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EQ401, Revised October 2001
A septic tank/absorption field is the most common onsite sewage treatment system in use in Missouri. Nearly 30 percent of all housing units in Missouri use onsite wastewater treatment systems most of these are septic tank/absorption field systems. Several surveys throughout the state have shown that 70 percent, or 150,000, of these systems are not functioning properly. Based on the General Soils Map of Missouri, counties in the Missouri Ozarks are particularly at risk. Depending on the county, 60 to 99 percent of the soils show severe limitations for using absorption field systems.
Human contact with sewage is a serious public health risk. Drinking water contaminated with sewage can cause health problems such as diarrhea, nausea, cramps, dysentery and hepatitis. Exposure to sewer gases can also cause discomfort and illness.
For at-risk areas, connecting to an adequate public sewer system is generally the best alternative for disposing of domestic sewage from private residences. Where access to a public sewer system is unfeasible or too expensive, proper siting and design of an onsite sewage system is critical to avoid its premature failure. In many situations, an existing system that is failing may not be "repairable." Thus a completely new system may be needed. Misuse of individual sewage systems results not only in water quality problems and nuisance conditions, but also in costly repairs to rehabilitate a failing system. Failing systems include both those that you can see and smell and those that seep effluent, or waste liquids, into groundwater supplies before the soil can properly remove disease-causing pathogens.
To reduce public health risks and protect drinking water supplies, state legislation that took effect Jan. 1, 1996, sets minimum construction, design and permitting standards for onsite sewage systems. Individual counties may adopt stricter standards than those outlined by the state legislation. To ensure compliance with local codes and to reduce their environmental liability, homeowners should consult with their county health department sanitarian or building regulations department prior to new construction or repair of any onsite sewage system.
For counties that have adopted the state standards without modifications, homeowners with single family residences on lot sizes of less than 3 acres must obtain a county permit before beginning construction of any sewage system.
A septic tank system consists of three major components: the septic tank, a distribution device and an absorption field. A septic tank is a large, watertight, corrosion-resistant, buried container that receives raw sewage from the plumbing drains of the home. In it, solids are separated out of the raw sewage and are partially digested by anaerobic (oxygen-lacking) bacteria.
The septic tank must be large enough to allow retention of the raw sewage and some decomposition for at least 48 hours. Solids that are not digested either float to the top to form a scum layer or settle to the bottom of the tank as sludge. Depending on tank size and sewage volume, the sludge and scum must be pumped out at least every 2 to 5 years to allow bacterial digestion to continue in the tank. Otherwise, raw sewage may flow directly through the tank and into the absorption field, causing its failure.
After primary treatment in the septic tank, the liquid effluent flows through the distribution device, which ensures that equal quantities of effluent go to each pipe in the absorption field. The absorption field is a subsurface leaching area within the soil that receives the liquid effluent from the distribution device and distributes it over a specified area where it is allowed to seep into the soil. The filtering action of the soil, combined with further bacterial action, removes disease organisms and treats the harmful material in the effluent, completing the treatment process so that the water is recycled to the surface or groundwater source.
If properly designed, installed and maintained, a septic tank system can effectively treat household wastewater for more than 20 years. All design and construction must be in accordance with Missouri Department of Health (DOH) Rule 19 CSR 20-3.060, Minimum Construction Standards for On-Site Sewage Disposal Systems.
Many Missouri soils have a high clay content, which makes them poor absorbers of septic tank effluent and may prevent the use of a septic tank/absorption field system. In addition, southwest and south central Missouri are particularly vulnerable to groundwater contamination because soils are extremely porous due to cherty gravel and/or fractured bedrock below the clay topsoil.
Figure 1 shows areas where potential groundwater pollution may restrict location of the absorption field. If you live in one of these areas, or if you are not sure of the pollution potential from your proposed system, seek professional help with your site selection. Help is available through your local Department of Health office, MU Extension center, Natural Resources Conservation Service office or the Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey in Rolla, Mo.
Figure 1
Areas where potential groundwater pollution may restrict location of absorption field.
Table 1 shows the minimum setback distances that must be observed for septic tanks and absorption fields. On small or restrictive lots, a good way to locate the site for the system is to make a scale drawing of the site, marking out areas that are off-limits according to Table 1 and leaving the remaining open areas as potential system locations. To ensure adequate room for the eventual replacement of the new or existing septic system, identify a location for an alternate system.
Table 1
Setback distances for sewage tanks and disposal areas
The absorption field provides final treatment of the wastewater, so it is critical to have uncompacted, unsaturated soil surrounding the soil treatment system. The effluent leaving the septic tank contains viable pathogenic organisms. The soil's purpose is to destroy these pathogens, treat and degrade organic materials, and act as a physical, chemical and biological filter to purify the effluent and make it acceptable quality for groundwater. Soils must be capable of absorbing the volume of wastewater from the septic tank at all times of the year.
With more than 400 different kinds of soils in Missouri, it is likely more than one type will be found on even a small lot. Because many of these soils are unsuitable for conventional gravel trench absorption fields, two methods — soil morphology evaluations and percolation tests — are commonly used for sizing the absorption field.
Soil morphology evaluations are preferred for sites where soil conditions suggest a potential pollution risk to groundwater. In Missouri, these evaluations may only be done by individuals approved by the Department of Health. This includes soil scientists or persons completing specific schooling and field practice requirements in soil morphology. A current list of qualified soil scientists is available from your county health department sanitarian.
Soil morphology evaluations are done by digging one or more 4- to 6-foot deep soil pits using a backhoe. The soil scientist then examines the soil profile for its texture, color, structure, mottling and rock fragment characteristics and assigns a "loading rate" in gallons per day per square foot for that particular site location. The soil scientist will also provide a site plan, showing major topographical features such as streams and drainage patterns and locations for proposed buildings. The recommended trench depth for the absorption field will be specified and, if needed, the methods for diversion of surface and subsurface water flow.
Since soils can be quite variable even 50 to 100 feet apart, it is wise to dig several pits for evaluation of the best site. Soil morphology evaluations are preferred in the Missouri Ozarks because they are more reliable, more informative and generally less expensive than percolation tests.
Watch the hole for the first 10 minutes. If the 12 inches of water completely drains away in less than 10 minutes, you can begin the percolation testing immediately. With this soil, you begin by setting the water level to 8 inches, and you can measure every 10 minutes. If 8 inches of water seeps away in less than 10 minutes, use a shorter interval. It may be easier for you to measure the amount of time it takes for water to seep 1 inch. Even with this type of soil, you may not exceed the 8-inch maximum depth.
Percolation, or "perc," tests are best suited for sites that do not have significant groundwater pollution potential. In Missouri, perc tests for sewage systems requiring Department of Health permits may only be conducted by registered engineers, geologists, sanitarians, soil scientists or other persons who have received Department of Health training and certification. Results of these tests are only accepted for design purposes if the percolation rates (measurements of how fast water drains from holes in your soil) are between 10 and 60 minutes per inch. If perc rates are outside this range, a soil morphology evaluation must be used to size the absorption field. Table 2 shows the minimum absorption field area needed based on various percolation rates. If a sewage system permit is not required, you may follow the steps listed in the "Percolation test procedure" section for conducting a percolation test.
Table 2
Minimum absorption field area based on percolation rate
Septic tanks are constructed of many materials, including reinforced concrete, fiberglass or metal. The tank may contain up to three compartments. Most important is that the septic tank must be watertight to prevent leakage of untreated sewage that might pollute groundwater and to prevent leakage of groundwater into the tank that could overload the absorption field.
Figure 2
Typical components of a reinforced concrete septic tank.
Reinforced concrete tanks, the most common, are built using one of three configurations: mid-seal, top-seal or monolithic cast. The mid-seal tank is cast in two nearly identical halves that are joined together with a sticky, tar-like mastic sealant. The top-seal tank is formed into a one-piece tank portion with a concrete lid secured to the open top with mastic sealant. The monolithic cast tank is factory-formed as one unit, making it more watertight but more expensive than the other two types of concrete tanks.
Fiberglass or composite plastic tanks offer a near-perfect watertight seal. These tanks may cost more than concrete tanks and require extra care when installing on sites with rocky fill material that could damage the tank.
Metal sewage tanks are not to be used unless specifically allowed by the regulatory agency on a case-by-case basis, and then should be used only if they are covered inside and outside with a bituminous coating. Even with such a coating, metal septic tanks are prone to corrosion and subsequent collapse.
In all septic tanks, the inlet and outlet pipes should be at least 4-inch diameter Schedule 40 PVC, cast-iron or other approved pipe and be protected by baffles or sanitary tees made of acid-resistant concrete, acid-resistant fiberglass or plastic. The baffles or tees ensure that floating scum from the tank doesn't plug the absorption field or inlet pipe. Six-inch diameter inspection pipes should be located above the baffles or tees and extend to the top of the ground surface. These pipes are for checking solids levels and clogs and should be capped when not in use. A 20-inch or larger square or round manhole should be installed in the cover of the tank over each compartment to provide access for agitation and cleaning. Extending the manhole riser to the top of the ground surface will simplify cleaning operations. Manhole openings should be covered with tight lids of heavy metal or concrete for safety purposes.
A relatively new technology, septic tank filters, are basket-like screens that enhance treatment by trapping and retaining solids in the tank. They are included with some newer septic tank designs or can be retrofitted to work with older designs through use of added manhole openings. Regular maintenance is important: These screens must periodically be removed, hosed clean with water and replaced in the tank. These devices still need to be cleaned by a service professional.
A watertight, 4-inch diameter Schedule 40 PVC pipe should connect the septic tank to the plumbing drains of the home. Slope the pipe 1/4 inch per foot (1/8 inch per foot minimum) toward the tank. Install cleanouts (Figure 3) every 50 feet (100 feet minimum) along the pipe or wherever the pipe turns corners sharper than 45 degrees.
Figure 3a
Manhole cleanout for drain pipe.
Figure 3b
PVC pipe cleanout for drain pipe.
Septic tanks come in rectangular, oval or round shapes. The shape of the tank has little to do with its performance, but tank size is important. The tank must retain at least two days (48 hours) of sewage flow from the house; size is based on the number of bedrooms in the dwelling. The retention capacity allows time for solids to properly separate from the liquids before the liquids pass into the absorption field. Current regulations specify a sewage quantity of 120 gallons flow per day per bedroom for design purposes. Table 3 gives a quick match of septic tank size to house size. If the dwelling has a hot tub or whirlpool, it is wise to add one bedroom of capacity for each of these fixtures present.
Table 3
Minimum septic tank sizes.
These minimum tank sizes will be adequate to handle all household wastes, including water from the toilet and kitchen drains, referred to as blackwater, and water from the bathtub, shower, sinks and laundry, which is called graywater. Larger tanks allow longer intervals between tank clean-out operations.
If a lift-station pump will be installed in the septic tank to allow pumping to an upslope absorption field, the regulatory agency may require the next size larger tank to offset the displacement volume of the pump.
