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About RBC > Community & Sustainability > News > Innovative approaches to mental health challenges turn patients into leaders
When she was a little girl, Kailey DeMone never dreamed of going to circus school: but she never imagined she'd want to end her life either. Now, at the age of 18, she's seen both.
As a child, Kailey suffered from anxiety and depression, two of the most frequently diagnosed mental illnesses in youth and children. "I was suicidal, enclosed, deep and dark," recalls Kailey. "I cut and scratched myself…I was angry with the world."
Luckily, Kailey had access to the Adolescent Centre for Treatment (ACT) at Halifax's renowed IWK Health Centre. Many children and adolescents can benefit greatly from early intervention for mental health concerns. That's why the programs at IWK aren't just focused on treatment. The Health Centre aims to help kids before they need to be admitted to the hospital.
Health care professionals at ACT designed a program to help Kailey gain confidence---including spending an afternoon with a circus school to encourage Kailey to venture out of her comfort zone. Kailey credits ACT with helping save her life, and now, she's an enthusiastic and passionate volunteer with IWK.
Kailey is a member of Partners in Care, a group of people touched by ACT, that advise IWK on how to improve ACT based on their personal experiences. It's now her job to think of innovative ways to challenge other teens going through the same thing she did.
"My motivation for getting better was to help other people," said Kailey. "I want to give other people the second chance others gave me."
As Kailey balances her active volunteer schedule with her schoolwork and a job, she's confident she can help other kids land on their feet as well. Kailey will be attending university in the fall to pursue her goal of becoming a social worker.
"I realized I could use my skills to help other people like me," said Kailey. "If I can do it, other people can too and I can help make their lives better."
With 28 percent of injury-related deaths in the 15-29 year-old age group in Nova Scotia a result of suicide, IWK created a vision to change the care of suicidal youth in the Maritimes by creating the Suicidality Training on Prevention (STOP) program. RBC recently donated $750,000 to fund the development of STOP, which will ultimately reduce the number of completed suicides, the rate of repeated attempts and the number of adolescents who require hospitalization.
The RBC Foundation has donated more than $680,000 to the IWK Health Centre for Women and Children through the RBC Children's Mental Health Project since 1989. The RBC Children's Mental Heath Project is a multi-year philanthropic commitment to support community-based and hospital programs that reduce stigma, provide early intervention and increase public awareness about children's mental health issues. Since 2008, the RBC Children's Mental Health Project has donated over $16 million to more than 200 organizations across Canada.


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Style # 199768
Metallic Damask Tights is rated out of 5 by 2.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Kit10 from Mardi Gras miracle tights These tights are great quality! I walked in them all day then danced in them all night and didn't get any runs or thin patches. They do tend to slide down a bit and the elastic waist does nothing to keep them up high enough or for the figure. Though I'm only 5'7" and about 125, I felt they were a little small, and that that's why they slid down. I think the M/L size would have fit better, so I recommend going up a size when in doubt. Had they fit perfectly, I would have zero complaints!
Date published: 2013-02-11
Rated 5 out of 5 by Lola267 from Great way to add drama to LBD's I bought these tights because I got tired of wearing solid/lace tights with my LBDs in the winter. I debated between these and the regular damask ones, but I'm glad I got these; the metallic sheen adds the perfect amount of contrast if you wear a plain LBD and black shoes. The metallic print is perfect for the holiday season. Comfortable and warm (or, as warm as you can get when it's 20 degrees out)!
Date published: 2012-12-28


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Schröder Points Database / Darij Grinberg
This page contains some results and questions about the Schröder points of a triangle and configuration related to these. The dates are the dates of last changes.
The idea of this page was to collect all known results about the Schröder points of a triangle from different sources (Hyacinthos messages, MathLinks discussions). Feel free to mail me (see main site for address) if you have something to add.
The Schröder points,
Darij Grinberg, 4 Jul 2004
Christopher Kane Short Dresses Black hUBwKButB
Incentral Triangle Question, Darij Grinberg, 27 Feb 2004 Alexis Parissa Lace Zip Front High Low Dress White HplXKjW7I2
Re: Incentral Triangle Question, Eric Danneels, 3 May 2003 [Schroeder5] Poristically fixed points, Darij Grinberg, 25 Mar 2004 [Schroeder6] Re: Incentral Triangle Question, Darij Grinberg, 27 Feb 2004 [Schroeder7] Some newer results from MathLinks, Darij Grinberg, 4 Jul 2004
At Netflix we engage in what we call consumer science: we test new ideas with real customers, at scale, and we measure for statistically significant differences in how they engage with our product. Are members staying with the service longer? Are they instantly watching more TV shows and movies from us?
As an employee, the results of these tests are more important than your confidence in what the outcome will be, what your title is, or your ability to persuade. I've seen even our best product minds bet wrong on such tests on occasion. We absolutely believe we couldn't build one of the best loved internet brands in the world without consumer science at the core of our product development methodology.
Job number one for our product-focused engineers is to effectively innovate for Netflix members. The product we built in 2006 would not satisfy our members today. The best product in our market in 2015 will be far better than Netflix is today. It is our fundamental challenge to figure out what a better product can be on behalf of our members, and to build it.
Innovation involves a lot of failure. If we're never failing, we aren't trying for something out on the edge from where we are today. In this regard, failure is perfectly acceptable at Netflix. This wouldn't be the case if we were operating a nuclear power plant or manufacturing cars. The only real failure that's unacceptable at Netflix is the failure to innovate.
So if you're going to fail, fail cheaply. And know when you've failed, vs. when you've gotten it right.
Product development at Netflix starts with a hypothesis, which typically goes something like this:Algorithm/feature/design X will increase member engagement with our service, and ultimately member retention.
The idea may be a way to increase the relevance of our search results, a new design for device UIs, or a new feature, such as showing members what their Facebook friends are watching from Netflix. This is the crucial first step in our creative process, from which any improvement we can hope to deliver starts. Our intuition and imagination in how better to serve our members fuels our entire product development approach.
The second step is to design a test that will measure the impact of the hypothesis. Sometimes this simply means build it, but often we can build a prototype more quickly that captures the essence of the concept. Maybe the back end isn't fully scalable; maybe it lacks polish or all of the bells and whistles we'd like to include if we roll it out for everyone.


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RENTON, Wash. -- There were 53 cornerbacks selected in the 2011 NFL draft, and Richard Sherman wasn't among the first 33 chosen. If you think that doesn't grate on him, then you don't know Sherman, who was taken in the fifth round by the Seattle Seahawks.
K.J. Wright was also selected in that draft. He was the 15th of 40 linebackers chosen, going to the Seahawks in the fourth round. If you think that hearing his name called after 98 players were already off the draft board didn't upset him, you don't know Wright.
"There's a fire that burns in a lot of guys on the team," said Pro Bowl free safety Earl Thomas.
.................And if people didn't know that players don't have to be taken in the first round to excel, the Seattle defense is a weekly reminder.


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Bruce Edward Walker
Bruce Edward Walker is the former managing editor of MichiganScience, a quarterly Mackinac Center publication that explores science, technology and related policy matters, and currently a free lance writer and editor-at-large for the Center.
Walker has more than 25 years' writing and editing experience in a variety of publishing areas, including media relations and corporate speeches. Much of this material involved research on water rights, land use, alternative-technology vehicles and other environmental issues, but Walker has also written extensively on cultural subjects, having produced six titles in Wiley Publishing's CliffsNotes series, including Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and Ken Kesey's "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," as well as dozens of reference-book essays on musicians, authors, scientists, filmmakers and philosophers.
Walker has served as an adjunct professor of literature and academic writing at University of Detroit Mercy. He has published articles in The Detroit News, the Detroit Free Press, The Royal Oak Daily Tribune, The Freeman and Religion & Liberty. He has edited publications for the Detroit Athletic Club, the Detroit Yacht Club, Buick Motor Division, McGraw-Hill Children's Publishing and Gale Research, and additionally has contributed essays to reference series published by Omnigraphics and Cengage.
Walker holds a bachelor's degree in English from Michigan State University. He is the father of two daughters and currently lives in Midland, Mich.
From Bruce Edward Walker
'Clear and Convincing Need' Bill Would Limit Overregulation
Proposed Bill Package Would Rein in DEQ Abuses
Up in the Dumps
Feeling Fine About the End of the World
The Cellphone 'Sin Tax'
Capitalism Kills ... Poverty
DIA Gins Up PR Battle Against Kevyn Orr
Cable Unbundling Bill a Bad Bet
Tearing Down Steve Earle's Walmart Song
No Place for Alarmism on Earth Day
Shlaes' 'Coolidge' a Must-Read
Mini Antennas May Revolutionize TV Viewing
Thatcher and 1980s Musicians
Paul Williams RIP
Internet Sales Tax Legislation
The Dark Side of the Moon
It Was 50 Years Ago Today ...
Motown on the Slab
It's Only (Capitalist) Rock 'n' Roll
Pope Francis and the Free Market
Michigan Gets Flying Monkeys for $40 Million
Time to 'Sequester' Arts Subsidies
Long Live Rock: Technology Throws a Lifeline
And the Academy Award Goes To ...
Government Funding of 'Scientific' Research
On Breughel and Brussels Sprouts
Mendacity Writ Large
A Tale of Two Stalins
Grand Rapids TV Viewers May Experience Blackouts
Jacques Barzun, R.I.P.
GQ Hit Piece on GR ArtPrize
Teaching Teachout on the DIA Deception
Grand Traverse Residents 'Occupy' the Boardman
Liberal Clichés 101: Abstract Democracy and Unity
Ray Bradbury: Poet of Science and Sanity
Michigan Poets
Governments Already Impose Hunger Games
'Commercial-free' Radio
Public Radio Claims Hide Actual Costs
RNC Chairman Candidate Favors Net Neutrality
As a staunch advocate for net neutrality, however, Anuzis rows against the tide established by the majority of his party. … more
Taxpayer Dollars, Not Politics, Makes the Difference in Broadcast News
Media Missed Opportunity to Enlighten Public on Current Climate Change Science
Dark Side of the Mitten
Sadly, the album now comes to mind when you think of Michigan. The state's unemployment rate is 14.1 percent for the month, making it the nation's highest for 48 months straight. … more
Alex Chilton R.I.P.
Elegy for Cities Embracing Smart Growth
Exhaust fumes replaced by fine boutiques and fern bars.
All the people walk to workplace and shops,
And the streets are patrolled by mo-ped cops.
All city life is one of perfect precision,
Nothing's out of place if you have a Grand Vision. … more


