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When we argue about the law we frequently deploy normative arguments. Sometimes our normative arguments appeal directly to our intuitions (or considered judgments) about particular cases; sometimes we rely on general theories (e.g., welfarism or Locke's social contract theory). This leads to the question: how can we justify our normative judgments and theories? One answer to this question is provided by the idea of "reflective equilibrium," strongly associated with the work of John Rawls. We could take our intuitions about particular cases and test them against our moral general beliefs, e.g., moral principles or theories--and vice versa. Through a process of revision and reflection, we could aim for a consistent set of beliefs--where our judgments about particular cases were consistent with a coherent set of general principles. We can call this point of repose, "reflective equilibrium."
This entry is in the Legal Theory Lexicon provides a short introduction to the idea of reflective equilibrium for law students (especially first-year students) with an interest in legal theory. Although the primary emphasis will be on the role of reflective equilibrium in normative legal theory, we will also investigate reflective equilibrium as a method for legal reasoning.
The Basic Idea
Legal theory is full of normative judgments. We argue that a particular statute is just or that it produces morally good consequences. We believe that a particular court decision is wrong in the moral sense--that it violates someone's rights or that its on balance effect is harmful.
How can we justify our normative judgments? We might try the method of geometry--beginning with indubitable moral axioms and then reaching particular cases by chains of deductive argument, but this method will run into difficulties if someone challenges the self-evidence of our starting premises. The method of reflective equilibrium offers an alternative to the method of geometry. It begins with our current set of beliefs--our moral theories, the moral principles we accept, and our judgments about particular cases. We look for contradictions and inconsistencies and then revise. These revisions might operate at the level of particulars--we might change our mind about a particular case (real or hypothetical) because it seems inconsistent with a general principle. Or the revisions might go the other way. We might discover that a moral theory or principle that seemed correct is inconsistent with firmly held beliefs about particular cases. By working back and forth, between and among our beliefs at various levels of generality and particularity, we might eventually reach a state in which all or almost all of our moral beliefs were consistent and mutually supporting--in other words, a state of reflective equilibrium.
Two Clarifications
Intuitions versus Considered Judgments
Sometimes the method of reflective equilibrium is said to rely on "intuitions" or our intuitive judgments about particular cases. This might be problematic, because our intuitive judgments might be defective--for example, they could be the product of prejudice, self-deception, or ideological indoctrination. Rawls introduces the notion of a "considered judgment" to reflect the idea that our prereflective intuitions can be examined, both for sources of error and for coherence with each other.
Levels of Generality
Another misunderstanding of reflective equilibrium is the notion that it must start with our judgments about particular cases, i.e., that it proceeds from the particular to the general. This might be the case, but it need not be. The method can operate on our judgments at any level of generality. For example, we could examine our judgments about moral principles and test their consistency with each other.
Wide and Narrow Reflective Equilibrium
In more advanced discussions of reflective equilibrium, a distinction is sometimes made between "wide" and "narrow" reflective equilibrium. For the purposes of this post, we can characterize the difference this way: (1) narrow reflective equilibrium is seeks coherence and mutual support between and among: (a) our considered judgments about particular cases or types of cases, and (b) our set of moral principles; (2) wide reflective equilibrium adds a third dimension to the other two: (c) our background theories that are relevant to normative judgment. To reach wide reflective equilibrium, we will need to go beyond moral princples and judgments about particular cases and consider our views about general moral theories and perhaps related beliefs about human psychology, social theory, and other topics.
Wide reflective equilibrium requires that we take a "wider" range of judgments into account; narrow reflective equilibrium narrows our focus to judgments about particular cases and moral principles.
Reflective Equilibrium and Normative Legal Theory
So how can the legal theorist use the idea of reflective equilibrium? The most obvious deployment of this idea is as a method of justification in normative legal theory. This might occur at the "macro" level--for example, as a method for justifying welfarism as a normative theory of law. Or it might occur with respect to domain specific normative legal theories, e.g., as a justification for a corrective-justice theory of tort law or a retributivist theory of criminal punishment.
Similarly, reflective equilibrium could play a critical role. One might argue against a normative legal theory on the ground that the theory is inconsistent with our considered judgments about particular cases or case types. Of course, this use of reflective equilibrium is tricky--since one can argue that the recalcitrant judgments should be modified in order to achieve reflective equilibrium.
Reflective Equilibrium and Legal Reasoning
Sometimes the content of the law can be determined by roughly formalist methods. There is an authoritative legal text (a clause in the constitution, a statutory provisions, a rule or regulation); the text provides a more or less bright-line rule that guides behavior or resolves a dispute. But sometimes the content of the law is less clear. There is especially noticeable in common-law systems, in which the content of the rules is determined in a complex way by cases. What do we do when the results of the cases are not fully consistent or when different cases state the rules in varying and inconsistent language? One possible answer to this question is "use the method of reflective equilibrium!"
For example, we might take the decided cases as providing the equivalent of considered judgments about particular cases, and we could take rule statements as the equivalent of moral principles. Our quest would be for the set of rules that accounts for the greatest number of cases and possesses the maximal degree of internal coherence. If the cases are in tension with one another, there some cases will have to be counted as "mistakes"--the doctrine in reflective equilibrium would call for them to be overruled or confined to their facts.
Of course, something like this method is familiar to most law students, because courts do seem to seek something like "reflective equilibrium" at least some of the time. In legal theory, the method of reflective equilibrium resembles Dworkin's theory, "law as integrity" and the "reasoned elaboration of the law" associated with the "Legal Process" school.
Criticisms of the Method of Reflective Equilbrium
The method of reflective equilibrium is controversial. One might argue that the method relies on our "intuitions" about particular cases and that these intuitions are unreliable. Or one might argue that reflective equilibrium can always be satisfied by moral principles with multitudinous exceptions for recalcitrant judgments about particular cases. And these simplistic objections are just the beginning.
Reflective equilibrium is one of the most important tools in the legal theorists toolkit. And even if you don't embrace this method yourself, you are sure to run into others who rely on it.
Related Lexicon Entries
- Legal Theory Lexicon 006: The Veil of Ignorance
- Legal Theory Lexicon 008: Utilitarianism
- Legal Theory Lexicon 010: Deontology
- Legal Theory Lexicon 012: Virtue Ethics
- Legal Theory Lexicon 016: Positive and Normative Legal Theory
- Legal Theory Lexicon 032: Fit and Justification
- Legal Theory Lexicon 059: The Law Is A Seamless Web
- Legal Theory Lexicon 067: The Priority of the Particular
- John Rawls, A Theory of Justice: Original Edition (Harvard University Press 1971) & A Theory of Justice Revised Edition.
- John Rawls, Outline of a Decision Procedure for Ethics, 60 Philosophical Review 177–97 (1951), reprinted in John Rawls, Collected Papers (Samuel Freeman ed., Harvard University Press 1999).
- Norman Daniels, Wide Reflective Equilibrium and Theory Acceptance in Ethics, 76 Journal of Philosophy 256–82 (1979), reprinted in Normal Daniels, Justice and Justification: Reflective Equilibrium in Theory and Practice (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy) 21-46 (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
- John Mikhail, Rawls' Concept of Reflective Equilibrium and its Original Function in 'A Theory of Justice', 3 Washington University Jurisprudence Review 1 (2010).
Resources on the Internet
- Norman Daniels, Reflective Equilibrium, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2011).
- Massimo Pigliucci, Five Minute Philosopher Video: Reflective Equilibrium (2011).
- Reflective Equilibrium, Phil Papers (edited by Edited by Christopher Michael Cloos).
(This entry in the Legal Theory Lexicon was last revised on October 25, 2015.)


