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I have written several custom controls over the last couple of years, some of the controls were written from scratch, and others were enhancements to existing (3rd party) controls. What was common for all of the controls was that I didn't pay any attention to how to implement design time support.
Since the standard Microsoft .NET TreeView does not support columns, I decided it would be a useful and fun project to write a tree control that supports columns from scratch, and at the same time I could learn about the design time side of writing custom controls.
The tree supports:
What is not supported (yet):
Before implementing the node and node collection, I considered whether to use a list List<Node> for node collection, or to keep the nodes as a linked list. In my experience I have almost never had to access nodes by index directly, but rather through iteration. However, I have often had to remove and insert nodes before or after other nodes, so for this reason I decided on the linked list implementation.
Node and NodesCollection are implemented in TreeListNode.cs.
CommonTools.Node CommonTools.NodeCollection
Implementing the Node and NodesCollection was for the most part straightforward. The node contains a Prev/Next pointer (linked list) and the NodesCollection contains a FirstNode / LastNode and a count.
A common approach when building large trees is to build the child nodes of a node only before the node is expanded for the first time. To support this and at the same time still show the node as having children, even when in fact it is empty, the property HasChildren was added. Now when a node is added to the tree, if HasChildren is set it will show the plus/minus sign and it is then the developers responsibility to fill in the child nodes on the callback event NotifyBeforeExpand or override OnNotifyBeforeExpand.
The FolderView tree is an example of building the child nodes on demand.
Another performance issue to consider when building a tree is how to get the total number of visible nodes. The GUI part of the tree needs to know how many rows are visible in order for it to adjust the vertical scrollbar. For instance, if there is one root node with 10 children and the node is collapsed the visible row count is 1, and when the node is expanded the visible row count now changes to 11. The slow approach to this is to iterate through all visible nodes, but clearly this is not ideal for a large tree.
The solution to this is to have each node notify its parent when the visible count changes, this way any change will propagate all the way up to the root collection and now access to VisibleNodeCount just returns the total visible count.
To verify that the count was correct, I added both VisibleNodeCount and slowTotalRowCount and I check the two values in a node validation when Validate is clicked on the "Tree Validation" tree.
There is not much to the TreeListColumn class. It contains formatting for the header and the cells, the caption and fieldname, the default size and the auto size mode.
The TreeListColumnCollection is a little more interesting. The collection contains a list of the columns in the order they have been added. This is used for accessing the data in the node by index and is the default implementation for the GUI's GetData.
protected virtual object GetData(Node node, TreeListColumn column) { if (node[column.Index] != null) return node[column.Index]; return null; }
It also contains a list of the visible columns which is what is used when painting the tree. Whenever a column is resized or the tree is resized, the visible column's rectangles are being recalculated. This is done in RecalcVisibleColumsRect.
The column has an AutoSize option. When this is enabled, the column cannot be resized. Instead the width of the column will be set to the minimum size set in AutoSizeMinSize plus a ratio of the remaining width. The ratio is found by adding up all the ratio values from the different AutoSize columns and then dividing it by the remaining width. An example of the auto size is AutoSize where the first column has a ratio of 100 and the second column has a ratio of 50, so the first column will get 2/3 of the remaining width while the second column will get 1/3.
At first when I implemented the columns collection, it didn't show the ellipses button (…) in the property grid, and no matter what I tried I couldn't get it to show up. I found that if I derived from CollectionBase or List<TreeListColumn> then it would show. But if I implemented only IList<TreeListColumn> then it would not show.
The obvious solution would have been to derive from List<> and then override the APIS, but instead I decided to figure out why it didn't work with the IList<> interface.
IList<> interface
After doing some investigating using Reflector, I found that the default CollectionEditor depends on the IList interface, and sure enough List<> implements both IList<> and the IList interface. And once I added the IList interface to the collection, it showed up in the property grid.
IList interface
List<> implements
To give the column a unique caption and fieldname when created, I created a new editor ColumnCollectionEditor derived from CollectionEditor, and then I assigned this editor to the collection class with the Editor attribute:
The only customization I had to add to the editor was the following:
The control itself is mostly straightforward. Obviously for a tree control you need scrollbars, so first I derived from ScrollableControl, but I ran into some issues with the vertical scrolling, so instead I ended up deriving from Control and adding the scrollbars myself.
Whenever the size of the control changes or the number of visible nodes changes, the scrollbars are updated with UpdateScrollBars().
When painting the nodes, the control needs to know the first 'screen-visible' node which is determined by the vertical scroll position. To avoid iterating through the visible nodes each time paint is called, the control keeps track of the visible node with m_firstVisibleNode, and this node is updated when the vertical scroll bar is scrolled in OnVScroll.
All mouse handling is done by overwriting base class mouse handling methods.
To enable key events to be forwarded to your Control derived control it is necessary to overwrite. By default key events are not forwarded to a control derived from Control, instead IsInputKey is returned for each key which is to be handled by the control. In my case I handle the arrow keys, page up/down and home/end.
I have tried to keep painting the tree flexible and easy to override by providing virtual methods and painter classes for the different elements of the tree. For instance, drawing the column headers are done by calling Columns.Draw() which calls the CollumnCollections Painter.DrawHeader. For the nodes there are a couple of virtual methods which can be overwritten, all of which eventually call into CellPainter.
CollumnCollections Painter.DrawHeader
The FolderView is an example where I override GetNodeBitmap to get the image associated with the current file type. One interesting note regarding getting the icon for a file. The icon class has an ExtractAssociatedIcon method, unfortunately this method does not return any icons for folders, and did not return the correct icon for all file types. After some online searching I found the solution in a tutorial here using the shell called SHGetFileInfo. The code for this is in IconUtil in Util.cs, including a full link to the tutorial I found.
Since the design time support is still new to me, I can't give any detailed explanation of how it works, instead I will summarize what I have learned.
The description shown in the property grid is set with:
[Description("This is the columns collection")]
The category where the property is to show in the property grid is set with:
To hide a property from the property grid, set (or true to show a property which is hidden in the base class):
Hiding a property grid does not necessarily prevent the property from being serialized in the Initialize method, to prevent this set the Visibility to Hidden:
If the property is a class and the properties in the class should be serialized then set the Visibility to Content, an example is the ViewSetting class exposed as ViewOptions property in the tree view:
To avoid all properties from being serialized in Initialize the default value attribute can be used. The property will then only be set if it differs from the default value. Default can be used for simple types or types which implement a type converter (can be initialized from a string):
[DefaultValue(20)] [DefaultValue(typeof(Padding), "0,0,0,0")] [DefaultValue(typeof(Color), "ControlText")]
A type convert is used to convert from a string to an object or vice versa, or it can be used to simply provide a name for the given object, for instance OptionsSettingTypeConverter provides names for the different Setting.
To assign a type converter to a class, add the attribute...
... where OptionsSettingTypeConvert must derive from either ExpandableObjectConverter or TypeConverter.
For a collection to show the collection editor, the class must implement IList interface. If any custom handling is required in the collection editor, then create an editor derived from CollectionEditor and attach the editor to the collection class with the attribute.
And finally, it is possible to forward mouse events to the custom control at design time by implementing a ControlDesigner derived class and attach it to the custom control. TreeListViewDesigner is attached to the TreeListView with the attribute:
This allows mouse events to be forwarded to the tree control at design time allowing the columns to be resized with the mouse.
I know there is much more to the design time support than what I have implemented, and that I have barely scratched the surface, but at least it has given me some basic knowledge of how to provide design time support for custom controls.
Book: Pro .NET 2.0 Windows Forms and Custom Controls in C#.
I purchased this book because of its two chapters on design time support, and this book was definitely a big help even though I did run into issues which it does not cover.
