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Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. The scientific revolution has been claimed to have begun in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance era and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. However, there exist current arguments that the revolution was a tipping point reached through a gradual emergence of civilization, resulting from the efforts of mankind throughout the world, a merging of the manual with the cerebral, and of practice, experimentation, and the growth of technology with theory.
- In... "The Portuguese Discoveries and the Rise of Modern Science", Prof. Hooykaas supported the thesis "That the Portuguese seafarers and scientists of the 15th and 16th centuries made an important contribution to the rise of modern science by unintentionally undermining the belief in scientific authorities and by strengthening the confidence in the empirical, natural-historic method". ...Prof. Hooykaas analyzed the meaning of "natural science" in Antquity and the Middle Ages... characterized by too great a confidence in human reason and a sacred respect for what the authorities in the ancient world had written. ...In 1956, Prof. Hooykaas had already affirmed that "the discovery of the New World caused many difficulties to naturalists and historians..." …botanical species of medical interest warned that Dioscorides and Galen had not known everything; ...Portuguese seamen had clarified many doubts and shown the existence of the antipodes etc..
- Luís de Albuquerque, Introduction to Selected Studies in History of Science by Reyer Hooykaas (1983)
- The modern origins of empirical scientific knowledge lie in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This time period, known as the Scientific Revolution, saw advances such as Newton's theory of gravitation, Boyle's gas laws, Hooke's recognition that all living things are made of cells, and the beginning of the Royal Society... The spirit that infused this time period brought forth a whole host of new knowledge, and the disproving of facts that had existed for centuries, if not millennia. ...some of the most important components of this endeavor were to try to eliminate errors and create a means of spreading correct facts. Many of the papers presented in the early years of the Royal Society were devoted to trying to understand errors, to root out misunderstandings, or to test the veracity of tales told to them that often seemed too good to be true. ...Most important, they didn't keep this new knowledge secret. They spread it far and wide, publishing it and disseminating it through the loose network of natural philosophers of Europe.
- Samuel Arbesman, The Half-life of Facts: Why Everything We Know has an Expiration Date (2012)
- Concerning ourselves we speak not; but as touching the matter which we have in hand, this we ask;—that men deem it not to be the setting up of an Opinion, but the performing of a Work; and that they receive this as a certainty; that we are not laying the foundations of any sect or doctrine, but of the profit and dignity of mankind:—Furthermore, that being well disposed to what shall advantage themselves, and putting off factions and prejudices, they take common counsel with us, to the end that being by these our aids and appliances freed and defended from wanderings and impediments, they may lend their hands also to the labours which remain to be performed:—And yet, further, that they be of good hope; neither feign and imagine to themselves this our Reform as something of infinite dimension and beyond the grasp of mortal man, when, in truth, it is of infinite errour, the end and true limit; and is by no means unmindful of the condition of mortality and humanity, not confiding that such a thing can be carried to its perfect close in the space of one single age, but assigning it as a task to a succession of generations.
- Francis Bacon, The Great Instauration as quoted by William Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences (1837) Preface
- Though Lavoisier generally gets credit for the authorship of this principle [ conservation of mass ], others had conceived it before him, The seventeenth century chemysts, notably Helmont, Starkey, and Boyle, had a dawning awareness of the importance of weighing and measuring materials before and after an experimental process, though their methods and measurement devices were not so precise. In 1623, Francis Bacon declared, "..when they percieve that a body which was before manifest to the senses has escaped and disappeared, they should not admit or liquidate the account before it has been shown to them where the body has gone to and into what it has been received." And as early as 450 B.C., Anaxagoras argued, "Wrongly do the Greeks suppose that aught begins or ceases to be; for nothing comes into being or is destroyed; but all is an aggregation or secretion of preexisting things; so that all becoming might more correctly be called becoming mixed, and all corruption, becoming separate."
- The credit of first using the telescope for astronomical purposes is almost invariably attributed to Galilei, though his first observations were in all probability slightly later in date than those of Harriot and Marius, is to a great extent justified by the persistent way in which he examined object after object, whenever there seemed any reasonable prospect of results following, by the energy and acuteness with which he followed up each clue, by the independence of mind with which he interpreted his observations, and above all by the insight with which he realised their astronomical importance.
- Arthur Berry, A Short History of Astronomy (1899)
- The gloriously romantic universe of Dante and Milton, that set no bounds to the imagination of man as it played over space and time, had now been swept away. Space was identified with the realm of geometry, time with the continuity of number. The world that people had thought themselves living in—a world rich with colour and sound, redolent with fragrance, filled with gladness, love and beauty, speaking everywhere of purposive harmony and creative ideals—was crowded now into minute corners in the brains of scattered organic beings. The really important world outside was a world hard, cold, colourless, silent, and dead; a world of quantity, a world of mathematically computable motions in mechanical regularity. The world of qualities as immediately received by man became just a curious and quite minor effect of that infinite machine beyond.
- In mechanics, Descartes can hardly be said to have advanced beyond Galileo. The latter had overthrown the ideas of Aristotle on this subject and Descartes simply "threw himself upon the enemy" that had already been "put to the rout." His statement of the first and second laws of motion was an improvement in form, but his third law is false in substance. The motions of bodies in their direct impact was imperfectly understood by Galileo erroneously given by Descartes and first correctly stated by C. Wren, J. Wallis, and C. Huygens.
- Florian Cajori, A History of Mathematics (1893, [[1]])
- In the sixteenth and seventeeth centuries the medieval world view, based on Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology, changed radically. The notion of an organic, living, and spiritual universe was replaced by that of a world as a machine, and the world machine became the dominant metaphor of the modern era. This radical change was brought about by the new discoveries in physics, astronomy, and mathematics known as the Scientific Revolution and associated with the names of Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes, Bacon, and Newton.
- Fritjof Capra, The Web of Life (1996)
- From the thick darkness of the middle ages man's struggling spirit emerged as in new birth; breaking out of the iron control of that period; growing strong and confident in the tug and din of succeeding conflict and revolution, it bounded forwards and upwards with restless vigour to the investigation of physical and moral truth; ascending height after height; sweeping afar over the earth, penetrating afar up into the heavens; increasing in endeavour, enlarging in endowment; every where boldly, earnestly out-stretching, til, in the AUTHOR of the PRINCIPIA, one arose, who, grasping the master-key of the universe and treading its celestial paths, opened up to the human intellect the stupendous realities of the material world, and, in the unrolling of its harmonies, gave to the human heart a new song to the goodness, wisdom, and majesty of the all-creating, all-sustaining, all-perfect God.
- N. W. Chittenden, "The Life of Isaac Newton" as contained in Newton's Principia: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Tr. Andrew Motte (1848)
- In the century from Copernicus to Newton, the understanding of the universe had been transformed. The Earth had been firmly dislodged from its position of celestial preeminence at the center of the Ptolemaic universe. The nature of the orbits of the planets had been revealed by the masterful observations of Tycho and their ingenious interpretation by Kepler. The failure to detect parallax in stars was accepted as an indication that they must be at vast distances beyond the solar system, such that any parallax would be too small to be measurable with current instruments. Galileo introduced the telescope and produced observations that provided validations of the new ideas. And the genius of Newton brought forth the reflecting telescope, new laws of motion, and an understanding of the fundamentals of optics. It also delivered the theory of universal gravitation, which explained the motions of the planets and identified the primary force in shaping the universe. Real science now had its firm foundation.
- David H. Clark & Matthew D. H. Clark, Measuring the Cosmos: How Scientists Discovered the Dimensions of the Universe (2004)
- The clash between reason and Portuguese experience. Hooykaas' starting point is the intellectual challenge which, from the early 15th century onward, was posed by the discoveries of the Portuguese mariners... There follows an array of fascinating accounts of, and quotations from, works by contemporary authors who were compelled to face as facts numerous phenomena the ancients had been quite sure could not possibly be observed because they were bound not to exist. Examples are Aristotle's denial that the tropics could be inhabited; Ptolemy's mathematically derived conviction that all dry land is confined to part of the Northern Hemisphere, and so on. ...In Hooykaas' view we are witnessing here a birth of 'natural history' in the domain of the hard and given fact... The narrow world of sense-data to which the ancient natural philosophers had confined their all-too-rational speculations was now being blown to pieces. And this was not being done by fellow natural philosophers, but rather at the urging of scarcely literate sailors!
- H. Floris Cohen, The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry (1994)
- Galileo had the experience of beholding the heavens as they actually are for perhaps the first time, and wherever he looked he found evidence to support the Copernican system against the Ptolemaic, or at least weaken the authority of the ancients. This shattering experience—of observing the depths of the universe, of being the first mortal to know what the heavens are actually like—made so deep a an impression... that it is only by considering the events of 1609... that one can understand the subsequent direction of his life.
- I. Bernard Cohen, The Birth of a New Physics (1959)
- His conflict with the Catholic Church arose because deep in his heart Galileo was a believer. There was for him no path of compromise, no way to have separate secular and theological cosmologies. If the Copernican system was true as he believed, what else could Galileo do but fight with every weapon he had in his arsenal... to make his Church accept a new system of the universe. ...In the contrast between Galileo's heroic stand when he tried to reform the cosmological basis of orthodox theology and his humbled, kneeling surrender when he disavowed his Copernicanism, we may sense the tremendous forces attendant on the birth of modern science.
