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Deep sequencing for de novo construction of a marine fish (Sparus aurata)transcriptome database with a large coverage of protein-coding transcripts
© Calduch-Giner et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 29 November 2012
Accepted: 8 March 2013
Published: 15 March 2013
The gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) is the main fish species cultured in the Mediterranean area and constitutes an interesting model of research. Nevertheless, transcriptomic and genomic data are still scarce for this highly valuable species. A transcriptome database was constructed by de novo assembly of gilthead sea bream sequences derived from public repositories of mRNA and collections of expressed sequence tags together with new high-quality reads from five cDNA 454 normalized libraries of skeletal muscle (1), intestine (1), head kidney (2) and blood (1).
Sequencing of the new 454 normalized libraries produced 2,945,914 high-quality reads and the de novo global assembly yielded 125,263 unique sequences with an average length of 727 nt. Blast analysis directed to protein and nucleotide databases annotated 63,880 sequences encoding for 21,384 gene descriptions, that were curated for redundancies and frameshifting at the homopolymer regions of open reading frames, and hosted at http://www.nutrigroup-iats.org/seabreamdb. Among the annotated gene descriptions, 16,177 were mapped in the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) database, and 10,899 were eligible for functional analysis with a representation in 341 out of 372 IPA canonical pathways. The high representation of randomly selected stickleback transcripts by Blast search in the nucleotide gilthead sea bream database evidenced its high coverage of protein-coding transcripts.
The newly assembled gilthead sea bream transcriptome represents a progress in genomic resources for this species, as it probably contains more than 75% of actively transcribed genes, constituting a valuable tool to assist studies on functional genomics and future genome projects.
Sparus aurata Next-generation sequencing De novo assembly Transcriptome DatabaseBackground
The gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) is a member of the Sparidae family widely and successfully cultured in the Mediterranean region. During the last decade more than 1,200 scientific papers have focused on gilthead sea bream nutrition, immune response, physiology and genetics. This high valuable fish for aquaculture industry becomes, thereby, an interesting animal model, and the development of molecular and genomic tools for research is highly desirable. Previous attempts have been made in this way and the assembly and annotation of more than 40,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) allowed the development of specific gilthead sea bream microarrays that have been used in transcriptomic studies of crowding stress [1] and parasite and nutritional challenges [2, 3]. Microarray approaches have also been done in this species to assess transcriptome differences between two early larval stages [4], to underline the liver transcriptomic response after cortisol administration [5, 6] or to identify the key genes involved in the re-epithelialization process after scale removal [7]. Nevertheless, genomic tools still remain relatively scarce in gilthead sea bream and need to be further improved in comparison to other cultured fish, such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) [8], common carp (Cyprinus carpio) [9], Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) [10] or turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) [11], for which large ESTs collections generated by Sanger sequencing of cDNA libraries are currently available.
With the advent of the next generation sequencing technologies, the gathering of large amounts of sequence data for a given organism at affordable costs is more feasible [12], and high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing has been used to explore the transcriptome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [13, 14], Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) [15] and turbot [16]. In the case of gilthead sea bream, two deep sequencing studies have been reported from whole larval tissues [17] and skeletal muscle [18], yielding 68,289 and 43,461 assembled sequences, respectively. Nevertheless, the assembly of high-throughput sequences from one unique tissue usually results in relatively short sequences. As the annotation success of a sequencing project is highly dependent on the size of the assembled sequences, approaches conducted to obtain longer sequences become desirable. At this respect, it has been proved in some animal models, including rainbow trout [13, 14], that the use of two or more tissues for sequencing and assembly increases the number of annotated genes. On this basis, the primary goal of the present study was to generate a large amount of gilthead sea bream transcriptomic reads from metabolically and immunologically relevant tissues by means of the construction of five 454 pyrosequencing libraries, combining them with Sanger sequences from public repositories and our own published data. It comprised nine previously constructed suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries that were obtained from a variety of tissues (liver, gills, brain, intestine, head kidney, adipose tissue) from animals exposed to confinement stress, parasite infection or a nutritional stress (essential fatty acid deficiencies) [1–3]. Having this into account, tissues selected for the improvement of the current knowledge on gilthead sea bream transcriptome by means of high-throughput sequencing were related to animal growth (skeletal muscle), nutrient digestion (intestine) and immune response (head kidney at two stages of parasitic infection). Because of the importance of the development of non-lethal diagnostic methods, blood was also considered for 454 sequencing. The second goal of this work was to build a reliable assembly database, with a high confidence of functional annotation by means of similarity searches, gene ontology (GO) terms and detailed insights on pathway analysis for its use as a practical tool by the scientific community. This will assist gene discovery and studies on functional genomics, as well as future genome projects of this important fish species.
