text:
Manis javanica
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822
Common Name(s):
|Taxonomic Notes:
|Populations in the Philippines formerly attributed to this species were separated under the name Manis culionensis by Feiler (1998) and subsequently by Gaubert and Antunes (2005).
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Critically Endangered A2d+3d+4d ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Challender, D., Nguyen Van, T., Shepherd, C., Krishnasamy, K., Wang, A., Lee, B., Panjang, E., Fletcher, L., Heng, S., Seah Han Ming, J., Olsson, A., Nguyen The Truong, A., Nguyen Van, Q. & Chung, Y.
|Duckworth, J.W.
This species is listed as Critically Endangered A2d+3d+4d due to high levels of hunting and poaching for its meat and scales, which is primarily driven by exports to China, though local consumption and utilisation also take place across the species' range. There have been suspected declines of <80% over the last 21 years (generation length estimated at seven years), and projected continuing declines of >80% over the next 21 years, with the intensity of hunting having moved into the southern parts of the species' range.
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|The species is widely distributed geographically, occurring across mainland and island Southeast East Asia, from southern China and Myanmar through lowland Lao PDR, much of Thailand, central and southern Viet Nam, Cambodia, to Peninsular Malaysia, to Sumatra, Java and adjacent islands (Indonesia) and to Borneo (Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei) though the northern and western limits of its range are poorly known (Schlitter 2005, Wu et al. 2005). It has been recorded from sea level up to 1,700 m asl.
This species is distributed in central and southern Myanmar (Corbet and Hill 1992, Salter 1983), but has apparently been eradicated widely from lowland areas due to human agricultural expansion and hunting (J.W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2006).
The species historically occurred throughout Thailand (Lekagul and McNeely 1977, Bain and Humphrey 1982, WCMC et al. 1999), but has since been lost from much of the lowland areas due to human agricultural expansion and hunting (J.W. Duckworth and R. Steinmitz pers. comms. 2006). Camera trap data confirms the presence of the species in Khao Yai National Park (Lynam et al. 2006 in Newton et al. 2008).
In Viet Nam, there are records which very in reliability from throughout the central and southern parts of the country. There are older records from Kon Tum Province, Tay Ninh Province and Quang Nam Province (Bourret 1942). There are more recent records (summarised by Newton 2007) from: Ha Tinh Province (Timmins and Cuong 1999); Kien Giang and Ca Mau Provinces (in U Minh Thuong National Park) (CARE 2004); Dong Nai, Bin Phuoc and Lam Dong Provinces (Cat Tien National Park) (Murphy and Phan 2001); Quang Binh (Le et al. 1997b) and Dak Lak (Le et al. 1997a). Recent research suggests the species is present but rare in central and southern Viet Nam (MacMillan and Nguyen 2013, Nuwer and Bell 2013). However, it is understood to be present in Cat Tien National Park and recent enforcement activity suggests the species is still present in Dak Nong, Kon Tum, Quang Binh and Gia Lai provinces as well as U Minh Thuong National Park (L. Fletcher & A. Nguyen, pers. comms. 2013). Based on camera trap data it is also present in U Minh Ha National Park (Willcox et al. in prep.).
This species was presumably widespread in Lao PDR historically. There are records of varying reliability from a wide range of areas below c. 600 m asl altitude, though it is possible that in Lao PDR the species is restricted to the Mekong plain and adjacent foothills up to c. 900 m asl, with a possible occurrence on the Bolaven Plateau, north from Xe Pian National Biodiversity Conservation Area in the south at least as far north as Nam Kading (Duckworth et al. 1999, J.W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2006). Nooren and Claridge (2001) reported that populations in Lao PDR have been severely reduced as a result of hunting for consumption and trade.
In Cambodia, M. javanica has been recorded as present from 150 m to 800 m asl (A. Olsson pers. comm. 2012). According to hunters in Cambodia, its distribution is concentrated around water bodies in the dry season, though in the wet season is present throughout deciduous forest, low land and mountainous evergreen forest and secondary forest. Although it is widely distributed in Cambodia, hunters infer that it now only occurs in low numbers.
The species is widely distributed geographically in Peninsular Malaysia, primarily in forest, but also in gardens and plantations, including oil palm and rubber plantations (Medway 1977; Numata et al. 2005). It is also found on the island on Penang. Numata et al. (2005) and Ickes and Thomas (2003) note its presence in oil palm and regenerating lowland dipterocarp forest in and around Pasoh Forest Reserve where it was previously considered common. Manis javanica remains present within oil palm plantations in Selangor and Negri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia, based on interviews with plantation workers (Azhar et al. 2013). However, Azhar et al. (2013) report that in areas where interviews have been conducted that it is in decline from hunting for trade.
This species is widely distributed on Borneo, from sea level to 1,700 m asl on Mount Kinabalu in Sabah (Payne et al. 1985). It has been recorded in mixed dipterocarp forest, riverine forest (Azlan and Engkamat 2013) as well as remnant forests here (Giman et al. 2007). It is rarely seen in Sabah, especially compared to ten years ago (Panjang, E. pers. comms. 2013), although it is evidently widely distributed, being known by local people throughout the state (Davies and Payne 1982). The species is reportedly still found in Kebun Cina Forest Reserve (Sabah; Damit 2009) while data from Sabah Wildlife Department suggest the species is mainly distributed in central Sabah (E. Panjang pers. comm. 2013). Surveys conducted in 2005 report the presence of the species at Bintulu, Sarawak (Wilson et al. 2006) though it appears to be absent from the extensive peat swamp forests in this state (CITES 2000). The species is presumably present in Brunei, which was reported by Medway (1977), and which is supported by the 'rescue' of a small number of individuals here in 2013. The abundance of this species is understood to be low in the peat-swamp forests of east and central Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo; S. Cheyne pers. comm. 2012) but otherwise has a widespread distribution in Indonesia on Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Kiau and Lingga archipelago, Bangka and Belitung, Nias and Pagi islands, Bali and adjacent islands (Corbet and Hill 1992).
The species is still found in the wild in Singapore and adjacent islands, including Pulau Tekong, and potentially Pulau Ubin (CITES 2000, Lim and Ng 2007).
In the northern part of its range, the species probably does not widely occur above 600 m asl (J.W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2006). In Sabah it has been recorded up to 1,700 m asl (Payne et al. 1985) and there is a specimen in the Natural History Museum (London) from 1,500 m asl from Lombok, Indonesia (P. Newton pers. comm. 2008). Again in the northern parts of its range, the species overlaps with the range of Manis pentadactyla, which is generally said to occupy higher altitudinal habitats, though recent interviews with hunters in Viet Nam suggest that they can be found in the same areas of forest, and that the differences between the species are ecological, relating to diet and habitat use, rather than altitude (P. Newton pers. comm. 2008).
|Countries occurrence:
Native:Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; Indonesia; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|There is virtually no information available on population levels of any species of Asian pangolin and no comprehensive population estimates. This species is rarely observed, principally because of its increasing rarity, but also because it is secretive, elusive and primarily nocturnal. There is a paucity of research on population densities at local, national and global scales (WCMC et al. 1999, CITES 2000).
This species is now extremely rare in the northern part of its range (J.W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2006) where there have been massive declines, especially in Lao PDR (Nooren and Claridge 2001), though populations appear stable in Singapore (B. Lee pers. comm. 2013). Here, Lim and Ng (2007) estimated the range size of one individual, but made no estimate of total population size or density. Recent revision of the national Red List assessment in Singapore lists the species as Critically Endangered (Singapore Red Data Book 2008). It is similarly listed as Endangered in Viet Nam (Viet Nam Red Data Book 2007), 'Rare' in Cambodia (2003) and Vulnerable in Peninsular Malaysia (2012).
In three areas of Viet Nam where interviews were conducted (Khe Net Protected Area, Ke Go Nature Reserve and Song Thanh National Park), 95% of hunters here believed pangolins populations have declined severely, which is a consequence of hunting pressure (Newton et al. 2008). Hunters reported that populations had massively declined in the last few decades, but particularly since about 1990, when the commercial trade in pangolins began to escalate (Newton 2007). In all three areas, the species was described as now being extremely rare. The intense biodiversity survey effort and extremely limited number of confirmed records of pangolins throughout Viet Nam's protected areas adds weight to this observation (P. Newton pers. comm. 2008). The rarity of the species was highlighted in more recent research in U Minh Thuong National Park (Nuwer and Bell 2013) and Quang Nam Province (MacMillan and Nguyen 2013).
In a number of reserves in the Cardomom Mountains, Cambodia (the Elephant mountains, Central Cambodian Lowland Forests (Prey Long), Eastern Plains Landscape, Northern Plains and Northeast Cambodia) this species is present but populations are declining. Interviews with hunters suggest the species is absent in some of these areas, which is attributed to hunting (A. Olsson pers. comm. 2013).
In three separate areas within the range of Manis javanica in Lao PDR (Xe Pian, Dong Phou Veng and Khammouan Limestone NBCA), villagers reported in the late 1990's that pangolin populations had declined due to hunting, in some areas to as little as one percent of the level 30 years ago, i.e. since the 1960's (Duckworth et al. 1999; Nooren & Claridge 2001).
This species is present in Peninsular Malaysia, where it has previously been described as common in some areas, at least up until 1999 (Ickes and Thomas 2003). Azhar et al. (2013) report its presence in oil palm plantations in Selangor and Negri Sembilan though it is subject to very heavy hunting pressure here. According to Numata et al. (2005) the species is present in Pasoh Forest Reserve. Based on recent camera trap data, the species is also present in the Kenyir Wildlife Corridor (D.W.S. Challender, pers. comms. 2013). However, interviews with hunters and villagers in 2007 and 2011 indicate populations in Peninsular Malaysia are decreasing as a result of hunting pressure for trade (D.W.S. Challender pers. comm. 2013).
In Sabah, Manis javanica has previously been considered relatively common (Han and Giman pers. comms. 2008 assessment), and though there is little recent data on the species' status here, populations are under pressure from collection for both local use and international trade, which seems to have intensified in recent years based on available evidence, and which could well be having a detrimental impact on population levels (Pantel and Anak 2010). For example, Pantel and Anak (2010) report that >22,000 pangolins were collected for trade in an 18-month period here between 2007 and 2009.
There is no recent data on the status of this species in Myanmar though seizures involving the Sunda pangolin in China in recent years infer that trade originated in Myanmar suggesting populations of this species here are under threat (Challender et al. in prep).
M. javanica is considered threatened and becoming increasingly rare in Thailand (Bain and Humphrey 1982, Steinmitz pers. comm. 2006).
Evidence from seizures involving this species attest it is present in some number in Indonesia (Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan). However, the magnitude of international trade originating from Indonesia in the last decade suggests populations here are or could be in severe decline. Stating categorically that this is the case is difficult due to a lack of information on past or present population levels, and commands further research. However, bearing in mind the estimated generation length of seven years, the indiscriminate nature of poaching and the magnitude of seized trade, for example there have been seizures comprising 11, 14 and 17 tonnes between 2000 and 2013, each of which involved several thousand animals and which likely comprises only a fraction of the trade, supports this assertion (Challender 2011).
Although Palawan in the Philippines was previously thought to be a stronghold for this species, here the species has since been re-categorized as the Philippine pangolin.
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|This species is found in primary and secondary forest, including lowland dipterocarp forest, and cultivated areas including gardens and oil palm and rubber plantations, including near human settlements (Azhar et al. 2013, Nowak 1999). Hunters interviewed in Viet Nam reported that the species is found in a variety of habitats, though areas with primary forest support more pangolins, probably because they contain more older, larger trees with hollows suitable for sleeping and for use as den sites (P. Newton pers. comm. 2008) and support lower levels of human activity. However, the population in Singapore is in very low quality forest in which they have been able to survive for decades without an obvious decline (J.W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2006). Moreover, further research is required into habitat utilization and the ability of this species to persist outside primary forest.
As with other pangolins, this species is primarily nocturnal, solitary and a specialized feeder on ants and termites. Inference from other species indicates that one young is born at a time, after a gestation period of at minimum 130 days.
Hunters in Viet Nam consistently reported that Manis javanica is a more arboreal species than Manis pentadactyla, and that they are adept climbers, with prehensile tails. They often climb to access ants nests in trees. They sleep in hollows either in, or at the base of, trees, but have also been known to dig burrows in soil.
Lim and Ng (2007), recorded the activity budget of a radio-tracked individual, with the following results: maternal care following the birth of a single offspring was for approximately three to four months, Challender et al. (2011) witnessed behaviour in captivity concurring with this, three natal dens were used, all associated with hollows in large trees (50 cm DBH) and home-range size was estimated as being 6.97 ha. Daily activity was 127 +-13.1 minutes, with peak activity between 03h00 and 06h00.
|Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat:
|Generation Length (years):
|Movement patterns:
|Not a Migrant
|Use and Trade:
This species has been exploited across its geographic range historically. This has primarily comprised hunting for local, subsistence level consumption, as a source of protein, and for international trade in skins, scales and meat (Harrisson and Loh 1965, CITES 2000). Skins have been used to manufacture boots, shoes and other leather items while the scales have been used, either in whole or powdered form, in the preparation of traditional medicines amongst other uses (CITES 2000). Most trade reported to CITES up to the year 2000 involved skins and scales but there is also evidence that a substantial illegal trade also took place, including live animals for consumptive purposes (Challender et al. in prep., CITES 2000, Li and Li 1998). Since 2000 specifically, when zero export quotas were established for wild-caught specimens of this species traded for primarily commercial purposes, there has been high volumes of illicit, international trade. This has involved an estimated tens of thousands of Sunda pangolins traded between Southeast Asia and East Asia, mainly China (Challender et al. in prep.). It largely involved live or dead animals as well as meat, which is consumed conspicuously as a luxury dish in China, and scales for use in traditional medicines (Challender et al. in prep., Pantel and Chin 2009).
Although dated Martin and Phipps (1996) noted Manis javanica meat, scales and blood for sale in a restaurant in Cambodia. Recent research suggests animals caught in Cambodia are traded across the border to meet demand for luxury meat and scales in Viet Nam (D.W.S. Challender pers. comm. 2013).
In Indonesia, this species continues to be hunted for local, subsistence use in central and eastern Kalimantan (S. Cheyne pers. comm. 2013). However, there is voluminous trade in the animals from Indonesia, largely from Sumatra, and primarily to China and Viet Nam (Pantel and Chin 2009, Challender et al. in prep.). There is evidence of professional, commercial scale hunting of the species here solely for the purpose of commercial international trade. While this largely involved pangolin skins prior to 2000, for the leather trade to North America, in the last decade it has involved live animals, their scales and pangolin meat, based on available evidence, and which has primarily been destined for China as well as Viet Nam (Challender et al. in prep., Sopyan 2009).
In Malaysia the scales of this species have been used in the belief they cure asthma (CITES 2000) and provide protection from spirits (D.W.S. Challender pers. comm. 2013). However, as above, there is evidence of heavy international trade in live animals and their scales from both Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia largely to East Asia (Challender et al. in prep., Pantel and Anak 2010).
In Viet Nam, pangolins have been consumed for subsistence purposes historically but with increasing monetary value they are now largely entered into trade to urban centres and as well as international trade (Newton et al. 2008). As a result the animals are very rare here (e.g. Nuwer and Bell 2013, MacMillan and Nguyen 2013). Despite national protection, the animals continue to be consumed as a luxury wild meat in urban restaurants here and their scales used in traditional medicines. Animals seized in international trade are also frequently auctioned off by provincial authorities, as is legal under Vietnamese law. Similarly, this species is found in trade and consumed in China, the primary market for pangolins in Asia (Pantel and Chin 2009).
Lao PDR and Thailand both play key roles in trade in live animals from Southeast Asia to East Asia (Challender, DWS. pers. comms. 2013). Similarly, it is understood pangolin scales, as well as live animals, are sourced from Myanmar for international trade to China.
|Major Threat(s):
The primary threat to Manis javanica is hunting and poaching for international trade, both targeted and untargeted, and which is largely driven by export trade to China, involving live animals, their meat and scales (Challender 2011, Pantel and Chin 2009). Local use also comprises a threat though evidence suggests this is now largely forgone in favour of international trade, given the high monetary value of this species (MacMillan and Nguyen 2013, Newton et al. 2008). In the last decade or so this trade has involved tens of thousands of Sunda pangolins and the species is evidently subject to very heavy collection pressure across much of its range, with the intensity of poaching having moved into the southern part of it's range. The nature of this trade suggests it is illegal and based on available evidence most trade in the last decade was destined for China and Viet Nam, where increasing wealth has seemingly led to an increase in the exploitation of this species in Asia (Challender et al. in prep., Challender and MacMillan 2014). In both China and Viet Nam pangolin meat is consumed as a luxury product and scales are used in traditional medicines in an attempt to cure skin ailments, improve blood circulation and stimulate milk secretion in lactating women, among other ailments including cancer (Ellis 2005, Yue 2009). Modern trade routes are both sophisticated and extensive occurring over land and by sea. Contemporary trade follows a heavy international trade historically and within the time frame of three generations of this species (estimated at 21 years). Based on CITES data between 1975 and 2011 trade in this species included nearly approximately 500,000 animals, which mainly comprised skins which were traded to North America and largely occurred between 1978 and 2000, i.e. before the introduction of CITES export quotas, which prohibit international trade in wild caught specimens of this species for commercial purposes (Broad et al. 1988; Challender et al. in prep.). However, evidence indicates a heavy, unrecorded and therefore likely illicit trade involving live animals and scales also occurred throughout this period (Anon. 1999, Li and Li 1998, CITES 2000, Newton et al. 2008, Wu and Ma 2007). Since 2000, and although the trade in skins appears to have ceased, as above, it now largely involves live animals, meat and scales (Challender 2011, Challender et al. in prep., Sopyan 2009).
In Cambodia, the threat to pangolins from hunting is increasing due to rising prices and loggers are expending more effort hunting pangolins because of less luxurious wood in the forest (A. Olsson pers. comm. 2013). Economic land concessions, dam projects, infrastructure and the clearing of habitat also threaten the species here, as in Lao PDR, Myanmar and other parts of this species' range (A. Olsson pers. comm. 2013). Recent research in Viet Nam suggests pangolins hunted in Cambodia are illegally exported to Viet Nam (D.W.S. Challender pers. comm. 2013).
In Lao PDR, interviews with villagers in the 1990s suggested populations had declined by up to 90% within a decade, i.e. between the 1980s and 1990s, though there is a lack of hard data supporting this (J.W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2006). More recently, and since populations in Lao PDR and Thailand have been greatly reduced, much recent trade has originated or being exported from Malaysia and Indonesia and destined for China, based on seizure data (GMA Indonesia Workshop 2006, Challender et al. in prep.). Both Lao PDR and Thailand play a key role as transit countries in regional trade involving live animals (D.W.S. Challender pers. comm. 2013).
Indonesia has been illegally exporting large numbers of live animals as well as meat, especially in the last decade, some of which come from east Kalimantan (G. Semiadi pers. comm. 2006, Sopyan 2009). Targeted hunting is the biggest threat here especially on Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java as evidenced by seizures involving several thousands animals over the last decade (G. Semiadi pers. comm. 2013, Challender 2011, Pantel and Chin 2009).
Malaysia has been experiencing targeted hunting almost exclusively for international trade in meat and scales in recent years and though this includes foreigners, it mostly involves Malaysian nationals. Reported price increases are acting as an incentive to poach and enter the species into national and international trade (Pantel and Anak 2010), which includes poachers coming in from outside (J. Chong pers. comm. 2012) and increasing land conversion for palm oil throughout Malaysia has also created easy road access for poachers. The longevity of palm oil cycles, i.e. removal of old palms and the replanting of new (c. every 12 years), suggests that where this species does persist in these habitats, it is not viable in the long term, though further research on this front is needed.
In Singapore roadkill is probably the biggest threat to this species and though poaching does occur here, it is not thought to be a significant problem.
The population in the southern part of Thailand has crashed because of trade and in the last few years many animals have been confiscated from illegal traders (Challender et al. in prep). This species is hunted by specially trained dogs, which can smell it out, making hunting much more effective and in Lao PDR such pangolin dogs are highly valued (up to USD 2000) (J.W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2006). Deliberate and accidental burning of forests, therefore habitat loss, also, constitutes a secondary threat to the species here.
Every hunter interviewed in Viet Nam (n = 84) reported that they now sell all pangolins that they catch (P. Newton pers. comm. 2008). Prices are so high that local, subsistence use of pangolins for either meat or their scales has completely halted in favour of selling to the national/international trade (P. Newton pers. comm. 2008). The only occasions on which a hunter might eat a pangolin is if it is already dead when they retrieve it from a trap then they would use the meat and sell the scales (P. Newton pers. comm. 2008). The price per kg of pangolin, paid to hunters (in Viet Nam, at least) has escalated rapidly (at a rate greater than that of annual inflation) since the commercial trade in pangolins began to expand in about 1990 (P. Newton pers. comm. 2008). Prices paid to hunters now exceed US$95 per kg (Viet Nam, P. Newton pers. comm. 2008); US$45 per kg (Newton et al. 2008) and US$17 per kg (Indonesia, D. Martyr pers. comm. to P. Newton). The main threat in Viet Nam remains hunting therefore, including taking pangolins caught as non-target species. This species is in demand in urban centres such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City both for meat, a luxury product, and scales, and which is attributed to increasing affluence following economic reforms in the 20th century.
