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This is one of the most debated passages in the history of New Testament interpretation and requires more care than any in Colossians. In part the modern debate is over the meaning of its poetic language, which is understood against the backdrop of ancient literature and religion. Another aspect of the debate, however, is over its theological significance and especially the role this passage plays within the whole of Colossians. Let me offer a few introductory comments regarding Paul's pivotal confession of Christ before I comment more specifically on its meaning.
In this passage Paul employs various images of creation to clarify "the word of truth, the gospel" (1:5-6). By linking the lordship of Christ to God's creation of the entire cosmos, Paul's tacit claim is that Christians have been remade into a new humanity, characterized by their holistic spirituality. Against his ascetic opponents at Colosse, who have rejected the material for the spiritual, Paul confesses Christ as Lord over both worlds; he is the "cosmic Christ." Therefore, believers are to resist any teaching that divides their life into separate spheres, material and spiritual, which would also divide their loyalty to Christ. If Christ is Lord over all of God's creation, then those in Christ have been re-formed into a new creation and embody God's reconciliation of all things (v. 20).
By using the creation typology to underscore the holistic result of God's saving grace, Paul can also introduce the importance of Jesus' death (v. 20). The Creator's ultimate goal for the fallen creation is the reconciliation or restoration of all things; and this goal has already been achieved on the cross. Though the material effects of sin and fallenness remain all too evident, Paul can claim that the Creator's goal has already been realized through Christ and is already being demonstrated in the life of a new creation, the church.
Paul's point challenges today's church to change. More and more believers divide more and more things up. What we value in the privacy of our homes is often at odds with what we value in our public lives. At work, we often reflect the commercial values of survival and self-interest rather than the biblical values of self-sacrifice and fidelity. Modernity's dream of economic affluence and political influence often determines even the believer's behavior outside of home and congregation.
I recently spoke on "Human Sexuality and the Christian" at a singles' convention. My discussion of the Bible's teaching about homosexuality provoked many in the audience to make the modern distinction between sexual orientation and sexual practice, as though God's grace affected one's sexual practices (external) but not one's sexual orientation (internal). Paul's point is that such dichotomies between the visible and invisible, public and private, external and internal are false. His confession of Christ's lordship over all things shows his confidence that Christ's death establishes God's grace in every nook and cranny of God's creation.
This point is further clarified by a literary analysis of the passage. Commentators continue to debate its literary history, trying to identify its form and trace its function in the earliest church to its final form in this composition. Suffice it to say that no clear consensus has emerged on any of these issues. Most argue, however, that the poetic quality of this passage and its non-Pauline vocabulary suggest that Paul did not compose it from scratch; rather, he edited a hymn or confession that was already in use, probably by the Colossian readers (see introduction, under "The Author of Colossians"). Scholars arrive at this conclusion by carefully distinguishing the poetic images used to guide a congregation in prayer, to confess its faith in Christ or to sing its devotion to Christ from the more didactic descriptions of Christ used to instruct a congregation. The phrases used in this passage to express Christ's lordship are actually poetic metaphors and do not intend a literal description. These metaphors seek to point us to the truth about Christ's significance for human and salvation history.
Clearly, the poetic quality of this passage makes it more difficult for the modern interpreter to discern Paul's intended meaning for his first readers, although many scholars have attempted to so do. In its canonical form, its rhythmic pattern remains uneven and its stanza markers unclear (unlike what we expect in today's hymnals). Many agree with me, however, that two roughly parallel stanzas about Christ are introduced by a common grammatical construction. Thus, in verses 15 and 18 Christ is introduced by a relative pronoun (hos, "he") combined with the linking verb (estin, "is"), resulting in a crucial parallelism that sets forth Paul's essential convictions about the lordship of Jesus Christ: (1) he is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation (v. 15) and (2) he is the beginning and the firstborn from among the dead (v. 18).
This grammatical clue is crucial for interpretation, not only because it provides a nice balance to the passage but, more important, because it divides the passage into two integral christological themes that Paul will develop in the main body of his letter. The first theme, introduced in verses 15-17, considers the role of Christ within the created order, while the second, introduced in verses 18-20, considers his role within the new order of his kingdom now populated by God's people (compare v. 13). Paul's parallel claims about the Lord Christ nicely frame the Bible's conviction that God's creation and redemption are two parts of an integral whole. This theological conviction implies a practical point as well: the redeemed community is a new creation, and the current demonstration that God's grace has reconciled and reintegrated all things spiritual with all things material in accord with God's will.
The similarity of terminology with Jewish interpretation of Wisdom's work in both creation (Prov 8) and salvation (Is 40) provides yet another important clue to the teacher of this passage. Many religious Jews of the first century, such as Paul, ordered their lives by biblical Wisdom, not only because it provided practical advice for a wide assortment of daily affairs but indeed because this advice was viewed as the very "word of God" (Prov 30:5-9), necessary for salvation (Wisdom 6:24). Various New Testament writers make this same point. James, for example, views Wisdom as the heavenly "word" from God, necessary for salvation (Jas 1:17-21; compare 2 Tim 3:15). Matthew's gospel shows how Jesus taught his disciples the Wisdom of God for their salvation (Mt 7:24; 10:24; 11:25; 24:45; 25:1-9). Paul makes it clear that he follows in the way of the earliest church, then, by drawing upon Jewish Wisdom to explain his faith in Christ (compare 1 Cor 1:30).
Two core convictions of biblical Wisdom are important as background to Paul's understanding of Christ's cosmic lordship. First, Wisdom teaches that every aspect of human life (including its religious, social, political, family and economic dimensions) is to make visible the Creator's invisible intentions (see Heb 11:1-2). If God is true and good, so are the intentions for all that the Creator has made. So Israel's sages distilled their observations of human life into the Old Testament Proverbs to express the Creator's good intentions as guides toward the good life and away from misfortune.
Second, the messianic Jews (Jews waiting for Messiah to come) who lived around the time of Jesus and Paul linked Israel's practice of biblical Wisdom to the coming of the Messiah. What had first been composed as a social ethic to order Israel's national life now took on eschatological importance: the practice of Wisdom became a condition for Israel's entrance into God's promised salvation.
Taken together, then, these two convictions derived from the Wisdom tradition of Judaism inform Paul's convictions about Christ, who is the personification of Wisdom, and the church, which belongs to him: God's good intentions for all of creation are embodied in the Lord and are realized in the community of his kingdom.
Let me make one final comment in introducing this passage. Paul's confession of the lordship of Christ provides one of the New Testament's most important models for understanding the deity of Christ. In a day when many believers hold firmly to the incarnation of God in Christ but do not understand why, this passage takes on an even greater practical importance. For the apostle's confession that Jesus is cosmic Lord makes the even more profound claim that in the Lord Jesus Christ, God has been made one of us, for us. Certainly Paul's primary point in this compositional context is to claim something decisive for the Lord's messiahship: that is, Jesus' messianic work, especially his death (v. 20), embodies or incarnates the work of God. In fact, the truth about God's grace (vv. 4-5) is disclosed personally and within history by Jesus from Nazareth.
On this basis Paul revises the fundamentals of Jewish monotheism as well as his interpretation of Jewish Scripture; for him, true religion is no longer expressed by Judaism's daily recitation of the biblical Shema (Dt 6:4, an affirmation of faith in Israel's God) or compliance with biblical Wisdom's instruction through observance of Torah legislation or temple practice. Rather, all of God's truth contained in Jewish tradition has been made flesh in Jesus; further, the Creator's good intentions for all things, incarnated in Jesus, are embodied in the new creation, which is by and for and in him (1:16-17).
Christian orthodoxy does not conclude with incarnational Christology but with incarnational ecclesiology. The God whose grace and truth is made flesh in Christ's life is now incarnated in the church's life. Thus Paul's claim for the Lord Christ issues in a practical claim upon the Christian's life and constitutes yet another typology of God's grace: sinful humanity is transformed into new humanity with the capacity to live in accord with God's pleasures and to delight in the blessings God intended for the first man and woman. For this reason, Paul's defense of Christian faith in chapter 2 will give way to his description of Christian life in chapter 3.
The first stanza of this confession relates Christ to creation, beginning with the claim that Jesus is the image of the invisible God. Most scholars locate the important idiom image within the Hellenistic world, where it referred to various media of divine revelation. For example, according to Platonic thought, the entire cosmos is the visible "image" of the invisible God (see Lohse 1971:47) and the natural order properly guides our imagination about God's identity. In fact, under the influence of Plato, Hellenistic Judaism interpreted God's act of creation as informed by preexistent and eternal images or expressions of God's Wisdom. In this mythic sense, then, creation is the visible, historical counterpart of invisible, heavenly reality. The precepts and principles of God's Wisdom form the very substance of all things. These "images" of the Creator do not merely "represent" or help us "visualize" God; rather, they actually make what is hidden in God concrete and knowable, so that we may know and enter into fellowship with God.
Paul's understanding of Christ's significance takes shape in a Greek philosophical environment that defined image in this way. In referring to Jesus as the image of the invisible God, Paul means that Jesus is the very substance of God's purposes and intentions for creation. He is God's pattern for all of life, and through him God will restore a broken and fallen creation in his likeness. In this regard, Paul's claim for Jesus may be intended as more than an apologia for his cosmic importance as Lord Christ. I think Paul uses image to echo the biblical story of creation, when God created male and female in God's own image (Gen 1:27). Paul's ultimate point is that the Christ event brings to historical expression the ultimate purpose of God's creation of all human life. On the one hand, Jesus exemplifies humanity's faithful response to God; but on the other hand, he also discloses God's faithfulness to humankind. God's good intent in creating human life is to enjoy a faithful relationship with every person. Because of Christ, this intent can now be realized for those who are in him.
The next claim for Christ, that he is the firstborn over all creation, is surely one of the most difficult in the New Testament. Of course Paul's claim about Christ's "birth" is not to be taken literally, as Arius did in the early fourth century or as the Jehovah's Witnesses do today. In their antitrinitarian polemic, Arians argued that Jesus was merely the first human being ever "fathered" by God--in a literal sense, the first of a new creation. If they were right, the Lord Jesus would not be God's substantive equal and there could be no Trinity.
