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Secondly, I wonder if more DR is not perceived as a lack of realistic contrast.
I'd need to have an E-M5 to tell. I am sure that there is a great progress in terms of sensitivity, but I am not convinced that at base ISO you don't have artefacts due to denoising.
The trouble I see is that engineers are always pushed ahead by marketing, who probably don't give them the time to improve a new sensor.
That also means that the second or third implementation of a sensor is better optimised, as noted in the case of the E-450. I sold the 620 because I found more noise at base ISO than in the 410.
If this theory is true the sweet spot of the new sensor should be around 400-800 ISO, but with more native noise at base ISO.


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Style # 206612
Soft knit and sheer mesh stripes make this V-neck bebe sweater a luxe way to punch up your fall wardrobe. Features Swarovski crystal logo at front and front and back V-neckline.
- 80% rayon, 10% nylon, 5% spandex, 5% metallic.
- Center back to hem: 23" (58 cm).
- Hand wash.
- Imported.
- Model is 5'9" and is wearing a US size S.
Rated 5 out of 5�by 2 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5�by Tami Great sweater.. Fitted and thin to wear coat over if needed I like fitted to show off waist.. This does it nicely.. And can be worn dressy with slacks or with jeans. December 15, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5�by Kaye27 love it I love the gold and the white together. I thought the sweater was gonna be a little longer but thats ok b/c I love it. And I love that its kinda thin and not real thick cuz I get hot really easy November 2, 2012
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subset: commoncrawl


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Seven Bridges - Amsterdam Holland Landscape Print
Seven Bridges - Amsterdam Holland
At night Seven Bridges is a spot for lovers and passers by to enjoy the beautiful sight of seven bridges crossing the canal. The newest addition to our product range is our stunning glass prints. All prints are prepared on archival grade metallic satin paper which is then permanently fused to a piece of toughened glass.
About our Prints
We offer a unique and bespoke service, producing all prints to order. This means you get exactly what you need to bring beauty, inspiration or memories into your home or office.
All our prices are fully inclusive of shipping, handling and insurance within Australia. There are additional shipping fees for international delivery. We do not ship framed prints internationally. However both our glass and unframed prints can be shipped worldwide.
There are three key options:
Our most economical offering starting at just $19.99 there is an option to suit all spaces and budgets. We go up to a massive 36x48 inches in unframed.
Our master printer is one of Australia's most awarded printers ensuring that you get stunning artworks that are true to colour and spectacular every time.
We utilise the same printing mediums as our unframed prints but take the hassle out of finding a quality framer to complete the job for you. Each print is custom framed using our highly experienced framing partner here in the Hunter Valley.
Art on Glass (Glass Prints)
Art on Glass is a spectacular way to have your favourite artwork. These are produced using the highest quality materials and permanently fixed to 6mm toughened glass. Easy to hang with full instructions and mounting kit, they will be the talking point of any home or office.
Shipped safely worldwide these are our most popular product.
How to order
Choose your product type --> Unframed, Framed or Art on Glass
Choose your size
Choose options where applicable (only on some products and sizes)
Choose your shipping destination --> Australia, US/Canada, Rest of the world
The hit the green "BUY NOW" button
Complete at checkout
Production time on Framed and Art on Glass prints is 2-3 weeks, Unframed prints are usually 1 week. Shipping is 4-6 days with international deliveries usually 7-10 days.
We will be in touch to confirm shipping details.
Our Promise
We know you will love having our art on your wall. If, for any reason, you don't love it, let us know within 60 days. We will either fix the problem to your satisfaction or give you a full refund.
Every Artwork includes
- Your artwork is hand signed and named individually by artist John Lechner
- Certificate of Authenticity and Valuation
- Your stunning artwork delivered safely to your door, fully inclusive
- Shipping insurance with no risk or cost to you if something goes wrong in transit
If you have any questions at all please get in touch with our artist, John, direct.
Email email@example.com
Phone +61 449 105 295


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Latest Features
NHL Game Night: 1-20-12 Lightning at Stars
Streaking Lightning extinguish Stars. (Cliche headlines are fun.)
Mathieu Garon allowed 1 goal on 28 shots for the victory. He shook off a little collision in the middle of the game to handle his business.
First Period
TB Purcell (10), (St. Louis, Gervais), 18:48
Second Period
Third Period
DAL Wandell (3), (Eriksson), 1:22
TB Purcell (11), (St. Louis, Lecavalier), 3:36
Teddy Purcell and Martin St. Louis were the game's first and second stars.
Karri Lehtonen saved the Stars from getting blown out early. The Lightning played one of their best periods of the season in the first, and their puck movement on the power play, in particular, was dazzling. They deserved to have a bigger lead going into the third and it was a relief that they held onto their 1 goal margin.
Brett Connolly had 4 penalty minutes in 6:28 and they were kind of lazy penalties. Bad rookie. Bad.
Trevor Smith had 2 hits in 4:41. Norfolk would like to clone him and send one of the two back to them right now.
Pierre-Cedric Labrie had 4 hits and a fight in 6:01. For those of you who were making a point to exalt Blair Jones' physical play even though he was averaging 1 hit a night: this is the kind of a stat line a 4th line lumberjack needs to put up. Keep chopping wood, Pierre-Cedric. He showed some nice technique on the short punches in close quarters at the start of the brawl with Nystrom.
Box score and extended statistics from NHL.com.
- 1270 reads
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My baby wasn't sleeping through the night with lots of fussiness and tummy gas. I just gave him babies magic tea two times in the night and he finally started sleeping through the night. It's an herbal and preservative-free organic supplement.
Why is my daughter not sleeping through the night anymore?
I had my baby give up some of her naps during the day and made her work her muscles and mind more. Basically, I wore her out, Also, I added a little bit of rice in her last bottle at night so she would stay fuller longer.
If she is a baby, especially around 4-6 months old, she might be hungry and ready for solid foods or a more varied diet with more protiens in the evenings.
Teething pain can also wake babies up at night even if they don't notice it during the day. My pediatrician recommended to us giving a dose of ibprofen immediately before bed every night from when our son first started teething untill he had cut most of his teeth,
Toddlers or pre-schoolers might just be ready to give up some nap time. I found that when my boys where still on a two nap schedule elimatling the afternoon nap and then slowly pushing back the morning nap into the afternoon seemed to work best. That way when we first changed they were the most sleeply in the evenings.
The most difficult reason your daughter might be getting up is that she is nervous about something. My 3-year-old started getting up and wanting to sleep with us when my baby bump started showing over the summer. It got even worse when his older brother started Kindergarten in August. Because this is very uncharacteristic of him we have been generally sympathetic of him with this. We encorage him to go back to his bed, but will let him sleep on the floor if he wants to. We are counting on this passing after the baby is born next week and he has some time to adjust to all the changes.
How old is she? My little boy was fantastic by 6 weeks old he was probably sleeping through the night 4-5 nights a week, and I understand I was extremely lucky (hopefully lucky again for the next one that will be here in a little under 2 weeks).
But, when he got a little older he would wake up and its hard doing tough love (controlled crying) they call it something different now I believe. But I think when he had teeth coming through he would wake and most importantly... my mum said to me she didn't believe he needed a day sleep anymore - so eventually this was dropped out, sometimes he would need a day sleep but since then he hasn't really woken up unless his routine is interrupted like if we go away for the weekend. I am not a strict 'routine keeper' but something different this time last year would cause him to wake.
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Steve Moore confirms he has accepted settlement
"The legal case for the loss of my NHL career is over," former NHLer Steve Moore announced on Thursday.
Ten years after being attacked by Todd Bertuzzi during a regular-season NHL game, a settlement has been reached between Moore, Bertuzzi, and Bertuzzi's team, the Vancouver Canucks.
The settlement's terms are confidential but Moore had been seeking $68 million in damages.
Then a rookie forward for the Colorado Avalanche, Moore has not played an NHL game since the infamous March 2004 incident which saw Bertuzzi punch him from behind.
The legal case for the loss of my NHL career is over. I have accepted a settlement agreement which has now been finalized and signed by all the parties.
This day comes with mixed emotions. I am extremely thankful for the compassion and encouragement of so many people over the past decade. These years have been very difficult for me and my family. The injuries I sustained in my rookie year, the years I spent trying to return to my NHL career, and dealing with the loss of my career and the ensuing legal case, have been long and trying experiences. While nothing replaces the loss of one's dream, I am happy my family will no longer be burdened by an unresolved legal case, and I am grateful to be able to move forward.
I thank the fans and the public who have supported me so passionately and tirelessly, not just across Canada, and the U.S., but around the world – your support has meant more than you can imagine. I thank the people who supported me in this legal case; your courage, and integrity are an inspiration. I thank former Chief Justice of Ontario Warren Winkler for helping with this settlement. Finally, I thank my friends, and especially my family, for your unwavering love and devotion which kept me going over these last ten years.
I look forward to continuing to bring more attention and resources to the prevention and treatment of concussions and other head and neck injuries in sport, through The Steve Moore Foundation (www.stevemoorefoundation.org).
While my own hockey career was cut short, my love for the game has never diminished.
Thank you.
Steve Moore