- I. Bernard Cohen, The Birth of a New Physics (1959)
- The seventeenth century witnessed the birth of modern science as we know it today. The science was something new, based on a direct confrontation of nature by experiment and observation. But there was another feature of the new science—a dependence on numbers, on real numbers of actual experience.
...The ancients knew a few numerical laws... But prior to the Scientific Revolution, the goal of science (or the study of nature) was not to seek laws of nature expressed in terms of numbers or number relations. ...the new science ...not only found laws based on numbers but they were also willing to express these laws in terms of higher powers of numbers—squares and cubes.- I. Bernard Cohen, The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life (2005)
- The pioneering practitioners of the new science knew that they were producing a new kind of knowledge and so they declared this newness in the titles of their books and articles. Thus we have Galileo's Two New Sciences, Boyle's New Experiments, Kepler's New Astronomy, and Tartaglia's New Science. When Ben Jonson presented a masque entitled "News from the New World," his new world was not the newly found continent of North America, but the new world of science, the world revealed by the telescope of Galileo.
- I. Bernard Cohen, The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life (2005)
- Although the authority of the ancient authors as the arbiters of all scientific knowledge had obviously been severely weakened, it did not immediately crumble. Too many professional, medical, ecclesiastical, and legal careers were founded on that authority for it to simply disappear without a struggle. The scientific elite resisted the infusion of new natural knowledge with all its might, but in the long run, its rearguard efforts were futile. ...The common sense of the working people prevailed and brought about the changes in worldview that have come to be known as the Scientific Revolution.
- Clifford D. Conner, A People's History of Science (2005)
- Koyré's exaltation of the "Platonic and Pythagorean" elements of the Scientific Revolution... was based on a demonstrably false understanding of how Galileo reached his conclusions. Koyré asserted that Galileo merely used experiments as a check on the theories he devised by mathematical reasoning. But later research has definitively established that Galileo's experiments preceeded his attempts to give a mathematical account of their results.
- Clifford D. Conner, A People's History of Science (2005)
- Growing skill in the working of metals is... exemplified by the development of the instrument-maker's craft. To many... we make reference elsewhere—for example, clocks, navigational instruments and balances. ...Brass, ivory, and closed-grained woods, such as box and pear, were the principal materials of the instrument-makers, with brass becoming increasingly favoured because of its rigidity and permanence. For the shaping of metal the lathe was a valuable tool, and the clock-makers in particular developed it greatly for precision work. The engraving of scales was, of course, a most important part of the work: until the advent of mechanical devices, this was done with simple engraving tools and punches, the design being first set out by geometrical methods. The earliest products of the instrument-makers were made mainly for astronomical purposes or to apply astronomical methods in navigation: they included astrolabes, cross-staffs, quadrants, sundials, and orreries, as well as basic geometrical instruments such as compasses and rules. From the seventeenth century, however, a variety of new instruments, or much improved versions of old ones, began to appear. The needs of surveyors led to the elaboration of the hodometer... enabling distances to be measured... Improvements in artillary called for more accurate sighting of cannon, and by the beginning of the seventeenth century the gunner's level had been highly developed. The invention of the telescope and microscope introduced new problems both in the making of lenses and of the instruments in which they were mounted: the new instruments were a regular part of the instrument-maker's trade from about 1660. From 1700 the revolution in science was making still further demands on the craft, and air-pumps, thermometers, barometers, electrical machines, and other instruments were called for in constantly increasing quantities.
- T. K. Derry & Trevor I. Williams, A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900 (1960)
- After sketching his program for the scientific revolution that he foresaw, Bacon ends his account with a prayer: "Humbly we pray that this mind may be steadfast in us, and that through these our hands, and the hands of others to whom thou shalt give the same spirit, thou wilt vouchsafe to endow the human family with new mercies". That is still a good prayer for all of us as we begin the twenty-first century.
- Freeman Dyson, Progress In Religion (2000)
- The great question for our time is, how to make sure that the continuing scientific revolution brings benefits to everybody rather than widening the gap between rich and poor. To lift up poor countries, and poor people in rich countries, from poverty, to give them a chance of a decent life, technology is not enough. Technology must be guided and driven by ethics if it is to do more than provide new toys for the rich.
- Freeman Dyson, Progress In Religion (2000)
- Science as subversion has a long history. ...Davis and Sakharov belong to an old tradition in science that goes all the way back to the rebels Benjamin Franklin and Joseph Priestley in the eighteenth century, to Galileo and Giordano Bruno in the seventeenth and sixteenth. If science ceases to be a rebellion against authority, then it does not deserve the talents of our brightest children. ...We should try to introduce our children to science today as a rebellion against poverty and ugliness and militarism and economic injustice.
- Freeman Dyson, The Scientist As Rebel (2006)
- Although many historians of the new millennium now take issue with the notion of a Scientific Revolution, it is generally agreed that Newton's work culminated the long development of European science, creating a synthesis that opened the way for the scientific culture of the modern age.
- John Freely, Before Galileo: The Birth of Modern Science in Medieval Europe (2012)
- I mentally conceive of some moveable [sphere] projected on a horizontal plane, all impediments being put aside. Now it is evident... that equable motion on this plane would be perpetual if the plane were of infinite extent, but if we assume it to be ended, and [situated] on high, the movable, driven to the end of this plane and going on further, adds on to its previous equable and indelible motion, that downward tendency which it has from its heaviness. Thus, there emerges a certain motion, compounded...
- Galileo Galilei Two New Sciences (1638) Tr. Stillman Drake, Day Four, On the Motion of Projectiles, 268 Author speaking
- It seems to me proper to adorn the Author's thought here with its conformity to a conception of Plato's regarding the determination of the various speeds of equable motion in the celestial motions of revolution. ...he said that God, after having created the movable celestial bodies, in order to assign to them those speeds with which they must be moved perpetually in equable circular motion, made them depart from rest and move through determinate spaces in that natural straight motion in which we sensibly see our moveables to be moved from the state of rest, successively accelerating. And he added that these having been made to gain that degree [of speed] which it pleased God that they should maintain forever, He turned their straight motion into circulation, the only kind [of motion] that is suitable to be conserved equably, turning always without retreat from or approach toward any pre-established goal desired by them. The conception is truly worthy of Plato, and it is to be more esteemed to the extent that its foundations, of which Plato remained silent, but which were discovered by our Author in removing their poetical mask or semblance, show it the guise of a true story.
- Galileo Galilei Two New Sciences (1638) Tr. Stillman Drake, Day Four, 283-284 Sagredo speaking
- I. Bernard Cohen's thesis: Galileo believed only circular (not straight line) motion is conserved (perpetual), see The New Birth of Physics (1960)
- On the authority of Aristotle... motion in the planetary world was somehow directed by the more perfect motion in higher spheres, and so on, up to the outermost sphere of fixed stars, indistinguishable from the prime mover. This implied a refined animistic and pantheistic world view, incomparably more rational than the ancient world views of Babylonians and Egyptians, among others, but a world view, nonetheless, hardly compatible with the idea of "inertial motion" which is implied in Buridan's concept of "impetus"… a momentous breaking point... which was to bear fruit... in the hands, first of Copernicus and then of Newton.
- Julio A. Gonzalo, The Intelligible Universe: An Overview of the Last Thirteen Billion Years (2008) 2nd edn
- J. Kepler was the first (that I know of) that discover'd the true cause of the Tide, and he explains it largely in his Introduction to the Physics of the Heavens, given in his Commentaries to the Motion of the Planet Mars, where after he has shewn the Gravity or Gravitation of all Bodies towards another, he thus writes: "The Orb of the attracting Power, which is in the Moon is extended as far as the Earth, and draws the Waters under the Torrid Zone, acting upon places where it is vertical, insensibly on included Seas, but sensibly on the Ocean, whose Beds are large, and the Waters have the liberty of reciprocation, that is, of rising and falling"; and in the 70th Page of his Lunar Astronomy,—"But the cause of the Tides of the Sea appear to be the Bodies of the Sun and Moon drawing the Waters of the Sea."
- David Gregory, The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical J. Nicholson (1715) Vol.2 p. 668
- To reassert the reign of beauty, Copernicus goes back to what he had once called "the first principles of uniform motion." He rejects non-uniformities and inconsistancies of motion - his "mind shudders" at the very consideration of them - and even at the cost of setting the earth in motion, he arrives at a system that has all the earmarks of divine handicraft; the equants are gone, the phenomena are saved; the whole system has symmetry, parsimony, necessity. ...
The device of uniform motion in a circle was not forced by the data; and as Kepler's ellipses showed later, it was not even the most functional device from the mathematical point of view. Yet the metaphor of uniform circular motion as the divine key... - even as in antiquity - had infected the thinking from which the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century came. ...the function of a metaphor ..."can be a restructuring of the world," in the words of Sir Ernst Gombrich.- Gerald Holton, The Advancement of Science, and Its Burdens (1986) pp. 231-232, quoting Ernst Gombrich, Symbolic Images: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance (1972) p. 166.
- The Portuguese had undertaken their voyages towards the southern hemisphere in spite of the science of their day... they followed an irresistible urge, which went against their scientific and religious convictions.
