
Drafters, Engineering, and Mapping Technicians (5)
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers (2)
Engineers (1)
Entertainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers (13)
Financial Clerks (6)
Financial Specialists (7)
Fire Fighting and Prevention Workers (5)
First-Line Supervisors/Managers, Protective Service Workers (2)
Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners (5)
Health Technologists and Technicians (6)
Information and Record Clerks (2)
Law Enforcement Workers (3)
Legal Support Workers (2)
Life Scientists (8)
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations (1)
Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians (3)
Material Recording, Scheduling, Dispatching, and Distributing Workers (4)
Mathematical Science Occupations (3)
Media and Communication Workers (1)
Metal Workers and Plastic Workers (10)
Motor Vehicle Operators (1)
Occupational and Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides (2)
Operations Specialties Managers (5)
Other Education, Training, and Library Occupations (1)
Other Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (1)
Other Healthcare Support Occupations (2)
Other Management Occupations (11)
Other Office and Administrative Support Workers (2)
Other Personal Care and Service Workers (1)
Other Production Occupations (1)
Other Protective Service Workers (4)
Other Sales and Related Workers (2)
Physical Scientists (4)
Plant and System Operators (1)
Postsecondary Teachers (28)
Primary, Secondary, and Special Education School Teachers (5)
Religious Workers (1)
Retail Sales Workers (3)
Sales Representatives, Services (1)
Social Scientists and Related Workers (12)
Supervisors, Sales Workers (1)
Top Executives (1)
Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers (4)
School data was obtained from the US Dept. of Education's Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Data may vary depending on school and academic year.


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At the rate the OP keeps loosing weight we're going to have to recommend a Junior ski...
Yeah I guess at your weight the FA 84 edt evo even at 168 will not do your short turns. I can bend it into short turns, but I've got like 60 pounds on you.
The MX? Geez, you should probably demo that too in two lengths. Might that be too stiff?
How does the stiffness of the 163 MX83 compare to the 173? Sometimes the shorter ones are like boards. Too stiff. (I'm thinking of at least 1 Volkl)
Hey, what about the Stockli [Tina] Maze SC? I'm sure it's not available anywhere except in Switzerland probably. Ok, Slovenia too. Perfect! Nothing like unobtanium to get things moving.
The Rally is looking better and better but honestly I'm somewhat at a loss in this weight category. I accede to Sierra Jim and qcanoe.


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Twenty something is an age that is best described as the stepping stone to the rest of your life. The choices you make now will define you and the rest of your life, so tread carefully.
There are temptations, there are ups and downs, there is a mid-life crisis (oh yes, there is!), there's the happiness of scoring that perfect job and there's hope for a better tomorrow.
However, there are times we go a little off track and let the temptations get the better of us. Yep, we're talking about the numerous faltu kharcha's you end up doing whilst trying to cement a concrete future for yourself. Can it be controlled? The answer is yes.
All you need is a little self-control and a little logic. So here are a few tips to save you from doing faltu kharcha:
1. Impulse buying
Ever felt the urge to buy something you saw at a store window? We're sure you have but think before spending. You might have just spent the money you could have used to recharge your phone when your data pack finishes at the end of the month!
2. Spending money reserved for emergencies
Don't let your "dekha jayega yaar" attitude get in the way of logic. It's always good to have a specific amount reserved for an emergency. You never know when an unfortunate event strikes.
3. Borrowing money from friends and family to fund your luxuries
Friends and family are there to help, not to bear your unnecessary faltu kharcha. Not only are you being a spendthrift, but if you don't return the money when promised, you'll also lose your credibility with them.
4. The never ending credit card debt loop
Always keep your credit card 'strictly' for emergencies. Don't indulge yourself in using your credit card to fuel your ego in front of friends. And if you've gotten into this habit, then good luck for dealing with the overdue credit card payments and your declining credit scores.
5. Go out shopping without a list
You'd be surprised how much faltu kharcha you end up doing when you go out without a shopping list. You end up buying things you don't even need in the first place, so avoid it.
6. Buying things online without comparing and without discounts
We all love online shopping because of the ease of use and the vast array of options you get while doing so. Well, be a smart shopper at least once, dear one! Look for deals, look for discounts, look for cashback offers; it isn't that difficult you know.
7. Taking money out of your savings when the month end woes kick in
Do you know what the best way to avoid month end woes is? Planning your budget every month and sticking to it. Digging into your saving is just plain stupid.