This species is known to be harvested for international trade in both live animals and scales in Myanmar, as evidenced by seizures in China.
|Conservation Actions:
This species is listed in CITES Appendix II and zero export quotas were established for wild-caught specimens traded for primarily commercial purposes in 2000 (CoP11). It is found in protected areas within its range, but has been hunted out of some, especially in Thailand (Anak pers. comm. c. 2008) and more effective enforcement of existing laws is critical for the conservation of this species. Identification and verification of strongholds where conservation efforts should be concentrated is also crucial. More research into pangolin consumption is also needed urgently with which to inform demand reduction programmes, especially in China.
The Sunda pangolin is listed as a protected species in all range states, with the exception of Brunei Darussalam, where it receives broad protection under the Forestry Act (2002) and Wildlife Protection Act (1981) as well as the Wild Fauna and Flora Order (2007) which implements CITES.
In Singapore, the species is protected under the Wild Animals and Birds Act (1965, amended 2000) and the Wild Animals and Birds (Composition of Offences) Order 2005. It also receives protection here under the Endangered Species Act (Import/Export) Act (2006, amended 2008).
In Viet Nam this species is listed as legally protected in Group IIB of Decree 32 on the Management of Endangered, Precious, and Rare Species of wild Plants and Animals (2006). However, Section 9 of this law enables pangolins seized from illicit trade to be legally sold back into trade. Lack of an appropriate solution for confiscated pangolins continues to be a major problem for enforcement agencies in Viet Nam.
Manis javanica has been protected in Indonesia since 1931, under Wildlife Protection Ordinance No. 266 of 1931 (promulgated by the Dutch administration), as well as under Act. No. 5 of 1990, regarding Conservation of Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems; Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 301/kpts-II/1991 and Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 822/kpts-II/1992. It also receives protection under the Government Regulation on Conservation on Flora & Fauna No. 7 (1999).
Manis javanica is a totally protected species in Peninsular Malaysia under the Wildlife Conservation Act (2010) and receives protection under the International Trade in Endangered Species Act (2008). In Sabah it is listed as protected in the Wildlife Conservation Enactment (1997) while it is also listed as protected in Sarawak under Sarawak's Wildlife Protection Ordinance (1998).
In accordance with the Wildlife and Protected Areas Law (1994) M. javanica is listed as a Completely Protected Animal in Myanmar.
In Thailand, all Manis spp. are classified as Protected Wild Animals under the 1992 Wild Animals Reservation and Protection Act B.E. 2535.
In Lao PDR Manis javanica is listed in the 'Prohibition' category of its Wildlife and Aquatic Law (2007) as a rare, near extinct, high value or species of special importance in the development of socio-economic, environmental, educational and scientific research.
In Cambodia this species is listed as rare in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Declaration 020 and receives protection under the Forestry Law (2002) and Sub-Decree No. 53 on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (2006).
Although not listed as a protected species in China, as a CITES Appendix II listed-species, Manis javanica is considered a State Category II protected species here under regulation including the Protection of Wildlife Act (1989), the Regulations on the Implementation of Protection of Terrestrial Wild Animals (1992), and the Regulations on Management of Import and Export of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 2006, which implements CITES. Pangolins in China also received further protection in the year 2000, following the promulgation of two judicial interpretations, which defined criteria for punishing crimes involving pangolins specifically. Similarly, a notification issued by national Chinese agencies in 2007 strengthened regulation for species used in traditional medicines, including pangolins, meaning hunting licenses for pangolins are not to be issued and existing stockpiles of pangolin scales are to be subject to verification, certification and subject to trade only through designated outlets such as hospitals.
|Challender, D., Nguyen Van, T., Shepherd, C., Krishnasamy, K., Wang, A., Lee, B., Panjang, E., Fletcher, L., Heng, S., Seah Han Ming, J., Olsson, A., Nguyen The Truong, A., Nguyen Van, Q. & Chung, Y. 2014. Manis javanica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T12763A45222303. . Downloaded on 16 October 2018.
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With the increasing number of incidents of lost and unauthorized exposure to sensitive data, database security is a vital and growing concern for many organizations. Companies that hold sensitive data within their databases have to meet various compliance requirements such as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), European Union Data Protection Directive (EUDPD), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), and Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act. They require the encryption of sensitive data (e.g., credit card numbers) at the database and OS levels.
Luckily, like other mainstream commercial database systems, SQL Server provides a variety of encryption options, including cell-level encryption, database-level encryption, file-level encryption through Windows, and transport-level encryption. These encryption options provide strong security for data at the database and OS levels. They also reduce the likelihood of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, even if the SQL Server infrastructure or databases are compromised. After providing an overview of the SQL Server encryption model, I'll describe the encryption options available in SQL Server and how you can use them to encrypt sensitive information stored inside your SQL Server databases.
Related: SQL Server 2012
SQL Server Encryption Model
The SQL Server encryption model primarily includes built-in encryption key management modeled on the ANSI X9.17 standard. This standard defines several layers of encryption keys that are used to encrypt other keys, which, in turn, are used to encrypt actual data. Table 1 lists the SQL Server and ANSI X9.17 encryption key layers.
The service master key (SMK) is the top-level key and is the father of all the keys in SQL Server. The SMK is an asymmetric key that's encrypted by the Windows Data Protection API (DPAPI). The SMK is automatically created the first time you encrypt something and is tied to the SQL Server Service account. The SMK is used to encrypt the database master key (DMK).
The second layer of the encryption key hierarchy is the DMK. It encrypts symmetric keys, asymmetric keys, and certificates. Each database can have only one DMK.
The next level includes symmetric keys, asymmetric keys, and certificates. Symmetric keys are the main means of encrypting the data in the database. Microsoft recommends encrypting data with only symmetric keys. In addition, SQL Server 2008 and later also includes server-level certificates and database encryption keys to support transparent data encryption. Figure 1 shows the encryption key hierarchy for SQL Server 2008 and later.
Figure 1: Understanding the Encryption Key Hierarchy in SQL Server 2008 and Later
Now that you're familiar with the SQL Server encryption key hierarchy, let's take a look at how you can implement the encryption options available in SQL Server. I'll also walk you through how to implement some of them.
Cell-Level Encryption
Beginning with SQL Server 2005, you can encrypt or decrypt the data on the server. There are a variety of ways to do that. For example, you can encrypt the data in your databases with one of the following methods:
- Password. Using a password is the least secure option because you use the same passphrase to encrypt and decrypt the data. If the stored procedures and functions aren't encrypted, the passphrase can be accessed through the metadata.
- Certificate. Using a certificate offers strong protection and good performance. You can also associate a certificate with a user. The certificate must be signed by the DMK.
- Symmetric key. Using a symmetric key is strong enough for most data security requirements and offers good performance. It uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt data.
- Asymmetric key. Using an asymmetric key provides strong protection because you use a different key to encrypt and decrypt the data. However, it negatively affects performance. Microsoft recommends that it shouldn't be used to encrypt large values. An asymmetric key can be signed by the DMK or created using a password.
SQL Server provides built-in functions for cell-level encryption and decryption. The encryption functions are:
- ENCRYPTBYKEY, which uses a symmetric key to encrypt data
- ENCRYPTBYCERT, which uses the public key of a certificate to encrypt data
- ENCRYPTBYPASSPHRASE, which uses a passphrase to encrypt data
- ENCRYPTBYASYMKEY, which uses an asymmetric key to encrypt data
The decryption functions are:
- DECRYPTBYKEY, which uses a symmetric key to decrypt data
- DECRYPTBYCERT, which uses the private key of a certificate to decrypt data
- DECRYPTBYPASSPHRASE, which uses a passphrase to decrypt data
- DECRYPTBYASYMKEY, which uses an asymmetric key to decrypt data
- DECRYPTBYKEYAUTOASYMKEY, which decrypts data by using a symmetric key that's automatically decrypted with an asymmetric key
- DECRYPTBYKEYAUTOCERT, which decrypts data by using a symmetric key that's automatically decrypted with a certificate
SQL Server provides two system views that you can use to return metadata information about all the symmetric and asymmetric keys that exist in a SQL Server instance. As their names suggest, sys.symmetric_keys returns the metadata for symmetric keys and sys.asymmetric_keys returns the metadata for asymmetric keys. Another helpful view is sys.openkeys. This catalog view returns information about the encryption keys that are open in the current session.
Cell-Level Encryption Demonstration
I'll demonstrate how to use some of the encryption functions, decryption functions, and views so that you can see them in action. But first I'll walk you through creating a test database that has a table containing credit card numbers in case you want to follow along.
Preparations. To begin, create the EncryptedDB database using SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) or by running the T-SQL code:
USE [master] GO CREATE DATABASE [EncryptedDB] GO
Next, run the following code to create a table named CreditCardInformation in the EncryptedDB database:
USE [EncryptedDB] GO CREATE TABLE [dbo].[CreditCardInformation] ([PersonID] [int] PRIMARY KEY ,[CreditCardNumber] [varbinary](max)) GO
This table will hold false credit card information. The credit card numbers will be stored in a variable binary column because they'll be encrypted.
Now use the following code to create the EncryptedDB database's DMK, which is encrypted with the passphrase $tr0nGPa$$w0rd:
USE [EncryptedDB] GO CREATE MASTER KEY ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = '$tr0nGPa$$w0rd' GO
Demo 1. In the first demo, you'll be encrypting data using a symmetric key, which will be encrypted using an asymmetric key. To do this, you need to create the asymmetric key, encrypt it with the $tr0nGPa$$w0rd passphrase, create a symmetric key, and encrypt the symmetric key with the asymmetric key just created. You can run the code in Listing 1 to perform these tasks.
USE [EncryptedDB] GO -- Create the asymmetric key encrypted by -- the passphrase StrongPa$$w0rd! CREATE ASYMMETRIC KEY MyAsymmetricKey WITH ALGORITHM = RSA_2048 ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'StrongPa$$w0rd!' GO -- Create the symmetric key encrypted by -- the asymmetric key. CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY MySymmetricKey WITH ALGORITHM = AES_256 ENCRYPTION BY ASYMMETRIC KEY MyAsymmetricKey GO
Now you're ready to start encrypting the data. To do so, you must first open the symmetric key that you just created by issuing the OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY command followed by the symmetric key's name. You then indicate that you want to decrypt it using the specified asymmetric key. The code looks like this:
USE [EncryptedDB] GO OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY MySymmetricKey DECRYPTION BY ASYMMETRIC KEY MyAsymmetricKey WITH PASSWORD = 'StrongPa$$w0rd!' GO
After running this code, query the sys.openkeys view to verify that the key is open:
USE [EncryptedDB] GO SELECT * FROM [sys].[openkeys]
You will get results similar to that shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Using the sys.openkeys View to Verify the Key Is Open
Finally, you need to insert some credit card numbers into the CreditCardInformation table by running the code in Listing 2.
USE [EncryptedDB] GO DECLARE @SymmetricKeyGUID AS [uniqueidentifier] SET @SymmetricKeyGUID = KEY_GUID('MySymmetricKey') IF (@SymmetricKeyGUID IS NOT NULL) BEGIN INSERT INTO [dbo].[CreditCardInformation] VALUES (01, ENCRYPTBYKEY(@SymmetricKeyGUID, N'9876-1234-8765-4321')) INSERT INTO [dbo].[CreditCardInformation] VALUES (02, ENCRYPTBYKEY(@SymmetricKeyGUID, N'9876-8765-8765-1234')) INSERT INTO [dbo].[CreditCardInformation] VALUES (03, ENCRYPTBYKEY(@SymmetricKeyGUID, N'9876-1234-1111-2222')) END TRUNCATE TABLE [dbo].[CreditCardInformation]
Afterward, query the CreditCardInformation table:
USE [EncryptedDB] GO SELECT * FROM [dbo].[ CreditCardInformation]
As Figure 3 shows, all the data in the CreditCardNumber column is in binary format.
Figure 3: Examining the Encrypted Data
You can use the DECRYPTBYKEY function to view the encrypted data:
USE [EncryptedDB] GO SELECT [PersonID] ,CONVERT([nvarchar](32), DECRYPTBYKEY(CreditCardNumber)) AS [CreditCardNumber] FROM [dbo].[CreditCardInformation] GO
Figure 4 shows the results.
Figure 4: Using the DECRYPTBYKEY Function to View the Encrypted Data
Demo 2. In this second demo, you'll encrypt the data using a symmetric key, but this time the symmetric key is encrypted by a certificate. To do that, execute the code in Listing 3. This code first creates the certificate using the CREATE CERTIFICATE statement. It then creates a symmetric key that's encrypted with the certificate. Finally, after opening the symmetric key, the code inserts three rows into the CreditCardInformation table.USE [EncryptedDB] GO -- Create the certificate. CREATE CERTIFICATE [CertToEncryptSymmetricKey] WITH SUBJECT = 'Self-signed certificate to encrypt symmetric key.' -- Create a symmetric key that's encrypted -- with the certificate. CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY [SymmetricKeyEncryptedWithCert] WITH ALGORITHM = AES_256 ENCRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE [CertToEncryptSymmetricKey] -- Open the symmetric key. OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY [SymmetricKeyEncryptedWithCert] DECRYPTION BY CERTIFICATE [CertToEncryptSymmetricKey] -- Truncate the CreditCardInformation table. TRUNCATE TABLE [dbo].[CreditCardInformation] -- Insert the data into the table. DECLARE @SymmetricKeyGUID AS [uniqueidentifier] SET @SymmetricKeyGUID = KEY_GUID('SymmetricKeyEncryptedWithCert') IF (@SymmetricKeyGUID IS NOT NULL) BEGIN INSERT INTO [dbo].[CreditCardInformation] VALUES (01, ENCRYPTBYKEY(@SymmetricKeyGUID, N'9876-1234-8765-4321')) INSERT INTO [dbo].[CreditCardInformation] VALUES (02, ENCRYPTBYKEY(@SymmetricKeyGUID, N'9876-8765-8765-1234')) INSERT INTO [dbo].[CreditCardInformation] VALUES (03, ENCRYPTBYKEY(@SymmetricKeyGUID, N'9876-1234-1111-2222')) END
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cell-Level Encryption
There are advantages and disadvantages to using cell-level encryption. On the plus side, cell-level encryption provides a more granular level of encryption, giving you the means to encrypt a single cell within a table. In addition, the data isn't decrypted until it's used, which means the data isn't in plain text when the page is loaded into memory. You can also assign a key to users and protect it with a password to prevent automatic decryption.
On the minus side, cell-level encryption requires schema modification because all encrypted data must be stored using the varbinary data type. There's also a cost to the overall performance of the database because additional processing is required for encrypting and decrypting data. There will also be expensive table scans because all indexes on the table are encrypted and therefore won't be used.
Transparent Data Encryption
In SQL Server 2008, Microsoft introduced the ability to encrypt an entire database using transparent data encryption. With transparent data encryption, databases can be secured without modifying existing applications, database structures, or processes. It's the best option to meet regulatory compliance and corporate data security requirements because it encrypts the entire database on the hard disk.
Transparent data encryption encrypts databases in real-time, as the records are written to the SQL Server database files (*.mdf) and transaction log files (*.ldf). Records are also encrypted in real-time during database backups and when snapshots are taken. Transparent data encryption encrypts the data before it's written to disk and decrypts it before it's retrieved. This process is totally transparent to the user or application because it's performed at the SQL Server Service layer.
With transparent data encryption, SQL Server encrypts a database using its database encryption key. This asymmetric key is stored in the database boot record, which is why it's always available during recovery.
As shown in Figure 1, the database encryption key is encrypted using the server certificate, which is encrypted using the DMK of the master database. The master database's DMK is encrypted using SMK. The SMK is an asymmetric key that's encrypted by the Windows DPAPI. The SMK is automatically created the first time you encrypt something and is tied to the SQL Server Service account.
Enabling Transparent Data Encryption
To enable transparent data encryption, you must create a DMK and server certificate in the master database. To do this, run the following code:USE [master] GO -- Create the DMK. CREATE MASTER KEY ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = '$tr0ngPa$$w0rd1' GO -- Create the server certificate. CREATE CERTIFICATE EncryptedDBCert WITH SUBJECT = 'Certificate to encrypt EncryptedDB'; GO
It's important that you immediately back up the certificate and the DMK associated with the certificate. If the certificate becomes unavailable or if you want to restore or attach the database on another server, you must have the backups of both the certificate and the DMK. Otherwise, you won't be able to open the database.
The final step is to create the database encryption key and enable encryption on the database you want to secure. The following example enables transparent data encryption in the EncryptedDB database:USE [master] GO CREATE DATABASE ENCRYPTION KEY WITH ALGORITHM = AES_256 ENCRYPTION BY SERVER CERTIFICATE [EncryptedDBCert] GO ALTER DATABASE [EncryptedDB] SET ENCRYPTION ON GO
Alternatively, you can use SSMS to enable transparent data encryption in a database. To do this, follow these steps:
- In Object Explorer, right-click the database name.
- Choose Properties, and select Options.
- Change the Encryption Enabled option to True.
If you want to see the encryption state of all the databases on a server, you can run the query:USE [master] GO SELECT db.[name] ,db.[is_encrypted] ,dm.[encryption_state] ,dm.[percent_complete] ,dm.[key_algorithm] ,dm.[key_length] FROM [sys].[databases] db LEFT OUTER JOIN [sys].[dm_database_encryption_keys] dm ON db.[database_id] = dm.[database_id]; GO
This query uses a dynamic management view named sys.dm_database_encryption_keys to return each database's encryption state. As Figure 5 shows, the results also include information about the database encryption key for each database.
Figure 5: Retrieving the Encryption States of the Databases on a Server
File-Level Encryption Through Windows
You can encrypt the entire SQL Server data directory using Encrypting File System (EFS), which is a file encryption feature in Windows 2000 and later. Like encryption in SQL Server, EFS relies on the Windows DPAPI. Unlike transparent data encryption, it doesn't encrypt backups automatically.
Database encryption using EFS is the recommended option to encrypt database files stored on NTFS disks. This is because SQL Server I/O operations are synchronous when EFS is enabled. The worker thread has to wait until the current I/O operation in the EFS-encrypted database file has completed.
For additional general information about EFS, see "How it Works" on the Microsoft TechNet website. For more technical details on EFS, see "How Encrypting File System Works" on the TechNet website.
Transport-Level Encryption
SQL Server offers two options to encrypt data that will be transmitted across a network between a SQL Server instance and a client application. This includes:
- IPsec. IPsec is implemented at the OS level and supports authentication using Kerberos, certificates, or pre-shared keys. IPsec delivers application-transparent encryption services, providing advanced protocol filtering to block traffic by protocol and port. You can configure IPsec through the local security policy or through Group Policy. IPsec is compatible with Windows 2000 or later. To use this option, you must make sure that the client and server OSs support the IPsec protocol.
- SSL. SSL is configured on SQL Server. It's most commonly used to support web clients, but it can also be used to support SQL Server native clients. SSL verifies the server when a client requests an encrypted connection. If the SQL Server instance is running on a computer that has a certificate from a public Certificate Authority, the identity of the computer and the instance of SQL Server ensure that the chain of certificates leads to the trust root authority. This server-side validation requires that the computer on which the client application is running be configured to trust the root authority of the certificate used by the server. Encryption with a self-signed certificate is possible, but a self-signed certificate offers little protection.
SSL Configuration
Configuring SSL on the server is more straightforward than configuring IPsec. In addition, SSL requires minimal client configuration. So, I'll show you how to configure SSL. (If you're interested in learning how to set up IPsec, see the Windows IT Pro article "Use IPsec to Encrypt Data" or "Step-by-Step Guide to Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)" on the TechNet website.)
You can get and install an SSL certificate from a third-party Certificate Authority such as VeriSign, or you can install the Windows Certificate service and provision your own. (SQL Server can issue a self-signed certificate, but it's not meant to be used for production use.) After you obtain the SSL certificate, follow these steps to configure SSL on SQL Server:
- On the Start menu, choose Run. In the Run dialog box, type MMC in the text box and click OK to launch the Microsoft Management Console (MMC).
- On the File menu, click Add/Remove Snap-in to launch the Add/Remove Snap-in dialog box. Choose Add to bring up the Add Standalone Snap-in dialog box.
- Choose Certificates, and click Add. Select Computer account, and click Finish.
- In the MMC Certificates snap-in, expand Certificates, then Personal. Right-click the Certificates folder, choose All Tasks, and select the Import option. This will launch the Certificate Import Wizard. Click Next.
- Browse and locate the SSL certificate file, then click OK.
- Click Next, then click Next again to accept the default store. Click the Finish button.
- Click OK to close the Success dialog box.
After installing the certificate on the server, you need to configure the SQL Server instance to accept encrypted connections. To do this, follow these steps:
- Launch SQL Server Configuration Manager and expand SQL Server Network Configuration.
- Right-click Protocols for SQL Server instance (where SQL Server instance is the name of your instance) and choose Properties.
- On the Certificate tab, select the SSL certificate from the drop-down list. Click OK.
- On the Flags tab, change the ForceEncryption option to Yes, which means that SQL Server will allow only encrypted connections. If you leave the ForceEncryption option set to No, SQL Server allows both encrypted and unencrypted connections to SQL Server.
- Click OK, and restart SQL Server.
Protect Your SQL Server Data
Encryption is the process of encoding the sensitive data with a key or password. Encryption provides strong security for the data and reduces the likelihood of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, because the data is useless without the corresponding key or password. SQL Server provides a variety of encryption options, including cell-level encryption, database-level encryption, file-level encryption through Windows, and transport-level encryption. Although the SQL Server encryption options don't address accessibility to the SQL Server infrastructure and databases, they improve data security at the database and OS levels, even if the SQL Server infrastructure's or databases' security is compromised.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Your current filters are…
by Guy Kawasaki and Vic Gundotra
Vic Gundotra will participate in a fireside chat with Guy Kawasaki to discuss the Google+ project. Vic will share how the product has grown since the initial launch, some of the lessons learned and the challenges the Google+ team faced along the way.
United States United States, Austin
9th–13th March 2012