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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partners. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Sunday, July 16, 2017
Urinary Disorders
Shadow on the left kidney
I have just had an ultrasound scan because my doctor thought I may have gallstones. Although my liver, bladder, gallbladder, and pancreas are all clear, I have a shadow on my kidney. I have in the past suffered kidney infections and had puss in my urine, which was treated with antibiotics. I am now waiting on a CT scan but I am quite worried about all this. Can you offer me any information?
Thank you
Kidney infection and lower urinary tract infections are two separate entities. If you had kidney infection "pyelonephritis" you should have had sever fever, flank pain and other systemic symptoms. In that case scarring of the kidney results. Lower tract infection with puss in urine does not affect the kidneys as much.
Nowadays, with the use of ultrasound and CAT scan we are diagnosing more subtle changes and or small tumors.
The CAT scan may or may not reveal any disease but it is helpful to put your mind to rest. If CAT scan is not informative they may suggest watchful waiting or other studies based on the findings of CAT scan.
Ahmad Hamidinia, MD
Formerly, Professor of Clinical Surgery
College of Medicine
University of Cincinnati


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Places in Search of a Purpose: Colonial Cathedrals in Postcolonial India
Guest author Jonathan Miles-Watson (Tallinn U) contributes this essay to continue the March 2011 Anthropology News series on place.
If, as Fernandez has argued ("Emergence and Convergence in Some African Sacred Places" in Low & Lawrence-Zuniga, eds, The Anthropology of Space and Place: Locating Culture, 2003), space is transformed into place through the mutual constitution of people and their environment, then what happens to places when there is a sudden and dramatic population shift? Does the built environment and the humans that dwell there become disconnected? How do new populations deal with and understand visible traces of past human action? These are the questions that a group of anthropologists and geographers, collectively known as the Landscape Heritage and Practice group, at Tallinn University, have been jointly exploring for the last six years. I have been part of that team for the last three years and throughout that time I have been focusing on engaging my specific fieldwork in Shimla with these general concepts and the theories surrounding them. This has lead me to question the way that the value of sacred places is assessed by those interested in the development of civil society.
From Simla to Shimla
In many ways Shimla provides an ideal case study for this kind of project: it was built at the height of British India as a refuge for Europeans, a place where they could inscribe their presence into the Himalayan Mountains. The historical record suggests that early European visitors to the location that was to become first Simla and then Shimla, often noted that its temperature provided a suitable backdrop to recreate a piece of Europe in India (Pubby, Shimla Then and Now, 1988, p 20). A series of complicated historical events saw the place gradually transformed towards this goal as people deliberately set out to generate a space that resonated with their homeland. Simla then was intended to be a place whose features evoked the homeland and made its European residents feel somewhat at home.
Continue reading "Places in Search of a Purpose: Colonial Cathedrals in Postcolonial India"