- Reijer Hooykaas, "The Portuguese Discoveries and the Rise of Modern Science" in Selected Studies in History of Science (1983)
- Our thesis now is that the Portuguese seafarers and scientists of the 15th and 16th centuries made an important contribution to the rise of modern science by unintentionally undermining the belief in scientific authorities and by strengthening the confidence in an empirical, natural, historical method.
- Reijer Hooykaas, "The Portuguese Discoveries and the Rise of Modern Science" in Selected Studies in History of Science (1983)
- Perhaps there is no literature in Europe that mirrors so clearly as the Portuguese, the painful conflict in the minds of people who, on the one hand, by their humanistic education, not only knew better but also more uncritically admired, ancient learning than their medieval predecessors, and, who, on the other hand, in the same epoch, were confronted with abundant proofs of the insufficiency and fallibility of that same Antiquity.
- Reijer Hooykaas, "The Portuguese Discoveries and the Rise of Modern Science" in Selected Studies in History of Science (1983)
- In the early decades of the seventeenth century, the men of the Renaissance could show that they had already put out to good interest the treasure bequeathed to them by the Greeks. They had produced the astronomical system of Copernicus, with Kepler's great additions; the astronomical discoveries and the physical investigations of Galileo; the mechanics of Stevinus and the 'De Magnete' of Gilbert; the anatomy of the great French and Italian schools and the physiology of Harvey. In Italy, which had succeeded Greece in the hegemony of the scientific world, the Accademia dei Lyncei and sundry other such associations for the investigation of nature, the models of all subsequent academies and scientific societies, had been founded; while the literary skill and biting wit of Galileo had made the great scientific questions of the day not only intelligible, but attractive to the general public.
- Sixty years after Bacon's death Newton had crowned the long labors of the astronomers and the physicists, by coordinating the phenomena of molar motion throughout the visible universe into one vast system, but the 'Principia' helped no man to either wealth or comfort. Descartes, Newton, and Leibnitz had opened up new worlds to the mathematician, but the acquisitions of their genius enriched only man's ideal estate. Descartes had laid the foundations of rational cosmogony and of physiological psychology; Boyle had produced models of experimentation in various branches of physics and chemistry; Pascal and Torricelli had weighed the air; Malpighi and Grew, Ray and Willoughby had done work of no less importance in the biological sciences; but weaving and spinning were carried on with the old appliances; nobody could travel faster by sea or by land than at any previous time in the world's history, and King George could send a message from London to York no faster than King John might have done. Metals were worked from their ores by immemorial rule of thumb, and the centre of the iron trade of these islands was still among the oak forests of Sussex. The utmost skill of our mechanicians did not get beyond the production of a coarse watch.
- Science... has ended by utterly repudiating the personal point of view. She catalogues her elements and records her laws indifferent as to what purpose may be shown forth by them, and constructs her theories quite careless of their bearing on human anxieties and fates. Though the scientist may individually nourish a religion, and be a theist in his irresponsible hours, the days are over when it could be said that for Science herself the heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament showeth his handiwork. Our solar system, with its harmonies, is seen now as but one passing case of a certain sort of moving equilibrium in the heavens, realized by a local accident in an appalling wilderness of worlds where no life can exist. In a span of time which as a cosmic interval will count but as an hour, it will have ceased to be. The Darwinian notion of chance production, and subsequent destruction, speedy or deferred, applies to the largest as well as to the smallest facts. It is impossible, in the present temper of the scientific imagination, to find in the driftings of the cosmic atoms, whether they work on the universal or on the particular scale, anything but a kind of aimless weather, doing and undoing, achieving no proper history, and leaving no result. Nature has no one distinguishable ultimate tendency with which it is possible to feel a sympathy. In the vast rhythm of her processes... she appears to cancel herself. The books of natural theology which satisfied the intellects of our grandfathers seem to us quite grotesque, representing, as they did, a God who conformed the largest things of nature to the paltriest of our private wants. The God whom science recognizes must be a God of universal laws exclusively, a God who does a wholesale, not a retail business. He cannot accommodate his processes to the convenience of individuals. The bubbles on the foam which coats a stormy sea are floating episodes, made and unmade by the forces of the wind and water. Our private selves are like those bubbles—epiphenomena, as Clifford, I believe, ingeniously called them; their destinies weigh nothing and determine nothing in the world's irremediable currents of events.
- William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience Lecture XX, "Conclusions" (1902)
- When Galilei let balls of a particular weight, which he had determined himself, roll down an inclined plain, or Torricelli made the air carry a weight, which he had previously determined to be equal to that of a definite volume of water; or when, in later times, Stahl changed metal into lime, and lime again into metals, by withdrawing and restoring something, a new light flashed on all students of nature. They comprehended that reason has insight into that only, which she herself produces on her own plan, and that she must move forward with the principles of her judgments, according to fixed law, and compel nature to answer her questions, but not let herself be led by nature, as it were in leading strings, because otherwise accidental observations made on no previously fixed plan, will never converge towards a necessary law, which is the only thing that reason seeks and requires. Reason, holding in one hand its principles, according to which concordant phenomena alone can be admitted as laws of nature, and in the other hand the experiment, which it has devised according to those principles, must approach nature, in order to be taught by it: but not in the character of a pupil, who agrees to everything the master likes, but as an appointed judge, who compels the witnesses to answer the questions which he himself proposes. Therefore even the science of physics entirely owes the beneficial revolution in its character to the happy thought, that we ought to seek in nature (and not import into it by means of fiction) whatever reason must learn from nature, and could not know by itself, and that we must do this in accordance with what reason itself has originally placed into nature. Thus only has the study of nature entered on the secure method of a science, after having for many centuries done nothing but grope in the dark.
- Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (1787) Preface to 2nd edition, Tr. F. Max Müller (1905)
- Galileo had provided the methodology for the analysis of motions on and near the earth and had applied it successfully. Copernicus and Kepler had previously obtained the laws of motion of the planets and their satellites. ...But Galileo had succeeded in deriving numerous laws from a few physical principles and... the axioms and theorems of mathematics. ...The Keplerian laws ...were not logically related to each other. Each was an independent inference from observations. ...They seemed to be suspended in the same vacuum in which the planets moved.
Galileo's laws had the additional advantage of supplying physical insight. The first law of motion and the law that the force of graviation gives... a downward acceleration of 32 ft/sec2... explain the vertrical rise and fall of bodies, motion on slopes, and projectile motion. Kepler's laws... had no physical basis. ...Kepler tried to introduce the idea of a magnetic force which the sun exerted... But he failed to related the behavior of the planets to the precise laws of planetary motion. ...
The new astronomical theory was completely isolated from the theory of motion on earth. ...it bothered mathematicians and scientists who believed that all the phenomena of the universe were governed by one master plan instituted by the master planner—God.- Morris Kline, Mathematics and the Physical World (1959)
- The goal of deriving all the phenomena of nature from a few basic physical laws and the axioms of mathematics had been set by Galileo...
In studying curvilinear motions on the earth Galileo had found the parabola to be the basic curve. In the heavens... Kepler... had found the ellipse to be the basic curve. Why this difference? ...since parabola and ellipse are both conic sections there was the provocative suggestion that perhaps some physical law unified these related paths of motion. ...
It has often happened in the history of mathematics and science that major problems remained outstanding... great minds... succeeded only in revealing the true difficulties... and in generating an atmosphere of dispair... Then a genius appeared... with ideas that seemed remarkably simple once propounded, clarified the entire situation, dispelled the confusion, restored order, and produced a new synthesis that embraced far more even than the phenomena under consideration. The genius who... picked up the torch of science dropped by Galileo, was Isaac Newton.- Morris Kline, Mathematics and the Physical World (1959)
- I shall try to sum up the main obstacles which arrested the progress of science for such an immeasurable time. The first was the splitting of the world into two spheres, and the mental split which resulted from it. The second was the geocentric dogma, the blind eye turned on the promising line of thought which had started with the Pythagoreans and stopped abruptly with Aristarchus of Samos. The third was the dogma of uniform motion in perfect circles. The fourth was the divorcement of science from mathematics. The fifth was the inability to realize that a body at rest tended to stay at rest, a body in motion tended to stay in motion. The main achievement of the first part of the scientific revolution was the removal of these five cardinal obstacles. This was done chiefly by three men: Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo. After that, the road was open to the Newtonian synthesis; from there on the journey led with rapidly gaining speed to the atomic age.
- The uomo universale of the Renaissance, who was artist and craftsman, philosopher and inventor, humanist and scientist, astronomer and monk, all in one, split up into his component parts. Art lost its mythical, science its mystical inspiration; man became again deaf to the harmony of the spheres. The Philosophy of Nature became ethically neutral, and "blind" became the favourite adjective for the working of natural law. The space-spirit hierarchy was replaced by the space-time continuum. ...man's destiny was no longer determined from "above" by a super-human wisdom and will, but from "below" by the sub-human agencies of glands, genes, atoms, or waves of probability. ...they could determine his fate, but could provide him with no moral guidance, no values and meaning. A puppet of the Gods is a tragic figure, a puppet suspended on his chromosomes is merely grotesque.
- Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe Epilogue (1959, 1963)
- What the founders of modern science … had to do, was not criticize and to combat certain faulty theories, and to correct or to replace them by better ones. They had to do something quite different. They had to destroy one world and replace it by another. They had to reshape the framework of our intellect itself, to restate and to reform its concepts, to evolve a new approach to Being, a new concept of knowledge, and a new concept of science — and even to replace a pretty natural approach, that of common sense, by another which is not natural at all.