Such heresy stems in part from a failure to appreciate the Old Testament background of Paul's expression. Scripture refers to Israel as God's firstborn child (Ex 4:22; compare Jer 31:9; Is 64:8) and so expresses God's election of Israel for salvation and defines its special place in God's redemptive plans. Especially in the Exodus text, the phrase expresses the Lord's faithfulness to Israel, a faithfulness that ultimately ensures its salvation from the evil pharaoh. In Paul's handling of this biblical tradition, Christ and not Israel is cast as God's Son (1:13). God's faithfulness to Christ ensures his resurrection and triumph over death, and in him over all those evil powers that keep a fallen creation captive to spiritual darkness and the consequences of human sins (1:13-14).
It is possible that another ingredient of the background to Paul's use of firstborn is the ancient idea of a birthright, which gave the firstborn a privileged status and responsibility within the family (Lightfoot 1879:144-45). Again, if we push this connection too far we risk losing a fully trinitarian theology, for even the firstborn son is not the equal of his father within the household. If Paul had in mind the birthright, it would be only as a metaphor for Jesus' unique and distinctive role within the creation as agent of its salvation. Paul's idiom is better understood through Jewish Wisdom, which he believes is best personified by Jesus (see above). Even as God "created" Wisdom in the beginning (Prov 8:22) by which to create all things (Prov 3:19), so now Jesus is properly understood as God's true template by whom the divine purposes for all things are perfectly revealed.
The next christological formulation (v. 16) only expands and clarifies the cosmic result of God's triumph over evil through the Son. Creation itself contains all things . . . visible and invisible. In fact, Paul shares the view of his contemporaries that the cosmic order includes a spiritual realm of invisible . . . thrones or powers or rulers or authorities and a parallel but physical realm of visible . . . thrones or powers or rulers or authorities. According to Paul's teaching these two realms are fully integrated, so that a spiritual reality lies behind the societal, whether for good (the Spirit of the Risen Christ empowering the church to worship and bear witness to God) or evil (the evil one empowering the enemies of Christ to undermine the church's worship of and witness to God). As a matter of Paul's incontrovertible "theo-logic," all these spiritual powers and their various historical agents have their final destiny in negative or positive relationship to the One in whom all things were created.
The NIV incorrectly translates Paul's "in him" (that is, Christ) formula as by him, missing the intended force of the phrase. Paul typically uses "in him" or "in Christ" as a metaphor for restored relationships or, even more specifically, the spiritual home of those who belong to Christ, where he (rather than the evil one) rules over them (v. 13). In this particular confession, however, Paul presumes that the destiny of the entire created order--both its spiritual and its physical realms--is linked to Christ's destiny. Further, God's positive verdict on Jesus' messianic work, indicated by the raising of him as Lord Christ, shows that God's purpose for creation will ultimately be carried out (Rev 21:1--22:5).
Christ embodies God's will for all creation; Christ is the content and goal of God's grace, by which God's will is now being brought to reality within history. When the ruling elites of society resist the teaching of Christ, they actually prevent the "good life" from being realized. In whatever form it finally takes, rebellion against God is self-destructive simply because it is at odds with the life-generating resources that God has built into creation. Any secular pretension or humanistic hubris will eventually be exposed as self-deceptive and false, utterly incapable of empowering a person for good. (Hence the recent collapse of Soviet communism.) Claims for national sovereignty or for individual rights, if not subjected to Christ's absolute claim on all things and every power, are without any foundation and are surely idolatrous.
Believers must never confuse the secular with the sacred. It is easy to fall into this confusion in the West, especially in America, where public rhetoric often employs a sacred idiom to maintain public conduct that is often secular. The point Paul makes here has less to do with Christ's exalted status than with the consequences of his messianic work, which brought a fallen creation back under the Creator's sovereign reign. To deny Christ as the Lord of God's creation is to deny the redemptive consequences of Christ's death; to reject God's desire to delight in the inherent goodness of creation is to reject the prospect of a new creation of redeemed humanity in Christ.
The next set of christological formulations (v. 17) repeats in chronological fashion the critical relationship between Lord Christ and all things. The previous confession stated that the destiny of all things is predicated by being in Christ. Similarly, if Christ was before all things, and if all things have their beginning by him and their purpose for him, and if in him all things hold together in a coherent and logical way, then the wise thing to do is to line up under the lordship of Christ in order to enter into God's salvation. As Wright nicely puts it, "No creature is autonomous. All are God's servants (Ps 119:91) and dependents (Ps. 104)" (Wright 1987:73).
The final item of the confession's first stanza (v. 18) is clearly transitional from God's first creation to God's new creation, the church. This too alludes to the Old Testament narrative, where the genesis of creation (Gen 1--11) is linked to the genesis of Israel (Gen 12--50). In the biblical narrative these two stories are found together in the book of Genesis, because the story of the one cannot be told without the story of the other: the election of God's people will result in the restoration of God's creation. Likewise, the careful structure of the confession, which locates the initial claim about the church within a stanza about creation, prevents us from assuming that the destiny of the one is somehow distinct from the destiny of the other: both church and creation are "in Christ," and the destiny of each is inextricably bound together because of and for him.
Paul often uses the head-body metaphor when referring to the relationship between Christ and the church (O'Brien 1983:57-61). Sometimes Paul uses the body metaphor to express the interdependent relationships among gifted believers within the church (1 Cor 12:10-26). In this context, however, the emphasis is on Christ more than the church: Christ is Lord of the church even as the human head governs the body. Certainly this image of the human body leaves the impression of organic unity between Christ and the church: each is necessary to the other, since a headless body is as useless as a bodiless head (compare Eph 4:15-16).
Perhaps the relationship Paul has in mind stems from his participatory Christology: as members of Christ's body, believers participate by grace through faith in the history of the historical Jesus, from his death to his exaltation. Those who belong to the faith are liberated from the consequences of their sins through participating in Christ's death, and now experience a transformed life through participating in his resurrection.
The critical point to make, however, is that our participation with Christ in the salvation of God takes place in real time. If all things are fashioned with Christ in mind and for his glory (v. 16), and if the church and Christ are inseparable as body and head, then in some extra special sense the redeemed community embodies in real time all that God desires for creaturely existence. Paul resists any theological jargon that might allow believers to speak of their participation in Christ's body without reference to their actual experiences. Christianity is a practical religion, made up of believers who live in and for the restoration of a broken and fragmented world. Our testimony to Christ's lordship is a mended life, made whole again by God's healing grace.
The second stanza of Paul's christological confession begins with a different point: Christ is the beginning. The word beginning comes from the same word-family as rulers (1:16) and probably carries the same idea: the Lord Christ is at "the beginning of"--or "rules over"--God's new creation, the church, even as he is Lord now over the various elites of God's created order. At times the word carries a temporal meaning, referring to the beginning or first event of a sequence of events. So this claim for Christ's lordship over the church may have a historical aspect: Jesus' death and resurrection begins his cosmic lordship (compare Phil 2:9-11) and inaugurates the new age of salvation's history in him (1 Cor 15:12-28). Paul further expands the confession here by adding the appositional phrase the firstborn from among the dead. The new age initiated by Christ's death and resurrection constitutes nothing less than a new order of human life in Christ, the essential ingredient of which is victory over death in its various expressions.
Significantly, Paul recycles the word firstborn (prototokos), which he used earlier to stake out Christ's status as Lord over all creation (v. 15). This word, found in both stanzas, stakes a common claim in two different spheres, creation and church. The histories of God's salvation and God's creation are joined together under the lordship of Christ. God's triumph over spiritual darkness and human sins through Christ results in the restoration of a fallen creation and of sinful creatures, who now share a common Lord. This truth, made real in our common experience of God's powerful grace, will be completely demonstrated at Christ's return.
Of course, this future has a past in the empty tomb of Jesus. Appropriately, then, the prepositional phrase modifying firstborn is from among the dead, a metaphor for Jesus' resurrection. Since the final phrases of this second section (v. 20) speak of Christ's death, the confession of Christ's lordship over the church's salvation is bracketed by his death and resurrection. According to Paul, these two events constitute the messianic claim that inaugurates the salvation of God's creation. Further, the new life that characterizes the new humanity populating the new creation during the new age of salvation's history is the result of Christ's resurrection (compare Rom 6:4). In that Christ's dying and rising are past events, the new creation has erupted in the midst of a fallen creation, and the promised blessings of the new age are now being realized within the history of the church. Since the church's life in Christ is never divorced from creation's life in Christ, the church comes to understand its changed existence within and for the restoration of the world order.
Paul's orientation toward society modifies somewhat the natural conflict over values and convictions between the redeemed community and the rest of the world order (compare Col 3:9-10): conflict gives way to evangelism. As God's new creation, the faith community forsakes the old order but does not live in isolation from it. Rather, believers are called to live in the cultural mainstream as a new humanity and to call into question the old structures of "this present evil age" by its life with Christ and its proclamation of him. The church's incarnation of God's truth in deed and word would have absolutely no effect on other people if believers separated themselves from the lost. Worries about secular contamination only diminish the power of divine grace, which not only transforms believers but also protects them from evil.
The purpose clause that follows, so that in everything he might have the supremacy, articulates another result of God's positive verdict of Jesus' messianic mission in the empty tomb. The word the NIV translates supremacy comes from the word family of "firsts" (such as firstborn in vv. 15, 18) and focuses the purpose of God's new creation: to rank Christ as most important among all things. The phrase completes the earlier thrust of Paul's thinking that all things were created in him, by him and for him (v. 16), so that the extent of Christ's importance includes all things of both old and new orders.