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { tlv1.BeginUpdate(); // this is pretty important to run // 3 sample nodes CommonTools.Node node = new CommonTools.Node(); node[0] = "Cell_0"; node[1] = "Cell_1"; node[2] = "Cell_2"; CommonTools.Node node_a = new CommonTools.Node(); node_a[0] = "Cell_0_a"; node_a[1] = "Cell_1_a"; node_a[2] = "Cell_2_a"; CommonTools.Node node_b = new CommonTools.Node(); node_b[0] = "Cell_0_b"; node_b[1] = "Cell_1_b"; node_b[2] = "Cell_2_b"; node_a.Nodes.Add(node_b); // link it all for tests node.Nodes.Add(node_a); //tlv1 is our CommonTools.TreeListView control tlv1.Nodes.Add(node); tlv1.Nodes[0].ExpandAll(); tlv1.ViewOptions.ShowGridLines = true; tlv1.EndUpdate(); }
public void Remove(Node node) { if (node.HasChildren) { foreach (Node child in node.Nodes) Remove(child); } m_nodes.Remove(node); m_nodesMap.Remove(node); }
void OnDeleteSelectedNode(object sender, EventArgs e) { BeginUpdate(); CommonTools.Node node = FocusedNode; if (node != null && node.Owner != null) { node.Collapse(); CommonTools.Node nextnode = CommonTools.NodeCollection.GetNextNode(node, 1); if (nextnode == null) nextnode = CommonTools.NodeCollection.GetNextNode(node, -1); node.Owner.Remove(node); NodesSelection.Remove(node); //NEW FocusedNode = nextnode; } EndUpdate(); }
foreach (TreeListColumn col in visibleColumns) { if (col.CalculatedRect.Right - HScrollValue() < RowHeaderWidth()) continue; Rectangle cellRect = rowRect; cellRect.X = col.CalculatedRect.X - HScrollValue(); cellRect.Width = col.CalculatedRect.Width; // ADD THIS dc.SetClip(cellRect); if (col.VisibleIndex == 0) { ... } else { PaintCell(dc, cellRect, node, col); } // ADD THIS dc.ResetClip(); }
public void RowSetForeColor(int iIndex, Color cColor) { CommonTools.NodeoNode; //TreeListView1 is the name of the TreeListView //object in my control project. oNode = treeListView1.Nodes.NodeAtIndex(iIndex); oNode.ForeColor = cColor; }
[DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)] public string Fieldname { get { return m_fieldName; } set { if (m_owner == null || m_owner.DesignMode == false) throw new Exception("Fieldname can only be set at design time, Use Constructor to set programatically"); if (!m_owner.DesignMode) { if (value.Length == 0) throw new Exception("empty Fieldname not value"); if (m_owner[value] != null) throw new Exception("fieldname already exist in collection"); } m_fieldName = value; } }
void SetVScrollValue(int value) { if (value < 0) value = 0; int max = m_vScroll.Maximum - m_vScroll.LargeChange + 1; if (value > max) value = max; if ((value >= 0 && value <= max) && (value != m_vScroll.Value)) { ScrollEventArgs e = new ScrollEventArgs(ScrollEventType.ThumbPosition, m_vScroll.Value, value, ScrollOrientation.VerticalScroll); // setting the scroll value does not cause a Scroll event m_vScroll.Value = Between(value, m_vScroll.Minimum, m_vScroll.Maximum); // so we have to fake it OnVScroll(m_vScroll, e); } } int Between(int val, int min, int max) { if (val<min) { return min; } if (val > max) { return max; } else { return val; } } [other functions] void UpdateScrollBars() { if (ClientRectangle.Width < 0) return; int maxvisiblerows = MaxVisibleRows(); int totalrows = Nodes.VisibleNodeCount; if (maxvisiblerows > totalrows) { m_vScroll.Visible = false; SetVScrollValue(0); } else { m_vScroll.Visible = true; m_vScroll.SmallChange = 1; m_vScroll.LargeChange = Math.Max(maxvisiblerows, 0); m_vScroll.Minimum = 0; m_vScroll.Maximum = Math.Max(totalrows - 1, 0); int maxscrollvalue = m_vScroll.Maximum - m_vScroll.LargeChange; if (maxscrollvalue < m_vScroll.Value) SetVScrollValue(maxscrollvalue); } if (ClientRectangle.Width > MinWidth()) { m_hScrollPanel.Visible = false; m_hScroll.Value = 0; } else { m_hScroll.Minimum = 0; m_hScroll.Maximum = MinWidth(); m_hScroll.SmallChange = 5; m_hScroll.LargeChange = ClientRectangle.Width; m_hScrollFiller.Visible = m_vScroll.Visible; m_hScrollPanel.Visible = true; } }
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The Origins of Moral Theology in the United States: Three Different Approaches (Moral Traditions) Charles E. Curran presents the first in-depth analysis of the origins of Catholic moral theology in the United States, focusing on three significant figures in the late nineteenth century and demonstrating that methodological pluralism and theological diversity existed in the Church even then.Curran begins by tracing the historical development of moral theology, especially as presented in nineteenth-century manuals of moral theology, which offered a legal model of morality including a heavy emphasis on canon law. He then probes the different approaches and ideas of three important writers: Aloysius Sabetti, a Jesuit who was a typical, as well as the most influential, American manualist; Thomas J. Bouquillon, first chair of moral theology at Catholic University of America, a neoscholastic who criticized the manuals' approach as narrow and incomplete for failing to address principles, virtues, and the connection to systematic theology; and clerical educator John B. Hogan, a casuist who developed a more inductive and historically conscious methodology.Curran describes how all three men dealt in different ways with the increasing role of authoritative teachings in moral theology from the Vatican. He also shows how they reflected their American context and the views of their own time on women and sexuality.So little attention has been paid to the development of moral theology in this country that these authors are unknown to many scholars. Curran's book corrects this oversight and proposes that the ferment revealed in their writings offers important lessons for contemporary Catholic moral theology.
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Publication number | US3951381 A |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 05/557,104 |
Publication date | Apr 20, 1976 |
Filing date | Mar 10, 1975 |
Priority date | Jun 12, 1974 |
Publication number | 05557104, 557104, US 3951381 A, US 3951381A, US-A-3951381, US3951381 A, US3951381A |
Inventors | Robert V. Whitener |
Original Assignee | Whitener Robert V |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (17), Classifications (9) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
This is a division of application Ser. No. 478,628, filed June 12, 1974.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to valve assemblies, and more particularly, to a rapid acting, fully balanced valve assembly having particularly advantageous O-ring seal carrying valve members.
2. Description of the Prior Art:
Numerous applications presently exist for valves and valve assemblies capable of high capacity, utra-fast slow control of any of various fluids such as water, oil, gas, air, steam and the like. Such valve assemblies, in order to be economically feasible and commercially acceptable, must be capable of rapidly diverting or controlling fluid flow in response to the input of only a slight amount of mechanical force, power or energy to move the control stem. In addition, it is often desirable that the valve assemblies be light weight and minimally complex. This, of course, has the inherent advantage of minimizing both initial construction costs as well as subsequent maintenance outlays while at the same time decreasing unproductive down time of overall systems incorporating such a valve assembly.
While the prior art, as exemplified by U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,656,144, 2,702,049, 3,049,239, 3,191,626, and 3,338,550, is generally cognizant of various valve assemblies capable of both mechanical and electrical actuation and balanced for at least certain fluid flow conditions, these types of valve arrangements have not proven to be fully satisfactory in that they are typically complex, are prone to valve damage after repeated operation, do not hold pressure well in both flow directions, aer incapable of extremely rapid operation, and require many complex parts which are not easily manufactured.
The desirable characteristics of a valve assembly for general use have long been well known as well as the various undersirable characteristics and disadvantages exhibited generally by the prior art. Nevertheless, and despite the fact that many new valve designs have been attempted in the past and are presently being attempted in an effort to solve these deficiencies, there has heretofore been unavailable a simple, efficient, and economical valve structure capable of rapidly controlling substantial fluid flow situations with ony a minimum of energy input. In addition, while attempts have been made in the past to provide valve assemblies with O-ring seals capable of extended use, full realization of the dynamics of an O-ring seal has hindered valve designers and engineers from developing in the past a valve assembly exhibiting vastly superior O-ring seal wear characteristics.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to construct a rapid acting, fully balanced, compact valve assembly capable of controlling high pressure stream flows with minimal energy input.
The present invention has a further object in the construction of a valve assembly having an enlarged internal bore accommodating at least one annular ring for coaction with a disc valve carrying an O-ring seal thereabout.
It is a further object of the present invention to efficiently release pressure otherwise acting to unseat and damage an O-ring seal disposed about the periphery of a valve member.
The present invention is summarized in that a valve assembly includes a main body member defining at least first, second, and third substantially cylindrical bores therein, the first and third bores being axially aligned with the second bore and disposed on either side thereof in contiguous relationship, the first and third bores having a substantially equal diameter which is less than the diameter of the second bore; an annular ring having an outer diameter equal to the diameter of the second bore and an inner diameter substantially equal to the diameter of one of the first and third bores, the ring being fixedly disposed in fluid-tight relationship in the second bore; first and second ports communicating with the second bore on opposite sides of the ring; a valve steam extending axially through the first, second and third bores; and actuating assembly connected with the stem for actually transposing the same; and at least three valve discs having substantially equal diameters, two of the discs disposed on the steam for continuous, sliding cooperation with the first and third bores, respectively, to seal the interior of the valve assembly, and the third disc disposed on the stem for selective cooperation with the ring so as to control fluid flow between the first and second ports in response to movement of the stem by the transposing assembly.