8. Spending money on smoking and drinking
We could go on and on and on about this but you already know everything there is to know about smoking and drinking, don't you?
9. Eating out too much
Going out with friends and family for a nice weekend dinner is a good way to spend time, but don't overdo it. Do you want to end up in the category called the urban poor?
10. Spending too much on entertainment
When you indulge in something for too long and too often, it becomes a habit. And anything in excess is not good. Especially when that habit drains out truckloads of cash from your wallet. Kharch karo lekin faltu kharch mat karo!
11. Erratic spending on expensive mobile phones
Sure an expensive phone will give you supreme performance, but the same performance is also available on a phone that's half the price. You don't have to sell your kidney at a thrift shop or pawn your soul to Lord Voldemort for a phone, right? The trick here is, don't go for the brand name. That's it! In fact, check the 'best handset suggestion' on the Bill Bachao app and stop doing faltu kharcha on expensive mobile phones!
12. Faltu Kharcha on sky-high mobile phone bills
Now that you've made a smart choice by choosing a handset that best suits your needs, how about saving money on your mobile bills or mobile recharges? Faltu kharcha over sky-high mobile bills is an absolute no no! And in a nutshell, here is Bill Bachao that is your go-to app for all your mobile service needs.
From choosing the right mobile phone to the right mobile network to the right mobile plan, Bill Bachao is your buddy!
Say no to Faltu Kharch!!! http://bit.ly/FKKBlog
This post has been brought to you by BillBachao.com. The BillBachao website and application are leading online portals to assist you in finding the best recharge plans for your mobile. We also offer an all new Network Signal Strength Checker and various other services through our Google App.


text:
What Does DogFriendly.com Offer? Select From Our Pull-Down Menu Dog-Friendly Hotels & Lodging Dog-Friendly City Guides ...Attractions, Restaurants & More Dog-Friendly Ski Resorts Dog-Friendly Camping/RV Parks Dog-Friendly Beach Guide Dog-Friendly Outdoor Dining Dog-Friendly Attraction Guide Dog-Friendly Park Guide Off-Leash Dog Parks Public Transportation & Dogs Dog Camps Dog-Friendly Events Dog Photo Gallery Dog & Pet Store Dog Travel Guide Books Top 10 Dog-Friendly Cities Top 10 Dog-Friendly Resorts DogFriendly.com's Newsletter Book Reseller Information Advertise with DogFriendly.com Online Press Kit About Us/Contact Us
U.S. Dog Travel Guides
Dog City Guides
Outdoor Dining
Dog Parks
Dog & Pet Store
Campgrounds & RV Parks
Dog Travel Books
Mobile Apps
Dog Photos
Motel 6 Charlotte Coliseum
Motel 6 Charlotte ColiseumDog-Friendly Hotels131 Red Roof DriveCharlotte,North Carolina 20217Call 866-676-3077 To Book This Hotel Get Map or Directions This motel in Charlotte, North Carolina is a 10-minute drive to Charlotte Coliseum and Carolina Place Mall. This Motel 6 features free Wi-Fi and rooms with cable TV.Guest rooms at the Charlotee Motel 6 feature a private bath and work desk. Telephones equipped with voice mail are also provided.Carowinds Theme Park is a 10-minute drive from the Motel 6 Charlotte. The Charlotte Convention Center and Charlotte Nature Museum are within a 15-minute drive of the motel.Dogs are welcome are this hotel. Click through for more information or to book.