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text: Beat 'em, Bruise 'em, and Bash 'em! Our action games page has the games you need to play! Looking for a brawl? Play our all-out action/fighting game Super Brawl 3, a martial arts extravaganza with SpongeBob SquarePants, Patrick Star, The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and the rest of the Nickelodeon gang. Or play a food-flinging free-for-all game in Jungle Safari Food Fight with Sanjay and Craig. Looking for a strategy-based action game where you get to run the action and call all of the shots? An epic adventure awaits you in our tower defense game Nickelodeon Kingdoms, where you can play as characters from SpongeBob SquarePants, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Power Rangers and the Winx! All of these and many more free online action games are just a click away. With unlimited game plays on all games, you can play your next favorite online action game now!


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Brief SummaryRead full entry
The Asteroidea is one of the largest and most familiar classes within the Phylum Echinodermata. These animals, commonly known as sea stars or starfishes, form a diverse and speciose group. There are approximately 1600 extant species (Hyman 1955; Clark 1977; Clark and Downey 1992) which are found throughout the world's oceans. Following the classification of Blake (1987), these species are grouped into seven orders: Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida and Velatida.
Like other echinoderms, asteroids are important members of many marine benthic communities. They can be voracious predators, having significant impacts on community structure. For example, Paine (1966) used Pisaster ochraceus to illustrate his concept of the role keystone species play in community ecology. The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, is particularly well-known because it can cause extreme detrimental effects to coral reefs, particularly during population outbreaks (Moran 1988).
Figure 1: Pisaster ochraceus and Acanthaster planci, two asteroids of great ecological significance.
Pisaster image by Sherry Ballard, courtesy CalPhotos, copyright © 1999 California Academy of Sciences. Acanthaster image copyright © Borut Furlan.
The controversial Concentricycloidea (a proposed sixth class of the Echinodermata; Baker et al. 1986, Rowe et al. 1988, Pearse and Pearse 1994) have been diagnosed as unusual asteroids (Smith 1988, Belyaev 1990, Janies and Mooi 1999). Their relationship to other asteroid taxa is not well resolved, but alliances with species from the Velatida and the Forcipulatida have been proposed. The unique morphology of the concentricycloids makes it difficult to assign this group to the recognized asteroid orders and is cited as sufficient distinction for class recognition.


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Items where Journal is Preventive Medicine
Group by: Creators | Item Type | No Grouping
Number of items: 11.
Bulgiba, A.; Wong, Y.L.; Hairi, N.N. (2013) Preventive medicine. Preventive Medicine, 57 Sup. S1-2. ISSN 1096-0260
Bulgiba, A.M. (2005) Are examination findings important in screening for angina in the Malaysian patient? Preventive Medicine, 40 (6). pp. 696-701. ISSN 0091-7435
Dahlui, M.; Gan, D.E.H.; Taib, N.A.; Lim, J.N.W. (2012) Breast screening and health issues among rural females in malaysia: how much do they know and practice? Preventive Medicine, 57. S18-S20. ISSN 0091-7435
Hairi, N.N.; Bulgiba, A.; Mudla, I.; Said, M.A. (2011) Chronic diseases, depressive symptoms and functional limitation amongst older people in rural Malaysia, a middle income developing country. Preventive Medicine, 53 (4-5). pp. 343-346. ISSN 0091-7435
Hairi, N.N.; Bulgiba, A.; Peramalah, D.; Mudla, I. (2012) Do older people with visual impairment and living alone in a rural developing country report greater difficulty in managing stairs? Preventive Medicine, 56 (1). pp. 8-11. ISSN 0091-7435
Lee, A.H.; Su, D.; Pasalich, M.; Wong, Y.L.; Binns, C.W. (2012) Habitual physical activity reduces risk of ovarian cancer: a case-control study in southern China. Preventive Medicine, 57. S31-S33. ISSN 1096-0260
Mujar, M.; Dahlui, M.; Yip, C.H.; Taib, N.A. (2013) Delays in time to primary treatment after a diagnosis of breast cancer: does it impact survival? Preventive Medicine, 56 (3-4). pp. 222-224. ISSN 0091-7435
Robson, N.Z. (2013) A comparison of smoking behaviour characteristics between Caucasian smokers in the United Kingdom and Malay smokers in Malaysia. Preventive Medicine, 57. S8-S10.
Said, M.A.; Hatim, A.; Habil, M.H.; Zafidah, W.; Haslina, M.Y.; Badiah, Y.; Ramli, M.A.; Ananjit, S.; Sapini, Y.; Shah, M.; Mahmud, B.; Bulgiba, A.; Hairi, N.N. (2013) Metabolic syndrome and antipsychotic monotherapy treatment among schizophrenia patients in Malaysia. Preventive Medicine. ISSN 0091-7435
Wong, Y.L.; Chinna, K.; Mariapun, J.; Shuib, R. (2013) Correlates between risk perceptions of cervical cancer and screening practice. Preventive Medicine, 57 Sup. S24-6. ISSN 1096-0260
Zaki, R.; Bulgiba, A.; Ismail, N.A. (2013) Testing the agreement of medical instruments: overestimation of bias in the Bland Altman analysis. Preventive Medicine, 6 (27). ISSN 0091-7435


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All In The Family... Life in Kansas... More About Trees and Plants
|My brother Dwight amid wildflowers (with Sammie and Hank)
Gaillardia and other wildflowers
|A variety of sunflower?
|Catclaw sensitive briar
|Blanket flower,spiderwort, etc.
Then one of those strange little coincidences happened. In today's mail, I found a package from my sister-in-law Kathy. It held a CD titled, "Kansas Wildflowers 2007."
I am sharing Kathy's beautiful photos since many of us haven't been on the Kansas prairie to enjoy the flowers during the last few weeks.
Dwight and Kathy live southwest of Wichita, Kansas, in Kingman County. Their place is on the extreme edge of a unique area that's called the Red Hills (or also the Gyp Hills, for the gypsum deposits.) The Red Hills and all of Kansas are in the Great Plains, in the shortgrass prairie region.
South central Kansas has had some rain this spring, and the flowers show it. I hope you'll click on some of these photos and look at the large version so you can see how the flowers stretch into the distance.
The red flowers, gaillardia, are often called blanket flower because of their similarity to brightly colored Indian blankets.
Some of the blue flowers are tradescantia, commonly known as spiderwort. They are related to daylilies. I don't know where I got the name "snakeflower" for them, but that's what I called them until I learned the proper name.
The flowers that look like pink daisies are purple coneflowers and those that look like yellow daisies are some kind of sunflower -- or so I would call them. Catclaw, one of the lavender flowers, is related to the mimosa tree.
If I'm wrong on any of this, feel free to straighten me out, and if you know some of the other names, please let me know.
|Purple coneflower and more
|Gaillardia (blanket flower) and more
|More wildflowers whose name I don't know!
|Low-growing wildflowers on Kathy's lawn


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Brain Shaper
1.05 • 14 Aug 2010
Guide your mind into the desired state of consciousness.
Developer website: Imperial Penguin
Brain Shaper is a the desktop port of our successful iPhone and iPad binaural beat based meditation app. The software not only provides 11 quality binaural beat sessions, but includes visualizer which also flashes your screen with the beat, to help further entrain your brain. The colors chosen for the flashing lights are based upon known facts about the Circadian rhythm of the human body. In addition to the flashing lights and binaural sound patterns, the desktop version of the software offers the option for a 528hz solfeggio tone, believed by some to enhance meditation.
Also present in the desktop version are additional ambient sounds to aid in your meditation session, included rain, a babbling brook, and a lullaby.
What's New
Version 1.05:
- Fixed a bug that prevented the program from opening on some systems.
Mac OS X 10.4 or later
- Downloads
- 1,081
- Version Downloads
- 1,013
- Type
- Home Personal / Health and Fitness
- License
- Demo
- Date
- 14 Aug 2010
- Platform
- OS X / PPC 32 / Intel 32
- Price
- $10.00