The present invention is materially advantageous over the prior art in that it is light-weight, compact, includes few parts, may be rapidly reset, is fully balanced in both flow directions, is capable of controlling or diverting high pressure stream flows with minimal input energy, exhibits a high repetition rate without damage, and is capable of extremely rapid operation.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of a valve assembly according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a valve disc of the valve assembly of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a front elevational view taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of a modification of the valve disc of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a front elevational view taken along line 6--6 of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 7--7 of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the valve assembly according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a partial sectional view of a further embodiment of the valve assembly according to the present invention; and
FIG. 10 is a modification of the valve assembly of FIG. 9.
Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown a preferred embodiment of a valve assembly according to the present invention which inlcudes a main casing or housing 12 defining first, second and third bores 14, 16 and 18, respectively, which extend in axial alignment completely therethrough. Bores 14 and 18 are contiguous with the enlarged central bore 16 and meet at chamfered edges 20 and 22, respectively. The diameter of the central bore 16 is greater than that of bores 14 and 18 so as to accommodate annular rings 24 and 26 which are fixedly disposed in fluid-tight relationship therein.
Annular rings 24 and 26 are preferably identical and have a generally U-shaped cross-section with substantially flat outer and inner peripheral surfaces. A rectangular groove 28-30 is formed in the outer surface of rings 24 and 26 for accommodating one or more O-ring seals 32-34. Seals 32 and 34 cooperate with the interior side walls of bore 16 to establish a fluid-tight relationship between. In addition, the annular rings 24 and 26 are held in a fixed axial position within bore 16 by any suitable means such as by accommodating the same within a shallow groove formed in the side wall of the bore.
It is noted at this point that the entire main body section 12 of the valve assembly of the present invention is preferably formed in sections designed to be joined at or near the location of the annular rings 24 and 26 to facilitate ease in assembling the device. It should also be understood that the entire assembly is desinged to be fluid-tight and that the various sections after being joined, may be held in position by any suitable means such as by a plurality of elongated bolts extending axially through the main body member 12.
The inner surface of rings 24 and 26 is outwardly divergent at both sides thereof so as to more efficiently promote sealing engagement of the valve discs, to be further described below, therewith.
A plurality of preferably circular fluid ports 36, 38 and 40 are defined in the walls of the main body 12 in communication with the enlarged central bore 16. Port 38 is disposed intermediate the fixed position of annular rings 24 and 26, while ports 36 and 40 are respectively disposed on opposite sides of the rings from port 38. Any suitable fittings such as cylindrical extensions 42, 44, and 46 may extend, respectively, from ports 36, 38 and 40 to facilitate interconnection of the valve assembly with fluid flow lines of the system in which the valve is ultimately used. While the fittings 42, 44 and 46 have been illustrated herein as discreet cylindrical extensions of the main body 12 it should be appreciated that the same may be integrally formed therewith or otherwise joined as by screw threads as desired. In fact, the entire valve body assembly may be formed by interconnecting a plurality of identical or annular ring 24 and valve disc 56 is spaced from annular ring 26. In this position, port 38 is isolated from communication with port 36 but is placed in communication with port 40. An appropriate solenoid assembly 70 is mounted adjacent bore 18 on main body member 12 and coacts with a core 72 attached to stem 50 to effect transposition thereof to an actuated position whereupon discs 52 and 58 remain sealed within bores 14 and 18 and disc 54 is moved away from annular ring 24 while disc 56 is moved into sealing engagement within annular ring 26. In this position, port 38 communicates with port 36 and is isolated from communication from port 40.
It can be appreciate from the aforegoing, that the valve assembly according to the present invention may be constructed with minimal difficulty and includes relatively few parts and virtually no parts of complex shape. Furthermore, in view of the unique nature of the valve discs 52, 54, 56 and 58 and their direct mounting upon valve stem 50, the overall assembly is extremely lightweight and compact and provides very rapid flow switchover during operation. Also, it can be appreciated that the valve assembly illustrated in FIG. 1 is fully balanced with respect to flows through any of the ports and in any direction. In other words, a pressure stream passing through port 38 will act against the right surface of disc 54 and the left surface of disc 58 with equal influence whereupon flow forces which would otherwise cause the shaft 50 to be moved to the left or to the right are effectively cancelled. Likewise, if the flow from port 38 through annular ring 26 and out through port 40 should become reversed, discs 54 and 58 remain in a balanced condition to cancel any forces which might otherwise move the valves down. At the same time, positive or negative fluid pressure existing in the path communicating with port 36 will have an equal effect on substantially identical T fittings having end sections defining bores 14 and 18.
Disposed coaxially through the interior of the main body member 12 is a valve stem 50 having a diameter which is preferably not greater than half the diameter of the smaller bores 14 and 18. The valve stem 50 may take the form of a thin rod having a circular cross-section and has mounted thereon four valve discs 52, 54, 56, and 58. Valve discs 52 through 58 are identical in configuration and are fixedly disposed along the axial length of stem 50 for cooperation with bore 14, annular ring 24, ring 26, and bore 18, respectively. It can be appreciated that in the embodiment of FIG. 1, the internal diameter of bores 14 and 18 is equal to the internal diameter of annular rings 24 and 26 with valves 52 and 58 disposed for continuous, sliding cooperation with end bores 14 and 18, and valve discs 54 and 56 disposed for selective cooperation with annualar rings 24 and 26 as the axial position of valve stem 50 is moved.
Each of the valve disc members 52 through 58 is in the form of a substantially flat disc having a rectangular groove 60 formed about the periphery thereof. Groove 60 is designed to accommodate an O-ring seal 62 having a diameter slightly greater than the width of the groove so as to form a snug fit therein. In addition, the side walls of each disc are radially tapered or chamfered so as to meet with the side walls of groove 60 as shown.
A pair of washers or dust covers 64 and 66 may be mounted in the ends of the main body member 12 adjacent bores 14 and 18 so as to preclude the entry of foreign particles, dust, etc. to the interior of the assembly. One end of valve stem 50 is preferably threaded to receive a nut 66 which cooperate with washer 64 to constrain a compression spring 68 therebetween. Spring 68 acts to bias the valve stem 50 to a first predetermined position, shown in FIG. 1, whereupon the valve disc 54 is positioned in sealing arrangement within the right surface of disc 52 and the left surface of disc 54 such that the stem 50 again remains balanced or neutralized against movement. The same conditions hold true when the valve simply is moved to its actuated position, i.e., the position wherein valve stem 50 is transposed to the right, as visualized in FIG. 1, by the actuation of solenoid 70 in receipt of a control switch.
In connection with the embodiment of the valve assembly illustrated in FIG. 1, it is noted that the axial dimension of discs 54 and 56 is substantially equal to the axial dimension of their respective cooperating annular rings 24 and 26 such that the discs may be rapidly transposed from a closed position to an open position upon movement of the stem 50. Thus, for the configuration illustrated in FIG. 1, the valve assembly acts as a flow diverter to direct a fluid stream passing through port 38 to either port 36 or port 40. By virtue of its construction and design, the valve assembly according to the present invention exhibits an extremely high maximum operating pressure differential or MOPD, which is a rating that must be properly evaluated in system designs where reverse pressure sometimes occures due to a shutdown or other unusual circumstance. In the present invention, the MOPD is the full safe working pressure of the valve. This is due to the fact that the disc seals are all of the O-ring type cooperating with the interior cylinder walls, and more importantly, that the seal is held in tight position by forces that act to close and neutralize as soon as a positive closure takes place. In other words, the valve assembly seals itself by a small pressure difference due to flow. As explained above, the valve assembly itself is balanced against absolute pressure forces; however, just prior to the time that a disc becomes closed against the interior of one of the annular rings, a small pressure difference will be exhibited because of the fluid flowing dynamically therearound.
Because of the above pressure difference due to flow, as the valve approaches one of its two positions, it tends to quickly become closed whereupon the O-ring sealed disc is moved within its cylindrical seat to affect a fluid-tight seal. No mechanical force is required to maintain the valve member in sealed relationship against its seat, with the result that the full rating of the valve can be applied to any flow port, whether it be closed or opened or acting as an inlet or outlet. The net result is a very rapidly acting assembly which can divert even high flow rate streams in a matter of milliseconds.
Referring now to FIGS. through 4, one of the discs 52 is illustrated in detail and includes four equally spaced apertures 80 extending axially through the side walls of groove 60 adjacent the bottom of the groove as shown. Since it is desired that the valve assembly of the present invention be both rapid acting and positive it is preferred that the O-ring have a diameter slightly larger than the width of the groove so as to make a snug fit therebetween. The axial grooves 80 allow pressure otherwise trapped in the bottom corners of the groove by the O-ring to be released so as to prevent the seal from becoming damaged during operation.