To decrease the risk of personal injury or environmental harm from a septic system that is no longer in use, it is important to take the following steps. First, the septic tank should be pumped by a qualified service professional so that effluent will not seep into the environment of that human contact is minimized. The tank should then be removed and the hole filled with soil. Alternatively, the tank should be filled with coarse aggregate or sand. The riser should then be collapsed and filled with soil.
If your septic tank/absorption field system has not been designed according to the capacities of the soil in the field area, the system will not function properly no matter how good the construction. This section shows typical calculations involved in sizing an absorption field system using the two methods described in the "Determining soil suitability" section.
Example: A state-approved soil scientist evaluates the soils exposed in several backhoe pits. The soils are determined to be of Soil Group III, with a silty clay loam texture with low to moderate shrink-swell potential, and prismatic soil structure. A backhoe with a 2-foot wide bucket will be used to dig the trenches to serve a 3-bedroom home with a conventional septic tank/absorption field system.
Example: Four perc holes are dug and the perc rate is measured in minutes per inch (mpi), with the following results: #1 = 28 mpi, #2 = 36 mpi, #3 = 47 mpi, #4 = 31 mpi. A backhoe with a 2-foot wide bucket will be used to dig the trenches to serve a 3-bedroom home with a conventional septic tank/absorption field system.
Construction of the absorption field should be done when the soil is crumbly — never wet. Construction in wet soil causes puddling, smearing and soil compaction, which reduces soil permeability and can contribute to system failure. If occasional soil smearing does occur, scratch or rake those soil surfaces when dry to re-expose the natural soil characteristics.
The absorption field may be arranged in trenches or a bed. Trenches are preferred for flat and sloping sites because they allow the sewage more sidewall contact with the soil. Beds work best on sites with up to 5 percent slope and on smaller lots that do not have room for trenches. Trenches laid on sites with 4 percent or more slope must be installed along the contour. Use of a builder's level or transit is critical for such applications. Examples of trench and bed layouts are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
Figure 4
View of a typical absorption trench field.
Figure 5
View of a typical absorption bed.
The absorption trench should be 18 to 36 inches wide and 18 to 30 inches deep. If a trench or bed depth of less than 18 inches is specified by the results of a soil morphology evaluation, "shallow placement" procedures should be followed ("Shallow placement of trenches" section). The recommended vertical separation distance between the bottom of the absorption field and any limiting layer, such as a fragipan, creviced bedrock or seasonal high water table is 2 feet or more for standard systems. Contact your county regulatory agency for the specified separation distance on your site. Trench construction using cherty clay soils located in areas of severe geological limitations must have less than 50-percent rock fragments and a vertical separation distance of 4 feet or more between the trench bottom and seasonal high groundwater table or bedrock. Figure 6 shows these trench specifications.
Figure 6
View of typical trench construction dimensions.
When the effluent discharges from the septic tank, it should first flow by watertight 4-inch diameter pipe through a distribution box, or "D-box" (Figure 7), and then enter the absorption field through 4-inch diameter perforated plastic pipe. Slope of the watertight pipe should be a minimum of 1/4-inch per foot toward the field to prevent clogging. Holes in the perforated pipe should be 1/2- to 3/4-inch in diameter. The lateral pipes must be of rigid construction and laid as level as possible, with not more than 1/4-inch drop in 10 feet of horizontal distance. On sloping sites, a distribution box with watertight piping to each lateral (Figure 8) is strongly encouraged over use of stepdown boxes (Figure 9), because the D-box ensures equal flow to all laterals. Use of inexpensive plastic equalizing V-notches in the D-box openings will further enhance its flow performance. Coiled black tubing that is designed for roof or basement drains is not suitable for lateral pipes.
Figure 7
Section view of a distribution box, or D-box.
Figure 8
Layout of distribution box piping on a sloping site.
Figure 9
Section view of a stepdown or drop box.
The absorption trench field should have at least two trenches, with a maximum trench length of 100 feet. Space the trenches a distance of three times the trench width apart, or a minimum of 5 feet on center, whichever is greater. Make the trench bottoms level, and fill the trenches at least 12 inches deep with 1-1/2- to 3-inch diameter clean, washed gravel or crushed stone. If limestone is used, all fine materials should first be screened out to prevent clogging the system. Place at least 6 inches of the gravel below the perforated pipe and 2 inches over the pipe.
Cap or plug the ends of the pipes or, when they are at equal elevations, you can connect them. Before placing soil backfill over the trenches, cover the gravel with building paper, synthetic drainage fabric, or other approved material to keep soil from clogging the gravel. Figure 10 shows the proper placement of the pipe, gravel and backfill in the trench.
Figure 10
Section view of an absorption trench.
A seasonally high water table can cause saturation of the absorption field area during rainy periods, preventing sewage effluent from dispersing properly in the trenches or bed. Curtain drains intercept this surface and/or subsurface runoff and divert it around the field.
Curtain drains are dug 12 to 24 inches wide and cut a minimum of 6 inches deep into the top of the restrictive subsurface soil layer, at a distance of at least 10 feet upslope of the absorption field. Provide a minimum trench slope of 4 inches of drop per 100 feet of horizontal distance. Perforated pipe (not coiled tubing) is placed in the trench, with the holes pointed upslope toward the perched water table. Gravel fill must be brought completely to the surface so that surface runoff water may drain into the trench. If soil is placed over the surface, the interceptor drain will not perform its purpose, possibly leading to failure of the absorption system.
If the site has enough slope, the pipe outlet can be brought to ground level downslope of the absorption field and screened to allow free drainage. On level sites, pumps must be used to remove the collected water. Figure 11a and Figure 11b shows the proper placement of the curtain drain to protect the absorption field.
Figure 11a
View of curtain drain location.
Figure 11b
A curtain drain diverts water around an absorption field.
Where conventional trenches cannot be used due to a seasonally high water table or lack of soil depth, "shallow placement" or "modified shallow placement" of trenches may be an option.
With shallow placement, a minimum of 2 feet of natural soil separation between the trench bottom and the uppermost elevation of the seasonally high water table or rock must be maintained. The trenches are dug to 12 inches deep and filled to the original ground level with 1-1/2- to 3-inch diameter clean gravel. The gravel is then covered with building paper, synthetic drainage fabric, or other approved material to keep soil from clogging the gravel. The absorption field is then covered with loamy soil or good topsoil to a depth of 12 to 18 inches at the center, extending the fill at least 5 feet past the trenches before feathering it down to ground level. A turfgrass cover is established on the fill immediately after construction.
With modified shallow placement, a minimum of 1 foot of natural soil separation between the trench bottom and the uppermost elevation of the seasonally high water table or rock must be maintained, and a curtain drain must be installed to divert subsurface water around the absorption field. The trenches and fill material are then finished like those of shallow placement systems described above. Figure 12 shows examples of these two types of systems.
Figure 12a
Shallow placement of absorption trenches.
Figure 12b
Modified shallow placement of absorption trenches.
One advantage of the septic tank/absorption field system is that it has no moving parts, but it does require maintenance. Annual inspections of your septic system are recommended to ensure that it is working properly and to determine when scum and sludge in the septic tank should be cleaned out. If the scum or sludge is allowed to enter the absorption field, plugging and irreparable damage can result; when this occurs, a new septic system in a different location is the best solution. A thorough inspection includes the following steps.
For the second method, the layers can also be measured using a long wooden stick. Attach a 3-inch long piece of wood to one end of the stick to form a "foot" (Figure 13). To measure the scum depth (Figure 14), lower the stick through the manhole until the foot rests on the mat of scum and mark the stick at the top of the tank opening. Then force the stick down through the scum layer and bring it back up until you feel resistance from the bottom of the mat. Mark the stick again. The distance between the two marks is the scum depth. Locate the lower end of the submerged tank outlet baffle or tee the same way.
Figure 13
Wooden stick for measuring scum and sludge depth in a septic tank.
Figure 14a
Measuring the scum level in the septic tank. Left: Lower the bottom of the board to the top of the mat of scum. Mark the stick at the top of the tank opening. Right: Force the board all the way through the mat. Bring it back until you feel the bottom of the mat. Mark the stick again. The distance between these two marks is the scum depth.
Figure 14b
Measuring the sludge depth in the septic tank. Left: Measure the depth of liquid and the depth of sludge. Let the stick drop until you feel resistance. Mark the stick. Right: Force the board all the way through the sludge to the bottom of the tank. Mark the stick again. The distance between these two marks is the sludge depth. If you do not know the maximum available liquid depth for your tank, measure from the bottom of the board to the wet line on the stick to find out.
Figure 14c
Determine if the tank should be cleaned. Add the scum and sludge depths. If this figure is more than half the liquid depth, clean the tank. The maximum available liquid depth in this example is 60 inches. The scum depth is 12 inches and the sludge depth is 20 inches — a total of 32 inches. Since this is more than half of the maximum liquid depth, this tank should be cleaned.
To measure sludge depth, drop the stick through the hole made previously in the scum layer until you feel resistance, then mark the stick at the top of the tank opening. Then force the stick all the way through the sludge to the bottom of the tank and mark the stick again. The distance between these two marks is the sludge depth. If the tank has a baffle in front of the outlet pipe, measure the sludge behind that baffle.
It is time to pump the tank when one of the following conditions exists:
Once you know the normal sludge accumulation rate, adjust your inspection frequency accordingly.
Table 4 shows the estimated septic tank pumping frequency in years, based on tank capacity in gallons and number of people in the household. It should be remembered that garbage disposals will increase by 50 percent or more the rate at which solids accumulate in the tank and that a 1,000-gallon tank is the minimum allowable size for all new installations.
Table 4
Estimated septic tank pumping frequencies in years (for year-round residences).
Pumping frequency can increase by 50 percent if garbage disposal is used.
Clean the tank
Cleaning should remove all scum, sludge and liquid from the septic tank. This is accomplished by pumping the liquid contents back and forth several times between the septage truck's tank and the septic tank. This agitation process mixes the scum and sludge with the liquids, allowing all solids to be removed using the truck's suction hose. Cleaning will leave a black film on the tank walls and a small amount of liquid on the tank floor. This contains sufficient numbers of bacteria to help get the tank working following the cleaning.
At this time, ask the pumper to make sure the baffles or sanitary tees are in place and working properly. Contractors attempting to clean a tank through the small 6-inch diameter inspection pipes will often leave solids in the tank and damage the baffles. Insist that the tank be cleaned through the manhole if the tank has one, even if it costs slightly more. After cleaning, it is not necessary to add yeasts, enzymes, or other "starters" or "inoculants" to get the tank working. Bacteria present in wastewater and in the tank will be adequate. Some additives can actually be harmful to the septic system and can pollute groundwater.
The most common cause of the shortened lifespan of the system is soil clogging caused by neglecting regular pumping of the septic tank. Although the average dwelling has a life of about 80 years, the useful life of an absorption field system, with proper maintenance, can be greater than 25 years. Corrosion-resistant metal tanks will last up to 10 years if properly maintained. However, the internal baffles of the metal septic tanks are not corrosion resistant and will last a maximum of 5 to 7 years before replacement is needed.
Table 5 suggests tips for extending the life of your septic tank/absorption field system.
Table 5
Maintaining your septic tank/absorption field system.
Existing septic systems may fail for a number of reasons. In addition to leaking at the soil surface, a system is failing if it is not treating the household wastewater effectively. The most common causes of system failure are from excessive water entering the system, lack of regular maintenance, or improper siting, sizing and design of the system. Diagnosing the specific cause may be difficult for the homeowner and often requires the skills of a professional. Table 6 shows common problems and their possible causes and remedies.
Table 6
Septic system troubleshooting guide.
Order publications online at http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/shop/ or call toll-free 800-292-0969.