text:
NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partners. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Saturday, September 12, 2015
Every year kids struggle with the thought of leaving the long, leisurely, fun-filled summer days behind and returning to classrooms, textbooks, teachers, and tests in the fall. Parents can help make the transition from summertime fun to schoolroom studies much smoother if they start to prepare their children before school classes begin. The start of school won't be such a shock for children if parents help their kids get in the right mindset for school well before the first day of classes. Simple steps parents can take to help kids get prepared include the following:
If your child seems to be having an unusually difficult time or has severe anxieties about the start of school, it may be a good idea to see a mental health professional who specializes in children's issues. The therapist can help both you and your child re-evaluate the situation and pinpoint the problem. With the help of a therapist, you can work toward an appropriate solution.
Last Reviewed: Aug 11, 2014
Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology
College of Medicine
The Ohio State University


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Woman texting, driving guilty of manslaughter
A Beaumont woman was sentenced to 10 years probation and six months in jail after pleading guilty to manslaughter in the death of a husband and father.
Rotashia Leigh Baird was indicted Feb. 23, 2012 for causing the death of Johnny Nathan Langton in a December 2011 collision. Phone records showed Baird might have been texting and driving, having received a text message some three minutes before the deadly crash. Prosecutors said they had no definitive proof Baird was actually texting at the time of the wreck, however.
"There are facts that suggests she was texting and driving prior to the accident," prosecutor Clint Woods said.
Judge Layne Walker said he would not make his judgment based on Baird's alleged texting and driving, but instead would make his judgment based upon witnesses who said Baird was driving erratically.
"Speeding, passing, erratic, the whole nine yards," Walker said.
Walker, at the request of Langton's wife, Dawn Langton, allowed Baird to walk free as she is 15 weeks pregnant. Baird must report to prison for her six months of jail time as soon as she's given birth, Walker said.
"She had never been in trouble with the law and she showed remorse," Woods said after Baird was sentenced.
As she exited the courtroom consumed by tears, Baird's only comment to reporters was "I'm just sorry."
Dawn Langton said her husband didn't deserve to die that December day, adding that no OMG is worth someone's life.
"You're not 10-foot tall and bulletproof," Dawn said. "There is no text that is worth answering or texting to where you would get in a wreck."
As to the question of if Baird was in fact texting and driving, Woods said we might never know.
"Only she will know whether or not she was actually reading a text and of course, she doesn't remember what happened because of the wreck," Woods said. "She's the only one who knows the answer to that."
Despite the death of the father of her children, Dawn said she's happy with Baird's sentence.
"She's gonna feel guilt the rest of her life," Dawn said. "That's one of her sentences. She'll see him the rest of her life. She won't forget it."


