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SCWS Americas: Verizon and AT&T 5G Roadmaps Differ on FWA vs mobile "5G"
Verizon has no plans for linear or on-demand (or any other form) of pay TV for its "5G" FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) based residential/Verizon Home broadband service, according to Bill Stone, the company"s VP of technology development and planning. Stone stated that in a question from this author (during the Q&A session after his second presentation) at the excellent SCWS Americas conference in Santa Clara, CA on December 5, 2018. Instead, Verizon has a partnership with YouTube TV (first three months free) to provide OTT video to its FWA customers. Verizon Home customers get a free Apple TV 4K or Google Chromecast Ultra (Internet TV adapters with HDMI connection to the customer's TV) when they sign up for 5G Home service.
Stone also said that Verizon's FiOS will continue to offer higher speeds than its "5G" FWA home service, which will transition from its proprietary "5G TF" spec to 3GPP release 15 5G NR NSA in the near future. He told me privately that any wireless base station vendor that supports 5G NR would be able to interoperate on the carrier's 5G FWA network (we don't think so for many reasons). Verizon's 5G Home service is currently available in Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles and Sacramento.
Stone noted with pride that the mega carrier continues to bolster its 4G LTE network with new technologies. "It has a lot of runway left," Bill said.
Verizon currently says that customers of its 5G Home service will receive download speeds of at least 300 Mbps. A video was shown of satisfied customers who all got download speeds of 800 Mbps or higher. The mega carrier said that speeds can range up to 1 Gbps depending on customers' location in relation to the towers for the service.
Verizon currently charges new customers $70 per month for 5G Home service, but only $50 per month for existing customers (with 1st three months free) who also subscribe to the carrier's $30/month mobile data plan. Voice is offered along with high speed Internet access, but no pay TV is available as with FiOS.
"The peak data rates here in millimeter-wave will definitely increase," Stone told the audience. Verizon currently runs its 5G Home service in its 28 GHz licensed spectrum in 400 MHz channels. But he said the carrier has the ability to increase that spectrum allotment to 600 MHz and 800 MHz channels (Verizon owns huge amounts of millimeter-wave spectrum via its purchases of XO and Straight Path). Stone explained that expanding the service's spectrum channels would both increase user speeds and increase Verizon's network capacity. Verizon will move from 400 MHz to 800 MHz, and that will result in the speeds and capacity available would double as a result.
Currently, the antennas and receivers for Verizon's Home broadband service are installed by "white glove" professional technicians. In the future, the carrier is planning to offer a self-installation option for its 5G Home service. "Over time the goal is to introduce the ability to drop ship equipment that the customer can install on their own,"
Stone said, without providing a timeline for such a move. tone touched on several other data points for its FWA home broadband service:
- 50% of Verizon's 5G Home customers do not subscribe to the operator's mobile service.
- The service can transmit 1 Gbps downstream up to 3,000 feet.
- The millimeter-wave service works in conditions including rain, snow and non-line-of-sight scenarios. Indeed, Stone said some transmissions work better in non-line-of-sight scenarios than when customers are within sight of the tower, due to the fact that millimeter-wave transmissions can reflect off various objects in order to reach their intended destination.
- Verizon's 5G Home customers are switching to the carrier from a variety of other service providers, though no details were provided.
- Verizon ultimately expects to expand 5G Home to 30 million households at some unspecified time in the future, though Dunne said the carrier may revisit that figure as the company's rollout progresses.
- Verizon won't build any more locations with its 5GTF equipment, and will instead wait for 3GPP release 15 5G NR equipment to become available before expanding to additional neighborhoods and cities. However, the implementation of 5G NR by vendors will initially be non stand alone (NSA), which means its dependent on a LTE core network and LTE signaling. That may differ amongst wireless base station vendors as will the frequencies used for different 5G NR carrier networks.
- Verizon is making significant progress toward implementing vRAN technology on its 5G network, working with its vendors—including Ericsson, Samsung and Nokia—to virtualize the lower layers of its network in addition to the upper layers. The process of virtualizing the baseband functions in the RAN is part of a broader trend in the wireless and wider telecom industry in which operators are increasingly looking to move away from expensive, dedicated hardware from traditional suppliers and toward general-purpose compute servers running (mostly) open source software.
- Verizon remains interested in providing edge computing services, services he said the operator could sell to companies looking to provide offerings ranging from drones to autonomous vehicles. Verizon's efforts in edge computing stem from the carrier's moves to densify its network and to virtualize parts of its network functions. Those efforts, Stone said, would create a foundation for Verizon to eventually run edge computing sevices for third parties.
5G Home is one of many services Verizon plans to offer via 5G network technology with mobile 5G (again, based on 3GPP release 15 "5G NR"o NSA) being the next "5G" offering. When mobile "5G" is deployed in the 11st half of 2019, the Motorola moto z3 smartphone, paired with the 5G moto mod and a Samsung 5G smartphone will be available. So will an Inseego 5G hotspot that can access Verizon's mobile network.
Addendum: 5G is one network, multiple use cases, Verizon CEO says
Last week at the UBS Global Media and Communications Conference, Verizon CEO Hans Vestberg touted the carrier's 5G home residential broadband service as complementing its wired Fios offering while extending the ability to provide a wireless alternative to home connectivity. While the fixed wireless access service is only available in four markets, the carrier said half of the customers are new to the company.
In a discussion with John Hodulik of UBS Investment Bank and HSBC analyst Sunil Rajgopal, Vestberg said 5G Home comes with a guaranteed 300 Mbps but its millimeter wave spectrum can support up to 800 Mbps or 900 Mbps.
"It's a totally different way to doing broadband, meaning, instead of having a cord into the house, you have a wireless wave into the house, but the experience is the same in the house. And I think that's a big opportunity for us. We have one footprint of Home, and that's the Northeast where we have our Fios footprint. For the rest of the country, we don't have it. So of course, we see that as an opportunity."
In a SCWS Americas keynote speech, title "Building our 5G network," Al Burke, AT&T Assistant Vice President – RAN Hardware and Software Development, described the progress the carrier has made in upgrading its network for 5G. The key points he made were:
- 5G will facilitate and support new applications such as VR/AR, remote surgery (Bill said he doesn't want to be one of the first patients), connected cars, etc.
- Small cells will be an integral part of 5G networks and "bring them to fruition"
- By the ned of 2017, 55% of AT&Ts network functions were virtualized (I take that to mean they were implemented as software running on commodity compute servers)
- There have been huge shifts in AT&Ts network in the last few years:
1. From hardware to software implementations (e.g SDN, NFV);
2. From centralized to decentralized control (e.g. EDGE computing)
3. From observation (of network events, alerts, alarms) to insight via AI/ML (e.g.AT&T's INDIGO)
- Open RAN (ORAN) is the way to move forward. Via disaggregation of RAN functions with well defined interfaces, ORAN is "open, modular, enables automation, and is lower cost. ORAN results in interchangeable network modules (from different vendors) vs vendor proprietary equipment.
AT&T's 5G Roadmap (only mobile 5G was shown on Al Burke's slide):
- 2019: 5G NR access with LTE Core network and LTE Access (=signaling?)
- 2020-2021: 5G NR access with 5G Core network (3gPP Release 25 or IMT 2020)
- In the future (unspecified?), AT&T will provide sub 6 GHz 5G coverage in the U.S. The spectrum for their initial mobile 5G rollout was not disclosed, but many believe it will be mmWave.
- A claim we've heard before (by Ericsson and Vodafone), but don't believe: LTE network and terminal equipment will upgrade to 5G NR via "only a software upgrade."
When AT&T introduces its "5G" FWA residential service it will be based on LTE, according to Mr. Burke. In answer to a question from this author during the Q&A session, he said it would start as LTE but then transition to 5G NR based FWA. The spectrum to be used was not revealed, but you can assume it will be mmWave (like Verizon's 5G Home).