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LOUISVILLE, Ky. — Kyle Strachila is 2,500 miles away from home this week, but he's among friends — about 55,000 of them.
FFA members from across the U.S., including Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, are gathering Oct. 30-Nov. 3 for their annual convention, this year in Louisville. The agenda includes inspiration, training, friendship and election of national officers. That's where Strachila comes in.
Almost every state nominates one candidate for national office, and Strachila is Washington's.
He grew up on a dairy south of Lynden, Wash., and joined FFA when he was a freshman at Mount Baker High School. His senior year he was chapter president and student body president, then he was elected to the state FFA committee as vice president. He's now a student at Washington State University, focusing on ag business.
His father, Ed Strachila, a third-generation dairyman, said Kyle raised pigs, studied horticulture, took honors classes and stayed active in athletics.
"I don't know where he finds all his energy," he said. "He's excited and apprehensive about this convention, and he's been preparing for it for a long time. Everyone at this level wants this position."
Other candidates from Western states are Hannah Garrett from the FFA chapter in Galt, Calif., Anna Pratt from Blackfoot, Idaho, and Jason Wetzler from North Clackamas, Ore.
The convention program includes several inspirational speakers:
• Rick Pitino, championship-winning head coach of the University of Louisville basketball team, will bring his 10-step process for becoming a winner.
• New York City Firefighter Joe Torrillo, who was part of the rescue effort at the World Trade Center on Sept. 11, 2001, survived after being buried alive twice when the towers collapsed.
• Josh Sundquist was told at age 9 that a rare form of bone cancer left him with a 50 percent chance of survival. Chemotherapy treatments and the amputation of his left leg by the age of 13 saved his life. He took up ski racing, eventually competing for the U.S. Paralympic Ski Team.
• Katie Pratt, former FFA member and officer from Illinois, farms with her husband, Andy, and their family. Dedicated to telling the story of the modern farmer, she appreciates the hard work, nature's power, and the sunrises and sunsets that keep her believing that life on the farm is the greatest challenge tempered by the greatest rewards.
Singer and songwriter Dierks Bentley will perform in concert Oct. 30 with special guest Jana Kramer. Entertainment will also include a rodeo.
The convention will conclude with the election and installation of National FFA officers.
FFA at a glance
The FFA has 579,678 student members in grades 7 through 12 who belong to one of 7,570 local FFA chapters throughout the U.S., Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
About 70 percent of them live in rural and farm areas, 19 percent in small towns and 10 percent in urban and suburban areas.
Online: www.ffa.org/