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Upcoming Events Kaeme Winter Internship Apply for our first ever Winter Internship! If interested, please send a cover letter and resume to email@example.com |
ContributeGet involved today to help change the lives of others in your community and abroad by engaging in rewarding medical oriented research and service projects. You can also help Be A Good Doctor by making a charitable donation to any of its affiliated organizations. |
Partners |
In addition to our work in-country, we seek to build partnerships across borders to help advance our mission to match vulnerable children with loving families. Department of Social WelfareThe Ghanaian Ministry for Youth, Education and Manpower's Department of Social Welfare (DSW) has stewardship over the abandoned and orphaned children of Ghana and is responsible for monitoring the operation and registration of children's homes throughout the country through the implementation of the Child Care Reform Initiative (CRI). The DSW is our primary governmental partner as we work to advance the wellbeing of Ghana's orphan and vulnerable children (OVC) population. We believe that this close relationship is key to Kaeme's success. Helena Obeng-Asamoah, director of the Child Rights and Protection division, is helping to foster the country-wide implementation of Kaeme. beagooddoctor.orgThe student labor force supporting Kaeme's administrative operations is incubated in this umbrella organization, which supports a number of projects overseen by Dr. Michael McCullough and Dr. Jennifer Miller. As part of their relationship with www.beagooddoctor.org, Kaeme also gets 10:1 financial leverage when hiring stanford students who are on financial aid. In addition to maximizing our resources, this also ensures that low-income students are afforded the opportunity to enjoy a meaningful work experience, grow into leadership roles and make the most of their time in school – even as they work to better the lives of orphans and vulnerable children throughout the world. Hague-Accredited Adoption ServicesThe 1996 Hague Convention is an international treaty designed to protect children from abuse, neglect and exploitation. Among its provisions, the Convention outlines a specific protocol for adoption. We partner with U.S. adoption services accredited per the Hague Convention's standards, allowing them to access the profiles of those children deemed eligible for adoption. Children's Homes and OrphanagesIn Ghana alone there are 160 orphanages housing anywhere from 3 to 80+ children—and only 3 are officially registered with the DSW. Though well-intentioned, many of these homes face major resource challenges. Furthermore, many studies have found that institutionalized care is highly detrimental to child development and growth – even under the best of circumstances. Although many of these institutions are not fit to function as orphanages or children's homes, they do have the resources to continue aiding children as schools, daycare centers, etc. The DSW hopes to repurpose those homes that do not meet the CRI standards into new types of institutions so that the existing resources and staff can continue to care for the best interest of the children. Charities, Clinics and SchoolsKaeme's volunteer force in Ghana, composed of students from the top American universities, also works with other Ghanaian institutions. For example, we seek out partnerships with clinics and hospitals, where our volunteers (many of whom have received special training in U.S. emergency rooms) can aid doctors and nurses as they seek to provide medical care. We also work with schools, educational programs, and other non-profit or development projects. |


text:
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Lot 302: PGA Tour Limited Edition Cards New in Box 1990
Sports and Non-Sports Cards, Comics
by Moggies Auction Service
13 November 2016
Marlborough, NH, USA
Live AuctionPast Lot
Looking for the realised and estimated price?
Description: PGA Tour Limited Edition Cards unopened New in Box 1990


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Your digital business start-up journey begins here.
From the best-selling author of The Small Business Start-up Workbook, Cheryl Rickman brings you a thoroughly practical guide to starting up a digital business, covering the full journey from idea to exit, with easy-to-implement strategies to make your online venture an on-going success. With a combination of tips, exercises, checklists, anecdotes, case studies and lessons learned by business leaders, this workbook will guide you through each step of digital business.
Learn how to:
Cheryl Rickman writes books on the big world of business from a small village in Hampshire. After working in editorial for three years post-graduation, Cheryl joined an online information publisher and wrote a number of booklets about internet business and web marketing. At the age of 25, Cheryl decided to combine running her own internet business - which served clients such as Microsoft and Motorola - with a freelance writing career, focusing on entrepreneurship, business start-up, and company growth.
©2012 Cheryl Rickman (P)2012 Audible Ltd
"If you want advice on starting your own internet business, don't ask me, read this book instead. It is more up-to-date and costs far less than a good lunch." (Nick Jenkins, Founder of Moonpig.com)
"If you read just one book on digital business, make it this one... It is inspirational, informative, and interactive in equal measure. Highly recommended!" (Rowan Gormley, Founder and CEO of NakedWines.com)
"Interspersed with inspiring and useful stories from successful entrepreneurs, this book can help aspiring business owners through a step-by-step process of refining their start-up ideas and building a solid business." (Elizabeth Varley, Founder and CEO of TechHub)


text:
I call him professor octy he is one of my favorite recent creations
I'd love to see if anyone else likes him.
new decal design
- Flowering Pumpkin Vine
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Check out my YouTube channel! http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyuEzf43m-4BfCxBNLH5t8w
Follow me on twitter! twitter.com/zombombie
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text:
Several tour companies which used to charter trains, such as Cheshire Railtours and Rail UK, have gone out of business and many others have cancelled trips because the higher charges made them uneconomic.
Some operators have said that the business, which consists mainly of "bucket and spade" trips to the seaside and excursions to obscure parts of the rail network for railway buffs, is no longer viable "unless the privatisation process is reversed". Currently, the number of charter trips being operated is down by 40 per cent from last year.