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Everyone's got an opinion on guacamole. Some like it creamy, others like it chunky; some crave spice, others prefer citrus. What isn't up for debate is guacamole's universal appeal. From barbecues to picnics, Taco Tuesdays to tailgate parties, everyone smiles when they see their favorite dip on the table.
But while the glorious avocado is always delicious, not all guacamole lives up to expectations. To make sure you never face the disappointment of your guacamole-loving party guests, we asked several top chefs to share their secrets – and their recipes – for taking the green stuff to the next level. Crab meat guacamole anyone?
Get the Best Unique Guacamole Recipes on The Latin Kitchen >>


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2008 Pontiac G5 Pursuit SE Sedan 2.2 Litre Ecotec from North America
A great little car
Only thing was my trunk latch breaking, which in turn caused the alarm to go off randomly. Fixed through GM under the after market extended warranty I bought when I got the car.
The trim panel around the sunroof button fell off, pushed it in and it fell off again. It seems the clips are too short, with the pressure of the roof liner there is just no way... however I found a creative solution to fixing it, I traced the edges of the trim piece with a line layer of super glue. I have had no problem with it falling off since then.
Interior seat fabric is by far my biggest complaint of the vehicle, I have the light grey interior, and for some reason, regardless of what I try to do to prevent stains, it still manages to get stained (even with rain droplets). My solution is interior detailing twice a year, I'm really particular on keeping the car as clean inside as possible, and this is the only way I can think of fixing it. Or if you are looking at purchasing this vehicle, try and find one with the leather interior or black cloth.
Changing a bulb isn't exactly something I look forward to doing; it isn't made very convenient. Having to take the whole headlight assembly out is a big pain, you have to be careful not to scratch the bumper when you remove the light. Something that should take a few minutes turns into 30-40 minutes.
General Comments:
I bought this vehicle as a replacement for my aging '97 Land Rover Discovery. I had only a few days to decide on another vehicle, and this 2008 Pontiac G5 SE Sedan caught my eye.
In the months that I have owned this vehicle, it keeps surprising me, and I mean that in a good way. My car has all the options that were available at the time (minus leather and heated seats).
I'm 5'1, and everything in the vehicle is placed perfectly for me. The best is the steering mounted audio controls; I know exactly where they are so I can flip through my favourite XM stations, and never have to touch the stereo or take my eyes off the road.
I fill my G5 with premium gas (only requires regular). I have noticed that after my fuel injectors were cleaned through GM and using a higher grade gas, the car has a lot of power, better acceleration and higher MPG. The car is cheap to fill even on the higher grade gas. I average about $40.00 on almost empty with premium (fill up once every two weeks).
The car is very peppy, great on the highway, and has more then enough power to pass. Acceleration when I first got the car seemed to be a bit slow, but after the cleaning, it has a lot more get up and go.
After the vehicle has warmed up, occasionally I'll be sitting at the lights and wondering if the car is still on. The engine is incredibly silent while idling and at cruising speeds.
I feel exceptionally safe in this vehicle, I live in northern Ontario, and with the amount of snow we get, the car handles really well. Traction control with very good snow tires helps a lot, and obviously sensible driving in adverse weather conditions.
There are a few comfort features that I absolutely recommend when considering this vehicle; leather wrapped steering wheel (drove one that didn't and for long drives I think it would become uncomfortable). Remote starter is another, the car has an incredible defroster and by the time you get out, no scraping the ice. Steering mounted controls as well, not only for safety with keeping your eyes on the road, but because ease of use.
I would recommend this vehicle to anyone looking for a decent car that is cheap to service and drive :)
Would you buy another car from this manufacturer? Yes
Review Date: 21st December, 2012


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- Inside Athletics
- Tickets
- Fan Zone
- Media Zone
- Social
- Shop
- E Fund
JOHNSON CITY, Tenn. (October 29, 2005) - The East Tennessee State volleyball team put an exclamation point on its Senior Day festivities on Saturday, posting a 3-0 win (30-25, 30-26, 30-23) over Atlantic Sun Conference foe Stetson, in Brooks Gym. In a balanced offensive effort, Lady Bucs Crystal Palmer (
The Lady Bucs improve to 17-10 overall, 3-5 in the A-Sun, while the Hatters drop to 8-15, 2-7 in Conference. The win also keeps the Lady Bucs in the running for one of final two remaining spots in next month's A-Sun tournament.
"It was a great comeback after yesterday's loss, and a great win for our seniors," said ETSU head coach Lindsey Devine. "We spread the offense well, and I was very pleased with our mental focus. We knew we had to come out and play with pride, and we demonstrated that from beginning to end."
The Lady Bucs came out strong in game one, hitting .273 to Stetson's .150. ETSU got six kills off the arm of Buhr, and another four from Jennifer Sartor (
Stetson hung around for most of game two, only allowing the Lady Bucs a narrow one-point lead through most of the later portion of the frame. Sartor guaranteed the stanza for the Lady Bucs once again, slamming another kill on an Emerson assist, to make the score 30-26. Palmer led the Bucs in the frame, hitting .500 with six kills.
In a fitting senior send off, Scandiffio belted the final kill of the match, claiming the 30-23 victory for her squad in game three, as well as the 3-0 win. The senior also led the Lady Bucs with four kills in the stanza.
Sartor added nine kills, while Callie Kiselich (
Gina Iacona was the top hitter for the Hatter, nailing nine kills. DeeAnn Dempsey added eight kills, while Susannah Neighbors and Jenny Usher added five apiece. Liz Gorski led the Hatters defensively with 15 digs.
ETSU hit .186 for the day, ahead of Stetson's .102. The Lady Bucs tallied 11.0 blocks to the Hatter's seven.
The Lady Bucs' final home match is the season is slated for Tuesday, Nov. 1, when UNC Asheville comes to Brooks Gym for a 7 p.m. start time. ETSU will then close its A-Sun season with a trip to


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I've pulled the trigger on the Sony 50mm 1.4
Now I would like to go back to the original question of "telephoto lens". Could someone explain what the prime purpose of say, the previously suggested 70-400mm?
Not that I am in a hurry to spend more on lens. The reason I am asking is because I need to decide whether to go for the Series 2 or 3 of the Gitzo tripod and I'd like to take future lens purchase into account.
I do not do any bird watching (in particular), I do occasionally shoot people from afar (e.g. in street festivals). But it's opportunistic, I doubt that I would carry a 70-400mm and a complementing (heavier) tripod all the time.
I would be interested in shooting fireworks, shooting stars etc. Especially for fireworks, I can prepare in advance, so the question is whether the 70-400mm is significantly better than, say a 70-300mm for such purpose.