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Journalist, Activist Jose Antonio Vargas Detained By US Border Patrol
A prominent immigration activist and Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist who has lived and worked in the U.S. without legal documentation for years has been detained by U.S. Border Patrol agents at a South Texas airport.
Border Patrol spokesman Omar Zamora says Jose Antonio Vargas was in custody Tuesday morning, but he had no other details.
Vargas had been in the border city of McAllen for several days as part of a vigil drawing attention to the plight of unaccompanied immigrant children and families coming into the U.S. illegally.
On Tuesday morning, Vargas tweeted: "About to go thru security at McAllen Airport. I don't know what's going to happen.''
At the McAllen airport, Border Patrol agents stand beside Transportation Security Administration agents checking documentation, even for domestic flights.


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Authorities have made another step toward identifying the child whose remains were found in the Dixon area last October.
Authorities have made another step toward identifying the child whose remains were found in the Dixon area last October.
On Monday, Pulaski County Sheriff Ron Long released a forensic drawing of what experts believe the victim looked like.
"Over the past eight months, this agency has been diligently working on the case, with the first priority being to identify the deceased," Long said. "This week marks another significant step in concluding this endeavor, with the completion of a forensic artist's depiction of the victim after a model of the skull was constructed.
The images depict facial reconstruction, completed by a National Center for Missing and Exploited Children Forensic Artist, showing what the child may have looked like.
The depictions show one of a male and the other of a female, due to the sex being undetermined after DNA analysis. Since child's the lower jaw could not by found, the drawing is an approximation.
"The completion of the drawings, along with information received from the forensic analysis of the skeletal remains, highly elevates the possibility of identifying this young victim."
In March, a report from the Center for Human Identification – Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology in Fort Worth, Texas said that the skeletal remains were likely that of an 8- to 13-year-old child, and most likely of Mestizo ancestry, which is a mixture of southwest American Indian/Hispanic and Caucasian descent. However, the analysis was unable to determine the sex of the deceased individual.
The remains were originally discovered around 2 p.m. on Oct. 26, 2013, roughly 1⁄4-mile south of Highway D and Highway 28, also known as "Dogpatch Intersection," on private property off of Highway 28. Long said that the remains were found roughly 30 feet from the road.
Long said authorities believe the victim died one to three years ago.
In addition to Pulaski County Sheriff's Department Detectives, Long said that assistance has been received from numerous outside agencies, including the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), the Mid-States Organized Crime Information Center (MOCIC), the Center for Human Identification (University of N. Texas), and numerous other Federal, State and Local law enforcement agencies.
If you have any information about this case, please contact the Pulaski County Missouri Sheriff's Department at 1-573-774-6196, or the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children at 1- 800-843-5678 (1-800-THE-LOST).


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Students hurt in Bethlehem bus collision
February 14. 2013 9:26PM
BETHLEHEM - Three students were injured Thursday evening when their school bus was hit by a car, Fire Chief Jack Anderson said.
Anderson said the bus, which was carrying 43 students, two supervisors and the bus driver to the White Mountain School after a ski trip, was on a narrow stretch of West Farm Road about 5:30 p.m. Thursday when a car hit the side of the bus and became entangled with one of the bus's rear tires.
The driver of the car was also injured and was taken to Littleton Regional Hospital, he said. Anderson said he did not have the names of anyone involved in the crash.
One student suffered a serious head injury, while two others complained of dizziness and pain, and they were taken to the hospital for treatment, he said. The other students were transferred to other buses and taken back to the school, he said.


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Robert Joseph Rook, son, brother, father, husband, grandfather, and great-grandfather, took his last breath the afternoon of Friday, June 28, 2013 at his home in Eagle Point, Ore. surrounded by family.
Born October 30, 1921, the son of George L. and Ada (Hamilton) Rook in Prairie Hill, Miss., Robert was one of the youngest of 15 children.
Not long after leaving home at a young age, Robert enlisted in the Merchant Marines October 15, 1942 and served his time in WWII as Chief Stewart. Honorably discharged in August of 1945, Robert soon after took his talents and became a well-known chef in the world of culinary cuisine. In his day, while residing in California, he was considered one of the top 10 chefs on the west coast. His chosen career path served him well, he truly enjoyed cooking for others and sharing stories of days passed. Robert also loved to hunt, fish, and go camping with the family.
In September of 1971, Robert married Margaret J. (Keith) Curry. Together they had a large family, (his, hers and theirs), Bobby LaBlanc of So. Calif., Mike Rook of Northern Calif., Bonnie Kay Theabolt of Enterprise, Ore., Connie Jean Curry of Coquille, Ore., Polly RC Walker of Portland, Ore., Susan Christine Curry Deckard of Rogue River, Ore., Scott Douglas Curry of Kennewick, Wash., and Michael J. Rook of Richland, Wash. Additional loving survivors include 16 grandchildren, Rebecca Henry, Rachel Black, Joseph Miller, Mary Elizabeth Nelson, Carrie Bradley, Kelly Bradley, Laura (Winslow) Sage, Emily Winslow, Bob Winslow, Caleb Francis, William Deckard, and Cody Curry; 14 great-grandchildren; his twin sister, Roberta Rogers and her daughter, Susan Rogers.
A private service celebrating Robert's life will be held. No gifts or flowers please! Those who wish may make contributions in memory of Robert to Veteran's of America.