As noted many times by this author and others, AT&T has repeatedly stated they would roll out "standards based 5G" in 12 cities by the end of 2018 (they have only 3 weeks to fulfill that promise) and 19 cities in 2019. Some of the cities identified by AT&T for the 2018 launch include Houston TX, Dallas TX, Atlanta TX, Waco TX, Charlotte NC, Raleigh NC, Oklahoma City OK, Jacksonville FL, Louisville, KY, New Orleans LA, Indianapolis IN, and San Antonio TX.
5G Trials in Singapore, Guam and Hong Kong
Nokia and StarHub complete "5G" New Radio pilot in Singapore
Singapore network operator StarHub and Nokia have conducted what they claim was the first outdoor live network demonstration of "5G" New Radio (NR) on the 3.5GHz frequency band in the Asian city-state.
The companies said two use cases were demonstrated to staff, industry partners and enterprise customers over 'live' Nokia 5G cells and core network technology at StarHub's headquarters in Singapore.
The first use case demonstration for industrial applications replicated a manufacturing environment, demonstrating how businesses can use 5G-enabled video analytics to enhance efficiency and reduce production errors.
The use case for consumers demonstrated how sports fans can use a 5G-enabled virtual reality headsets to have immersive video experience of "live" sports events.
The trial was conducted in a 5G non-standalone network architecture, with Nokia 5G radio technology interworking with StarHub's 4G core network.
Nokia deployed AirScale Radio Access technology with 5G NR 3GPP-compliant software and the Nokia AirFrame data center solution.
"As 5G inches closer, we are intensifying trials to identify new business opportunities and chart our network transformation roadmap to meet the demands of our customers," said Chong Siew Loong, chief technology officer of StarHub.
"This successful pilot with Nokia showcases the readiness and possibilities of 5G to enhance consumer services and boost efficiencies for enterprises. It aligns with StarHub's goal to support and accelerate Smart Nation initiatives in Singapore."
NTT Docomo to establish 5G test lab in Guam
The facility, Docomo's first overseas verification center, will allow Docomo's Program partners to connect devices and services free of charge to the lab's 5G base and mobile stations and related equipment.
The test environment will subsequently be extended to outdoor locations to allow verification testing in real-world outdoor environments.
The facility's location in Guam will allow for testing according to US-market technical and regulatory conditions.
With the initiative, Docomo aims to allow for prompt, flexible and accurate verification of equipment, systems and technologies for applications such as drones and autonomous vehicles.
Docomo's 5G Open Partner Program is designed to provide global businesses and organizations with the latest 5G information, test environments and opportunities for partner workshops. The partner program currently has more than 1,900 members.
Docomo already operates 5G open labs in Seoul, South Korea and Osaka, Japan. The telco plans to open a third domestic lab in Okinawa, Japan next month.
A wholly-owned subsidiary of Japan telecommunications giant, NTT DOCOMO, DOCOMO PACIFIC was originally a merger of Guamcell Communications and HafaTel prior to acquisition in December 2006 by NTT DOCOMO. This acquisition allowed NTT DOCOMO the opportunity to share its world-leading technology with the region as evidenced by significant investments and upgrades in DOCOMO PACIFIC. In October 2008, DOCOMO PACIFIC was first on Guam to introduce the fastest and only 3.5G network. In November 2011, DOCOMO PACIFIC launched 4G HSPA+ service on Guam followed by the launch of advanced 4G LTE service in October 2012.
On 22 May 2013, DOCOMO PACIFIC officially merged with MCV Broadband and is now Guam and the CNMI's leading provider of telecommunications and entertainment services. With combined offerings to include the latest mobile services, television, internet and telephone services in the region, DOCOMO PACIFIC continues to enhance the diversified range of services available to its customers.
3HK completes Hong Kong's first outdoor 5G trial
3 Hong Kong has revealed it has completed of 5G outdoor network trials in the 3.5-GHz and 28-GHz spectrum bands.
The company said it believes it was the first mobile operator in Hong Kong to complete a live outdoor 5G trial broadcast. The test was conducted at a trial cell site in Causeway Bay.
3 Hong Kong received an indoor 5G test permit for the 3.5-GHz band in August 2017, and completed a number of initial trials by the end of that year. In May, the company secured a temporary permit to conduct 5G trials in the 26-GHz and 28-GHz millimeter wave bands.
Another temporary permit for outdoor and indoor trials in the 3.5-GHz band was granted in June, and the company achieved 2Gbps network speeds during an earlier trial using 100MHz of spectrum in this band.
3 Hong Kong said the test results indicate that 3.5-GHz band coverage – when used in conjunction with Massive MIMO, can be comparable to the coverage afforded over LTE using the 1800-MHz band.
The design of 5G networks will use a combination of mid-band spectrum such as 3.5-GHz for a wider coverage area, and millimeter wave spectrum for high speeds
"3 Hong Kong took the initiative to carry out end-to-end trials in various 5G bands in preparation for a new era of mobile communications," commented Kenny Koo, CEO of 3 Hong Kong's parent company Hutchison Telecommunications Hong Kong Holdings.
"We welcome the government's decision to allow various of its premises to accommodate 5G base stations, and we hope the application and approval processes can be simplified and accelerated to help Hong Kong's 5G development."
First published in Computerworld Hong Kong
Ericsson: Global 5G subs to reach 1.5 billion by 2024; mobile broadband subs growing 15% YoY
Global 5G subscriptions are set to reach 1.5 billion by the end of 2024, when the technology will be available to more than 40 percent of the world's population, according to the latest of Ericsson's semi-annual mobility report. North America and northeast Asia are expected to lead the 5G uptake, with US service providers already beginning to offer 5G services this year or in 2019, rising to 55 percent of mobile subscriptions by the end of 2024. In northeast Asia, the corresponding forecast figure is over 43 percent. That would make 5G the fastest-growing generation of cellular technology to ever be rolled out globally.
The first commercial 5G subscriptions in Europe are expected next year, with the technology set to account for some 30 percent of mobile subscriptions in the region by end of 2024, said the report. Total mobile subscriptions are forecast to rise to 8.9 billion at the end of 2024, up from 5 billion at the end of this year.
Global mobile data traffic, meanwhile, grew 79 percent year-on-year in Q3 2018, the highest rate since 2013. Increased data-traffic-per-smartphone in northeast Asia, above all China, pushed the global figure notably higher, said Ericsson, adding that the region now has the second highest data traffic per smartphone at 7.3GB per month. North America still has the highest data traffic per smartphone, set to reach 8.6GB per month by the end of this year.
"As 5G now hits the market, its coverage build-out and uptake in subscriptions are projected to be faster than for previous generations. At the same time, cellular IoT continues to grow strongly. What we are seeing is the start of fundamental changes that will impact not just the consumer market but many industries," said Fredrik Jejdling, Ericsson executive vice president and head of business area networks.
Ericsson states that the total number of mobile subscriptions was around 7.9 billion in Q3 2018, with 120 million new subscriptions added during the quarter. The number of mobile subscriptions grew at 3 percent year-on-year and currently totals 7.9 billion. China had the most net additions during the quarter (+37 million), followed by India (+31 million) and Indonesia (+13 million). The high subscription growth in China continues from Q1 and Q2, and is likely the result of intense competition among communications service providers.
The number of mobile broadband subscriptions is growing at 15 percent year-on-year, increasing by 240 million in Q3 2018. The total is now 5.7 billion.