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- Ryder Cup
Clarke rules himself out of Ryder Cup race
Darren Clarke is out of the running to be Europe's Ryder Cup captain, saying he wants to concentrate on his golf.
The decision by the 2011 Open champion was not a surprise after hinting last week he might withdraw. But with Clarke advising the European Tour's tournament committee of his decision, it makes it a two-man race ahead of the vote in Abu Dhabi later on Tuesday.
The favourite for the job is Paul McGinley, who faces a late challenge from former captain Colin Montgomerie.
On Tuesday, McGinley received the backing of world No. 1 Rory McIlroy, who has aggressively campaigned for the 46-year-old Irishman and raised concerns about Montgomerie leading the team for a second time.
Other players, including third-ranked Luke Donald, have also endorsed McGinley.
Clarke said he informed Thomas Bjorn, chairman of the players committee, that he did not "want to be considered for the Ryder Cup captaincy in 2014."
The Northern Irishman hinted at renewed hopes of qualifying for the competition as a player.
"It was not a spur of the moment decision," Clarke said. "I have been agonising over what to do since I showed a few glimpses of my old form in Thailand and Australia at the end of last year."
This article originally appeared on ESPN.com


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Explore Other Industries
Latest update: June, 2018
Last Updated: July 03, 2018
Last Updated: June, 2018
India is the largest provider of generic drugs globally. Indian pharmaceutical sector industry supplies over 50 per cent of global demand for various vaccines, 40 per cent of generic demand in the US and 25 per cent of all medicine in UK.
India enjoys an important position in the global pharmaceuticals sector. The country also has a large pool of scientists and engineers who have the potential to steer the industry ahead to an even higher level. Presently over 80 per cent of the antiretroviral drugs used globally to combat AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) are supplied by Indian pharmaceutical firms.
The pharmaceutical sector was valued at US$ 33 billion in 2017. The country's pharmaceutical industry is expected to expand at a CAGR of 22.4 per cent over 2015–20 to reach US$ 55 billion. India's pharmaceutical exports stood at US$ 17.27 billion in 2017-18 and are expected to reach US$ 20 billion by 2020.
Indian companies received 304 Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) approvals from the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) in 2017. The country accounts for around 30 per cent (by volume) and about 10 per cent (value) in the US$ 70-80 billion US generics market.
India's biotechnology industry comprising bio-pharmaceuticals, bio-services, bio-agriculture, bio-industry and bioinformatics is expected grow at an average growth rate of around 30 per cent a year and reach US$ 100 billion by 2025. Biopharma, comprising vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics, is the largest sub-sector contributing nearly 62 per cent of the total revenues at Rs 12,600 crore (US$ 1.89 billion).
The Union Cabinet has given its nod for the amendment of the existing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy in the pharmaceutical sector in order to allow FDI up to 100 per cent under the automatic route for manufacturing of medical devices subject to certain conditions.
The drugs and pharmaceuticals sector attracted cumulative FDI inflows worth US$ 15.59 billion between April 2000 and December 2017, according to data released by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).
Some of the recent developments/investments in the Indian pharmaceutical sector are as follows:
Some of the initiatives taken by the government to promote the pharmaceutical sector in India are as follows:
Medicine spending in India is expected to increase at 9-12 per cent CAGR between 2018-22 to US$ 26-30 billion, driven by increasing consumer spending, rapid urbanisation, and raising healthcare insurance among others.
Going forward, better growth in domestic sales would also depend on the ability of companies to align their product portfolio towards chronic therapies for diseases such as such as cardiovascular, anti-diabetes, anti-depressants and anti-cancers that are on the rise.
The Indian government has taken many steps to reduce costs and bring down healthcare expenses. Speedy introduction of generic drugs into the market has remained in focus and is expected to benefit the Indian pharmaceutical companies. In addition, the thrust on rural health programmes, lifesaving drugs and preventive vaccines also augurs well for the pharmaceutical companies.
Exchange Rate Used: INR 1 = US$ 0.0155 as on March 30, 2018
Disclaimer: This information has been collected through secondary research and IBEF is not responsible for any errors in the same.
Last Updated: July 03, 2018
Indian pharma company have won around 40 per cent of all Abbreviated New Drug Approval (ANDA) from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between j...
Fintech, i.e. the technology that enables banking and financial services, is a very fast growing space in India, especially for the start-up domain. Fintechs are offering...
The Indian technology start-up domain is proudly placed at the fourth largest position in the world. The industry was sized at US$ 35 billion in FY18. Last decade saw eme...
Textiles have been one of the oldest and largest industries in India historically, second only to agriculture, and it generates jobs for millions of people. The current e...
Today is the most opportune time for India to revolutionise its science and technology ecosystem. The size of our economy provides the capital, manpower and market to inv...
Daimler India Commercial Vehicle has been able to create a space for its offerings in the already crowded domestic commercial vehicle market. Erich Nesselhauf, MD C...
TUV Rheinland India is a subsidiary of the TUV Rheinland Group, Germany. As part of the India, Middle East, Africa Asia Pacific Group, it caters to the Indian marke...
Netmed.com (India ki pharmacy), is an online portal for medicines where one can upload the prescription, order medicines, and get them delivered at the doorstep. The company came into being in 2015 and since then it is trying to make all the modern medicines available and affordable for all with a hybrid inventory/marketplace model...
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Alliance Theological Seminary Finances
Student Loans
Federal Financial Aid is available to graduate students in the form of loans. This type of financial aid helps cover school expenses, including tuition, fees, books, supplies, and transportation. Students are required to file a FAFSA in order to be eligible for any federal aid. Once you have submitted your FAFSA and you have been accepted to Nyack your Award Letter will inform you of what you are eligible to receive.
Please note: Students and Parents are advised that if they enter into a Title IV Federal loan, the loan data will be submitted to the National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS), and will be accessible by guaranty agencies, lenders, and institutions determined to be authorized users of the data system. NSLDS information can be accessed here.
Direct Stafford Loans
Contact Financial Aid:
Rockland Office: (845)770-5772
NYC Office: (646)378-6191
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Tuition and Fees
Cost/credit: $585
ATS Financial Links
ATS Grants & Scholarships
Looking to save money on your NYACK education? You may be eligible for one of our many grants and scholarships!


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Hello everyone. I'm new here and any help is greatly appreciated!
I'm pretty sure im on the right track, but I normally don't work on furnaces so I just want to make sure I'm not overlooking something obvious. I got a call from a friend whose furnace was acting up. When the t-stat calls for heat the inducer motor starts up, pressure switch proves, then the ignitor proceeds to try to light the pilot. It takes several tries for the pilot to stay lit. The pilot itself looks weak but eventually stays lit and the flame prover sends voltage the the main gas valve. The main burners fire up and either go out right away or they will stay on for less than a minute then go out. I suspected a dirty or bad flame sensor so i checked for voltage at the gas valve. The MGV remains energized for 2 to 3 seconds after the burners go out so i eliminated the flame prover as the problem. I think the gas valve is bad, but I want to be for sure before I start replacing parts. Should I check the gas pressure? I also noticed there was a pilot adjusting screw on the MGV . Then again I was thinking the main burners might need cleaned out or something. What do you guys think?


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Online ticket options for movies growBy MELANIE PLENDA
Special to The Union Leader
April 21. 2013 9:55PM
There is a question on Yahoo Answers from 2008 asking if it's possible to pre-order tickets to a movie online. At the time there was only one answer mentioning the then little known site Fandango.com and an assurance from the writer that the site was legit.
Just five years later, the options for purchasing movie tickets abound and include not only online options but ordering by phone and using mobile aps. According to a report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc., roughly $13.72 Billion is expected to be spent by consumers online by 2017.
And while this trend is meant to relieve box office lines and make life a little easier going to the movies, in addition to the $1 to $2 convenience fee, the online ticketing process can get confusing and isn't always available to everyone.
Dominating the online market are MovieTickets.com and Fandango.com, but individual theaters also offer online tickets sales. And that's where it got a little sticky for Debbie Viem, 51, of Manchester. Viem said she recently purchased a Fandango gift card at a local chain drug store for her brother as a gift only to find out, he wasn't going to be able to use it.
"The closest (Fandango) theater was Tyngsborough, Mass.," Viem said. "So I basically lost money, because there's no theater around here. .I think it's very misleading."
Basically Fandango.com is a third-party ticket seller. Meaning, a person can go to the site, buy movie tickets and use the tickets at the theater. However, the gift cards cannot be used at the theater. Taking a Fandango card to a theater would be like trying to use a Shaw's gift card at a Market Basket, for example. So though these gift cards are sold at major retailers throughout the state, very few New Hampshire theaters use Fandango to sell tickets.
"They'll have on there our listing and our times, but we don't sell tickets through them," said Lacee Donohoe, general manager for O'Neil Cinemas in Londonderry. "We use our own web site to tell our tickets."
So for theaters who choose to do their online ticketing through Fandango, the card can be used to purchase tickets in New Hampshire. For those theaters that do the ticketing themselves or through another online place, the cards cannot be used. And that's the problem, said Viem, most theaters in New Hampshire don't do the ticketing through them.
And some places never will, Donohoe said primarily because it costs the theater extra money.
"I don't think we will. We're pretty happy with our ticketing system," she said. "I don't know that all the theaters aren't using them, but I think it's just smaller chains haven't linked up with them yet."


