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Difference between revisions of "World History Study Guide from 1648"
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(Voltaire: famous for defending a right of free speech even by people with whom he disagreed)
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|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution
Revision as of 21:07, 13 February 2013
|Christian population
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33%, or approximately 2.2 billion, of the world today
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christian Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|Forbidden City
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years
|slave trade
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave trade ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce
|Rene Descartes
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by "I think, therefore I am."
|Thirty Years' War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|Age of Exploration
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo
|Ferdinand and Isabella
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|Christopher Columbus
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean
|Columbian Exchange
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.
|John Cabot
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England
|Jacques Cartier
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going through the Straits of Magellan near the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East
|Hernando Cortes
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|Francisco Pizzaro
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town ("A View of Toledo")
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel Don Quixote, an influential work of Spanish literature
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English) weakened Spanish power
|A nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the "Elizabethan Age"; Virginia was named in her honor
|James Stuart
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King
|William Prynne
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself
|Glorious Revolution
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|William and Mary
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693
|Ivan IV "the Terrible"
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a "Time of Troubles."
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|Seven Years' War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|American Revolution
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war
|George Washington
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1797
|Isaac Newton
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|Gottfried Leibniz
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. Leibniz invented the curly "S" notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it):
|The Enlightenment
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book The Rights of Englishmen, in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, The Spirit of the Laws, that explained essential aspects of good government
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as Encyclopedia (in French: Encyclopédie)
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice
|John Locke
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored absolute freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution; famous for defending a right of free speech even by people with whom he disagreed
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (absolute monarch) or subject to it (constitutional monarchy)
|Louis XIV
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, "L'etat c'est moi!" ("I am the state")
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price
|Nicolaus Copernicus
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|Johannes Kepler
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1632)
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916
|Czar (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.
|Robert Fulton
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.
|Bernhard Riemann
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics
|balance of power
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others
|Constitution of the United States
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|David Hume
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the "Passion according to St. Matthew"
|Louis Pasteur
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|Matthew Perry
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today boats are powered by diesel gasoline
|Economies of scale
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do
|Enclosure movement
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|David Ricardo
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)
|Maximilian Robespierre
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|French Revolution
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|Bastille Day
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes
|Georges Jacques Danton
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the Reign of Terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed
|Louis XVI
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793
|Marie Antoinette
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread
|Reign of Terror
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|Louisiana Purchase
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803
|Battle of Waterloo
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression "someone's Waterloo" refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat
|Congress of Vienna
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done
|Concert of Europe
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|Napoleon III
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic and nephew of Napoleon
|Otto von Bismarck
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor," he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|United Kingdom
|the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland," which is part of the island of Ireland.
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution
|Ludwig van Beethoven
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|The Communist Manifesto
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then
|Sun Yixian
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy. Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.
|John Stuart Mill
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|Karl Marx
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto, urging the working class to revolt and end private property
|Friedrich Engels
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored The Communist Manifesto, and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote Das Kapital.
|classical economics
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the invisible hand and economic efficiency (Pareto optimality)
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, "let to do")
|Franco-Prussian War
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the "Brotherhood of Young Italy" in 1831
|King Leopold II
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State
|Charles Darwin
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest"
|Charles Dickens
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like "Scrooge"
|David Livingstone
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile
|Dual Alliance
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or "impression". Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes.
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers' view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879
|Kaiser Wilhelm II
|leader of Germany who ended Germany's alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891.
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|Triple Entente
|(1907) from the French for "good-will", Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined. Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard
|Central Powers
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|The Axis
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia
|Great War
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II
|Schlieffen Plan
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.
|First Battle of Marne
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too
|Gallipoli Campaign
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.
|Battle of Verdun
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun
|Manfred von Richtofen
|Better known as the "Red Baron," this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918
|Treaty of Versailles
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors
|Great Depression
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power
|King Victor Emmanuel
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini
|Il Duce
|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini.
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|founder of Italy's Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy's economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)
|World War I (WWI)
|(1914-1918) also known as The Great War, the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany
|World War II (WWII)
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender
|Franklin Delano Roosevelt
|"FDR" was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain
|German for "lightning war," high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939
|The Holocaust
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.
|Joseph Stalin
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition
|Manhattan Project
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII
|George Patton
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were
|Big Bang
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever
|quantum mechanics
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in the position of subatomic particles until they are observed, and these particles are easy to use for storing or controlling information
|Niels Bohr
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics
|Albert Einstein
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.
|the opposite of "nationalism"; "globalism" views the world as one political unit, as one massive village
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|(1947) stands for "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade," in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|World Trade Organization
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to "free trade" and established international courts for handling disputes
|(1994) stands for "North American Free Trade Agreement," which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including "life, liberty, and security of person"
|Cold War
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting
|Korean War
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
|(1960) "OPEC" is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|Berlin Wall
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany
|Pearl Harbor
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII
|Korematsu v. United States
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
|domino effect
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too. This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.