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Among the challenges that I have been facing with my GELLMU project are (1) convincing mathematicians that it is possible to use comfortable LaTeX-like markup in a fully rigorous way to prepare our articles so that they can have formal inclusion in the markup category known as XML and (2) then convincing them that high quality typesetting may be obtained from the ensuing XML document instance. Toward this end I have revisited the LaTeX markup for the official notes on my October 1993 Albany seminar presentation and edited what was LaTeX source to convert it to LaTeX-like source markup for the article document type that is part of the GELLMU didactic markup production system. Information about this system and my reasons for developing it may be found at https://www.albany.edu/~hammond/gellmu/.
After the time of the original talk and the subsequent preparation of my original write-up, there was a time — fortunately not long and also not to have been unexpected in the aftermath of so large a new development — when Andrew Wiles's argument underwent some revision in collaboration with Richard Taylor. Questions about its soundness appeared to have ceased by the fall of 1994, and the work announced by Wiles in June 1993, as revised, was published in the May 1995 issue of the Annals of Mathematics.
There has also been discussion, at times appearing to approach controversy, about the name of the conjecture arising from the 1955 meeting in Japan. What I termed the "Shimura-Taniyama-Weil" conjecture became known as the "modular curve conjecture" and then, from the summer of 1999, as the "modular curve theorem" after the work of Breuil, Conrad, Diamond, and Taylor in the same vein as the work of Wiles and Taylor for the "semi-stable" case.
I list a few references on these matters for the period since my original talk:
What follows has the same content as the original write-up except that the title of the Appendix has been changed from "Current Status" to "Late 1993/Early 1994 Status".
The purpose of this expository lecture is to explain the basic ideas underlying the final resolution of "Fermat's Last Theorem" after 356 years as a consequence of the reported establishment by Andrew Wiles of a sufficient portion of the "Shimura-Taniyama-Weil" conjecture. As these notes are being written, the work of Wiles is not available, and the sources of information available to the author are (1) reports by electronic mail, (2) the AMS Notices article [16] of K. Ribet, and (3) a preprint [18] by K. Rubin and A. Silverberg based on the June, 1993 lectures of Wiles at the Newton Institute in Cambridge, England. It should be noted that the fact that "Fermat's Last Theorem" is a consequence of sufficient knowledge of the theory of "elliptic curves" has been fully documented in the publications ([14], [15]) of K. Ribet.
"Fermat's Last Theorem" is the statement, having origin with Pierre de Fermat in 1637, that there are no positive integers such that for any integer exponent . Obviously, if there are no positive integer solutions for a particular , then there are certainly none for exponents that are multiples of . Since every integer is divisible either by or by some odd prime , it follows that "Fermat's Last Theorem" is true if there are no solutions in positive integers of the equation when and when for each prime . The cases are standard fare for textbooks (e.g., see Hardy & Wright [6]) in elementary number theory. Therefore, this discussion will focus on the case where is prime.
Very briefly, the idea is that we now know enough about the classification of non-degenerate plane cubic curves in two variables, also known as "elliptic curves", with rational coefficients to know how to enumerate them in a logical way so that we may conclude that if there were positive integers with , then the curve which is an elliptic curve known as the "Frey curve", would fall inside of the enumeration. Because the classification is enumerative, when one is presented with a particular elliptic curve with rational coefficients, one knows where to look for the curve in the classification. The curve just written is not to be found within the classification. As a consequence there cannot be positive integers with .
The enumerative classification of non-degenerate plane cubic curves defined by polynomials with rational coefficients has been entirely conjectural (variously known as the "Taniyama Conjecture", the "Weil Conjecture", the "Taniyama-Shimura Conjecture", ) until June, 1993. This conjecture, even as a conjecture, has served as an important motivating example for the idea of the "Langlands Program", or perhaps of an extension of that program, that certain kinds of objects in geometry should give rise to certain group representations.
What seems to be believed today2 is that the portion of the enumerative classification pertaining to "semi-stable" elliptic curves has been proved by Andrew Wiles. That the existence of positive integers with would violate the enumerative classification of semi-stable elliptic curves was established by 1987 through the work of G. Frey, J.-P. Serre, and K. Ribet.
The primary purpose of this lecture is to explain the enumerative classification of elliptic curves and to give a brief indication of the mathematics involved in showing that the Frey curve violates that classification.
A polynomial of degree in two variables with coefficients in a field gives rise to what is called an affine plane curve of degree : for each field containing (more generally, for each commutative ring that is a -algebra) one has the set and for each -linear homomorphism one has the induced map . From the polynomial one obtains a homogeneous polynomial of degree d in three variables with coefficients in : and the projective plane curve of degree : where denotes -dimensional projective space, which is the quotient set of obtained by identifying points lying on the same line through the origin of . Since the projective plane is the disjoint union of the affine plane with the "(projective) line at infinity" it follows that is the disjoint union of with the finite set of its points lying on the projective line at infinity.
An elliptic curve defined over is the (projective) plane curve given by a homogeneous polynomial of degree in three variables with coefficients in such that (i) is irreducible over the algebraic closure of , (ii) the gradient vector is a non-vanishing vector at points of where vanishes, and (iii) the set is non-empty.
If is any field, then after an isomorphism (see Silverman [27]) one may obtain a given elliptic curve with an affine equation of the form Then the homogeneous equation for the intersection of with the line at infinity is Thus, in this case, has a unique point on the line at infinity. If the characteristic of is different from and 3 then one may obtain an equation in "Weierstrass normal form": which is non-singular if and only if the cubic polynomial in the variable has distinct roots in .
Elliptic curves are the "group objects" in the category of algebraic curves that reside in projective space: for each extension field of the set of "-valued points" of is an abelian group. The group law on is characterized by two conditions:
The origin is a given point of .
The points obtained by intersecting with any line in , counted with multiplicities, add up to zero.
When is given by an equation in the form (1), the origin is usually taken to be the unique point on the line at infinity. If two distinct points of are given, they determine a line in ; the intersection of that line with is given by a cubic polynomial in a parameter for the line which has two roots in corresponding to the two given points; hence, there is a third root of that cubic polynomial in ; this root gives rise to a point of , which is the negative of the sum of the two given points. The negative of a given point of is obtained as the third point in the intersection with of the line through the given point and the origin.
For a given field the set of homogeneous cubic polynomials in three variables is a vector space over having the set of "monomials" of degree three in three variables as basis. Thus, the dimension of the space of homogeneous cubics is 10. The linear group acts on the space of cubics, and two cubic curves in that are related by this action are isomorphic. Since is 9-dimensional, one is led to think of the family of isomorphism classes of elliptic curves as 1-dimensional since "non-singularity" is an "open" condition.
When is the field of complex numbers, one knows (see, e.g., Ahlfors [1]) that for each lattice in the set of -periodic meromorphic functions on the complex line is the field , which is a quadratic extension of the rational function field , where is the -function of Weierstrass. Moreover, satisfies the famous Weierstrass differential equation thus, the formula defines a holomorphic map from the punctured complex torus to the affine cubic curve it should hardly be necessary to point out that this map extends to a holomorphic map from the torus to the corresponding (projective) elliptic curve by sending the origin of the torus to the unique point of the elliptic curve on the line at infinity. The classical theory of theta functions (see, e.g., Igusa [7] or Siegel [26]) leads to a direct demonstration that this map is a homomorphism from the group law on the complex torus to the group law previously described for an elliptic curve. It is not difficult to see that the analytic manifold given by any elliptic curve defined over arises from some complex torus. Indeed each non-singular cubic curve in determines a compact connected complex-analytic group. Its universal cover is given by a holomorphic homomorphism which has some lattice as kernel.
Any two lattices in are related by a change of real basis for , i.e., by a matrix in . Consequently, there is only one real-analytic isomorphism class for the complex torus as varies. The tori corresponding to two lattices are complex-analytically isomorphic if and only if the corresponding real-linear isomorphism of satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann partial differential equations, i.e., if and only if the -linear isomorphism is -linear.
A lattice may be represented concretely by an ordered basis . If , then is not real, and after permuting the basis members, if necessary, one may assume that is in the "upper-half plane"4 of . Observing that is the image under the -linear map of the lattice with ordered basis , one may assume that is this latter lattice. Let be the complex torus . Allowing for change of basis subject to these assumptions on the basis, one sees that there is an isomorphism of complex-analytic groups if for some matrix Conversely, the monodromy principle may be used to show that every complex-analytic isomorphism among the complex tori arises in this way.
The coefficients and in the Weierstrass normal form (5) have very explicit constructions as infinite series (see, e.g., Ahlfors [1] or Serre [20]) determined by the given lattice; from this it is straightforward to see that is a modular form of weight : if and are related by (6), then Consequently, the map carries the curve given by (5) for isomorphically to the curve given by (5) for . The discriminant of the cubic polynomial in the Weierstrass normal form (5) is a modular form of weight , which up to a multiplicative constant, is: is a non-vanishing holomorphic function in . The modular invariant ([20],[24]) is defined by: it is a holomorphic function in the upper-half plane with the property that if and only if and are related by (6). Furthermore, assumes every value in at some point of . Consequently, the complex-analytic isomorphism classes of complex tori or, equivalently, the isomorphism classes of elliptic curves defined over , are parameterized via in a one-to-one manner by the complex numbers.
Since this is an expository discourse, it is hoped that the reader will not feel patronized by having noted the fact that the coincidence of (1) the category of elliptic curves over and (2) the category of complex tori is the "genus one" case of the coincidence (see Weyl [33]) of (i) the category of "complete" non-singular algebraic curves over and (ii) the category of compact Riemann surfaces (one-dimensional connected complex-analytic manifolds).
Although the classification of elliptic curves over via the -function is a result that is both beautiful and useful, and although two elliptic curves defined over that are isomorphic as curves defined over give rise to elliptic curves defined over that have the same -invariant, it is not true that any two elliptic curves defined over having the same -invariant are isomorphic over . Thus, the classification of elliptic curves over does not lead directly to the desired enumerative classification of elliptic curves defined over , but it does bring to the fore the notion of modular form, which is central in the study of elliptic curves defined over . What can be said easily is that, according to the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil conjecture, the isogeny classes of elliptic curves defined over are parameterized by certain modular forms.
The group is an infinite group that is generated by the two elements which have orders 4 and 6 respectively. The action of on the upper-half plane by linear fractional transformations has kernel and the quotient of by this kernel is the group . It is not difficult to see that the set is a "fundamental domain" for the action of on . More precisely, this set meets each orbit, and the only redundancies are the boundary identifications arising from the maps and . The quotient is not compact since the fundamental domain is "open at the top". Beyond that the modular invariant induces a bicontinuous biholomorphic isomorphism of the quotient with the affine line over . Since , and since for one has for , there is a holomorphic function in the punctured unit disk such that . Likewise may be regarded as function of , and one may use the calculus of residues to show that has a simple zero at ; hence, has a simple pole at , or, equivalently, has a simple pole at (the "missing top" of the fundamental domain). Thus, gives rise to a bicontinuous biholomorphic isomorphism
A non-trivial element of has a fixed point in if and only if it has finite order, and one's explicit knowledge of the fundamental domain makes it possible to see that the only elements of finite order are of order or 5. A congruence subgroup of is a subgroup that contains one of the principal congruence subgroups; the principal congruence subgroup of level is the set of all elements of that are congruent to the identity matrix. The group is the congruence subgroup of consisting of all elements for which . It is obvious that each congruence group has finite index in , and, consequently the quotient is a non-compact Riemann surface. Observe that for each level the group contains the parabolic element which gives rise to the holomorphic map that fixes the point .
A modular form6 of weight for is a holomorphic function in that satisfies the functional equation and that is holomorphic at each cusp of . The role of cusps for is to provide a slightly larger set than , where acts such that is a compact Riemann surface containing as the open complement of a finite set of points arising from cusps. The cusps of are the points of the closure of the boundary of in = that are fixed by some non-trivial parabolic element of . When = , the set of cusps is . In view of (7) applied to the case one sees that a modular form of any weight for the group satisfies and, therefore, defines a holomorphic function in the variable for . The condition in the definition of modular form that should be holomorphic at means that as a function of is holomorphic at . Consequently, admits an absolutely convergent Fourier expansion which is a Taylor series in .
For any cusp of a congruence group one may define the notion holomorphic at for a modular form by an analogous procedure using an arbitrary parabolic element of that fixes instead of . For a given congruence group two cusps and are equivalent if there is some element in such that . A modular form is holomorphic at any cusp that is equivalent to another where it is holomorphic. The modular form is a cuspform if, in addition to being holomorphic at each cusp, vanishes at each cusp. For a given congruence group a modular form vanishes at any cusp that is equivalent to another where it vanishes. The set of modular forms of given weight forms a finite-dimensional vector space over in which the set of cuspforms is a linear subspace of codimension bounded by the number of equivalence classes of cusps. In fact, using "Eisenstein series" one may show that the codimension of the space of cuspforms in the space of modular forms is often equal to the number of equivalence classes of cusps. For example, with the group there are no modular forms of odd weight, there is an Eisenstein series of every even weight greater than that is not a cuspform, and every cusp is equivalent to . Furthermore, since is the only zero of the cusp form (of the preceding section) in the quotient and since is a simple zero of , every cuspform for is divisible by . Thus, in this case, there are no cuspforms of weight less than .
It is not difficult to see that the cuspforms of weight for a congruence group correspond to holomorphic differential -forms (differentials of the first kind) on the compact Riemann surface . Thus, the dimension of the space of cuspforms of weight is the genus of . The fact that there are no cuspforms of weight for the group matches the previously mentioned fact that is . It is certain of the cuspforms of weight two for the groups that, according to the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil conjecture, parameterize the isogeny classes of elliptic curves defined over .
It will be recalled that the infinite series converges for and gives rise by analytic continuation to a meromorphic function in . For admits the absolutely convergent infinite product expansion taken over the set of primes. This "Euler product" may be regarded as an analtyic formulation of the principle of unique factorization in the ring of integers. It is, as well, the product taken over all the non-archimedean completions of the rational field (which completions are indexed by the set of primes) of the "Mellin transform"7 in of the canonical "Gaussian density" which Gaussian density is equal to its own Fourier transform. For the archimedean completion of the rational field one forms the classical Mellin transform of the classical Gaussian density (which also is equal to its own Fourier transform). Then the function is meromorphic in , and satisfies the functional equation
The connection of Riemann's -function with the subject of modular forms begins with the observation that is essentially the Mellin transform of , where , which is a modular form of weight and level , is defined in the upper-half plane by the formula In fact, one of the classical proofs of the functional equation (10) is given by applying the Poisson summation formula8 to the function , while observing that the substitution for corresponds in the upper-half plane to the substitution for the theta series.
If is a cuspform for a congruence group containing and so, consequently, , then, as previously explained, one has the Fourier expansion (9) The Mellin transform of leads to the Dirichlet series which may be seen to have a positive abscissa of convergence. One is led to the questions:
For which cuspforms does the associated Dirichlet series admit an analytic continuation with functional equation?
For which cuspforms does the associated Dirichlet series have an Euler product expansion?
For the "modular group" the Dirichlet series associated to every cuspform of weight admits an analtyic continution with functional equation under the substitution . Since is generated by the two matrices and and since the functional equation of a modular form relative to is reflected in the formation of the Fourier series (9), the condition that an absolutely convergent series (9) is a modular form for is the functional equation for a modular form relative solely to . This is equivalent to the (properly formulated) functional equation for the associated Dirichlet series together with a "growth condition". For the group , with , the question of a functional equation is more complicated since, although is available, there is no reason for a cuspform to satisfy a law of transformation relative to . But note that for any the set of cuspforms of given weight for which the associated Dirichlet series have analytic continuations satisfying a given finite set of functional equations is a vector space. On the other hand, there is no reason to believe, even for level , that the cuspforms admitting an Euler product expansion form a vector space.
In a nutshell the cuspforms admitting Euler products are those which arise as eigenforms for an arithmetically defined commutative algebra of semi-simple operators on the space of cuspforms of a given weight introduced by E. Hecke. The theory of Hecke operators is reasonably simple for level but somewhat more complicated in general (see, e.g., Shimura's book [24]).
Observing that the formula gives a (the hyperbolic) -invariant metric in with associated invariant measure one introduces the Petersson (Hermitian) inner product in the space of cuspforms of weight for with the definition: (Integration over the quotient makes sense since the integrand is -invariant.)
For the modular group the Hecke operator is the linear endomorphism of the space of cuspforms of weight arising from the following considerations. Let be the set of matrices in with determinant . For and for a function in one defines and then, observing that under acts trivially on the modular forms of weight , one may define the Hecke operator by where the quotient refers to the action of by left multiplication on the set . One finds for , coprime that and furthermore one has Consequently, the operators commute with each other, and, therefore, generate a commutative algebra of endomorphisms of the space of cusp forms of weight for . It is not difficult to see that the Hecke operators are self-adjoint for the Petersson inner product on the space of cuspforms. Consequently, the space of cuspforms of weight admits a basis of simultaneous eigenforms for the Hecke algebra. A "Hecke eigencuspform" is said to be normalized if its Fourier coefficient . If is a normalized Hecke eigencuspform, then
The Fourier coefficient of is the eigenvalue of for .
The Fourier coefficients of satisfy
Consequently, the Dirichlet series associated with a simultaneous Hecke eigencuspform of level and weight admits an Euler product For example, when is the unique normalized cuspform of level and weight , one has where is the function of Ramanujan.
For the congruence group a Hecke eigencuspform of weight gives rise to a Dirichlet series that admits an Euler product expansion whose factors at primes coprime to resemble those given by (15). In order for to satisfy a functional equation under the substitution , one needs to require that the eigencuspform admits a functional equation not only with respect to each element of the group but also with respect to the substitution in the upper-half plane given by the matrix A. Weil ([31]) showed that the cuspforms of weight for the group satisfying the appropriate functional equation under the mapping of given by correspond precisely to Dirichlet series with certain growth conditions that admit analytic continuations as meromorphic functions in satisfying a finite number of "twisted" functional equations.
The reader will have noticed that it is not extremely easy to characterize the cuspforms of weight that conjecturally (Shimura-Taniyama-Weil) parameterize the isogeny classes of elliptic curves defined over the rational field . The Euler product is an extremely important part of the characterization since the Dirichlet series given by such an elliptic curve, as will be made explicit in the next section, is, by its very nature, an Euler product. Weil conjectures explicitly that the Dirichlet series with Euler product given by each elliptic curve defined over satisfies these conditions, i.e., is the Dirichlet series associated to some -compatible Hecke eigencuspform for the group , where is the "conductor" of . This has led to efforts, related to the "Langlands program" to understand the -compatible Hecke eigencuspforms in a more intrinsic way as objects of representation theory over (see, e.g., the survey of Gelbart [4]).
Let be an elliptic curve defined over . One may clear denominators from its cubic equation, if necessary, in order to arrive at an equation with integer coefficients having no common factor. While the Weierstrass normal form (3) is available to represent the isomorphism class of any elliptic curve over a field of characteristic different from and , one needs the generalized Weierstrass form over an arbitrary field, and, moreover, for each elliptic curve defined over there is a "best possible" equation (e.g., see Silverman [27]) of the form (16) with integer coefficients called the Neron model of . With an abuse of notation will denote the Neron model, which may be regarded as a "curve over ". (One would want to call it an "elliptic curve over " if it were "smooth over ", i.e., if it had good reduction at each prime ; the fact that every Neron model has bad reduction at least once corresponds under the "dictionary" to the fact that there are no cuspforms of weight two and level 1.) It then may be observed that for each prime the Neron model gives rise to a cubic equation over the finite field . For all but a finite number of the equation over is non-singular over , i.e., determines an elliptic curve defined over . One says in this case that has "good reduction" mod . Following Tate ([30]) one introduces Then one has The non-vanishing of mod is necessary and sufficient for to have good reduction mod . It follows that a prime divides if and only if does not have good reduction mod . If is a prime for which has "bad reduction", then there is a single singular point of the reduced curve , and either (a) has distinct tangent lines at the singular point (semi-stable reduction) or (b) has a single tangent line occurring with multiplicity . is called semi-stable if it has either good or semi-stable reduction at each prime. The conductor of is the integer defined by where The non-negative integer cannot be positive unless is or . Tautologically, is semi-stable if and only if its conductor is square-free.
One defines the "L-series" of by where is defined when has good reduction mod by the formula and is defined when has bad reduction mod by One observes readily that the L-function of codifies information about the number of points of in the finite field . Quite generally for an algebraic variety defined over the analogous codification of information obtained by counting points in the various reductions mod of the variety yields the "Hasse-Weil zeta function", which reflects "cohomological" information about . The L-series of is the essential part, corresponding to cohomology in dimension , of the Hasse-Weil zeta function of . The Hasse-Weil zeta function is a special case of the general notion (Serre [19]) of "zeta function" for a scheme of finite type over .
One observes that resembles, at least insofar as one considers its Euler factors for primes corresponding to good reductions of , the Dirichlet series associated to a cuspform of weight that admits an Euler product expansion. The observation of this resemblance is the beginning of an appreciation of the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil conjecture. One is led to ask to what extent the two classes of Dirichlet series with Euler products coincide. The conjecture states that the L-function of an elliptic curve defined over with conductor arises from a cuspform for the group that is compatible with the substitution in the upper-half plane given by . Isogenous elliptic curves have the same -function, and, conversely (cf. Tate [29] and Faltings [3]) two elliptic curves with the same -function must be isogenous. Thus, the idea of the conjecture is that the isogeny classes of elliptic curves defined over with conductor are in bijective correspondence with the set of Hecke eigencuspforms for the group of level , compatible with the extension of that group by the substitution arising from , having rational Fourier coefficients and not arising from levels dividing .
Shimura ([23], [24], [25]) showed for a given -compatible Hecke eigencuspform of weight for the group with rational Fourier coefficients how to construct how to construct an elliptic curve defined over such that the Dirichlet series associated with is the same as the L-function . Thus, the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil conjecture becomes the statement that Shimura's map from the set of such cuspforms to the set of elliptic curves defined over is surjective up to isogeny. A rough description of the Shimura map follows.
Let be a congruence subgroup of , and let denote the compact Riemann surface . The inclusion of in induces a "branched covering" One may use the elementary Riemann-Hurwitz formula from combinatorial topology to determine the Euler number, and consequently the genus, of . The genus is the dimension of the space of cuspforms of weight . Even when the genus is zero one obtains embeddings of in projective spaces through holomorphic maps where is a basis of the space of modular forms of weight with sufficiently large. For example, any will suffice for . For (but not for arbitrary ) one may find a basis of the space of modular forms of weight having rational Fourier coefficients. Using the corresponding projective embedding one finds a model for over , i.e., an algebraic curve defined over in projective space that is isomorphic as a compact Riemann surface to .
Associated with any "complete non-singular" algebraic curve (i.e., after Weyl [33], any compact Riemann surface) of genus is a complex torus, the "Jacobian" of , that is the quotient of -dimensional complex vector space by the lattice generated by the "period matrix", which is the matrix in obtained by integrating each of the members of a basis of the space of holomorphic differentials over each of the loops in representing the members of a homology basis in dimension . Furthermore, if one picks a base point in , then for any in , the path integral from to of each of the holomorphic differentials is well-defined modulo the periods of the differential. One obtains a holomorphic map from the formula This map is, in fact, universal for pointed holomorphic maps from to complex tori. Furthermore, the Jacobian is an algebraic variety that admits definition over any field of definition for and , and the universal map also admits definition over any such field. The complex tori that admit embeddings in projective space are the abelian group objects in the category of projective varieties. They are called abelian varieties. Every abelian variety is isogenous to the product of "simple" abelian varieties: abelian varieties having no abelian subvarieties. Shimura showed that one of the simple isogeny factors of is an elliptic curve defined over characterized by the fact that its one-dimensional space of holomorphic differentials induces on , via the composition of the universal map with projection on , the one-dimensional space of differentials on determined by the cuspform . He showed further that is the Dirichlet series with Euler product given by . An elliptic curve defined over is said to be modular if it is isogenous to for some -compatible Hecke eigencuspform of weight for . Equivalently is modular if and only if is the Dirichlet series given by such a cuspform. The Shimura-Taniyama-Weil Conjecture states that every elliptic curve defined over is modular. Shimura [23] showed that this conjecture is true in the special case where the -module rank of the ring of endomorphisms of is greater than one. In this case the point (notation of section 3) of the upper-half plane corresponding to is a quadratic imaginary number, and is a number-theoretic -function associated with the corresponding imaginary quadratic number field.
Let be a prime. Based on the assumption, which presumably is false, that there are non-zero integers such that , G. Frey observed that the elliptic curve given by the equation which is certainly defined over , would not be likely to be modular. Thus, if the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil Conjecture were true, then "Fermat's Last Theorem" would also be true. By 1987 it had been shown through the efforts of Frey, Ribet and Serre that the Frey curve (18) is not modular. The proof involves the systematic study of what is known as the "-adic representation" of an elliptic curve defined over , which is described in the next section. This same technique is what has been reported to be the basis of the proof of Wiles that every semi-stable elliptic curve defined over is modular. The Frey curve (18) has discriminant . It is only slightly difficult to see that it is semi-stable, and, therefore, that its conductor is the square-free integer . If the Frey curve is modular, one is led to a cuspform of weight for . The theory of -adic representations leads one along a path of reductions of the level from the initial level that enables one to conclude that there is a cuspform of weight for ; but the genus of is , and, consequently, there is no such cuspform.
Let be an elliptic curve defined over . Inasmuch as the group law is defined over it follows that for each integer the group (scheme) of -torsion points, i.e., for any field containing the group consisting of all in such that , is defined by equations with rational coefficients. Consequently, any automorphism of must carry the group into itself. Since is the quotient of by a lattice, it is clear that is isomorphic to ; in fact, this latter group is isomorphic to for each algebraically closed field of characteristic . There is a unique ring homomorphism for each integer , and the family of these ring homomorphisms gives rise to an inverse system in the category of commutative rings. If one specializes to the case , where is prime, the projective limit is the ring of -adic integers. The groups form a direct system with respect to the inclusions , but, corresponding to the inverse system of the groups , form an inverse system (the Tate system) with respect to the family of homorphisms defined by . If one specializes to the case , where is prime, one obtains the projective limit which is isomorphic to the cohomology module The action of on the torsion groups induces an action of on the projective limit . This action gives rise to a representation which is called the -adic representation of . In considering one is reminded of the action of the automorphism group of a manifold on the cohomology and, more particularly, the action of Gal() on the cohomology of when is an algebraic manifold in defined by equations with real coefficients, but one must keep in mind that the transformations of arising from the elements of are not even remotely continuous in the classical topology on . More generally, there is an algebraic way of defining the cohomology ring (see Tate [28]) when is an algebraic variety with the property that automorphisms fixing the field of definition act on . An introduction to the study of may be found in Serre's "Montreal Notes" [21].
The canonical ring homomorphism from the ring of -adic integers to the field induces a group homomorphism , called reduction mod , from the group to the finite group . An -adic representation of is called modular if it is isomorphic to the representation arising from the elliptic curve that is the image under the Shimura map of a modular form . A representation is called modular if it is isomorphic to for some modular -adic representation . In the extensive detailed study of representations of particular attention has been paid to the question of when a representation in is modular and also to the question of when a representation of is modular. Under certain conditions (see Serre [22] and Ribet [14], [15]) one can show that is modular if is modular, i.e., is modular if it is congruent mod to a modular -adic representation. Such arguments are central both to the work of Ribet in showing that the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil conjecture implies "Fermat's Last Theorem" and to the reported work of Wiles in proving that semi-stable elliptic curves are modular. In the work of Ribet the basic idea is that the modularity of the Frey curve, which has square-free conductor , implies the existence of a cusp form of weight and level . By using an argument at the scene of the mod representations, Ribet shows that one may split each odd prime divisor out of the level and arrive at the conclusion that there is a cusp form of weight and level , which is not possible.
Andrew Wiles posted the following announcement in the "UseNet" electronic news group called "sci.math":