- Alexandre Koyré, "Galileo to Plato" in the Journal of the History of Ideas (1957)
- The infinite Universe of the New Cosmology, infinite in Duration as well as Extension, in which eternal matter in accordance with eternal and necessary laws moves endlessly and aimlessly in eternal space, inherited all the ontological attributes of Divinity. Yet only those — all the others the departed God took with him... The Divine Artifex had therefore less and less to do in the world. He did not even have to conserve it, as the world, more and more, became able to dispense with this service...
- Alexandre Koyré, From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe (1957)
- There is something for which Newton — or better to say not Newton alone, but modern science in general — can still be made responsible: it is splitting of our world in two. I have been saying that modern science broke down the barriers that separated the heavens and the earth, and that it united and unified the universe. And that is true. But, as I have said, too, it did this by substituting for our world of quality and sense perception, the world in which we live, and love, and die, another world — the world of quantity, or reified geometry, a world in which, though there is place for everything, there is no place for man. Thus the world of science — the real world — became estranged and utterly divorced from the world of life, which science has been unable to explain — not even to explain away by calling it "subjective".
- Alexandre Koyré, Newtonian Studies (1965)
- Here, then: a revolution [in science and chemistry] has taken place in an important part of human knowledge since your departure from Europe... I will consider this revolution to be well advanced and even completely accomplished if you range yourself with us. ...After having brought you up to date on what is happening in chemistry, it would be well to speak to you about our political revolution. We regard it as done and without any possibility of return to the old order.
- Antoine Lavoisier, Letter to Benjamin Franklin (Feb 2, 1790) as quoted by I. Bernard Cohen, Revolution in Science (1985)
- He [ Kepler ] supposes, in that treatise [epitome of astronomy], that the motion of the sun on his axis is preserved by some inherent vital principle; that a certain virtue, or immaterial image of the sun, is diffused with his rays into the ambient spaces, and, revolving with the body of the sun on his axis, takes hold of the planets and carries them along with it in the same direction; as a load-stone turned round in the neighborhood of a magnetic needle makes it turn round at the same time. The planet, according to him, by its inertia endeavors to continue in its place, and the action of the sun's image and this inertia are in a perpetual struggle. He adds, that this action of the sun, like to his light, decreases as the distance increases; and therefore moves the same planet with greater celerity when nearer the sun, than at a greater distance. To account for the planet's approaching towards the sun as it descends from the aphelium to the perihelium, and receding from the sun while it ascends to the aphelium again, he supposes that the sun attracts one part of each planet, and repels the opposite part; and that the part which is attracted is turned towards the sun in the descent, and that the other part is towards the sun in the ascent. By suppositions of this kind he endeavored to account for all the other varieties of the celestial motions.
- In the opinion of one of the most eminent modem naturalists, it was Boyle who opened up those chemical inquiries, which went on accumulating until, a century later, they supplied the means by which Lavoisier and his contemporaries fixed the real basis of chemistry, and enabled it for the first time to take its proper stand among those sciences that deal with the external world.
- James Henry Monk, The Life of Richard Bentley, D.D.: Master of Trinity College (1833) Vol.1
- We offer this work as mathematical principles of philosophy; for all the difficulty of philosophy seems to consist in this—from the phænomena of motions to investigate the forces of nature, and then from these forces to demonstrate the other phænomena; and to this end the general propositions in the first and second book are directed. In the third book we give an example of this in the explication of the System of the World; for by the propositions mathematically demonstrated in the first book, we there derive from the celestial phænomena the forces of gravity with which bodies tend to the sun and the several planets. Then from these forces, by other propositions which are also mathematical, we deduce the motions of the planets, the comets, the moon, and the sea.
- Isaac Newton, Preface, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) Tr. Andrew Motte (1803) Vol. 1
- Most authors were led to identify the birth of scientific method with what, not by accident, is called the Scientific Renaissance, and that until the nineteenth century the civilization that gave us science was not even considered worthy of that name: it was just a "period of decadence" of Greek civilization.
- Lucio Russo, "The Erasure of the Scientific Revolution" in The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn (2004)
- The age-long history of thinking on gravitation, too, was erased from the collective consciousness, and that force somehow became the serendipitous child of Newton's genius. The new attitude is well illustrated by the anecdote of the apple, a legend spread by Voltaire, one of the most active and vehement erasers of the past. … The need to build the myth of an ex nihilo creation of modern science gave rise to much impassioned rhetoric.
- Lucio Russo, "The Erasure of Ancient Science" in The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn (2004)
- Not only can any given theory be proven wrong... sooner or later it probably will be. And when it is, the occasion will mark the success of science, not its failure. This was the pivotal insight of the Scientific Revolution: that the advancement of knowledge depends on current theories collapsing in the face of new insights and discoveries. In this model of progress, errors do not lead us away from truth. Instead, they edge us incrementally toward it.
- Kathryn Schulz, Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error (2011)
- This is another important dispute in the history of how we think about being wrong: whether error represents an obstacle in the path toward truth, or the path itself. The former idea is a conventional one. The latter... emerged during the Scientific Revolution and continued to evolve throughout the Enlightenment. But it didn't really reach its zenith until the early nineteenth century, when... Pierre Simon Laplace refined the distribution of errors, illustrated by the now-familiar bell curve. ...Laplace used the bell curve to determine the precise orbit of the planets. ...By using the normal distribution to graph... individually imperfect data points, Laplace was able to generate a far more precise picture of the galaxy. ...aggregate enough flawed data, and you get a glimpse of the truth.
- Kathryn Schulz, Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error (2011)
- Newton proposed that the particles of the air (we would call them molecules), were motionless in space and were held apart by repulsive forces between them... He assumed that the repulsive force was inversely proportional to the distance between the particles...He showed that, on the basis of this assumption, a collection of static particles in a box would behave exactly as Boyle had found. His model led directly to Boyle's law. Probably the greatest scientist ever, Newton managed to get the right answer from a model that was wrong in every possible way.
- Brian L. Silver, The Ascent of Science (1998)
- The Hon. Robert Boyle... in the third volume of the folio edition of his work, is a paper having the following title, "That the Goods of Mankind may be much Increased by the Naturalist's Insight into Trades." This paper contains... the first attempt at a philosophical recognition of the value and importance of the industrial arts of mankind. In it we recognise the early effort of a man of science seeking to call the attention of the learned and great of his time to what he aptly denominates the Natural History of Trades. ...He contends that the benefit accruing from such an inquiry would be mutual, both to the learned in natural knowledge, and to the skilled in industrial art.
- Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, The Industry of Nations: As Exemplified in the Great Exhibition of 1851 (1852) Part 1, Ch.2 History of Exhibitions
- The founders of modern science - for instance, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton - were mostly pious men who did not doubt God's purposes. Nevertheless they took the revolutionary step of consciously and deliberately expelling the idea of purpose as controlling nature from their new science of nature. They did this on the ground that inquiry into purposes is useless for what science aims at: namely, the prediction and control of events. To predict an eclipse, what you have to know is not its purpose but its causes. Hence science from the seventeenth century onwards became exclusively an inquiry into causes. The conception of purpose in the world was ignored and frowned on. This, though silent and almost unnoticed, was the greatest revolution in human history, far outweighing in importance any of the political revolutions whose thunder has reverberated through the world.
- Walter Terence Stace in Man against Darkness (1948)
- Newton did not show the cause of the apple falling, but he shewed a similitude between the apple and the stars. By doing so he turned old facts into new knowledge; and was well content if he could bring diverse phenomenon under "two or three Principles of Motion" even "though the Causes of these Principles were not yet discovered."
- Gilbert, in his work, De Magnete printed in 1600 has only some vague notions that the magnetic virtue of the earth in some way determines the direction of the earth's axis, the rate of its diurnal rotation, and that of the revolution of the moon about it. Gilbert died in 1603, and in his posthumous work (De Mundo nostro Sublunari Philosophia nova, 1631) we have already a more distinct statement of the attraction of one body by another. "The force which emanates from the moon reaches to the earth, and, in like manner, the magnetic virtue of the earth pervades the region of the moon: both correspond and conspire by the joint action of both, according to a proportion and conformity of motions, but the earth has more effect in consequence of its superior mass; the earth attracts and repels, the moon, and the moon within certain limits, the earth; not so as to make the bodies come together, as magnetic bodies do, but so that they may go on in a continuous course." Though this phraseology is capable of representing a good deal of the truth, it does not appear to have been connected... with any very definite notions of mechanical action in detail.
- William Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences (1859) Vol.1 p. 394
- The inquiry into Nature having thus been pursued nearly two thousand years theologically, we find by the middle of the sixteenth century some promising beginnings of a different method—the method of inquiry into Nature scientifically—the method which seeks not plausibilities but facts.
- The main importance of Francis Bacon's influence does not lie in any peculiar theory of inductive reasoning which he happened to express, but in the revolt against second-hand information of which he was a leader.
- Alfred North Whitehead, The Aims of Education (1929)
- During the Middle Ages the universe was regarded as finite, with the earth at its centre. The idea was abandoned during the Scientific Renaissance, and the universe came to be pictured as an indefinitely large number of stars scattered throughout infinite Euclidean space. This conception appeared to be a necessary consequence of the theory of gravitation; for, as Newton pointed out, a finite material universe in infinite space would tend to concentrate in one massive lump.