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Re: On home page of website what do you think is most important??amyg May 3, 2012 3:39 PM (in response to suzy.hurt)
Suzy, I'm not a web designer but I've learned a bit or two along the way with several site overhauls. On your landing (home) page, search engines like keywords and metadata but humans get overwhelmed by lots of clutter. I'm a fan of clean, simple navigation...a few excellent photos (larger is better)...and a call to action on every page of your site. As a page visitor, I don't want to be bored to tears with blocks of copy that run on and on--sometimes below the fold. Many people are looking at dozens of properties during the search process. So find a happy medium with copy--keep it to-the-point and keyword rich. Some carefully chosen superlatives are all you need to add some spice.
I don't think I can narrow down my answer to any one of your choices because it takes several elements to create a good home page. Just do everything very well (photos, text, navigation, call to action) and in moderation.
Re: On home page of website what do you think is most important??quality.estates.costa.brava May 9, 2012 5:24 AM (in response to suzy.hurt)
Hi Suzy
I must Agree with the above advice from arnyg.
People don´t like to read, but the search engines recognise the text and keywords that you have on your landing page. Keep this in mind, make a short description of what it is you do, who are, and easily direct people to the appropriate information they are searching for.
Take a look at what we have done, maybe you can get some ideas, though this too is always a work in progress.
Re: On home page of website what do you think is most important??lrbaldwin May 9, 2012 6:01 AM (in response to suzy.hurt)
What my renters have told me were most important when they chose our cottage:
1. Lots of GOOD CURRENT pictures. I have a clickable floor plan for that.
2. Reviews. Before VRBO I had a link to reviews that I copied from our guest book. Now I have a link to the VRBO reviews on our listing.
3. One of the biggest is the list of improvements we've done each year since we bought it.
You can see our Chatterbox Too .
Re: On home page of website what do you think is most important??loscuatrotulipanes May 9, 2012 7:34 AM (in response to suzy.hurt)
Great thread! Here's my abbreviated list..
- Large, clear, slideshow of professional-grade photos of your property and surrounding area
- Simple color scheme: do not use more than 3 colors
- Uniform font and font size
- Call to action: may be a contact form, phone number, reservations calender. Needs to be top front and center
- Not too much text: let your images do the talking and try to use (max) 1 paragraph of exlpaning
- One menu: simple and predictable menu on top bar or left hand side bar (don't try to get creative here)
- Your logo/identity: explain first and foremost what you are selling (ie. "3-Bedroom Ski Cottage For Rent")
- Outbound links: so many people put links to other websites but this is counteracting your reservation process
- Translation: The option to switch languages if your location is relevant
I actually just did a video seminar about this topic. So many people focus on getting users to their website: yet they forget that traffic is only one half of the equation. Once you figure out how to convert more traffic on your homepage, you'll see more bookings guaranteed. This is nice because it requires no additional investment: just making the most out of what you already have.
Re: On home page of website what do you think is most important??thaxterlane May 9, 2012 8:13 AM (in response to suzy.hurt)
My website likely goes against every rule . . . . yet it appears to be successful and I have been complimented on the range of information I have included.
But, I would recommend a simple homepage, to start, which includes one to three pictures of your home, the location of your home within the town or resort (without giving an address), and a description of the key features of your home.
Photos are vital because, in my opinion, they will draw the visitor into the website; poor photos are likely to discourage the visitor from exploring further.
The location is important if your town or resort has naturall or other features visitors may want to be near. For example, if it is an ocean or lake rental - which beaches, parks, etc is it near and is it a walk or bike ride to the beach or park?
A brief description of the property would also be appropriate for the homepage including how many people your property sleeps, number of bedrooms and baths, description of kitchen, and any features you believe will attract guests.
You can build links to additional pages into your homepage and encourage people to explore further information on pages such as availablity and rates, planning your visit, floorplans, "25 things to do", a blog to cover local events and news of interest to your guests, etc.
The majority of visitors to my website visit the homepage and the availability and rates page. The next most popular is the photo album (70+ photos of the interior and exterior of my home and places of interest in our locale). The remaining pages are rarely visited, but I believe the detailed information on the other pages does demonstrate my commitment to my guests. Luckily, these pages don't require much updating.
I would encourage you to think about your target audience. Do you rent to many first time visitors or do your guests have some familiarity with the location? Do you rent to adults/couples, families, etc? Is your home casual or luxury? What type of information would YOU need to consider your home/location?
I think the best advice I can give based on my own website, and as a traveler renting homes for my family, is to keep the homepage simple. Use links to other pages to provide a visitor with as much or as little informaiton as they would like. The photos, location, and description of your home/area should be sufficient to acquaint a visitor with your home but will not inundate them with too much information that doesn't enter the preliminaty decision making.
Good luck!


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SANTA MONICA, Calif. (AP) — Once referred to as the "people's republic of Santa Monica" because of its socially conscious government, the Los Angeles coastal suburb now wants to find out whether its citizens are feeling groovy.
The Los Angeles Times (http://lat.ms/TZMI49) says Santa Monica officials are seeking a grant to create the nation's first municipal well-being index.
City officials and Rand Corp. researchers propose tracking the physical health, social connectedness and community resilience of residents.
Santa Monica made the proposal in hopes of winning a $5 million Bloomberg Philanthropies grant. It's one of 20 Mayors Challenge finalists named last week.
The city has already completed a youth well-being study that found most students were healthy and felt safe at school.
Information from: Los Angeles Times, http://www.latimes.com


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With so many titles to choose from, Netflix Instant's library can be overwhelming. So we bring you this biweekly column as a tool to cut through the clutter by highlighting some now streaming titles that pair well with the latest theatrical releases.
Looking to Pacific Rim, V/H/S/2, and R.I.P.D. for inspiration, we've pulled together a selection of out of this world science-fiction, creepy contemporary horror, and outrageous action comedies.
Pacific Rim
In a not-so-distant future, mankind is forced to wage a war against a mighty threat risen from the deeps of the Pacific Ocean. When massive extraterrestrial monsters wreak havoc on the shore, we respond with gigantic robots that could battle them back to the rift they came from! Idris Elba, Charlie Hunnam, Rinko Kikuchi, and Charlie Day star; Guillermo del Toro directs. (Read our full review here.)
Space the final frontier is full of mystery, and potentially full of the greatest terrors mankind will ever know. Revel in the awesomeness of all of this with three action-packed movies with fearsome alien invaders at their center.
The Avengers (2012) Celebrate summer by revisiting the biggest hit of last summer! This superhero ensemble brought together Captain America, Thor, Hawkeye, Black Widow, The Hulk, and Iron Man for a live-action adventure that culminates in an epic New York City-set battle with a battalion of other worldly baddies led by the nefarious Loki. Robert Downey Jr, Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Jeremy Renner, and Scarlett Johansson; Joss Whedon directs.
Monsters (2010) For a space invaders story that's a little subtler, check out this standout indie set six years after a space probe crash in Mexico leads to an outbreak of giant multi-limbed beasts. This has forced the US to shut down the borders to keep out a different kind of alien. In this setting, a snarky American photojournalist (Scoot McNairy) is sent to rescue his affluent employer's AWOL daughter (Whitney Able). Together they have to make their way North while skirting the attention of the authorities and these giant extraterrestrials. Gareth Edwards-- who is helming the upcoming remake of Godzilla-- directs.
Super 8 (2011) Set in 1979, this Amblin-inspired adventure centers on six kids trying to make their own monster movie when they get entangled in a government cover-up. When a lost alien escapes the bonds of the government, one small town will pay big…unless a teen filmmaker can save the day. Joel Courtney, Elle Fanning, and Kyle Chandler co-stars; J.J. Abrams directs.


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EA's latest financial results are in. In it, the publisher commented on the pre-release buzz of both Dead Space 3 and Crysis 3.
Crysis 3 beta is pretty fun. The hunter mode is actually is really fun and induces a quickened heart rate.
i really hope im wrong but with the whole co-op & action oriented pace of Dead Space 3 i really see this series taking a nose dive after this one. I really hope im wrong cause i loved DS & DS2
Well EA ought to do well. Last year all I played was BF3, ME3, Fight Night(even though its not from alst year), Fifa 13 (dam everyone I know plays the shit outta this), SWTOR
Only non EA games besides some one-off plays were Diablo 3 and GW2.
If EA are able to steal my time then they're doing something right for sure.