text:
The Giants finally found their running game, and it has them heading into the bye week with hope for a second half of the season that is bound to be a lot tougher.
Ahmad Bradshaw ran for 104 yards and a career-best three touchdowns and Lawrence Tynes kicked a go-ahead 23-yard field goal with 1:32 remaining to give the New York Giants a 27-24 victory over the Buffalo Bills on Sunday.
Bradshaw scored on three 1-yard runs and had a 30-yard run to help set up Tynes' winner as the Giants (4-2) rebounded from a bad loss to Seattle last weekend by limiting the high-scoring Bills (4-2) to seven second-half points.
It marked the first time this season the Giants had a runner gain more than 100 yards.
Ryan Fitzpatrick was 21 of 30 for 244 yards and threw touchdown passes of 60 yards to Naaman Roosevelt and 9 yards to Stevie Johnson, but his final attempt was batted down by Jason Pierre-Paul on a fourth-and-5 from the Bills 25 to preserve the win.
Fitzpatrick also was intercepted twice by Corey Webster, with the last starting the possession that led to the winning kick.
Eli Manning was nearly perfect against the Bills' ballhawking defense, completing 21 of 32 for 292 yards and no interceptions. Buffalo came in with 12 interceptions and its defense had set up 79 points.
The Giants didn't turn the ball over once.
Fred Jackson had another monster game for Buffalo, rushing for 121 yards, including a career-high 80-yard TD run. He also caught five passes for 47 yards.
After tying the game on the 9-yard pass to Johnson, Buffalo appeared in position to take the lead when Fitzpatrick completed a 32-yard pass to David Nelson for a first down at the New York 27.
However, he went for the lead on a go-pattern to Johnson down the left sideline and Webster was all over it, intercepting at the 5. Johnson was called for a very flagrant facemask, giving New York the ball at its own 20.
Bradshaw had a 10-yard run on first down and then ripped off his 30-yarder around left end two plays later for a first down at the Bills 37. Two pass interference penalties against Drayton Florence eventually got New York a first and goal and Tynes, who had a 26-yard field goal in the first half, kicked another short one.
The Giants had a chance to take a 14-point lead late in the third quarter when Manning hit Mario Manningham in stride on a pass from the Bills 37-yard line. Manningham caught the ball, but cornerback Terrence McGee stripped it out as the receiver fell in the end zone.
The pass was ruled incomplete. The Giants challenged and lost.
When the drive stalled, Tynes' 51-yard field-goal attempt to put the Giants up by 10 was blocked by Alex Carrington.
Buffalo took over at its 40, overcame a second-and-20 after a sack by Osi Umenyiora and tied the game on Fitzpatrick's 9-yard TD pass to Johnson with 8:57 to play.
New York had take 24-17 lead with a 10-play, 75-yard drive that Bradshaw capped after a review ruled that Manningham did not score on a pass reception from the 7 that had originally been ruled a touchdown.
The first half was a mixture of the Bills' big-play offense and the Giants more methodical approach with the ball. It ended in a draw with the teams tied at 17.
Bradshaw scored on a pair of 1-yard runs for the Giants and the Bills got touchdowns on Jackson's long run — just one play from scrimmage after Bradshaw's first TD — and a 60-yard catch and run by Roosevelt, his first career TD.
Tynes kicked a 26-yard field goal for the Giants, while Rian Lindell had a 49-yarder for the Bills with 24 seconds left in the half.
Bradshaw had given the Giants the lead on the previous possession, scoring just two plays after Manning hit Hakeem Nicks on a 60-yard pass down the left sideline, New York's biggest play of the half.