Verizon's "5G" FWA Progess in Sacramento vs Huawei's Home Broadband System
Verizon's "5G" FWA Progresses in Sacramento, CA:
Sacramento Chief Innovation Officer Louis Stewart said in an interview with Government Technology that the California state capital became one of the first four cities nationally to debut Verizon's (proprietary) "5G" fixed wireless access (FWA) network, along with Los Angeles, Houston and Indianapolis on October 1st. The purpose of this and other FWA broadband networks is to deliver residential triple play services.
More "5G" offerings should arrive in Sacramento during 2019:
• Sacramento is on schedule to be one of the nation's first 11 cities that will have the infrastructure needed to underpin "5G" and a connected future. That includes: in-ground fiber to link light poles and traffic signals and materials to support free Wi-Fi via kiosks in 27 parks. Much of this should arrive in early 2019, the innovation officer said, calling the digital kiosks "not on hold indefinitely," implying "the conversation is still happening."
• Emilie Cameron, public affairs and communications director for Downtown Sacramento Partnership (DSP), the nonprofit that manages the assessment for the property-based improvement district, said the city reached out to the group in late 2017 with "high-level" information about the Verizon partnership. But she described the conversation as "conceptual." She described the response to the kiosks as generally positive but agreed district members are interested to learn where the devices will be located, what they'll look like and what content and services will be offered. "You don't want anything to be in conflict with the streetscape," Cameron said.
• Stewart said a great deal of coordination must happen to enable deployment of infrastructure and services in 2019, which he described as "a fairly heavy lift." Sacramento, the innovation executive said, wants to ensure the project is "done right" for the community whether in the parks or in the downtown corridor, to enable "the right user experience." Much content development for the kiosks' digital displays remains to be completed, he said, but officials are currently in the "ideation phase."
"If the future that everybody's looking at is how do you build, ultimately, a connected city, kiosks fit into that, whether it be providing additional connectivity to connect the cars and autonomous cars as they essentially geolocate, driving down the streets. They could provide other smart city solutions, be they charging stations or power down the road, in some kind of way," Stewart said.
Huawei's 5G Home Broadband System:
Huawei and U.K. carrier Three showcased a 5G home broadband demonstration using Three's 100 megahertz of C-Band spectrum last week at the Huawei's Global Mobile Broadband Forum in London, which IEEE Techblog has been reporting on this week and last.
The demonstration leveraged Huawei's latest 5G-based home broadband routers to allow forum attendees to experience ultra-high-speed 5G broadband services such as cloud gaming and 4K video streaming, Huawei said. The world's #1 network equipment vendor highlighted that the 5G broadband service will deliver a maximum download speed of 2 Gbps, with an average of 1 Gbps for a single user.
Huawei and Three U.K. carried out a pre-commercial network test of this technology earlier this year. The two companies plan to carry out further 5G service tests in the U.K. in the coming months, which are expected to be released to the public in densely-populated urban areas and train stations, paving the way for the full commercial use of 5G networks in 2019.
"The 5G trials we carried out today demonstrate the opportunity this technology brings to the home broadband market. Huawei will continue to work with Three UK to bring customers more market-leading commercial applications of 5G," said Yang Chaobin, President of Huawei 5G Product Line.
"Huawei is the only true 5G supplier right now," said Neil McRae, chief architect at British Telecom. "Others need to catch up. I've been to Shenzhen recently and there's nowhere else in the world where you can see" the kind of 5G technology developments that Huawei has achieved. Other suppliers need to learn from Huawei. Others are held back by old telco issues," McRae added.
In the UK, Three, EE and BT have all said they're launching a 5G network in some form in 2019 (that's 1 year before IMT 2020 standard will be completed and with no standards for virtual RAN, Cloud RAN, network slicing, scheduling, OA&M, etc). EE has announced which cities will be first to get its 5G service.
Some pundits say that 5G FWA networks have the potential to complement fiber to the home (FTTx) deployments by providing an alternative "last-mile" solution consumer and business services. In both urban and suburban regions, the ability to deploy 5G FWA will help reduce costs for operators and increase accessibility of high speed broadband for residential FWA customers. 5G FWA networking equipment also requires a much smaller footprint than traditional mobile networks, reducing requirements for government approvals of new tower locations.
Market research firm Ovum has this assessment of Huawei's "5G" FWA strategy:
Huawei has gradually built its WTTx fixed wireless access (FWA) business into a key component of its wireless broadband portfolio. At the Huawei Global Analyst Summit earlier this month, the vendor reported significant successes for WTTx and high expectations for its future development. Although still small in scale relative to mobile broadband services, the FWA market is experiencing rapid growth, even outpacing FTTx and copper for new subscription additions in many world markets, according to Huawei's figures. WTTx is central to Huawei's wireless broadband strategy.
Even though other large network equipment vendors including Nokia and Ericsson provide their own fixed wireless broadband solutions, Huawei is arguably more aggressive in its public backing of FWA. Huawei's work with WiMAX has given it more experience with fixed wireless and it has existing FWA operator relationships it can leverage. Huawei's FWA strategy also differs from that of competitors such as Nokia in that it places WTTx as part of its mobile products line rather than part of its fixed broadband offering.
Huawei already claims a substantial installed base for its WTTx fixed wireless offering, with 200 WTTx commercial networks in service and 50 million households connected as of end-2017. The vendor says 82 operators launched WTTx for home broadband in 2017 alone, and it expects to see a surge in demand over the next two years.
The future growth of FWA will depend on a number of factors, including the ability to deliver efficient and sustainable home broadband services to underserved and unconnected communities more economically than fiber alternatives. Huawei has identified the following four major deployment models where it believes WTTx can provide a fiber-like experience to complement fixed broadband:
As a home fixed broadband service for mobile operators to deliver triple-play services
As a complement to wireline broadband services for converged operators
As a DSL upgrade for wholesale broadband providers
As a 5G-oriented fixed wireless broadband service.
Along with a maturing WTTx ecosystem, a number of factors support the expansion of fixed wireless services. On the network side, spare cell capacity arising from the uneven traffic distribution associated with smartphones can be used more efficiently by operators introducing FWA services. On the equipment side, advances in self-install CPE, along with performance and efficiency gains from the incorporation of multiple receiver and antenna technologies and the use of massive MIMO and 256QAM at the eNodeB, is helping to deliver a high-capacity equivalent to evolved LTE. This will support the evolution toward 5G FWA.
Even so, the business case for FWA is likely to be challenging, particularly in emerging markets where population densities and ARPU are low. Huawei believes governments and regulators can promote the benefits of universal network coverage by providing more practical encouragement and financial stimulus to local mobile operators. It offers a business operation and management platform as part of its WTTx pre-sales service suite, which helps operators evaluate the potential opportunity for a fixed wireless solution based on aspects such as network capacity trends and coverage gaps in existing FTTx and wireline networks.
Ultimately, the success of fixed wireless broadband will depend on the scope it provides for operators to monetize services.
Huawei's "All Bands Go to 5G" Strategy Explained; Partnership with China Telecom Described
Huawei unveiled its "All Bands Go to 5G" strategy for the evolution towards a 5G wireless network at its Global Mobile Broadband Forum 2018 in London last week. This strategy provides suggestions for future development of the wireless network in three key aspects: simplified site, simplified network, and automation.
Huawei Launches the Evolution Strategy for 5G-oriented Wireless Target Network
I. Global commercial use of 5G networks has now entered the fast lane.
Massive wireless connectivity has become an inevitable trend. Data traffic on global mobile broadband (MBB) networks has increased rapidly. By 1st half of 2018, the data of usage (DOU) for a number of global operators has exceeded 10 GB, and that in certain Middle East regions has even reached 70 GB. Releasing data traffic helps to promote a positive MBB business cycle in the global wireless industry and ushers in a new era of traffic operation.