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MedCalc 3000 Cardiac
MedCalc 3000 is the most popular and comprehensive Medical Calculator system on the web. It has been highly acclaimed, reviewed and tested over the last 17 years.
MedCalc 3000 Cardiac encompasses pertinent medical equations, clinical criteria sets, decision tree tools and dose/unit converters used every day by Cardiovascular specialists. With the growing emphasis on Evidence-Based Medicine, there has never been a greater need for a system such as MedCalc 3000. Now you can put this invaluable resource in the palm of your hand!
Equations included:
Blood Pressure Percentiles in Children
Carbon Dioxide Production
Cardiac Output
Friedewald Equation for Low Density Lipoprotein
Gorlin Formula for Valve Area
International Normalized Ratio of PT
Mean Vascular Pressures
Oxygen Consumption
Oxygen Content of Blood
Oxygenation Index (OI)
paO2 / FIO2 Ratio
Pressure Adjusted Heart Rate
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
Pulse Pressure Variation
QT Interval Correction
Respiratory Quotient
Right to Left Shunt Fraction Qs/Qt
Systemic Vascular Resistance
Systolic Pressure Variation
Clinical Criteria Sets included:
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
Atrial Fibrillation and Arterial Thromboembolism Risk
Atrial Fibrillation CHADS(2) Score for Stroke Risk
Atrial Fibrillation Five Year Risk of Stroke or Death
Atrial Fibrillation Five Year Risk of Stroke
Cardiac Risk Index Surgeries (Lee)
Cardiac Risk Index in Noncardiac Surgery (Detsky et. al.)
Cardiac Risk Index in Noncardiac Surgery (Goldman, et. al.)
Cardiac Surgery Risk Assesment Scale (UPMC Shadyside Hospital, 2002)
DVT Probability: Ambulatory Score System (Constans, 2003 paper)
DVT Probability: Kahn Score System
DVT Probability: St. Andre Score System
DVT Probability: Wells Score System
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome IV
Endocarditis Duke Criteria
EuroSCORE for Cardiac Surgery Risk Assessment
Framingham 10 Year Coronary Risk Prediction (1998)
Framingham 10 Year Risk of General Cardiovascular Disease (2008)
GRACE Score for Acute Coronary Syndrome Prognosis
Intracranial Bleeding Risk from Thrombolytic Therapy
Jones Criteria
Kawasaki Disease
Left Atrial Thrombus Resolution in Mitral Stenosis Patients on Anticoagulation
M.I. Criteria for Likelyhood in LBBB
Metabolic Syndrome Criteria (multiple versions)
MODS Score: Multiple Organ Dysfunction
Non Q Wave Myocardial Infarction
Pacer Need After Heart Valve Surgery
Panic Disorder Screener
Pneumonia Risk in Post Operative Period of Non-Cardiac Surgery
PROCAM Risk Score (Munster Heart Study)
PTCA Complication Prediction Score (death, MI, urgent bypass)
PTCA Mortality Prediction
Renal Artery Stenosis Prediction Rule
Respiratory Failure Risk in Post Operative Period of Non-Cardiac Surgery
Romhilt-Estes Criteria for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Stress Test Outcome Risk Factors
Stroke Risk in Patients 55-84 Years Old (Framingham data)
Syncope Risk Prediction
Systolic Murmur Significance Probability
Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Scores
Unstable Angina and Tirofiban Benefit Prediction
Unstable Angina Outcome Prediction and Stratification (multiple)
Warfarin Weekly Dose Estimate in Non-rheumatic A-fib
Decision Trees included:
Aortic Stenosis and Valve Replacement Prediction
Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis
Left Ventricular Capture Loss in Resynchronization Biventricular Pacing
M.I. Prediction Decision
Obesity Management Guidelines
Perioperative Cardiac Evaluation
Smoking Cessation and Intervention
Suggested Management of Raised Lipid Levels
Warfarin Dosing Nomograms (multiple)
To practice, teach and learn medicine based on solid, literature based evidence, MedCalc 3000 provides easy to use, interactive tools for your Evidence-Based Medicine.
免費玩MedCalc 3000 Cardiac APP玩免費
免費玩MedCalc 3000 Cardiac App
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The neon sign outside my apartment is on all night. It flashes 25 cent Peep Show. Sometimes I sleep between the flashes, a few seconds at a time. Tonight, I cannot sleep. I watch the cockroaches start and stop, tossing tiny shadows on the wooden floor. And when the broom in the closet asks me to dance, I accept out of politeness. It was only yesterday, that my shoes stared walking without me.
I was walking home from a party with my 3 good friends... As we cross the road and their was a cemetery on the other side. Sure I was scared while we approached the cemetery, but I didn't want to look like a coward infront of my friends. So I continued to walk right beside it, oh and it was around 3-4am; So it was really dark. As we continue to walk their was a red car at the end of the block of the cemetery. We passed the red car then door suddenly open, I was really shocked and when I saw that their wasn't anyone in the car. My speed power level went from 15 to over 9000... That is my ghost story
We are all born potential.
Sorry it's so long. Things got out of hand. Also, it's a little graphic, but that's just my style.
I pull into my driveway from another late night. I enter the house to find all the lights are out, as usual. My wife must already be in bed and asleep. It's late and I'm tired, so I figure I might as well go to bed too. I don't even bother turning on the lights anymore, I can navigate my way through this house blind. Besides, I don't want to wake the wife. The bedroom door creaks as it opens and I inch my way to my side of the bed and crawl in. I move close to my wife and wrap my arm around her. I know she's asleep, but I somehow feel her embrace as I hold her. I slowly drift to sleep, with the love of my life asleep in my arms. I slowly begin to wake up when I find my love is no longer in my arms, or in the bed for that matter. I open my eyes to see her entire side of the bed is covered in dried, crusty blood. I panic and look to the floor to see bloody footprints and drips of more blood leading out of the room. I frantically get up to follow these footsteps and search for my wife. As I approach the door, I decide to take one last look at the room. As I turn around, I see my once beautiful wife sliced open and mutilated, nailed to the wall behind my bed. Beside her, painted in her blood across the wall were the words, "Thanks for holding me, but maybe next time you should turn on a light when you come in."
Kenji came in late to class today, like usual. The teacher made Him stand in the hall as a result. Since class was going on, it was quite quiet in the hall. He'd been late enough times that the school had called his mother about it, and she was starting to get mad at him for it, but it wasn't that he liked being late or anything, he just wasn't very good at waking up. He looked around the hallway, covered in a milky green paint. His eyes rolled over to the class billboard, where the teacher and my classmates would post the schedules and other notes. Strange... somebody posted a photo. It looked as if it was a picture of the class, with someone standing in the middle. He couldn't really see who it was, so he looked both ways to see if anyone was coming, and walked over to take a closer look. He couldn't recognize the girl in the picture, because her hair was in her face. Even her uniform was different. Did she go to another school? No, she couldn't, because the school crest was still just above her breast. This must be an old picture. Homeroom was probably pretty close to being over. He sighed, and kicked the ground a little bit. His foot hitting the ground made a squeak that sounded unreasonably loud. He wondered, was it always this quiet in here? He wished that he hadn't been late. "I'll do everything I can to never be late again", he thought to himself. Suddenly the sound of something crashing could be heard in the room, and he turned and rushed in, only to find that no one was there, with the exception of one person. A girl, standing in a strange uniform was in the middle of the room. She raised her head, only to reveal a warped face, as if someone had tried to create a human face, but failed miserably.
"Let's never be late again. Come and play with me, Kenji-kun."
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I had never slept well alone and hated the idea of spending the night in my first flat, I had been too use to living with my parents and the animals. Dinner wasn't anything special, just a takeaway pizza and some cola while watching whatever was on the horror channel, I think it was a haunted house film. I turned the telly off, made sure the taps weren't dripping, all the sockets were off at the mains and I prepared for a shower before bed. After I got out to dry myself I walked over to the now foggy mirror to wipe it, when I did a tall, pale handsome man was in the reflection leaning against the door. I turned sharply but no one was there but I remember his features, long shoulder length dark hair, a slim but athletic figure, he had been wearing a dressing gown navy blue and exposed a dancer's chest waxed for perfection. I tried to forget what I saw and settled down in the double bed, checking the time, just gone ten past twelve and turned off the light. An arm came over the quilt and pulled me into a embrace and a softly said.
''Hush now, you're never alone. Pleasant dreams.''
I'd episode 3 of Free feels like the best written one thus far.
there was a girl who floated through life ... never feeling like she belonged anywhere ... she went to and fro always looking for a place to anchor herself down ... but, no place ever seemed right ... she like to move through the air at night ... never actually touching the ground ... lightly she creeps into the deep ... when a night bird calls out to it's family, she must sit down and weep ...
the girl moves through the days and the nights of a calender as if it were just a moment in a galactic year ... time has no hold on her, for she never allows it to grab on to her ...
the girls garments are like ethereal fabric made out of the clouds themselves ... her immortal being is clipped as she moves closer to the sea ... the waves crashing upon the empty shore remind me of you ... her soul sores above the crashing and she is mistaken for a raven ... this girl who no one knows and no one misses is alive and dead ... a mere ghost ... a shell of what could have been but never came to be ... it is a ghost that stands before you and behind you ...
there once was a girl who floated through life ...
I lie in the grass next to my girlfriend, gazing skywards on a mild autumn evening. The sun is just starting to set, its final blaze of the day catching in the reds, browns and oranges of the leaves all around us. We're both smiling, revelling in one of those perfect moments that come along oh so rarely, both of us just listening to the breeze as it whispers and winds its way through the fallen foliage. Above our heads, a lone leaf struggles to break free from its earthly grip, the branch swaying slightly in the soft wind. The leaf finally escapes, spiralling gently downwards, drifting and dancing, and I hear my girlfriend sob a little, saddened at the end of the season. "Don't cry" I laugh, reaching upwards, "they always grow back next year". She doesn't reply though, as the leaf drifts and dances through my hand...
A boy moved into a house in the country from the city. The boy had a serious heart problem and any little thing could make him have a heartattack. He used to live in the city which made him have a attack very often so his mother made him move to his grandparents house. The house was old and creepy and gave off a weird vibe. Once the boy was moved in he spent most of his time in his new bedroom alone. His grandmother checked on him only at meal times and he rarely saw his grandfather. One day the boy was in the house alone while his grandparents were away. He had left his bedroom door open so he could hear when his grandparents got back. He was just staring out his window like he always does the he saw a reflection of something in the window and snapped his head to the door. There was a girl with long black hair that was all over the place. She was in a old style weddingdress that was torn at the ends. She had ropes and chains hanging from her arms and legs. When the boy looked into the girls eyes all he could see was bright red. The boy blinked for only a second but when the boy looked back at the door the girl was gone. The boy thought to himself that he must be seeing stuff. He turned around to continue looking out the window and the girl was staring him right in the face. "How dare you! You left me for dead! Was it for Emily? I'll make you pay for this Victor!" The girl grabbed the boy by the neck and lifted him up to where he was looking straight into her red eyes. The boy could see blood coming from the girls mouth. "You will know the pain that you put me through when you left me in the woods on the way to our wedding!" Then bugs came out of the girls mouth and her eyes rolled back. The boy's heart started beating fast and a pain over toke the boy. He grabbed his chest and bent over in pain. He wanted to yell for help but nothing would come out of his mouth. The boy then fell back dead his eyes rolled back into his head. His body wasn't found until a month later when his mother came to take him back. His grandparents had died in a car accident on the way to the store.
It turns out that Victor was the boy's grandfather and Emily his grandmother. The boy looked just like Victor so the girl thought the boy was him. Victor was going to marry the girl but had fallen for Emily. Victor toke the girl out to the woods where they were to get married. He then hid until the right moment and hit her on the back of the head with a branch, knocking her out. He then tied her up with ropes and chains. He left her bleeding and alone in the woods. He then married Emily and forgot about the girl.
Wanting to be Otaku Queen
(Writer's note - I'm taking liberty with what paragraph means here, since you're supposed to take a new one every time a character talks, so these guys have all taken their own liberties)
I try not to look out of my windows anymore. Not because there's something there or a reflection of something else in the room is waiting to be noticed, no. Those are trivial compared to what I experienced some time ago. Something so distressing that I can't barely bring myself to open my curtains anymore.
My cousin visitied two-hundred-and-forty-six days ago and only stayed for the day. The day of his visit, he was trying to catch something through my third-storey flat's window that was being passed down from the floor above so he could finish making his dinner. He leaned out too far and I swear he fell but when I went to look he was nowhere to be found.
Suddenly my cousin was gone and I had no clue where he went. Even the upstairs neighbour saw him suddenly disappear. I called the emergency services and was forced to repeat my story to three different representatives as they scoured the building looking for some sign of where my cousin went. Their search turned up empty but I wasn't convinced, certain that they had missed something. I threw back the window which I had last seen my cousin leaning from and checked the metal of the window first. I was losing patience towards the end but then, right there in the lower left of the window, I saw it. A single globe of metal that at first glance looked like a ball bearing. Then I saw a tiny dot swivel around and focus on me, like it saw I was there.
In that same moment I felt my vision begin to blur and my shoulders weaken. It was only because my legs went numb that I managed to regain control over my senses and by then it was too late. I reached up to touch my face and was horrified to discover that a chunk of it had somehow been removed, my cheekbones exposed and the flesh around it apparently sealed. I was rushed to the emergency room where a skin graft managed to fix part of the damage done but I was unable to answer any of the questions on how this had happened - no one would've believed that my window ate my cousin and tried to eat me.
Squabble, wobble - foil and hovel.
Sailor Candy Moderator
Year-end cleanup. Closing threads with no activity since 2013.
Tuxedo Mask!!!