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This morning I have a fun post featuring recent releases with Highlanders. I have an excerpt from Paula Quinn's latest book, as well as an interview with Sue-Ellen Welfonder. Please enjoy, and be sure to enter the awesome giveaway!
About THE SEDUCTION OF MISS AMELIA BELL
Edmund MacGregor will do anything to save Scotland from English rule-even kidnap Lady Amelia Bell for ransom. As the daughter of a duke and the chancellor's betrothed, she's the perfect pawn in this game. But from the moment he first lays eyes on his spirited captive, he can't resist stealing a kiss.
Lady Amelia's duty is to marry well, but that hasn't stopped her from fantasizing about true love. So when a sexy Scot appears in her home, she's beguiled. When he kidnaps her, she's furious. Yet as Edmund introduces her to a world of passion beyond her wildest dreams, can she leave her family behind for this handsome Highlander? And will Edmund risk the only true home he's ever known to capture the heart of this lovely lass?
What was left? Everything! Why was she saying all the wrong things today? Why were the two people she cared about forbidden? When he moved to turn away and leave her as Sarah had, she stopped him, taking hold of his arm. Forbidden had never stopped her before. She wouldn't let it now.
He turned and she looked up into his despairing gaze. Did he care for her?
She reached her hand up to his face and watched his lids close as she touched him.
"There is something between us, Edmund. It draws me to ye even when every thought in my head is shouting to keep my distance fer our hearts' sake. It tempts me to beg God that if this is a dream and I am still asleep at David's feet in my uncle's garden, never let me wake. I don't want to contemplate
my life. I want to live it."
She spread her thumb over his enticing mouth and inched closer toward it. "And all the pleasures of it. With ye. I know none of them and I want to learn with ye."
He pulled her in the rest of the way and covered her mouth with a hot, hungry kiss. She answered, rising up on the tips of her toes and plunging her fingers into his locks, then pulling him down to answer her passion. She felt engulfed in flames. Her nipples burned, as did the crux between her legs. Her lungs, too, so she didn't waste any breath speaking, except to say, "Take me inside."
About Paula Quinn
New York Times bestselling author Paula Quinn lives in New York with her three beautiful children, three over-protective chihuahuas, and a loud umbrella cockatoo. She loves to read romance and science fiction and has been writing since she was eleven. She loves all things medieval, but it is her love for Scotland that pulls at her heartstrings.
Learn more here:
[SEW] Thanks so much for hosting the tour today, Julie! It's great to be here and you asked some clever questions. I love that, so thanks! (also loved seeing you're a fellow animal lover)
[Manga Maniac Cafe] Thank you for taking the time to drop by and answer my questions! Describe yourself in five words or less.
[SEW] Loves Scotland, animals, books, quiet.
[Manga Maniac Cafe] What's one thing you won't leave home without?
[SEW] Water. (I live in most-times sunny and broiling southwest Florida)
[Manga Maniac Cafe] Name three things on your desk right now?
[SEW] Scottish rocks, an empty tea cup, and a framed picture of my beloved Jack Russell terrier, Em. (he's sharing my desk chair, sleeping soundly behind me, snoring his little dog snores)
[Manga Maniac Cafe] If you could trade places with anyone for just one day, who would you be?
[SEW] Anyone who lives in the wildest, most empty and remote corner of Scotland.
[Manga Maniac Cafe] You are lost in the mountains after a hiking trip gone terribly awry. Who do you want to rescue you?
[SEW] Grim Mackintosh, hero of ONCE UPON A HIGHLAND CHRISTMAS, Scandalous Scots 0.5. Grim also had a strong role in my Highland Warriors trilogy and makes continuing appearances throughout my new Scandalous Scots series. Here's his description…
Tough and battle-hardened, Grim is a fearsome warrior. He's formidable with both a sword and a Norse war ax, which he prefers. He's also fierce-looking, being a big, powerfully-muscled man with smoke-gray eyes, wild black hair and his beard rings. For all his ferocity in battle, Grim is great-hearted and a good man. He is loyal, a staunch friend, and he loves animals.
I'd trust my life to Grim and I'm convinced he exists out there somewhere, just the other side of a swirl of Highland mist.
Julie, thank you again for hosting the tour. And thanks to all readers looking in today. Your participation makes these tours so much fun. Good luck in the drawing! I hope you'll enjoy TO LOVE A HIGHLANDER.
Visit me online at:
Newsletter: http://welfonder.com/mailing-list/
SE's Book Info Only Blog: http://tartaninkafterhours.wordpress.com
FB: facebook.com/SueEllenWelfonderAuthor
Twitter: @se_welfonder
Amazon Author Central: https://www.amazon.com/author/sueellenwelfonder
About TO LOVE A HIGHLANDER
As one of the bastards born to the Stirling court, Sorley the Hawk has never known his mother or father. It's a burning quest he has devoted himself to uncovering at any cost. But as a roguish warrior who serves at the pleasure of the King, his prowess-both on the battlefield and in his bedchamber-is legendary. So when a flame-haired Highland lass sneaks into his quarters with a tantalizing proposition, he can't resist taking her up on her offer .
Lady Mirabelle MacLaren will do anything to keep from marrying her odious suitor, even sully her own good name. And who better to despoil her than his sworn enemy, the one they call "Hawk?" As they set about the enjoyable task of ruining her reputation, Hawk and Mirabelle soon learn that rebellion never tasted so sweet.
About Sue-Ellen Welfonder
Sue-Ellen Welfonder is a Scotophile whose burning wish to make frequent trips to the land of her dreams led her to a twenty-year career with the airlines.
Now a full-time writer, she's quick to admit that she much prefers wielding a pen to pushing tea and coffee. She makes annual visits to Scotland, insisting they are a necessity, as each trip gives her inspiration for new books.
Proud of her own Hebridean ancestry, she belongs to two clan societies: the MacFie Clan Society and the Clan MacAlpine Society. In addition to Scotland, her greatest passions are medieval history, the paranormal, and dogs. She never watches television, loves haggis, and writes at a 450-year-old desk that once stood in a Bavarian castle.
Sue-Ellen is married and currently resides with her husband and Jack Russell terrier in Florida.
Learn more here:


text:
MV Orion Liveaboard
MV Orion Liveaboard
For a great deal, book your trip on MV Orion now!
MV Orion Liveaboard Diving
MV Orion diving safaris last from five to ten days, during which time two or three dives are taken each day, as well as one night dive per week. The dive sites visited from depend a lot on what time of year you visit the Maldives. Crew members do their best to make sure guests on board see the best of the Maldives' marine life, regardless of the season. Typical sightings include Whale Sharks, Manta Rays, Moray Eels, Grey Reef Sharks and Eagle Rays, as well as a wide variety of fish, crustaceans, corals and invertebrates.
MV Orion Liveaboard Facilities
MV Orion is a luxurious super-cruiser equipped with all the facilities and amenities needed for a great scuba diving holiday. She is accompanied by a second smaller boat, called a dhoni, from where all the dives are taken and all dive equipment is stored. The boat is equipped with all the latest safety features and navigational tools to ensure the safest diving experience possible. MV Orion has nine rooms and two suites, all of which have private, en-suite bathrooms, external windows and comfortable furnishings, decorated tastefully with hints of Asian style and Western comfort. As far as common areas are concerned, the MV Orion has a library, bar and restaurant area where guests can gather together and relax after a day's scuba diving.
MV Orion Liveaboard Activities
MV Orion Liveaboard offers a range of exciting activities, not just scuba diving. While most passengers on board are here for the diving, they often choose to take a day out of the water and spend the time sunbathing, snorkeling, fishing, visiting island communities and shopping in Male, the capital of the Maldives.
MV Orion Liveaboard Food and Service
MV Orion holidays are sold on an all-inclusive basis, which includes transfers from the airport, three meals a day, snacks, tea, coffee and water. Alcoholic drinks are available at the bar on MV Orion but are charged additionally. The package price also includes all dives but not the dive equipment, which can be rented from the boat operator and you should indicate this at the time of booking. The food served on board MV Orion usually includes a lot of fresh fish, some of which the guests will have caught from the boat, as well as fresh vegetables all cooked up with international and Maldivian twists.
Scuba diving cruises aboard MV Orion Liveaboard start at just USD $220 all-inclusive. Click here to book your scuba diving adventure on MV Orion!


text:
10 Signs You're Wasting Too Much Food
It's no secret that America goes through a lot of food. We don't just eat it. We throw a big chunk of it right in the garbage.
Of course, we can all do our part to reduce this painful truth to a sad fact of life. Here's some things to watch out for when you're scraping what's left of your dinner into the trash.
1. You didn't know that the cheese-in-a-can people don't make toothpaste.
2. You shave with sour cream.
3. Instead of a pillow, you sleep on a turkey so you can eat breakfast while you get some shuteye.
4. You think your garbage can will eat you in your sleep if you don't feed it during the day.
5. Your garbagemen stopped bringing lunch with them to work on the day they run your route.
6. Buzzards circle over you every time you bring your cans to the curb.
7. You had to go to the ER because you won a bet to see how many M&Ms you could fit up your nose.
8. You recycle your garbage at Denny's.
9. You would buy more fried chicken if it just came with the skin.
10. You're surprised to learn that the toy is the LEAST edible part of the Happy Meal.


text:
If you like crowds, traffic, high-rise buildings, congestion, and a frantic pace, then Vale is not for you. Rather, we live in a laid-back, rural community, of ranches, open space, clean rivers, mountains, great hunting and fishing, and friendly, hard-working people. Vale is high-desert, dry with warm days and cool nights most of the year, and generally mild winters.
The City of Vale is the Malheur County Seat. With a population of less than 1,000, most of the residents of the school district live outside the city limits. They farm, ranch, or work for the BLM, county, school district, or for local businesses. Three of our four schools are in the City.
Vale Schools are an integral part of the lives of our people. We consistently have the highest test scores in Eastern Oregon and the athletic teams have a long history of success. The football team has won more state championships than any school in Oregon (12) and the automotive troubleshooting team is the perennial state champion with several national championship trophies, the most recent being in 2015. We are blessed with teachers who love teaching and students who enjoy learning. In short, Vale is a great place to live and learn!


text:
B&Q Flocked Childrens Clothes Hangars, Pack of 8
B&Q Flocked Childrens Clothes Hangars, Pack of 8
- Home Delivery Order by 7pm (4pm Sunday) for next day delivery
- Click & Collect Order by 7pm (4pm on Saturday & Sunday) for next day Click & Collect - Select store
- 45 day returns policy. Read our returns policy
Product notices
[This is a block of tabs..]
Product Details
Product Information
These flocked clothes hangers have been designed a little bit smaller to make organising a childs wardrobe much easier - the flocked material means clothes are much less likely to slip off of the hangers.
- Size: (H)280mm x (W)48mm x (D) 170mm
Technical Specifications
|Pack quantity
|Colour description
|Dark purple, turquoise & light green
|Height (mm)
|Width (mm)
|Depth (cm)
|Nylon & steel
|Maximum load
Help & Advice
Buying guides
Storage furniture buying guide
Clever storage solutions are a great way to keep a house tidy and organised. Storage helps us keep clutter at bay and can turn the smallest nook into a space to keep your things. Storage is generally a very practical consideration but, with our ranges of customisable systems, you can use your storage solutions to inject a bit of style and personality into a room.
In a world where space is at a premium, and the rooms in our homes have to be increasingly multipurpose, real homes require storage solutions for real lives. At B&Q we have clever systems to suit every space, so let us talk you through the options and help you find the right one for your home.
Product reassurances
Choose a convenient delivery date on 1000s of products
45 day returns policy
Arrange collection or return to store.Customer support team - 0333 014 3357
Free delivery on standard orders over £50
Excludes Large and Bulk delivery