text:
CABOT — Fish in some of the Three Rivers Edition coverage area waters now have a new place to call home, thanks to the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.
On Wednesday, officials with the AGFC sank Christmas trees in the Cabot Community Fishing Pond and Cherrywood Lake in Sherwood to create fish habitats.
Ben Batten, program coordinator for the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission's Family and Community Fishing Program, said this is something that happens every year.
"It's a seasonal thing. We sink either used or unsold Christmas trees. It usually happens around January or February," Batten said.
Batten said this is a way for the trees that would otherwise be thrown away to be put to good use.
"I think the reason we use Christmas trees is because they're readily available," he said.
The trees give the fish a place to hide from predators and build nests when preparing to lay eggs.
"These habitats provide [the fish] shelter, and [the habitats] also gather small insects and fish, which will bring in larger fish to feed. They give anglers a place where they know fish will be," Batten said.
Fish in city-park ponds seem to thrive the most when such a fish habitat is put into place, he said.
"A lot of times, [those ponds] are just like a bowl," Batten said. "When they are stocked, the fish are usually young and totally vulnerable to predators."
In larger lakes such as Greers Ferry, Batten said, there are generally trees that naturally fall into the lake, creating fish habitats without the assistance of crews sinking trees into the water.
"We're hoping that these habitats help improve fish populations," Batten said.
Crappie, bass, bluegills and other fish will use these habitats, according to an AGFC news release.
Batten encourages others to recycle their trees next year if they have a chance.
"A lot of people even sink their own, and they have their own secret spots," he said. "Please recycle your trees, and let us make them into fish habitats."
A list of tree drop-off locations is released around Christmastime each year.
For more information on area waters where the AGFC has placed fish structures, or for Family and Community Fishing Program locations, call the commission at (800) 364-4263 or visit www.agfc.com.