Results and discussion
Statistics for 454 pyrosequencing libraries
Skeletal muscle | Intestine | Blood | HK-38 | HK-105 | |
Pyrosequencing reads | |||||
High-quality reads | 447,166 | 614,899 | 576,796 | 577,112 | 729,941 |
Average read length (bp) | 294 | 304 | 290 | 349 | 320 |
Total Megabases | 131.5 | 186.9 | 167.3 | 201.4 | 233.6 |
Assembly statistics | |||||
Number of contigs | 7,808 | 9,475 | 12,003 | 14,008 | 12,474 |
Reads assembled | 314,628 | 482,080 | 389,934 | 392,195 | 508,826 |
Average contig length (bp) | 968 | 1,090 | 831 | 1,059 | 1,148 |
Number of singletons | 48,750 | 80,527 | 114,984 | 105,431 | 91,885 |
Average singleton length (nt) | 316 | 298 | 284 | 318 | 334 |
Total consensus Megabases | 23.0 | 34.3 | 42.7 | 48.4 | 45.0 |
Average sequences coverage | 6.4 | 6.3 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 5.8 |
De novo assembly statistics
Assembly statistics | |
Number of contigs | 113,927 |
Reads assembled | 2,765,597 |
Average contig length (bp) | 762 |
Number of singletons | 11,336 |
Average singleton length (nt) | 378 |
Total consensus Megabases | 91.1 |
Average sequences coverage | 22.2 |
With independence of a high coverage of protein-coding transcripts, more than 60,000 assemblies still remain without annotation. This relatively high number of unknown sequences could correspond to more divergently evolved genes through vertebrate evolution, though we cannot exclude that some of these sequences may result from assembly artifacts. Alternatively, some of these sequences might correspond to long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are now emerging as an important class of regulatory transcripts with an extent that increases much more with organism complexity [24, 25]. Otherwise, high-throughput sequencing is prone to sequencing errors at homopolymer regions, even when assembled at high coverage, which often give rise to a range of artificial sequences [26–28]. To overcome this issue, an in silico correction step was introduced in the pipeline procedure, which allowed to obtain continuous open reading frames for annotated sequences avoiding frameshifting by edition (insertion or deletion) of single nucleotides at homopolymer regions. With this newly developed tool, up to 34% of annotated sequences (21,748 out of 63,880 assembled sequences) were detected to carry one or more frameshifts. Among them, 21,105 were satisfactorily corrected with the pipeline and only 643 needed a manual curation.
Blast2GO analysis of the different annotations (Figure 4) reveals that the most abundant GO terms related to biological processes were transport (GO:0006810; 2,091 different genes), protein modification process (GO:0036211; 1,558 genes), response to stress (GO:0006950; 1,468 genes), regulation of biological quality (GO:0065008; 1,430 genes) and negative regulation of cellular process (GO:0048523; 1,428 genes). Other highly represented terms are immune system process (GO:0002376; 865 different genes), haemopoiesis (GO:0030097; 289 genes) and coagulation (GO:0050817; 290 genes), which is not surprising given that 3 out of five 454 libraries were derived from blood and head kidney. Regarding skeletal muscle, tissue-specific biological processes like muscle structure development (GO:0061061; 302 genes), muscle cell differentiation (GO:0042692; 200 genes) or muscle contraction (GO:0006936; 156 genes) were also highly represented in the annotated gilthead sea bream transcriptome. Likewise, the intestine participates in nutrient digestion and absorption with also an important role in xenobiotic metabolism [29], and accordingly genes related to the molecular functions hydrolase activity (GO:0016787; 1,821 genes) and oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491; 637 genes) were highly abundant in our database.