Paul's confession returns to the question of Christ's lordship, but now to clarify what results from his faithful messiahship (compare Rom 1:3), when he "became" Lord by obeying God rather than by appealing to his preexistence (v. 17). But this new emphasis raises a question: how can Christ already "be" and then "become" cosmic Lord? Wright suggests a solution to this paradox in the distinction that Paul makes more clearly in other confessions about Christ, such as the one found in Philippians 2:5-11. There, according to Wright, Paul makes the distinction between a person's natural "right" that is not yet exercised and one whose status is ultimately legitimated by historical fact (1986:75). In this sense, Jesus has always been Lord of all; but as Messiah, by his faithfulness to God his preexistent status was proved valid.
Perhaps a more direct solution, however, lies in the twofold structure of the confession itself. In claiming Christ's lordship over all things, Paul makes a chronological distinction between Christ's preexistent lordship over creation and his postexistent lordship over the new creation. Therefore, while the preexistent Son is the firstborn over all creation and is therefore Lord over all things created, his lordship over the church began only after he became firstborn from among the dead at his exaltation (see Rom 1:3). With this in mind, we return to the phrase before us, so that in everything he might have the supremacy, to understand that everything does not refer to the all things created as in verse 16, but to all those new things that God's empowering grace continues to re-create within the faith community, beginning with Christ's resurrection.
At the core of the second half of the confession, sandwiched between claims for Christ's resurrection (v. 18) and his death (v. 20), are the redemptive results for humankind that follow from God's positive verdict of Jesus' messiahship. A great deal of scholarly attention has focused upon the meaning of the phrase for God was pleased to have all his fullness dwell in him--a claim to which Paul returns in 2:9 in arguing against the "hollow and deceptive philosophy" of his Colossian opponents (2:8). Frankly, this is a very difficult phrase to understand, and virtually every part of it remains contested among interpreters. Yet I think at least two elements should be included in its interpretation. First, Paul's intent is not to defend Christ's preexistence, a point he has already made. Rather, Paul's immediate interest is to confess Christ's lordship over the church. Thus, God's pleasure over Christ's deity explains God's verdict to make him Lord over every aspect of the church's salvation (v. 18; compare Acts 2:29-36). Second, by positing the fullness of God in Christ, Paul explains why Christ is an effective Lord. That is, God's fullness resides in the exalted Christ so that through him all things are reconciled to God.
While these two meanings may help provide the christological focus of this phrase, they do not settle a wide range of other interpretive issues. For example, what does the word fullness mean? In what sense does God's fullness dwell in him (the exalted Lord Christ)? What is the significance of Christ's blood and the nature of the peace that it provides the new creation?
Most modern commentators discount any explanation of fullness that argues for something other than a circumlocution for God. Actually, verse 19 does not include God; the verse's subject is fullness--literally, "all the fullness was pleased to dwell in him." Clearly, however, God is the implied subject of pleased, since a personal God can experience pleasure and the metaphor fullness cannot, and only God has the authority to define the relationship between Christ and the covenant community (compare Rom 9:6-29). But is fullness a metaphor of God's nature, as some understand, or perhaps of God's redeeming activity, as others suggest? When Paul speaks of the "grace of God" or the "righteousness of God" in his other writings, he intends the more Hebraic meaning of God's saving action rather than the more Hellenistic meaning of God's saving character. That is, Paul resists reducing God's grace or righteousness to a theological idea; for him God's grace or righteousness refers to God's work within history that transforms people and alters their destiny. Thus in Romans Paul speaks of grace as salvation-creating power and then locates God's righteousness within history (Rom 1:16-17)--first on the cross (Rom 3:22) and then in the actual experiences of the faith community (Rom 5--8). My point is that in a similar way, "God's fullness" is another idiom for divine action. God acted fully in Christ, and nothing of or nothing from God is lacking in Christ's work for us. God's redemptive activity on earth is mediated and God's faithfulness manifested through the Messiah.
This is precisely what God's resurrection of Jesus indicates to Paul. Easter convinced him--initially in his christophany on the Damascus Road--that the cross was neither scandalous nor foolish (see 1 Cor 1:22-24). In fact, the promised restoration of God's covenant with God's people and then all of creation, whether things on earth or things in heaven, is finally possible only in him and through him (compare v. 16; see Wright 1986:76, n. 3).
The effective outworking of divine grace within history through Christ is further nuanced by the phrase dwell in him. Hidden in the LXX usage of the word translated "dwell" (katoikeo) is a theological, even religious meaning: it is God who "dwells" in the holy place (Jer 7:3,7; compare Mt 23:21; Acts 7:48). In the New Testament, however, "the fullness of God" has come to dwell in the holy person, Jesus, who is the true temple for God's people of the new dispensation (Jn 2:19-21). In his physical absence, the disciples of the risen Christ form a community in him and are currently the "fullness of God" (see Eph 1:22-23). Thus, the faith community is God's true temple; in its particular life and special history God takes up residence on earth.
Paul's identification of the church as the temple of God (see 1 Cor 3:16-17) is enhanced by the grammatical emphasis placed upon the in him formula, which the NIV has softened by transposing the formula from the beginning of verse 19 and combining it with dwell at the end. In my view, Paul's understanding of the covenantal relationship between Christ and the church is encompassed in the in him formula. Believers dwell in Christ; as a result, they are the real beneficiaries of grace, since Christ is the medium of God's redemptive activities within history.
Indeed, just as this passage confesses faith in the exalted Christ, so must the confessing community define itself as the new humanity that finds its truest, most satisfying life in him. The validity of secular idols is already called into question by the faithfulness of Jesus and his subsequent exaltation as Lord. By dwelling in Christ believers are reconciled with God and can participate in God's triumph. This corporate dimension of the in him formula is underscored by Paul's shift of focus from Christ to the believers and by his thematic shift from Christ's resurrection to his death. God's resurrection of Jesus simply validates his death as the fulfillment of God's promised reconciliation for all believers who now reside in Christ.
Two different metaphors are used to interpret the redemptive importance of Christ's death--blood and cross. In a sense, the conflict between Christianity and Judaism boils down to an interpretation of Christ's death. According to the teaching of Paul, God saves the faithful from the self-destructive consequences of sin through the death of Jesus, God's Messiah. Jesus' death makes it possible to belong to him and to participate with him in the outworking of God's salvation on earth. According to the teaching of Judaism, however, Messiah will not die. Rather, it is faithful (messianic) Israel that suffers and often dies the martyr's death. In light of Israel's experience of suffering, then, religious Jews who anticipate the coming of God's Messiah interpret Scripture as teaching that Messiah will save Israel from its suffering and ultimately from its (i.e., God's) enemies.
While Paul does not emphasize the redemptive value of Christ's physical suffering (as does 1 Peter, for instance), he does emphasize Christ's death, which is even more scandalous. For him, the result of Christ's death is God's salvation, for in his blood and broken body we find our atoning sacrifice for sin. Religious Jews saw Jesus as having suffered the expected end of a Roman anarchist, which simply confirmed their judgment that he was a false Christ and not God's Christ.
We must not gloss over Paul's claims for the redemptive significance of Christ's death. The centrality of the crucifixion for Paul was a radical and intensely controversial claim in his day, though we often take it for granted today. Both metaphors Paul employs in this confession are intended to show the importance of the historical Jesus' execution for humanity's reconciliation with God. Blood, then, alludes to the religious importance of his death: blood is life attained by death, and is the priesthood's central image of covenant renewal. The blood of animal sacrifice, shed on the holy days of the Jewish calendar in accord with Leviticus 1--16, was symbolic of eternal life, the promise of God's covenant with Israel. For Paul, Christ's shed blood carries the same significance: the church's covenant with God for eternal life is renewed in Christ's atoning death (see Heb 9--10).
The second metaphor, cross, is more political. Although in Galatians 3:10 Paul alludes to the scandal of hanging an offender from a "tree" (compare Dt 27:26), his reference to Christ's cross in his writings challenges the usual Jewish argument that the church's Lord was executed in shame on a pagan cross. For Paul, the irony of this public perception is that Jesus' Roman death only underscored his fidelity to God's purposes (see Rom 3:21-25). Rather than symbolizing his disloyalty to Judaism or to Rome, the cross symbolizes Jesus' loyalty to God. His essential messianic credential is his profound confidence that God will make good on the covenant promise first made to Abraham and Sarah (compare Rom 4). The cross becomes the public symbol of the Messiah's fidelity to God's redemptive promises and triggers, as a result, the disclosure of God's empowering grace within history (see Rom 3:21-22; Gal 2:16-21; 3:22).
The verb making peace (eirenopoieo) expands the meaning of the verb to reconcile (apokatallasso). The community's experience of enjoying "peace with God" (Rom 5:1-5) is the tangible mark of being reconciled with God. It is of further significance that Paul links the peacemaking effect of Christ's death to his blood. Of course, this couplet echoes the Old Testament priestly tradition and may foreshadow Paul's later polemic against those who would maintain God's reign on earth by a system of mystical beliefs and ascetic rituals. Paul will argue that God's reconciling grace in the current age is not mediated through formal religious observance but by faith in the faithful Jesus.
Finally, Paul's idiom is inclusive: all things are reconciled to God through Christ. In a passage that explores the importance of Christ in terms of God's creation, I am led to understand God's reconciliation of all things as encompassing the nonhuman and inanimate worlds, so that "even the stones will cry out" in praise of God (Lk 19:40; see also Rev 21:19-21). While I think it unwise to speculate how God might restore each part of the natural world or whether there are animals in heaven, I also think it unwise to limit God's reconciliation to the human order of creation, for that denies grace its unconditional and universal character.
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The new DxO ONE camera brings our 10+ years of imaging processing expertise into the hands of photographers everywhere. DxO ONE was specifically designed to deliver DSLR image quality and features in an extremely compact size, and it connects directly with iPhone® and iPad® to allow for additional camera features and instant social connectivity.Read more
All the news
DxO OpticsPro 10.4, DxO FilmPack 5.1.2, and DxO ViewPoint 2.5.4 are available
- 15/04/2015
- DxO Optics Pro
These upgrades allow the three DxO solutions to process images taken with the new Nikon D7200 and the Olympus OM-D E-M5 Mark II. Among other new features, DxO OpticsPro v10.4 now offers a one-click reset function, and includes support for several DxO Optics Modules.Read more
DxO OpticsPro 10.2, DxO FilmPack 5.1 and DxO ViewPoint 2.5.2 are available
- 28/01/2015
- DxO Optics Pro
These updates allow all three of DxO's image processing solutions to support four additional cameras, including the Sony a7 II, and bring many improvements that facilitate the workflow for photographers.Read more
DxO OpticsPro 10.1, DxO FilmPack 5.0.1 and DxO ViewPoint 2.5.1 now available
- 02/12/2014
- DxO Optics Pro
DxO OpticsPro v10.1 is now compatible with the Lightroom and other third-party software's star ranking systems, has improved the speed at which it displays its visual presets in Windows, and has enriched its DxO FilmPack and DxO ViewPoint plugins.Read more