By October 2018, new fixed wireless access (FWA) services have been put into commercial use on about 230 networks. About 75 million families can now enjoy the benefits of FWA-based home broadband (HBB) services. In the future, the larger bandwidth capability of 5G will provide fiber-like HBB user experience and enable diverse home entertainment applications such as 4K/8K UHD video and AR/VR. At the same time, new IoT connections are becoming a new source of potential growth for operators. LTE NB-IoT is undergoing rapid development and has seen 58 commercial networks around the world, with industry applications providing millions of connections such as smart gas, water, white goods, firefighting, and electric vehicle tracking. 5G technologies will offer more reliable connection capabilities with shorter latency. Massive wireless connectivity has become an inevitable trend.
The development of the global 5G industry is accelerating in 2018. According to the 5G spectrum report published by GSA in November 2018, the UK, Spain, Latvia, Korea, and Ireland have officially released spectrum resources dedicated for 5G by August 2018. In addition, 35 countries have scheduled related plans. The 5G industry supply chain is steadily growing more and more mature.
Huawei claims to have released 5G commercial CPEs in 2018 (???), and multiple 5G smartphones will be launched in 2019. According to the report released by GSMA, 182 global operators are conducting tests on 5G technologies and 74 operators have announced plans for 5G commercial deployment. Global commercial use of 5G networks has now entered the fast lane, according to Huawei (but not this author).
5G development will enable more commercial application scenarios and promote the continuous development of a digital society. Under such circumstances, Huawei has proposed a new eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broad Band) industry vision for Cloud X featuring smart terminals, broad pipes, and cloud applications. For example, Huawei has shifted the most complex processes of rendering, real-time computing, and service content to the cloud. Thanks to transmission data streams using large bandwidth and ultra-low latency on the 5G network, as well as encoding and decoding technologies that match the cloud and terminals, applications such as Cloud AR/VR can be deployed anywhere anytime, according to the company.
Huawei believes that AI technologies can be adopted in the communication industry. AI-based automation of network planning, deployment, optimization, and service provisioning will enable network O&M to be simplified, unleash network potential, and make networks more intelligent.
II. "LTE Evolution+5G NR" is gaining industry's consensus for 5G wireless networks.
In the 5G era, wireless spectrum evolution is divided into two phases:
Phase 1: Sub-3 GHz spectrum resources evolve to LTE and 5G non stand alone (based on 3GPP release 15 NR) high frequency bands are introduced.
Phase 2: Sub-3 GHz spectrum resources evolve to 5G NR. "LTE Evo+NR" is realized on the target network.
Therefore, target network evolution in the 5G era can be summarized as "LTE Evolution+5G NR." In the process of achieving this goal, the global wireless network faces the following challenges:
1. OPEX increases year by year. From 2005 to 2017, global operators' OPEX/revenue percentage is increased from 62% to 75%. In the future, the coexistence of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G will increase the complexity of network O&M. In particular, site TCO is high. Site deployment still faces several issues such as difficult site acquisition, high engineering costs, and high site rentals.
2. 4G-LTE basic services fall back to 2G or 3G. Generally, insufficient 4G network coverage causes VoLTE services to fall back to 2G or 3G, deteriorating voice experience. NB-IoT/eMTC services also require better 4G network coverage. As a result, it is difficult for operators to shut down 2G and 3G networks.
–>The coexistence of four RAN technologies leads to more complex network operation and presents difficulties in reducing OPEX.
III. 5G-oriented simplified networks are built to effectively meet challenges and promote 5G business success.
Peter Zhou, CMO of Huawei Wireless Network Product Line, illustrated the evolution strategy for 5G-oriented wireless target network. This strategy aims to help operators resolve the preceding challenges and commercialize 5G. The evolution strategy includes three key aspects: simplified site, simplified network, and automation.
Simplified site enables full outdoor base stations and facilitates site acquisition, deployment, and TCO saving.
Along with the development of Moore's Law, the 7 nm technology has enjoyed widespread commercial adoption throughout the chip manufacturing industry, and BBUs are becoming more and more integrated. In recent years, lithium battery technology has seen rapid development, and the energy density of lithium batteries is far more superior to that of lead-acid batteries. The development of new technologies makes full outdoor wireless base stations a reality. Peter Zhou pointed out, "Using componentized outdoor BBUs, blade power modules, and blade batteries, full outdoor macro base stations can be deployed on poles without shelters or cabinets. This greatly reduces the upgrade cost of existing sites, decreases the difficulty and cost of obtaining new sites, and helps operators reduce TCO by 30% and above."
Antenna reconstruction is required for 5G deployment on the C-band. Currently, 70% urban sites cannot deploy new antennas due to insufficient antenna space. In order to resolve this problem, Huawei proposes the "1+1" antenna solution. That is, one multi-band antenna is used to support all sub-3 GHz bands, and one Massive MIMO AAU is used to support C-band NR. In total, two antennas are able to support all operator's frequency bands. This solution greatly simplifies site space, reduces site OPEX, and realizes 5G NR deployment with insufficient antenna space.
Simplified network realizes the construction of an LTE full-service foundation network and ensures "Zero Fallback" for three basic services.
In the 5G era, the coexistence of multiple RAN technologies (2G/3G/4G/5G) results in complex networks and high O&M costs. Therefore, basic voice, IoT, and data services need to be migrated to the LTE network so that the LTE network becomes the bearer network for basic services and 2G and 3G networks enter the life cycle development phase. Huawei's Peter Zhou emphasized that, "The LTE network needs to be built as a full-service foundation network to achieve 'Zero Fallback' for basic services such as voice, IoT, and data. Therefore, LTE must be planned based on the coverage of basic services rather than the traditional population coverage."
"Simplified site, simplified network, and automation help operators reduce TCO, simplify the network architecture, reduce operation costs, and fully unleash the network potential. This lays a solid foundation for the successful commercial use of 5G networks and helps the industry to identify the goal and direction for future network evolution. Huawei also wishes to work more closely with industry partners to innovate continuously, build a 5G business ecosystem, and finally achieve a better connected digital society."
Separately, China Telecom announced it had partnered with Huawei for investment in 5G innovation and has begun researching how to commercialize 5G technology. Both parties intend to leverage their advantages to develop the 5G service innovation base, build an industry ecosystem alliance, and research the usage scenarios and business models of 5G services. Huawei Wireless X Labs in Shenzhen, simulates 5G technologies and usage scenarios, and works with upstream and downstream industry partners to jointly develop industry standards and plans. China Telecom leverages the resources of 5G trial networks and existing industry customers to develop new 5G applications, driving the development of the entire 5G industry and improving China Telecom's influence in the 5G field.
Application Models
Based on the first of six 5G trial network, China Telecom Shenzhen is exploring 5G application models. During the 5G Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flight test and inspection demonstration, remote control personnel experienced VR capabilities and remote HD video transmission over a low-latency 5G network. Both the maiden test flight and inspection were completed successfully, demonstrating the ability of 5G to support UAV applications. This means that aerial photography, unattended inspection, logistics transportation, security identification, and other industrial applications will be driven by the rapid development of 5G in the telecom sector, creating a strong foundation for China Telecom to explore new vertical industries. In tests on Gbps-level experience buses, 5G provided an average speed of more than 1 Gbps and a peak rate of 3 Gbps, allowing passengers to experience mobile 4K IPTV, 16-channel HD video streams, and VR applications while traveling. This paves the way for China Telecom's plans of 5G and IPTV convergence.
To achieve its goal of connecting 50 5G sites by the end of 2018 while constructing its transport network, China Telecom Shenzhen upgraded its existing IP RAN to deploy and verify 5G technologies, enabling the co-existence of both 4G and 5G. In addition, the operator gained valuable engineering experience and developed scenario-based solutions for subsequent 5G construction.