|Ho Chi Minh
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute
|Vietnam War
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism
|Henry Kissinger
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.
|Pol Pot
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem
|Balfour Declaration
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey
|David Ben-Gurion
|1948: first prime minister of Israel
|Arab-Israeli wars
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)
|Six-Day War
|1967: Egypt's ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.
|Anwar Sadat
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)
|Yom Kippur War
|(October 1973) Egypt's ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur. After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.
|Camp David Accords
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.
|Yasser Arafat
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.
|1987: PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.
|Declaration of Principles
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank
|Benjamin Netanyahu
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011
|Mikhail Gorbachev
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed "glasnost" or openness, and "perestroika", which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism
|Boris Yeltsin
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.
|Commonwealth of Independent States
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war
|John Paul II
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland
|Lech Walesa
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989
|East Germany
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote Woodrow Wilson's "self-determination" principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989
|Nicolae Ceausescu
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity
|Kosovo War
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power
|Ronald Reagan
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|(1980s) also known as "Star Wars," Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.
|Chairman Mao Zedong
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers
|Tiananmen Square
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy
|Hong Kong
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years
|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|Modern Era
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900
Honors terms
|British Royal Air Force
|Also nicknamed the "RAF", this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The "RAF"'s technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the "miracle of Dunkirk."
|Emilio Aguinaldo
|A rebel leader who collaborated with Muslims against U.S. and U.S. citizens in Philippine during 1899-1902, and later collaborated with Japanese against U.S. in world war two. They commited massive atrocities and their methods are extremely savage and brutal.
|Emiliano Zapata
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called "concentration camps." The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's "Final Solution."
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|Franz Kafka
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915).
|National Security Agency
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.
|Muhammad Ali Pasha
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|Standing army
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.
|Henry Ford
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.
|Pearl Harbor
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.
|Adolf Hitler
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British
|Little Boy
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called "Little Boy" was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.
|M1 Garand
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|Charles Spurgeon
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
|Columbian Exchange
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
|Thomas Malthus
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail. His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth. Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.
|Battle of the Somme
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
|Third Battle of Ypres
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
|Communist League
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.
|Robert Owen
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the "Utopian Socialism" and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.
|Jeremy Bentham
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom.
|Charles Fourier
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists. He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers.
|St. Helena
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback
|Andreas Vesalius
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians
|William Harvey
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body
|Francis Bacon
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation. Famously wrote the Novum Organum (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism. It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.
|Marian Rejewski
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932
|other free trade agreements in the Americas
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980)
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald's slogan they heard on television
|Rheinische Zeitung
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles
|New Orleans
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.
|Fat Man
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.
|Enola Gay
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped "Little Boy", the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.
|Woodrow Wilson
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917
|Heil Hitler
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany
|Ngo Dinh Diem
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.
|U.S. President Nixon's policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism.
|The Four Tigers
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)
|Deng Xiaoping
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations
|Jiang Zemin
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997. Jiang refused to improve China's record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California
|Bloody Sunday
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy
|President Truman
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan.
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II.
|Dr. Josef Mengele
|Doctor who because of his belief of "survival of the fittest," performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps.
|Great Leap Forward
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.
|Erwin Rommel
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.
|Famous battle between Russia and Nazi Germany in which Russian Artillery destroyed German army. The Germans were subsequently sent out of Russia.
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin
|Winston Churchill
|Prime Minister of the UK 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Inspirational leader who gave the British people the willpower to resist Nazi Germany in 1940 and 1941, leading to the invasion of Italy (1943), the D-Day invasion of Normandy (1944) and ultimately victory over Hitler (1945).
|European Union
|Association of 27 states in Europe. Began as a free trade area (1958) known as the Common Market, becoming a single European market in the 1980s with extensive socialist-style regulation of business. Now in the process of becoming a super-state governed by the French political elite. In 2002 it instituted a single currency, the Euro, which is now on the point of collapse.
|Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov
|One of the greatest generals of the Second World War and of all time, whose victories, especially the crucial battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, led to the defeat of Hitler.


text:
In a continuing effort to recognize the accomplishments of student-athletes beyond the field of competition, the SEC once again highlighted a Community Service Team for men's basketball for the 2012-13 season.
This marks the 15th year for the SEC Community Service Team for men's basketball as well as for women's basketball. All 20 league-sponsored sports have had a Community Service Team since 2004, with at-large teams for men's and women's sports being chosen from 1999-2003. The SEC began this concept with a football Community Service Team in 1994.
Levi Randolph– Alabama So. | G | 6-5 | 205 | Madison, Ala.
Levi Randolph participated in a summer long clean-up projects for the April 27 tornado in the Holt community, assisted in Sarrell Dental free basketball camp for under-privileged children and he has also participated with Halloween Extravaganza for young children for two straight years … He is a SAAC representative … 2013 CoSIDA/Capitol One Academic First Team All-District, Dean's List every semester, SEC First Year Academic Honor Roll (2012).