subset: commoncrawl


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3rd floor Spak
Tuesday, April 7th, starts at 10am. Get them while they last!
Proceeds to benefit a scholarship for HLLSA 1Ls
Wednesday, April 8, 3-4 pm
Location: Room 305
Come celebrate the end of the school year/celebrate the 1Ls being done with their oral arguments! Pizza and beer will be served!!
co-sponsored with PALS
Learn about your second-year classes before you register!
Come find out from upperclassmen:
· What classes to take
· Whose classes to take
· Clinical opportunities
· Externships
· Special programs
Includes Q&A session and FREE FOOD!
Wednesday, April 22*3:00-4:00 PM* Room 590
Sponsored by:
APALSA, BLSA, HLLSA, Jewish Decalogue Society, Phi Alpha Delta, SALSA
.: Main Chicago-Kent event calendar
.: Academic calendar
.: CLE calendar
.: Alumni event calendar
.: Admissions calendar


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Tzanghong observations
I have a bread that my family enjoys. The parkerhouse roll recipe from KAF made into one big loaf. Since its a straight dough it does have some issues with starting to dry out after a few days. Not that big of a deal since theres not much left by then. I wondered what the tzang method would do to it. It didnt produce a big shreddable loaf. Out of the oven it didnt look much different than normal. I was a bit disappointed. After cooling I cut into it. Crumb looked normal and it tasted the same. I know what your thinking total failure or I did something wrong. It wasnt a failure. The difference was subtle. The crumb thats normally crumbly when cut held up much better. It was tough but still tender. It has been a couple of days since I made the loaf. I keep it in a plastic bag in my pantry. I took it out this morning for breakfast and tested the cut end for dryness and was surprised to find it moist and springy. Taste is still very good. The method has helped the shelf life of the product. Since the crumb is more robust, it stands up better to making PB&J. That is the only alternative in my house if you dont like whats for dinner. I do need to adjust the hydration up some. After my next bake if its right I will post the modified recipe. I want to explore some cajun cooking recipes on roux making. I know if you cook the roux to varying levels of brownness it effects the thickening ability of it but imparts flavor. This has some far reaching possibilities both in flavor and texture.


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Ericsson has announced an industry first with a new series of Power Interface Modules that save board space for core processing functions and enable system architects to design equipment with energy monitoring features, enabling the use of optimization algorithms to reduce overall board power consumption. The new PIM4800PI series of Power Interface Modules is able to sustain a current of 16.5A across the full telecommunications input voltage range of 36V to 75V, resulting in an output power of 660W to 890W with built-in digital monitoring via the PMBus. In addition, the new modules can provide up to 20A continuous current in systems where there are no input-voltage transients or are very limited.
"The demands for increasing computing power and signal-handling capacity in the ICT (Information and Communications Technology) industry means higher power needs per system board," said Patrick Le Fèvre, Marketing and Communications Director, Ericsson Power Modules. "However, at the same time, board real estate together with energy management and power optimization have became strategically important factors for systems designers. This new product benefits from Ericsson's extensive experience in high-efficiency topologies, board power optimization technologies and the development of products incorporating digital interfaces and PMBus capabilities.
The first in this new series, the PIM4820BPD is a Power Interface Module that enables monitoring via the industry-standard PMBus and includes a DC/DC power module converter with 2250 VDC isolation and an adjustable output voltage of 0.85V to 7.0V within a power range of 15W/5A. While aimed primarily at high-end equipment applications, the PIM4820BPD allows the optimisation of board space and delivers board-level control of power consumption making the product also highly attractive for a broad range of ICT applications overall.


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UH Statewide Nursing Consortium recognizes first special class of graduatesUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Community Development Officer, School of Nursing
The first Bachelor of Science (BS) degree Nursing graduates of the University of Hawai'i Statewide Nursing Consortium recently received their degrees from UH Mānoa. The Nursing programs at multiple campuses designed a pathway to the BS degree that is referred to as a "3+1" model.
Students enrolled at UH Maui College and UH Kaua'i Community College, and following completion of their associate degrees (AD), immediately began their senior classes using a hybrid delivery approach with clinical learning taking place on their home islands. The 12 graduates joined the 66 direct-entry UH Mānoa class to receive their BS degrees. Additionally, a group of six Kapi'olani Community College and two Maui College AD graduates also received their BS degrees from UH Mānoa after completing bridge courses to enter UH Mānoa's program. Kapi'olani Community College has adopted the common curriculum and will enroll its first consortium pathway students this Fall.
- UH Maui College graduates are Megan Antunez, Mary Bonner Naylor, Cathy Cho, Anita Kaina, Elizabeth Marsh, Robin Garrison and Tanya Takatani-Apo.
- UH Kaua'i Community College graduates are Brandi Baretto, Fritha Milliken, Bowen Pan, Kayla Santa Ana, Elena Tangonan, Tania Tasic and Susan Yim.
- The names of the 66 direct-entry UH Mānoa graduates are available to media upon request.
The nursing programs at UH Mānoa, Maui College and Kaua'i Community College developed a common curriculum offered across the campuses. Faculty met twice a year to plan the program, hear from national experts and build shared goals. Over time, they became friends as well as colleagues. Now they share in celebrating the success of all the graduates.
Said UH Mānoa School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene Dean Mary G. Boland, "A statewide UH system of nursing education meets Hawai'i's need for well-educated, culturally sensitive, and caring professionally competent nurses. At the same time, we provide opportunity for students to remain in their community and advance their education. By offering multi-campus nursing education, we avoid unnecessary duplication of UH programs and streamline the delivery of nursing education throughout the State. This educational program model is an efficient use of State of Hawai'i resources."
The increasing complexity of health-care delivery requires that nurses be skilled in coordinating care across hospital, community and home. To respond to the changes in the delivery of services and meet the changing needs of patients, nurses must achieve higher levels of education. Research shows that patients have better outcomes when care is delivered by an RN with a bachelor's degree. Such nurses are known for their ability to communicate well with other disciplines, mastery of complex systems, and advocacy for patients and families.
Previously in Hawai'i, only about 5% of AD nurses completed their BS degrees. This transformative pathway has increased access for the neighbor island nurses who wish to continue their education.
This group of BS graduates was joined on stage by 33 Executive AD-RN to BS graduates at the Hawai'i Convention Center on Friday, May 10, 2013. To meet the needs of experienced RNs who wanted to obtain a BS degree, UH Mānoa created the Executive Pathway program that is offered in cooperation with employers. Nurses from The Queen's Medical Center (QMC) and Kaiser Hawai'i completed a one-year program, in which classes were offered at QMC once a month on Friday afternoon and all day Saturday, with the remainder of coursework completed online. This blended method, combined with scholarships from the employers and flexible work schedules, allowed these experienced nurses to maintain their jobs while advancing their education.
UH Mānoa Nursing, the Nursing Capitol of the Pacific, is the leader in nursing education and research in Hawai'i with outreach to Asia and the Pacific Basin. We support the mission of the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa: to provide an innovative, caring and multicultural environment in which faculty, students and staff work together to generate and transmit knowledge, wisdom and values to promote quality of life and health for present and future generations. The school offers the BS, master's and doctoral programs. To reflect Hawai'i's unique cultural diversity and heritage, UH Mānoa Nursing is committed to increasing Native Hawaiian and other underserved people in all nursing programs.
(Caption for Kauai photo) Kauai-based UH Manoa Nursing graduates at Capstone Project presentation at Wilcox Memorial Hospital.
(Caption for Maui photo) Maui-based UH Manoa Nursing graduates at Capstone Project presentation at Maui Memorial Medical Center.
For more information, visit: http://www.nursing.hawaii.edu/


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Style # 206549
With a heavy stretch and spacedye print, this bebe tank is sure to keep you looking workout-fab. Offers light bust support. Racerback cut allows for more movement. Made for high-impact activity from moisture-wicking fabrics.
- 89% polyester, 11% spandex.
- Center back to hem: 22" (56 cm).
- Machine wash.
- Made in USA.
- Model is 5'9" and is wearing a US size S.