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DENVER, Sept. 30 (UPI) -- Peyton Manning turned in his most impressive performance since joining Denver Sunday, hurling three touchdowns in the Broncos' 37-6 rout of Oakland.
Manning completed 30-of-38 passes for 338 yards in his fourth game since coming to the Broncos as a free agent in the off-season, sparking Denver to 27 unanswered points.
Willis McGahee helped the Broncos (2-2) break a two-game skid with 112 rushing yards and a touchdown. Demaryius Thomas made five grabs en route 103 receiving yards.
Star running back Darren McFadden was limited to 34 yards on 13 carries for Oakland (1-3).
Carson Palmer passed for 202 yards on 19-of-34 efficiency in the loss.


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Brett RonebergPittsburgh Pirates
Outfielder | Ht: | Wt:
|Pirates | Roneberg signs minor-league deal
Thu, 21 Dec 2006 23:28:22 -0800
The Pittsburgh Pirates have signed OF Brett Roneberg to a minor-league contract, according to The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette's Dejan Kovacevic. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed.
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|Pirates | Roneberg On Canadian WBC Roster
Thu, 19 Jan 2006 00:44:13 -0800
The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reports Pittsburgh Pirates OF Brett Roneberg is on the Canadian 60-man roster for the World Baseball Classic.
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SAN ANTONIO (AP) Ray Allen is in the Miami Heat starting lineup for Game 5 of the NBA Finals, replacing the struggling Mario Chalmers.
The Heat made the announcement shortly before tipoff of the win-or-else game against the San Antonio Spurs, who took a 3-1 lead into Sunday night's matchup. It's Allen's first start in 43 postseason games with the Heat.
Chalmers had started every game in which he's appeared with Miami over the last three seasons. The last time he played as a reserve was in the 2011 NBA Finals against Dallas.
Chalmers entered Game 5 averaging 3.5 points in the series, shooting just 5 for 18 from the floor.


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Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie will meet with reporters at 2:30 p.m. Tuesday and perhaps provide some answers to the questions lingering around his football team.
It's unusual for Lurie to speak to the media following the season, but his coaching staff has come under an unusual amount of scrutiny and criticism this season. It is widely expected that coach Andy Reid will be back, but no one within the organization has spoken publicly on the issue, so Lurie's press conference should provide some clarity.
If Reid is back, the next question will immediately turn to defensive coordinator Juan Castillo, and after that I imagine DeSean Jackson's name might come up.
There has been significant speculation about all of their futures, but no real answers. Tuesday should provide some insight.


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LONDON (AP) — Nobel Literature laureate J.M. Coetzee has called on Spain to abandon plans to protect bullfighting, making a rare public appeal against what he called "an archaic form of entertainment."
In an open letter to Spain's legislature released Thursday, Coetzee called bullfights "a throwback to a time when people took no heed of the feelings of animals." which he said had no place in 21st century Spain.
Cape Town, South Africa-born Coetzee is a noted opponent of animal cruelty, and touches upon the theme of nonhuman suffering in his books, including "The Lives of Animals."
Spain is divided over bullfighting. The ruling Popular Party wants to enshrine it as part of Spain's national heritage, but some regional governments have enacted bans.
Spain's parliament has been debating the issue since February.


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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partners. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Tuesday, September 8, 2015
As a result of biological, psycho-social, and environmental factors, older adults are vulnerable to abuse, exploitation, neglect and a myriad of other safety risks. For example, functional limitation, sensory impairment, memory loss, and social isolation place older adults at increased risk for self-neglect and abuse by others. Many of the elder abuse stories reported in the media are shocking, unconscionable, and may seem unbelievable.
Comprehensive statistics that provide solid data about elder abuse and other maltreatment issues do not exist due to inconsistent reporting and a lack of consistent and clear understanding about what constitutes elder abuse. As a result, the prevalence or incidence is at best a guess. Evidence indicates that definitions of elder abuse vary from state to state so that the problem remains mostly hidden and many thousands have been harmed.1
Elder abuse - any form of mistreatment that results in harm or loss to an older person. It is generally divided into the following categories:
Estimates of Prevalence in the U.S.3
Signs and Symptoms May Include:
In most states health and human service workers, first responders and long-term care workers are required to report suspected abuse. Regardless of legal responsibility, as health professionals we have an ethical responsibility and are often in a unique position to identify potential abuse and help older adults get the help they need and deserve. To identify who handles the Adult Protective Services function in your state and county, visit Eldercare Locator or call 800-677-1116. Both the National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA) and the Elder Care Locator are services of the AOA.
Enhancing awareness of the problem, challenges, legal/ethical responsibilities, and providing resources for assistance is a key toward prevention and protection. Safety must be a priority in addressing this serious challenge to the well-being of the elderly and other vulnerable populations.
GERO GEMS is a monthly publication of the Center for Aging with Dignity. Compiled by Evelyn Fitzwater, this publication is designed to raise awareness of aging and related issues impacting health care professionals and our society as a whole.
Last Reviewed: Aug 02, 2010
Associate Professor Emerita
Associate Director of the
College of Nursing
University of Cincinnati


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Drug information provided by: Micromedex
Meningococcal vaccine is an active immunizing agent used to prevent infection by certain groups of meningococcal bacteria. The vaccine works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the disease.
Menomune® is active against groups A, C, Y and W-135 meningococcal bacteria only.
Bexsero® and Trumenba® is active against group B meningococcal bacteria only. .
Meningococcal infection can cause life-threatening illnesses, such as meningococcal meningitis, which affects the brain, and meningococcemia, which affects the blood. Some persons with meningococcal meningitis and/or meningococcemia also may die. These diseases are more likely to occur in young children and in persons with certain diseases or conditions that make them more susceptible to a meningococcal infection or more likely to develop serious problems from a meningococcal infection.
Immunization against meningococcal disease is recommended for persons who are at risk of getting the disease because:
Menomune® is recommended for use in patients 2 years of age and older.
Bexsero® and Trumenba® is recommended for use in patients 10 to 25 years of age. .
This vaccine is to be given only by or under the supervision of your doctor.
This product is available in the following dosage forms:
In deciding to use a vaccine, the risks of taking the vaccine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this vaccine, the following should be considered:
Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.
Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of Menomune® in children younger than 2 years of age , however, in some cases children as young as 3 months of age may be vaccinated.
Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of Bexsero® and Trumenba® in children younger than 10 years of age.
Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of meningococcal vaccine in adults older than 65 years of age. Safety and efficacy have not been established.
Meningococcal Oligosaccharide Vaccine, Diphtheria Conjugate
Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine, Diphtheria Conjugate
Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
Studies in women suggest that this medication poses minimal risk to the infant when used during breastfeeding.
Meningococcal Vaccine, Group B
There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are receiving this vaccine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Receiving this vaccine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Receiving this vaccine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.
The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this vaccine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:
A nurse or other trained health professional will give this vaccine to you or your child.
It is very important that your doctor check you or your child at regular visits to make sure this vaccine is working properly and to check for unwanted effects.
Check with your doctor right away if you have a cough, difficulty with swallowing, dizziness, fast heartbeat, hives, itching, puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes, face, lips or tongue, skin rash, tightness in the chest, or unusual tiredness or weakness. These could be symptoms of an allergic reaction to the vaccine.
Fainting may occur while you are receiving this vaccine.
The tip caps of the prefilled syringes contains dry natural rubber (a derivative of latex), which may cause allergic reactions in people who are sensitive to latex.
It is important that your doctor should know about all other vaccines you or your child have recently received, including a flu shot.
This vaccine may not protect everyone who receives it.
Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Check with your doctor or nurse immediately if any of the following side effects occur:
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Portions of this document last updated: March 01, 2017
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/meningococcal-vaccine-intramuscular-route-subcutaneous-route/description/drg-20064657
Copyright © 2018 Truven Health Analytics Inc. All rights reserved. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes.
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.