text:
Heading into their 14th year of doing a special series of shows in their hometown, the Dropkick Murphys are widely viewed as a local institution, a beloved part of Beantown's fabric.
Heading into their 14th year of doing a special series of shows in their hometown, the Dropkick Murphys are widely viewed as a local institution, a beloved part of Beantown's fabric.
But it wasn't always that way, especially in the band's early years.
"Well, we've been a band 18 years now, most of that time in Boston, but we were kind of barred for a few years there," Dropkick Murphys' bassist and singer Ken Casey said. "We had a little incident at The Rat, where we played a night time show on St. Patrick's one year. Usually they had our shows in the daytime, and we played all-ages shows. That's how we had advertised this show to our fans, but it was supposed to be 21-plus. Of course, we don't check IDs at the door, that's not our job, but the Rat had lots of problems with under-age drinking, so the word went out, and, uh ... we had to go away for a few years."
"A lot of the next few years we were on the road touring," Casey continued. "And eventually we had a year where we wrapped up a long tour with a show in Boston on St. Patrick's Day. That was only one show, but it went so well, we decided to come back the next year, and gradually it grew into two, three nights, and bigger venues, and here we are. It's built into almost a little festival, with some of our biggest fans coming from all over the country, and even from overseas."
This year's run of Dropkick Murphys gigs – from March 13 to 16th – at the House of Blues, including two shows on the 15th – will have the added aura of coming on the heels of the Boston Marathon bombings, and the city's recovery from that terror. The Dropkick Murphys were on tour when the tragedy happened, and later on, they were on a Western swing when the Boston Strong benefit concert took place at TD Garden. Casey and about half the band flew back from Oklahoma City to perform an acoustic set at the Boston Strong show.
"We did a benefit at the House of Blues right after the bombing, and let me tell you, the hair stood right up on the back of our necks that night," said Casey. "The feeling in that room, and the way people had all come together, made it one of the best nights we ever had. I'm sure there'll be some of that type of feeling this year with our St. Patrick's shows."
"We had four or five of us fly back for the Boston Strong show later," said Casey. "And afterwards, when we had to fly back to Oklahoma City to meet the rest of the band and continue our tour, that's when Oklahoma got hit by that second big tornado. Our show was cancelled that night, and we just did the makeup concert for them the other night. It was good to see how supportive and understanding those people were, and how all of us having gone through tragedies like that brought us all closer together as people."
Naturally, the band that began in the basement of a Wollaston barber shop is comprised of serious Boston sports fans, so capping off 2013 with a Red Sox championship was a bonus, especially when the Dropkick Murphys got to play before the clinching game of the World Series.
"That was one of the most nerve-wracking nights ever for us," said Casey. "Singing that anthem is not easy. Remember, we're a punk rock band where we can make mistakes on every song, and as long as the passion and energy is there, our fans won't care. But singing the national anthem before that game? We were just thinking 'Oh My God, don't screw this up!'
"But we also have to thank the Red Sox for going to bat for us," Casey added. "Usually when it gets to that level, that larger national stage, the final game of the Series, Fox network comes in and tells you who's going to be singing the anthem and so on. But the Red Sox went to Fox and told them they wanted us, and we can't be more grateful."
Some cynics may scoff at the redemptive effects of sports on they city's healing process, but Casey saw it for himself, especially when he was visiting victims of the blasts at Spaulding Rehab Hospital.
"When I was over seeing some of those people at Spaulding, right after the blast, when they were in the initial stages of healing, there was nothing on TV except news coverage of the bombings," Casey explained. "Obviously that was the last thing those people wanted to watch again and again, and the only other thing on TV back then was the Bruins in the playoffs. All of those people were glued to those games, and later on, I'm sure to the Sox games, because it took their minds off what they were going through. And the teams were great to them, too.
"The way the Sox went on and won the whole thing last year, it was almost like it was meant to be," said Casey. "You know it was such a big part of the healing."
Approaching the one-year anniversary, and the 2014 Marathon, The Dropkick Murphys expect some of that feeling to resonate through their St. Patrick's gigs.
"Hopefully we're all reliving that event in a way of respect," said Casey. "I know we got called for an unbelievable amount of charity events, and there are so many worthy ones like the Martin Richard Family Fund. We could not believe how many events there were being staged. People were buying our CDs at astronomical prices at these events, just to donate to that Boston Strong fund."
Every year the Dropkick Murphys arrange a lineup of like-minded bands to accompany them, not replicas of themselves, but interesting rock bands in more or less similar styles. This year, Philadelphia Americana band Lucero and English band Skinny Lister are opening all the shows, and a few of the shows feature South some Shore teenagers in 21st Century Fugitives.
"Lucero is perhaps not as rowdy as we are, but a very good band with a sound we love," Casey noted. "Skinny Lister is a great, fun band we have played with in Los Angeles. I'd call them a neat combination of The Pogues-meet-Mumford & Sons."
The 21st Century Fugitives follow a bit of a tradition, where the Dropkicks feature new, young talent, such as the Barroom Heroes, who were named after a Dropkick Murphys song.
"One of our previous St. Patrick's openers was Barroom Heroes, a bunch of Weymouth kids we had heard," Casey pointed out. "We thought they were OK, and liked how they were named, and then, after being away for six months, we came back and heard them again, and went 'Wow, they've improved so much.' This time, one of the 21st Century Fugitive kids gave me a sticker at Boston Strong. I checked them out online, not expecting much, and I honestly went 'Whoa, these kids are awesome!' I think they're all only about 14, 15, 16, but you learn fast when you're young."
Another aspect of the annual March run of shows has popped up in recent years – a small venue show where Dropkick Murphys oddities and obscure cuts are played. This year's edition is March 17 at the Lansdowne Pub, and is being done in conjunction with a boxing show promoted by Oscar De La Hoya's Golden Boy Productions, in association with the Dropkick Murphys. Tickets for the pub show were distributed via buying tickets for the boxing show.
Casey and his mates have stepped into boxing promotion, but their prize local product, Framingham's junior-middleweight contender Danny O'Connor, is currently recovering from elbow surgery. Not to worry however, as the main event for the March 17 boxing card will feature Quincy's own 130-pound dynamo, Ryan Kielczweski, and we can only assume "The Polish Prince" will be wearing shamrocks that night.
"We also have a British kid, a Silver Medallist from the London Olympics making his pro debut that night," noted Casey, "and it's a really terrific card."
We last saw Casey in January at the funeral for Somerville photographer and boxing expert Angie Carlino, and while just trading stories about that indelibly colorful character, Casey mentioned a detail most folks may not have known.
"Angie took the photo that is on the cover of our 'Warrior's Code,' album," he said. "It's a photo of Micky Ward and Emmanuel Burton, and it was our best-selling album ever. Angie was the best, no doubt, and getting to know him was one of the best parts of our getting into boxing."