Kikko Haydar – Arkansas Jr. | G | 5-10 | 165 | Fayetteville, Ark.
Volunteered at Youth Bridge, an organization that provides care to troubled teens and their families; the Arkansas Children's Hospital; and the Razorback Canned Food Drive … Participated in the Fayetteville Boys and Girls Club Backpack/School supplies giveaway … Part of the Razorback basketball team's involvement with Make a Wish … Took part in the Champions for Kids walk … Assists with the Special Olympics … Mentor with Big Brothers and Big Sisters ... Member of the Honors College at the University and is a Bodenhamer Fellow (the highest academic honor bestowed on a University student) … Distinguished speaker for the groundbreaking of the new honors college.
Josh Wallace – Auburn Sr. | G | 5-9 | 175 | Pensacola, Fla.
Josh has spent numerous hours volunteering with the Boys and Girls Club of Greater Lee County, where he has mentored children, assisted with homework, read to classes, assisted with lunches, and spoken to them about the importance of being physically active and making smart decisions … Visits Pediatrics and the Cancer Center at East Alabama Medical Center annually .. Participated in the Auburn Opelika Running and Track Association Two Mile Run for Breast Cancer Awareness … Serves as the Men's Basketball representative on the Student Athlete Advisory Committee (SAAC) … Has spoken to several local youth basketball teams about making good decisions and making good grades … Very active in FCA, where he serves as a Leader, mentoring his teammates and other AU student-athletes, coordinates team Bible studies, participated in a camp for Student-Athletes from across the Southeast and has been a special guest at several FCA youth events.
Patric Young – Florida Jr. | C | 6-9 | 249 | Jacksonville, Fla.
Patric visits children at Shands at the University of Florida Hospital … Visits and speaking to children at local schools … A member of the Goodwill Gators, a community service program for student athletes at the University of Florida, collaborates with organizations around Alachua County in connecting with kids … Help with holiday gift drives to provide gifts for the less fortunate … 2013 Capital One Academic All-District 4 First Team … 2012 SEC Scholar Athlete of the Year.
John Florveus – Georgia Sr. | C | 6-11 | 240 | Miami, Fla.
Participated in Christmas shopping with a member of the Athens Boys and Girls Club ... Volunteer at the annual "Do It For Broph" 5K Run/Walk ... Read to and spoke about the importance of physical activity with school kids at Cedar Shoals Elementary School .. Volunteered at the Food Bank of Northeast Georgia ... Member of the UGA Athletic Director's Honor Roll for Fall Semester 2012.
Nerlens Noel – Kentucky Fr. | F | 6-10 | 228 | Everett, Mass.
Nerlens has given more than 100 hours of his time since his arrival at UK … Has worked as a mentor at the New England Child Services "MARK" mentoring program … Visited a nursing home in Lexington … Attended a Special Olympics autism event and signed autographs/took pictures … Interacted with kids and players at a Special Olympics Basketball event … Volunteered at a children's basketball camp … UK men's basketball coat drive … Promoted Lane Goodwin (child with cancer) through social media to help send well wishes to Lane and his family … Distributed sacks for the God's Pantry Back Pack program … Hurricane Sandy Telethon worker … Visited a child with an illness at UK Children's Hospital … Campton Elementary school/Samaritan's Feet volunteer.
Andre Stringer – LSU Sr. | G | 5-10 | 182 | Jackson, Miss.
Andre participated in the Play Dirty Adventure Race at Baton Rouge Fair Grounds – a three mile run with obstacle courses and a fundraiser for childhood obesity … Also participated with team members in the Halloween BOOzar event that provided a safe holiday experience for local kids … Part of the team's annual visit to Our Lady of the Lake Hospital where the team sang Christmas carols and handed out basketball and posters to cheer the patients in the children's ward up … Student Athlete Advisory Committee (SAAC) representative for men's basketball.
Nick Williams – Ole Miss Sr. | G | 6-4 | 212 | Mobile, Ala.
Williams held basketball clinic for local Boy's and Girl's Club … Participated in 'Move Mississippi' to promote combat child obesity by educating youth and parents about the benefits of physical fitness and living a healthy lifestyle … Member of the Student-Athlete Advisory Committee … Visited children at a local preschool to talk about importance of education and physical activity … Was also named to the 2012 SEC Community Service Team.
Tyson Cunningham – Mississippi State Jr. | G | 6-3| 194 | Columbus, Miss.
Tyson is extremely involved with kids in the community. He created the "Kids With Character" Basketball Camp at Columbus High School, and also works with ManHood Camp, which is designed for young boys to teach them how to grow up and be real men with character and standards. He also created the Lace-Up Program, which is for middle school kids centered toward academics in the summer and exposing them to different educational opportunities as well as enrichment activities. He is also active in Big Brother and serves as a volunteer and chaperon at various church camps and programs. He also travels to numerous churches to give his testimony or sing. He's sang the national anthem at numerous MSU sporting events.