A shown in FIGS. 5 through 7, the axial openings may be in the form of circular holes 82 which again extend through the side walls of the groove and enable pressure otherwise trapped below the O-ring to be released. The disc valve design illustrated in details in FIGS. 2 through 7 recognizes that space is necessary in the bottom of the groove for expansion of the O-ring as the same is squeezed or expanded with heat. Furthermore, it recognizes that gas otherwise trapped below the O-ring can expand greatly and extremely rapidly as the valve is moved from a closed position to an open position. This has often resulted in dislodgment of the O-ring seal or complete destruction thereof and has proven to be a serious disadvantage in the past. The rectangular grooves 80 for the circular holes 82 provided by the present invention effectively enable the pressure to be released from below the O-ring to preclude the disadvantages noted above. Of course, while only two examples of pressure-releasing apertures are illustrated, namely grooves 80 and holes 82, any appropriate perforation or opening may be provided in accordance with the teachings of the present invention so as to prevent excessive pressure from building up behind the O-ring. Since the O-rings are held in the grooves like rubber bands, their inherent elasticity is more than enough to maintain the same in their proper position. The opening or apertures for pressure release should not be so large, however, so as to leave the O-ring with insufficient side support. On the other hand, the apertures or openings should be at least large enough so as not to clog during normal use.
In use, when one of the discs moves out of the opening defined by its cooperating annular ring, if high pressure fluid or air is enframed underneath the O-ring seal, it will be free to escape after the disc has moved. Since the O-ring also affects a seal with the bottom of the rectangular groove about the disc, the axial openings in the groove do not detract from the sealing capability of the disc.
In FIG. 8, there is disclosed a second embodiment of a valve assembly according to the present invention, and parts identical to those in FIG. 1 are identically numbered and will not be described again for the sake of brevity. In the assembly of FIG. 8, a pair of annular rings 124 and 126 are substituted for annular rings 24 and 26 in the assembly of FIG. 1. Since the axial dimension of annular rings 124 and 126 is greater than the axial dimension of corresponding dics 54 and 56, the valve assembly will completely shut off flow from port 38 to both ports 36 and 40 in the position illustrated. When stem 50 is moved slightly to the left, as visualized in FIG. 8, disc 54 will remain seated within annular ring 124, however, disc 56 will move away from annular ring 126 to open a fluid passage between ports 38 and 40. Likewise, if stem 50 is moved slightly to the right, as visualized in FIG. 8, disc 56 will remain sealed while disc 54 will be moved away from annular ring 124 so as to open a flow passage between port 38 and port 36. Again, the valve assembly is balanced for all flows and all of the advantages exhibited by the apparatus of FIG. 1 are similarly exhibited by the modification of FIG. 8. In the FIG. 8 embodiment, however, an additional position is available to completely cut off fluid flow from port 38 to either of prots 36 and 40. Thereafter, selective admission of fluid through either of ports 36 and 40 can be readily selectively obtained by merely moving stem 50 slightly to the left or to the right.
A further embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 9 in which only a single annular ring 24 is disposed in bore 16. Stem 50 has mounted thereon three discs and functions to contol the fluid flow between ports 38 and 40 acting as either input or output ports. Again, as in the previously described embodiments, the valve assembly is balanced for all flows in all directions and requires minimal input power to effect a very rapid transposition of the fluid flow from an off to an on condition. A modification of the embodiment of FIG. 9 is illustrated in FIG. 10 wherein the port openings 38 and 40 are shifted 180� from their relative positions as shown in FIG. 9, and the middle disc 54 is slightly shifted to the left on stem 50. The modification of FIG. 10 is therefore a normally on valve while that of FIG. 9 is normally closed when considered in conjunction with the biasing assembly and solenoid operator shown in FIG. 1.
From the foregoing it should be appreciated that valve assemblies and particularly valve discs may be constructed in accordance with the present invention for particularly advantageous operation. While the structure of the assembly is extremely simple, lending to its ease of manufacture and maintenance, it exhibits advantages not possessed by typical valve asemblies presently being used. In particular, its rapid-acting and compact design is accomplished at the same time with the capability of changing high presure stream flows with minimal input power especially since the system is fully balanced for all flow directions and possesses only a slight unbalance at the instant just prior to closure because of fluid flow dynamics. The valve is thus particularly advantageous when used in connection with systems which must be fail safe or must always assure a positive seal. The assembly is direct acting and includes fewer parts than conventional assemblies of this general type and is considered to represent a material advance in the art.
In asmuch as the present invention is subject to many variations, modifications and changes in detail, it is intended that all matter contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawing, shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
Cited Patent | Filing date | Publication date | Applicant | Title |
US2481482 * | Nov 15, 1944 | Sep 13, 1949 | Donald C Green | Check valve |
US2542390 * | Jun 23, 1947 | Feb 20, 1951 | Rheem Mfg Co | Reciprocating piston-type valve |
US2713989 * | Jan 22, 1948 | Jul 26, 1955 | Grove Valve & Regulator Co | Valve construction |
US2976852 * | Sep 21, 1959 | Mar 28, 1961 | Modernair Corp | Valve-in-head pneumatic cylinder |
GB983178A * | Title not available |
Citing Patent | Filing date | Publication date | Applicant | Title |
US4210405 * | Nov 20, 1978 | Jul 1, 1980 | Clark Equipment Company | Pivot joint |
US4258925 * | Oct 13, 1978 | Mar 31, 1981 | Guyton Manufacturing Company | O-ring groove |
US4316598 * | Jul 25, 1980 | Feb 23, 1982 | Vapor Corporation | Balanced relief valve with novel seal |
US4738282 * | Nov 26, 1986 | Apr 19, 1988 | Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation | Zero leakage valve |
US5099564 * | Apr 12, 1991 | Mar 31, 1992 | Societe Nationale D'etude Et De Construction De Moteurs D'aviation "S.N.E.C.M.A." | Method of repairing a seal structure in a hydromechanical actuator |
US6543743 * | Jul 12, 2001 | Apr 8, 2003 | Arlo H. T. Lin | Gas control valve |
US6591869 * | May 24, 2002 | Jul 15, 2003 | Fmc Technologies, Inc. | Multiport gate valve assembly |
US7114699 | Aug 19, 2003 | Oct 3, 2006 | Hull Wendell C | Combination valve and regulation for use with pressurized gas cylinders, particularly oxygen cylinders |
US7234680 | Feb 28, 2005 | Jun 26, 2007 | Wendell Hull | Combination valve and regulator with vented seat for use with pressurized gas cylinders, particularly oxygen cylinders |
US20040036046 * | Aug 19, 2003 | Feb 26, 2004 | Hull Wendell C. | Combination valve and regulator for use with pressurized gas cylinders, particularly oxygen cylinders |
US20050205140 * | Feb 28, 2005 | Sep 22, 2005 | Luxfer, Inc. | Combination valve and regulator with vented seat for use with pressurized gas cylinders, particularly oxygen cylinders |
DE3040617A1 * | Oct 29, 1980 | Nov 26, 1981 | Robert Jean Dupont | Halteventil fuer gerichtete einspritzung |
DE19860637A1 * | Dec 29, 1998 | Jul 6, 2000 | Fischer Georg Rohrleitung | Multifunction control valve has a rotating elliptical seal angled to the control shaft to control the flow between openings in the cylindrical wall of the valve |
EP0475070A1 * | Aug 5, 1991 | Mar 18, 1992 | Festo KG | Multiple way valve |
EP1795735A1 * | Dec 1, 2006 | Jun 13, 2007 | MANN+HUMMEL GmbH | Regulating module for mixing fluids |
WO2001073260A3 * | Mar 22, 2001 | Mar 21, 2002 | Fmc Corp | Multiport gate valve assembly |
WO2004088183A3 * | Mar 30, 2004 | May 12, 2005 | Luxfer Inc | Valve embodiment and combination valve and regulator for use with pressurized gas cylinders, particularly oxygen cylinders |
U.S. Classification | 251/356, 251/900 |
International Classification | F16K31/06, F16K11/07 |
Cooperative Classification | Y10S251/90, F16K31/0686, F16K11/0712 |
European Classification | F16K31/06H, F16K11/07D |


text:
Why almost everything you think you know about Edward II is wrong; welcome to the site which examines the events, issues and personalities of Edward II's reign, 1307-1327.
11 July, 2013
Eleanor of Provence and her children (guest post)
5 comments:
- Lily Esmiol Minas said...
I really liked your article, but wish you had gone into some of Eleanor's early life. I have found that she was raised by her family to believe family ties were everything. He uncles were her closest advisors. Eleanor's protectivness of her husband and children was ingrained in her at an early age. It seems as though she was quite close to her sister, the queen of France, as well. But, overall a great article.