text:
Family time is something Michael Coequyt is incredibly grateful to have.
The 33-year-old Minneota man treasures those minutes together: playing in the park and going for a run with his wife, while his three children come along on bikes and in a stroller. He knows Sanford's coordinated system of care made it possible for him to make more memories with his family.
Doctors at his local clinic in Canby, Minn., discovered he was having a heart attack before he even knew why his chest was hurting. They got him the help he needed at Sanford Heart Hospital. And because they could open his blocked heart vessels, Michael's here today to take his three kids to the park.
"They brought the right people in to take care of the problem," says the busy young dad. "All I knew was something was wrong. This is what they do daily."
Michael, who serves as the manager of the local seed mill, thought he was having particularly bad heartburn one day at work. He even mentioned his discomfort to his co-workers, but no one had any heartburn medicine and the pain just went away.
In the early hours of the next morning, the "heartburn" was back, but he went into work anyway. When the pain started to radiate into his shoulder, he decided to visit the urgent care clinic at Sanford Canby Clinic to get some relief. Michael had no reason to think it was his heart. He had always been an active guy, having run 10 marathons over the years. A checkup earlier in the year showed his cholesterol levels were slightly elevated, but nothing to be really concerned about, he says.
"I am a first responder with the fire department, so I knew I should get checked out," says Michael. "I just didn't think it was my heart at age 33."
Family medicine physician Dr. Jaya Potla immediately ordered an electrocardiogram and some blood tests. It showed certain cardiac enzyme levels in his blood were three times the normal amount.
A friend's wife, who happened to be his nurse that day, explained he was having a heart attack and the necessity of intervening before the muscles of his heart were permanently damaged. Within minutes plans were being made to get him to Sioux Falls.
Cardiologist Dr. Richard Clark took over Michael's case as soon as he arrived via ambulance at the Sanford Heart Hospital. The doctor says the young man's case illustrates how not everyone has typical heart pain or even much advance warning of a heart attack.
"A lot of times this can get missed. People have symptoms they don't recognize," says Dr. Clark. "They may be tired or winded, or think they're out of shape, when really they haven't been feeling right for a long time."
As Michael's primary cardiologist, Dr. Clark was involved with a team of experts working to keep blood flowing to his heart. They did an angiogram and placed several stents to keep his arteries open. However, Michael's chest pain didn't go away. While Michael recovered from the initial procedures at the hospital, he had a nuclear stress test that showed another area of his heart was also fully blocked.
Doctors tried to clear the area with a second angiogram, but he required more intense treatment. Michael was then prepared for coronary artery bypass surgery. This time the treatment was successful and he was soon on the road to recovery.
"It was quite an experience, but I didn't worry because I knew I was in good hands," said Michael. "If anyone was going to be able to fix this, they would."
Dr. Clark says it is relatively unusual to have such a young heart patient, but he's seen people as young as 23 come in with heart attacks. Eating right and exercising is important for everyone, but with someone like Michael, it's more important than ever, the cardiologist says. "He should have a normal life expectancy, but there's always a risk of redevelopment of a blockage," says Dr. Clark. "Behavior changes and lifestyle changes can go a long ways to make a difference to help prevent that plaque buildup."
Michael says he feels fortunate he got his treatment in time to avoid much long-term heart damage and he's doing his best to live a healthy life. Since his surgery in January, he's dropped 38 pounds and lowered his cholesterol levels. He watches what he eats and follows an exercise regimen that includes regular workouts and running.
The thankful dad says he tells his friends to listen to their doctor's advice. If a medical professional tells you to exercise or that you need to pay attention to your diet, you take their suggestions seriously, he says.
"I know throughout it all, my kids were wondering what was going on," says Michael. "They're just happy to have dad home. And we'll keep it that way."