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Economic Reports and Events This Week U.S. Domestic: Eastern Time Zone (GMT -5:00) (New York, Toronto)
Dec 17 8:30 AM Empire Manufacturing Dec
Dec 17 9:00 AM Net Long-Term TIC Flows Oct
Dec 18 8:30 AM Current Account Balance Q3
Dec 18 10:00 AM NAHB Housing Market Index Dec
Dec 19 7:00 AM MBA Mortgage Index 12/15
Dec 19 8:30 AM Housing Starts Nov
Dec 19 8:30 AM Building Permits Nov
Dec 19 10:30 AM Crude Inventories 12/15
Dec 20 8:30 AM Initial Claims 12/15
Dec 20 8:30 AM Continuing Claims 12/08
Dec 20 8:30 AM GDP - Third Estimate Q3
Dec 20 8:30 AM GDP Deflator - Third Estimate Q3
Dec 20 10:00 AM Existing Home Sales Nov
Dec 20 10:00 AM Philadelphia Fed Dec
Dec 20 10:00 AM Leading Indicators Nov
Dec 20 10:00 AM FHFA Housing Price Index Oct
Dec 20 10:30 AM Natural Gas Inventories 12/15
Dec 21 8:30 AM Personal Income Nov
Dec 21 8:30 AM Personal Spending Nov
Dec 21 8:30 AM PCE Prices - Core Nov
Dec 21 8:30 AM Durable Orders Nov
Dec 21 8:30 AM Durable Orders -ex Transportation Nov
Dec 21 9:55 AM Michigan Sentiment - Final Dec
International: ET (Toronto/New York) (GMT -5)
Sunday, December 16
CNY Actual FDI (yoy) (Nov)
16:00 NZD Westpac NZ Consumer Confidence (Q4)
Monday, December 17
08:30 USD Total Net TIC Flows and Total Net Long-term TIC Flows (Oct)
09:00 CAD Existing Home Sales (mom) (Nov)
19:00 NZD NBNZ Business Confidence (Dec)
Tuesday, December 18
03:00 CNY China Property Prices (Nov)
04:30 GBP Producer Price Index Output and Core PPI (yoy) (Nov)
04:30 Consumer Price Index and Core CPI (yoy) (Nov) ***
04:30 GBP Retail Price Index (yoy) (Nov)
18:50 JPY Merchandise Trade Balance Total (yen) (Nov)
23:30 JPY All Industry Activity Index (mom) (Oct)
Wednesday, December 19
00:00 JPY Leading Index (Oct F)
00:00 JPY Coincident Index (Oct F)
04:00 EUR German IFO-Business Climate, Current Assessment, and Expectations (Oct)
04:30 GBP Bank of England Minutes (Oct)
08:30 USD Housing Starts and Building Permits (Nov)
16:45 NZD Gross Domestic Product (QoQ) (Q3) ***
Thursday, December 20
JPY Bank of Japan Rate Decision ***
02:00 CHF Trade Balance (Swiss franc) (Nov)
02:00 EUR German Producer Prices (mom) (Nov) ***
04:30 GBP Retail Sales (also w/auto) (yoy) (Nov)
08:30 CAD Retail Saless (also less autos) (mom) (Oct)
08:30 USD Gross Domestic Product (Q3 T) ***
08:30 USD Personal Consumption (also Core Personal Consumption Expenditure) (Q3 T)
10:00 EUR Euro-Zone Consumer Confidence (Dec A)
10:00 USD Philadelphia Fed. (Dec)
10:00 USD Existing Home Sales (Nov)
10:00 USD Leading Indicators (Nov)
19:01 GBP GfK Consumer Confidence Survey (Dec)
21:00 NZD Credit Card Spending (mom) (Nov)
Friday, December 21
02:00 EUR German GfK Consumer Confidence Survey (Jan)
04:30 GBP Public Finance (PSNCR) (also ex Interventions) (pounds) (Nov)
04:30 GBP Public Sector Net Borrowing (pounds) (Nov)
04:30 GBP Gross Domestic Product (QoQ and yoy) (Q3 F) ***
08:30 CAD Gross Domestic Product (MoM and yoy) (Oct) ***
08:30 CAD Consumer Price Index (also Core CPI) (MoM and yoy) (Nov) ***
08:30 CAD Bank Canada Consumer Price Index (also Core CPI) (MoM and yoy) (Nov) ***
08:30 USD Personal Income (Nov)
08:30 USD Personal Spending (Nov)
08:30 USD Personal Consumption Expenditure Core (yoy) (Nov)
09:55 USD University of Michigan/ Reuters Consumer Confidence (Dec F)
*** Highly influential
Notice: The Bastiat Group, Inc. has attempted to verify the information contained in this calendar, however, any aspect of such info may change without notice. Foreign economic reports included in this list are only those deemed "medium to high impact".


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follow site i3Group is a successful Australian owned and operated payroll services provider based in Melbourne. With a strong commitment to excellence, i3Group is extremely passionate about delivering accurate, professional and timely payroll management services. Our 100% client retention rate is a testament to our track record – we nurture and maintain every client relationship to promote your success.|
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http://asect.org.uk/?ilyminaciya=%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87&d63=b5 Payroll can be tricky – it's not a core business activity and yet it is critically important to the smooth running of any business. At i3Group, we work hard to be payroll specialists, so when you outsource payroll to us you can rest assured that it will be taken care of quickly and efficiently. This frees up more of your resources for core business activities.


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Hypnosis, also referred to as hypnotherapy or hypnotic suggestion, is a trance-like state in which you have heightened focus and concentration. Hypnosis is usually done with the help of a therapist using verbal repetition and mental images. When you're under hypnosis, you usually feel calm and relaxed, and are more open to suggestions.
Hypnosis can be used to help you gain control over undesired behaviors or to help you cope better with anxiety or pain. It's important to know that although you're more open to suggestion during hypnosis, you don't lose control over your behavior.
Hypnotherapy can be an effective method for coping with stress and anxiety. In particular, hypnosis can reduce stress and anxiety before a medical procedure, such as a breast biopsy.
Hypnosis has been studied for other conditions, including:
Hypnosis that's conducted by a trained therapist or health care professional is considered a safe, complementary and alternative medical treatment. However, hypnosis may not be appropriate in people with severe mental illness.
Adverse reactions to hypnosis are rare, but may include:
Use special caution before using hypnosis for age regression to help you relive earlier events in your life. This practice remains controversial and has limited scientific evidence to support its use. It may cause strong emotions and can alter your memories or lead to creation of false memories.
You don't need any special preparation to undergo hypnosis. But it's a good idea to wear comfortable clothing to help you relax. Also, make sure that you're well-rested so that you're not inclined to fall asleep during the session.
Be sure you carefully choose a therapist or health care professional to perform hypnosis. Get a recommendation from someone you trust. Learn as much as you can about any therapist you're considering. Start by asking questions, such as:
The therapist will explain the process of hypnosis and review what you hope to accomplish. Then the therapist will typically talk in a gentle, soothing tone and describe images that create a sense of relaxation, security and well-being.
When you're in a receptive state, the therapist will suggest ways for you to achieve your goals, such as reducing pain or eliminating cravings to smoke. The therapist also may help you visualize vivid, meaningful mental images of yourself accomplishing your goals.
When the session is over, either you are able to bring yourself out of hypnosis or your therapist helps you end your trance-like state.
Contrary to how hypnosis is sometimes portrayed in movies or on television, you don't lose control over your behavior while under hypnosis. Also, you generally remain aware of and remember what happens under hypnosis.
You may eventually be able to practice self-hypnosis, in which you induce a state of hypnosis in yourself. You can use this skill as needed — for instance, after a chemotherapy session.
Hypnosis can be effective in helping people cope with pain, stress and anxiety. It may also be effective as part of a comprehensive program for quitting smoking or losing weight.
Hypnosis isn't right for everyone, though. For example, you may not be able to enter a state of hypnosis fully enough to make it effective. Some therapists believe that the more likely you are to be hypnotized, the more likely it is that you'll benefit from hypnosis.
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.