Most significant canonical pathways determined by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and represented in the assembled gilthead sea bream transcriptome
Canonical pathway | E-value | Molecules | Canonical pathway | E-value | Molecules |
Regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K Signaling | 1.58E-23 | 130 | Erythropoietin Signaling | 8.32E-08 | 56 |
Purine Metabolism | 7.94E-23 | 219 | Ubiquinone Biosynthesis | 9.12E-08 | 58 |
EIF2 Signaling | 3.98E-21 | 156 | AMPK Signaling | 9.33E-08 | 100 |
Protein Ubiquitination Pathway | 7.94E-20 | 207 | Induction of Apoptosis by HIV1 | 1.05E-07 | 51 |
Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling | 2.51E-17 | 203 | IL-2 Signaling | 1,17E-07 | 46 |
mTOR Signaling | 2.51E-16 | 148 | CD40 Signaling | 1,20E-07 | 53 |
Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer | 6.31E-16 | 250 | Role of NFAT in Cardiac Hypertrophy | 1,29E-07 | 131 |
Mitochondrial Dysfunction | 1.00E-15 | 114 | HGF Signaling | 1,48E-07 | 77 |
Integrin Signaling | 6.31E-14 | 155 | FLT3 Signaling in Hematopoietics | 1,55E-07 | 59 |
Inositol Phosphate Metabolism | 2.51E-13 | 122 | Progenitor Cells | ||
Thrombin Signaling | 1.58E-12 | 147 | Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis in | 1,58E-07 | 73 |
Signaling by Rho Family GTPases | 1.58E-12 | 174 | Macrophages and Monocytes | ||
Estrogen Receptor Signaling | 3.16E-12 | 104 | Sphingosine-1-phosphate Signaling | 1,66E-07 | 86 |
CXCR4 Signaling | 5.01E-12 | 121 | FAK Signaling | 1,66E-07 | 69 |
Oxidative Phosphorylation | 6.31E-12 | 115 | Paxillin Signaling | 2,09E-07 | 78 |
Acute Phase Response Signaling | 7.94E-12 | 130 | Small Cell Lung Cancer Signaling | 2,40E-07 | 58 |
Breast Cancer Regulation by Stathmin1 | 1.26E-11 | 147 | T Cell Receptor Signaling | 3,31E-07 | 75 |
Type II Diabetes Mellitus Signaling | 3.98E-11 | 94 | B Cell Receptor Signaling | 3,31E-07 | 105 |
Huntington's Disease Signaling | 5.01E-11 | 161 | Production of Nitric Oxide and Reactive | 3,72E-07 | 126 |
Pyrimidine Metabolism | 7.94E-11 | 111 | Oxygen Species in Macrophages | ||
NGF Signaling | 7.94E-11 | 86 | LPS-stimulated MAPK Signaling | 3,89E-07 | 59 |
PI3K/AKT Signaling | 1.10E-10 | 96 | Insulin Receptor Signaling | 3,98E-07 | 96 |
RAR Activation | 1.38E-10 | 130 | Cyclins and Cell Cycle Regulation | 3,98E-07 | 63 |
Androgen Signaling | 1.62E-10 | 91 | PI3K Signaling in B Lymphocytes | 4,57E-07 | 99 |
Tight Junction Signaling | 1.86E-10 | 120 | IGF-1 Signaling | 4,68E-07 | 76 |
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Signaling | 4.68E-10 | 78 | p53 Signaling | 5,25E-07 | 72 |
NRF2-mediated Oxidative Stress Response | 8.51E-10 | 134 | VEGF Signaling | 5,62E-07 | 68 |
PPARα/RXRα Activation | 1.12E-09 | 128 | Prostate Cancer Signaling | 6,03E-07 | 64 |
Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling | 1.78E-09 | 154 | Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism | 6,46E-07 | 77 |
Ceramide Signaling | 2.00E-09 | 66 | Relaxin Signaling | 6,46E-07 | 98 |
Role of Tissue Factor in Cancer | 2.29E-09 | 87 | Glioma Signaling | 7,24E-07 | 73 |
Hereditary Breast Cancer Signaling | 3.31E-09 | 92 | Pentose Phosphate Pathway | 7,94E-07 | 29 |
ERK/MAPK Signaling | 3.72E-09 | 135 | Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Signaling | 8,13E-07 | 80 |
NF-κB Activation by Viruses | 4.57E-09 | 62 | Mitotic Roles of Polo-Like Kinase | 8,51E-07 | 51 |
Apoptosis Signaling | 4.68E-09 | 73 | Acute Myeloid Leukemia Signaling | 9,33E-07 | 61 |
Gα12/13 Signaling | 4.90E-09 | 93 | PDGF Signaling | 9,33E-07 | 57 |
Cardiac Hypertrophy Signaling | 5.13E-09 | 159 | CNTF Signaling | 1,05E-06 | 44 |
Rac Signaling | 5.37E-09 | 83 | Endometrial Cancer Signaling | 1,05E-06 | 44 |
Germ Cell-Sertoli Cell Junction Signaling | 6.17E-09 | 118 | Thrombopoietin Signaling | 1,17E-06 | 46 |
ILK Signaling | 6.76E-09 | 135 | Melanocyte Development and Pigmentation | 1,29E-06 | 66 |