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Over at the Drum Stephan Lewandowsky notes the similarities between global warming skeptics and other conspiracy theorists:
This attribute of conspiracy theorising also applies in full force to the actions of some climate "sceptics":
When leading climate scientists are repeatedly exonerated after the "climategate" pseudo-scandal, then to climate "sceptics" this simply means that the relevant enquiries were pre-programmed to find nothing wrong. Thus, the U.K. Parliament conspired to produce a whitewash of Professor Jones a few weeks ago, as did Lord Oxburgh when his panel, constituted with the advice of the Royal Society, found earlier this month that climate researchers "… did a public service of great value by carrying out much time-consuming meticulous work on temperature records." The scurrilous thinking of conspiracy theorists is best exemplified by an Australian tabloid blogger, whose "evidence" for a whitewash derived from the fact that Lord Oxburgh … rides a bicycle! Yes, Lord Oxburgh rides a bicycle. And being a cyclist clearly implicates one in a grand conspiracy designed to deny others the pleasures of life that are seemingly only attainable by emitting vast quantities of CO2.


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Hello group,
I just purchased a G1G1 XO from a friend, original owner, who turned it on 3 times.
First thing I did was upgrade to version 656 using the automated update function. The XO is not yet activated and I do not have a developer key. The firmware is
The problem is that the laptop shuts down when the battery level reaches 85%. I plug it in, it charges back to 100% but the smae thing keeps happening. It takes about 15 minutes for the discharge to trigger the shutdown.
I've looked at all the solutions that I coould find but nothing seems to work.
I saw a newsgroup article saying this might be an EC issue or the batteries which are being tested by the manufacturer.
Does anyone have any suggestions as to what I could try next, short of buying a new battery?
I should point out that there are a few other issues that may or may not be related: I tried doing the suspend/sleep tests and none worked, the screen dies not turn off even when the XO is closed, battery light stays on full green. The WPA will not work but plain WIFI no problem.


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Barnabas Health has said it pioneered cardiac and concussions screenings of New Jersey student athletes in 2010, and so far has conducted more than 7,000 screenings.
As a new state law takes effect Oct. 1 requiring cardiac screening during pre-sports physicals, Barnabas today announced it is expanding screenings to all six of its hospitals statewide.
The Matthew J. Morahan III Health Assessment Center for Athletes at Barnabas Health will offer free and low-cost cardiac screenings and concussion testing at the six hospitals, and send mobile testing units to schools.
Barry Ostrowsky, chief executive of Barnabas Health, said by expanding the program, "We're making it easier and more convenient to access lifesaving preventative screenings and sports injury treatment delivered by top health care professionals."
Ostrowsky said these screenings are not covered by health insurance plans, which cover follow-up treatment if a medical issue is identified.
To date, the cost of screening has been partially covered by families, schools, sports clubs and philanthropy, and he said Barnabas has so far subsidized the program by several hundred thousand dollars.
Barnabas will continue to support the program, and he said it's unlikely screenings will be covered by health insurance: "Realistically, the tug on the insurance dollar is such that I'm not sure insurance companies would view this as something they would incorporate into benefit packages."
Ostrowsky said Barnabas hospitals "are significant health care providers in their communities, and a number of student-athletes have been treated in the emergency department in our hospitals. So it's a natural place for folks to look to get this kind of screening and follow up care if it's necessary."
Concussion screenings are offered to athletes ages 12 to 18, and cardiac screenings are offered to athletes ages 6 to 18.
According to Barnabas Health, nearly 90 percent of sudden cardiac deaths in young athletes occur during or after athletic activities, and hidden heart conditions often are the cause.
The widespread risk of concussions to football players is well documented. Last month, the National Football League has agreed to pay $765 million to settle a lawsuit brought by more than 4,500 players and their families.
Ostrowsky said he has played football, and believes that to reduce the risk, "you may have to change the game. I think you will have to teach techniques for the game that lead to fewer episodes of potential concussion."