- Gerald James Whitrow, The Structure of the Universe: An Introduction to Cosmology (1949)


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It's time for a new challenge at SJ Crafts, and this month the theme is 'All About The Boy', with an added extra to use up something that's been in you stash for a while! You can see the challenge here, to take a look at the other DT examples, and to enter if you like - the deadline is the 20th of June.
Here's my page, 'Dinosaur Roar':
It was easy to think of an old item from my stash to use, as I've had these Archaic papers for years - waiting for me to have a baby boy, to dress in a dinosaur costume. If I hadn't had my own I'd eventually have borrowed an unsuspecting friend's baby, just to dress up for a photo shoot :-)
I'm sure I could have used the papers on a different layout really, but I kept ignoring them in my stash because they were quite detailed and I find that harder to work with. But for such a cute photo I pushed myself to overcome this - and did so by cutting a wavy strip from one paper to layer behind the photo, and fussy-cutting circles from the same paper, and dinosaurs from the other, to scatter around the page. With a few pearls added too for a little extra shine!
What items do you have hanging around in your stash? Are they waiting for the perfect photo, or are you not sure how to use them?


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There is no need to dump Granger or not resign West because of Roy's contract at the moment.
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Well said. And with that, this seems like a good place for this:
And this is just my general overall feeling about this thread...
However, THIS could be a good reason to actually trade Hibbert...
And... scene.
Thank you for your time.
Strongly disagree with this statement. Jeff Foster started more than one season for the Pacers team with Miller, Tinsley, JO, Artest, Jackson that won 60 games. Foster was an ideal pf/c for that team. He was also only 4-5 seasons into his career. Foster in his prime quite possibly is the best pf/center we had. more specifically center. dale davis was great as well but talk about zero offensive game. dale would fiinsh near the rim no doubt.
the foster thtat played two seasons ago vs the bulls in the postseaoson was lights out. or the foster that pulled down like 21 rebounds in a detroit pistons postseason game.. half of which were offensive rebournds. Foster was is in his own right a BAMF as well. defenswively he pissed players off and was always solid on putbacks and made great passes.
point is. even the Foster from two seasons ago vs the bulls was probably in many respects better than Smits or Hibbert. Fosters back would not allow him to play the same minutes. otherwise on a team like this one where scoring is not requird from the center, Foster would probably average 15 rebounds a game and 7 pts. would probably lead lg in offensive rebounds. unselfish and smart.
smits was not durable, and only gave you offesne. he was right for those teams because offense was needed.
Foster was a helluva lot more than a carreer backup. he did everything but score. and thats not a bad thning to have on certain teams where offense is alreadythere.. JO, Artest, Miller, Jackson, Tinsley... Foster did the dirty work and he did it very damn well.
i disagree with dealing Hibbert. I do not think he is as overpaid as some on here believe. the "LITERALLY" stealing money from pacers is an extermist OP.
for conversations sake. what is that everyone on here believes Hibbert should be paid? if the contract could be reworked and negotiated right now what would you expect to see Hibbert paid
:laugh: The lifelong backup who started 79 out of 82 games for an ECF 61-win team and who started 345 out of 764 career games. Oh, Lord that's hilarious.
55% of the time... it's right every time.
If I had both the time and skill... I'd love to edit that gif. Put a sign on the shopping cart, "Trade Market." Replace the kid tossing the cereal box with the kid tossing Roy's head with a concerned look on his face, cut to the Dikembe swat, showing a now smiling/happy Hibbert floating way...
This thread is still happening?
This needs to be done...
Jeff Foster (Career Avg)-
764 345 20.6 1.9 3.9 .497 0.0 0.1 .130 1.0 1.7 .615 2.8 4.1 6.9 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.8 2.5 4.9
Mel Daniels (Career Avg)-
639 35.2 7.3 15.6 .468 0.0 0.1 .088 3.8 5.8 .657 4.5 10.4 14.9 1.8 0.6 1.5 3.0 3.6 18.4
I loved me some Jeff Foster, but lets get real here. Hans is already a better overall player than Jeff. To say otherwise is willful ignorance of the facts.
G GS MP FG FGA FG% 3P 3PA 3P% FT FTA FT% ORB DRB TRB AST STL BLK TOV PF PTS Foster 764 345 21 2 3.9 0.5 0 0.1 0.13 1 1.7 0.62 2.8 4.1 6.9 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.8 3 4.9 Hans 216 30 20 3 7.2 0.43 0 0 0 3 3.8 0.77 1.9 2.8 4.6 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.9 2 9.1
And we would get killed even worse with Foster starting.
Sorry you lost me, claiming tyler being better than Foster is insane, go over that stat row, and you will see WHY Jeff was at least twice the player hansboroough is. Oh wait, I get it, you only look at the points avg, I seeeeee, lol well that explains ALL. In fact the entire thread is explained in one go, shall I lock it now ?
I actually agree with you on the comparison. It's inaccurate to try to gauge a player with a 13 year career vs. one 4 years in the league. For a more accurate comparison, here's Jeff's 4th year averages vs. Tyler's 4th year:
Season Age Tm Lg Pos G GS MP FG FGA FG% 3P 3PA 3P% FT FTA FT% ORB DRB TRB AST STL BLK TOV PF PTS foster 2002-03 26 IND NBA C 77 2 10 1 2.3 0.36 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.54 1.5 2.1 3.6 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.4 1 2.1 hans 2012-13 27 IND NBA PF 51 0 16 2 4.6 0.43 0 0 0 3 3.5 0.73 1.6 2.5 4.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.8 2 6.4
So in each players' fourth year as a pro, one player has seen more floor time, got to the stripe more and converted, gotten more rebounds and averaged 3x more points. And the other one is Jeff Foster.
And I also agree that the sooner this thread is taken out back and shot, the better the internet in general will be.
what am i looking at here that proves Tyler > Foster? The 4ppg more at a lower shooting percentage? You can't be serious. The only thing Tyler does better than Jeff and will only do better than Jeff is score. Foster dominated on the glass, especially offensively, was a superior defender and a better passer.
[QUOTE]HA. im a big Hans supporter and he is no where near the player Fiesty Foster was in his prime. Foster was 6'10 easy and could gaurd most teams Centers. Even did a decent job against Shaq.
Foster better passer, rebounder, defender, leader, and played just as hard. Foster was a better version of Dennis Rodman. Foster dominated games with his offensive rebounding.
The only reason he no longer started for this team was due to back problems. If i had a healthy Foster in his prime or HIbbs right now i would take Foster. if Hibbert hits his prime with some offensive game then i would reconsider. I would take Foster over Smits as well for the long haul, other than a 3 year career run under Bird Smits had durability issues.
Hans better than Foster right now. C'mon Man.


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Apple's takeover of Beats Audio has left many of us scratching our heads. Beats may be cool but Apple really doesn't need to get into the headphone market, and $3 billion is a lot to pay for the Beats Music streaming service that was launched less than six months ago.
Spotify, on the other hand, is well-established in the music streaming market and would instantly give Apple's iTunes Radio service a much higher profile. More importantly, Spotify has millions of subscribers in countries all around the world, while iTunes Radio is currently only available in the US and Australia.


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Don't forget that you can find even more wines in our wine shop in Kilkenny. If you are interested in ordering wine for your restaurant or business, call us today to discuss your options, we would be happy to help.