text:
1. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxPatrick_Kutch Jul 15, 2011 9:40 AM (in response to liyu)
Thanx for using Intel Ethernet.
While I am no longer the TME responsible for virtualization, I'll jump in and see if I can lend a hand.
How many VF's did you try to instantiate with the 82599?
The usual reason for this message is that the BIOS did not properly allocate sufficient MMIO space for all of the potentila VFs. You might try updating your BIOS.
If you look at the following blog:
It will take you to my SR-IOV Primer and you can get the details in there of what and how the BIOS is supposed to calculate the MMIO space.
You can also try creating less VF's (max_vfs=5) say for the driver parameter, and see what happens.
Looking forward to seeing your response.
- Patrick
2. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxliyu Jul 17, 2011 8:33 PM (in response to Patrick_Kutch)
Thanks !
I just create 4 vfs. Even if I only just create 1, it fails. And the probelm is just the same as https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=523341. I have already get the vfs of 82576( gigabit ethernet ) , however when I just do the same things for 82599 ( gigabit ethernet ), it fails. I will try to update the BIOS. And I will read the document you recommended carefully!
Thanks a lot!
3. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxdatamove Jul 26, 2011 9:33 AM (in response to liyu)
Hi, Liyu
I can confirm that 82599 SR-IOV works in the system that also have 82576. So, both work with SR-IOV (SL6.0/kvm in my case, guest is also SL60 or Windows). The system is Supermicro X8TD.
4. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxliyu Jul 26, 2011 7:35 PM (in response to datamove)
Hi, Artem
we have traced the path of resource allcating,then we find the first time the pcibios allocate resource failed for the bus which containing the 82599,after this,we can see no proper resource availabe in the bus. In this case, we let the linux kernel do the work that bios should do. However, when we get the BIOS to allocate resources, it still get a problem of resource allocation failed (we have update the BIOS to the latest virsion).
Might it be that the kernel get a bug? We would go on reading the pci part of linux kernel. Could it be a solution ?
5. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxdatamove Jul 27, 2011 9:47 AM (in response to liyu)
Hi Liyu,
Ok, I recalled some details and looked again at my system.
First, I had to turn two options in BIOS (on my supermicro board): one was for VT-d, the other was to explicitely enable SRIOV. Check it out in PCI section of you BIOS, and probably it's a good idea to walk through BIOS setting s with BIOS manual from the manufacturer.
The other things is : run
lspci -vv -s $pci_id
and check if it references SR-IOV capabilities, like my X520Capabilities: [160] Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV)IOVCap: Migration-, Interrupt Message Number: 000IOVCtl: Enable+ Migration- Interrupt- MSE+ ARIHierarchy+IOVSta: Migration-Initial VFs: 64, Total VFs: 64, Number of VFs: 7, Function Dependency Link: 00VF offset: 128, stride: 2, Device ID: 10edSupported Page Size: 00000553, System Page Size: 00000001Region 0: Memory at 00000000fa800000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable)Region 3: Memory at 00000000fa900000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable)VF Migration: offset: 00000000, BIR: 0
So it's important that "Region" memories were not at 0
Another things is that MSI-X is enabled (also checked in the output of lspci), and yet another thing to look for is ARI capabiliti and hierarhy support.
Also, just try a different PCI-e slot, and try to get other cards out and have X520 alone.
6. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxchbarg Sep 13, 2011 8:26 PM (in response to datamove)
I have a similar setup (Centos 6.0, Supermicro MB, 82576 NIC) but only the Linux guests work properly with the 82576 VF. The Windows ones (both 2008R2 and 7 x64) see an Ethernet Controller but the intel driver does not detect them. I am using KVM.
Is there anything in your setup that configures the NICs in a particular way?
Is there any particular configuration required in the VMs xml file?
This is the output of lspci:
sudo lspci -vv -s 04:00.1
04:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
Subsystem: Intel Corporation Gigabit ET Dual Port Server Adapter
Control: I/O+ Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx+
Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
Latency: 0, Cache Line Size: 64 bytes
Interrupt: pin B routed to IRQ 17
Region 0: Memory at fdfe0000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K]
Region 2: I/O ports at d800 [size=32]
Region 3: Memory at fdfdc000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
Expansion ROM at fe000000 [disabled] [size=4M]
Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3
Flags: PMEClk- DSI+ D1- D2- AuxCurrent=0mA PME(D0+,D1-,D2-,D3hot+,D3cold+)
Status: D0 NoSoftRst- PME-Enable- DSel=0 DScale=1 PME-
Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable+ 64bit+
Address: 0000000000000000 Data: 0000
Masking: 00000000 Pending: 00000000
Capabilities: [70] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=10 Masked-
Vector table: BAR=3 offset=00000000
PBA: BAR=3 offset=00002000
Capabilities: [a0] Express (v2) Endpoint, MSI 00
DevCap: MaxPayload 512 bytes, PhantFunc 0, Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <64us
ExtTag- AttnBtn- AttnInd- PwrInd- RBE+ FLReset+
DevCtl: Report errors: Correctable+ Non-Fatal+ Fatal+ Unsupported+
RlxdOrd- ExtTag- PhantFunc- AuxPwr- NoSnoop+ FLReset-
MaxPayload 128 bytes, MaxReadReq 512 bytes
DevSta: CorrErr+ UncorrErr- FatalErr- UnsuppReq+ AuxPwr+ TransPend-
LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x4, ASPM L0s L1, Latency L0 <4us, L1 <64us
ClockPM- Surprise- LLActRep- BwNot-
LnkCtl: ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes Disabled- Retrain- CommClk+
ExtSynch- ClockPM- AutWidDis- BWInt- AutBWInt-
LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x4, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt-
DevCap2: Completion Timeout: Range ABCD, TimeoutDis+
DevCtl2: Completion Timeout: 16ms to 55ms, TimeoutDis-
LnkCtl2: Target Link Speed: 2.5GT/s, EnterCompliance- SpeedDis-, Selectable De-emphasis: -6dB
Transmit Margin: Normal Operating Range, EnterModifiedCompliance- ComplianceSOS-
Compliance De-emphasis: -6dB
LnkSta2: Current De-emphasis Level: -6dB
Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
UESta: DLP- SDES- TLP- FCP- CmpltTO- CmpltAbrt- UnxCmplt- RxOF- MalfTLP- ECRC- UnsupReq- ACSViol-
UEMsk: DLP- SDES- TLP- FCP- CmpltTO- CmpltAbrt- UnxCmplt- RxOF- MalfTLP- ECRC- UnsupReq- ACSViol-
UESvrt: DLP+ SDES- TLP- FCP+ CmpltTO- CmpltAbrt- UnxCmplt- RxOF+ MalfTLP+ ECRC- UnsupReq- ACSViol-
CESta: RxErr- BadTLP- BadDLLP- Rollover- Timeout- NonFatalErr+
CEMsk: RxErr- BadTLP- BadDLLP- Rollover- Timeout- NonFatalErr+
AERCap: First Error Pointer: 00, GenCap- CGenEn- ChkCap- ChkEn-
Capabilities: [140] Device Serial Number 00-1b-21-ff-ff-a1-04-f2
Capabilities: [150] Alternative Routing-ID Interpretation (ARI)
ARICap: MFVC- ACS-, Next Function: 0
ARICtl: MFVC- ACS-, Function Group: 0
Capabilities: [160] Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV)
IOVCap: Migration-, Interrupt Message Number: 000
IOVCtl: Enable+ Migration- Interrupt- MSE+ ARIHierarchy-
IOVSta: Migration-
Initial VFs: 8, Total VFs: 8, Number of VFs: 7, Function Dependency Link: 01
VF offset: 128, stride: 2, Device ID: 10ca
Supported Page Size: 00000553, System Page Size: 00000001
Region 0: Memory at 00000000fd340000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable)
Region 3: Memory at 00000000fd360000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable)
VF Migration: offset: 00000000, BIR: 0
Kernel driver in use: igb
Kernel modules: igb
Any suggestions?
Thank you very much for your help
Message was edited by: chbarg (changed font size)
7. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxPatrick_Kutch Sep 16, 2011 9:52 AM (in response to chbarg)
Windows 7 is a client OS, as such there are no drivers available for the VFs.
Due to resource contstaings, Intel hs not yet developed a VF driver for the 82576 VF's for Windows Server 2008R2 - though there are drivers for Windows Server 2008.
8. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxchbarg Sep 16, 2011 11:50 AM (in response to Patrick_Kutch)
Thank you for the reply.
I will be waiting for the drivers for 2008 R2 and Win 7.
Thank you very much for your help !!!
9. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxliyu Oct 27, 2011 6:33 AM (in response to datamove)
I can see VF of 82599 now after I reduce the space proccessed by the VGA in BIOS
10. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxleechaotang Dec 26, 2011 2:24 AM (in response to liyu)
I met the same problem as liyu, but I use Fedora 15!!
Fedora 15 support 82599 SR-IOV function?
liyu, could you kindly tell me how to "reduce the space processed by the VGA in BIOS"
11. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxleechaotang Dec 26, 2011 2:42 AM (in response to leechaotang)
My OS is Fedora 15, BIOS is version 2.00.1201 AMI, ASUS server.
I have enabled the Vd-T and Vd-X. It seems no other setting in BIOS about SR-IOV.
12. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxmark_h_@intel Jan 5, 2012 2:10 PM (in response to leechaotang)
Hi Mark,
I did some resarch on the Fedora Project site. Fedora 15 uses a renamed 3.1 kernel aka 2.6.41.x kernel. See https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Kernel for details. That kernel has support for SR-IOV, so your OS should work. I am not sure what drivers are included in the distribution package, but you can always get the latest PF and VF drivers from http://downloadcenter.intel.com.
Unfortunately, the lack of any BIOS settings for SR-IOV makes me think that your server hardware (or the BIOS) does not support SR-IOV. You need BIOS and hardware support on the platform. You should probably check with ASUS about SR-IOV support.
Mark H
13. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxPatrick_Kutch Jan 23, 2012 1:30 PM (in response to mark_h_@intel)
Sorry for the delay - I was in Antarctica and just got back.
Mark H. is correct, sounds like your server simply does not have a SR-IOV enabled BIOS. Please check with your server vendor and best of luck.
14. Re: a problem with 82599 using SR-IOV in linuxchbarg Apr 21, 2012 8:47 PM (in response to Patrick_Kutch)
I just downloaded the Intel PROWinx64.exe V17 dated 03/23/2012 that should include support for VF under Win 2008 R2 from:
From inside guest VM I can see the NIC with missing drivers. Win 2008 R2 reports the correct hardware ID:
Are these the correct hardware IDs for the 82576 VF?
Linux guests work perfectly using the VF so I assume that the MB and Bios correctly supports SR-IOV.
Thank you very much for your help
MB = SuperMicro H8SCM BIOS V 2.0
CPU = Opteron 4180 or Opteron 4226
OS = Centos 6.2 x64 with all updates
Guest OS = Win 2008 R2