Laurence Bowers – Missouri Sr. | F | 6-8 | 227 | Memphis, Tenn.
Has been a consistent member of Missouri Basketball's community relations efforts over the last five years volunteering for events such as: MU Children's Hospital patient visits … MU Children's Hospital charitable fundraisers … Elementary school read-a-thons … Youth mentoring events and youth basketball clinics sponsored by the Boys and Girls Club of Columbia … Was also a major part of a 2011-12 Missouri Basketball team that played a charitable fund-raiser against Missouri Southern State University in Joplin, Mo., last season following a May 22, 2011, tornado that devastated southwest Missouri and killed more than 150 people.
Brian Richardson – South Carolina Jr. | G | 6-4 | 175 | Wilson, N.C.
Brian Richardson has spent time in the Columbia community on several service projects throughout his career. Richardson has participated in work at the Oliver Gospel Mission in Columbia … Spent time at exercise classes with senior citizens at Christopher Towers … Participated in the "Edlympics" at Edventure Museum … Light The Night Walk at Finlay Park … Spent time with Boy Scouts of Columbia following competition at Colonial Life Arena … Has helped serve dinner at Transitions Homeless Shelter … Helped with meal preparation at the Ronald McDonald House in Columbia.
Kenny Hall – Tennessee Sr. | F | 6-9 | 230 | Stone Mountain, Ga.
One of Tennessee's community outreach leaders, Hall attended the Knoxville Area Rescue Ministries (KARM) Camp Out to combat homelessness … For three straight years, he has assisted with the annual Hoops for Hope basketball tournament that benefits the Down Syndrome Awareness Group of East Tennessee … Has made multiple visits to area hospitals and clinics – such as UT Medical Center, East Tennessee Children's Hospital and the Patricia Neal Rehabilitation Center – to visit with patients … Visited Gresham Middle School to recognize and encourage students who had exhibited academic improvement … Took to social media to show his support for Regen Morris, an East Tennessee 12-year-old who was diagnosed with Anaplastic Astrocytoma (#RootinForRegen).
Jarod Jahns – Texas A&M Sr. | F | 6-6| 205 | Spring, Texas
Jarod participated in the Big Event (day-long community service project in the Bryan/College Station area) … Helped raise donations for Still Creek Boys and Girls Ranch (children's home in Bryan, TX) … Participated in Aggies Can, a canned food drive in the Bryan/College Station area; Helper at King Ranch (weekend camp for children with disabilities) … Volunteered at Creekview Elementary Summer Day Camp; Member of Adopt-a-Mile cleanup crew … Visited schools that participate in a reading program in the Brazos Valley … Helped run a basketball camp at Lincoln Center for underprivileged youth; Participated in the "Nothing but Nets" program to help raise awareness and money for mosquito nets to fight malaria in Africa.
Eric McClellan– Vanderbilt Fr. | G | 6-4 | 180 | Austin, Texas
McClellan volunteers at Vanderbilt Children's Hospital on a constant basis ... Participated in the SAAC Holiday Party for underprivileged children ... Also a frequent visitor to the Stallworth Rehabilitation Hospital on the Vanderbilt campus.

subset: commoncrawl


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FLIGHT AND GROUND TRAINING: Am I High Aviation, LLC is a flight and ground training facility located at the Stevens Point Municipal Airport (KSTE). We specialize in accelerated training in your plane or ours: 14 days for the Private Pilot Certificate, 7 days for the Instrument rating. For those customers who cannot schedule 7 to 14 consecutive days, we can work on any schedule that fits your specific needs.
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Terminator 2: Judgement Day Skynet Edition (US - BD RA)
Gabe has another T2 review for you guys, just in case two wasn't enough...
Reviewer's Confession: I'm pretty sure we've all seen Terminator 2: Judgment Day, and that no one is genuinely concerned with what I think about it (maybe my mother). If your reading this review you're probably just one of those fans that already owns the old Blu-ray release and are wondering if it's worth the re-buy. Well, I haven't seen the older release, and my Profile 1.0 player prevents me from watching most of the extras (which almost all appear to be available on the previous DVD releases). I'm also super busy with other reviews, so I'm going to do the ultimate in lazy and send you all to Chris Gould's UK review for the real down low the technical bits. It's the same disc, and he's frankly better at this kind of thing than me.
But hey, just in case fans were considering disliking me for this easy street approach I'll offer a few words on the film itself. T2 is a great popcorn film, without a monochrome of doubt. Strangely, despite its R-rated base, the film works best as teenage entertainment. The original film, which is the better film in almost every respect outside of technical achievements, is a dark, terrifying, and single minded chase film. It appealed to teenage boys, but it wasn't aimed at them. James Cameron took his familiar bigger and better approach for the sequel, then added an annoying kid lead (I even found him annoying when I was his age), and filled his mouth with dumbed down expositional dialogue. It's a kid's movie in every A-story aspect. Only Sarah Conner and Miles Dyson's B-stories equate anything beyond a twelve-year-old boy's most epic wish fulfilment fantasy. Not that there's anything wrong with a rock 'em sock 'em child's wish fulfilment story.