- Thursday, 11 July 2013 at 16:22:00 CEST
- Kathryn Warner said...
Thanks for commenting, Lily! In fairness, the title of the post is 'Eleanor of Provence and her children', so naturally that was Sarah's focus. Maybe she'll decide to write about Eleanor's natal family and early life (and the effect this may have had on how she formed relationships with her children) on her own Henry III blog sometime.
- Thursday, 11 July 2013 at 16:25:00 CEST
- Anerje said...
I really enjoyed this post. I know very little about Eleanor, and it was very pleasing for once to read about a happy royal marriage - and a close-knit family. How considerate to take in the young princesses health re starting a family. So sad to hear about their daughter Katherine. Excellent post!
- Thursday, 11 July 2013 at 20:33:00 CEST
- Sarah said...
Thank you Kathryn for hosting my guest post, and thank you both Lily and Anerje for the lovely comments!
Lily, that is a great suggestion for a post and I will add it to my blog post ideas list- the Provencal family ties are fascinating, I agree.
Anerje, Henry and Eleanor's marriage really does challenge the stereotypes about medieval marriages and family life, it is one of the things that appeals to me about the family. - Saturday, 13 July 2013 at 12:10:00 CEST
- Kasia Ogrodnik said...
Sarah, brilliant post! I have learned so much about Eleanor. And yes! What has struck me most are certainly the close family ties, very unusual in the times Eleanor lived in. I too love your post on Henry III's queen on your wonderful blog. Judging by what you've written there about her, she could not have loved and taken care less. After all she had been raised in a family where love and care for one's relatives was of great importance.
- Tuesday, 16 July 2013 at 13:28:00 CEST


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Baxter Family Christmas Hardback
by Karen Kingsbury;
In Stock - Order before 4pm for same day dispatchWant it on Monday 3 April?
Order within 15 hours and 43 minutes for delivery on Monday 3 April when you choose Next Day Delivery at the Checkout
If you're buying for a church, school or business, why not Buy Now Pay Later?
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Full Product Description
From #1 New York Times bestselling author Karen Kingsbury comes A Baxter Family Christmas, a life-changing story of love and hope featuring the Baxter family.
Whether you're meeting the Baxter family for the first time, or finding them all over again...A Baxter Family Christmas will leave fingerprints on your heart forever.
Two years have passed since the terrible car accident that took the life of John Baxter's daughter, Erin, her husband and three of their four daughters. Prompted by grief, and missing his daughter, John has invited a stranger for Christmas Eve dinner--Kendra Bryant, the transplant recipient who now has Erin's heart.
In light of their father's idea, Ashley and her brother Luke don't think it's right. They want to protect their ten-year-old niece, Amy--the only surviving member of the accident. But John is determined and believes meeting this woman is something his deceased daughter would want.
At the same time, Maddie West, the eighteen-year-old daughter of Brooke Baxter West, is praying for meaning this Christmas. Could she find it in a newfound friendship with a boy she never expected to see again? Maddie believes in miracles, especially at Christmastime, but this is a stretch even she can't imagine.
Meanwhile, Kendra Bryant has been struggling these past few years to find purpose in the tragedy that gave her a second chance. She believes the invitation to see the Baxters and witness their unwavering faith in God can instill peace and happiness back into her life.
Heartwarming and touching, filled with love and redemption, A Baxter Family Christmas brings together two families in the aftermath of loss and in the midst of an unfolding love story, all with the help of one very special child.
Baxter Family Christmas by Karen Kingsbury was published by Howard Books in November 2016 and is our 15871st best seller. The ISBN for Baxter Family Christmas is 9781451687569.
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Details for Baxter Family Christmas
Page last updated | 4th December 2016 |
Author / Artist | Karen Kingsbury |
Book Format | Hardback |
Publisher | Howard Books (November 2016) |
Weight | 295g |
Number of Pages | 256 |
Thickness | 23 mm |
Height | 178 mm |
Width | 127 mm |
Product Code | 4493620 |


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The Casual Team Leader is responsible for the safety, welfare and supervision of volunteers doing practical conservation work on our programs in the Geelong area, ensuring our volunteers enjoy a positive project experience whilst working within the boundaries of occupational health and safety requirements. While Casual Team Leaders have a base location, the ability to be away from the base location on residential projects may be required for the role.
For success in this role you will need:
- knowledge and experience in the application of Workplace Health & Safety policies and procedures
- sound knowledge of practical conservation activities
- excellent people management and training skills
- good organisational skills and the ability to complete simple reports in a timely manner
A full Driver's licence, Senior or Level II First Aid, Defensive Driving certificate and a Working with Children Check are essential to ensure the safety of our volunteers. Conservation Volunteers may provide training to Level 3 standard in an OH&S subject for the successful applicant.
Applications Close Date: Thursday 22 December 2016
Applications for this job addressing the Key Selection Criteria (in the Casual Team Leader Position Description) and CV to be submitted via the application form below.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are encouraged to apply.


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Lot 458: A Japanese Rosewood Bezique Counter, Meiji Period, height 3.6" — 9.2 cm.
The Library and Curiosities Auction
by Waddington's
December 1, 2016
Toronto, ON, Canada
Looking for the realized and estimated price?
Description: A JAPANESE ROSEWOOD BEZIQUE COUNTER, MEIJI PERIODOverall good condition, minor cracks to rosewood surface, height 3.6" — 9.2 cm.Estimate: $100—200
Notes: To participate in this online auction please visit: https://onlineauctions.waddingtons.ca
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Sweet Tree Review is a quarterly online literary and arts publication obsessed with ineffable connectivity.
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- Flying on a private plane used to be a luxury that was reserved solely for the rich and famous. But with the increased enrollment in private pilot programs, the advancements in air travel and increased availability of small planes, renting a private plane has become more common than ever. With the economy in a downward spiral and commercial flight access in a decline, chartering a private plane offers a way for people to travel for business and pleasure. Renting a plane affords customers the peace of mind that comes with the luxury of flexible travel in complete privacy.
- When purchasing airline tickets online, you probably want to get the best price available. The best prices for a flight can be found during certain times of the year and can even depend on the day and time of the week. Here are some tips for finding the best deals.
- When chartering a private jet, it's important to consider if a propeller plane could do the same job for less money. Book a private jet that comes with a pilot and crew with advice from a travel agent in this free video on traveling in luxury.
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Thursday, April 2, 2015
Luxury private jets for sale
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Offers private jet charters. Information on aircraft available, services and details of special customer card
Saturday, March 28, 2015
How to make a balloon fly
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Tenun Timor
How does a hot-air balloon work (in theory)?
In a word: buoyancy.
Hot-air balloons float in the sky for pretty much
the same reason that boats float on the sea. A boat floats
because it's supported by the water beneath it: the weight of the boat (pulling downward) is
exactly counterbalanced by the pressure of the water beneath it (pushing upward).
A boat doesn't float perfectly on the water surface but sinks partly into the water according to how heavy it is.
The bigger the boat, the bigger the area of water beneath it, the greater the force
of the water pressure pushing upward on it, and the more weight it can carry.
Here's another way to look at it: generally speaking, an object will float
if it's less dense than water (in other words, lighter than an equal volume of water)
and sink if it's more dense (heavier than an equal volume of water).
Imagine a block of lead the size of your arm dropped into a bathtub
filled with water. An "armful of lead" weighs much more than an
"armful of water" so lead sinks to the bottom of the tub straight
away. But an "armful of plastic"—the plastic arm of a manikin,
for example—floats because it weighs less than the same volume of
Photo: Smoke rises because hot air rises—and hot
air rises because it's less dense than the cooler air around it. Photo
by courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Hot-air balloons float because the air trapped inside the balloon is heated up by a
burner, making it less dense than the air outside. Here's another way
to think of it. You've probably heard people say that heat rises,
by which they really mean that hot air rises. When you see
clouds of dirty gray gas drifting upward from smokestacks, that's
because the air coming out of them is hotter than the ambient
(surrounding) air. If you could wrap a bag around the hot air
entering the bottom of a smokestack, and seal it up, the whole bag
would shoot upward and come out of the top before zooming off and up
into the air. In effect, you'd have made a tiny little hot air
Tiny balloons aren't actually much use, however. If you want to carry a heavy
weight on the sea, you need a big ship: one that can displace more
water can carry more load. In exactly the same way, you need a big
hot-air balloon to lift a big weight—because you need to create more
lift with a larger volume of hot gas. Just to lift an adult man's
weight, you'd need a balloon about 4m (13ft) in radius
with the air inside heated to a temperature of about 120°C (250°F). That explains why
hot-air balloons are generally so large.