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This is the last post of Firebug tutorial series. I'm going to explain about Net panel, CSS panel and DOM panel in this tutorial. As there are not so much things to say about that, I'm gonna write up about all three panels in one post.
#1. Net Panel
The Net Panel can be used for measuring the performance of your webpage. It shows very useful informations about how long your webpage takes to load, the size and loading time of each and every files (i.e: image files, css, js file and so on.) of your webpage. if you are looking for the way to improve the performance of your webpage, you just need to check the NET panel after loading your page and see which files took so long to load.
1.1. What is Net panel showing?
Let's take a lot what kinda information NET panel shows for you. There are four columns in NET panel.
- Name of files : The first column at the left-side shows the name of each and every files that are included in your webpage.
- Base URL : The second column shows the base URL of each file. If you are using some files from other sites (eg: linking image from other site, putting ads in your blog ) then the different URL(s) will be shown in this column.
- Size : The third column shows the size of each file.
- Loading Time : The last column shows the loading time of each file and whether those files are loaded from cache or not. It also show the status of each file in different colors as below. ( Thanks to Jack Sleight for the explanation of color and its description )
- Green : Loading the file from server.
- Dark Grey : Request sent to server, file loaded from server
- Light Grey: Request sent to server, "Not Modified" received, file loaded from the cache.
- No bar for the file: No request sent to server, file loaded from cache
You should also note that the list of files showing in the Net panel are sorted based on the order of how Firefox loaded those files.
1.2. HTTP Headers
The Net panel shows the HTTP headers of every request/response messages so you can easily find out the interesting information like the parameters that are passed to server, the type of webserver, cookies and etc.
1.3. Filter the requests by type
If there are a lot of requests shown in Net panel, you can filter all of those requests based on the type of requests. For example, If you like to check the requests for image only then you can click the button called "Images" on toolbar to filter the requests for images.
1.4. Full path of files and Image Preview
If you move your cursor on the name of file (at the first column of Net panel), it will show you the full path of the file as a clickable link. If it is an image file then the actual image will be shown as a preview in Net panel. (Please check-out the pic below.)
Summary about Net panel
- It shows the headers for request/response messages for all kind of requests
- It can be used for XMLHttpRequest monitoring ( The Console panel does this too. You may check "Tracing XmlHttpRequest object" in this tutorial. )
- It sorts the files based on how Firefox loaded those files.
- It shows the loading time, the size of each and every files.
- It shows a particular file is loaded from server or cache.
- Net panel is a packet sniffer. ( not like YSlow which is a DOM crawler.)
Well. that's all about Net panel. What do you think? Please leave a comment if you have any suggestion or comment.
#2. CSS Panel
The CSS panel allows you to view/edit the stylesheet of your page. It is just very simple panel and doesn't have so much feature in it.
2.1. List of CSS files
To see all CSS files of your page, just click the button ("michaelsync.net" for my case) beside "Edit" button. Then, the content menu will be shown and all CSS files will be listed on that menu. So, you can simply click any CSS file that you wanna view.
2.2 Normal Mode Vs Editable Mode of CSS Panel
Like HTML tab, it has normal mode and editable mode. If you click "Edit" button on the toolbar of CSS panel, it will become the editable mode.
Normal Mode
- Advantages
- It shows the highlighted CSS syntax so looks nice.
- It allows you to edit the attribute of CSS class.
- It autocompletes as you type against the list of possible values for the property you are editing
- It allows you to disable a particular style on the fly.
- Disadvantages
- You can't create new CSS class in this view.
- It is difficult to remove one or more CSS class(es) from the file
Editable Mode
- Advantages
- You got the full control of your CSS file so that you can edit/remove the CSS class as many as you want. You will feel like writing in notepad.
- Disadvantages
- You will lost all syntaxhighlighting or autocomplete feature of CSS panel.
#3. DOM panel
It shows all default DOM properties, functions, constants, the user-defined properties and user-defined function.This panel is not very helpful (at least for me) except one thing. If you wanna find out how many function or properties included your scripts, you may probably want to use this panel to find out about that.
Let's write one short script as below in plain HTML file.
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" > <head> <title>Untitled Page</title> <script type="text/javascript"> function Car(){ this.Gear = 5; this.Start = function(){ console.log("Please put my car a lit bit!"); return false; } } </script> </head> <body> </body> </html>
And then, save it as htm file. Open it in Firefox and then check the DOM tab. You will see the result as the picture below. "Car()" is a function that you just wrote in JS, isn't it?
Okay. That's all about DOM tab. This is the feature what DOM tab has so far….
My tutorials for Firebug is ended here. I hope that you all do enjoy reading all of my tutorials. Actually, I'm not teaching you about Firebug. I'm just sharing the way I understand about Firebug and I believe that you found it useful. Any feedback are welcome as usual. Feel free to let me know if you have any suggestion or comment.
One more thing is that Yahoo is releasing the Firefox addon called YSlow integreated with Firebug. This tool is also a performance measuring tool like Net panel. YSlow used to determine the performance of webpage based on 13 rules. I'm currently learning about those rules and doing some experiments. I will post about this in details very soon.. Please keep on watching my blog….
Thanks for reading. Have a nice day!!
Michael Sync
Hey! don't forget to give the feedback about my tutorials.. Here is the index.. Thanks..
Firebug Tutorials
- Firebug Tutorial – Overview of Firebug
- Console tab
- HTML tab
- Script tab
- Net, CSS and DOM