Renin-Angiotensin Signaling | 7.94E-09 | 86 | Signaling | ||
Protein Kinase A Signaling | 8.51E-09 | 212 | Prolactin Signaling | 1,45E-06 | 58 |
Aldosterone Signaling in Epithelial Cells | 8.91E-09 | 117 | Colorectal Cancer Metastasis Signaling | 1,58E-06 | 161 |
RhoGDI Signaling | 9.12E-09 | 129 | RANK Signaling in Osteoclasts | 1,82E-06 | 67 |
p70S6K Signaling | 1.00E-08 | 95 | IL-17A Signaling in Airway Cells | 2,19E-06 | 51 |
IL-8 Signaling | 1.02E-08 | 127 | Aminoacyl-tRNA Biosynthesis | 2,40E-06 | 30 |
IL-15 Signaling | 1.15E-08 | 53 | G Beta Gamma Signaling | 2,51E-06 | 68 |
fMLP Signaling in Neutrophils | 1.23E-08 | 85 | Telomerase Signaling | 2,69E-06 | 75 |
Phospholipase C Signaling | 1.78E-08 | 163 | IL-6 Signaling | 3,16E-06 | 71 |
PAK Signaling | 1.91E-08 | 72 | Role of BRCA1 in DNA Damage Response | 3,24E-06 | 46 |
P2Y Purigenic Receptor Signaling Pathway | 2.24E-08 | 93 | Death Receptor Signaling | 3,39E-06 | 48 |
HMGB1 Signaling | 3.02E-08 | 75 | IL-3 Signaling | 3,39E-06 | 56 |
Leukocyte Extravasation Signaling | 3.16E-08 | 137 | Starch and Sucrose Metabolism | 3,47E-06 | 54 |
RhoA Signaling | 3.89E-08 | 86 | GM-CSF Signaling | 3,47E-06 | 50 |
PTEN Signaling | 4.07E-08 | 84 | Angiopoietin Signaling | 3,47E-06 | 52 |
Virus Entry via Endocytic Pathways | 4.57E-08 | 72 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Signaling | 3,47E-06 | 52 |
Growth Hormone Signaling | 5.13E-08 | 57 | Role of NFAT in Regulation of the Immune | 3,72E-06 | 120 |
JAK/Stat Signaling | 6.31E-08 | 52 | Response | ||
Lymphotoxin β Receptor Signaling | 7.08E-08 | 47 | Neuregulin Signaling | 3,72E-06 | 67 |
In order to construct a reliable database of protein-coding transcripts with a minimum of frameshift errors or redundancies, a strict filtering was applied to the annotated sequences after the in silico homopolymer correction step. Sequences with a significant hit against Swissprot were selected, and then sequences encoding for a same annotation regardless of the species were clustered. Filtering selected for each annotation non-overlaping sequences and putative complete open reading frames, that made a total of 17,809 sequences that were uploaded in our nucleotide database (http://www.nutrigroup-iats.org/seabreamdb). This online resource is intended to become a dynamic and useful tool for scientific community. With this interface, data can be queried using different strategies, such as several Blast options or direct word search for annotation or GO terms. Search results provide additional information for each sequence, like its length, depth or the related Swissprot accession for the assigned annotation, among others.
A gilthead sea bream transcriptome database has been constructed by de novo assembly of five normalized 454 libraries from metabolically and immunologically relevant tissues combined with public sequences that included nine SSH libraries. This approach yielded 125,263 different sequences, and for 63,880 a reliable annotation was found, resulting in 21,384 different gene descriptions that comprised a vast array of functional categories and biological pathways. This constitutes the largest and most complete transcriptome reported to date for gilthead sea bream, having a size and depth equivalent to those reported in the Ensembl genome database for Atlantic cod and other cultured fish species. The information of annotated contigs has been semi-automatically corrected and filtered for redundancies, and is stored in a web database (http://www.nutrigroup-iats.org/seabreamdb) that has been provided with Blast and other search options for the scientific community. This represents a valuable tool to assist fish phenotyping and the concomitant development of molecular biomarker panels (microarrays or process-focused PCR-arrays) of prognostic and diagnostic value to cope with developmental-, nutritional-, environmental- and disease-related stressors.