All steam trips have already been cancelled until further notice, partly because of the increased charges but also because the hot weather has made the fire risk too high as plant growth on railway embankments is no longer cut back.
The problem, according to David Latimer of Cheshire Railtours, is that Railtrack, which took over all the track and stations from British Rail last year, has imposed massive charges for trains using the network. He adds that there is a second problem: "You now have to deal with so many fragmented bits of the rail network that breakdowns in communication lead to delays and cancellations."
He cites examples of train crews not being where they were supposed to be, and Mr Latimer says he will "consider returning to running rail tours only if a future government brings about a reunification of the railways".
The Green Party, which wanted to run eight trains this year, encountered a series of difficulties causing cancellations and price rises. Originally, the price of the eight trains it had planned to run was pounds 65,250 but this went up by over 40 per cent to pounds 92,265 on 1 April, when Railtrack and RES raised their prices.
Nick Harvey, the Green Party's charter organiser, has managed to obtain a breakdown of the costs. These include pounds 3.50 per train mile, pounds 26 to stop at a station and pounds 250 per driver and conductor per day.
For a 400-mile trip, RES said it needed 10 drivers and conductors, each of which was charged at the full rate even though some only operated the train for 30 miles. Mr Harvey says that pounds 250 is more than a week's average gross pay for a driver. He also reckons that the money charged by Railtrack for some of the station stops does not find its way to the train operating companies leasing the stations from Railtrack.
Mr Harvey said: "Why should Railtrack charge exorbitant rates for track access, which place rail at such a great disadvantage with road travel? We reckon that with these charges the cost of a rail coach over a year would be 350 times the cost of a bus."
The talks currently taking place are between Waterman Railways, which took over British Rail's charter train unit last year, Railtrack and Rail Express Systems, the mail and parcels arm of BR, which has the responsibility of hiring locomotives to the charter trains.
Peter Waterman's company owns 270 coaches and eight locomotives and many tour operators book trains through him. He said he was appalled at the level of charges which Railtrack and RES had been imposing.
However, some operators blame Mr Waterman for increasing the charges. Terry Thorp of Nottingham-based Classic Days said: "We feel that Waterman Railways overcharged us for a train we ran earlier this year. We asked for a breakdown of the costs and were refused it."
Mr Waterman, more famous for his activities as record promoter and producer for the likes of Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan, defends his company: "We have reduced our own costs to the bare minimum. We are offering operators a much better deal than they ever had."
However, he is fighting the high charges imposed by Railtrack and RES: "The trouble with them is that they have never had to deal with the private sector before. They just can't seem to get their heads round the idea that if we run trains, they make some money, and if we don't they get nothing."
He dismisses the whole concept of Railtrack charging per mile of usage of the track: "It's crazy to think that it costs Railtrack pounds 3.50 for every mile one of my trains travels. The effect on the track is completely marginal." He complains too that Railtrack will not offer a discount, despite him "buying in bulk".
Mr Waterman says that he is suffering because he is at the cutting edge of rail privatisation: "At the moment, I am the only private operating company. I can tell you, it's very lonely out here fighting these battles."
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Lot 31: Royal Flush
Jewelry Auction: Ancient, Asian and Ethnographic - MANY LOTS OFFERED AT NO RESERVE
by The Curator's Eye
November 30, 2016
Boston, MA, USA
Live AuctionDescription: Rajasthan, India
Traditional, 20th century necklace from Rajasthan India, made of 22Kt yellow gold and studded with rubies, diamonds and freshwater pearls.
Please note that this lot has a reserve and is part of a live auction with attending bidders. When you leave a bid in advance of the auction, submit your maximum. Invaluable will bid on your behalf as much as necessary to ensure that you meet the reserve price or that you remain in the lead, up to your maximum. The bidder who has submitted the highest bid wins the lot, provided the bid exceeds the reserve price.
Condition Report: very good
Provenance: purchased in Rajasthan 2010
Dimensions: adjustable
Literature: certified JOL Int'l. EE von Lixfeld, GG
Medium: 22K gold
Date: 1950


text:
Cross-sectional survey of users of Internet depression communities
- John Powell1Email author,
- Noel McCarthy2 and
- Gunther Eysenbach3
© Powell et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2003
Received: 02 September 2003
Accepted: 10 December 2003
Published: 10 December 2003
Internet-based depression communities provide a forum for individuals to communicate and share information and ideas. There has been little research into the health status and other characteristics of users of these communities.