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Northern Illinois Agronomy Research Center
14509 University Road
Shabbona, IL 60550
Phone: 815-824-2029
The Illinois corn crop condition continues to deteriorate, with less than 40 percent now rated as good to excellent on June 24, according to University of Illinois crop sciences professor Emerson Nafziger
On the positive side, the current corn crop has good color, is mostly disease-free, and has uniform stands with few drowned-out areas. These factors will contribute to increasing kernel set in fields pollinating now, at least where there is enough soil water. Cooler weather this past week has prolonged the period of adequate water, and cooler nights reduce respiration, thus helping the sugar supply.
On the negative side is the lack of rainfall, with deficits for May and June ranging from 1 to 6 inches in different parts of Illinois. On June 26 the U.S. Drought Monitor showed the entire state as dry, with most of the state in moderate to severe drought and the southern counties in "extreme drought."
As the crop enters the critical yield-producing stage, many are wondering about the effects the lack of soil water has had, and will have, over the next weeks. "The 2012 corn crop is well-rooted, healthy, and tough, but it's unrealistic to expect it to continue to thrive as the soil water supply continues to decline in dry areas," Nafziger said. Plants that are unable to take up enough water to keep leaves from rolling in the afternoon are not fully productive, and this takes a toll on the crop.
"As of June 24, 17 percent of the state's corn crop was pollinating, the highest percentage for this date on record," he continued. "This week we would expect most of the crop that was planted by mid-April in central and southern Illinois to begin to pollinate, bringing the number by July 1 to perhaps 40 percent."
While pollination is the most critical period in terms of yield potential, breeding for aggressive emergence of ear shoots and silks has considerably lessened the likelihood that pollination will fail completely. However, the number of kernels set may be lowered on plants that have been undergoing stress from dry soils, and the number of fertilized kernels that survive the weeks after pollination may continue to decline if the weather stays dry.
Observers in the fields note that corn is entering or approaching pollination while plants are shorter than normal. This raises questions about the connection between plant height and yield.
"Plant height is the best visible indicator of how well the plant has been able to take up the water it needs to expand cells," Nafiziger explained. "Cell expansion is sensitive to water supply, so shortened internodes are one of the first things we notice on plants that have struggled to take up enough water to keep growing."
This year, many fields have plants only 5 to 6 feet tall at tasseling, several feet shorter than normal. These plants may grow some after tasseling but will reach full height by the end of pollination. Some of the fields in the driest areas have tried to pollinate while the plants were still very short.
Most of these fields will produce low yields; some may produce no yield at all. Short plants may not be able to form the complete canopies needed for maximum yield because, if they have had trouble getting enough water to elongate their stalks, they may have shorter-than-normal leaves.
Even if the leaf area is normal, leaves may be stacked more closely together on short stalks, allowing for less interaction among neighboring plants and less flexibility of leaf movement. Hence, the plants' ability to form the complete canopy that is needed to intercept nearly all of the sunlight is reduced. This problem is coupled with ongoing water stress that limits photosynthetic rates.
Is there anything we can do to help the crop get through this dry period?
Not much, according to Nafziger. "When water is clearly the major limitation to plant function, we would expect little or no response to anything we can apply that's not water."
As an example, he does not think that applying fungicides to reduce respiration and increase the plant's sugar supply is likely to help much.
"Strobiluron fungicides do act by reducing respiration, some of which is considered wasteful," he explained. "But plants that are not photosynthesizing well do not have much sugar to respire away, so reducing respiration probably won't do much good." Moreover, fungal diseases that would respond to fungicides are not a threat in most fields today.
By the same token, applying products said to reduce the "ethylene effects" in stressed plants is unlikely to have a positive effect when there is not enough water to keep open the stomata, which they need to do to allow photosynthesis to take place.
Protecting the crop from anything that reduces effective leaf area, such as applying insecticides if enough insects are present to do damage, can help the corn to retain its potential to fill grain if there is rainfall. Foliar nutrients are unlikely to be of much benefit, and the good canopy color in most fields indicates adequate nutrient levels.
While the focus has been on corn, soybean plants are also showing stress effects. Soybeans planted around April 20 at Urbana are now about 24 inches tall and at stage R2 or full flower. With fair-to-good growth and warm temperatures, soybeans are moving quickly into flowering, with 11 percent blooming by June 24.
"An early start to soybean flowering is generally positive, but we remain concerned about how water shortages might affect soybean pod formation," Nafziger said.
The period over which new flowers appear will last for up to a month as the soybean plants continue to increase node numbers and stem height, and can even recur if stress is relieved after that. This longer flowering period makes the soybean crop better able to set pods and to start filling seeds even if there is some stress during July.
"But if we continue with little or no rainfall, abortion of flowers or of pods will likely continue," said Nafziger. As with corn, applying materials promoted to reduce stress in soybean is not likely to do much good as long as water supply remains inadequate.
Source: Emerson Nafziger, Extension Specialist, Crop Production, firstname.lastname@example.com
Local Contact: Russel Higgins, Commercial Agriculture Educator, Crop Sciences (Northern Illinois Agronomy Research Center, Shabbona IL), firstname.lastname@example.com


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We have received several thoughtful messages in response to my comment this morning on Charles Krauthammer's column prainsing what he deduces to be Ariel Sharon's strategy as well as my reference to Neville Chamberlain. One reader who asked not to be identified writes:
I was a little disappointed by your opening piece today on Israel and its statesmen. I agree Peres falls short certainly. However, whether one agreed with Oslo or not, one must give Rabin credit for a brave attempt at peace, however flawed, foisted upon him by James Baker and George HW Bush. Oslo was the direct result of our half baked, incomplete victory in PG I, and a product of very cycnical statesmanship from the likes of Baker and Scowcroft. GWB has done an excellent job burying that cynicism, going so far as to call it out as dishonorable in his inauguration speech. I detest Oslo, but I cannot blame Israeli statesmen for it. Rabin gave his life to it. He just never properly understood the impracticality of it, not because he was a flawed statesman, but because he was a (very) flawed military commander.
Sharon's strategy, which can work with GWB's support, is pretty clear to me. And it reflects his military genius and confidence. It is oversimplification to say he is falling back to a defensible perimeter. He is creating and defining it as we speak. He will allow for the creation of a Palestinian nation state precisely because, when it is created, it will be an entity against which one can wage conventional war. By explicitly creating its borders, Sharon is ensuring Israel's ability to defeat it in the event Palestine chooses to wage war. The only way to put an end to this nonsense of factionalization of Palestinian warmaking is to make it responsible for itself. Hamas can't get away with shelling Israel from a formal nation state. The day that happens, Israel can "go all out." Under current circumstances, Israel cannot truly defeat the Palestinians, it can only impose pain. However, if a formal nation state of Palestine engages in war with Israel, she can bring the full weight of military supremacy to bear – airpower. The day Palestine is formally consecrated is the day the bleeding stops — that's the bet anyway.
Carol Herman writes:
We live in an age of media defeatism. Sharon is a lone survivor against the libel that has been perpetrated. And, as such, he has learned to dance. He can't come out and give you his strategy, because the world stage will destroy his efforts. The bigger question is why no Israeli blog has leapt to the rescue? The numbers protecting Arik Sharon are there. He has popular support!
The 8,000 civilians in Gaza are not holding back the tides of terrorism. They're just a costly interference. Using up taxpayer money, to sport small enclaves, where, surprise to no one, the settler's HATE the IDF! (Settler's don't join the army. Most get the "gift" of a religious pass. And, the real problem is that Israel has yet to figure out how to separate church from state, effectively.)
Jews in Israel are denied their natural inclinations because their party system allows for minority parties, and extremists, to garner enormous powers in their parliamentary system. What is fantastic about Sharon is that he LEADS because he makes decisions and promotes a much healthier IDF. Look how Halutz got into the Chief of Staff's job. This is a man, just like Sharon, that was pilloried by the activist judges. They thought they were going to dictate to Sharon. And, surprise, surprise, Sharon does what he has to do in order to bring about peace in a world where Jews are hated. (France, and the UN, and the Germans thrown in for good measure, would love to rip Sharon to pieces. Brussels would love to try him in their world's court.)
So, what's the deal? Start with this. Sharon has identified the outposts that most of the Israelis HATE! And, are loath to support. Sharon, by pulling back has not lost anything. As a matter of fact, he's confused the arabs, because he's not waiting for them. And, terror is down! Don't you think the arabs would be striking at Israel if they could?
Our president also faces a hostile press. He also DANCES. What we have here, however, is a blossoming blog market. (Oh, how I miss Steve Den Beste's USS CLUELESS!) But so many have stepped up to the plate. And, explained WHY our military was really winning. Maybe, it's easier with troops on the ground in Afghanistan and Iraq to do this? And, it's harder to do with the diplomatic situation? But Arik Sharon won in February 2000, and he immediately stretched out his hand to this president! He didn't wait for 9/11! He was always there for Bush.
Always explaining how you can deal with the terrorists…If you think Sharon's giving away inches…Well, you don't know anything about his waistline … and how many inches he has left to spare!
I think, too, that the best stuff in Israel occurs in Hebrew. And, very little translates over to us. But please don't add to the weight against Sharon! He gets enough t'zuris from the liberal press. And, you're right. Where are the Jews? They're not here, in America, either, if you want to know the truth. Because you can't point to one decent analysis that comes off the presses or out of the TV screen. Not in Hollywood, either. So why blame little Israel?
Greg Rich writes:
On Israel…I realize your post was a rhetorical question, but I will answer it anyway! Proportional representation. I don't know why it is so popular. Presumably societies feel the need to "give voice" to vocal minorities and proportional representation certainly does that. But since it slices the electorate into so many factions, it permits old faces like Shimon Peres to hang around becasuse there is SOME sector of the electorate that will never give up on them. In a constituency based system like ours, he would have been out. Note that the British system is also a constituency based system.
Our system essentially buries extremist factions. You can even get 20% of the vote and get no electoral votes in a presidential election. But in a proportional representation system, you could live off 20% of the vote for generations.
I think that Sharon is much underestimated, although I agree that it is hard to discern his strategy. I suspect the reason he doesn't articulate it is that it is to some extent an act of faith that Israel can create a future reality different from the current reality by encouraging civil society among the Palestinians.
Both Michael Sheldon and Steve Myktyn wrote to the same effect and took up my reference to Chamberlain. Here's Myktyn's message:
1. Chamberlain continued to hold an important post under Churchill in the Cabinet when Churchill became Prime Minister.
2. Churchill never spoke ill of Chamberlain at that time, referring instead to his sincerity and integrity.
3. Even after Chamberlain became too sick to attend Cabinet Meetings, Churchill had the main telegrams sent to his home where Chamberlain
continued to read them until he died.
4. The British politicians, including Chamberlain, that had favored appeasement changed their position after Poland and were strong supporters of defeating Hitler whatever the cost.
Your point about Sharon and Peres is perhaps well-taken, but using Chamberlain and Britain to reinforce your position is not.
I'm writing from memory, but didn't Churchill comment about Hitler when the Luftwaffe bombed Chamberlain's hometown of Birmingham: "What an ingrate!" Ouch!
UPDATE: Lawrie McFarlane writes:
Churchill made his reference to German ingratitude after they bombed the factory owned by Neville Chamberlain's predecesor, Stanley Baldwin. Churchill blamed Baldwin more than Chamberlain for Britain's unpreparedness, though I've always thought that was out of loyalty to the latter, who (grudgingly) brought him into the Cabinet in 1939 after Baldwin kept him out.
And it's not true, pace Steve Mytkyn, that "British politicians, including Chamberlain, that had favored appeasement changed their position after Poland and were strong supporters of defeating Hitler whatever the cost." As the Cabinet minutes show, both Chamberlain and Halifax tried to force Churchill to negotiate with Hitler after the fall of France. After one grim session, Churchill marched out of the war Cabinet, called a meeting of the rest of his ministers, and insisted on carrying on the fight. He was given a standing ovation and used this display of resolve to put down Halifax. I think it was this confrontation that led to Halifax's subsequent dismissal and appointment as ambassador to the U.S.
UPDATE 2: Sean Brearcliffe writes:
One reader of the strategy story stated that the Oslo accords were "foisted" on Rabin by George HW Bush and Jim Baker. The Oslo accords were signed during the Clinton administration, were arrived at in secret negotiations between Rabin's government and the PLO, and then Clinton quickly tried to take credit. George HW Bush had nothing to do with that disater as near as I can remember.
UPDATE 3: Please see additonal post-Shabbat comments from Israel here.