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Bodegas Cortigo De La Vieja, Iniza 4 Cepas


text: The European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics makes available for free downloads their past as well as current issues. One recent issue of particular interest is the April 2011 issue for Unconventional Computing Paradigms downloadable here. A preview for this issue is as follows: ERCIM News 85Unconventional ComputationKeynote by Susan StepneyThe mathematician Stanislaw Ulam is famously quoted as saying that using a term like nonlinear science is like referring to the bulk of zoology as the study of non-elephant animals (Campbell, Farmer, Crutchfield, Jen. "Experimental Mathematics: the role of computation in nonlinear science". Comms.ACM 28(4):374-84, 1985). Unconventional, or non-classical, computation is a similar term: the study of non-Turing computation. But how big is its associated field? Whereas zoology has the advantage of studying many kinds of non-elephants, non-classical computer scientists are currently restricted to studying a few relatively primitive, or dimly seen, or merely hypothesised, devices. Introduction to the Special theme - Quantum ComputingSpecial Theme by Jiri ValaWe are living at the beginning of a quantum revolution which will no doubt have a profound impact on all aspects of our lives. Quantum systems, which were once restricted to academic research, are now becoming a technological reality. This inevitable evolution is particularly well documented in the context of information and communication technologies where the first quantum devices are becoming available commercially. In 1994, a pioneering experiment by Leonard Adleman showed that DNA could be used to solve mathematical problems by exploiting its capability to store and process information and using molecular biology tools to perform arithmetic or logic operations on the encoded data. Since then, the interest of researchers in the area of (bio-)molecular computing has been growing continuously, taking the discipline well beyond the original idea of using biological molecules as fundamental components of computing devices. |


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An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
Benteboh Early OriginsThe surname Benteboh was first found in Middlesex, where they held a family seat from the Middle Ages. Benteboh Spelling VariationsBenteboh Spelling VariationsUntil the dictionary, an invention of only the last few hundred years, the English language lacked any comprehensive system of spelling rules. Consequently, spelling variations in names are frequently found in early Anglo-Saxon and later Anglo-Norman documents. One person's name was often spelled several different ways over a lifetime. The recorded variations of Benteboh include Benbow, Bendbow, Benbowe, Bendbowe, Benbough, Bendebowe and many more. Benteboh Early HistoryBenteboh Early HistoryThis web page shows only a small excerpt of our Benteboh research. Another 191 words (14 lines of text) covering the years 1349, 1440, 1545, 1585, 1607, 1623, 1653, 1653, 1702, 1702, 1883, 1681, 1708 and 1729 are included under the topic Early Benteboh History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Benteboh Early Notables (pre 1700)Benteboh Early Notables (pre 1700)Distinguished members of the family include Rear-Admiral John Benbow (1653-1702), whose most famous exploit took place in August 1702 when he kept up a running fight for four days with a French squadron off St Marta in the West Indies after being deserted by most of his fleet, eponym of three... Another 117 words (8 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Benteboh Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. The Great MigrationThe Great MigrationThousands of English families boarded ships sailing to the New World in the hope of escaping the unrest found in England at this time. Although the search for opportunity and freedom from persecution abroad took the lives of many because of the cramped conditions and unsanitary nature of the vessels, the opportunity perceived in the growing colonies of North America beckoned. Many of the settlers who survived the journey went on to make important contributions to the transplanted cultures of their adopted countries. The Benteboh were among these contributors, for they have been located in early North American records: Ann Benbow who sailed to Virginia in 1652. Benteboh Family Crest ProductsBenteboh Family Crest ProductsSee AlsoSee AlsoCitationsCitationsOther References
The Benteboh Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Benteboh Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname. This page was last modified on 11 September 2013 at 10:20. Sign Up
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For Sale:
Crockett & Jones for Brooks Brothers wingtip shoes 10D / 9D oxfords
Will Ship To: USA
Rare Brooks Brothers pebble grain oxfords made in England by C&J in size 9D but I believe this is 10D US. Outer measurement is 12" exactly x 4.25" at widest and 11" inside. Quality is outstanding, high grade. Color is a charcoal dark gray. Worn for an hour, literally. Store price around $695. Comes with cloth and priority shipping included.


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Brentwood School, Essex
Coordinates: 51°37′13″N 0°18′25″E / 51.62028°N 0.30694°E
Mottoes | Virtue, learning and manners Incipe Latin: Make a good start |
Established | 1557 |
Type | Independent day and boarding |
Religion | Church of England |
Headmaster | Mr D I Davies |
Second Master | Mr D Taylor |
Chairman of Governors | Mr C Finch |
Founder | Sir Antony Browne |
Location | Middleton Hall Lane Brentwood Essex CM15 8EE England |
DfE number | 881/6035 |
DfE URN | 115429 Tables |
Staff | 137 |
Capacity | 1570[1] |
Students | 1,531[1] |
Gender | Coeducational (Diamond Model)[1] |
Ages | 3[1]–19[1] |
Houses | North South East West Weald Mill Hill Hough (male boarders) |
Colours | Blue |
Publications | The Brentwoodian (student produced) Brentwood School Times The Chronicle of the Society of Old Brentwoods |
Campus size | 72 acres (29 ha) |
School years | Preparatory–sixth form |
Website | Brentwood School |
Brentwood School is a selective, independent day and boarding school in Brentwood, Essex, UK. The school comprises a preparatory school, senior school and sixth form, as well as boarding provision for both boys and girls. The school is coeducational, but employs the "Diamond Model". The school is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, the IAPS and the AGBIS.
Founded in 1557 and opened in 1558, the school has a Tudor schoolroom, a Victorian chapel and several Grade II listed buildings. Situated on Ingrave Road, astride Middleton Hall Lane and Shenfield Road, the school is set in over 72 acres (29 ha) of land in the centre of Brentwood.[2] The current headmaster is Ian Davies.
16th–18th century[edit]
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The licence to found the school as The Grammar School of Antony Browne, Serjeant at the Law, in Brentwood was granted by Mary I to Sir Antony Browne on 5 July 1558 and the first schoolmaster, George Otway, was appointed on 28 July 1558.
In 1568 the school moved to a purpose built school room, which is extant. The commemoration stone was laid by Browne's stepdaughter, Dorothy Huddleston, and her husband Edward, Browne himself having died in 1567.[3]
The school room is beside the site of the execution of nineteen-year-old William Hunter, who was burned at the stake for denying the doctrine of transubstantiation. The Martyr's Elm grew, allegedly, on the spot of his immolation. It was Browne who, as a Justice of the Peace under Queen Mary, had sentenced Hunter. Some mistakenly believe the school was founded as Browne's penance for Hunter's martyrdom when Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne; in reality, the school was already in operation under Mary's licence when Elizabeth succeeded.
Although Browne had drawn up statutes for the school, they were never legally adopted and so were re-drawn in 1622 by his descendants and John Donne, Dean of St Paul's.[3]
19th century[edit]
Brentwood School Combined Cadet Force (CCF) was founded in 1861 and so is one of the earliest CCFs in the country.[4]
20th century[edit]
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60 Old Brentwoods were killed on active service during the First World War and 173 during the Second World War. Their names are listed in the school chapel, and commemorated by the Memorial Hall for the first war and the pavilion for the second.
In 1957 Her Majesty The Queen visited the school to open the science block, named the Queen's Building in her honour.
The school was a direct grant grammar school from the 1960s until the abolition of the scheme in 1977.
Brentwood was originally a boys' school, but the Governors made the decision to allow a small number of girls to enter the sixth form in 1974. The first girl, Lesley Hall, join the school as a full-time pupil in the sixth form; by the early 1980s there were 23 girls in the sixth form. Initially based in Newnum House, the girls' school opened in 1988, admitting girls from ages 11 to 18. The preparatory school followed suit ten years later.
The FoBS (Friends of Brentwood School) was founded in 1982 to help raise funds for the school, mainly via large events and excursions for pupils.
21st century[edit]
In 2007, Brentwood School celebrated its 450th anniversary with a commemorative service in St Paul's Cathedral.
The school's Combined Cadet Force (CCF) celebrated its 150th anniversary on 8 October 2011 by holding a special afternoon of events featuring a Guard of Honour by Lt General Brown CBE. The Royal British Legion Youth Band of Brentwood played at the start and end of the afternoon.[5]
In 2012, The Earl of Wessex visited the school to open the new sixth form centre, featuring a 400-seat auditorium, named The Wessex Auditorium in his honour.[citation needed]
In 2016, work finished on a new academic centre in the heart of the School, named the Bean Academic Centre after former Headmaster Edwin Bean, quadrupling the size of the original library.[citation needed]
School motto[edit]
The school has two mottoes: Virtue, learning and manners, derived from the school statutes of 1622, and Incipe, a Latin (lang-la|to begin) motto added in the 19th century. The school promotes Incipe as make a good start, especially to first year senior school pupils and in the preparatory school, which has a publication named after it. It is recognised, though, that Virtue, learning and manners is the official whole school motto.[citation needed]
School arms[edit]
The arms of Brentwood School are derived from those of the founder, Sir Antony Browne, and his wife.
As part of the commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the school's founding, a special variant of Sir Antony Browne's Coat of Arms was granted by the Honourable Sir George Rothe Bellew, Garter Principal King of Arms and Sir John Dunamace Heaton-Armstrong, Clarenceux King of Arms on 19 July 1957. A red border was added to the arms to distinguish them as the school's, as opposed to those of Browne.[6]
There are five day houses, named North Town, South Town, East Town, West Town, and Weald, and two boarding houses, Mill Hill for girls and Hough House for boys. The boarding houses together make up up a sixth house, School house. The school was entirely boarding until the 1940s, but as Brentwood grew into the large commuter town that it is today, demand for day education increased and the number of boarding houses was reduced accordingly. The boarding houses are home to c.60 pupils, many from countries such as Hong Kong, China, Russia, India, Germany and Italy.[citation needed]
Competitions in sport, music, drama, debating and other activities are held on a regular basis between the houses. Pupils' housemembership can be determined by the style of their tie; yellow for North, red for South, light blue for East, dark blue for West and claret for Weald. The boarding boys wear a maroon tie with a double silver stripe and boarding girls wear green ties with a double silver stripe.[citation needed]
The school elects a group of sixth form students to become praepostors (praes) each year. These are usually students with academic or sporting strengths and those involved in the local community. Being appointed a praepostor means increased responsibility in the school. Praes return to school outside normal school hours to help organize and facilitate events, and they are the main representatives of the pupil body throughout the school. Senior praes are praepostors with a greater level of responsibility and are typically asked to contribute more. They are also expect to delegate work to other praes and students. The Head of School is elected by the staff.[citation needed]
The school today[edit]
The school is separated into three sections: the preparatory school (ages 3 to 11), the senior school (ages 11 to 16) and the sixth form (ages 16 to 18). Brentwood operates in a diamond school format, in which the preparatory school and sixth form are co-educational while the senior school teaches boys and girls separately.