text:
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text:
H.S. Football: Trinity rules the Turkey Bowl, tops CentralBy ROGER BROWN
New Hampshire Union Leader
November 22. 2012 6:34PM
MANCHESTER - In the days leading up to Thursday's 32nd Annual Turkey Bowl, Trinity coach Steve Burns told his players that Manchester Central was better than his team on paper. The Gill Stadium scoreboard told a different story.
Helped by four Central turnovers, Trinity capped its season by posting a 27-21 victory.
"We were definitely big underdogs," Burns said. "They're a Division I playoff team. Our kids are gamers. Our kids have pride.
"We told our guys that this is the game they'd be talking about 30 years down the line, and if we lost to them they were going to have to listen to it for a long time. You can't measure heart."
Trinity scored 20 points on the possessions that followed Central's four turnovers, three of which were fumbles. The Pioneers scored their other touchdown after opening the second half with a successful onside kick.
"We've been working on that all week," Trinity quarterback Carmen Giampetruzzi said. "Big momentum swing. They had no clue it was coming."
Trinity, which lost to Plymouth in the Division IV championship game, completed its season with a 10-2 record. It was the first time the Pioneers have won the city championship since 1997, when they defeated Central, 13-12.
"We beat them in all three phases," Trinity fullback/linebacker Ryan Carrier said. "We played our hearts out today."
Central, which lost to Exeter in the Division I semifinals, finished 6-6. The Little Green lost four of their last five games.
"Trinity was a whole lot better than we were today," Central coach Ryan Ray said. "We turned the ball over four times. A lot of that was good defense by them. We had guys play well today, but we didn't play well as a team."
The game turned in Trinity's favor late in the third quarter. It was a 14-14 contest, and Central had the ball on the Trinity 27-yard line after Andrew Slingsby gained 22 yards on a fake punt. Two plays later, however, Austin Chambers intercepted a Riley Cote pass on the goal line and returned the ball to the Trinity 39.
Wingback Romeo Masuku (16 carries, 134 yards) gained 55 yards on the next play, and Trinity took the lead moments later when offensive lineman Ian Landry recovered a Giampetruzzi fumble in the end zone with 9:54 remaining in the fourth.
Central also fumbled on its next play from scrimmage, and Trinity put together a six-play, 27-yard scoring drive. Masuku gave Trinity a 27-14 lead when he scored on a 7-yard run with 7:01 to play.
"It felt like every time we turned the ball over they capitalized," Ray said. "You can't turn the ball over four times and not take it away."
"We're always taught to grab at the ball every chance we get," added Carrier. "If we have them stood up, try and rip it out. It worked today."
Central made sure no one headed to the exits early when Cote scored on a 3-yard run with 5:13 to play, but Trinity maintained possession for the rest of the game.
Central's Troy Pelletier caught two TD passes in the loss. Trinity's other TDs came on Carrier's 1-yard run in the second quarter, and a 9-yard pass from Giampetruzzi to Tristan Theroux on the drive that followed the onside kick.
"I think we shocked the whole city," Giampetruzzi said. "No one thought we could give them a game."
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Roger Brown may be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Available in
Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East, Africa
Air Intakes / Air Inlets / Shutters
SM60 Inlet shutter
SM inlet shutters
- Housing frame made of the corrosion resistant material Munters Protect
- Shutter bearing and seals made of high resistance acetalic plastic with UV protection, and are maintenance-free
- Shutter systems have been designed to be matched and balanced in a size ratio with the Euroemme range of exhaust fans, for energy and pressure drop efficiency
- SM shutter systems are specially designed to transformed circulation fans to exhaust fans
- Each motor and shutter system is individually tested for 100% quality control and performance
- Simple and easy installation
- SMT motorized version allows simplicity with automation of ventilation inlet requirements
Product description
SM inlet shutters are suitable for use in the livestock and greenhouse industries as well as traditional industries. In order to obtain a quick and responsive control over the fresh-air intake into a house, a SM inlet shutter can be utilized. Air is sucked into the house structure through an open SM inlet shutter by means of exhaust fans, placed in the exterior walls of the structure, or by our EMT range of jet fans utilized to blend fresh-air with internal house air. SM Shutter are available with drive motors (SMT) for automatic opening or for manual operation (SMA). The SMC version has been designed specifically to be used as a retrofit exhaust shutter system for existing circulation fans that need to be converted to exhaust fans To improve aerodynamic efficiency and reduce pressure losses the shutter design has been developed in Munters R&D lab. The test chamber has been built according to ANSI/AMCA 210-85 Figure 15 specifications. Construction details and airtightness have been verified by personnel of the BESS Lab at the Agricultural Engineering Dept, University of Illinois – USA.
- Technical specification
|Technical Specification
|Weight (with motor actuator)
|13.0 kg
|Number of shutterblades
|Inlet opening
|0.51 m2