text:
Cajon Hats
Sizes: 12"
Weight: thin top/medium heavy bottom
Volume: low to medium loud
Stick Sound: dry, defined, glassy
Intensity: fairly lively
Sustain: short
Chick Sound: tight
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Sound Room:
Click the icons below to hear them.
Download MP3 Sound Files PST 8
Click the icons below to hear them.
Click to add a size of this model to the soundroom: 12"
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text:
Monday morning, the internet was abuzz with word that Brad Pitt, celebrity father, has joined Chinese Twitter, Sina Weibo. Even more exciting was his first message to Chinese fans: "It is the truth. Yup, I'm coming…"
That message was particularly confusing, as it has been reported Pitt was banned from China after his appearance in Seven Years in Tibet, which chronicles Chinese atrocities in Tibet following World War II.
However, it appears now that the United Colors of Jolie-Pitt will not be taking a stand against the Chinese government, as the original message (pictured on the left) has been deleted.
So, are the Jolie-Pitts really China-bound? Or is Brad backing out? Establishing a pattern, Pitt did drop out of college (my alma mater) just short of graduation. He also dropped out of his marriage to water model Jennifer Aniston.
Regardless of outcome, Brad Pitt has learned a valuable lesson: you cannot #vaguetweet in a vacuum. Also, you are not actually Benjamin Button, get an updated avatar.
[Image via AP]


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Utility Line Protection Program Now Available
The City of Moore is pleased to announce a partnership with Service Line Warranties of America (SLWA) to offer the National League of Cities (NLC) Service Line Warranty Program to homeowners. The NLC Service Line Warranty Program offers voluntary warranty protection at an affordable price for water lines in the event of a failure.
"Homeowners are burdened with many expenses and providing peace of mind in the event of a service line failure is important since repairs could cost thousands of dollars," said Steve Eddy, City Manager. "This program is not only affordable, but the added convenience factor should be very appealing to busy homeowners."
The NLC Service Line Warranty Program offers protection against normal wear and tear, which is not covered under most traditional homeowners policies. If lines break, leak or clog – SLWA will repair the line using local, licensed contractors who are familiar with local code and can ensure a timely response. This program provides up to $4,000 in coverage with an additional allowance for public street or sidewalk cutting. Additionally, the program has no annual or lifetime limits, service fees or deductibles – just protection when you need it most and just what you would expect from a National League of Cities program.
"Many homeowners believe their pipes will last forever, but that's simply not the case," said Eddy. "Many factors beyond the life expectancy of the pipe can contribute to a failure including tree root intrusion, ground shifting and weather – all factors which are covered through this program. Additionally, with homeowners more likely to report problems, we can conserve water in the community."
This program is offered at no cost to the City and no public funds are used to promote or administer the program.
"We are pleased to partner with Moore to offer our service," said Brad Carmichael, Vice President of Business Development for SLWA. "SLWA provides first-class customer service with a 24/7 repair line and the use of licensed and thoroughly researched local contractors – keeping dollars in the local economy."
For questions about this service, or to enroll, please contact Service Line Warranties of America at 866-922-9006 or visit www.SLWofA.com.
About Service Line Warranties of America
Headquartered in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, SLWA is a leading independent provider of service line warranties in North America. SLWA is accredited through the Better Business Bureau with an A+ rating and zero unresolved complaints. SLWA is the brand used by the Utility Service Partners, Inc. family of companies and endorsed by the National League of Cities.
About the National League of Cities
The National League of Cities is a national organization dedicated to helping city leaders build better communities, and serves as a resource and advocate for 19,000 cities, towns and villages, representing more than 218 million Americans.


text:
This section is a stub and needs to be completed. You can help by editing this article.
The Jedi Order has at least three known ranks.
- Padawan - an apprentice who is learning to use the Force. Apprentices vary in age from early childhood to adulthood, and presumably there is considerable "rank" variation among them as a result.
- Knight - a former Padawan who has passed a test known as the Trials, allowing him or her to operate without supervision.
- Master - a Jedi Knight who has finished training at least one Padawan. It is not entirely clear what sort of authorization a Jedi Knight needs from the Order to take an apprentice.
According to secondary sources, there are three primary roles that Jedi pursue.
- Jedi Guardian - primarily combatants
- Jedi Consular - primarily diplomats
- Jedi Sentinel - primarily scouts, explorers, or investigators
The Jedi Order is commanded by the Jedi Council, which consists of several Master-ranked Jedi. The Order exists to serve the Republic and generally does the wishes of the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic, although such authority usually does not extend to internal matters of the Order, such as the awarding of ratings and the selection of Jedi Council members.
While Jedi are devastating warriors individually, they are not effective in large numbers, having neither the training nor the equipment to function as an army. Their lack of group combat experience was most evident at the Battle of Geonosis, where dozens of Jedi -- who essentially fought as a mob of heroic individuals -- were overwhelmed by the superior numbers, combined arms, and coherent tactics of the CIS's battle droids.
On the other hand, Jedi were effective officers in the Grand Army of the Republic. Their supernatural senses helped them to position their forces effectively, and in the field they were able to protect their troops from enemy fire while the troops worked offensively against Separatist forces.


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Nashua, Manchester watch, wait, wonderBy DOUG ALDEN
New Hampshire Union Leader
and KIMBERLY HOUGHTON
Union Leade Correspondent
February 08. 2013 9:19PM
MANCHESTER - Mayor Ted Gatsas' hope that today's blizzard would fall short of predictions faded on Friday as the sky grew darker.
The outlook was grim and only got worse as the snow started falling at a steady rate in the afternoon.
"We're prepared and we're ready to go," Gatsas said after a noon news briefing at the Manchester Fire Department. "We're hoping for the best but prepared for the worst."
The city declared a snow emergency, banning all parking on city streets, starting at 10 p.m. Friday, and running until Sunday at noon.
Six television screens on one wall at the fire station board room were all tuned into the weather and none gave any indication that the storm would be anything less than a blizzard and the worst snow storm the city has seen in years.
"The biggest concern is people are going to think that they can travel through two feet of snow and they're out moving vehicles around," Gatsas said.
The city was also anticipating that high winds would knock down tree limbs and take out power lines, leading to additional dangers. Beds were being set up at Memorial High School if an emergency shelter is needed and crews were prepared to handle any downed lines, which Gatsas emphasized should be left to the experts.
"Don't touch any of the wires that you see. Make the phone call," Gatsas said. "We'll be prepared to get people out and handle whatever we need to handle."
Fire Chief James Burkish said the city's Emergency Operations Center would be staffed 24 hours a day until the storm ended. The EOC could be reached at 668-3116 for residents with a problem to report. Gatsas said updates would also be posted at the city's website, www.manchesternh.gov.
Burkish also warned people who planned to use generators in the event of a power outage to be sure to set up the gas-powered machines 10 feet away from their home to ensure proper ventilation. With the snow totals expected to exceed a foot or more, the high accumulation and drifting could block vents, Burkish said.
"If we're out on a call and we hear a generator running, a fire truck will stop by and make sure that it's properly operating," Burkish said. "We've had carbon monoxide incidents almost in every storm like this. It's very dangerous and we're very concerned."
Manchester Transit Authority planned to continue service throughout the storm, although some delays were expected as the weather got worse. Service updates were available at the MTA homepage http://www.mtabus.org.
City schools on Thursday were scheduled to release early Friday, but Superintendent Tom Brennan decided Thursday night to cancel classes altogether.
"The kids would be leaving right about now and that's when it's getting a little dicey out there so we decided to go full cancellation," Brennan said Friday afternoon. "I was holding off as long as I could, but the more reports I received the more I realized that we'd be putting them right in the middle of this type of storm."
Brennan said a group of city high school students would be riding the storm out in Orlando, Fla., where they are attending a DECA conference. The conference is scheduled to wrap up Sunday, but the 18 Memorial High School students, five from Manchester School of Technology and four chaperones were told they wouldn't be able to fly back to Manchester until Wednesday at the earliest.
"Everyone's fine. It's just that they're going to be there at least right now until Wednesday," Brennan said.
The school closures were the first of many throughout the city. Gatsas said City Hall would close at 3 p.m. Friday. The Manchester Monarchs moved their annual "Pink in the Rink" game from tonight to Tuesday due to the storm. The breast cancer awareness event features players wearing pink jerseys and skating on pink ice.
The SEE Science Center also postponed the opening of a new dinosaur exhibit to Sunday.
'Challenging' in Nashua
Nashua's snow emergency began at 2 p.m. on Friday and was to be lifted at 7 tonight.
With the National Weather Service anticipating one to two inches of snow per hour until about 3 p.m. today, "it is very challenging to keep streets clear with snowfall of this magnitude," says the release issued by Justin Kates, director of emergency management in Nashua. "If possible, please remain off the roads during this time for your safety and to make room for equipment working to keep roads open."
Parking on the street and in the municipal surface lots is prohibited during the snow emergency. However, Kates stressed that free parking will be available at the Elm Street and High Street parking garages during the emergency. Vehicles not removed from the streets will be towed, and owners will be fined up to $295 to retrieve their vehicles from the Solid Waste Department landfill. Cars may be picked up during the storm until 10 a.m. on Sunday, or during normal business hours, says the release. "Depending on the duration of the storm and snowfall amounts, crews may need extensive time once the storm ends to clean all street and sidewalk routes," Kates said in the statement.
There is a Public Works snow line available at 589-4795, which will provide residents with up-to-date information on the storm. Crews are asking citizens to be patient as they work around the clock to clear the snow. The Nashua Transit System canceled night service on Friday. Today, the buses will not begin until noon. For additional information about the Nashua Transit System during the storm, call 880-0100.
Kates reminds residents to use 911 only for emergencies, to stay off the roads, have an emergency kit available, check on neighbors and family, report power outages by calling Public Service of New Hampshire at 1-800-662-7764, clear the streets of any snow removal obstructions and stay informed by visiting www.nashuanh.gov.
"Preparedness is everyone's responsibility. Take the time to ensure that you and your family will be safe during this winter storm," says the release.