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You don't always have to be a box office hit to get the Oscars to pay attention to you. In fact, in the last few years, it's almost been a hindrance-- The Hurt Locker (total domestic box office: $17 million) edged out Avatar (total domestic box office: $760 million) for Best Picture, while last year The Artist (total domestic box office: $44 million) ran away with the entire awards season, cruising past competition like The Help ($169 million) and Moneyball ($75 million).
But this year's Oscar race is already looking unusually favorable to major studio releases, and those films almost always benefit from big box office-- runaway, beloved audience hits with great reviews usually get Best Picture nominations, if not wins (unless they're superhero movies, of course). Argo, a Warner Bros. release, has made a healthy $43 million already, and coupled with exuberant reviews is now strongly positioned as a Best Picture nominee. This week sees the British release of Sony's Skyfall, a Bond movie that, as I mentioned last week, very much deserves Best Picture consideration-- and when it inevitably becomes a hit, that will only help it get there. And as the holiday season approaches, there are a whole ton of studio films-- Les Miserables, Life of Pi, Django Unchained, This is 40-- angling to both win the box office and Oscar buzz in one fell swoop.
This is the part where you probably want me to talk about The Avengers, the year's most successful movie and the one that, based on the comments I've been getting, you all think deserves more than an "Outside Chance" at Best Picture. But superhero movies remain the spot where the "box office success + critical raves = Oscars" formula falls apart. The Academy is still feeling some of the backlash from their snub of The Dark Knight in 2008, which many believe led them to open up the Best Picture category to 10 nominees (now a sliding scale of 5-10, depending on how many votes they get) and probably helped Inception get a nod two years later. The Avengers is in some ways this year's The Dark Knight, the runaway box office success that everybody saw, and the only summer movie that seemed to universally get people excited.
But even with all that success, The Academy will find it all too easy to ignore The Avengers, because it combines three things the Oscars have always been practically allergic to: superheroes, comedy and franchises. The superhero bias is pretty well-established at this point, but it's worth noting that nothing has actually changed since the Dark Knight snub-- there still hasn't been a superhero movie that came even close to the Best Picture roster. The comedy bias is well-established too, and goes back way longer than superhero movies have been around. The comedies nominated for Best Picture in the last dozen years or so-- The Descendants, The Kids Are All Right, Up in the Air, Juno-- are all dramedies at best, and all come with the indie-style stamp that makes them feel real, even if a bit light-hearted. The Avengers is far from all comedy, but it's best moments are often laugh lines; if the first time the Oscars seemed to be taking superheroes even remotely serious was when Batman went super-dark with The Dark Knight, a lighter take on the genre isn't likely to turn their heads.
And finally, the franchise question. Yes, all three Lord of the Rings films got Best Picture nominations, and Return of the King won. Yes, Toy Story 3 was nominated just two years ago. But it's not hard to see those as exceptions to the rule-- the last sequel to be nominated before the Lord of the Rings franchise was The Godfather Part III, back in 1990, and God only knows how that even happened. Sure, The Avengers isn't technically a sequel-- but even comic nerds know that's splitting hairs. The Avengers is a big bundle of familiar characters who happen to wear funny costumes to save the world, and it takes the whole genre with a lighthearted attitude. That's what made the movie such an enormous success, but it's also what will keep it away from Best Picture.
That said, I'll still keep The Avengers as an outside chance, because you seriously never know-- I've been blindsided by Best Picture nominations in the past, God knows. But The Avengers is unlikely to win awards from critic's group as Best Picture, and is unlikely to get attention from the guilds as well-- though the Writer's Guild could pull off a nomination for Joss Whedon's script, which could easily lead to the movie's most high-profile Oscar nod. Feel free to argue with me in the comments about The Avengers's secret strengths-- I'm glad to see its devoted fans keeping the torch alive.
And one more note on box office-- keep an eye on Cloud Atlas as it opens in theaters this weekend. I recognize that not everyone loves the movie as much as I do, and i've kind of given up hope that it will be a major player for awards this year. But if it opens strong, Warner Bros. may feel inclined to push harder for Cloud Atlas among their other awards contenders. We'll see how that box office pans out in next week's column.
And now, on to the charts, where there's still not a lot of change, but there's a desperate plea for someone to finally make the Best Supporting Actress category interesting.
No changes in the rankings here, though as mentioned above Argo continues to look strong with its box office success. Last night I also noticed the first TV spot for Life of Pi, airing nearly a month before its scheduled November 21 release. That's an interesting sign of how much faith Fox has in the movie, and could mean it's being positioned as that runaway box office + critical hit I talked about above. Or it could be this year's Hugo-- technically gorgeous and critically beloved, but not necessarily a huge hit. We've got more than a month to wait that one out, unfortunately.


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Mental health officials in nearly every state struggle to determine best practices for treating mentally ill people who do not have significant financial means to care for themselves. It is often an expensive, but necessary proposition that can include a variety of acceptable approaches.
But one method that definitely is not acceptable is for one government to dump its psychiatric patients on other jurisdictions by purchasing one-way bus tickets to send those patients to other states. An investigation last month by the Sacramento Bee revealed that some officials in Nevada apparently were engaging in just such a practice.
In fact, the practice even has a name. It is called "Greyhound Therapy." But that is just a euphemistic moniker for a practice that is not only unacceptable, but reprehensible. Earlier this week, 21 California lawmakers called on both the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Attorney General Eric Holder to investigate the practice. They are right to do so. The sooner such an investigation occurs the better.
U.S. Rep. Ami Bera, D-Elk Grove, wrote in a letter requesting the investigation that such a practice "would not only be unethical and disgraceful, but would also be an illegal attempt by Nevada to evict members of the state's most vulnerable population to benefit its bottom line." The entire notion is mind-boggling. Who could have possibly thought this was a good idea?
The Bee's investigation found that the primary hospital for the mentally ill in Nevada had bused more than 1,500 patients out of the state since 2008. The number of patients bused out of the state rose 66 percent in the past four years. At the same time, Nevada slashed its mental health spending by 28 percent as part of budget cuts. Hmm – coincidence? Doubtful.
After initially downplaying the newspaper's reports, Nevada state officials finally admitted this week that an internal investigation had revealed that there were 10 cases of improper transfer of patients. A spokeswoman for the state said five employees had been disciplined and two fired because of the findings.
That's a fine beginning, but it should not be the end of things. No one should trust the results of a self-investigation from any state in which such a cockamamie plan could be hatched and executed, apparently for a number of years.
That is why a federal investigation into the matter is preferable.
Such an investigation would offer the independent review necessary and could possibly inform the question as to whether any additional and specific federal legislation might be needed.
It also would serve the additional purpose of sending a clear message to any other states that might have been dabbling in such practices that "Greyhound Therapy" is an unacceptable practice anywhere in the United States.


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Your Favorite Color Huntington Beach, California
New up and coming band from Huntingon Beach California.
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For purposes of an e-Way Bill, supply is considered either a payment in the course of business/ a payment which may not be in the course of business/ no consideration of payment (in the case of barter/ exchange).
Latest update as on 23rd Mar 2018: The transporters need not generate the Eway bill (as Form EWB-01 or EWB-02) where all the consignments in the conveyance :
Individually (single Document**) is less than or equal to Rs 50,000 BUT In Aggregate (all documents** put together) exceeds Rs 50,000.
(**Document means Tax Invoice/Delivery challan/Bill of supply)
GST E-Way Bill Format
Below is the image of the e-Way Bill to be electronically generated after completing the Form GST EWB-01.
The bill comprises of 2 parts – Part A and Part B.
Part A of the form is to collect the details of the consignment, usually about the invoice.GSTIN of Recipient: Place of Delivery: gracosy Women Sandals Wedged Slides Sandals Vintage Handmade Leather Flats Shoes Casual Comfort Mary Jane Loafers Flat Summer Sandals Flower Splicing Bohemian Outdoor Walking Shoes Blue IuH6y
In Part B of this form, one needs to fill in the vehicle number of the transported goods. The transporter will complete this information in the common portal.
e-Way Bills are generated either via online e-way bill system or SMS. The bill needs to be generated before the start of the movement of goods about supply/ reasons other than supply/ inward supply from an unregistered person. [Supply being defined sale of goods and payment made/ branch transfer/ barter or exchange].
Here is a step by step guide to generate E-Way Bill Online or Via SMS (created by NIC).
The table below is aimed to provide a bird's eye-view of 'Who, When and How' will generate the e-Way Bill and which part of the form needs to be completed:
Under GST regime, when goods are moved from one place to another, the transporter needs to ensure to carry an e-Way Bill. When a registered person causes the movement of goods and hands these over to the transporter for transportation by road, but the e-Way Bill has not been generated, then it is the transporter who needs to create the bill.
When an unregistered person causes the movement of goods, through his/her conveyance or hired vehicle or services of a transporter, then the e-Way Bill needs to be generated and can be done by the transporter.
In cases where there are multiple consignments, being sent through one conveyance, the transporter has the responsibility to ensure that the serial number of each individually generated e-way bill per each consignment is entered on the common platform and a consolidated e-Way Bill via the Form GST EWB 02 is created.1) In Which cases e-Way bill is not required?
The below are the cases when the generation of e-Way Bill is not a requirement:
Our policy statements and responses arranged by year. We often issue a policy statement where we feel an area of regulation needs clarifying or prioritising.
Published: February 2018
Summarises our expectations of good practice by trustees and scheme managers on the management of service providers.
Published: January 2018Published:
The FCA and TPR are working together on a pensions regulatory strategy on how to tackle the key risks facing the pensions sector in the future.
Published: April 2018
This statement is relevant to trustees and employers of all defined benefit (DB) pension schemes but is primarily aimed at those undertaking valuations with effective dates in the period 22 September 2017 to 21 September 2018 (2018 valuations).
Summarises the key messages from the annual funding statement and can be downloaded to use in meetings.
A review of DB pension schemes with valuation dates between September 2017 and September 2018 (Tranche 13).
Published: May 2017
This statement is relevant to trustees and employers of all defined benefit (DB) pension schemes but is primarily aimed at those undertaking valuations with effective dates in the period 22 September 2016 to 21 September 2017 (2017 valuations).
A review of DB pension schemes with valuation dates between September 2016 and September 2017 (Tranche 12).
Published: July 2016
This statement explains the policy the regulator will adopt in exercising its power to prohibit a person from being a trustee if the Determinations Panel is satisfied that they are not a 'fit and proper' person.
July 2016
Sets out our main messages and key areas for action to trustees of DB and DC pension schemes in light of the recent referendum vote in favour of leaving the EU.
Published: June 2016
Information for trustees from the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) about changes to the State Pension age.
Published: May 2016
This statement is relevant to trustees and employers of all DB pension schemes but is primarily aimed at those undertaking valuations with effective dates in the period 22 September 2015 to 21 September 2016 (2016 valuations).
This presentation summarises the key messages from this year's annual funding statement and can be downloaded to use in meetings and discussions.
A review of DB pension schemes with valuation dates between September 2015 and September 2016 (Tranche 11).
Published: September 2015
Proposition Let be an arbitrary partition of events of . Let be an event. Then there exists at least one random variable that satisfies the property:for all events obtainable as unions of events . Furthermore, if and are two random variables and both satisfy the above property, that is,for all , then and are almost surely equal, that is, there exists a zero-probability event such that
According to the above theorem, a random variable satisfying the fundamental property of conditional probability exists and is unique (up to almost sure equality). As a consequence, we can indirectly define the probability of an event conditional on the partition as . This indirect way of defining conditional probability is summarized in the following definition.
Definition (Probability conditional on a partition) Let be a partition of events of . Let be an event. We say that a random variable is a probability of conditional on the partition iffor all events obtainable as unions of events .
As we have seen above, such a random variable is guaranteed to exist and is unique up to almost sure equality.
This apparently abstract definition of conditional probability is extremely useful. One of its most important applications is the derivation of conditional probability density functions for absolutely continuous random vectors (see the lecture entitled
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The following section present more details about conditional probabilities.
In rigorous probability theory, when conditional probability is regarded as a random variable, it is defined with respect to sigma-algebras, rather than with respect to partitions. Let be a
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. Let be a sub--algebra of , i.e. is a -algebra and . Let be an event. We say that a random variable is a conditional probability of with respect to the -algebra if:It can be shown that this definition is completely equivalent to our definition above, provided is the smallest -algebra containing all the events obtainable as unions of events (where is a partition of events of ).
Let denote the probability of a generic event conditional on the partition . We say that the probability space admits a regular probability conditional on the partition if, for any fixed , is a probability measure on the events , that is, is a probability space for any ,.regular probability conditional on the partition
Most of the learning materials found on this website are now available in a traditional textbook format.
This information is designed to help you with your decision-making, and it is not intended to provide advice. Contact a local independent agent in the Trusted Choice network today for assistance concerning the insurance options that are available to you.