The unmistakably great aspects of the film are all in the narrative, which perfectly develops Cameron's rich and infinitely mineable mythology. T2 goes down in my book as one of the greater movie sequels because it continues the story so successfully, even if the basic plot retreads the first film (something Cameron so deftly avoided when he sequelized Ridley Scott's Aliens). The film's technical achievements don't impress as directly as they once did (hi-def really gives away some of those effects), but minus memories of the better digital effects that followed, things still stand up. Cameron's control of camera, motion, and editing are all still nearly perfect, and should still be studied by film students the world over. Sure, we could accuse Cameron of just ripping off early '90s John Woo, but that would be rude.
I do greatly regret not ever being able to experience Terminator 2 blindly in 1991. I was young enough that my parents still didn't let me see the film in theatres or the original film. I saw the movie only after reading the comic book tie-in (which includes all the stuff cut out of the Special Edition, by the way), and I had no concept of the first film's mythology. I'd loved to have been able to assume that Arnold was the villain and Patrick was a human sent back to protect him. I'd love to start over without the popular culture mind meld, and find out how good the film really is.
I'm going to make a few statements that might sound invariably negative, but I assure you they are not, and that this is truly a great, great looking high definition transfer. I was tricked by Chris' screencaps though; I was expecting a flawlessly executed transfer without a lick of grain. I was somewhat mislead. In fully lit scenes, especially the white halls of the mental hospital and the blue glow of Cyberdyne, the grain isn't quite so obvious, but the low-lit shots, especially outdoor shots, are pretty grainy to these eyes. Like so many other catalogue content Blu-ray releases this one is best for its superior colours, which are definitely cleaner, brighter, and more crisply separated than previous DVD versions. There's a sizable difference between this and the perfectly impressive Ultimate Edition and Extreme Edition DVD releases in detail levels, and sometimes this isn't a plus for suspension of disbelief (Arnold's stunt driver on the motorcycle has never been so obviously not Arnold). Still, I'll echo Marcus' comments in saying I'm not really all that impressed with the detail levels overall. Unlike a lot of hi-def releases with dated computer effects, the problem here isn't one of too much clarity in the effects in question, but an actual loss of definition in many of them.
But it's likely I'm so far behind on my reviews that everybody here knows more about this transfer than I do. Either way, check out the two UK reviews on this site for the real nitty-gritty on the transfer.
I'm actually a little surprised at how dated the sound design of the film is. It seems that countless revamps and remasters can only do so much to cover up nearly twenty years of non-modernity. As with my video quality comments though, this statement is not meant in a negative sense. Terminator 2 is almost twenty years old, and I like it to sound like it did (the film did take the sound effects editing Oscar after all). Modern action films are more aggressive and noisy than this one, which works for modern films, but can become overwhelming. T2 has some really memorable and pointed audio elements, and around them is relatively little, save maybe ambient wind or hum effects.
I've got a few minor quibbles that I believe have little or nothing to do with Cameron's initial intent. The dialogue track is a bit inconsistent in volume, especially for the expected level considering the surrounding audio. There are no points in where the dialogue is incomprehensible, but occasionally lead dialogue is too soft, while background chatter is unnaturally loud. Brad Fiedel's electronic score is nicely represented throughout all the channels (especially up front), but is a little thin in the LFE channel, and sometimes mixed a little low. The rest of the track fulfils any realistic audience expectations and requirements.
I'm still stuck with a Profile 1.0 player (does anyone have any job leads?), so I can't review even half the stuff on this disc. It makes me a worse reviewer, I know, but I'd probably still complain about the 2.0 enabled extras even if I had a player that could handle them. Picture in picture and branching extra options are great, but I personally find it rather tedious to have no other option for watching behind the scenes and interview footage. I appreciate the attempt at using the full breadth of Blu-ray technology, but mostly pine for the good old days (those days being just over ten years ago, making them not particularly old). Almost equally frustrating is the fact that more or less all of these extras were already available via the Ultimate and Extreme edition DVDs, and on top of that not all the extras are even here.
The first extra feature, I suppose, is the presence of multiple versions of the film. The 'seamless branching' isn't quite as seamless as I'd expect from Blu-ray, there were several brief pauses between versions. It's interesting to note that I no longer consider the Special Edition the ideal version of the film. The only two things that made it better are the CPU changing scene, and a brief couple of glimpses of the T1000 glitching out. Otherwise it's all pretty extraneous, unlike the long version of Cameron's The Abyss, which is the only way to see the film.