Experimental setup and tissue sampling
Juveniles of gilthead sea bream were maintained under intensive rearing conditions in the indoor experimental facilities of the Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS), following standard conditions of photoperiod and temperature at our latitude (40º5′N, 0º10′E). Animals were fed with conventional diets and culture densities remained lower than 15 Kg/m3. Naïve stock fish were sampled after overnight fasting for blood, skeletal muscle and intestine. Blood was taken from the caudal vein with EDTA-treated syringes and 150 μl were disposed in cooled eppendorf tubes with 500 μl of lysis solution until RNA extraction (Real Total RNA Spin Blood Kit, Durviz). Prior to tissue collection, fish were killed by cervical section. Skeletal muscle and intestine samples were then rapidly excised, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until RNA extraction. Additionally, another stock of fish was infected with the myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei by exposure to contaminated effluent, following the infection procedure previously described [32], and samples of head kidney, the equivalent to mammalian bone marrow, were taken after 38 (HK-38, early immune response) and 105 days (HK-105, chronic immune response) post exposure. All procedures were carried out according to the national and institutional regulations on animal experimental handling (IATS-CSIC Review Board).
RNA extraction
Total RNA from each individual tissue sample was isolated by means of the Ambion MagMax-96 for Microarray kit (Applied Biosystems) after tissue homogenization in TRI reagent at a concentration of 100 mg/ml following the manufacturers' instructions. Purification of total RNA from fish blood was performed according to the procedure of Real Total RNA Spin Blood Kit (Durviz). RNA quantity and purity was determined by Nanodrop (Thermo Scientific) and Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies). Tissue samples of higher quality (absorbance ratios at 260 nm/280 nm above 1.9 and RNA integrity numbers between 9.2 and 10) were selected for high-throughput sequencing.
cDNA synthesis and normalization
For each tissue and condition (skeletal muscle, intestine, blood, HK-38, HK-105), a single RNA sample (700 ng) was taken for polyA cDNA synthesis using the MINT kit (Evrogen). To increase the rate recovery of rare and unique transcripts, amplified cDNAs were normalized by duplex-specific nuclease with the Trimmer kit (Evrogen) [33] following manufacturer's indications. Normalized cDNAs samples were measured with Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA quantification Kit (Life Technologies) using a VersaFluorTM Fluorometer system (Bio-Rad).
Libraries construction, pyrosequencing and assembly
For each normalized cDNA, 500 ng were sheared into small fragments (250–600 nt) by nebulization with compressed nitrogen. Then, sequencing adapters were ligated to the blunt ends of fragments, and an emulsion PCR (emPCR) was performed. After emPCR, beads with the cloned amplicons were enriched, loaded onto the 454 microtiter plate and sequenced with a Titanium GS FLX 454 platform (Roche). The sff files containing all reads for each library have been deposited to NCBI Short Read Archive under accession ERP001436.
The quality of the reads was assessed with PERL scripts developed at Lifesequencing S.L. (Valencia, Spain) for trimming of adaptors and validation of high quality sequences. Only high-quality reads (q-value > 25) passed the filter for further assembly and they were assembled using Newbler version 2.5.3 program (454 Life Science-Roche) with the parameters by default with the cDNA option.
De novoassembly and annotation
According to the presented scheme pipeline (Figure 1), the set of nucleotide sequences for de novo gilthead sea bream transcriptome assembly was composed of i) unassembled high-quality reads from five 454 libraries (2,945.914 reads), ii) available mRNA sequences from GenBank database (1,733 sequences) and iii) EST collections made available by the Consortium of Marine Genomics Europe [34] and the AQUAFIRST [1] and AQUAMAX [3] EU projects (80,956 ESTs). All sequences were edited to remove vector and adaptor sequences, and cleaned and filtered before assembly and annotation by the SIGENAE information system (INRA Toulouse, France). Cleaning involved masking of poor quality bases and low complexity sequences such as polyA tails. Filtering removed contaminating sequences (bacteria, yeast) and only high quality sequences with more than 100 bases in length were retained. The global assembly was performed by means of the MIRA software version 3.2.0 [35, 36].
Assembled contigs and singletons were annotated searching sequence homologies against following databases: UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, RefSeq Protein, Pfam, RefSeq RNA Index Blast, TIGR Fugu, TIGR Medaka, TIGR Salmon, TIGR Trout, TIGR ZebraFish, UniGene FatheadMinnow, UniGene Fugu, UniGene Human, UniGene KilliFish, UniGene Medaka, UniGene Salmon, UniGene Trout, UniGene ZebraFish, Ensembl Fugu transcripts, Ensembl Human transcripts, Ensembl Medaka transcripts, Ensembl Tetraodon transcripts and Ensembl ZebraFish transcripts. The e-value threshold value to determine similarities was set to 1e-5, and the Uniprot entry to which they received the highest similarity was usually assigned as the gene identity.