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Politico notes that nine current Democratic members of the Senate voted against the last immigration reform package in 2007. They are: Sherrod Brown (Ohio), Tom Harkin (Iowa), Debbie Stabenow (Michigan), Claire McCaskill (Missouri), Mary Landrieu (Louisiana), Max Baucus (Montana), Mark Pryor (Arkansas), Jay Rockefeller (West Virginia), and Jon Tester (Montana). How many of these members will defect this time around?
Brown, Harkin, and Stabenow opposed the 2007 legislation from the left. Don't expect any of them to do so this time around, with a Democratic administration pushing hard for comprehenive reform. Rockefeller is retiring, so he's free to vote like the leftist he is.
Of the remainder, the most likely "no" votes are Landrieu, Pryor, and Baucus. Why? Because they are up for re-election in Red States in 2014. To that list we can add two Senators who arrived after 2007: Mark Begich (Alaska) and Kay Hagan (North Carolina).
Tim Johnson (South Dakota) is another Red State Dem up for reelection next year, although I don't believe he has decided whether to stand. In 2007, Johnson was still recovering from serious illness and didn't vote on immigration reform legislation.
In theory, then, there are half a dozen or more potential "no" votes within the Democratic ranks.
But my guess is that, given the importance to the future of the Democratic Party of creating a path to citizenship for illegals, the number of Senate Democrats who end up voting for comprehensive immigration reform legislation this time will be nearly identical to the number of Democratic votes the legislation needs in order to pass.
That number will be determined by the number of Republicans who support the legislation. With 55 Democrats in the Senate and 60 votes needed to defeat cloture, every Republican in excess of five who votes "yes" will provide cover for a Red State Democrat to vote "no."
Of course, if Marco Rubio comes to his senses, immigration reform may fail even if every Democratic Senator votes for it.


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Employment at the Boeing Co. in Washington may have peaked in November. But that doesn't mean the jet maker isn't continuing to hire.
Boeing employment levels both worldwide and in Washington soared since early 2010 as the company increased jet production and strove to deliver on key development programs, such as the 787 Dreamliner and 747-8 jumbo jet.
For the first time since April 2010, the number of Boeing workers in Washington didn't increase. At the end of November, the aerospace giant employed 86,775 people in the state, down 248 from October.
The topping out of employment was expected. Boeing's chief financial officer in April predicted that employment would level off at some point this year. The company is balancing a slowdown in the defense market with high demand for commercial jets.
Companywide, Boeing shed 735 workers in November to bring global employment to 175,007. The bulk of losses were in the defense division, which has seen a steady decline in employment over the past two years, even as commercial-airplane employment increased.
Overall, the company is on track to hire between 12,000 and 15,000 people this year, said Stephen Davis, a spokesman for the company.
That's not a net gain. Thousands of those new employees replace engineers and machinists who are retiring. The company faces a continuing challenge of replacing skilled workers and finding engineering talent.
"We are continuing to hire for critical skills," Davis said.
Across the nation, fewer CEOs expect a decline in hiring over the next six months, based on a survey released Wednesday by the Business Roundtable. The roundtable consists of CEOs from the 200 largest U.S. corporations. Boeing CEO Jim McNerney serves as chairman of the Business Roundtable.
The CEOs voiced concern over the U.S. budget, which is approaching the "fiscal cliff" at the end of 2012. Automatic budget cuts, including in defense, will go into effect in January if a solution can't be reached.
About 29 percent of the CEOs plan to increase hiring over the next six months, the same as in September, when the group released the previous quarterly survey. But only 29 percent expect hiring to decrease, versus 34 percent in the previous report.
McNerney said the country's financial uncertainty was causing pessimism among CEOs.
"We will grow faster next year and the year after if we resolve this thing than we will if we don't," McNerney said.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


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In no uncertain terms, student scholarships are the gift of a lifetime.
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Sesame Street November Coloring Pages
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Get to the Feast
Zoe is on her way to a Thanksgiving dinner. Use your finger or a crayon to help Zoe make her way to the Thanksgiving table. What foods will Zoe bring with her?
Giving Thanks
Who would you like to thank this year? Make a thank-you card to give to someone who deserves a great big thank you! Cut out this card. Draw a picture of your special person and decorate the rest of the card, too.
A Turkey in the HandCookie Monster traced around his hand to make a turkey. It's for hanging up, not for eating! Look at Cookie Monster's turkey. You can make a turkey, too! Trace your hand in the space below or on another sheet of paper. Then, color your drawing.
Growing Tall
Big Bird is growing a garden for a Thanksgiving feast. Which thing does Big Bird need to help his vegetables grow?
Circle the objects that Big Bird needs for his garden. Then, color in the picture. What do you need so you will grow big and strong?
Photo Courtesy of Sesame Street


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Washington, DC -- Fr. Frank Pavone commented today on recent Gallup poll regarding questions to be asked during the judicial confirmation hearings. The poll asked an open ended question inquiring about the one specific issue that Americans want to see proposed to nominee John Roberts. The response came back overwhelmingly in favor of making known his views on abortion, with a rate of 28%. Other issues came in with only a six-percent margin or below.
"This is not surprising, in view of the fact that the number of voters for whom abortion is a deciding factor has been increasing in recent elections," said Fr. Pavone. "Many of these voters elected President Bush precisely because they knew he would have an opportunity to nominate the kind of Supreme Court Justices they want to have. Now they want to know how the man the President selected feels about an issue important to them."
Fr. Pavone also reminded Americans that "the so-called 'right to abortion' is nowhere in the Constitution, and unless a judge wants to rewrite that document, he will not invent such a right."
Priests for Life is the nation's largest Catholic pro-life organization dedicated to ending abortion and euthanasia. For more information, visit www.priestsforlife.org.


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The Obama administration is launching a program to bring together private- and public-sector expertise to collaborate on game-changing technologies and deliver "significant business results" within six months.
The fast-track program is part of the broader digital strategy for government released May 23 that envisions a governmentwide architecture for delivering information and services to citizens over any type of device.
About the Author
William Jackson is a Maryland-based freelance writer.
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Sounds like the full-court press is on to get the electronic propaganda machine in place a functional.....What a great way to facilitate whatever "information" the government wants everyone to know... "climate change" ... "health records"... (the goal of curse, medicare for all)....
Utilizing Novell / SUSE Linux would prove to be a mix that would enable single sign on for multiple back end services and OS's which could easily be managed through a single administrative infrastructure. Novell unites all platforms and saves administrative $$$ while providing secure access for connecting devices. I've designed and built them all over the last 22 yrs. Sun, MS, Novell, Linux and you won't be able to do this any better way and still secure it off the cloud where personal data can remain more secure.
If they intend to do it all with micro$oft windows then it won't get done it time. But if they want to use some sleek linux virtual machine, I know a guru who can help them.
Sounds like really good buzzwords for the election campaign. A day late and a dollar short.
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COMMERCE CITY, Colo. (Monday, May 7, 2012) – The Colorado Rapids announced on Monday that forward Edu, who has experience in Spain's La Liga and the UEFA Champions League, has received his ITC and P-1 work visa and is now eligible for selection. In a pair of other roster moves, the Rapids waived Josh Janniere and added Ross LaBauex to the Disabled List.
"In adding Edu to our roster, we've given our team more options and depth in attack," said Rapids Technical Director Paul Bravo. "We've also had to make other roster moves, and would like to wish Josh the best moving forward."
Edu, a native of São Paulo, Brazil, made his professional debut with São Paulo Futebol Clube of Brazil in 1997 and played from 2000-2009 in La Liga, the top division in Spain, with Celta de Vigo and Real Betis. He moved back to Brazil in 2009, and has since played with Internacional and Vitória in his home country.
Janniere, a midfielder from Hamilton, Ontario, was acquired before the 2011 season from Toronto FC but has not made an MLS appearance. His one official match for the Rapids was a U.S. Open Cup play-in match on March 30, 2011. Midfielder LaBauex, who recently underwent successful sports hernia surgery and is expected to be out 4-6 weeks, will miss a minimum of six matches while on the Disabled List.
The Rapids will next face D.C. United on the road on May 16 before returning to Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City to face Sporting Kansas City on Saturday, May 19 at 7:00 p.m. MT.