Addressing 5G challenges for the smooth evolution of live networks
While bringing a wide variety of services, 5G also brings challenges in terms of bandwidth, latency, connections, and the slicing of transport networks. GNodeBs, however, deliver five to ten times more bandwidth than eNodeBs. 5G services such as Internet of Vehicles (IoV) require the latency to be one-tenth of what they are with 4G. In terms of connections, the cloudification of wireless and core networks brings full-mesh connections, requiring flexible scheduling on the transport network. In addition, 5G's differentiated services require network slicing, with a focus on isolation and the automated management of network slices on transport networks. To cope with these challenges, China Telecom Shenzhen assessed the existing IP RAN, opting to upgrade and expand core and aggregation devices and replace specific access devices for 5G transport. To quickly deploy 5G services and fully reuse the existing network, China Telecom Shenzhen implemented the smooth evolution solution for the transport network in pilot areas.
Network upgrade for co-existence of 4G and 5G
The co-deployment of eNodeB and gNodeB is the optimal choice for transport networks, and China Telecom Shenzhen verified different co-existence solutions. Access ring devices can be upgraded and expanded to satisfy the requirements of 50GE ring networking and allow 4G and 5G services to share the same access ring. When access devices need to be replaced, China Telecom Shenzhen can establish a new 5G access ring, which can share the core and aggregation layer to achieve unified service bearing.
E2E large capacity to meet HD video transmission requirements
As China Telecom continues to explore 5G services, the convergence of 5G and IPTV has become its focus. To meet the requirements of 4K IPTV video transmission using 5G, the transport network must have large bandwidth transmission capabilities. China Telecom Shenzhen upgraded the access layer from an eNodeB GE ring to a 50GE ring, and upgraded the core and aggregation layer from a 10GE network to a 100GE network, allowing high-bandwidth connections between base stations and the core network.
Huawei has 22 commercial 5G contracts; U.S. government warns allies about the company
1. Huawei has signed 22 commercial contracts for 5G as operators prepare for the commercial launch of the new technology.
The company's executive director and president of carrier business group Ryan Ding made the announcement during a keynote speech at the Global Mobile Broadband Forum (MBBF) in London.
During his speech, Ding noted that a number of operators are expediting 5G commercial deployment in order to secure the first mover advantage. Major countries representing a third of the global population are among the first adopters of the technology.
"So far, we have signed 22 commercial contracts for 5G, and we are working with over 50 carriers on 5G commercial tests," Ding said.
"Through heavy investment and continuous innovation, we are committed to helping carriers deploy 5G networks easily, rapidly, and cost-effectively. And we are ready to work with all stakeholders to drive robust development of the 5G industry."
Ding spoke of the technical capabilities of Huawei's 4G/5G kit, such as an uplink and downlink decoupling that can achieve co-coverage of 4G and 5G using C-band spectrum, and the ability to offer end-to-end solutions meant it was an ideal partner for operators.Ding added that the first 5G smartphones will be available next year, and phone makers are expected to launch budget 5G phones priced at around $100 soon after the commercial roll-out of 5G networks.
He also mentioned the relatively small size and lightweight of Huawei's wireless networking equipment. This will appeal to operators struggling to add more equipment to mobile sites, especially in urban areas
"Every new generation of network comes with new challenges, and this applies to 5G commercial deployment, too," said Ding. "We take complexity and deliver simplicity. That means we will provide innovative solutions to address challenges in 5G commercialization. Our close collaboration with carriers will help them find the easy way to 5G.
"Huawei has earned customer recognition for our leading 5G end-to-end capabilities and innovative products and solutions. So far, we have signed 22 commercial contracts for 5G, and we are working with over 50 carriers on 5G commercial tests. Through heavy investment and continuous innovation, we are committed to helping carriers deploy 5G networks easily, rapidly, and cost-effectively. And we are ready to work with all stakeholders to drive robust development of the 5G industry."
The 5G contracts could also be viewed as a vote of confidence in Huawei. It has effectively been frozen out of the U.S. and Australian markets due to national security fears, specifically that the use of its equipment risks the possibility of Chinese government backdoors.
–>The effort to ban Huawei is further described in 2. below.
2. U.S. Asks Allies to Drop Huawei – worried about potential Chinese meddling in 5G networks, but foreign carriers may balk
WSJ article front page lead story on 23 November 2018
The U.S. government has initiated an extraordinary outreach campaign to foreign allies, trying to persuade wireless and internet service providers in these countries to avoid telecommunications equipment from China's Huawei Technologies Co., according to people familiar with the situation.
American officials have briefed their government counterparts and telecom executives in friendly countries where Huawei equipment is already in wide use, including Germany, Italy and Japan, about what they see as cybersecurity risks, these people said. The U.S. is also considering increasing financial aid for telecommunications development in countries that shun Chinese-made equipment, some of these people say.
One U.S. concern centers on the use of Chinese telecom equipment in countries that host American military bases, according to people familiar with the matter. The Defense Department has its own satellites and telecom network for especially sensitive communications, but most traffic at many military installations travels through commercial networks.
Officials familiar with the current effort say concerns about telecom-network vulnerabilities predate the Trump era and reflect longstanding national-security worries.
The overseas push comes as wireless and internet providers around the world prepare to buy new hardware for 5G, the coming generation of mobile technology. 5G promises superfast connections that enable self-driving cars and the "Internet of Things," in which factories and such everyday objects as heart monitors and sneakers are internet-connected.
U.S. officials say they worry about the prospect of Chinese telecom-equipment makers spying on or disabling connections to an exponentially growing universe of things, including components of manufacturing plants.
"We engage with countries around the world about our concerns regarding cyberthreats in telecommunications infrastructure," a U.S. official said. "As they're looking to move to 5G, we remind them of those concerns. There are additional complexities to 5G networks that make them more vulnerable to cyberattacks."
The briefings are aimed at dissuading governments and telecom executives from using Huawei network components in both government and commercially operated networks. A core focus of the briefings is Beijing's ability to force Chinese corporations to comply with government requests from government authorities, a U.S. official said.
The talking points also emphasize how wireless and internet networks in a few years could be more susceptible to cyberattacks or espionage, people familiar with the briefings said. Today's cellular-tower equipment, for instance, is largely isolated from the "core" systems that transfer much of a network's voice and data traffic. But in the 5G networks telecom carriers are preparing to install, cellular-tower hardware will take over some tasks from the core—and that hardware could potentially be used to disrupt the core via cyberattacks. For that reason, U.S. officials worry that Huawei or ZTE cellular-tower equipment could compromise swaths of a telecom network.
Huawei is the world's No. 2 smartphone maker behind Samsung Electronics Co. It is the global leader for telecom equipment, such as the hardware that goes into cellular towers, internet networks and other infrastructure that enables modern communication.
Huawei has long said it is an employee-owned company and isn't beholden to any government, and has never used its equipment to spy on or sabotage other countries. It said its equipment is as safe as that of Western competitors, such as Finland's Nokia Corp. and Sweden's Ericsson , because all manufacturers share common supply lines.
In a statement Friday, Huawei said it has its customers' trust and was "surprised by the behaviors of the U.S. government" detailed in this article. "If a government's behavior extends beyond its jurisdiction, such activity should not be encouraged," it said.
The Trump administration and Congress this year initiated a multipronged push to tighten up restrictions on Huawei and other Chinese telecom-equipment manufacturers, including ZTE Corp. The Federal Communications Commission, for instance, moved to restrict federal subsidies to some carriers if they buy Chinese gear.
Even without U.S. business, Huawei dominates the world's telecom-equipment market. Last year, the company held a 22% share globally, according to research firm IHS Markit Ltd. Nokia had 13%, Ericsson had 11% and ZTE was in fourth at 10%. Dell'Oro Group says Huawei has a 38% revenue market share in Asia Pacific, a 30% share in Europe, but only a 2% share in North America.