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VintageModern Design Challenge - Black Lace and Satin Blouse
Added Jan 11, 2012
by Julia Morley
Pittsburgh, Penn...
I wasn't going to participate in this challenge because I'm still a pretty novice seamstress and there's a lot of more talented people in this community, but then I was working through my new years resolution challenges (52 garments in 52 weeks), washing the demin for a pair of jeans I wanted to make. And then I decided to make a shirt to go with the jeans, and then it turned into "hey, I should just try that blouse from that challenge." Ultimately, the jeans never got made and the blouse morphed into this!
It is based on the free blouse pattern from Indygo Junction. And wow, what a pattern to use! I've never done anything like that before – it gives you directions to chalk out your own pattern. The entire back panel is lace, and the front pattern is a mystery (polyester?) satin I had lying around. I actually cut the blouse to the specifications, but then took it in significantly after the fact (it's taken in about six inches, and then I added darts to the front). I also shaped the side seams to bring the lace back panel slightly forwards. The cuffs were done as instructed, but I shortened the sleeves and then I added another "cuff" as the bottom hem, all in the same lace as the back panel.
My hope was to create a piece that is a more modern variant of the satin blouse which could be turned into a real pattern and recreated. I'm pretty pleased with it – all the adjustments I made mean it's a little bit messier on the inside than I would like, but all in all considering my lack of experience with this type of thing, I'm happy!
Also, for those of you who are having trouble getting to the blouse pattern (the link is broken on Indygo Junction's website) – simply add indygojunction.com/ before the word file when it gives you the "page not found message" – so the link is this: http://indygojunction.com/file/download/SateenBlouse_epattern.pdf
Material Notes
Polyester blend satin (maybe?), lace.
- For
- Women
- Garment Type
- Blouse
- Style
- Evening Wear
- Material
- Blends, Lace/Sequins
4 Comments Sign in to add a post
Jan 19, 2012, 03.33 PMby corarae
Very cute, I love the lace element!
Jan 19, 2012, 03.33 PMby corarae
Very cute, I love the lace element!
Jan 12, 2012, 04.03 PMby A Sewing Architect
Love it! And also can't wait to see more…..
Jan 12, 2012, 02.59 PMby turtlegirl00
great job! i love the lace in the back—very cute and yet modern yet vintage vibe—great job! youir 52 week challenge is a great idea! can't wait to see more posts!
Add to Favorites 5 people added it


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PHOENIX (AP) — A caravan of white vans carrying the bodies of 19 firefighters killed in the Yarnell wildfire has arrived in Phoenix.
The vans reached the Maricopa County Medical Examiner's Office shortly after noon Monday.
They passed under the arched ladders of two fire trucks with a large American flag billowing from another vehicle on a turnoff road.
The medical examiner's office in Phoenix will conduct autopsies on all 19 fallen firefighters.
Maricopa County spokeswoman Cari Gerchick says Yavapai County authorities asked for help because the rural county didn't have the resources to handle so many casualties.
Yarnell is about 80 miles northwest of Phoenix.
All 19 firefighters killed belonged to the Granite Mountain Hotshots crew headquartered in Prescott.
None of their names have been officially released.


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It was a dramatic 48 hours as police conducted a manhunt for the two brothers thought to be responsible for the Boston Marathon attack.
A dramatic shoot-out in the Boston suburb of Watertown in the early hours of Friday left one brother, 26-year-old Tamerlan Tsarnaev, dead.
His younger brother, Dzhokhar, escaped wounded but was captured Friday night after a standoff with police in a backyard in Watertown. He was believed to be hiding out in a boat with a tarp over it.
"We got him," Boston Mayor Tom Menino tweeted.
"CAPTURED!!! The hunt is over. The search is done. The terror is over. And justice has won," the Boston Police Department said on its Twitter account.
Click ahead for pictures of the dramatic events that led to the final suspect being captured.
By CNBC.com


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LONDON (AP) — British police have charged two U.K. citizens in an investigation of suspected terrorism in Syria.
Mohommod Hassin Nawaz, 29, and Hamza Nawaz, 22, were arrested last week as they arrived at the British port of Dover from France. Police seized ammunition at the time.
Police said Sunday the two have been charged with conspiring to attend a terrorist training camp and with the unlawful possession of five rounds of ammunition.
Nawaz also was charged with possessing a computer containing documents or records "useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism."
The two will appear at a London court Monday.
The U.K. government has expressed concerns about Britons going to Syria to join anti-government rebels.


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Shark Week: We're Gonna Need A Bigger Boat!
Shark Week, as you probably know, is one of our favourite times of year. It's like early Christmas for us! For the last 24 years the Discovery Channel has sacrificed their entire weekly programming schedule to feed the sharks and our curiosity for these fascinating beasts. Streamed to over 70 countries around the world there is no doubt that Shark Week is a complete success. This compelling subject has attracted several celebrities to host Shark Week, including the MythBusters, Mike Rowe, Les Stroud, and most recently Andy Sandberg. With 23 seasons done, and many more to come, Shark week is the longest running cable program ever.
Shark Week has done a great job of spreading bona-fide information about Sharks to the general populace, dispelling mythology and folklore alike. Knowing more about sharks makes you respect them a lot more, and the more you respect them the more you know they're an important part of the ecosystem and how horrific and disgusting shark finning is.
Shark week is a "must watch" in the fury household, and if we're going to watch our favorite show you can bet that we'll be watching on a crystal clear high-definition provider like Direct TV.
The last season of Shark Week, aptly named Relentless Fury is now available on DVD and the 20th anniversary collection is 4 discs of the most amazing footage of sharks you've ever seen. Both make an excellent Christmas gift to the shark lover in your family.


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Baltimore City Teaching Residency
Subject Areas:
Biology, Chemistry, Early Childhood, Elementary, English, Math, Special Education
Detailed information about eligibility and requirements is available here.
Program Stats:
- Baltimore City Teaching Residency launched in 2002. This year, BCTR celebrates 15 years.
- 2,000 Residents trained to date
- 380,000 students reached to date
Upcoming Events and Deadlines:
Why Baltimore?
Baltimore is a city on the rise, and its leaders recognize that great teachers are key to that progress. Baltimore City Teaching Residents earn some of the highest salaries in the region. More »
Certification: TNTP Academy
Program highlights: Specialized literacy training helps all Baltimore City Teaching Residents develop students into strong readers, writers, and thinkers.
Our Approach
Meet a Teacher
After years as a musical theater performer, Alana now applies her talents to inspire Baltimore students. During her first year, Alana helped students achieve 1.5 years of reading gains. Meet Alana Purvis »