text:
We're always looking for ways to make travel easy, and our year-round savings certainly help. Find out how much you could save with Frequent Traveller Discounts, Room Share Reductions and more.
Year-round savings
Offering you value all year round
Family Experiences Savings
On our Family Experiences itineraries, we take the hassle – and some of the cost – out of group travel planning.
We offer a 5% discount to groups of five to eight people, a triple and quad room share reduction, plus a Young Traveller Discount.
Past Guests
Have you travelled with us or one of our sister companies previously? If so, we'll give you 5% off your next trip.
Only one discount is available per person, per year, and can be redeemed against each further land-only part of a trip. Frequent Traveller Discount does not apply to extra nights' accommodation.
This offer is subject to availability and may be withdrawn at any time without notice.
Travel with family or friends
Organising a trip for five to nine people? You can save 5% per person on the land-only part of your trip. Groups of 10 or more people can save even more on the land-only part of their trip. For more information, contact us or your local Travel Agent, who can give you a quote.
Book two or more trips
Have twice the fun – save up to 2.5% when you book a second Trafalgar trip. Book two Trafalgar trips – both seven days or longer – and save up to 2.5% on the land-only portion of your shortest holiday.
Please note that holidays must be booked at the same time. The discount is per person only and does not apply to City Breaks, extra nights' accommodation, extensions and airfares, taxes and fees, and airport transfers. Europe – excludes all Eastern Mediterranean holidays except the Greek Island Hopper, the Best of Greece (without cruise), the Highlights of Turkey (without cruise) and the Best of Turkey. Autumn, Winter & Spring Europe – excludes Real Britain, Jordan, Egypt and Israel. Asia – excludes Highlights of China and the Yangtze, and China Tibet and the Yangtze.
Single Traveller Saving
Are you travelling alone but don't want to pay a single supplement? On many of our trips, we'll give you the option to room share with another same-gender solo traveller, on a twin-bed basis.Please note that we cannot guarantee roommates will be of a similar age group. If we fail to match you, we will provide a single room at no extra cost. This service does not apply to City Breaks, extra nights' accommodation and all Eastern Mediterranean holidays – with the exception of Highlights of Turkey (without cruise) and the Best of Turkey.
Single supplements may also not be available on specific itineraries; you'll be able to find this information in the departure notes on the Prices & Availability section of each trip's itinerary page.
Triple Room Share Reduction
Travel with three people sharing one room and each of you will receive a reduction on the land-only portion of your trip's price. Each itinerary lists the triple room reduction per person.
Triple room reductions are based on sharing a twin or a double bedroom with an extra bed, which may be a 'roll-away'. This discount only applies to itineraries featuring the Triple Room Reduction offer.
Young Traveller Discount
If you're travelling with a child between the age of five and 17, we'll give you a discount of up to 10% on the land-only portion of their holiday. Young travellers must be under the age of 18 years on the date of departure, and must be accompanied by an adult (limit of one Young Traveller Discount per room). Please see below for a detailed breakdown of age groups for individual brochures:
|Age limits
|5 - 11
|At Leisure
|5 - 18 (5 - 15 for Australia and New Zealand)
|Australia and New Zealand
|5 - 15
|5 - 17
|Europe and Britain
|5 - 17
|Family Experiences
|5 - 17
|Hidden Journeys
|5 - 18 (5 - 11 for Asia)
|South America
|5 - 17
|trips to Costa Rica and Panama
|5 - 12
|trips to Mexico
|5 - 12
|USA and Canada
|5 - 17


text:
Lyndeborough community aims to help local man injured in assaultBy KATHLEEN BAGLIO HUMPHREYS
Union Leader Correspondent
May 12. 2014 7:53PM
LYNDEBOROUGH — A "Pickle Jar" sits on the counter of the Village Jar, seeking donations to help John "Pickle" Hyde, who needed to be hospitalized after being beaten and choked earlier this month.
Hyde, 41, was allegedly attacked on May 3 at 1550 Center Road. The assault happened between 5 p.m. and 11 p.m. that Saturday. Two days later, police arrested Timothy Sullivan, 47, who lives where the alleged assault took place.
"During the investigation, it was determined that the injuries sustained to Hyde were very serious and one of the injuries was due to strangulation," wrote Chief Rance Deware in a press release.
Sullivan is charged with first- and second-degree assault.
Bail was set at $50,000 cash and a probable cause hearing is scheduled for today in the 9th District Court-Milford District.
Sullivan was being held at Hillsborough County jail pending today's hearing, police said.
Hyde was released from Massachusetts General Hospital Thursday after undergoing surgery, his sister said.
"He's resting, but not comfortable and he's in severe pain," said his sister, Heather Ayers, who was caring for him on Monday.
"Nobody can wrap their brains around this, that it can happen to anyone, nevertheless to Pickle. He is always helping people. Like the 'Pay It Forward' thing, a few years ago a lady put something in the local paper to thank him that he plowed her driveway and sanded it, then just drove off without saying a word. He's always helping people. He's harmless and a sweetheart, it's horrible," said Ayers.
Lyndeborough resident and Fire Department Auxiliary Member Nadine Preftakes said the Lyndeborough Fire Department Auxiliary donated $200 to the "Pickle Jar" fund and the Fire Department is expected to discuss it at its next meeting.
"Pickle would help anybody. He helped work on the church renovations. He's a woodworker and makes gorgeous wooden bowls. I purchased two at a fair," said Preftakes.
An account has been established for donations for Hyde at the TD Bank in Milford.


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September 23, 2014
Finance professor Deborah Lucas at the inaugural conference of the MIT Center for Finance and Policy
Governments not only regulate the private financial marketplace, they also own and operate some of the world's largest financial institutions. Government agencies make trillions of dollars of loans, insure large and complex risks, and design new financial products. Yet their leaders often lack the analytical support and rigorous financial training of their peers in the private sector, and transparency is often lacking.
The MIT Center for Finance and Policy officially launched this month to address those gaps, along with other challenges facing financial policy makers.
"This is a big unmet need," said Professor Deborah Lucas, director of the center. "To have an academic center devoted to the broad swath of government financial policies that have such an enormous effect on the allocation of capital and risk in the world economy."
"What we want to do is to promote research that policymakers, practitioners, and informed citizens can turn to as an objective source of information when they're thinking about these policy issues. That information often isn't available now," she said.
Research endeavors so far include, among others: the production of a world atlas of government financial institutions, an effort helmed by Lucas to catalog, compare, and evaluate governments' financial involvement worldwide; a project led by Professor Andrew Lo to develop a dashboard that measures systemic financial risk; a study of the effects of algorithmic and high frequency trading, led by Professor Andrei Kirilenko; and a study of policies on retirement finance led by MIT Sloan professor and Nobel laureate Robert Merton.
Lo, Kirilenko, and Merton are all co-directors of the center.
Along with the research work, Lucas said there is also an educational mission for the center. In many cases, the center's leaders say, financial problems could have been avoided, mitigated, or at least predicted had public sector workers had an education on par with that received by many private sector finance professionals.
"The idea is to provide the people who are working on finance within a government context with the same skillset as their peers in private industry," Lucas said. "One reason you see a lack of finance education is because it's tended to be a rather expensive education. And people going into the public sector may not even realize that finance is what they will need to know."
At MIT Sloan, work at the center has already led to the creation of Kirilenko's new course—Core Values, Regulation, and Compliance—as well as a student club on financial markets and policy.
The center began sponsoring events in October 2013, but officially launched Sept. 12-13 with the inaugural MIT Center for Finance and Policy Conference in Cambridge, Mass. More than 120 people attended the invite-only event, which featured discussions on the cost of government credit support, the costs of single-family mortgage insurance, and contagion in financial markets. Peter Fisher, senior director at BlackRock Investment Institute and a former undersecretary at the U.S. Department of the Treasury, gave a keynote talk.
The conference also included a panel discussion on improving government financial institutions, which addressed the need for government agencies to improve how they manage credit portfolios and monitor program risk levels over time. Panel members also discussed ways to raise red flags when there are problems in government credit programs.
The outlook was not entirely dire. "The move toward embracing risk management concepts across the federal government has been impressive in recent years," said Doug Criscitello, a managing director at Chicago-based audit, tax, and advisory firm Grant Thornton and the former CFO of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. "We've seen the rise of independent risk management offices … that are housed outside the credit extension department."
Lucas said she believes MIT's depth in finance, economics, policy, and systems thinking make it the ideal place to study governments as the world's largest and most complex financial institutions.
"I think an important reason that more academics haven't taken on these issues—despite their importance—is that they are extremely complex," she said. "Making progress takes a big investment in understanding institutions and laws and motivations. The problems are inherently interdisciplinary. And MIT is this great institution in terms of having the horsepower and energy to go after it and say 'We can hit this question from a lot of different dimensions.'"