text: Photo Gallery: Crappie On Call If you build brushpiles, they will come. Share This Photo Gallery Prev Next Comments Galleries Fishing Viewer Photos (2016) 2016 Outdoor Sportsman Awards Fishing Viewer Photos (2015) Fishing Viewer Photos (Jan. 2015) Turning Cabin Dreams into Reality Silver Riches of the Tsiu River To Catch A Great White Seaing Is Believing Spread Out and Find Your Crappie Reeling In Old Mexico A Crush on Bowfishing ICAST 2014: A 'Golden' Fishing Trip Opportunity Okuma 2014-15 New Products Savage Baits 2014-15 New Products New Golden Nuggets Tail Wagging The Dog View More Photo Galleries Prev Next Photo 15 of 33 Toledo Bend Rather than dropping an anchor, Tietje prefers this device, which loops around one of the many stumps protruding from Toledo Bend. (James Overstreet photo)


text:
Do Story Points Relate to Complexity or Time?
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Many Agile teams use the terms Story points and Complexity points interchangeably. Agile teams believe that they are better than hours just because they are based on complexity and relative size. Mike Cohn suggested that it is wrong to use story points to depict the complexity of developing a feature, they are all about the effort.
Mike mentioned,
I mention this because I find too many teams who think that story points should be based on the complexity of the user story or feature rather than the effort to develop it. Such teams often re-label "story points" as "complexity points." I guess that sounds better. More sophisticated, perhaps. But it's wrong. Story points are not about the complexity of developing a feature; they are about the effort required to develop a feature.
Mike gave an interesting example where he compares the two backlog items of licking 1000 stamps and performing a simple brain surgery. According to Mike, despite their vast difference in complexity, they should still be given the same story points because they would take the same amount of time.
In a similar discussion on the Scrum Development group, Adam Sroka mentioned that in order to have a stable enough measure for velocity, teams need something which is close to time. Likewise, stories should correlate to relative effort and effort is comparable to time.
This however does not mean that teams should start estimating in hours. Estimating in hours has been found to be wasteful and inaccurate by many. Mark Levison commented,
Estimation is a waste. Estimation of tasks in hours is utter waste, people spend hours debating minutia, when they would better off just starting. Even estimation of stories in points is a waste, however to make your projects progress predictable and transparent this requires that stories be roughly the same size +/- one Delta. For most teams (mature or not) this turns out to be difficult, so they stick to story points.
Jeff Sutherland too, strongly supported story points as compared to estimation in hours. According to Jeff
Story points are therefore faster, better, and cheaper than hours and the highest performing teams completely abandon any hourly estimation as they view it as waste that just slows them down.
Mark Kilby commented to make sure that people new to Agile do not assume that Story points = effort = hours. According to Mark while making a decision on the story point, though effort is important, however enough consideration must also be placed on uncertainty. Mike agreed that there is no equivalence relationship between points and hours.
Perhaps the way to say that is that points are a function of effort, risk and uncertainty, or SP = f(E, R, U). (Call one of those complexity if you want; it's not important.) The idea is that points are an estimate of the effort involved. Risk, uncertainty, complexity, doubt and other things people have mentioned here can be incorporated BUT only to the extent they affect the expected effort. If something is complex but that complexity will not affect the time to implement the feature, that complexity should not affect the estimate—that was my point with the lists of numbers to be multiplied or added.
Thus, story points should be based on effort and the effort should be able to take into consideration factors like risk, complexity, doubt etc. The key is to realize the question that story points help in answering. As Mike put it,
The goal of estimating is to answer questions such as "When will you be done?" or "How much functionality can we have by the given date?" If that is true, then whatever unit we estimate in and whatever approach we use will need to be about time.
Follow the discussion thread on Mike's post.
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Duration is the not the same as effort
Kevlin Henney
It also pays not to confuse the idea of duration with risk and uncertainty. And furthermore, not to confuse risk with uncertainty: risk relates to exposure to uncertainty. At the start of the World Cup it was not certain who would make the semi-finals. As I placed no bets, I had no risk. Had I bet any money on an outcome, my risk would have increased, but the uncertainty would have remained the same.
The effect that risk has on estimate is that it skews the probability of an outcome. In other words, risk is something that affects viability and schedule and in a way that may not be easily anticipated, in a way that does not respect a normal distribution and certainly not in a way that should be confused or conflated with a single value that is used to represent a mean/mode/median/... estimate of either duration or effort.
Do Story Points Relate to Complexity or Time?
Bill Leech
Story Points are cute, but don't tackle the sticky question of time. Mature organizations know that early estimates are going to be a rough. Of course the beauty of Agile is that the features of most business value will be completed first and that through regular discussions/communications, adjustments in stories and estimates will be regularly redefined.
good point but bad example
Felipe Cruz
In my opinion, this is a bad example.. A doctor knows exactly what to do on a brain surgery.. software development is much more about creativity than medical procedures..
Thus, story points should be based on effort and the effort should be able to take into consideration factors like risk, complexity, doubt etc. The key is to realize the question that story points help in answering. As Mike put it,
Re: Do Story Points Relate to Complexity or Time?
Greg Willits
IMO stories should be estimated in an escalating scale of time, but not in hours. The entire conversation in the article is a delicate dance of trying to say that story estimates should correlated to time, and yet trying very hard to avoid hours. After all the fancy "effort" dancing, I think people just need to admit story estimations are about time. Period. Like someone said, it all comes down to _when_ can I have these features.
Estimates in hours is dangerous. Some of the comments hinted at why. The tendency of people to waste too much time debating details. That's because the unit of time is much too fine for the purpose, and has no flexibility to deal with the valid concerns of uncertainty, effort, etc.
A comparable example: How many minutes will it take to walk to the nearest street corner? How many minutes to drive across town? How many minutes to drive across the state? You don't get to specify a range, only a single integer answer. The problem with these questions is that minutes is too fine a unit for the latter two.
What makes the most sense to me is that we make estimations in time, and we still use points, but in an escalating scale that corresponds directly to known times not vague effort. I like to use the following scale:
1 = < 2 hrs
2 = < 1 day
3 = 2-3 days
4 = 3-5 days
5 = 5-10 days (potentially the whole iteration)
The correletion to time ranges gets rid of the debate about whether the estimate is 12 hours or 16 hours. It eliminates the false sense of specificity so managers can't say "we have a total 365 hours of work to do," and it still allows the whole estimation system to perform it's job of defining what 3 points really means based on previous iterations.
For me this method gives devs the wiggle room they need in estimations, allows us to abstract stories in points, and yet has clear correlations to real time.
Compexity Drives Effort
Dan Bergh Johnsson
However, the effort for "thousand stamps" is probably not 1000 times licking one stamp. Rather it is the effort of building a stamp-licking machine - and that effort depends directly on how complex that machine need to be.
In software it is the complexity (essential or accidental) that is the major drive of how much effort we need to put in to solve the problem.
So, yes - it is Effort that is interesting, but complexity drives that effort.
Elaborated this in a post.
Re: Do Story Points Relate to Complexity or Time?
Imran Bohoran
These relative story points, and a calculated velocity of the team (based on previous iterations) help resolve situations where quick estimations need to be provided. Which then helps the business to plan early and accordingly as well.
I still feel that the estimation in hours is useful. But done as a seperate excersise from sizing. Tracking estimates against actuals does give a good basis for decission making in future work. I feel an estimate in hours is not useful if actuals are not captured. An estimate is an estimate after all. With actuals in the picture we can make good use of the estimates in future iterations on planning decissions. The seperate excersise of estimation I feel is best fit during the initial designs a team would do on different stories. These are not fully-fledged documented UML based designs. These would be few white-board or scratch-pad sessions. But you can come up with a basic list of tasks based on this initial design. An estimation on these tasks is helpful for tracking purposes. They do present the figure of "X amount of hours of work to do". As much as this not being "accurate", it does present an indication of how the work is flowing.
Re: Do Story Points Relate to Complexity or Time?
Assaf Stone
First, though managers ask for estimates of the time it will take to implement each feature in a list, 9 times out of 10, what they really need to know is either how long will it take to implement the entire list of features, or, how many of features on this list can you implement in time for the release. It is worth trying to dig for the root-cause of the question; Managers come down with a bad case of "angry monkeys" as often as anybody.
Second, concrete estimates in hours are based on individual experiences; The same task may take a less experienced developer twice the time it would take me, while a guru on the subject at hand might do it four times faster than me. This means that when you estimate and commit in hours, you are really also deciding who will develop the feature! More often than not, you are actually committing to an impossible schedule, because you implicitly built a Gantt chart with tasks assigned to individual developers - a project plan that you didn't even verify is feasible!
Story points on the other hand are relative, not concrete, so it is more likely that a senior and junior developer can agree on the estimate that one task is twice as difficult than the next, even if the same tasks will take four times more for the junior to develop.
The team then, as a whole can commit to the amount of SPs that they empirically proved to be capable of handling.
Hope this helps,
Re: good point but bad example
Daryl Antony
I think the point of using complexity points is to build up a calibration of understanding between the developer team about what is more or less complex.
We then use time recorded data; to build the case for 'how long it takes to achieve complexity X'
Obviously we're not going to have Brain Surgeons and Stamp Lickers on the same development team; so what's the god damn point?
The Complexity metric _does_ get very interesting if we combine Brain Surgeons; as a means of a collaborated effort to analyse the complexity of brain surgery procedures.
They can then ask insightful questions like: "how long did it take us to do this surgery procedure before? given that the sets of circumstances are somewhat similar?"
Isn't that the point?