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|MLB Career Stats
|NY Yankees
|San Francisco
|San Francisco
|June 6, 2015
|Diablos Rojos del Mexico released OF Justin Christian.
|May 12, 2015
|Diablos Rojos del Mexico signed free agent OF Justin Christian.
|May 8, 2015
|Tigres de Quintana Roo released OF Justin Christian.
|April 1, 2015
|Tigres de Quintana Roo activated OF Justin Christian.
|February 6, 2015
|Tigres de Quintana Roo signed free agent OF Justin Christian.
|January 22, 2014
|LF Justin Christian assigned to Durham Bulls.
|January 14, 2014
|Tampa Bay Rays signed free agent LF Justin Christian to a minor league contract and invited him to spring training.
|November 4, 2013
|OF Justin Christian elected free agency.
|July 18, 2013
|Memphis Redbirds activated OF Justin Christian from the 7-day disabled list.
|June 16, 2013
|Memphis Redbirds placed LF Justin Christian on the 7-day disabled list.
|November 26, 2012
|St. Louis Cardinals signed free agent LF Justin Christian to a minor league contract and invited him to spring training.
|November 2, 2012
|LF Justin Christian elected free agency.
|October 12, 2012
|San Francisco Giants sent LF Justin Christian outright to Fresno Grizzlies.
|September 7, 2012
|San Francisco Giants activated LF Justin Christian from the 15-day disabled list.
|August 23, 2012
|San Francisco Giants placed LF Justin Christian on the 15-day disabled list. Sprained left wrist.
|August 17, 2012
|San Francisco Giants recalled Justin Christian from Fresno Grizzlies.
|August 2, 2012
|San Francisco Giants optioned Justin Christian to Fresno Grizzlies.
|June 15, 2012
|San Francisco Giants selected the contract of Justin Christian from Fresno Grizzlies.
|April 5, 2012
|Justin Christian assigned to Fresno Grizzlies.
|February 16, 2012
|San Francisco Giants invited non-roster LF Justin Christian to spring training.
|February 13, 2012
|San Francisco Giants released LF Justin Christian.
|February 8, 2012
|San Francisco Giants designated LF Justin Christian for assignment.
|September 6, 2011
|San Francisco Giants selected the contract of LF Justin Christian from Fresno Grizzlies.
|June 28, 2011
|Justin Christian assigned to Fresno Grizzlies from Richmond Flying Squirrels.
|April 2, 2011
|Justin Christian assigned to Richmond Flying Squirrels.
|March 20, 2011
|CF Justin Christian assigned to San Francisco Giants.
|November 6, 2010
|OF Justin Christian elected free agency.
|September 6, 2010
|OF Justin Christian assigned to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees from Trenton Thunder.
|July 10, 2010
|Justin Christian assigned to Trenton Thunder from Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees.
|June 21, 2010
|Justin Christian assigned to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees from Trenton Thunder.
|May 8, 2010
|Trenton Thunder signed free agent Justin Christian.
|November 9, 2009
|CF Justin Christian elected free agency.
|September 21, 2009
|Norfolk Tides activated CF Justin Christian from the 7-day disabled list.
|July 19, 2009
|Norfolk Tides placed CF Justin Christian on the 7-day disabled list. right shoulder injury
Name is pronounced JUH-stin KRIS-chuhn...Played baseball at Skyline Junior College, Auburn University and Southeast Missouri State University was an All-American and "Newcomer of Year" in 2003 with Southeast Missouri State.2013
In 107 games with Triple-A Memphis (Cardinals), hit .270 (101-for-374) with 14 SB.2012
Spent most of the season with Triple-A Fresno (Giants) and hit .343 (104-for-303) in 72 games…also appeared in 34 games over two stints with the Giants (9 starts; 5-RF, 4-CF)…at the time of his June 15 call-up, led the PCL with 91 hits…optioned to Fresno on Aug 1 and recalled Aug 17 through season's end despite a short DL stay (left wrist sprain).2011 Was Sept. call-up for San Francisco after having superb 2011 campaign at triple-A Fresno and double-A Richmond where he combined to hit .294 (150-for-510) with 32 2Bs, 5 3Bs, 14 HRs and 73 RBI while going 54-for-59 in stolen base attempts...his 14 HRs and 73 RBI were both professional highs for single season...Signed by Giants as minor league free agent on Jan. 28, Christian began season at double-A Richmond where hit batted .256 (70-for-273) with 4 HRs and 32 RBI while going 18-for-20 in stolen base attempts...Was transferred to triple-A Fresno roster on June 20, where he became one of Grizzles' best offensive players, hitting .338 (80-for-237) with 20 2Bs, 3 3Bs, 10 HRs and 41 RBI in 64 games...Went 36-for-39 in stolen base attempts with Fresno with his 36 steals ranking as 4th-most in Pacific Coast League and 2nd-most on team behind Tyler Graham (60)...Fell double shy of cycle, going 3-for-4 with 3B, home run, 3 RBI and 2 stolen bases on July 1 at Tacoma...Had his 1st 4-hit game of year for Fresno, going 4-for-5 with 3 2Bs, 2 RBI, 3 stolen bases and 2 runs scored on Aug. 1 vs. Reno...Had his contract purchased by San Francisco on Sept. 5 and appeared in 18 games for Giants, making 12 starts and batting .255 (12-for-47) with 5 2Bs and 4 RBI...started in center field and went 1-for-4 on Sept. 6 at San Diego, his 1st appearance in Majors since 2008 with New York Yankees...Set career-highs with 3 hits and 3 RBI on Sept. 21 at Los Angeles-NL. 2010 Signed May 8 with New York-AL as minor league free agent...combined to hit .289 (118-for-409) with 22 SBs in 103 games between triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre and double-A Trenton. 2009 Signed as minor league free agent with Baltimore...hit .270 (96-for-356) with 18 2Bs, 5 3Bs and 26 SBs in 88 games with triple-A Norfolk...Was placed on disabled list on July 19 with right shoulder sprain and missed remainder of season with injury. 2008 Made his Major League debut with Yankees on June 24...led triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre with .306 avg. (82-for-268) in 74 games...Named to International League mid-season All-Star team...Collected career-high 6 RBI on May 3 vs. Durham...Made his Major League debut on June 24 with New York-AL vs. Pittsburgh and went 2-for-4...collected his 1st Major League hit off Tom Gorzelanny...Batted .250 (10-for-40) with 7 SBs in 24 games over 2 stints with Yankees...Appeared in all 8 of triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre postseason games, batting 257 (9-for-35) with 4 2BS, HR, 5 RBI and 5 SBs for International League champs. 2007 Combined to hit .271 (115-for-424) with 16 2B, 48 RBI and 57 runs scored in 105 games with double-A Trenton and triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre...Tied for 2nd among all Yankees farmhands with 35 SBs...Was transferred from Trenton to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre on June 22 and fashioned 10-game hitting streak from July 8-20 where he batted .383 (18-for-47) during stretch with 8 SBs...Was placed on disabled list on Aug. 7 with left thumb sprain and missed remainder of season with injury. 2006 Played in 129 games with double-A Trenton while batting .276 (129-for-467) with 6 HRs and 43 RBI...Led Eastern League and set Trenton record with 68 SBs, while also leading all Yankee farmhands...Stole season-high 3 bases on 3 separate occasions on April 22 at Connecticut, July 2 at Portland and Aug. 22 vs. Erie...Batted .321 (36-for-112) with 17 SBs in 31 games during month of August...Following season played for Mochis in Mexican Winter League where he batted .250 with 4 HRs, 6 RBI and 8 SBs in 10 games. 2005 Combined to hit .303 (143-for-472) between 3 separate Yankee farm teams...Appeared in 29 games with Class A Charleston and batted .290 with 17 SBs...Batted .306 with 8 HRs and 37 RBI in 95 games with Class A Advanced Tampa...His combined 55 SBs led all Yankees' minor leaguers. 2004 Was signed by Yankees on July 1 and combined to play 53 games between GCL-Yankees and shortseason Staten Island where he batted .284 (61-for-215) with 37 RBI. 2003 Began professional career with River City Rascals in independent Frontier League, batting .301 (37- for-123) in 38 games.