How does a hot-air balloon work (in practice)?
If you know that warm air rises, you could build yourself a hot-air balloon without
knowing anything more about science—in other
words, just by trial and error. What do you need to build a hot air balloon in practice? Three
things: an envelope, a burner, and a basket.
To trap you some hot air, you'd need the balloon itself, which ballooners generally
call the envelope. These days, it's usually made from a
strong, light, durable, synthetic fabric such as ripstop nylon (nylon
sewn into squares to stop rips and tears from spreading). The
envelope is made in vertical sections called gores that are
sewn together very tightly at the seams to make a strong, air-tight
container that doesn't leak. There are holes in the envelope at both
the top and the bottom: the top of the balloon, known as the crown,
has a little hole in it called the parachute vent (or
parachute valve) that can be opened by pulling on a cord, which
allows hot air to escape and makes the balloon descend. The opening
at the bottom (known as the throat) is immediately above the
burners and reinforced with a skirt made from a fireproof material
such as Nomex® to stop it melting or burning.
Photo: Envelopes: Look at the little people in
the center of this picture and you can see just how big these envelopes
are. Note the gores (the curved, vertical strips from which the
envelopes are sewn together). Photo courtesy of NASA Glenn Research
Center (NASA-GRC).
The hot air that fills the envelope comes from gas jets fueled by propane cylinders
(similar to ones you might use on a portable camping stove). Although
some balloons have only a single burner, it's more common to have two
or more, both to provide more lift and for safety's sake (in case one
burner fails). Extra fuel cylinders are usually carried on the
outside of the basket.
Photo: Burners: Two propane gas burners are
firing hot-air into this balloon. Notice the orange heatproof skirt
protecting the envelope at the bottom, made from a material such as
Nomex®. Photo by Todd Frontom courtesy of U.S. Navy.
It's traditional for hot-air balloons to carry their passengers and cargo in a wicker
basket suspended directly beneath the burners and the envelope. Wicker is light, durable,
and squashy, so it helps to absorb some of the impact if the balloon lands too quickly.
The basket is connected to the burners by eight strong ropes or chains. Ropes from the burner assembly
connect to the envelope above by very strong, load-bearing tapes that run vertically
up the seams between the throat and crown of the envelope.
How do you fly a hot-air balloon?
You launch a hot air balloon by unwrapping the envelope and laying it along the
ground. You tie it to your burners and basket and use a large fan to
inflate it with cold air. When that's done, you remove the fan and
use the burners to heat the air until it's hot enough to lift you off
the ground. Once you're airborne, all you can really control is
whether the balloon rises or falls: you can go up by turning on the
burners to heat the air in the envelope; you can go down by
opening the parachute vent to allow hot air to escape and cool air to
rush in to take its place. So up and down is easy, but what about
steering? Once you've mastered ballooning, you'll find you can move
sideways (very crudely) by making the balloon rise or fall so it
catches air currents (light winds or breezes) blowing in the
direction in which you want to travel. But it's all very bit hit-and-miss—and
one of the joys of hot-air ballooning is that you never quite know where you're
going to go!
Photo: The main parts of a hot-air balloon. Photo courtesy of NASA Glenn Research Center (NASA-GRC) with
annotations by Explain that Stuff.
Who invented hot air balloons?
Here are some key moments in ballooning history:
- c.200 BCE: Greek mathematician Archimedes (287–212 BCE) explains the idea of buoyancy: objects can float in fluids (liquids and gases) by displacing them (pushing them aside) so their weight is exactly balanced by the pressure of the fluid pushing up beneath them. Ships are supported by water pressure; balloons are held up by air pressure.
- 17th century CE: Irish-born chemist Robert Boyle (1627–1691) shows how fluids become lighter (less dense) when they're heated.
- June 1783: Two French Brothers, Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (1740–1810 and 1745–1799), make the first practical hot-air balloon using a linen envelope lined with paper. Instead of gas burners, they use a simple fire made of wood and straw.
- November 1783: Two more Frenchmen, the Marquis d'Arlandes (1742–1809) and François Pilâtre de Rozier (1757–1785), travel 9km (5.5 miles) across Paris, France in a balloon made by the Montgolfiers. The age of human flight has really begun!
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text:
Name: Adjustable Rhinestone Studded PU Dog Collar - Size S (Pink)
Serial number: 1628209
Respective classification: Pet Supplies
Unit Type: 1 Piece (0 items per Piece)
Color: Pink
Net weight: 50g ( 0.11lb. )
Gross weight: 45g ( 0.10lb. )
Product size: 51.00cm x 5.00cm x 0.50cm (20.09in x 1.97in x 0.20in)
Packing size: 20.00cm x 20.00cm x 5.00cm (7.88in x 7.88in x 1.97in)
Post-sale service: 45 days refund money the guarantee and lifelong online support service.
The item is a simple and fashion dog safety collar, which is made of durable soft PU material and studded with stainless steel rivets, and with an alloy buckle and D-ring for attaching dog leashes and pet pendants. With adjustable design and easy to use, it is really beautiful enough for your pets.
- Color: mainly pink.
- Material: PU, rhinestone and stainless steel.
- Size: S.
- Suitable for dog and puppy to wear.
- 100% brand new and high quality Adjustable Rhinestone Studded PU Dog Collar.
- Designed with buckle and D-ring for attaching dog leashes and pet pendants.
- Adjustable length design for comfortable to wear.
- Beautiful enough for your lovely dog and puppy.
Size | Collar Length | Neck Size |
S | 20 inch / 51cm | 16-18 inch |
M | 22 inch / 56cm | 18-20 inch |
L | 24 inch / 61cm | 20-22 inch |


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King David PhotographyPhotographer Male Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
My Website:
King David Photography
My MM URL:
Mayhem # 2443117
About MeMy name is David Magee, and Kind David is a pseudonym given to me for my work. I am an actor, performance artist and all-round visual artist, as well as a writer, but this page is specifically for my photographic work.My photographs are a marriage of aesthetic and concept, sensuality and decadence, showcasing primarily the beauty of the female gender through dynamic visuals. For my photography rates, you can contact me directly at the email address given below. As well as my expansive portfolio of my own personal projects, I also do actors' headshots, artists' profiles, modelling portfolios and weddings - indeed, anything that requires me and my camera. My rates are very reasonable, and can be discussed upon contacting me at the email address given below. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com My full portfolio can be reviewed at these pages: http://www.facebook.com/pages/-King-David-Photography-/217613571612192 http://www.flickr.com/photos/kingdavidphotography/ http://kingdavidphotography.tumblr.com/ CreditsHave you worked with King David Photography? Add Credits for King David Photography! >>Friends


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Hi, I'm Rick McKeon. I am currently
in beautiful Prescott, Arizona. Since retiring I have been
spending time pursuing my passion for
writing, playing music and teaching. Some of my other interests include hiking, backpacking, treasure hunting, exploring old ghost towns and mines, recreational mathematics, photography and experimenting with microcontrollers. Thanks for visiting! Rick Email. email@example.com |


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Two Tickets to the Kingsmen Shakespeare Festival
California Lutheran University • Thousand Oaks, CA
Select Dates in July and August
What you get
- Two Tickets + Two Drinks
- Your Choice of "Antony and Cleopatra" or "Twelfth Night"
- Choice of Dates This Summer
Revisit two of the Bard's beloved plays -- "Twelfth Night" and "Antony and Cleopatra" -- with this deal for two tickets and two drinks to the show of your choice. While "Twelfth Night" is a hilarious comedy about separated twins, disguises, and falling in love, "Antony and Cleopatra" is a tragedy about doomed love and global conquest. Whatever side of Shakespeare you'd like to explore, the Kingsmen Shakespeare Festival, now in its 18th season, is sure to delight.
$25 ($50 value) for two tickets, including:
• Two beverages
• Your choice of "Antony and Cleopatra" or "Twelfth Night" on select dates
Choose from the following dates:
• "Twelfth Night" on July 3, 5, 6, 11, 12, or 13
• "Antony and Cleopatra" on July 18, 19, 20, 26, 26, or 27, or August 1, 2, or 3
Kingsmen Shakespeare Company's Website
Fine print
REFUND POLICY: This event is nonrefundable. No full or partial refunds are given to customers who miss the event. In the event of a cancellation, your voucher will be fully refunded • Must be 21+ to drink alcohol • Valid only on the date[s] of the event as listed and may not be exchanged or redeemed for any other dates • Groups wishing to sit together must purchase their vouchers together; seating is fulfilled with no specific priority • Purchaser may change the name of the individual retrieving tickets up to 24 hours in advance of event via the LivingSocial website event details section; no name-changes or alternate pick-ups permitted without notice at venue • Entire value must be used in a single visitOther conditions apply
Except where noted in the fine print:
• Cannot be combined with any other offer or promotion
• Tax and gratuity are not included
• Merchant is responsible for the quality of the products or services provided to you at redemption
• LivingSocial Terms and Conditions - https://m.livingsocial.com/terms
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Home | Forums | Rules | Articles | diyAudio Store | Gallery | Wiki | Blogs | Register | Donations | FAQ | Calendar | Search | Today's Posts | Mark Forums Read | Search |
Construction Tips Construction techniques and tips |
Please consider donating to help us continue to serve you.