Brentwood Preparatory School teaches children aged 3–11, from Nursery through to Year 6. Classes are usually small, with an average size of 20 per class. The prep school follows the National Curriculum, but teaches some supplementary subjects such as French and Latin. There is also a broad extracurricular programme, which all pupils are encouraged to follow, featuring dance, drama and music, as well as sports such as hockey and golf.[7]
The senior school teaches pupils from the age of 11 until the end of GCSE courses at 16+. Many pupils move into the senior school from the preparatory school, but others are drawn from other local primary and preparatory schools; around 1/3 of pupils join the school from the maintained sector.[8] Admission to the senior school is by entrance examination. In addition to core subjects (English, mathematics, sciences, MFL), pupils' GCSE and IGCSE options include computer science, drama, DT, food technology, geography, Greek, history, Latin, music, RS[9]
The sixth form is for pupils aged 16‑18 who are studying for 'A' levels and the International Baccalaureate. There are currently c.300 pupils in the sixth form. 'A' level options include classics, computer science, DT, economics, English literature, history, mathematics and MFL.[10]
The school has a strong sporting tradition, in both intra- and extramural terms. Sports offered include Association football, cricket, fencing, gymnastics, hockey, netball, rifle shooting, Rugby football, squash, swimming and tennis. School teams have met with some success over the years, for example winning the Essex Schools FA Cup three times in four seasons.[11] Historically, the school has been successful in the Public Schools Fencing Championships, winning the overall title 34 times since 1962.[citation needed] In netball, the girls' U13 netball team won the 2015/6 national finals to be crowned National Champions.[citation needed]
Improvements to sporting facilities in recent years have included a 25-metre indoor swimming-pool and learner pool, a fitness suite, 4 additional squash courts and an indoor rifle range. The school is set in 72 acres (29 ha) of grounds and has two playing-fields; one is situated directly on the school site and another, The Heseltines, adjacent to the school. These contain football, rugby, cricket and hockey pitches, an all-weather AstroTurf pitch, tennis and netball courts, an athletics track and field, and woods used for cross-country runs. In 2013, an additional AstroTurf was completed for the preparatory school.[citation needed] Ex-England test cricketer Geraint Jones is the school's cricket coach.
Drama and music[edit]
The school hosts various theatrical performances and shows. In any academic year the theatrical line-up will include a winter/spring play/musical, a sixth-form comedy charity show and a dance show. Recent shows have included My Fair Lady and Habeas Corpus, Les Misérables and West Side Story. Every year the school holds inter-house music and drama competitions, often with guest adjudicators.[citation needed]
The school has a long musical tradition, and a close association with Brentwood (Roman Catholic) and Chelmsford (Anglican) cathedrals; a number of pupils and staff sing in the choir of each cathedral. The music department has 3 full-time teaching staff and 20 visiting teachers. In 1996, Brentwood was the first school in the country[citation needed] to use Sibelius software and ever since has been an integral part of the Music departments GCSE, A-level and IB music courses. A Sibelius suite is available in the school's music department for student and staff use.
There is a range of musical opportunities with a symphony orchestra, brass and string ensembles, a junior choir, a choral society (known in the school as Christmas Choir) and a barbershop group. Recent choral performances have included Belshazzar's Feast (Walton), the Requiems of Mozart, Verdi and Fauré, and Gloria by Poulenc. The Brentwood Shool Big Band, which is now in its 34th year, often performs concerts for charity outside school and tours European every other year.[12] The Big Band has released a number of albums, most recently "Music to Drive By" in 2013. In 2008, the year of Brentwood School's 450th Anniversary, the school took part in a service in St Paul's Cathedral, in which the choir performed various English choral works. In the same year, a cantata The Old Red Wall, composed by the former Director of Music David Pickthall, was premiered at the 450th Anniversary Festival at the Brentwood Centre. The cantata was based on the school song The Old Red Wall and featured new text by David Dunn.[citation needed]
Model United Nations[edit]
Since 2013, Brentwood has hosted an annual Model United Nations (BMUN) conference.[13][14] In the past it has been a one-day conference, however in 2015 it lasted for two days (5 and 6 December).[15] Students from schools across the south east attend and it has a capacity of approximately 200 students.
Sir Antony Browne Society (SABS)[edit]
SABS is a society that focuses on furthering the education of sixth formers through a series of guest speakers and debates. Junior SABS is available for the younger pupils. Regular meetings are held in Old Big School, at which students are able to experience lectures on societal issues or topics to concerning science, the arts and sport, or a members' debate. Old Brentwoods such as Jack Straw and Griff Rhys Jones are regular speakers. Other speakers have been political figures, such as George Galloway[16] and Vicky Pryce,[17] and the philosopher A. C. Grayling.[18]
Royal visits and connections[edit]
The licence to found the school was granted by Queen Mary to Sir Antony Browne on 5 July 1558.[citation needed] Brentwood School continues to play host to Royal visitors. Her Majesty The Queen visited the school in 1957 to open the new science department,[19] now named The Queens Building. On the first Saturday of Trinity Term 1957, the Lord Lieutenant of Essex, Col. Sir Francis Whitmore, had laid the foundation stone of this new science department.[20]
The Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex has visited the school twice since the millennium. In 2011 he was invited as guest of honour at the opening ceremony of the new sixth form centre and the naming of the Wessex Auditorium.[21] The Earl also attended an inspection of a Combined Cadet Force Guard of Honour.
In November 2012, Anne, Princess Royal visited the School, using the First XI cricket square as an impromptu helipad.[22]
RIBA Award[edit]
In 2012, Brentwood School's sixth form centre was winner of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) East of England Award. The institute described the development as having drawn "inspiration from the existing Victorian vicarage" and that "the new design is expressed in a language that is both contextual and contemporary. The sculpting of the roofs creates non-standard, domestic-scaled classrooms filled with natural light, reminiscent of the gabled roofs of the Victorian vicarage, but with an added measure of playfulness."[23]
Sexual abuse allegations[edit]
In 1997 Gareth Stafford-Bull, who taught fencing at the school (and was also an under-20s coach for the England fencing team), went missing and was sacked by the school in his absence following allegations that he had indecently assaulted pupils.[24] The 41-year-old was later found dead in his car at Brighton.[25]
Notable former pupils[edit]
Old Brentwoods are those who have attended the school (preparatory, senior school or sixth form) for any length of time. The logo used to represent Old Brentwoods and the Society of Old Brentwoods is the wing and claw, derived from the arms of Sir Antony Browne. A crown was added to the logo in 1957 to celebrate The Queen's visit to the school.[26]
The colours of Old Brentwoods are dark blue, light blue and gold. Light blue and dark blue were traditionally featured as stripes on the blazers of Old Brentwoods[citation needed] and are still used today to represent the alumni community. The colours were carried across to the alumni logo, with the addition of gold on the inclusion of the crown in 1957.