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In a collision of AFC North leaders, the Ravens got totaled.
In search of a measuring stick, they were clobbered by a black-and-gold two-by-four.Falling apart early and late, the Ravens were outclassed in a 31-18 drubbing by the Pittsburgh Steelers yesterday at Ravens Stadium.
Playing without ailing quarterback Chris Redman and linebacker Ray Lewis, the Ravens (3-4) had insult added to their mounting injuries, falling behind 28-3 just 25 minutes into the game. The Ravens surrendered touchdowns on their first four defensive series and flopped in their last-ditch comeback by turning the ball over on their last three possessions.
"Our guys got schooled in the first half," Ravens coach Brian Billick said. "They found out how far they have to go. ... I'm not going to spend much time on the first half of that game, because all I'm going to see is 11 guys kick the s--- out of 11 other guys. It's not a whole lot to do schematically. It was just one-on-one, you kicked his ass. ...
"In the second half, I'm going to see some guys settle down, do their jobs and play the way they're capable of playing. That's what we're going to focus on."
The breakdowns were out of character and knocked the Ravens out of first place, dropping them into third in the division.
The fourth-least-penalized team this season, the Ravens were flagged 13 times for 100 yards. After giving up the ball 10 times in six games, the Ravens tripped themselves up with five turnovers.
And their defense, which had given up a total of two touchdowns the past two weeks, folded as Pittsburgh opened the game with touchdown drives of 68, 80, 15 and 49 yards.
"We didn't play with intensity," outside linebacker Peter Boulware said. "We made a lot of mistakes. We didn't come out like we should in the first half, and it showed up.
"We got to know that if you want to be good and win in this league, you have beat teams like Pittsburgh. We have got a ways to go."
The Steelers (4-3), who hold a half-game lead over the second-place Cleveland Browns, won in their sixth straight trip to town and don't want the Ravens to forget about it.
"We manhandled them today," Steelers outside linebacker Joey Porter said. "I hope they don't like that. They've got to live with that for about eight weeks [until the Dec. 29 rematch]. You want to do that to a team like Baltimore in a rivalry like this. I hope this will stick with them for a long time."
On Pittsburgh's winning streak in Baltimore, Ravens left guard Edwin Mulitalo said, "It hurts deep."
After Amos Zereoue's 35-yard touchdown run put the Steelers ahead 7-0, the Ravens responded immediately behind quarterback Jeff Blake, who was replacing Redman (leg numbness) on one days' notice.
It appeared that the Ravens had moved to the Steelers' 15-yard line on a 24-yard pass from Blake to Todd Heap. But tight end John Jones was flagged for slamming Porter, who was trying to get to Blake with an inside stunt.
The holding penalty moved the Ravens back to their 49 and stalled the series.
"It happened; you can't cry about it," Jones said. "I didn't have to take him to the ground. It's Pittsburgh, and I don't like them. Too much extra cost me."
The Steelers then rolled behind Tommy Maddox, who completed his first 11 passes and finished 18 of 24 for 172 yards. He hit Plaxico Burress for a 20-yard touchdown pass despite tight coverage by Chris McAlister and then found Burress again for a 9-yard score.
That staked Pittsburgh to a 21-0 lead with seven seconds left in the first quarter. Falling behind is trouble against the Steelers, who are 71-1 under coach Bill Cowher when they build a lead of more than 10 points.
"You got to understand that in this league you have to show up for the first 15 minutes," Ravens left tackle Jonathan Ogden said.
After the deficit grew to 28-3 by halftime, Blake rallied the Ravens with an 18-yard touchdown pass and then ran in a score from 1 yard out. His 12th career rushing touchdown closed the margin to 31-18 with 11:11 left in the game.
But the Ravens stumbled after that with a fumble and two interceptions in the final three series.
Jamal Lewis' fumble - his fourth in five games - occurred at the Steelers' 31-yard line.
"I was trying to make something happen," Lewis said. "That's my main focus now. I really have to control the ball and think about it when I have the ball in my hands."
Blake then closed out the game by throwing two interceptions in his last three passes.
"I think I forced it when I should have thrown the ball away," said Blake, who was 29 of 50 for 298 yards.
Said Mulitalo: "If we had to make a comeback, it had to be perfect. And we were far from perfect."
Redman will undergo a magnetic resonance imaging exam today and Ray Lewis may be held out of next week's game against the Atlanta Falcons on artificial turf. With the prospect of being without their leaders on offense and defense for another week, the Ravens find themselves with a tough road ahead and a painful loss to forget.
"We were riding high the last couple of weeks," safety Will Demps said. "This is kind of a slap in the face."