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Shorts XVI takes the stage this week
November 14, 2012
PLAINVIEW – The theatre department at Wayland Baptist University will present Shorts XVI: Sweet 16 this week in the Black Box theatre. Shorts will run at 7:30 p.m. on Thursday, Friday and Saturday with a 2 p.m. matinee on Sunday.
This is the sixteenth year that Shorts has been presented at Wayland. The performance consists of short dramatic pieces generally performed and directed by WBU students. This year, however, Director of Theatre Dr. Marti Runnels has added a twist. Former Wayland students and area high school theatre directors will direct the collection of short pieces that will range from dramatic to comedic, and include a musical. Also, birthday cupcakes will be offered to those in attendance.
Tickets cost $8 and are available online at www.wbu.edu, click on the purchase theatre tickets link under the Wayland News tab. Or call the theatre office at 806-291-1060


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A staff writer's experience seeing The Wonder Years.
Roe v. Wade, Supreme Court, state rights discussed.
The impacts of climate change were addressed by the United Nations' (UN) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in a new report on Monday. The UN released this report after a recent panel on the effects of global warming.
Pennsylvania state representative Ryan Bizzarro is hoping to better neighborhoods, in part by helping to improve the circumstances at McKean Community Park.
Starting and ending at the Frank G. Pogue Student Center, seven people walked around the Edinboro University campus as part of a yearly Domestic Violence Awareness Walk.
Major Benjamin Kavanagh was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel (LTC) on Oct. 4, at a ceremony held in Van Houten Dining Hall.


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Celebrity Sunday ~ Salvador Dali Wall Tapestry
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Asian shares touched fresh 16-month highs on Friday following modest overnight gains in global equities as investors watched progress in U.S. budget talks with expectations for an eventual deal and awaited U.S. nonfarm payrolls data later in the day.
The euro hovered near a one-week low against the dollar, having fallen after the European Central Bank painted a bleak outlook for the euro zone and discussed cutting interest rates at its policy meeting on Thursday when it kept rates steady.
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Recent indicators suggesting stabilizing growth in China, the world's second-largest, economy also helped improve sentiment, although the Asian Development Bank slightly lowered its 2012 and 2013 growth estimates for developing Asia on Friday as frail global demand drags on the region.
Buoyed by strong domestic demand, developing Asian economies have shown relatively more resilience compared with developed and more export-reliant economies such as Japan and south Korea.
MSCI's broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan <.MIAPJ0000PUS> rose 0.6 percent, and was set for its third-straight weekly gain with a 1.4 percent advance. The index has gained about 17 percent year-to-date, compared to a loss of nearly 18 percent last year.
South and Southeast Asian bourses have outperformed, with a 32 percent year-to-date surge in the Philippines , a nearly 31 percent gain in Thailand , Indian shares rising 26 percent and Indonesia up 12 percent to date.
Hong Kong shares were up 0.5 percent to a 16-month high and risen 21 percent so far this year, despite facing bouts of pressure from sputtering mainland Chinese markets.
South Korean shares <.KS11> were up 0.5 percent and Australian shares jumped 0.9 percent to its highest in nearly seven weeks, as top miners were supported by rebounding iron ore prices and banks recovered from losses the previous day.
"One of the reasons for the gains is better news we've seen from China and expectations the economy there has stabilized and growth has improved modestly," said Michael McCarthy, chief market strategist at CMC Markets.
Japan's Nikkei stock average <.N225> inched up 0.2 percent.
U.S. stocks advanced modestly while the FTSEurofirst 300 index <.FTEU3> of top European shares hit an 18-month closing high on Thursday.
As superstorm Sandy disrupted U.S. economic activity, nonfarm payrolls in November are expected to have increased only 93,000, compared to October's 171,000 job gain, a Reuters survey of economists showed. The unemployment rate is seen holding steady at 7.9 percent.
"A soft number should reinforce the case for the Fed doves ahead of next week's FOMC meeting where QE is likely to be increased in order to at least offset the expiration of Operation Twist. Hence a soft report should hurt USD and vice versa," Sean Callow, senior currency strategist at Westpac bank in Sydney, said in a note.
At its December 11-12 meeting, the Federal Reserve is expected to announce a new round of Treasury bond purchases to reinforce quantitative easing, replacing the expiring programme called Operation Twist, under which it bought $45 billion of longer-dated bonds a month while selling its shorter-date holdings.
The dollar traded at 82.47 yen, sticking close to a 7-1/2-month high of 82.84 hit on November 22.
With little to show after a month of posturing, the White House and Republicans in Congress dropped hints on Thursday that they had resumed low-level private talks on breaking the stalemate over the "fiscal cliff" but refused to divulge details.
Markets have been keeping up hope that Washington would eventually avert some $600 billion of tax hikes and spending cuts scheduled to start in January. Economists have warned that failure by Congress to reach an agreement on deficit reduction could tip the U.S. economy back into recession, further weighing on the fragile global economy.
"The main board is extending its upward trend that began in mid-November on hopes for a positive conclusion to the U.S. 'fiscal cliff' and economic growth policies from China," said Park Hae-sung, an analyst at LIG Investment & Securities. <^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Global rates: http://link.reuters.com/xyb96s
U.S. fiscal cliff: http://link.reuters.com/dut83t
Asset returns in 2012: http://link.reuters.com/nyw85s
The euro steadied at around $1.2968, after falling nearly 1 percent to $1.2950 on Thursday in its biggest one-day loss in a month, and retreating from a seven-week peak of $1.3127 set mid-week.
ECB President Mario Draghi said on Thursday policymakers had held a wide discussion on interest rates, including negative deposit rates, leaving the door open to a possible cut in borrowing costs next year.
Creating negative deposit rates means effectively charging depositors rather than paying them interest, with an aim of forcing banks to put their money to work elsewhere.
The ECB's new staff also projected gross domestic product next year could range from a contraction of 0.9 percent to growth of just 0.3 percent, suggesting contraction is far more likely than not. It forecast inflation of 1.1 percent to 2.1 percent next year.
"It is unusual that a negative growth projection for the next year is offered before the end of the current year, but with such a view, markets are naturally pricing in a interest rate cut," said Daisuke Karakama, market economist for Mizuho Corporate Bank in Tokyo.
He expected the euro to remain vulnerable with the risk of falling back to $1.2 at some point, but the single currency appeared to be supported currently by year-end repatriation flows.
U.S. crude futures inched up 0.3 percent to $86.53 a barrel and Brent rose 0.2 percent to $107.27.
(Additional reporting by Joyce Lee in Seoul and Maggie Lu Yueyang; Editing by Kim Coghill)


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15 minutes drive to Downtown Core.
Suites include a fridge, stove, ensuite storage and window coverings. Upper suites have balconies while lower suites have patios.
Prominence Place Apartments are clean and well maintained family buildings with onsite laundry facilities located on the main floors and beautiful landscaping.
Prominence Place Apartments is close to all amenities, bus routes, shopping, restaurants, video and drug stores.
Major roads nearby are Bow Trail and Sarcee Trail.
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