text:
joberaad needed a new web page design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 28 designs submitted by 7 freelance designers.
We need a professional template for the relaunch of a webshop that sells cutting tools.
The focus is on modernising the design, improving usability and increasing sales.
A new and interesting contest in a sector which has never been dealed with on 99designs.com
Note: Many details are asked for in the brief...
saegenshop.de (sawshop)
The shop is established and in business for more than 8 years. The shop is selling sawblades of all kind, accessoires, chainsaws, saw chains, drills, handsaws etc.
Customers are registered customers as well as new customers. By means of a professional and modern design the customer has to be communicated:
- trust
- technical competence
- products of high quality
- good quality
- availability of all drilling-, sawing- and cutting-tools in all sizes and for all materials (thousands of articles)
It is important, that the customer can see all categories at a glance and reach all articles with few clicks and order-processing has to be comfortable:
- clearly arranged
- comfortable
- easy navigation
- new customers
- registered customers
- metal-, plastics- and wood-workmanship
- building craft- forestry
- purchasing agents (companys)
- do-it-yourselfer
We need the following templates:
1a) main-page with contentpages (boxes)
1b) menu and product-categories (grafical category-overview will be done by us)
2) articlelist (table) after selecting category
3) article-details
Width: 990 pixel
Colorscheme: black, gray and yellow (look at the shop_logo.pdf)
Logo: http://www.servicecrew.de/99designs…p_logo.pdf
House font: Frutiger
- #### Main-Page-Template (1, 2 oder 3 Columns) ####:
- Login for myshop*
- Search (on all pages)*
- Shopping cart with included items and prices*
- Watchlist*
- Live Support*
- RSS-Feed (footer)*
- Trusted shop seal (footer or simliar)
- Social bookmarking (footer)
=> Menu (on mainpage etc.) for content-pages:*
- Home (link)
- About us (link)
- Service (link)
- Downloads (link)
- References (link)
- Special Offers (link)
=> Product-category-menu (product-overview as menu, the categories have to be shown as words and be breakable)*
=> Keylevel-navigation (extra box or similar / at the articlelist under the category-menu for example):*
- Sitemap (link)
- Contact (link)
- Call-Back (link)
- Select language (german, english, french)
- Recommend page (link)
- Set page as homepage (link)
- Imprint (link)
- Terms (link)
- Shipping Costs (link)
- Payment methods (link)
- FAQ (link)
=> Content, Boxes:
- big eye-catcher-image for informations and special offers
- Top-seller (Box)
- Seo-Tags-Cloud (Box)
Note 1: * = has to be reachable from all pages
Note 2: your decision: produkt-category-menu horizontal (http://www.servicecrew.de/99designs…gation.png) or vertical on the left.
- #### Article-List-Template (1 or 2 columns, table-overview of the articles) ####:
- Info "You are here" (link)
- TOP: current category-title
- TOP: description and image for current article-overview
- Table with several different measures of that article-category, with immediate possibility to order that article (http://www.servicecrew.de/99designs/shop/items_to_cart.png, additional a "detail"-button)
- BOTTOM: Cross Selling Products
- #### Article-Details (2 oder 3 columns like homepage) ####:
- Title
- Item-Number
- Manufacturer
- Description
- Product-Photo
- More Images (Thumbnails)
- Choose Size
- Choose Color
- Customer reviews
- Price
- Quantity
- Add to Card
- Note Info: "Price excl. VAT" and "Price excl. Shipping"
- Tell a Friend
- Add to watchlist
- Print PDF (link)
- review article
- Cross Selling
- Seo-Tag-Cloud (Box)
#### Note: Wants a user-friendly, well-aranged, clean and web 2.0 or semi web 2.0 design ####
#### Files as Photoshop, Illustrator or Freehand with all layers ####
- Semi professional