Database quality control
Transcriptome sequences of the fish three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were retrieved from the Ensembl genome database (http://www.ensembl.org/Gasterosteus_aculeatus). Then, randomly selected stickleback sequences (n=200) were compared in a similarity search by BlastX (E-value < 1e-9) into the newly developed gilthead sea bream assembled transcriptome database. For annotated stickleback transcripts, hit results were only considered positive when the most similar gilthead sea bream sequence shared the same annotation.
Automated frameshift correction and redundancy filtering
To correct the 454 sequencing errors due to frameshifting at homopolymer regions [28], a pipeline based on the combination of the NCBI-Blast package [37] with HMMER [http://hmmer.janelia.org], ClustalW [38], HMM-FRAME [39], PFAM [40] and GyDB [41] databases of HMMs was designed. Additional file 3 implements a most extensive detail of this pipeline and the corrections (punctual insertions/deletions) performed on each sequence.
For more extensive information about the statistics composing the algorithm please refer the Blast user guide at NCBI [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1763/]. The software reads in csv format the annotation file of the whole transcriptome and then lets to state one or more classificatory filters to run the algorithm. When various sequences shared the same SwissProt description and a nucleotide identity higher than 95%, they were grouped in the same cluster, retaining within the same categorization the sequences covering non-overlapping regions of the mapped Refseq protein or complete sequences sharing the same description.
Functional analysis
Gene ontology annotation was made from the nucleotide sequences of the most representative contig/singleton for each gene identity by means of the Blast2GO software [43] with a threshold cutoff set at 1e-3. Pathway analysis of annotated sequences was performed using the IPA software (http://www.ingenuity.com). The dynamic canonical pathways contained in IPA are well-characterized metabolic and cell-signaling pathways that come from specific journal articles, review articles, textbooks and the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). The IPA canonical pathways display genes/proteins involved, their interactions and the cellular and metabolic reactions in which the pathway is involved. To provide analysis, IPA must be supplied with the Uniprot accession of genes belonging to one of the following model species: Human (Homo sapiens), house mouse (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the bacteria Escherichia coli or the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hence, for each annotated sea bream sequence the protein equivalence for one of the three higher vertebrates IPA model species was searched in Uniprot, and the corresponding accession number was included in the analysis.
Fisher's exact test was used in IPA analysis to estimate the significance of the incidence of different canonical pathways. This method calculates the probability that the association between experimental gene set and the reference gene set associated with a canonical pathway is due to random chance. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant and indicated a nonrandom enrichment of an experimental dataset by members of a specific pathway.
This work was funded under EU seventh Framework Programme by projects ARRAINA (Advanced Research Initiatives for Nutrition & Aquaculture, FP7/2007-2013; grant agreement nº 288925) and AQUAEXCEL (Aquaculture Infrastructures for Excellence in European Fish Research, FP7/2007-2012; grant agreement nº 262336). The views expressed in this work are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. Additional funding was obtained by Generalitat Valenciana (research grant PROMETEO 2010/006) and Spanish Government through AQUAGENOMICS (Ingenio-2010 Programme), AQUAFAT (AGL2009-07797) and ENTEROMYXCONTROL (AGL2009-13282-C02-01) projects.
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subset: commoncrawl


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The acting President and Prime Minister of Ukraine have been reacting to President Vladimir Putin's speech to the Russian Parliament.
Their statements came as Ukraine's Interfax news agency reported one Ukrainian soldier had been shot and killed and a second injured when Russian troops stormed a military base in Simferopol
"Today the Russian President Vladimir Putin, who likes to talk about fascism copies the fascists of the last century by annexing the territory of an independent state," acting Ukrainian President Oleksandr Turchynov told reporters.
The acting Prime Minister, Arseney Yatsenyuk, called for a international commission – made up of defence ministers from the US, UK, the European Union and including Russian officials – to meet to discuss a way forward to achieve a diplomatic solution to the crisis.
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It's so much fun to have your 'own' pattern. But I couldn't have done without the help from Jeltje and Henk from the Quiltshop the 100 rozen in Deventer. THANKS
Still feeling so proud.
The life and quilty adventures of a dutch girl in The Hague with a black and white featherweight.