Online cross-sectional survey of Internet depression communities to identify depressive morbidity among users of Internet depression communities in six European countries; to investigate whether users were in contact with health services and receiving treatment; and to identify user perceived effects of the communities.
Major depression was highly prevalent among respondents (varying by country from 40% to 64%). Forty-nine percent of users meeting criteria for major depression were not receiving treatment, and 35% had no consultation with health services in the previous year. Thirty-six percent of repeat community users who had consulted a health professional in the previous year felt that the Internet community had been an important factor in deciding to seek professional help.
There are high levels of untreated and undiagnosed depression in users of Internet depression communities. This group represents a target for intervention. Internet communities can provide information and support for stigmatizing conditions that inhibit more traditional modes of information seeking.
The Internet is increasingly used for health information and advice [1]. Mental health topics are especially popular [2]. Internet communities provide users with information and a platform for peer-to-peer communication that may be synchronous (e.g. chatrooms) or asynchronous (e.g. messageboards). Previous studies of health-related online communities have shown that they can provide social support [3, 4], reduce isolation [5], and can help people cope more effectively with their disease [6]. In a review article White & Dorman highlight the fact that anonymity and convenience can facilitate use by those with stigmatizing and disabling conditions [7]. These authors also discuss the possible disadvantages of online social support, including the exclusion of certain groups through the 'digital divide'; the misinterpretation of online messages lacking in visual or aural cues; and the dissemination of inaccurate information [7].
We are aware of three previous studies investigating Internet depression communities [8–10]. One of these investigated a community (in Sweden) used in our study, but was a separate investigation of user-perceived benefits [8]. These studies showed that four out of five users were female and that many users found it easier to discuss mental health topics online rather than in person [8–10]. Users reported benefits in terms of information, social support and contact [8–10]. However the only study including a formal measure of social support found no change over six to twelve months [9]. Some users reported revealing their depression on an Internet community having not disclosed it elsewhere [8].
The aims of this study were to identify the level of depressive morbidity among users of Internet depression communities in six European countries, investigate whether the individuals that are actively seeking help online are in contact with formal health services and receiving treatment, and to assess user-perceived effects of these communities.
Online cross-sectional survey of Internet depression communities. A twenty-nine item questionnaire was offered to all community visitors as a pop-up window during a four week period in May/June 2002. Visitors were able to access the community if the survey was declined. The questionnaire was designed for this study by the authors and partly derived from an earlier study of the Swedish Netdoktor community [8]. It contained questions covering demographic characteristics (age, sex), reason for visiting the community (e.g. for self, for friend or family member), history of depression and consultations, and attitudinal statements regarding self-perceived effects of community use. The questions regarding self-perceived effects asked respondents whether they agreed, disagreed or had no view on certain statements. The questionnaire also contained the Major Depression Inventory, a 12-item self-completion scale validated against DSM-IV criteria for major depression [11]. Questionnaire responses were entered in to a database automatically using computer software linking the online survey and the database. Internet cookies were used to prevent multiple responses from the same Internet connection.
Study sample
The study sample consisted of individuals recruited from one of six Internet depression communities run by the European company Netdoktor. Netdoktor is an independent consumer e-health company financed by advertising and licensing of content. It hosts several Internet communities. The depression communities are similar to other health-related virtual communities in Europe and the United States. They provide registered members with health information, news stories on depression, the facility to email questions to an expert panel, and peer-to-peer communication via messages and shared personal experiences posted on discussion boards. Registration is free. The communities are hosted in Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, in the official language of each country using a common format. Users are likely to be from the host country, with the possible exception of the English-language UK site, although usage statistics show that 90% of page impressions of the UK site are accessed from UK servers.
Outcome measures
The primary outcome measure was depressive morbidity as measured using the Major Depression Inventory (MDI) which was adapted for online use. Other measures were demographic characteristics, history of depression and consultations, and attitudinal statements regarding self-perceived effects of community use.
Statistical methods
Simple percentages were used to describe characteristics of respondents including prevalence of depressive morbidity, and numbers in contact with services or receiving treatment. Between country differences in these characteristics were investigated using chi-square test for heterogeneity. Chi-square tests for differences in proportions were used for pairwise comparisons. Multivariate (logistic regression) analysis was used to investigate whether intercountry differences in depressive morbidity could be explained by differences in age and sex distributions.
Standard ethical review procedures were followed in each country and ethical approval was obtained from the research ethics committees of the academic host institutions of the lead investigators in London and Heidelberg (JP and GE).