Both the Ultimate Edition twenty-six cast and crew member interview track, and the Extreme Edition Cameron and co-writer William Wisher commentary track are included here. The twenty-six man track was never particularly great because it's clearly not scene specific, and the interviews could be found elsewhere in the extra features (mixed into the PiP option here, apparently). The Cameron/Wisher track is more like it. Again, there's a lot of repeated material, but the scene specific nature makes a difference, and allows for the commentator's personality to make a difference. These tracks are augmented by a revamped version of the original trivia track, with added arrows to more easily specify what is being referred to by the text. Also included is the aforementioned PiP interview subject option, production data track (similar to the Trivia Track), 'Linked Data Modules' (which are all things included in the DVD versions, about half of which worked for me), a quiz mode (lame), and PiP screenplay and storyboards. None of the mini-games worked for me either.
Under the limited stuff one can access outside of the film are HD versions of the original teasers and trailers. It's kind of incredible to note that the only 'cannon' image of Terminator flesh generation is found in a teaser trailer. There are also two deleted scenes under 'Terminated Data' (03:15 HD), one of the T-1000 searching John's room, and a future coda. The scenes feature optional commentary.
Thumbs up to Terminator 2, the movie that made me believe that they shipped liquid nitrogen in bulk in tanker trucks—silly me. It's not a perfect film, or even as intelligent as I remember it being (though a great example of tight scripting), but it's surely a visceral achievement in simple kinetic filmmaking. This Blu-ray release isn't quite what I'm sure hard core fans were expecting from a special edition. The video isn't that much beyond the previous release (apparently, as I never saw the thing), and the extras are mostly only available as part of an 'in-movie' experience. Where's my damn retrospective documentary?
* Note: The above images are taken from the Blu-ray release and resized for the page.
Review by Gabriel Powers
Chris Gould Editor Join Date: May 2001 Location: United Kingdom Posts: 7,171
It's interesting that you mention the grain, because that's precisely what a lot of people have been claiming has been completely scrubbed out of existence (which it hasn't).
bradavon Member Join Date: April 2005 Location: United Kingdom Posts: 1,945
This release has definitely been softened over the previouus master, although overall it still looks a lot better. I'm comparing this with the German HD-DVD.
Chris Gould Editor Join Date: May 2001 Location: United Kingdom Posts: 7,171
It's the same master. It might look softer, but that could be a number of things (codec etc).
thedaz Member Join Date: November 2006 Location: Australia Posts: 279
It just looks like the same master with the softness knob dialled down.
So all things considered, which has the best quality picture?
So all things considered, which has the best quality picture?
Blue-Kal-El Member Join Date: October 2006 Location: United States Posts: 602
It's a great transfer for a great movie...nice review...
liono86 Member Join Date: June 2006 Location: United States Posts: 258
I'm not sure whether to get this version or the other bluray version which shows the original artwork on it for a few bucks less.
Sam Spade Member Join Date: January 2007 Location: United States Posts: 2,032
My favorite Terminator movies and the only sequel that exists to me.
Gabe Powers Editor Join Date: September 2004 Location: United States Posts: 4,719
Terminator Salvation was a bore, but I still have a soft spot for elements of part 3. The first one's perfect though.
bradavon Member Join Date: April 2005 Location: United Kingdom Posts: 1,945
liono86 wrote: I'm not sure whether to get this version or the other bluray version which shows the original artwork on it for a few bucks less.
I'll presume you mean the USA BD. That one only has the theatrical cut. AV aside, it depends which you prefer.
All the Euro BDs/HDs feature only the Special Edition, except the French version and the new UK SE.
Chris Gould wrote: It's the same master. It might look softer, but that could be a number of things (codec etc).
That's what I meant sorry. I tend to overuse the word master, too loosely.
I'll presume you mean the USA BD. That one only has the theatrical cut. AV aside, it depends which you prefer.
All the Euro BDs/HDs feature only the Special Edition, except the French version and the new UK SE.
Chris Gould wrote: It's the same master. It might look softer, but that could be a number of things (codec etc).
That's what I meant sorry. I tend to overuse the word master, too loosely.
iconoclast Member Join Date: November 2006 Location: United States Posts: 264
I really love all the Terminator movies (even the third one, though to a lesser degree). I just think the mythology is brilliant, I really can't get enough of it (which is why I love the show too). It really is a shame that Salvation is probably going to be the last one, cuz I was really hoping to see and actual end to the story (or beginning since it would have been Reese being sent back).
old painless Member Join Date: February 2008 Location: United Kingdom Posts: 81
i got the terminator head with the skynet edition check it out in my video
Worst Nightmare Senior Member Join Date: July 2002 Location: Australia Posts: 6,716
It really sounds like wait for another cleaned up release...
Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian
Disc Details
Release Date: 19th June 2009
Discs: 1
Disc Type: Blu-ray Disc
RCE: No
Video: 1080p
Aspect: 2.35:1
Anamorphic: No
Colour: Yes
Audio: DTS-HD Master Audio 6.1 English, Dolby Digital EX English, Dolby Surround French, Dolby Headphone 2.0 English, Dolby Digital Discriptive Track
Subtitles: English SDH, French and Spanish
Extras: Audio Commentaries, BonusView PiP, Deleted Scenes, Trailers, BD-Live
Easter Egg: No
Feature Details
Director: James Cameron
Cast: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, Edward Furlong, Robert Patrick
Genre: Action, Adventure and Sci-Fi
Length: 156 minutes
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Hoping someone here has some experience with this issue...
I just purchased a used Coolscan III LS30. Ive tried to install on a WinXP SP2 machine and a Win98SE machine. Neither machine sees the scanner (Plug & Play does not initiate). When I try to install the hardware manually Windows rejects any .INF file I point it to (have tried dozens of times). It says the info for my hardware is not there.
On both machines I installed the SCSI host adapter that came with the scanner and I downloaded and installed the current Nikon Scan software version. The software seems to be working properly but I get a message that it is unable to find any active devices. Also, I tried Vuescan which does not find the scanner either. On the both machines I downloaded and installed the necessary ASPI layer.
I don't know what firmware version is currently in the scanner. I have downloaded the latest firmware but cannot install it since my computers don't communicate with the scanner yet.
The scanner came with two scsi cables so have tried them both. The scanner is the only device on this port and I have set the termination to "On", but also tried with "Off" just for good measure. The scanner powers up and makes usual scanner types of starting noises.
Just can't get the machines to find or recognize the scanner so I can install the hardware. Please help! Thanks in advance.


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The hype around social media just keeps growing and growing. The problem is that many small businesses jump on the bandwagon without even analyzing whether or not it will be a waste of time for them.
So how much time do small businesses really spend on social media platforms?
This infographic from VerticalResponse attempts to answer that question...
Via Lauren Moss, Brian Yanish - MarketingHits.com


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Centerpoint Energy Gas Transmission Company
Sixth Revised Volume No. 1
Contents / Previous / Next / Main Tariff Index
Effective Date: 02/28/2003, Docket: RP03-239-000, Status: Effective
Original Sheet No. 470 Original Sheet No. 470 : Effective
14.1 Invoicing and Payment.
(a) Transporter shall have the right to invoice Shipper each
Month (as may be adjusted for invoicing or measurement cycle
purposes) for all purposes on the basis of nominated
quantities or estimated quantities, provided that
adjustments shall be made to such quantities in subsequent
Months' invoicing based on actual quantities, as
appropriate. Transporter's invoices will be prepared no
later than nine (9) Business Days after the close of each
Service Month. At Shipper's option, Transporter shall
submit invoices to Shipper electronically. To exercise such
option, unless Transporter otherwise agrees, Shipper must
give Transporter thirty (30) Days' written notice to
effectuate electronic invoicing. Additionally, upon thirty
(30) Days' notice provided via posting on Transporter's
Internet Web Site, Transporter may require Shippers to
receive invoices and/or provide communications regarding
invoices electronically via the Internet. Shipper must also
execute any electronic access agreement which may be
required by Transporter for such purpose. In any Month,
Transporter may submit to Shipper separate invoices for
applicable charges and fees related to service provided for
Shipper under this Tariff (including, but not limited to,
invoices for fixed charges, e.g., Reservation Charges, at
any time during the applicable Service Month; invoices for
variable charges, e.g., commodity, usage and overrun
charges; and invoices for penalties). In the event that
conduct by Shipper under a Service Agreement or the
provisions of this Tariff constitutes a violation of its
obligations thereunder such that Shipper would incur more
than one penalty for the same act or failure to act,
Transporter will charge, and Shipper shall pay, in addition
to any amounts due under Section 5.7, only the total penalty
charges applicable to the conduct or action yielding the
highest dollar amount.
(b) Payment of all invoiced amounts shall be due and received by
Transporter in accordance with Transporter's instructions
within ten (10) Days after the date of the invoice, unless


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SPOKANE VALLEY, Wash. — The Washington Agriculture and Forestry Education Foundation hopes to recruit more people — and funding — to continue its tradition of training industry leaders.
Nearly 1,000 people have graduated from the program, and the foundation hopes to raise $5 million by its 40th anniversary in 2018 to build an endowment to keep the program sustainable.
The foundation is beginning to recruit its 37th class. Applications are due April 30,and the class will begin in October. Each year, the foundation interviews 40 to 50 candidates, picking about half.
"We're trying to build more statesman leaders, because that's what we've found is sorely lacking in some of the leadership these days," said Dave Roseleip, president and executive director of the foundation. "People are less concerned about governing for the benefit of the community and the industry. We're trying to build people who think more broadly and are able to build relationships and come up with good solutions."
The typical class size is 24. Participants' ages range from 25 to 55, and the average age is 38, Roseleip said.