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Our office is happy to assist alumni and former students with requests for: Transcripts, Copy of Medical Student Performance Evaluation (MSPE), Verification letters, State Licensure Forms, and Replacement Diplomas. Please submit the appropriate form in order for our office to process your request.
For third parties wishing to verify degrees and/or attendance for former MD students and graduates please note that we participate in the National Student Clearinghouse Degree Verify service. Our school code is 002903-04 and listed under Yeshiva Unversity-Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Please visit their website for enrollment and degree verifications.
All Fellowship or Residency verification requests should be made directly to the Academic Departments of Montefiore Medical Center or Jacobi Medical Center.


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These are a couple of stanzas from Joanna Newsom, a singer-songwriter. She's by far my favourite lyricist at the moment.
Whose is the hand that I will hold?
Whose is the face I will see?
Whose is the name that I will call,
when I am called to meet thee?
Cuius manus est quam tenebo?
cuius os quod videbo?
cuius nomen est quod vocebo,
cum vocata congredi ero cum te?
Stand here and name
the one you loved,
beneath the drifting ashes,
and, in naming,
rise above time,
as it, flashing, passes.
Hic sta et nomina
quendam amatum a te
sub cineribus turbatis
nominando itaque
surge supra tempus
fulgens dum exit
Well, I have sown untidy furrows
across my soul,
but I am still a coward,
content to see my garden grow
so sweet and full
of someone else's flowers.
prave aravi sulcos
per animum meum
tamen timida sum
libet mihi spectare hortum florentem
amoenissimum ac plenum florum
qui sunt alieni.


text:
Come and meet like minded business women at our Power Business Breakfast Club. Mix and mingle, discuss ideas and create those all important new connections in an informal setting, whilst enjoying a light breakfast - all in the heart of the city.
This event is free to Premium Members and only £12.50 + VAT for a standard ticket.
If you would like to find out more about our membership and other events please visit our website - www.forwardladies.com


text:
(Redirected from Skin-changer)
Skin-changers were creatures who could take different forms at will. Little is known of their abilities; the only famous skin-changers were Beorn and his descendants (who could take the shape of a Man or of a bear),[1] but evidently other skin-changers also existed.
It has been suggested that Radagast, a "master of shapes and hues", was able to change his form.[2]
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, passim
- ↑ Radagast: master of shapes and hues Forum discussion


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Alzheimer's Association® applauds House passage of missing Alzheimer's Disease Patient Alert Program
As the world's leading voluntary health organization in Alzheimer's care, support and research, the Alzheimer's Association® applauds passage of H.R. 2800, The Missing Alzheimer's Disease Patient Alert Program Reauthorization Act introduced by Representative Maxine Waters (D-Calif.) The measure, passed today in the House of Representatives, expands important programs that improve the safety of people living with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.
More than 5 million Americans are living with Alzheimer's, a progressive, degenerative and fatal disease. As the threat of Alzheimer's continues to touch more people's lives, the safety of these individuals will continue to be a tremendous concern. Many living with Alzheimer's experience significant disorientation of time and space and six out of 10 individuals with dementia will get lost and wander from their homes or care facilities, many doing so repeatedly. This legislation aims to help individuals with Alzheimer's and dementia who wander away from home by reauthorizing a Department of Justice Program that allows local law enforcement officials to quickly identify wandering dementia patients and reunite them with their families.
"Passage of this legislation during World Alzheimer's Month helps to underscore how important it is that mechanisms are in place to address the safety and wandering issues that affect so many individuals in the Alzheimer's population," said Robert Egge, Alzheimer's Association Vice President of Public Policy. "The Alzheimer's Association remains committed to working with lawmakers, law enforcement and first responders to ensure they are equipped to manage the unique safety challenges facing the Alzheimer's community." The Alzheimer's Association Wandering and Safety Response Initiative has a long history of working with the federal government to addressing safety issues for Alzheimer's families and exploring innovative ways to educate law enforcement and emergency personnel. This multicomponent initiative includes MedicAlert® + Alzheimer's Association's Safe Return®, a nationwide emergency response program that assists in the safe and timely return of individuals with Alzheimer's or other dementias that wander and become lost. The program maintains a 98 percent success rate for program enrollees who were reported missing.
Alzheimer's Association
The Alzheimer's Association is the world's leading voluntary health organization in Alzheimer's care, support and research. Our mission is to eliminate Alzheimer's disease through the advancement of research; to provide and enhance care and support for all affected; and to reduce the risk of dementia through the promotion of brain health. Our vision is a world without Alzheimer's. For more information, visit www.alz.org.
Contact: Alzheimer's Association
Media line: 312.335.4078
E-mail: email@example.com


text: Print Overview Vision with macular degenerationVision with macular degenerationAs macular degeneration develops, clear, normal vision (shown left) becomes impaired by a distorted blur with missing areas. With advanced macular degeneration, a blind spot typically forms at the center of your visual field (shown right). Dry macular degeneration is a common eye disorder among people over 65. It causes blurred or reduced central vision, due to thinning of the macula (MAK-u-luh). The macula is the part of the retina responsible for clear vision in your direct line of sight. Dry macular degeneration may first develop in one eye and then affect both. Over time your vision worsens, which may affect your ability to do things such as read, drive and recognize faces. But this doesn't mean you'll lose all of your sight. Early detection and self-care measures may delay vision loss due to dry macular degeneration. SymptomsDry macular degeneration symptoms usually develop gradually and without pain. They may include: Visual distortions, such as straight lines seeming bent Reduced central vision in one or both eyes The need for brighter light when reading or doing close work Increased difficulty adapting to low light levels, such as when entering a dimly lit restaurant Increased blurriness of printed words Decreased intensity or brightness of colors Difficulty recognizing faces Dry macular degeneration usually affects both eyes. If only one eye is affected, you may not notice any changes in your vision because your good eye may compensate for the weak eye. And the condition doesn't affect side (peripheral) vision, so it rarely causes total blindness. Dry macular degeneration is one of two types of age-related macular degeneration. It can progress to wet (neovascular) macular degeneration, which is characterized by blood vessels that grow under the retina and leak. The dry type is more common, but it usually progresses slowly (over years). The wet type is more likely to cause a relatively sudden change in vision resulting in serious vision loss. When to see a doctor See your eye doctor if: You notice changes in your central vision Your ability to see colors and fine detail becomes impaired These changes may be the first indication of macular degeneration, particularly if you're over age 50. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic Causes Inner eyeInner eyeYour eye is a complex and compact structure measuring about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) in diameter. It receives millions of pieces of information about the outside world, which are quickly processed by your brain. No one knows exactly what causes dry macular degeneration. But research indicates it may be related to a combination of heredity and environmental factors, including smoking and diet. The condition develops as the eye ages. Dry macular degeneration affects the macula — an area of the retina that's responsible for clear vision in your direct line of sight. Over time tissue in your macula may thin and break down. Risk factorsFactors that may increase your risk of macular degeneration include: Age. This disease is most common in people over 65. Family history and genetics. This disease has a hereditary component. Researchers have identified several genes that are related to developing the condition. Race. Macular degeneration is more common in whites than it is in other people. Smoking. Smoking cigarettes or being regularly exposed to smoke significantly increases your risk of macular degeneration. Obesity. Research indicates that being obese may increase your chance that early or intermediate macular degeneration will progress to the more severe form of the disease. Cardiovascular disease. If you have had diseases that affected your heart and blood vessels, you may be at higher risk of macular degeneration. ComplicationsPeople whose dry macular degeneration has progressed to central vision loss may experience depression or visual hallucinations. And dry macular degeneration may progress to wet macular degeneration, which can cause rapid vision loss if left untreated. PreventionThe following measures may help reduce your risk of developing dry macular degeneration: Have routine eye exams. Ask your eye doctor how often you need to undergo routine eye exams. A dilated eye exam can identify macular degeneration. Manage your other medical conditions. For example, if you have cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure, take your medication and follow your doctor's instructions for controlling the condition. Don't smoke. Smokers are more likely to develop macular degeneration than are nonsmokers. Ask your doctor for help to stop smoking. Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly. If you need to lose weight, reduce the number of calories you eat and increase the amount of exercise you get each day. Maintain a healthy weight by exercising regularly and controlling your diet. Choose a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Choose a healthy diet that's full of a variety of fruits and vegetables. These foods contain antioxidant vitamins that reduce your risk of developing macular degeneration. Include fish in your diet. Omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish, may reduce the risk of macular degeneration. Nuts, such as walnuts, also contain omega-3 fatty acids. By Mayo Clinic Staff Dry macular degeneration care at Mayo Clinic Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic Diagnosis & treatment March 03, 2018 Print Share on: FacebookTwitter References AskMayoExpert. Age-related macular degeneration. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2015. Preferred practice pattern: Age-related macular degeneration. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2015. http://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/age-related-macular-degeneration-ppp-2015. Accessed Sept. 22, 2015. Age-related macular degeneration? American Academy of Ophthalmology. http://www.geteyesmart.org/eyesmart/diseases/amd.cfm. Accessed Sept. 17, 2015. Facts about age-related macular degeneration. National Eye Institute. http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts.asp. Accessed Sept. 17, 2015. Lawrenson JG, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.16.0b/ovidweb.cgi. Accessed Sept. 22, 2015. Yanoff M, et al., eds. Age-related macular degeneration. In: Ophthalmology. 4th ed. Edinburgh, U.K.: Mosby Elsevier; 2014. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Sept. 17, 2015. American Medical Association. Age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Patient Page. JAMA. 2012;308:1702. Garg SJ. Age-related macular degeneration. Merck Manual Professional Version. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/retinal-disorders/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd-or-armd. Accessed Sept. 22, 2015. Barbara Woodward Lips Patient Education Center. Lowering your risk for advanced age-related macular degeneration. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2013. Farid M. Transscleral suturing of the implantable miniature telescope. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2013;39:979. Arroyo JG. Age-related macular degeneration: Treatment and prevention. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Sept. 25, 2015. Riggin ER. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. July 22, 2015. Garrity J. Structure and function of the eyes. Merck Manual Consumer Version. http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/eye-disorders/biology-of-the-eyes/structure-and-function-of-the-eyes. Accessed Sept. 28, 2015. Robertson DM (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Oct. 7, 2015. RelatedBionic Eye Offers Hope of Restoring VisionHealth foodsLaser retina scanAge-related vision problemsEye dilation: Necessary with every eye exam?Tobacco cravingsDriver safetyMayo Clinic's Accessible AppHerbal supplementsHeart disease in womenSymptom CheckerAntioxidants Dry macular degenerationSymptoms & causesDiagnosis & treatmentDoctors & departmentsCare at Mayo Clinic Advertisement Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Advertising & Sponsorship Policy Opportunities Ad Choices Mayo Clinic Marketplace Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. The Last Diet You'll Ever NeedImprove Your Hearing and BalanceGet the Facts on Alternative MedicineStop Osteoporosis in its TracksNEW - Genetic Insights from Mayo Clinic CON-20154757 Patient Care & Health Information Diseases & Conditions Macular degeneration, dry