Stephanie in my apron. |
Alexine and Stephanie, both very creathive |
Good things, there is always some who volunteers to do showing/modelling. Doesn't she look lovely in this apron. The pattern is made by Jeltje from the 100 roses. |
Wednesday evening project. |
1972 or 1973, Sinterklaas at school, I'm the girl at the left. |
Jeltje from the 100 roses in Deventer looks also lovely in this apron |


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Davide Simone (Deleted) gave props (18 May 2012):
wow what a beautiful you were inspired by Vincent van Gogh
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Gorgeous and happy!!!


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Forums >Look What I Can Do!>"Team Jennipede" earns world record!
Needs more cowbell!
More about the efforts to get into the Guinness Book AND raise money for Jenny Crain here. Chicago Tribune reports that the record was set.
• Chemo
• Chemo-Radiation
• Surgery
• Return to kicking my own ass by 2018
Oh roo roooo!
Glad to hear this! I was working in bag pickup there yesterday and as of 12:30 when my shift ended, which was 5 hours after the start, they hadn't come thru yet so I was hoping they were going to make it.
Chicago Tribune reports that the record was set.
2013 Goals1) Break 1:50 in a HM (PR 1:52:19)2) Break 4:00 in a Marathon (PR 4:20:39)
I'm glad it went well. I can't even imagine the logistics of keeping 62 people tethered together for a mile, much less 26.2x that distance. The potty stops issue had to be interesting. I love that Jenny was able to participate with the group for a stretch.
She has always been a really nice person - Good to see the $ raised and the record.
Retired 1/1/13 ... Tired of being broken and fat ... Hit 296# Memorial Day 2016 - New goal = To be able to enjoy running 4-5 hours through the woods again by Fall 2016. April 2017 ... Shit it is almost April !


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text:
Bibliografische Details
Titel: Josephine A Life of the Empress
Verlag: Robson Books Ltd, London
Erscheinungsdatum: 1999
Einband: Hardcover
Zustand: Very Good
Zustand des Schutzumschlags: Very Good
Good to very good in dust jacket-clean copy -no markings; B&W Illustrations; 9.20 X 6 X 1.10 inches; 400 pages. Buchnummer des Verkäufers 45827
Inhaltsangabe: When in 1804, Josephine Bonaparte knelt before her husband Napoleon to receive the imperial diadem, few in the vast crowd of onlookers were aware of the dark secrets behind the imperial facade. Josephine appeared alluring, wealthy and doted upon by her remarkable husband, the conqueror of Europe. In actuality, Josephine's life was far darker, for her celebrated allure was fading, her wealth was compromised by massive debt and her marriage was corroded by infidelity and abuse. Born a Creole in Martinque, sent to France in her teens to marry and save the family fortunes, Josephine was adventurous and above all hardy - a survivor in a hazardous time. Soon separated from a dissolute, spiteful husband, she made her way in the salons of Paris, a member of the shadow-world of respectability. Confined to the worst prison in Paris during the revolution and condemned to death, she miraculously escaped her fate and went on to marry the rising star of the Directory, Napoleon Bonaparte, the man who in a few short years, with Josephine at his side, became Emperor of France. This volume brings to life the complex, charming, ever-resilient Josephine, from the sensual richness of her childhood in the tropics to her final lonely days at Malmaison.
Rezension: 'Carolly Erickson is one of the most accomplished and successful historical biographers writing in English.' Times Literary Supplement
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Anbieterinformationen: Speciality in books of Irish Interest Literature and History


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Kim Kardashian has been robbed at gunpoint.The reality TV star was staying at a discreet luxury residence in Paris. She was robbed by at least two men dressed as police officers, police say, though some reports indicate as many as five assailants.
The haul from the robbery, mostly jewellery, was worth several million euros, police said. The robbery took place at about 03:00 local time (01:00 GMT).
A spokesman for Kardashian said the star was "badly shaken but physically unharmed". No one else was hurt in the robbery, police said


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Feeling Blue
Denver's modern public-art program has been growing since 1988, when it was established under Federico Peña's watch; over the passing years, the swelling collection has come to include more than 350 works by artists of stature both local and national. And their evidence is everywhere, from civic installations in parks, at fire stations and on street corners to such familiar landmarks as the Colorado Convention Center and Denver International Airport, where the famous (or infamous) blues — Lawrence Argent's giant peeping bear, "I See What You Mean," and Luis Jiménez's menacing "Mustang" — keep folks gawking in wonderment...and maybe a little confusion.
In celebration of the program's 25 years (and in reference to the aforementioned pieces), Denver Arts & Venues has mounted Beyond Blue, a two-part behemoth of a show featuring 75 representative artworks by nearly fifty artists who've participated. "We hope the exhibits will surprise and delight visitors and give them deeper insights into the artists' process and style," explains program manager Michael Chavez.