text:
Yeshiva University and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University is committed to providing a safe and healthful environment for all its employees, faculty, students, and visitors. This Exposure Control Plan is a further indication of this commitment.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) promulgated a new standard on December 6, 1991, entitled "Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens". (See Appendix A.) The purpose of this regulation is to limit occupational exposure to blood and other potentially-infectious materials, since any exposure could result in transmission of bloodborne pathogens which could lead to disease or death.
Back to Contents
OSHAs Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens standard covers all employees who could be "reasonably anticipated", as the result of performing their job duties, to have contact with blood and other potentially infectious materials. OSHA has not attempted to list all occupations where exposure could occur. It leaves this task to the employer. "Good Samaritan" acts, such as assisting a coworker with a nosebleed, would not be considered occupational exposure.
Infectious material includes: human blood, human blood components, products made from human blood, semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, body fluid visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids. They also include any unfixed tissue or organ other than intact skin from a human (living or dead), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-containing cells or tissue cultures, organ cultures, HIV or Hepatitis B (HBV)-containing culture medium or other solutions, as well as blood, organs or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV.
The standard calls for the creation of an exposure control plan which is designed to identify in writing, tasks and procedures, as well as job classifications where occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials occurs. This evaluation should be without regard to personal protective clothing and equipment. It must also set forth the schedule for implementing other provisions of the standard and specify the procedure for evaluating circumstances surrounding exposure incidents. The plan must be accessible to employees and available to OSHA. Employers must review and update it at least annually and more often, if necessary, to accommodate workplace changes.
OSHAs Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens standard requires that each employer prepare an exposure determination for its facility. This exposure determination will include all job classifications with potential exposures and all tasks and procedures in which occupational exposure occurs and that are performed by employees listed in the at-risk job classifications.
Jobs in which all employees will have occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens:
Jobs in which some employees may have occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens:
Tasks and procedures in which occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogen occurs in the job classifications listed:
We have distributed and Exposure Identification Form, (see Appendix B) to all departments to help identify individuals who may be exposed to bloodborne pathogens in the course of their work at YU or Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
Yeshiva University and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have named the following:
as Program Coordinators, charged with overall responsibility for the Exposure Control Plan in compliance with OSHAs Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens standard. The Program Coordinators have the full support and authority of Yeshiva University and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine to ensure compliance with the conditions of OSHAs Bloodborne Pathogen standard is maintained.
Yeshiva University and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine is complying with this standard by determining exposure risks of personnel, implementing an infection control program, providing Hepatitis B vaccinations at no cost to our employees, and providing extensive training in the form of lecture, written material and videotapes.
The Program Coordinators have overall responsibility for the Exposure Control Plan and will review and maintain the program for Yeshiva University and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. This is your copy of the written plan. It is a supplement to our videotape and lecture training.
The Exposure Control Plan will inform you of the contents of the OSHA standard, as it applies to Hepatitis, AIDS transmissions and other bloodborne pathogens, the use of protective clothing, safe work practices and or vaccination protocol.
The Principal Investigator or department head is ultimately responsible for the individuals under his supervision. Proper instruction and supervision is essential to the elimination of risks to the worker.
The worker, with daily contact with potentially-infectious agents, has a responsibility to remain informed and follow the guidance outlined in the Exposure Control Plan.
Many healthcare and laboratory workers are exposed to blood and other potentially-infectious materials from patients who have active bloodborne infections or are carriers of infections. These exposures present a potential risk of disease. At Yeshiva University and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, personnel who are at risk are identified on Page 3 of this plan. Building service personnel and other employees who handle medical waste may be exposed, if they are injured by contaminated needles and sharps.
The bloodborne disease which presents the greatest risk is Hepatitis B. According to surveys conducted by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), an estimated 300,000 new Hepatitis B infections occur each year in the United States. Nearly 10% of those infected become long-term carriers. OSHA estimates that direct workplace exposures may produce up to 8,700 Hepatitis B infections each year in the United States, causing as many as 2,175 cases of clinical acute Hepatitis, 435 hospitalizations and 194 deaths.
The acquired immune deficience syndrome (AIDS) is also of great concern to individuals exposed to blood or other potentially-infectious materials. As of December 31, 1991, the CDC had received reports of more than 202,843 cases of AIDS, including more than 130,687 deaths. It is estimated that over one million people may be infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. Many of these infected people have no symptoms of illness. While HIV infection represents a real hazard to healthcare workers, only a small number of infections have resulted from occupational exposures. The risk of infection with the Hepatitis B virus (HB) is much greater.
When healthcare workers have been infected with HIV or HBV on the job, it has usually been through accidental needlesticks or blood spills or splashes on broken skin or mucous membranes. Generally, contact with saliva, urine, sweat or tears does not pose a risk of exposure to HIV or HBV unless these substances contain visible blood.
In December, 1991, OSHA published a standard to protect employees from exposure to HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens.
OSHAs Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens standard focuses on two pathogens, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). There are other pathogens that can be transmitted through blood, blood products or body fluids.
Hepatitis B (HBV) is a virulent infections disease which claims an estimated 300,000 new cases every year. Over one million people in the U.S. are carriers of the disease. Hepatitis B is transmitted to healthcare workers via blood and body fluids of infected patients, usually through accidental needlesticks and unprotected cuts and sores.
Hepatitis B is most prevalent among intravenous drug users sharing needles and through sexual contact among homosexually active males and female prostitutes. From these groups, it spreads to the community. It infects 18,000 healthcare employees per year, such as operating room personnel, lab workers, surgeons, dental personnel and blood bank technicians. They are usually infected through contact with bloodborne pathogens and accidental needlestick injuries.
Hepatitis symptoms often include jaundice, a yellow hue to the skin, loss of appetite, nausea, and elevated liver function tests. AIDS and Hepatitis dangers can be prevented or reduced by:
OSHA enforces the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) recommendations. OSHA requires every healthcare worker, who may have any "occupational exposure" defined to include any skin, eye, mucous membrane or parenteral contact with potentially-infectious materials on the job, be offered a Hepatitis B vaccination. The Hepatitis B vaccine can be obtained through Occupational Health Service.
An employee who refuses inoculation must sign an Informed Refusal Form in the possession of Occupational Health Service.
AIDS (HIV) is not as contagious in a healthcare or laboratory setting as Hepatitis, but it has no vaccine for prevention. It is transmitted through body fluid, so healthcare workers are exposed to it.
OSHA requires that employees be trained in prevention and be required to protect themselves during at-risk procedures.
AIDS is transmitted sexually through blood or semen. It is most commonly seen in homosexual and bisexual men, IV drug users, and hemophiliacs. However, it is being reported with increasing frequency in the heterosexual community and in children born of HIV-infected mothers.
AIDS is transmitted sexually and through blood exposure or perinatally from the mother to the child. AIDS is not transmitted through general contact with a carrier.
Symptoms of HIV infection are varied and include: fatigue, fever, weight loss, night sweats, rashes, mouth sores, or pneumonia.
Because there is no inoculation against AIDS, The CDC recommends and OSHA requires that "Universal Precautions" be instituted in all healthcare or laboratory settings where the potential for HIV infection is present.
Under "Universal Precautions", the blood and body fluids of all patients are considered potentially infected with AIDS virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and other bloodborne pathogens, and must be handled accordingly.
Universal Precautions applies to blood and body fluids containing visible blood, including cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal and pericardial fluid and amniotic fluid. It does not include feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, saliva, breast milk and vomitus, unless blood is present.
The amount of blood required to constitute an infectious risk has been variously defined by OSHA, EPA and others as "substantial", "dripping" and "significant". EPA has offered an objective definition that 15 milliliters of blood (about the size of three teaspoons), must be present to be of sufficient does to be infectious. This definition of quantity does not preclude the use of protective clothing; it only helps to define what constitutes infectious waste when disposing of blood-soaked materials. When differentiation is difficult, all bodily fluids shall be considered potentially infectious.
See Appendix D for reference chart on "Universal Precautions for Laboratory Workers".
Infection needs four simultaneous conditions to exist. If you take any condition away, the danger from infection will be reduced or eliminated. The conditions which must exist simultaneously are:
Infectious diseases are prevented by reducing or removing any of these conditions. For example:
Use devices engineered to prevent exposures when they are available.
Such devices include: puncture-resistant sharps containers, splash guards, biological safety cabinets, safety syringes, needless IV systems, centrifuge safety cups and mechanical pipetting devices.
Most personal protective equipment is provided by YU and Albert Einstein College of Medicine to employees when and where necessary. It is the responsibility of each employee and supervisor to be certain that the appropriate equipment is worn as necessary.
The most fundamental piece of personal protective clothing is provided by each employee for his/her own use. It is the normal clothing worn in the laboratory. Clothing should be worn to minimize exposed skin surfaces available for direct contact through splashing. Therefore, all employees should wear long sleeve/long legged clothing and avoid short sleeved shirts, short trousers or skirts.
Additional equipment is available through your supervisor and the Department of Environmental Health and Safety as follows:
Personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction, maintained in a sanitary condition, and stored in accessible locations in the facility.
Your supervisor will provide protective clothing in the laboratory area, nurses station area and in locations where infectious wastes may be generated. The Infection Control Coordinator will provide guidance in the appropriate selection of protective clothing commensurate with the exposure risks in each area.
The use of protective equipment is an OSHA requirement
Three basic glove types are provided in this facility:
After donning gloves, examine them for physical defects. Wear gloves whenever your hands might touch blood, body fluids, or surfaces which could be contaminated by them. Discard gloves after each patient, after laboratory procedures, or if you suspect contamination. Fit gloves so they cover the cuff of your clothing, if possible to reduce the area of skin exposure. Sleeve guards are also available to use in conjunction with disposable gloves.
Gloves must be used:
Gloves must be of good quality latex or vinyl, able to perform the task, and fit the healthcare worker properly. Surgical and examination gloves cannot be reused. Only general purpose utility (rubber) gloves are reusable, i.e., those gloves worn by maintenance and Housekeeping. Peeled, cracked, discolored, torn, or deteriorated gloves must be discarded, even if they have not been used. Never wear gloves that may have been exposed to infectious material outside of the laboratory or medical area, including corridors.
Gowns, Laboratory Coats & Head Covering
Gowns or laboratory coats are worn to protect street wear and the arm and neck areas from contamination. They should be changed regularly unless they become soiled or wet and then changed as soon as possible. Gowns and laboratory coats act as an additional layer of skin.
Head coverings are worn whenever procedures are performed or chemicals are handled which might create splashing or aerosolization. They should cover the hair, ears, and parts of the neck and face.
Never wear gowns or laboratory coats that may have been exposed to infectious material outside of the medical or laboratory setting, including corridors.
Protective Clothing Disposal
Linens and reusable protective clothing which are heavily soiled with body fluids shall be handled as little as possible and must be bagged at the location in leakproof, autoclave bags.
When removing protective clothing apparel, avoid contamination of your exposed body parts. If possible, autoclave this linen prior to having it cleaned.
Protective Eyewear: Goggles
Goggles protect the eyes from splashing and aerosolization of body fluids and harmful chemicals. If a procedure presents a danger of splashing or if a manufacturer recommends that goggles be worn when using their produce, the employee must wear goggles. Goggles are to be supplied by the area supervisor.
Masks are worn if there is a likelihood of splashing or aerosolization of blood or other infectious material.
Masks reduce the entry of infectious droplets into the breathing passages.
Chin-length face shields are sometimes worn in place of a mask. These are uncommon in medical offices but are more common in laboratory or hospital settings.
HBV vaccine is provided free of charge to all potentially exposed workers through our Occupational Health Service. The vaccine is administered in a 3-dose series given over a six-month period and protects the employee for at least seven years.
If an employee does not elect to take advantage of HBV immunization measures, Occupational Health Service must record this election on an "Informed Refusal" form and it must be signed by the employee. (See Appendix C.)
All new hires listed in groups A and B will be offered the vaccine within ten days of starting their employment. All existing employees in groups A and B will be offered the vaccine by July 6, 1992.
Needlestick injuries often occur when cleaning or disposing of sharp instruments and needles. Used needles should not be sheared, bent, broken, or recapped by hand, nor should used needles be removed from disposable syringes.
Sharps containers must be closely available at the location where infectious bioburden is generated, i.e., where the venipunctures occur or on the laboratory bench. Do not overfull sharps containers.
The CDC recommends (but does not require) that a disinfecting solution be used in the sharps container to break the chain of infection.
The Department of Environmental Health and Safety recommends that infectious sharps be autoclaved in their sharps container prior to release as medical waste. See YUs and Albert Einstein College of Medicines Waste Disposal Guidelines (Appendix E) for further information on proper sharps disposal.