text:
Lakeland University
Site Search
Paul Pickhardt
Associate Professor of Biology
Chase 111B
Miscellaneous Information
Paul Pickhardt, who holds a Ph.D. from Dartmouth College and a bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has been a member of Lakeland's faculty since 2006 and is Lakeland's Natural Sciences Division chair.
A driving force behind the Lakeland Undergraduate Research Experience (LURE), Pickhardt was named Lakeland's winner of the Underkofler Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching Award in 2011. His LURE students have gone on to participate in funded graduate programs to pursue their doctorate degrees at Michigan Technological University, Rutgers University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
An aquatic ecologist with strong field work background, Pickhardt has published and presented extensively on this work. His area of expertise centers around the interactions of trace elements and contaminants – specifically mercury — on the biota at the base of aquatic food webs.
Pickhardt partnered with fellow biology faculty member Greg Smith to create Lakeland's tropical biology course in Belize. Pickhardt's dedication to environmental issues resulted in the college's participation in Focus the Nation to raise awareness about climate change.
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Lakeland's STEM Club recently hosted 20 middle and high school girls from nearby Plymouth for an afternoon... More detail


text: INVERSION: "the action of inverting something or the state of being inverted"… now apply this to a game, and what do you get? Why the aptly titled INVERSION, developed by SABER INTERACTIVE and published by NAMCO BANDAI. Now with a title like that you would think there is something unusual on the cards, . . . → Read More: Inversion – It's A Topsy Turvy World Out There


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Stalker Radar Introduces the Spectre III Radar Detector
PLANO, Texas – Stalker Radar announced that it is the exclusive United States source for the Spectre III Radar Detector.
With radar detectors illegal in Washington, D.C. and Virginia, and completely prohibited in all commercial motor vehicles across the United States by Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Regulation 392.71, the Spectre III is the sensible addition to any patrol vehicle.
The Spectre III detects radar detectors by sensing microwave "leakage" from the devices. The Spectre III is capable of detecting all radar detectors certified for use in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission as of December 2004, including models that feature "cloaking" and "VG-2 Alert."
The Spectre III mounts on the vehicle's windshield and can be rotated a full 360 degrees. It can monitor traffic in front or behind in either stationary or moving mode.
The device displays signal strength and features operator-adjustable gain and signal volume controls as well as automatic high-temperature shutoff. Learn more about the Spectre III at: www.stalkerradar.com/rdd or email email@example.com
Read the FMCSA regulation at: www.fmcsa.dot.gov/rules-regulations/administration/fmcsr/392.71.htm
Request more product info from Stalker Radar.
Thank You!


text:
Bus Locator Still Proving to be a Success with Commuters! Commuters and tourists alike are finding this very useful in their travels in and around Manhattan and NJ!
As a reminder to all that may already be using the system, and to those who have yet to try our Locator, all you have to do is bookmark www.nywaterway.com/GPS into your Smartphone, iPad, Microsoft OS, or computer and you will see our buses in operation in real-time!
The routes in service at the time of log-on will appear, and you will see the route of your choice right before your eyes! Our FREE buses in Midtown depart from our 39th Street terminal. The routes NOW include our Manhattan routes in Midtown (34th Street, 42nd Street, 50th Street, 57th Street, Downtown, and East 34th Street). These routes also include PEAK and OFF PEAK routes, depending on the times you log onto the system. Routes also include WEEHWAKEN and our BOULEVARD EAST routes!
As part of our ongoing efforts to keep you conveniently commuting, the Bus Locator allows NY Waterway riders to track how close a bus is to their current location. Maps of the bus routes are continuously updated with highlighted streets signifying the chosen route. Large red arrows are used to indicate the location of the buses, and the direction in which it is headed. This will surely take the guess-work out of your daily travels!
Don't have access to the GPS Bus Locator? No worries! You can still access this same system by calling 877-53-BUSES, and one of our friendly representatives will have the ability to tell you where your bus is in relation to where you are, and where you should be standing! </strong>
Just a reminder when trying to catch one of our buses in NYC; please make sure you are standing at the appropriate NYC Bus stop along the route, and flag the driver to signal them to stop. Our buses are very distinguishable; with RED, WHITE, and BLUE exteriors and the word FERRY across the top portion of the bus.
For information on our Bus Locator, please click here.
For schedule information on all ferries, please click here.


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Peterborough man charged with Durham arsons in FebruaryBy JOHN QUINN
Union Leader Correspondent
September 16. 2013 5:43PM
DURHAM – After a seven-month investigation, police arrested a Peterborough man Monday and accused him of setting several buildings and vehicles on fire in February.
Gregory J. Potter, 22, of Concord Street, Peterborough, was charged with five counts of arson, two counts of criminal mischief and one count of falsifying physical evidence in connection with the fires which occurred in several locations in town in the early morning hours of Feb. 2.
Potter allegedly started fires to occupied structures at 15 Main St. at 1:06 a.m., 19 Main St. at 2:30 a.m., 20 Main St. at 2:48 a.m. and 4 Smith Park Lane at 3:30 a.m. He also allegedly damaged a 2003 Nissan Maxima and a 1999 Volkswagon Golf, which were both at 4 Smith Park Lane, according to police.
Additionally, police say Potter "purposely deleted six photos from his cellular phone so as to impair their availability in an arson investigation."
Investigators from Durham police were assisted by members of the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; the N.H. State Fire Marshal's Office, the Strafford County Attorney's Office, the N.H. State Police Crime Lab, the UNH Police Department and the Durham Fire Department.
After Potter's arrest, bail was set at $100,000 cash. Potter, who is being held at Strafford County Jail in Dover, is scheduled to be arraigned in 7th Circuit Court, Dover District Division, Tuesday at 10:45 a.m.


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State VFW says video poker popularity at local posts dulled by time, lawBy MARK HAYWARD
New Hampshire Union Leader
June 22. 2013 10:39PM
MANCHESTER - Veterans-service organizations have quietly gotten rid of video poker machines over the last several years, according to leaders who attributed the moves to tougher laws and a desire to rebrand the image of the local veterans hall.
The transition became clear last week, when leaders of Queen City Memorial VFW post approached Manchester aldermen and asked for a refund of hefty licensing fees for poker machines. The outgoing president had paid the $2,000 annual fee per machine, unaware of plans to scrap the machines.
Dana Hussey, state adjutant for Veterans of Foreign Wars, said poker machines used to be prevalent in the 51 VFW posts across the state. But as posts gave them up over the years, Manchester was the only holdout, he said.
Poker machines are located in clubs and bars across the city. They are supposed to be used for amusement only, not for illegal cash payouts.
Assistant Manchester Police Chief Nick Willard said police are always looking to arrest people involved in illegal gambling. Gambling investigations are coordinated out of the Special Investigations Unit, which also handles drug crimes.
Both investigations are similar because they involve undercover work and building trust with would-be lawbreakers.
"Our concern is if it's as widespread as he indicated, no one contacted the police department," Willard said. "It shows how difficult it is to crack that culture."
He said he could not talk about whether police are investigating the post. But he said an investigation into possible gambling activities in the past would pose a greater challenge because the machines would be gone and the operation would no longer be in place to infiltrate.
The overall popularity of such machines is on the decline. For example, in 1997, the city counted 470 licensed poker machines, according to previous newspaper articles. This year, there are 120, said Kevin Kincaid, the city clerk in charge of licensing.
A former police officer, Kincaid attributes the drop in poker machines to police crackdowns and a 2000 law that made gambling a felony.
For his part, Hussey said the statewide VFW couldn't say for sure whether posts paid cash prizes to the players who won video poker games, but he said many organizations got rid of machines after the penalty for illegal gambling became a felony.
"The VFW, we don't get involved with the canteens. The less we know about what they do with these machines, the better," he said.
mhayward@ unionleader.com