Notable Old Brentwoods[edit]
Also see the school's own list of Old Brentwoods at [27]
- David Acfield (born 1947), cricketer and Olympic fencer[28]
- Douglas Adams (1952–2001), author of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy[29]
- Keith Allen (born 1953), comedian, actor, singer and writer (father of the singer Lily Allen)[30]
- Peter Allen (born 1946), BBC broadcaster and journalist,[31]
- Sir Hardy Amies (1909–2003), Couturier and Dressmaker by Appointment to Her Majesty The Queen[32]
- Peter Barker (born 1983), squash player and influential member of winning English team in European Team Championships 2006[33]
- Charles Bean (1879–1963), historian of Australian Forces in World War I.[34]
- Charlie Bean (born 1953), Executive Director and Chief Economist of the Bank of England[citation needed]
- Guy Black, Baron Black of Brentwood ( (born 1964), former Press Secretary to Michael Howard, and Director of PCC
- George Cansdale (1909-1993), zoologist and broadcaster
- Patrick Carter, Baron Carter of Coles (born 1946), politician and life peer
- Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain (1856–1944), army officer, Inspector-General of the Royal Irish Constabulary and inventor of snooker
- Philip Arthur William Collins (1923–2007), Dickensian scholar and emeritus professor of English, Leicester University[35]
- Roger Cowley (born 1939), professor of experimental philosophy at the University of Oxford
- Sir Robin Day (1923–2000), broadcaster (attended the school 1934 - 1938)[36]
- Ralph Dellor, (born 1952), cricket broadcaster, journalist and first chairman of the England and Wales Cricket Board Coaches Association [37]
- Sir David Eady (born 1943), High Court Judge
- David Eldridge (born 1973), playwright
- Noel Edmonds (born 1948), disc jockey and broadcaster
- Stephen Fleet (1936–2006), Master of Downing College, Cambridge
- Howard Flight (born 1948), Conservative politician
- Sir Roderick Floud (born 1942), academic, Vice-President of the European Universities Association
- Fabian Hamilton (born 1955), Labour politician
- Neil Harris (born 1977), footballer
- Eddie Hearn, sports promoter
- Keith Hopkins (1934–2004), influential historian and sociologist, Professor of Ancient History at the University of Cambridge
- David Irving (born 1938), writer and Holocaust denier
- Chris Jarvis (born 1969), television presenter
- Paul Neil Milne Johnstone (1952–2004) poet and butt of Douglas Adams' jokes in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
- Nic Jones (born 1947), musician
- Frank Lampard (born 1978), footballer
- Andrew Lansley (born 1956), Conservative politician, Leader of the House of Commons 2012–present, former Secretary of State for Health
- Elliot Lee (born 1994), footballer
- Olly Lee (born 1991), footballer
- Frank Godbould Lee (1903–1971), civil servant and Master of Corpus Christi College, University of Cambridge
- Sir Ralph Murray (1908–1983), diplomat
- Jodie Marsh (born 1978), glamour model
- Ian Martin (born 1948), Special Representative of the Secretary General of the UN & Secretary-General of Amnesty International
- Derek Martinus, TV director
- Jake Maskall (born 1971), actor
- Robert Andrew Muter Macindoe Ogilvie (1853–1938), England international footballer[38]
- Hal Ozsan (born 1976), actor
- Michael Peppiatt (born 1941), writer and art historian
- Eric Peters (born 1969), rugby player
- Ian Pont (born 1961), professional cricketer, international coach and author
- David Pickthall (born 1958), conductor and composer[39]
- Penny Rimbaud (born Jeremy Ratter 1943), drummer, poet and founder of punk band Crass
- Griff Rhys Jones (born 1953), comedian and actor
- Stewart Robson (born 1964), footballer
- Sir John Rogers (1928), Air Chief Marshal in the Royal Air Force and member of the FIA World Motor Sport Council[40]
- Vivian Rosewarne (1917 – May 1940) Wellington bomber pilot memorialised in the 1941 film An Airman's Letter to His Mother[41]
- Duncan Sanderson (born 1948), musician
- Sir Nick Scheele (born 1943), former President of the Ford Motor Company
- Daryl Selby (born 1982), professional squash player
- Asad Shan model and actor
- Bob Simpson (1944–2006), BBC journalist[42]
- Sir Peter Stothard (born 1951), former editor of The Times
- Jack Straw (born 1946), Labour politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain 2007–2010
- Charles Thomson (born 1953), founder of the Stuckists art movement
- Michael Francis Tompsett (born 1939), inventor of CCD imagers
- Paul Wickens (born 1956) musician, usually known as "Wix"
- Teerathep Winothai (born 1985), Thai footballer
- Sir Denis Wright (1911–2005) ambassador and author[43][44]
- Stephen Yardley (born 1942), actor
- ^ a b c d e "Brentwood School". education.gov.uk. HM Government. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
- ^ Brentwood Borough Council Web Team. "Brentwood Borough Council". Brentwood.gov.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ a b Historical Notes from Brentwood School, School Lists (AKA The Blue Book)
- ^ "Combined Cadet Force". Brentwoodschool.co.uk. 12 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ "CCF 150th Anniversary at Brentwood School". Brentwoodschool.co.uk. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ Christe-Murray, David. The Arms of Brentwood School. Middlesex; Hubners Ltd.
- ^ "Preparatory School". Brentwoodschool.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ John Sugden; et al. "Integrated Inspection Report 2013". isi.net. ISI. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
- ^ "GCSE Course content" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2016.
- ^ "Sixth Form Academic Prospectus" (PDF). .netdna-ssl.com. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
- ^ "Brentwood School footballers lift U15 Essex Cup". Brentwoodschool.co.uk. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ [1] Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ http://www.brentwoodmun.co.uk
- ^ http://www.brentwoodschool.co.uk/senior-school/senior-school-news/school-hosts-inaugural-mun-event.html
- ^ http://www.brentwoodschool.co.uk/senior-school/model-united-nations
- ^ "Outspoken MP revisits Brentwood School". Brentwoodschool.co.uk. 21 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ "Economist Vicky Pryce speaks at SABS". Brentwoodschool.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ "Famous English Philosopher, Dr Anthony Grayling, lectures at Brentwood School". Brentwoodschool.co.uk. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ "Reunion Evening for 1957 Leavers". Brentwoodschool.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Archive | Homepage - Echo". Echo-news.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ "Brentwood School Sixth Form Centre & Assembly Hall". Architecture.com. 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ ""Fencing Tutor in Abuse Inquiry Is Fired" - The Mail on Sunday (London, England), May 4, 1997 | Questia, Your Online Research Library". Questia.com. 1997-05-04. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ "Suspect dies; News in brief.(Home news) - Version details - Trove". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ "School History". Brentwoodschool.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ "Famous OBs". Brentwoodschool.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ^ "David Acfield; England". http://www.espncricinfo.com/. ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2016. External link in
(help) - ^ Adams, Douglas (2002). The Salmon of Doubt: Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-76657-1.
- ^ Billen, Andrew (2006). "I had a great time in borstal". The Times. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/biographies/biogs/radiofivelive/peter_allen.shtml
- ^ McDowell, Colin (6 March 2003). "Obituary: Sir Hardy Amies". www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
- ^ Dunlop PSA World Rankings
- ^ "C E W Bean". http://trove.nla.gov.au/. The Western Herald. 10 October 1958. Retrieved 20 November 2016. External link in
(help) - ^ Dodd, Philip (12 May 2007). "Obituary of Philip Collins". The Independent. London. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ^ [4] Brentwood School Records
- ^ "Brentwood School Sports Centre News 11 October 2010". Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
- ^ Betts, Graham (2006). England: Player by player. Green Umbrella Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 1-905009-63-1.
- ^ "Brentwood School - Music". Brentwood School. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
- ^ "F1 World Council". Grand Prix.com. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
- ^ Air Museum copy of letter retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ Ruff, Peter (31 July 2006). "Obituary : Bob Simpson". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ "Obituary of Sir Denis Wright". The Telegraph. London. 21 May 2005. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
- ^ [5]
External links[edit]
- Educational institutions established in the 1550s
- Independent schools in Essex
- Brentwood (Essex town)
- 1558 establishments in England
- Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
- International Baccalaureate schools in England
- Boarding schools in Essex
- Diamond schools
- People educated at Brentwood School (Essex)
- Schools with a Royal Charter


text:
byChad Berndtson on
January and February were busy months as far as IT executive movers and shakers were concerned and March continued that trend, with some big announcements out of HP, Google and RIM -- and the departure of a major, well-known channel chief -- topping the list of notables.
Here's a look at 30 of the biggest IT executive moves in March, from all over the industry.
CRN's third annual Channel Madness Tournament of Chiefs is under way! Choose your favorites:


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Critical Section
America's Cup #33 race #1 - Trizilla wins!
Friday, 02/12/10 07:38 PM
Today was historic; the first race of the 33rd America's Cup took place off the coast of Valencia, Spain, and BMW Oracle's amazing trimaran (aka "Trizilla") handily defeated defender Alinghi's huge catamaran, in a come-from-way-behind victory. Alinghi took the start by a mile, but BMW Oracle had clearly superior speed upwind and led at the weather mark, and then proceeded to horizon job Alinghi on the downwind leg. It looks like the wing is the thing.
This regatta is just a best out of three series, so BMW Oracle now have a chance to win the cup in race #2 on Sunday. Stay tuned!
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text:
Manga Resolution for 2015: All about Josei
As I was writing down my favourite reads of last year, I sat back and wondered, how much attention did I give to josei that year? I remember writing last year about the silence on josei but did I even make an effort to tackle josei, let alone understand this genre which I have claimed to have personally appreciated?
I kinda did but I kinda didn't. I didn't walk the talk on josei. At the very least, I read a number of josei works but I didn't, in any way, give some thoughts on josei. I hardly even talked about the titles I read! And I keep mumbling about josei this and josei that but what do I even mean when I say josei? Am I referring to the genre? The writers? The audience?
In the last year, I've struggled to find answers for this because I didn't know where to stand or even where to start. Am I raising some kind of orientalist feminist banner that demands attention for josei writers and the genre because they epitomise feminist cool? More so, on whose feminist lens am I reading josei? More so, is it just josei? Can I neglect the contributions of Yoshinaga Fumi with What did You Eat Yesterday or even Nakamura Hikaru with Saint Young Men simply because these titles run in a seinen magazine? What about the likes of Cuvie who write eromanga? And the countless of artists who draw the likes of TL and Ladies comics which has been conveniently identified by people as meaningless and senseless smut. Are these josei also meaningless? Will I read only those that are meaningful? How do I even define what is meaningful in josei?
I've given myself a headache over these questions until I've lost track on what was really clear about the entire thing: I don't really know so much about josei. To be precise, I don't fully comprehend the extent of what female Japanese comic artists write.
The truth is, as readers, we've been educated by countless of books on manga on which female artists mattered. Think Takemiya Keiko, Hagio Moto, or Ikeda Riyoko. I am not saying they don't matter. All these ladies have contributed amazing things to manga but the problem lies in how attention to these women trapped us non-Japanese readers to think that these authors, and works similar to theirs, are the only ones that matter. It ticks me when people say "I only buy the manga classics like Tezuka because it's only the good manga." This attitude narrows the whole world of manga because there's still a lot of manga out there, many of them vibrant, many of which are written by women.
Hence, this year, for this blog, I will make an effort to discover more about the world of women's manga. I will read more manga written by women, from genres spanning from shoujo, to actual josei, to BL, TL, and even doujinshi and eromanga. I'll also do my best to share some of the awesome texts written about women writers I've crossed in my research.
It's all about the women in manga in 2015! I can't help but feel excited! From time to time, I'll still be sharing some things about other genres but yeah, I'm refocusing my fujoshi lenses by adding a josei grade. It should be fun and if you're interested, let's josei up this year and read as many titles written by women!