The works are on view at the McNichols Building and in the Buell Theatre lobby at the Denver Performing Arts Complex, but the exhibition will get an official farewell at a closing reception December 16 from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. at the McNichols, 144 West Colfax Avenue. Both parts of the show continue through December 22; visit artsandvenues.org for details.
Thursdays-Saturdays; Thu., Oct. 17, 6-8 p.m. Starts: Oct. 3. Continues through Dec. 22, 2013
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1 Digital Library Hardware and Software By Bhupendra Ratha, Lecturer School of Library and Information Science Devi Ahilya University, Indore 7/19/2011 1
2 Materials for Digitization Still Images Printed text Handwritten text Photographic materials Newspapers Maps Audio Video 7/19/2011 2
3 Developing Digital Collection -Digitizing own collection -Acquiring or licensing from 3rd parties 7/19/2011 3
4 Digitizing own collection The basic requirement for digitizing the Library s own collection is a scanner and the associated software like OCR. Libraries are to establish a content creation section that has to cater to digitizing both text and multimedia information. Multimedia section can contain both visual and sound information. Digitized information must be clearly identified, properly indexed and well organized for it s archival and dissemination. 7/19/2011 4
5 Acquiring or licensing from 3rd parties Digital resources could be in the form of databases and even full text. They could be purchased from the vendors or publishers. These resources may be offered to library in one of the following models a. Individual / Library Subscription b. Subscription through Consortia 7/19/2011 5
6 Hardware for Digital Library Desktop computer with supporting accessories. Input capture devices: Scanner and Video camera Printer Telephone connection Modem Cables for networking Switch, router, bridge and other connecting devices CD/DVDs or other external storage devices UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) 7/19/2011 6
7 Computer: Hardware Intel Pentium 2.4GHz processor 512MB RAM /356MB 36-36GB, 36GB, 2 hard drives DVD+/-RW drive 15 or larger CRT monitor, good quality Multimedia Kits 7/19/2011 7
8 Computer: Hardware 7/19/2011 8
9 Duplex Scanner Manufacturer: Fujitsu Limited, Tokyo, Japan Features: 600 dpi optical resolution, 100-page automatic document feeder, dual color CCDs (charge-coupled coupled device ) scan both sides of a page in one pass, scanning speed up to 80 ipm for monochrome at 200 dpi. How we use it: high-speed scanning of books and documents that can be disbound 7/19/2011 9
10 Flatbed Scanners Manufacturer: Epson America, Inc., Long Beach, CA, affiliate of Seiko Epson Corporation Features: scanning area 12.2" x 17.2"; 2400 x 4800 dpi resolution; includes 12.2" x 16.5" transparency adapter; scanning speed at 2400 dpi, How we use it: scanning photographic prints, photographic negatives in sizes from 35mm roll film to large format sheet film, glass plate negatives, and large documents 7/19/
11 Epson 4990 Photo/Pro Scanner Features: scanning area 8.5" x 11.7"; optical resolution 4800 dpi; transparency transparency adapter built-in in lid with film holders for 35mm slides/film, medium format strips, and 4" x 5" film; 8" x 10" film area guide; scanning speed 12.3 msec/line (Mili second per line) How we use it: scanning photographic prints, photographic negatives in sizes from 35mm roll film to large format sheet film, glass plate negatives, and documents 7/19/
12 Barcode Scanner :Hand Held These light weight barcode scanners are operated manually by firing a connected with computer generally trigger. It can be used in any area, where required scanning distance retail, libraries, service sector, courier industry, hospitals. These are most economical scanning option. 7/19/
13 Barcode Printers :Entry Level 2 or 4 wide print width 203 dots per inch (dpi) print resolution Print speed up to 3 inches per second ( ips) Most economical (Product Code : BL OS214TT ) 7/19/
14 Camera: Canon Full-featured, compact 8.0 Mega pixel digital camera with a 12x Optical Zoom Canon Optical Image Stabilizer Technology and ISO 1600 for steady shooting Hot shoe adapter for the Speedlite EX Series external flashes 7/19/
15 Camera: Canon Print/Share Button for easy direct printing and downloading, plus ID Photo Print and Movie Print with select PIXMA Photo Printers, CP and SELPHY Compact Photo Printers Shoot easy movies with movies capable of 30 fps VGA or 60 fps QVGA. Also a convenient to use Movie Button, never having to switch to a shooting mode 7/19/
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