Infectious waste disposal is governed by Federal, State, and City regulations. Infectious waste should always be inactivated, if possible, either chemically or by autoclaving prior to disposal as regulated medical waste. If this is not possible, then the infectious waste should be sealed in a plastic bag and disposed into a regulated medical waste container.
A receptacle for putrescible solids, liquid waste or refuse, must be so constructed that it does not lead. The receptacle must be able to thoroughly cleaned and maintained in a sanitary condition and shall be equipped with a solid, tight-fitting cover.
Used needles shall not be recapped, purposely bent or broken by hand, removed from disposable syringes, or otherwise manipulated by hand. These sharp items must be placed in a puncture-resistant container for disposal. A commercial sharps container is suitable.
Sharps containers must be easily accessible to personnel needing them and located where needles are commonly used.
Lab specimens and body fluid specimens must be contained in a well-constructed, leakproof container during transport. Before transport, contaminated materials must be decontaminated or placed into a tight bag marked with a Biohazard tag.
See YU and Albert Einstein College of Medicine Waste Disposal Guidelines (Appendix E) for further information on proper waste disposal.
Disinfect blood spills with a freshly-prepared one in ten dilution of household bleach.
See YU and Albert Einstein College of Medicine Waste Disposal Guidelines (Appendix E) for further information on proper waste disposal.
Many safety and health injuries occur because of inadequate cleaning, repair and maintenance.
Tuberculocidal hospital-level Disinfectants must be used to decontaminate spills of blood and other body fluids.
After the initial clean-up of a blood spill, a solution of 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) diluted between 1:10 and 1:100 with water, or other suitable disinfectant, may be used.
Warning tags must be used to prevent accidental injury or illness to employees who are exposed to equipment or operations which are hazardous and are unexpected, unusual, or not readily apparent. The tags must stay in place until the hazard is eliminated.
The tags must contain the Biohazard Symbol, a SIGNAL WORD such as Biohazard and the MAJOR MESSAGE such as Blood Banking Products Inside.
The signal word must be readable at a minimum distance of 5 feet. The warning tag must be affixed as close as safely possible to the hazard string, wire, or adhesive to prevent its loss or unintentional removal.
The major message of the warning tag must be understandable by all employees who may be exposed to the hazard. It can be written in pictographs, written text, or both.
All employees in the workplace must be informed of the meaning of various tags in the workplace and what precautions to take.
Biological Hazard Tag - The biohazard symbol warns of the actual or potential presence of biological hazards. It must be displayed on equipment, containers and rooms that contain or are contaminated with hazardous biological agents.
Yeshiva University and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine has adopted the principles of biosafety outlined in the Centers for Disease Control/National Institutes of Health guide entitled, "Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories". This guide defines different Biosafety Levels based upon infectious agents involved. since a number of these agents can be considered bloodborne pathogens, a description of the different Biosafety Levels of containment will be provided. The following, Section 24.1, is an excerpt from the CDC/NIH Guide.
Four Biosafety Levels (BSLs) are described which consist of combinations of laboratory practices and techniques, safety equipment, and laboratory facilities. Each combination is specifically appropriate for the operations performed, the documented or suspected routes of transmission of the infectious agents, and for the laboratory function or activity.
The recommended biosafety level(s) for the organisms in Section VII (Agent Summary Statements) represent those conditions under which the agent can ordinarily be safely handled. The laboratory director is specifically and primarily responsible for assessing risks and for appropriately applying the recommended Biosafety Levels. Generally, work with known agents should be conducted at the biosafety level recommended in Section VII. When specific information is available to suggest that virulence, pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance patterns, vaccine and treatment availability, or other factors are significantly altered, more (or less) stringent practices may be specified.
Biosafety Level 1 - practices, safety equipment, and facilities are appropriate for under-graduate and secondary educational training and teaching laboratories, and for other facilities in which work is done with defined and characterized strains of viable microorganisms not known to cause disease in healthy adult humans. Bacillus subtilis, Naeglera gruberi, and infectious canine hepatitis virus are representative of those microorganisms meeting these criteria. Many agents not ordinarily associated with disease processes in humans are, however, opportunistic pathogens and may cause infection in the young, the aged, and immunodeficient or immunosuppressed individuals. Vaccine strains which have undergone multiple in vivo passages should not be considered a virulent simply because they are vaccine strains. Biosafety Level 1 represents a basic level of containment that relies on standard microbiological practices with no special primary or secondary barriers recommended, other than a sink for handwashing.
Biosafety Level 2 - practices, equipment and facilities are applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, and other facilities in which work is done with the broad spectrum of indigenous moderate-risk agents present in the community and associated with human disease of varying severity. With good microbiological techniques, these agents can be used safely in activities conducted on the open bench, provided the potential for producing splashes or aerosols is low. Hepatitis B virus, the salmonellae, and Toxoplasma spp. are representative of microorganisms assigned to this containment level. Biosafety Level 2 is appropriate when work is done with any human-derived blood, body fluids, or tissues where the presence of an infectious agent may be unknown. (Laboratory personnel working with human-derived materials should refer to the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard187 for specific, required precautions.)
Primary hazards to personnel working with these agents related to accidental percutaneous or mucus membrane exposures, or ingestion of infectious materials. Extreme precaution with contaminated needles or sharp instruments must be emphasized. Even though organisms routinely manipulated at BSL2 are known to be transmissible by the aerosol route, procedures with aerosol or high splash potential may increase the risk of such personnel exposure must be conducted in primary containment equipment, or devices such as a BSC or safety centrifuge cups. Other primary barriers should be used as appropriate, such as splash shields, face protection, gowns and gloves.
Secondary barriers such as handwashing and waste decontamination facilities must be available to reduce potential environmental contamination.
Biosafety Level 3 - practices, safety equipment, and facilities are applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents with a potential for respiratory transmission, and which may cause serious and potentially lethal infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and Coxiella burnetti are representative of microorganisms assigned to this level. Primary hazards to personnel working with these agents relate to atuoinoculation, ingestion, and exposure to infectious aerosols.
At Biosafety Level 3, more emphasis is placed on primary and secondary barriers to protect personnel in contiguous areas, the community, and the environment from exposure to potentially infectious aerosols. For example, all laboratory manipulations should be performed in a BSC or other enclosed equipment such as a gas-tight aerosol generation chamber. Secondary barriers for this level include controlled access to the laboratory and a specialized ventilation system that minimizes the release of infectious aerosols from the laboratory.
Biosafety Level 4 - practices, safety equipment, and facilities are applicable for work with dangerous and exotic agents which pose a high individual risk of life-threatening disease, which may be transmitted via the aerosol route, and for which there is no available vaccine or therapy. Additionally, agents with a close or identical antigenic relationship to Biosafety Level 4 agents should also be handled at this level. When sufficient data are obtained, work with these agents may continue at this level or at a lower level. Viruses such as Marburg or Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever are manipulated at Biosafety Level 4.
The primary hazards to personnel working with Biosafety Level 4 agents are respiratory exposure to infectious aerosols, mucous membrane exposure to infectious droplets, and auto-inoculation. All manipulations of potentially-infectious diagnostic materials, isolates, and naturally or experimentally infected animals pose a high risk of exposure and infection to laboratory personnel, the community and the environment.
The laboratory workers complete isolation of aerosolized infectious materials is accomplished primarily by working in a Class III BSC or a full-body, air supplied positive-pressure personnel suit. The Biosafety Level 4 facility itself is generally a separate building or completely isolated zone with complex, specialized ventilation and waste management systems to prevent release of viable agents to the environment.
The laboratory director is specifically and primarily responsible for the safe operation of the laboratory. His/her knowledge and judgement are critical in assessing risks and appropriately applying these recommendations. The recommended biosafety level represents those conditions under which the agent can ordinarily be safely handled. Special characteristics of the agents used, the training and experience of personnel, and the nature or function of the laboratory may further influence the director in applying these recommendations.
Animal Facilities - Four Biosafety Levels are also described for activities involving infectious disease work with experimental mammals. These four combinations of practices, safety equipment, and facilities are designated Animal Biosafety Levels 1,2,3, and 4 and provide increasing levels of protection to personnel and the environment.
Clinical Laboratories - Clinical laboratories, especially those in health care facilities, receive clinical specimens with requests for a variety of diagnostic and clinical support services. Typically, the infectious nature of clinical material is unknown, and specimens are often submitted with a broad request for microbiological examination for multiple agents (e.g., sputa submitted for "routine", acid-fast, and fungal cultures). It is the responsibility of the laboratory director to establish standard procedures in the laboratory which realistically address the issue of the infective hazard of clinical specimens.
Except in extraordinary circumstances (e.g., suspected hemorrhagic fever), the initial processing of clinical specimens and identification of isolates can be done safely at Biosafety Level 2, the recommended level for work with bloodborne pathogens such as Hepatitis B virus and HIV. The containment elements described in Biosafety Level 2 are consistent with the Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens Standard187 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), that requires the use of specific precautions with all clinical specimens of blood or other potentially infectious material (Universal Precautions).43 Additionally, other recommendations specific for clinical laboratories may be obtained from the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.134
Biosafety Level 2 recommendations and OSHA requirements focus on the prevention of percutaneous and mucous membrane exposures to clinical material. Primary barriers such as biological safety cabinets (Class I or II) should be used when performing procedures that might cause splashing, spraying, or splattering of droplets. Biological safety cabinets should also be used for the initial processing of clinical specimens when the nature of the test requested or other information is suggestive that an agent readily transmissible by infectious aerosols is likely to be present (e.g., M. tuberculosis), or when the use of a biological safety cabinet (Class II) is indicated to protect the integrity of the specimen.
The segregation of clinical laboratory functions and limiting or restricting access to such areas is the responsibility of the laboratory director. It is also the directors responsibility to establish standard, written procedures that address the potential hazards and the required precuations to be implemented.
*Note that Appendix F includes a detailed description of the practices, equipment and facilities of each of the four Biosafety Levels.
Medical Research Involving HIV can be performed under Biosafety Level 2, provided that there is no attempt to concentrate the virus above the levels normally found in human blood. If the HIV virus will be concentrated or an experimental procedure may increase the likelihood of worker exposure, then Biosafety Level 3 practices and facilities should be considered. With any procedure involving HIV, care should be taken to reduce or eliminate exposure to sharps. (Needlesticks have been the major route of exposure to HIV by healthcare and laboratory workers.)
Follow up must include a confidential medical which documents the circumstances of exposure, identifying and testing the source individual if feasible, testing the exposed employees blood if he/she consents, post-exposure prophylaxis, and counseling and evaluation of the reported illnesses.
A written opinion to the employer by the physician will be provided, as required by the OSHA standard, and a confidential medical evaluation with a review of all the circumstances of exposure will be provided to the employee. If the exposed employee agrees to a baseline collection but not to HIV testing, the blood sample must be preserved for at least 90 days during which time the sample can be used for testing, should the employee wish and consent to it.
A. Medical Records
YU and Albert Einstein College of Medicine will establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee with occupational exposure, in accordance with 29CFR 1910.20.
This record will include:
Confidentiality. YU and Albert Einstein College of Medicine will ensure that employee medical records required are:
YU and Albert Einstein College of Medicine will maintain the records required for at least the duration of employment plus 30 years in accordance with 20CFR 1910.20.
B. Training Records
Training records shall include the following information:
Training records shall be maintained for 3 years from the date on which the training occurred.
C. Availability
YU and Albert Einstein College of Medicine will ensure that all records, required to be maintained by this section, will be made available upon request to the assistant secretary and the director for examination and copying.
Employee training records required by this paragraph shall be provided upon request for examination and copying to employees, to employee representatives, to the director, and to the assistant secretary in accordance with 29CFR 1910.20.
Employee medical records required will be provided upon request for examination and copying to the subject employee, to anyone having written consent of the subject employee, to the director, and to the assistant secretary in accordance with 29CFR 1910.20.
D. Transfer of Records
YU and Albert Einstein College of Medicine will comply with the requirements involving transfer of records set forth in 29CFR 1910.20(h).
If YU and/or Albert Einstein College of Medicine ceases to do business and there is no successor employer to receive and retain the records for the prescribed period, YU and/or Albert Einstein College of Medicine will notify the director, at least three months prior to their disposal and transmit them to the director, if required by the director to do so, within that three month period.
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers For Disease Control and Prevention and, National Institutes of Health Third Edition, May 1993.
Biohazard/Reference Manual, American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1985.
Biosafety in the Laboratory/Prudent Practices for the Handling and Disposal of Infectious Material, National Academy Press, 1989.
Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens, Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29CFR Part 1910.1030, December 6, 1991.


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