Characteristics of respondents
A total of 2037 visitors to the communities chose to complete the survey. In total the pop-window was displayed on 16926 occasions, giving an overall participation rate of 2037 volunteer responses per 16926 pop-up displays (12%). Community users also included friends or family members of people with depression although the number was small (6.7%, 137/2037).
Characteristics of respondents by country of web community.
UK* | SE* | DK* | NO* | DE* | AT* | Total | Chi-square† | |
Number | 529 | 453 | 382 | 291 | 330 | 52 | 2037 | |
Percent men (n) | 29 (153) | 26 (120) | 27 (102) | 31 (90) | 37 (123) | 27 (14) | 30 (602) | p = 0.02 |
Percent by age group (n) | ||||||||
% <26 years (n) | 29 (151) | 29 (133) | 17 (64) | 40 (117) | 23 (75) | 25 (13) | 27 (553) | |
% 26–35 years (n) | 33 (172) | 35 (160) | 36 (138) | 33 (96) | 30 (98) | 27 (14) | 33 (678) | |
% 36–45 years (n) | 22 (118) | 22 (100) | 25 (94) | 19 (54) | 25 (84) | 29 (15) | 23 (465) | |
% >46 years (n) | 17 (88) | 13 (60) | 23 (86) | 8 (24) | 22 (73) | 19 (10) | 17 (341) | p < 0.001 |
% meeting criteria for major depression (n) | 64 (339) | 57 (257) | 40 (153) | 42 (121) | 48 (158) | 50 (26) | 52 (1054) | p < 0.001 |
Contact with services
Percentage treatment and consultation rates among respondents reporting current or past depression or low mood and fulfilling MDI criteria for major depression.
UK* | SE* | DK* | NO* | DE* | AT* | Total | Chi-square† | ||
Number with major depression | 321 | 215 | 133 | 116 | 144 | 24 | 953 | ||
Consultation in past year (%) (n) | 68 (219) | 63 (136) | 70 (93) | 69 (80) | 44 (64) | 63 (15) | 64 (607) | p < 0.001 | |
Treatment | |||||||||
Psychological | Never (n) | 59 (189) | 57 (123) | 46 (61) | 41 (48) | 53 (76) | 46 (11) | 53 (508) | |
Past (n) | 19 (60) | 19 (40) | 23 (31) | 25 (29) | 22 (32) | 29 (7) | 21 (199) | ||
Current (n) | 22 (72) | 24 (52) | 31 (41) | 34 (39) | 25 (36) | 25 (6) | 26 (246) | p= 0.09 | |
Drug | Never (n) | 32 (102) | 51 (110) | (50) | 44 (51) | 50 (72) | 54 (13) | 42 (398) | |
Past (n) | 15 (47) | 14 (30) | 8 (11) | 17 (20) | 19 (28) | 4 (1) | 14 (137) | ||
Current (n) | 53 (172) | 35 (75) | 54 (72) | 39 (45) | 31 (44) | 42 (10) | 44 (418) | p < 0.001 | |
Either | Never (n) | 29 (93) | 40 (87) | 30 (40) | 32 (37) | 38 (55) | 33 (8) | 34 (320) | |
Past (n) | 15 (47) | 14 (30) | 10 (13) | 18 (21) | 22 (32) | 17 (4) | 15 (147) | ||
Current (n) | 56 (181) | 46 (98) | 60 (80) | 50 (58) | 40 (57) | 50 (12) | 51 (486) | p = 0.01 | |
Consultation or current treatment (n) | 69 (220) | 65 (139) | 72 (96) | 70 (81) | 47 (68) | 63 (15) | 65 (619) | p < 0.001 |
The number of respondents who reported a history of depression and who met MDI major depression criteria and who described having revealed their depression on the Internet community despite not having told anyone else about it was 14.4% (137/953). This figure was similar for those identified as having been currently known to services (on treatment or with a recent consultation) (13.8%, 85/619) and those not (15.6%, 52/334) [Chi square test, p = 0.44].