Some other members of the "Five Eyes," a five-member intelligence pact among English-speaking countries that includes the U.S., have also publicly challenged Huawei. The Australian government in August banned Huawei and ZTE from its 5G networks. In October, U.K. authorities said they were reviewing the makeup of its telecom-equipment market, a move industry leaders said was clearly aimed at Huawei.
Still, there is a big hitch to U.S. efforts to curb Huawei overseas: The company is already popular among carriers in allied countries, including some of America's closest military partners. Some major carriers in these places say Huawei offers the most products and often customizes them to fit a carrier's needs. They also cite lower costs and high quality.
In an effort to narrow that advantage in some countries, Washington is considering ways to increase funding from various U.S. government sources to subsidize the purchase and use of non-Chinese equipment, according to people familiar with the matter. Countries buying Chinese telecommunications equipment would be ineligible for such subsidies.
In the past year, U.S. officials, including representatives from the National Security Council and Commerce, Defense and State departments, worked together to produce briefing notes about why they believe Chinese telecom equipment poses national-security risks, people familiar with the matter said. One U.S. government official said they focused on Huawei but also included ZTE, a Chinese rival with a much smaller business outside China. A ZTE representative declined to comment on the U.S. effort.
Washington has circulated the notes to national-security officials as well as to embassies, with the idea that they can deliver the message to foreign officials and telecom executives, some of the people said.
A spokesman for the Commerce Department said it would "remain vigilant against any threat to U.S. national security." Spokesmen for the National Security Council and the State Department declined to comment. The Defense Department didn't return a request for comment.
U.S. officials have briefed counterparts in Germany, which has signaled a new wariness toward Huawei, according to people familiar with the matter. Huawei this month opened a lab in Germany similar to one it already operates in Britain, where Huawei products are inspected for security flaws. The U.K. government said in July it found shortcomings in the process.
Germany's Federal Office for Information Security declined to comment.
American officials have also briefed Japanese officials about Huawei, people familiar with the matter said. A Japanese government official said "we share various information with the U.S.," but declined to comment on specifics. Japanese officials in August said they were studying restrictions on Huawei.
Telstra completes "5G" data call using Qualcomm chipset
Telstra says it has successfully conducted a live "5G" data call using a commercial chipset on the telco's wireless network. Australia's largest network operator made a 3GPP Release 15 (not 5G according to 3GPP) compliant data call using its 3.5GHz spectrum, Ericsson's latest 5G network software and Qualcomm's commercial 5G Snapdragon chipset in a form factor device.
The operator also said it turned on two 5G-enabled base stations in the state of Tasmania. In August it switched on its first 5G-compatible cell sites to enable testing of pre-commercial devices, with aims to deploy more than 200 sites across Australia by the year-end. Telstra plans a commercial 5G launch in 2019 and is engaged in various trials at its 5G Innovation Centre in Australia's Gold Coast (see pic below), which it opened in February. That Centre, supported by Ericsson, has since been home to several world and Australian firsts including the world's first precinct of 5G-enabled WiFi hotspots, Australia's first 5G Connected Car, the world's first end-to-end 5G non-standalone data call on a commercial mobile network, and the launch of over 50 5G-enabled sites around the country.
Although the form factor device used for the so called "5G" test is larger than most mobile handsets, it bears a far closer resemblance to a commercially available smartphone than the 200kg, fridge-like prototype 5G device that Telstra was employing for tests just a few months ago.
"Today's announcement is a significant milestone as it signals that commercial 5G devices are getting closer and closer," he added.
"Field testing in our real-world mobile network with this chipset over our commercial spectrum moves the verification well and truly from the lab into the street," Seneviratne said. "The team will continue testing over the coming months to improve data rates and overall performance in readiness for device availability."
Telstra's chief executive, Andy Penn, has said that he expects the transition from 4G to 5G to be even swifter than the migration from 3G to 4G.
In July this year Telstra said that it had successfully conducted a 5G data call over its network using Intel's 5G Mobile Trial Platform. In August the company announced that it had started progressively declaring its mobile sites '5G-ready' — a move that rival telco Optus dismissed as a marketing stunt.
The Australian Communication and Media Authority is currently auctioning off spectrum in the 3.6GHz band, which will play a key role in early 5G services.
GSMA, China Telecom & Huawei on 5G; GSMA says 40% of the world's population will be on 5G by 2025
Mats Granryd, the Director General of the telecom trade organisation GSMA talked up 5G and AI in a keynote speech on "intelligent connectivity" at Huawei's MBB 2018 event at London's ExCel. Granryd said those two emerging technologies will be key enablers for what the telecom industry has to offer in the years to come. Granryd discussed the potential of 5G to drive inclusion, growth and sustainable development, especially in the developing world. He also touched on the impact of "smart" capabilities like artificial intelligence and network capabilities, and how such networks and technologies must be secure to drive the growth not only of smart cities, but all cities. He said intelligent management will be key with "the development of a rich and vibrant digital economy."
In addition to predicting that 70% of the world's population, or roughly 6 billion people will be on mobile internet, GSMA forecast 40% of the world population will be on 5G networks. When it comes to AI, on top of improving individual experience (e.g. Personal Assistants) and serving new industry needs (e.g. network slicing), Granryd highlighted what the combined AI capabilities can do for society. The GSMA's "Big Data for Social Good" initiative has launched in seven countries around the world. Mobile operators in those markets have worked with local partners to enable air pollution warning, malaria spreading prediction, and natural disaster preparedness, using big data and machine learning and prediction capabilities.
Guiqing Liu, EVP of China Telecom, the world's largest integrated operators in the world by subscriber number, then took the stage to share what China Telecom saw as the biggest opportunity for telecom operators to undertake the digital transformation, especially with the ascendancy of industry markets. Liu included four key capabilities the industry in particular the operators need to master to succeed in the transformation. They are:
- End-to-end slicing to cater to different user and industry needs;
- FMC (Fixed to Mobile Convergence) edge computing to deliver seamless experience;
- 5G+Cloud based network and services to provide flexible and special customization; and
- 5G+AI to both optimise service delivery and network management.
Liu also outlined the key challenges the industry is facing before 5G can become a real commercial success. He conceded that use cases now are still very much focused on eMBB, and the industry has not thought through how to change business models in the new era, including how to bill customers for the new use cases. On network challenges, in addition to the CAPEX and OPEX and skill gap, Liu also pointed the indoor coverage weakness intrinsic of the high frequency bands most 5G networks will be built on. For 5G to truly be transformative and improve people's lives, Liu said that companies will need to work together and collaborate – even if they've traditionally been rivals.
Ken Hu, deputy and rotating chairperson of Huawei stressed the importance 5G was already playing in shaping the future of not only business, but humanity, adding Huawei has been working on 5G for more than 10 years. "We believe 5G will make a big contribution to our society." Hu also said 5G was leading to the integration of previously separate technologies and services not unlike individual pieces of Lego bricks being combined to make something larger – fundamentally changing the definition of what a telco or technology company is. The user experience will be redefined by 5G."
Outside the main presentation halls, a number of booths showcased both Huawei technologies and those from Huawei partners. A "5G bus" drove people around the surrounding Docklands area. The demo drive showed that 5G connections, download speeds and more could all be achieved while physically moving across large distances at a high speed and in poor weather (this being London, it was fittingly rainy, windy and cold). Tents erected outside ExCel London were also stuffed with 5G use case demonstrations.
5G Pre-Commercial Deployments from Finland's Telia Networks and Vietnam; Thailand 5G Trial?
1. Telia Finland launches pre-commercial 5G network in Oulu
Telia Company has announced the launch of launching a pre-commercial 5G network in the city of Oulu by its Finnish subsidiary, claiming that the development constitutes one of the world's first industrial 5G environments. This 5G network was done in partnership with network equipment vendor Nokia,
In a press release on the development, Janne Koistinen, 5G Programme Director at Telia Finland, said:
"Oulu's strong ecosystem and the operators' open-mindedness in the introduction of new technologies accelerated our decision to continue the deployment of 5G in Oulu."