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TRAIL � Ada Carnes is about to deliver yet another adult, hatchery, spring chinook salmon to a happy Rogue River angler, but first she puts a bow of sorts on top.
The Cole Rivers Hatchery technician affixes a small piece of gray, spaghetti-like plastic known as a floy tag to the fish�s dorsal fin. The tag announces the salmon�s status as a recycled hatchery fish � one that already survived the 157-mile angling gantlet from the ocean to the hatchery and gets to swim part of it again.
This chinook and 740 others were trucked downstream from the hatchery on a recent Wednesday and returned to the Rogue at Gold Hill, giving them an additional 36 miles of river to swim and providing anglers with a better chance at not going home fishless.
�We�re adding fish to people�s freezers that otherwise wouldn�t be there,� says Pete Samarin, an Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife biologist on the Rogue.
�If you do a cost-benefit analysis, you really are getting a lot of fish in the system for very little cost because you�re not raising them to smolt size again. They�re ready to go.�
Among Wednesday�s release were 118 floy-tagged fish, which are part of a new study aimed at shedding light on when and where the recycled fish go when they�re returned to the Rogue.
Initial data shows that as many as half of them do get caught by anglers during their second sprint to the hatchery, one of many tidbits about the upper Rogue�s chinook habits biologists hope to glean from the study.
Samarin hopes that some of that information comes in the form of phone calls. He wants Rogue anglers who catch a floy-tagged fish to dial 541-826-8778 and report the information.
�It�s very good information to see where those fish are getting caught and when they�re getting caught,� says Samarin, who is overseeing the study. �There�s a tremendous amount of information that can be gained from projects like this.�
The recycling program is popular among anglers who would rather see excess hatchery springers come their way instead of going away in the back of seafood-company trucks.
Excess fish are those not needed to gather enough eggs to grow 1.62 million spring chinook smolts annually.
Some are given to Native Americans to settle some of the state�s treaty obligations, and most are sold, with the profits going into ODFW�s so-called �carcass fund,� which funds work at state-run hatcheries.
Anglers hate to see these tough-to-catch and awesome-to-eat springers go anywhere but on their barbecues, so the agency installed its recycling program in 1999.
Adults are collected and sorted at the hatchery, then they get a paper-punch hole in a gill plate to denote their status so they are not counted twice and skew run numbers.
They used to be released at TouVelle State Park so they wouldn�t be counted again when they traveled past the counting station at Gold Ray Dam. With the dam�s removal in 2010, excess fish can now be trucked to Gold Hill, which adds 10 more miles of river where they can be caught by bank or boat anglers.
While popular with anglers, the sticky wicket of the recycling program is that more hatchery fish might stray onto the spawning grounds of wild salmon. And the problem with the gill-plate punches is that they tend to heal before the peak of the spring chinook spawn in August.
The state�s management plan for the Rogue calls for no more than 15 percent of naturally spawning spring chinook to be hatchery fish, so spawning-survey crews note the numbers of wild and fin-clipped hatchery fish they count on the Rogue�s spawning grounds.
Surveys since 2004 show an average of 11 percent hatchery fish on spawning grounds, with just 5 percent last year and 4 percent in 2010.
But it�s tough to see a gill-plate punch in a rotted-out carcass, so there are no reliable estimates of how many recycled salmon end up spawning with wild fish � a fact that could further validate or scrub the recycling program.
Samarin last year turned to the floy tags as a cheap and easy way to see whether recycled fish stray at higher rates than other hatchery fish.
As hatchery workers recycle fish captured weekly, some are fitted with floy tags � with a different color used each week.
The study began midway through the run last year, with 483 fish tagged and recycled. Of those, 230 ended up back at the hatchery and only one was found during the spawning surveys, Samarin says.
�So, you�re basically looking at more than 50 percent of your fish going somewhere,� he says.
Even factoring in a small percentage of fish that die before the spawn, that�s still a lot more happy anglers along the Rogue.
With only a little publicity and no incentives to get anglers to report their catches, only two anglers called the ODFW office last year to report they had caught a floy-tagged springer. One was at Hayes Falls near Gold Hill about a week after it was released, and another ran out of luck in the last possible place it could get hooked � the Hatchery Hole.
This year, the plan is to release 4,000 recycled spring chinook between mid-May and July 1, with about 100 per week fitted with floy tags, and already some of the data is raising eyebrows.
Of 133 fish that were fitted with black floy tags and recycled May 17, 10 of them were back in the hatchery during the weekly fish collection May 29.
�That�s quick,� hatchery Manager David Pease says.
So far this season, there�s no buzz along the river banks of copious numbers of floy-tagged fish at the end of anglers� lines.
�I�ve heard of one tagged fish caught out of Hayes, but here, I haven�t seen anything,� Pease says.
Samarin said he hopes to hear from many others.
Over time, he hopes to look at such issues as when recycled fish get caught the most, when they linger in the Rogue longer, under what flow conditions they are most likely to get caught and perhaps even whether the recycling program could increase and what that likely would mean to anglers.
�Putting more fish in the system for people to catch is the main goal of the recycling program,� Samarin says. �It seems like quite a few of them are probably going to get harvested.�


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SLU LAW offers students a diverse curriculum designed to prepare them for all areas of legal practice. A robust selection of courses and seminars in a variety of legal specialties reflect SLU LAW's commitment to public service and professional ethics.
Students who have completed the core curriculum self select the majority of their remaining courses with guidance and recommendations from the School of Law. Of the remaining 61 credit hours, only the following are required courses:
- Legal Profession
- A seminar of the student's choice
- A perspectives on law course
- A professional skills course
Goals of the curriculum include:
- Provide a quality legal education in the Jesuit tradition of academic excellence and concern for the development of individual students
- Expose students to the interaction of law and other disciplines in the development and application of the law
- Sensitize students to legal ethics and norms, including the obligation to engage in public service
Core Curriculum ("First Year" Courses)
The law school's required core curriculum includes 30 hours of classes designed to allow students to develop foundational analytical and writing legal skills necessary for the practice of law. First-year, full-time students are required to take these courses in the first two semesters. Part-time students complete these courses within the first two years of study. The core curriculum includes:
- Civil Procedure I & II
- Constitutional Law I
- Contracts I & II
- Criminal Law
- Introduction to Legal Studies
- Legal Research and Writing I & II
- Property
- Torts
Upper Division Options
Nearly two thirds of the 91 course hours required to graduate are elective courses. Students who have completed the core curriculum select classes ranging from foundational bar preparation classes to highly specialized legal topics to supervised clinical practice. This allows students to custom design the majority of their law school education. Students may sample courses from a variety of subject areas or specialize based upon their individualized needs and interests. SLU LAW also offers opportunities for students to participate in (and receive credit for) one of two student-run law journals as well as develop critical legal skills in areas such as appellate advocacy, trial practice and client counseling. Students may choose to complete one of ten concentration programs.
Advising & Assistance
SLU LAW administrators and faculty members are committed to supporting students planning their legal educations and careers. After students complete the core curriculum, they begin selecting upper division courses. There are multiple resources available to students as they navigate the available choices. Individual guidance is always available from administrators and faculty members. Each semester, information and advising sessions are held in large- and small-group settings to provide support and guidance to students as they select courses. Specialized advising is provided for students interested in particular areas of practice, dual degrees, concentrations and professional skills. These options are carefully balanced with individualized recommendations regarding courses that are beneficial for bar exam preparation.
Please refer to course planning for further information on degree requirements, curriculum planning and bar exam courses.


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Yeah Reed went and picked him up and Charlie also went looking and all returned safely. They guy made it into the boat launch over by the high school. Did not sound fun in any event.
Wind tomorrow? Im thinking an early session if its not raining to hard.
we shall see


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The LC was out of town the weekend Leonel was born, so my attending nurse helped me BF him about an hour after he was born. I remember her rubbing my nipple to get it to harden and trying a couple different positions I think (gosh it's all such a blur already!), but ultimately gave me a shield to use because he hadn't latched(flat nipples). Sure enough it worked. Didn't think twice about it until a day later a different nurse saw me using it and said to make sure I weaned him off it ASAP because it can cause supply issues...at which point I panicked and read up on their use and couldn't find a darn positive thing about them.
Our ped said his wife used one for 4 months when his son ripped it off her and decided he was done with it, and when I did finally get to see the LC she said she would have waited longer to try without the shield but it's okay (he'd gained weight fine at the checks we had done). She said to just slip it off, try to get him to latch without it, etc.
Well today he ended up latching and eating a whole meal without the shield! But this is rare. Very rare. Usually he'll lick around, nuzzle it, maybe close down on it but then look angry (!) and get upset and push away until that shield goes on. I don't want him to get too frustrated too often at the breast.
So, how often should I be attempting to get him to latch without it? I had wanted to wait until we had gotten the hang of BF in general before teaching him something new, although I do my best to make sure his latch is decent on the shield ("fish lips") so the position of his mouth shouldn't be something new for him to learn.


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Paris Saint-Germain director of football Leonardo believes his side have been handed the ultimate test after being paired with Barcelona in the Champions League quarter-finals.
PSG battled to a nervy victory over Valencia in the last 16, after an unconvincing 1-1 draw in the second leg at Parc des Princes saw them prevail 3-2 on aggregate. It is the first time they have reached the quarter-finals of Europe's most prestigious competition in 18 years.
Les Parisiens now face Barcelona in the last eight, which promises to be a much tougher test than that of Valencia and Leonardo admits his side are going to be up against it.
"It would have been tough to get a worse draw. I'm not just talking about their last performance against Milan but also what they've achieved in recent years," he told reporters.
"It won't be easy, but these two matches should bring us a lot of joy."
While the Brazilian cannot wait for the showdown between the two sides, he is fully aware the French outfit are facing one of the greatest club sides of all time.
He added: "They will be great football matches; it will be a real footballing festival for Paris. Making it to the quarters is already a very important achievement, but we'll play our hearts out to go even further.
"It's a big opportunity for us; Barcelona are the best team in the world at the moment, and one of the three best of all time.
"They have been odds-on favourites right from the beginning of the tournament. They have everything it's possible to have. We'll need to do all we can represent our club well in this competition."
The first leg will be played at Parc des Princes on April 2, with the game at Camp Nou taking place on April 10.
Barcelona are looking for their third Champions League title in five years.


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Vertigo, dizziness and imbalance can have a variety of causes. Symptoms of vertigo, dizziness and imbalance due to an inner ear disorder can often be improved by vestibular rehabilitation.
Your first physical therapy visit will consist of an evaluation to identify problem areas. You will receive an individualized treatment program based upon the results of your evaluation and your goals.
The treatment program may include specialized exercises to decrease dizziness, balance exercises, education regarding your condition, coping strategies for dizziness, strengthening exercises and/or conditioning exercises.
Susan Giegold PT, DPT
Susan has been a physical therapist since 1983 and has been treating patients with vestibular disorders since 2004.
Susan has received extensive and advanced training in Vestibular Rehabilitation from with Ron Tusa MD and Susan Herdman PT, PhD at Emory University, Joseph Furman MD, PhD and Susan Whitney PT, PhD at University of Pittsburgh; Richard Clendaniel PT, PhD at Duke University and Robert Landel PT, DPT, OCS at University of Southern California.
Susan is also a member of Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA) and the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA).
Areas of teaching include neuroscience, adult neurological conditions and interventions, and acquired conditions of spinal cord injury, prosthetics and orthotics.
Clinical interests are focused in the areas of neurological evaluation and treatment for conditions of spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury (concussion), stroke, and multiple sclerosis. Intervention specialties include locomotor training with a bodyweight support system (Lokomat) and use of functional electric stimulation (FES).