Self-perceived effects of communities
Analysis of self-perceived effects of the communities was restricted to users who had visited more than once (n = 926, 45.5%). Of these 71% (n = 655) reported having learned more about medication from using a community, and 51% (n = 472) of subjects agreed that they were able to discuss subjects that they felt unable to discuss elsewhere (12% disagreed, 113/926). Forty-four percent (n = 307) agreed that they felt less isolated as a result of using a community, while 11% (n = 99) felt lonelier. Of these repeat visitors those who had consulted a health professional within the last year (n = 751) were offered a question about their decision to consult. Of 604 replies only 9% (n = 53) agreed with the statement that the Internet community had delayed their seeking professional help, while 70% (n = 421) disagreed with this statement; and 36% (n = 215) felt that the Internet community had been an important factor in deciding to seek professional help. There were no significant differences by country. Thirty-seven percent (n = 228) reported having used information from the community in their consultations with professionals. Eleven percent (n = 66) of respondents agreed that the Internet community had made them trust their doctor less, while 54% (n = 324) disagreed with this statement.
Discussion and conclusions
A high prevalence of major depression was identified among users of Internet depression communities. Our findings suggest that unmet need exists online as it does in primary care [12]. Many people were seeking help online without presenting to formal health services, and half of them were not receiving treatment.
Compared to the current study, Houston et al. found a higher rate of depression among the 103 community users (86%) in their USA study, and 92% were receiving treatment [9]. It is possible that underdetection and undertreatment is greater in Europe, or that differences in recruitment between the studies influenced the results. Houston et al. initially recruited volunteers through an advertisement for participation in a study about depression in online communities, and then surveyed them [9]. It is possible that their method of sampling was more likely to recruit individuals with depression than our method of offering a survey to all community users. It is also possible that those people who responded to an advert to register their interest in a research study might be people who were more likely to engage with formal health services compared with our sample.
Our study was conducted in the summer months and seasonal rates of depression will vary, particularly in northern latitudes [13]. As indicated in our background section previous studies have also shown that the majority of users of similar communities are female [8–10]. Women are more likely to suffer from depression [14], and are more likely than men to use the Internet for health information [15].
One major limitation of web-based surveys is determining the representativeness of results. As users are anonymous and repeat visits to websites are frequent, response rates are difficult to obtain and are typically low. Our study surveyed a convenience sample of a cross-section of users, but volunteer self-completion surveys on the Internet are prone to selection bias [16]. We attempted to minimise this by making the survey brief and explaining the importance of receiving views from all users. However respondents may differ from non-respondents, for example in terms of educational level or reading ability. We were unable to analyse characteristics of non-respondents. The participation rate cannot be directly compared with a response rate to (for example) a postal survey. The difficulties of low participation rates in web-based health surveys are well recognised [17]. While multiple responses from the same individual were prevented using IP addresses it is likely that the denominator of number of pop-up displays includes repeat visits from non-respondents and also from some respondents logging-in on a new occasion. We are not aware of other studies of sensitive health topics such as depression that have used an online pop-up technique to both contact and survey users. The Major Depression Inventory has been validated as a sensitive and specific measure in paper-form [11], and there is no obvious reason why its use as an online tool should differ greatly, although a broader issue is the need for online validation of standard psychometric instruments.
One of the most interesting questions related to our findings is whether web-based surveys across different countries can elicit useful and valid data for public health and health services research. We found significant differences across countries both in regard to the prevalence of depression on online communities and in health service utilization. To what degree are these differences reflecting true differences in disease prevalence and health care systems between countries, or to what degree are the observed differences the result of self-selection bias of the survey participants? Unfortunately there are few cross-national population-based studies containing prevalence data or service utilization data against which we could compare our results.
If the prevalence variations by country of web community are not due to bias or chance the two most likely explanations are either that it reflects cross-national variation in prevalence of depression or that there are intercountry differences in help-seeking behaviour in relation to online communities. Population prevalence data for depression in each country are not available and international depression prevalence comparisons are problematic [18]. Previous studies have shown limited variation in depression prevalence between countries, but it is unlikely that wide differences would exist between neighbouring Northern European countries such as Sweden and Norway [19]. Differences in online help-seeking behaviour by country could be related to a number of factors including those related to the penetration of Internet uptake among different sub-populations. Other possible influences include how the communities were marketed in each country, and differences in the timing of community use in relation to the stage of illness or recovery. But this is an area with very little empirical research.
Country comparisons for various measures of mental health service provision.