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Thread Tools | Search this Thread |
29th August 2013, 05:11 PM | #1 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Feb 2012
DIY Guide for making Aluminum cases?
Our any other non-wood material such as plastic?
Not for amps, but for preamps and other DIY applications where you need electronics inside a box and in/out ports on the panel? I'm talking about DIY starting with raw aluminum sheet metal that needs to be cut and put together. I plan on getting aluminum sheets and a cut-off saw and go from there, but looking for tips/guides on how to connect the pieces, how best methods on non-circular cutouts, etc. |
29th August 2013, 05:26 PM | #2 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2001
Location: Moonee Ponds, Vic, Australia
The way to built a chassiss is full of info
The small part of ignorance that we arrange and classify we give the name of knowledge. Ambrose Bierce |
30th August 2013, 12:55 AM | #3 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Coffs Harbour
If you go to the Design & Build> construction tips forum and browse the useful threads there, you'll see many ways of going about the actual construction - all the methods that seem like a good idea but don't really work are there too, which saves a lot of money buying useless tools and wasting materials.
This thread is a good example.
Ian |
30th August 2013, 07:20 AM | #4 |
diyAudio Moderator
moved to construction tips forum...
planet10 needs your help: Let's help Ruth and Dave...http://www.diyaudio.com/forums/plane...ml#post5010547[B |
6th September 2013, 09:53 PM | #5 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Mar 2013
Location: Eppingen
i order my aluminium parts @http://www.bleche-onlineshop.de/h-blechprofil/
you can have it bended inside,too. so 2 items make a closed one. it is just an example there are many other companies sure one @ your site. |
6th September 2013, 10:15 PM | #6 | |
diyAudio Moderator R.I.P.
attached drawing of the main alu part
sometimes we know very little, and sometimes we know too much |
12th January 2014, 10:13 AM | #7 |
diyAudio Moderator R.I.P.
looks like I have a lucky day ... it worked just like I hoped it would
sometimes we know very little, and sometimes we know too much |
12th January 2014, 03:55 PM | #8 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Mar 2009
Location: Buenos Aires - Argentina
I make my own chassis, front and back panels, pedal enclosures, etc. .... but I have shears, folders and punchers with assorted dies at home.
Otherwise it's difficult working "with your teeth" . Rather than flat sheet alone, consider aluminum extrusions. They come in tons of shapes and can sure help you build complex enclosures. Search the ChipAmp Forum, and the Galleries, some guys have come up with very clever ideas. |
13th January 2014, 07:01 PM | #9 |
diyAudio Moderator R.I.P.
alternative use of a washing machine
sometimes we know very little, and sometimes we know too much |
13th January 2014, 07:32 PM | #10 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Sep 2007
I make my own chassis panels. I use a DIY CNC machine. the panels look like they were professionally manufactured. I like the look of wood sides with front, rear, and top from aluminum but there's no reason you couldn't skin the sides with aluminum too.
"The magnet wire used to come from Radio Shack. In keeping with their policy of figuring out what the best products are and discontinuing them they no longer have it." - Max Robinson |
Thread Tools | Search this Thread |
Similar Threads | ||||
Thread | Thread Starter | Forum | Replies | Last Post |
Anyone still making aluminum electrolytics in the US? | Steve Eddy | Parts | 9 | 25th October 2012 06:14 AM |
Source for these Aluminum headphone cases/chassis? | Jean | Headphone Systems | 0 | 12th September 2012 03:01 PM |
Amp cases, Borbely preamp, Elenco scope, aluminum | Jason_N | Swap Meet | 10 | 9th July 2009 04:24 AM |
Your favorite diy and commercials amps and cases ? | gaetan8888 | Everything Else | 0 | 1st July 2009 12:15 AM |
Making pcbs, another guide | takeda | Everything Else | 1 | 31st March 2007 09:01 PM |
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Seize The Day from Disney's NEWSIES THE MUSICAL for Piano Trio
By Alan Menken
By Alan Menken. Arranged by Doug Clyde. Broadway, Musicals, Movies, Children's Musicals. Score, Set of Parts. 9 pages. Published by ALBEDO MUSIC (H0.107755-223967).
Item Number: H0.107755-223967
Seize the Day from Disney's Newsies the Musical. Piano Trio Arranged by Doug Clyde of ALBEDO MUSIC. Piano Score & Parts. Music by Alan Menken. Violin, Cello, Piano.
About SMP Press
This product was created by a member of SMP Press, our global community of independent composers, arrangers, and songwriters. Our independent musicians have created unique compositions and arrangements for the Sheet Music Plus community, many of which are not available anywhere else.
Click here to see more titles from these independent creators and to learn more about SMP Press.
Please note this product may not be eligible for all sales, promotions or coupons offered through Sheet Music Plus - please check promotional details for specifics.
About Digital Downloads
Digital Downloads are downloadable sheet music files that can be viewed directly on your computer, tablet or mobile device. Once you download your digital sheet music, you can view and print it at home, school, or anywhere you want to make music, and you don't have to be connected to the internet. Just purchase, download and play!
PLEASE NOTE: Your Digital Download will have a watermark at the bottom of each page that will include your name, purchase date and number of copies purchased. You are only authorized to print the number of copies that you have purchased. You may not digitally distribute or print more copies than purchased for use (i.e., you may not print or digitally distribute individual copies to friends or students).
Top Selling Cello Titles
Six Suites For Cello Solo, BWV 1007... $21.95 $17.56
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Hallelujah for cello and piano $4.99
Concerto in C major, Hob. VIIb: No.... $14.75


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Free Printable Owl Craft In A Tree
on August 6th, 2011 at 4:00 am
Free Printable Owl In A Tree Craft -Boy
Printable Black & White Owl In A Tree Activity Owl
Your kids will love this printable Owl craft to cut and paste in the tree.
We have categorized all of our free pritable projects. See our category of free printable crafts and activities that include trees. We will also put any coloring pages of trees or forests. While we eventually plan to have an educational line of projects that will have free printable crafts and coloring pages that educate about various trees for science teaching. Watch for that to come out. In the mean time, enjoy our other free printable arts, crafts, and coloring pages.
See all of our great crafts for pre school and craft ideas for kindergarten.


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Assassin's Creed Movie Review: A disgrace for the world
Assassin Creed is a movie based on the video game. The Movie will be set in the same setting as the video game. The main character is named Callum Lynch, he travels back in to Spain through technology that unlocks memories that are in his DNA. He lives the life of Aguilar de Nerha, he is a distant relative of Callum Lynch.
Upon the release of this movie I needed a better understanding of what I was writing, I decided that I should go see the movie in theaters. I can say that Assassin Creed was honestly one of the worst movies I've ever seen. This movie is disorienting, makes very little sense, and worst of all, is a terrible, humorless bore. Perhaps fans of the video game will understand, but in the movie the concepts of the Apple of Eden and its hiding place makes very little sense. The characters also don't seem to have much of a reason to be there.
There have been numerous opinions of video games for the big screen most of them unspeakably bad, and for better or worse, Assassin's Creed, based on one of the most popular franchises, has perfected that sensation. Not only does it achieve the unenviable distinction of making the audiences feel like they're watching a particularly rowdy teenager playing a dreary video game, but submits its central character to the same terrible torture as well.
Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin's_Creed_(film)#Development
Disclaimer: This review is the opinion of the writer, XGN Giggles 7, who has personally seen the movie. This opinion may differ from others who have also seen the movie or are fans of the AC franchise.


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Wrapped Ribbon Around House Invitations
Item# 5083
This colorful invitation features a cut out house with a blue ribbon wrapped around it. This around the house flat card is perfect for around the house bridal shower invitations. Honor your favorite bride to be with all the things that she'll need before she starts her new life as a wife. Great invite to use for around the house bridal shower invitations, couples shower invitations or house warming party.
Card Size: 5.50" x 8.50" (as shown image)
Paper thickness: 110 lb. premium quality 100% post-consumer recycled paper matte feel white finish card stock. FSC Certified eco-friendly paper, made in USA.
You have the chance to review digital E-Proof image of your text, in your choosen font, laid out on your selected card for your approval prior to submitting your order.