Rauno Jokelainen, VP, Smart Radio Development Unit, Mobile Networks at Nokia, added:
"Oulu is one of the key locations for research and development of Nokia 5G technology and mobile network products globally. The strong start-up culture of the Oulu region and close cooperation between the city, the university and the businesses in the region have enabled a unique ecosystem to be created in Oulu. Among other things, the ecosystem built an open 5G test network where companies in the area collaborate to generate new products and services,"
Oulu has extensive plans to develop its industry and business activities, along the lines of the city's strong technological tradition.
"The City of Oulu has pioneered the development and innovative use of various urban networks in cooperation with Nokia and different operators. Cooperation in 5G networks continues this culture and once again offers a platform for the development of new services and business models," says Janne Mustonen from BusinessOulu.
The ecosystem built an open 5G test network where companies in the area collaborate to generate new products and services.
Telia opened a pre-commercial 5G network in Helsinki in early September
Telia, Nokia and Intel brong 5G to the factory floor
2. Vietnam plans to test 5G next year
Vietnam is set to award 5G test licences to the nation's mobile operators in January next year, with a view to launching commercial networks in 2020. 'Vietnam should be among the first nations to launch 5G services in order to move up in global telecom rankings,' Nikkei Asian Review cites the Minister of Information and Communications, Nguyen Manh Hung, as saying. Pilot 5G services will be carried out in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, with plans to upgrade mobile networks nationwide over the next couple of years.
TeleGeography's GlobalComms Database states that Vietnam is home to five mobile network operators: military-run Viettel; state-owned MobiFone and VNPT-Vinaphone; Vietnamobile, which is a joint stock company between Hanoi Telecom Company (HTC) and Hutchison Asia Telecom; and GTel Mobile (Gmobile), owned by state-run investment vehicles.
3. Thailand may conduct 5G trials using 26 GHz spectrum
Thai regulator NBTC has indicated it will decide on Thursday whether to assign idle 26 GHz spectrum to AIS and True Corp to conduct 5G trials.
If approved, the NBTC plans to assign the spectrum for testing in two locations during the period between November 22 and December 15, the Nation reported, citing remarks from the regulator's secretary general Takorn Tantasith at a recent 5G seminar.
AIS plans to conduct 5G testing using Nokia Networks equipment at the Emporium shopping mall in Bangkok, while True Corp intends to test Huawei equipment at the city's EmQuartier mall. Dtac also plans to apply to conduct 5G testing using the same spectrum.
Thailand's operators are taking a cautious approach to the introduction of 5G, according to executives who spoke at the seminar and were quoted in the Nation'sreport.
True Corp has urged the regulator to ensure 5G rollouts are sustainable by limiting the price of spectrum, while Dtac has called on Thailand's public and private sector to collaborate on the development of an effective and sustainable 5G strategy.
With no 5G standard (IMT 2020) China is working on 6G!
Consumers can't buy 5G phones yet. But China is already talking about what comes next: 6G. The concept of 6G is still very much unkown, but experts expect speeds in the range of 1 Tbps. Researchers have already achieved mobile speeds of 1 Tbps during lab trials.
The head of China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology's (MIIT) 5G technology working group, Su Xin, told local media he also expects 6G to deliver improvements across the same three areas as 5G will deliver – improved bandwidth, low latency and wide connection areas.
Su Xin, head of 5G technology working group at China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that China is starting research into 6G concepts this year. The country first started looking into 6G in March, making it one of the first countries to do so.
Su said that the actual development of 6G will officially begin in 2020, but commercial use will most likely have to wait until 2030.
The arrival of 5G has been touted as a big deal. It's not just because it promises to bring fast mobile internet, it should also enable us to connect with machines – like gadgets, industrial machines and autonomous vehicles. For those Rip Van Winkle readers, "5G" is the name of the next-generation wireless technology that promises far faster internet access than 4G-LTE. Experts predict it will begin to take off in 2019, well in advance of the IMT 2020 standard from ITU-R. So what is 6G supposed to bring that 5G can't, especially for ordinary folks?
For one thing, it could make mobile internet speeds of 1 TB per second mainstream. This means you could download around 100 films in less than a second. (It's worth noting that researchers at the University of Surrey in England have already achieved that with 5G… but only inside a lab.)
Of course, 2030 is a long way away, so the actual applications of this technology may be hard to imagine. As Verizon executive Andrea Caldini pointed out at this year's Mobile World Congress, nobody expected Snapchat while developing 4G – it's the increased speeds that made it happen.
According to Su, 6G could connect our devices more efficiently than 5G, expanding internet coverage to much wider areas.
"5G has three application scenarios: large bandwidth, low latency, and wide connection – I think 6G can achieve better application in all three scenarios," Su told local media, noting that 6G could increase transmission rates by more than 10 times. "It may revolutionize the structure of the whole wired and wireless network."
If this sounds vague to you, it's because there is still no definition for the technology. And according to industry insiders, it is too early to talk about 6G. It took 5G ten years to develop its set of standards, and despite commercial deployment this year, they are still not fully settled. So is 6G even a thing?
Roberto Saracco, professor at the University of Trento in Italy, believes that 5G is still a fuzzy set of promises that will take time, probably ten years, before being fulfilled. As for the next generation of connectivity, "marketing will need 6G as soon as 5G is deployed," writes Saracco. Researchers will need a term to mark the novelty of what they are doing or to put technologies that do not fit into 5G standards into another box.
The vagueness of the term has not stopped countries to start looking into the concept. Finland's University of Oulu launched an 6G research program called 6Genesis. Aside from futuristic phrases like "interoperability sensing based ops" and "intelligent personal edge," one of the applications mentioned on their site is wireless augmented reality/virtual reality.
It's worth noting that this might be an application for 5G, judging by Tencent boss Pony Ma's suggestion that the technology could enable WeChat VR.
The new 6G movement in China could also be a way to rub their tech advancement in other people's faces. The country is already way ahead of US in deploying 5G, according to Deloitte. Since 2015, China outspent the US by approximately $24 billion in wireless communications infrastructure (with $400 billion more coming) and built 350,000 new cell phone tower sites – while the US is still stuck at less than 30,000.


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Charity Responsive WordPress Theme
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Charity Responsive WordPress Theme FAQ
Can I resell WordPress designs for Charity Events I bought the developers license for?
You cannot resell the customized Charity Events WP template as a template, but you may sell it as a project to your client.
What is Extended License for WordPress theme for Charity Organization?
The extended license is a website design solution for software companies, sitebuilders and any other businesses working with CMS, software, freeware and applications (excluding those that are the part of the product offered by TemplateMonster). For example, a company produces some kind of an application that is selling very well but there is no website design to integrate with this application. Extended license allows to buy our Charity Sponsorship WordPress templates at half of their unique price and integrate with the application ( CMS, software, freeware, sitebuilder) thus creating a «new» product. This new products is the property of the company that developed the product, thus the company gains the full rights to distribute the product based on the company's policy and terms of use. The extended license in no way means the reselling of TemplateMonster templates.
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Can I customize the WordPress template for Charity Events?
Yes, you can customize the WordPress template for Charity Events to any extent needed. You cannot use a header of the template for one project though, and images from the template for the other project.
After someone buys out the Charity Support WP theme, will I still be able to use it?
If you've already purchased your copy of the Charity Support WP theme and someone else purchases the Buyout license, they will own the last copy. Thus you'll have your copy to edit as your template.
The promo code I got from you to purchase a Charity Sponsorship WP theme is expired or invalid. How can I get a working one?