Compare by Countries | United Kingdom | Sweden | Denmark | Norway | Germany | Austria |
Rates of consultation in past year in our study | High | Medium | High | High | Low | Medium |
Rates of current treatment in our study | High | Medium | High | Medium | Low | Medium |
Presence of therapeutic drug policy/essential list of drugs | present | absent | absent | present | not available | absent |
Most important method of financing mental health care | tax based | tax based | tax based | social insurance | social insurance | social insurance |
Presence of mental health care facilities in primary care | present | present | present | present | present | present |
Presence of community care in mental health | present | present | present | present | present | present |
Number of psychiatrists/100,000 population | 11 | 20 | 16 | 20 | 7.3 | 10 |
Number of psychologists working in mental health/100,000 population | 9 | 76 | 85 | 68 | not available | 36.9 |
Number of psychiatric nurses/100,000 population | 104 | 32 | 59 | 42 | 52 | 38.9 |
Number of social workers working in mental health/100,000 population | 58 | not available | 7 | not available | not available | 103.4 |
Health-related virtual communities may present an opportunity to integrate online detection of mental health morbidity with other services, with significant implications for worldwide healthcare. The Internet could be used as an adjunct to traditional services, or as a medium for interventions such as online cognitive-behavioural therapy, although such interventions are at an early stage of development [21]. Future research could include controlled trials of Internet communities examining effects on measures of health status and well-being, although such studies are difficult to conduct and face issues of contamination [22].
Limitations of Internet communities include abuse by users offering false stories [23], and concerns over the dissemination of inaccurate information [24]. However our findings do not support a view of the Internet as harmful. Few users reported that Internet community use led to delays in help-seeking while more than a third reported that use of the community was actually a factor in deciding to seek help. Furthermore we did not find evidence that online information reduces the trust patients have in their doctors or that it leads to social isolation [25]. We found that many users felt able to discuss subjects that they were unable to discuss elsewhere and some had revealed their depression for the first time on the community. These findings suggest that Internet communities may be a useful tool in providing support services for stigmatizing conditions that inhibit more traditional modes of information seeking.
Dr Carl Brandt, International Medical Director of Netdoktor facilitated access to the communities, assisted with ethical approval applications and arranged technical support for the survey. Christian Kohler assisted with the application for ethical approval at Heidelberg University. The study protocol was reviewed by Henrik Agrell and Professor Per Bech. The questionnaire was developed from one used by Agrell and Walinder (2002).
Authors' Affiliations
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- Klemm P, Bunnell D, Cullen M, Soneji R, Gibbons P, Holecek A: Online cancer support groups: a review of the research literature. Comput Inform Nurs. 2003, 21: 136-142. 10.1097/00024665-200305000-00010.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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- US Preventive Services Task Force: Screening for depression: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002, 136: 760-4.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
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- Piccinelli M, Wilkinson G: Gender differences in depression. Critical review. Brit J Psychiatry. 2000, 177: 486-492. 10.1192/bjp.177.6.486.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
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- Eysenbach G, Wyatt J: Using the Internet for Surveys and Health Research. J Med Internet Res. 2002, 4: e13-View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Schonlau M, Fricker R, Elliott M: Conducting Research Surveys via E-mail and the Web. California, Rand Corporation. 2002Google Scholar
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- Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence: Mental Health Resources in the World. Project ATLAS. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2002Google Scholar
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- Eysenbach G: Issues in evaluating health websites in an Internet-based randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2002, 4: e17-View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
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- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/3/19/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.


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The best Rally Car racing video you will ever see. This video is without any external music but with real raw sound. You will be amazed to know that this driver is none other than Colin McRae.
Colin Steele McRae, MBE (5 August 1968 – 15 September 2007) was a British and Scottish rally driver born in Lanark.
The son of five-time British Rally Champion Jimmy McRae and brother of rally driver Alister McRae, Colin McRae was the 1991 and 1992 British Rally Champion and, in 1995, became the first British person and the youngest to win the World Rally Championship Drivers' title, a record he still holds.
McRae's outstanding performance on the Subaru World Rally Team enabled the team to win the World Rally Championship Constructors' title three times in succession in 1995, 1996 and 1997.
After a four-year spell with the Ford Motor Co. team, which saw McRae win nine events, he moved to Citroën World Rally Team in 2003 where, despite not winning an event, he helped them win the first of their three consecutive manufacturers' titles.
He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services to motorsport in 1996. McRae died in 2007 when the helicopter he was piloting crashed near his home.
The accident also claimed the lives of his son and two family friends. In November 2008 he was posthumously inducted into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame.
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The purpose of SPAC is to review sentencing policies and practices and examine how those policies and practices impact the criminal justice system as a whole in the State of Illinois. Read more »
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