The participant pays $6,000 over the 18 months of the program. The remainder of the $21,000 cost comes from 700 donors.
The program includes 12 three-day seminars on topics that include government, economics, water issues, the criminal justice system and the environment.
"We try to keep up with what the leading issues are in the industry, and we bring in the leaders to speak to our groups," Roseleip said.
Travel seminars include two weeks in a foreign country — Portugal and Spain this year — and a week in Washington, D.C.
Roughly 60 percent of participants come from production agriculture, while the other 40 percent are from related fields or agencies.
Roseleip would like to recruit more participants from the dairy and livestock industries.
"Our alumni who go through the program make it their business to recruit other people, because they found it very valuable to go through themselves," Roseleip said.
Quincy, Wash., potato farmer Melva Calloway said many of her neighbors went through the program and encouraged her to participate.
"It's a great opportunity to work on some great skills and be able to communicate more effectively with the people you encounter every day," Calloway said.
Since participating in the 34th class, Calloway has been able to work with political leaders and others who have visited her farm.
"We try to stay focused on what's my message, what do I want people to know about what I do, what's important to my industry and business," she said. "We're a family farm, we're always promoting ourselves so people have a better understanding of what we're about."


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BLACKSBURG, Va. – There's a saying out there that says "records are made to be broken."
Well, that must have been exactly what the Virginia Commonwealth University track & field program was thinking on the first day of the Virginia Tech Indoor Challenge. The Rams broke two records and grabbed eight top-five finishes amongst elite level competition.
"We've been working hard with this particular meet on our mind," Head Coach Jon Riley said. "This is a great start to what we hope continues to be a good weekend for VCU Track."
Sophomore standout Dionna Hayes (pictured, right) highlighted the day with a blistering time of 7.48 in the 60-meter dash, which broke a seven-year old school record of Shaunette Davey (7.53) and earned her a victory in the event. The Bowie, Md. Native wasn't done as she also won the 200-meter dash with a time of 24.80, which marked a personal best.
Junior Rachel Montague was the other Ram to etch her name in the school-record book as she clocked a time of 8.85 in the preliminary round of the 60-meter hurdles. Her time broke a six-year old record of Pia Ruth, who clocked in at 8.88 in 2005. Montague went on to finish in the top-eight in the finals of the event.
The Rams took home two top-five finishes in the long jump on the women's side with junior Jazlynn Finney (19' 4 ¾")and freshman Niaimani Aduma (18' 9 ¾") both placing among ACC competition in the event. Finney also clocked a personal-best in the 200-meter with a time of 24.90
Freshman Justine Dutton rounded out the top-five finishers on the women's side as she cleared 10' 11 ¾" in the pole vault.
Senior Antonio Norvell starred on the men's side with a leap of 23' 3 ½" in the long jump, good for third-place and an ECAC-qualifying mark.
Freshman Eric Zwarycz (pictured, left) cleared 13' 7 ¼" in the pole vault to earn a top-five finish for the Black & Gold.
The Rams are back in action on Saturday as they wrap up a long weekend at the prestigious Virginia Tech Indoor Challenge.


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Homer L. Dodge Citation for Distinguished Service to AAPT will be Presented to Paul J. Heafner
College Park, MD, April 2, 2014—AAPT has announced that Paul J.(Joe) Heafner will receive the association's Homer L. Dodge Citation for Distinguished Service to AAPT during the 2014 Summer Meeting in Minneapolis, MN.
Heafner is Instructor of Astronomy and Physics at Catawba Valley Community College. He earned his Master of Science degree in Physics at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and his BA in Astronomy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
An AAPT member since 2000, Heafner has been active in the North Carolina Section, and has served on the AAPT Committee on Space Science and Astronomy, chairing the committee in 2013. He served on the Programs Committee in 2013 and is an active member of the Committee on Physics in Two-year Colleges.
Heafner has volunteered to serve on the Social Media Engagement Team helping to tweet information about AAPT's recent meetings as well as presenting workshops and papers at numerous AAPT and NCS-AAPT conferences.
When being notified of this honor, Heafner said, " I'm speechless……..but in a good way! Thank you very much."
About the Homer L. Dodge Citation for Distinguished Service to AAPT
About AAPT
For more information: Contact Marilyn Gardner, Director of Communications, email@example.com, (301) 209-3306, (301) 209-0845 (Fax), www.aapt.org.


text:
Court Hands Down Heavy Sentence but Former Italy Premier Promises to Appeal 'Incredible' Verdict
MILAN—Former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi was sentenced Monday to seven years in jail and banned for life from public office by an Italian court that convicted him of paying for sex with an underage woman and then abusing his power in trying to cover it up.
Lawyers for Mr. Berlusconi, who has denied all the charges, said they would appeal the conviction. Even if it were upheld, Mr. Berlusconi, who is 76 years old, is unlikely to go to jail because Italian law allows for house arrest for those over the age of 70....