Feel free to contact our Pre-Sales Department to check the code for you. We'll do the best we can to assist you. Mostly, if they are expired, it's due to a WordPress designs for Charity Organization promotional offer that's expired, so we might not be able to match the same discount. However, let's check and see.
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The Exclusive license removes a WordPress design for Charity Programs from our inventory as the only copy sold. It is applicable only to new templates which haven't been sold once yet. The Buyout license removes a template as the last copy to be purchased.
How long will it take to install the Charity Support WP theme if I purchase the installation from you?
The usual period of Charity Support WP theme installation is 24-72 hours. It may take longer in case you fail to provide the correct hosting information in time. We'll do our best to make it happen as quickly as possible.
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CMS websites have admin control panels that do not require special software to add pages, images, etc. However, if you want to edit images or alter the site layout, we indicate what software was used to design your WordPress template for Charity Events and recommend that you utilize it as well.
Can I integrate the WordPress theme for Charity Organization with third-party software or applications for development of my new products?
No, you cannot get the developers license for development of WordPress theme for Charity Organization or other products.
Can I use the Charity Events WP template for several domains if the site/project is the same?
Yes, but you'll need to buy a developer's license which grants a non-exclusive permission to use the Charity Events WP template on up to 5 domains. Alternatively, you can purchase an Exclusive or a BuyOut license (when you are the sole buyer or the last buyer of a particular design respectively). Contact us for details on the Exclusive/BuyOut Price using our Pre-Sales Support Department.
How many applications, programs etc can I use to integrate with the WP templates for Donation Organization under one extended license?
The extended license gives you the right to use the purchased WP templates for Donation Organization for the integration with one software/freeware/application/CMS/sitebuilder only. In case you would like to use the template with the other application, the other license is to be acquired.
What will I see instead of the images after installation of the WordPress design for Charity Programs?
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Can I put a line at the bottom (or any other spot) of my new product "Website development by Company name" after purchasing WordPress template for Charity Events?
Yes, you can place a note at the bottom (or any other spot) of my product "Website development by Company name". Nevertheless, you cannot place "Website design by Company name" while using one of WordPress template for Charity Events.
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Simply visit our Support Section and enter your ID in the Check Your Order Status area. You'll be connected to one of our operators to assist you with renewing the download link to WordPress theme for Charity Organization. Keep in mind that the links are only active for 3 days.
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There is no set price for acquiring the extended license. The price is based on the WordPress design for Donation Organization's unique price for those templates you would like to use for the integration. The price for purchasing license for a single template is half of the template unique price.
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If you purchase a Developer's license, you are granted a non-exclusive permission to use the WordPress design for Charity Programs on up to 5 domains for projects belonging to either you or your client.
Does the Charity Events WP template come with instructions for editing?
Yes, we offer you a variety of sources to help you get familiar with your Charity Events WP template, including installation and editing instructions. Many articles and tutorials on editing templates can be found at our Online Help Center. Besides, you can always refer to our partners from TemplateTuning.com to install or customize your Charity Events WP template for an additional fee.
Can I resell the customized WordPress template for Charity Events?
No, you cannot resell the customized WordPress template for Charity Events as a template but you may sell it as a project to your client (see paragraph 1 ONE TIME USAGE LICENSE for more details).
What is GNU GPL v3.0 license and can I use it with WordPress theme for Charity Organization?
If you buy a WordPress theme for Charity Organization released under GNU General Public License v3.0, you can use it on any number of projects belonging to either you or your clients without any limitations. This license allows you to modify the template and its sources to suit your needs.
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1 Reviews & ratings
January 11, 2015Hello, well overall the template is pretty good and i am statisfied with this purchase but i couldn't find donation system in it.Helpful Useless
- Features
Cherry Framework Version: 3.1.5 WordPress Compatibility: 4.2.x-4.9.x WordPress Engine: 4.4.x Additional Features: Advanced Theme Options, Sliced PSD, Back To Top Button, Calendar, Custom Page Templates, Dropdown Menu, Favicon, Google map, Google Web Fonts, Social Options, Tabs, Tag Cloud, Tooltips Additional Info: Well Documented Animation: HTML plus JS Bootstrap Version: 2.3.1 Coding: CSS 3, HTML 5, JQuery, LESS Features: Admin Panel, Bootstrap, Cherry Framework, Ecwid Ready, Responsive, Search Engine Friendly, WPML ready Functionality: Blog, Portfolio Gallery Script: Accordion, Carousel, Isotope, Slider Installation: Installation and set up instructions are attached (look for Documentation folder). Layout: 2 columns Media: Audio Player, Video Integration Web Forms: Contact Form Width: 1600px WordPress Custom Post Types: FAQ, Our Team, Portfolio, Services, Testimonials WordPress Page Templates: Archives, Default Page, FAQ, Filter Pholio Page, Full Width Page, Home Page, Testimonials
- Sources Available
- PSD PHP This theme is widgetized.
- Hosting Requirements
- MySQL 5.0+
- The mod_rewrite Apache module
- Software Required
- Adobe Photoshop CC+
- ZIP unarchiver
- Apache Server
- WordPress 3.7.x
- Latest Update
- - 3 JS bugs fixed
- - 1 minor font issue fixed
- - 2 back-end issues fixed
- - 3 styles issues fixed

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Road Closure in Oakville All Month
October 3, 2017
Drivers will want to take note of the following road closure taking place in Oakville this month.
Yup, all month.
A road closure is taking place along MacDonald Rd. between Watson and Gloucester avenues until Oct. 27.
Sanitary line replacement is being performed by Halton Region.
Drivers will be directed along Watson, Gloucester, Spruce St. or Galt Ave., according to the Town of Oakville.
- Police Searching for Suspect Following Oakville Superstore Incident
- Body Discovered in Lake Ontario in Burlington
- Cauliflower and Lettuce Products Recalled for Possible Contamination in Halton
- UPDATE: Suspicious Male in Campbellville Area Identified
- Halton's Weekly Weather Forecast – Dec. 17 – Dec. 23


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Plastering solutions22 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
I specialise in all aspects of plastering. Skimming, dry lining, boarding, rendering. I work on restorations new builds any type of job big or small.You the customer will always be my main priority.You will not be dissapointed as my work is always of a very high standard.
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We're a multi skilled firm, providing you with top quality home improvements. I've been in the trade now approaching 15 years. NO JOB TOO SMALL! Plastering, Tiling, Carpentry, kitchen fitting, uPVC, fascias and guttering, fencing or any other odd jobs you need done around...
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ADW Plastering9 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
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By mrs_stacey on 29th Mar, 2018
Need a tradesman?
Post a job on MyBuilder to find a quality, local tradesperson.
How MyBuilder works
1. Post a job
First, create a job listing for your plastering project. It's quick, easy and free - the first step to finding recommended plasterers in Llangadog.
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Having met our recommended plasterers in Llangadog and read customer reviews, you're ready to decide which plasterers to hire.
3. Leave feedback
After your project is successfully completed, you can leave a review for your plasterers. This review helps you and future MyBuilder users.
What our customers say
- "Just want to say thank you. What a wonderful website. Saved me so much time, effort and worry...We will recommend you to anyone we know who needs some work doing. "
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The TCON board is something you read about on the web and frankly WAY OVER DONE as a fix. The problem is not only do folk wish for it to be this board there is now a shortage of boards as folk buy them up in hope.
The cost of the counter is 150 bucks here so the fix is to replace the display if out of warranty.
I have a Samsung LA32A550P1RLXL LCD TV and few days before suddenly the display came with small squares in whole screen though the picture from all sources are visible but with above mentioned squares and sound is OK. Pls check the below image links for better understanding. Please help me to identify and to rectify the problem. Is it TCON Board problem or any other?