The use of a laser printer is not recommended due to the heat process involved, which tends to interfere and distort the image of your customized finish digital print-out.
| Inkjet Printable: No (?)Traditional inkjet printer may have difficulties to properly self-feed and tends to smear the ink due to heavy card stock involved.


text: Minutes after Newsweek tweeted its controversial "Muslim Rage" cover and their own suggested #MuslimRage Twitter hashtag the internet fought back. Some users are even creating their own parody covers. First things first, though. The Newsweek story is nothing to laugh about. [Think Progress points out that the author of the story Ayaan Hirsi Ali has made controversial statements about Muslims in the past.](http://thinkprogress.org/security/2012/09/17/857611/newsweek-muslim-rage...) > In a 2007 interview with Reason Magazine, Hirsi Ali called for Islam to be "defeated." The interviewer asked: "Don't you mean defeating radical Islam?" Hirsi Ali replied bluntly: "No. Islam, period. Once it's defeated, it can mutate into something peaceful. It's very difficult to even talk about peace now. They're not interested in peace." "The imagery is extremely unhelpful to say the least. It is an extremely small fraction of the Muslim world that is acting out. For a legitimate, mainstream publication to portray the situation as "Muslim Rage" -- as if this is a vast and widespread response among the all adherents of this religion -- is only feeding this "clash of civilizations" mentality that is extremely unhelpful," Yousef Munayyer, executive director of the Jerusalem Fund told Politico. Check out the Twitter community response below:


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Racing Net Source LLC
114 E. Elm St. , Ste. 8O'Fallon, MO 63366-2642
636.272.6301 / fax 636.272.0412
DRAG RACING Online will be published on the 8th of each month and will be updated throughout the month.
DRAG RACING Online owes allegiance to no sanctioning body and will call 'em as we see 'em. We strive for truth,integrity, irreverence and the betterment of drag racing. We have no agenda other than providing the drag racing public with unbiased information and view points they can't get in any other drag racing publication.
Editor & Publisher, CEO |
Jeff Burk |
Managing Editor, COO |
Kay Burk |
Editor at Large |
Bret Kepner |
Editor at Large, Emeritus |
Chris Martin |
Bracket Racing Editor |
Jok Nicholson |
Nostalgia Editor |
Jeff Utterback |
Contributing Writers |
Jim Baker, Darr Hawthorne, |
Australian Correspondent |
Jon Van Daal |
European Correspondent |
Ivan Sansom |
Poet Laureate |
Bob Fisher |
Cartoonists |
Jeff DeGrandis Kenny Youngblood |
Senior Photographer |
Ron Lewis |
Contributing Photographers |
Creative Director/ Webmaster |
Matt Schramel |
Production Assistant |
Clifford Tunnell |
Site Programmer/ IT Consultant |
Adrienne Travis |
Director of Sales | Darr Hawthorne 818-424-6656 |
Accounts Manager, Chief Financial Officer | Casey Araiza |
© 2006-2017, Drag Racing Online
and Racing Net Source LLC
What the hell is going on?
Just Wondering … Just exactly how much money did VP Fuels have to pay the NHRA for the exclusive rights to sell fuel at NHRA tracks? And on a similar subject, does the nitro that VP is currently selling at $1405 a 38-gallon barrel reflect the price they originally paid for it or the price that it costs them today? Ah well, it doesn't matter; when you have a monopoly on a commodity you can name your own price.
Just Wondering … Is anyone really surprised by the bad news coming out of the Evan Knoll/Torco fiasco? Just a reality warning to those of you who may be owed money by Evan Knoll or Torco: don't expect any more money from that deal…ever.
Just Wondering … When the IHRA will be going back Leicester, NY, since the former track owner sold out? That race was always one of the best stops on the IHRA tour and a big benefit to racing there is that it services the Canadian racers without forcing the American racers to cross the increasingly difficult Canadian border.
Just Wondering … What does the NHRA have now for their new, very expensive marketing and promotion agencies to promote and market that they didn't have for the previous agencies and… uh what was their name? Oh, I remember now…HD Partners didn't have to promote and sell.
Just Wondering … I saw a quote from an interview that IHRA pres Aaron Polburn gave in which he said (and I'm paraphrasing just a little here) that his sanctioning body didn't need any NHRA Funny Car racers coming to their races and using up their nitro for testing purposes. So, when the Pedregon brothers want to race in their home town of San Antonio or Del Worsham or the Kalitta teams wanted to race at Martin, Mich., or if Bob Tasca (!) wanted to race at Epping, they wouldn't be welcome? I'll bet Steve Earwood at Rockingham Dragway had a coronary when he read that quote.
Just Wondering … Why, in a press release from one of the new marketing/PR agencies regarding their work with the NHRA it referred to the series as a "League"? Perhaps that was just a Freudian slip, but it got me to thinking that perhaps the NHRA could split the current series into 12- race Western and Eastern leagues determine points winners in all classes winners then use the last race of the season to determine the NHRA "World Champions"? (Or maybe the American Drag Racing League is doing a really good job at PR.)
Just Wondering … Does anyone aside from those racers in the system actually give a damn about the NHRA "Chase" points system? Has it actually generated any more mainstream media interest in drag racing? The answer to both questions is a resounding NO!
Just Wondering … Same subject. As the season goes on and the price of nitro, gas and diesel keeps getting higher, how many pro teams are going to be inclined to stay on the NHRA tour just for the qualifying money?
Just Wondering … What will be the crisis that forces the NHRA and IHRA to raise the qualifying money to pro teams to a level that will at least allow them to break even financially if the qualify for a race.
Just Wondering … Could the IHRA replace their current Top Fuel and fuel Funny Car classes with AA/FD and AA/FC classes and still put on a "Nitro Jam" with those five-second, 250-mph nitro cars that paying spectators would pay to see? I think it's worth at least considering if Top Fuel and Funny Car teams keep dropping from active rolls.
Just Wondering … Will the nitro shortage -- despite the assurances that there is enough fuel to supply the racers -- eventually cause some races on the IHRA and NHRA circuits to be dropped from the schedule?
Just Wondering … What happened to the AA/FC car count? There were around 30 of the cars at this year's March Meet at Bakersfield now they are hard-pressed to deliver eight nitro cars for an event much less 16.
Just Wondering … Why I used to be an NHRA Top Fuel and fuel Funny Car snob. I admit it. But I've changed, AA/FD and AA/FC give me the same charge I used to get from watching their NHRA big brothers, especially when I see cars and teams I never saw or heard of before at a race. The current crop of Nostalgia cars still snort and cackle and the fumes still make me gasp, gag, and wheeze with delight. I say turn the clocks off, announce the speeds and let's race.
Just Wondering … What's better, paying $50-60 to watch the same NHRA fuel cars every year for just one day or paying $20-$30 to see 30-40 AA/FC and AA/FD? For me I'd just as soon do the latter so I can see nitro racing and still have money for beer and brats, but that's just me.
Just Wondering … Am I the only one that feels like the female drivers and the NHRA have kind of forgotten about national event winners and World Champion women drivers such as Lucille Lee, Shirley Muldowney, Shelly Anderson, Lori Johns and the other women who came before them? Maybe it's just me, but Ashley, Melanie, and Hillary seem to be treated by the much of the media as if they had broken some kind of new ground instead of following in the footsteps of their peers.
Just Wondering … Why the ESPN2 folks and the NHRA haven't gotten together to emphasize the accomplishments of women and the acceptance of women in drag racing, which began long before Danika Patrick was born. I think NHRA and ESPN are really missing a marketing opportunity here to advance drag racing. How about some press releases or a 10-minute segment on the ESPN broadcast?
Recent Stories
- Burk's Blast - NHRA drag racing's history and tradition is not measured in feet![7/3/2008]
- Burk's Blast NHRA drag racings history and tradition is not measured in feet![7/3/2008]
- Burk's Blast Just Wondering: Speed, is that all there is?[6/30/2008]
- Burk's Blast - So many questions for the NHRA and IHRA[6/17/2008]
- Burk's Blast - Still Wondering[6/2/08]


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Changing the banners on a website can enhance a visitor's experience by lending variety to your site layout. In the case of advertising banners, it can also boost your site's revenue. Displaying different banners each time the page is visited or refreshed allows the webmaster to get the most out of valuable screen space. A number of commercial banner-rotating applications are available but are unnecessary if you insert a few lines of JavaScript into your HTML code.
- Skill level:
- Moderate
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- HTML or text editor
Show More
- 1
Open the page's HTML source code in an HTML or text editor.
- 2
Define the variable needed to rotate the banners in the HEAD section of the HTML code. This example uses three separate banners: