text:
Filter Results:
- Full text PDF available (0)
Publication Year
- This year (0)
- Last 5 years (1)
- Last 10 years (1)
Publication Type
Journals and Conferences
Learn More
[The population gene pool of Yakutia: cartographic analysis based on the polymorphism of immune and biochemical markers].
- A N Evsiukov, Olga V. Zhukova, Larisa A Tarskaia
- Genetika
- 2005
The gene pool of the indigenous population of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) has been studied within the borders of this republic coinciding with the main area of Yakuts, which was formed by the end of the… (More)
[Geography of genetic processes in human populations: gene migration in Northern Eurasia (European region)].
- A N Evsiukov, Olga V. Zhukova, +4 authors Iu G Rychkov
- Genetika
- 1997
A method of transformation of census data on population migration into data on gene migrations is proposed. Based on the 1970 Population census of the former Soviet Union, coefficients of effective… (More)
- A N Evsiukov, O Iu Naumova, S. Rychkov
- Genetika
- 1996
A computer software package has been created that assists studying restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The software simulates and analyzes the results of amplification by means of… (More)
[Geography of effective size of rural populations of Northern Eurasia. Geographic correlation between effective size and level of heterozygosity of populations].
- A N Evsiukov, Olga V. Zhukova, Valentina A. Sheremet'eva, Iu V Shneĭder, Iu G Rychkov
- Genetika
- 1996
A significant geographical correlation (r = 0.719) was found between the logarithm of effective size (InNe) and heterozygosity level (H) in populations under the assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg… (More)
- A N Evsiukov, Olga V. Zhukova, Iu G Rychkov, Valentina A. Sheremet'eva
- Genetika
- 2000
A map of gene migration rate m in the indigenous population of Siberia and the Russian Far East was constructed on the basis of data obtained from questionnaires of 1960 to 1990. The mean gene… (More)
[Geography of effective size in the rural population of northern Eurasia: effective size and the intensity of random genetic drift].
- A N Evsiukov, Olga V. Zhukova, Valentina A. Sheremet'eva, Iu V Shneĭder, Iu G Rychkov
- Genetika
- 1996
On the basis of 655 direct and indirect estimations of effective size (Ne) of rural populations, a map of the geographic distribution of Ne in northern Eurasia was constructed. A geographic cline of… (More)
- A N Evsiukov, Olga V. Zhukova
- Genetika
- 2001
Approximation of the empirical distribution of gene frequencies by a theoretical steady-state distribution was used to obtain a geographical distribution of the limiting gene migration rates in the… (More)
- A N Evsiukov
- Genetika
- 2014
Fitness coefficients and other quantitative parameters of selection associated with the generalized color blindness gene CB+ were obtained for three ethnogeographic population groups, including… (More)
[Geography of genetic processes in the population: genetic migration in Northern Eurasia (Central Asia region)].
- A N Evsiukov, Olga V. Zhukova, Iu B Rychkov
- Genetika
- 1999
Based on the data of the census of 1970, a map of the rates of gene migrations in the rural population of Central Asia and Kazakhstan was drawn. The corrected average value for 35 populations of… (More)
- A N Evsiukov, Olga V. Zhukova, Iu G Rychkov
- Genetika
- 1999
A factor of the association between gene geographical data and populations of the mapped region was analyzed. This allowed for correction of the equations for the major statistical parameters of gene… (More)


text:
How to Download Facebook Albums to Computer
How To Download Facebook Albums To Computer
Action 1: Navigate to the Photograbber page in your web browser. Click the download link from the left sidebar for either Windows or Mac, depending upon your operating system.
Action 2: Double-click the downloaded file to open the archive folder. Click "Extract All Files" on Windows to unzip the program data. Double click the application file "pg" to and permit it to run, if prompted.
Action 3: Click the "Login" switch on the screen that appears as well as Photograbber will open in your internet browser. Log in to Facebook and also push the "Allow" button. Facebook will certainly show an unique code. copy as well as paste that right into the Photograbber window and click the "I want to download" switch.
Tip 4: Select "Myself" from the checklist and check "albums uploaded by the user" to instruct the application to download your albums. Click the blue "Begin download" button.
Step 5: Choose a place to save your downloaded images and also click the "Ok" button. Photograbber will download pictures to that place and show you the download condition under of the home window.
Step 1: Go to the Fotobounce website at fotobounce.com. Click the "Fotobounce for Windows" (or Mac, if you do not use Windows) symbol to save the application from your computer. Double-click to open the file and also mount the application.
Action 2: Open Up Fotobounce if it does not open immediately after setup finishes. Click "Login" under the Facebook heading from the left pane. Authorize right into your Facebook account and also, if you 'd like, click the choice to continue to be authorized into Fotobounce. Click the "Allow" switch to provide accessibility to your details.
Action 3: Click the "Photos" link, after checking in to Facebook, to view your albums. Click several albums and also click the "download" button from the ideal pane.
Step 4: Select the Fotobounce album to which you want to conserve your pictures. As an example, you can choose "Collections" "Events" or "Places" or click the "New album" switch. Click the "Select album" button after choosing the location album. Your album( s) will now be conserved to Fotobounce in the "albums" area.
Step 5: Open up the including album on Fotobounce, ideal click your downloaded albums and choose "Export to a Folder" to choose a location to conserve the pictures on your computer system. Click "That's it" to close the program after downloading and install surfaces.
Chrome Extension
Action 1: Set Up the download Facebook album app if you use Chrome as your internet browser from the Chrome Web Store at chrome.google.com/webstore. The download is cost-free.
Step 2: Browse to a Facebook album in Chrome and click the Facebook album symbol that will appear alongside your address bar.
Action 3: Press "Control" and also "S" all at once on your key-board to conserve a duplicate of the website to your computer, consisting of all your photos.
Step 4: Open up the folder from the location where you saved it. Remove any kind of files that are not pictures.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ingredients: 1 medium size onion chopped 1 tbsp garlic paste 2 cups yellow/orange lentils 2 boxes vegetable broth 1 tsp turmeric, cumin, white pepper and salt ¼ cup finely chopped, fresh parsley 1 lemon juiced 1 tbsp olive oil Instructions: In a deep medium pan, fry the garlic paste and …Read More »
Holiday season peppermint bark
Ingredients: 1/2 package white almond bark 1/2 package chocolate almond bark 1 tsp. peppermint extract 1 package regular peppermint candy canes Instructions: To begin, you will need to crush the candy canes. Double bag a gallon-sized Ziploc bag and place half of the package of candy canes inside it—be …Read More »
Fattoush salad
Ingredients: Salad: 2 pita breads, cut into medium squares 1 tomato, cut into square pieces 1 medium size Iceberg lettuce, chopped 2 green onions, chopped 1 medium-sized English cucumber, chopped into small squares 4 large-sized radishes, thinly sliced with stems removed 1 cup fresh parsley, chopped with stems removed 1 medium-sized bell pepper, chopped into small squares ½ cup sliced black olives Salad Dressing: 2 large fresh lemon juices ¼ cup extra virgin olive oil dash of salt, …Read More »
Pumpkin bread
Ingredients: 3 1/2 cups flour 3 cups sugar 4 eggs 2 tbsp. baking soda 2/3 cup water 1 cup oil 1 15 oz. can pumpkin (or two cups) 1 tsp. salt 1 tsp. cinnamon 1 tsp. nutmeg 1 tsp. ginger Yields 2 loafs or 1 Bundt Instructions: Before …Read More »
Semi-homemade blueberry lemon pie
Ingredients: Crust: 1 1/2 cups flour 1/4 tsp. sea salt 1 tsp. sugar 1/2 cup chilled butter 2 tbsp. ice cold water Filling: 1 can blueberry pie filling 1 can lemon pie filling 2 tbsp. brown sugar Instructions: First, start by making the crust, as it will need …Read More »
Koshary, an Egyptian dish
Ingredients ½ cup cooked basmati rice (cooked in 1 cup of water with sprinkle of salt and tsp. sunflower cooking oil for about 15 minutes) 1/2 cup cooked small elbow pasta (cooked in 1 1/2 cup water with sprinkle of salt and tsp. sunflower cooking oil for about 15 minutes) 1/2 cup cooked brown lentils (cooked in 1 1/2 cup water with sprinkle of salt and tsp. sunflower cooking oil for …Read More »
Chillytime chili
Ingredients: 2 cans chili beans 1 can diced tomatoes 1 can tomato paste 1 can tomato sauce 1/2 bag fresh spinach 1 bag chili seasoning 1-2 tbsp. fresh minced garlic minced onion seasoning to taste onion powder to taste garlic powder to taste parsley seasoning to taste dash cayenne pepper …Read More »
Healthy fajitas
Ingredients 1 green bell pepper, sliced 1 orange bell pepper, sliced 3/4 onion, sliced 1 Roma tomato, diced 2-4 small mushrooms, diced 1 package fajita seasoning 2 tbsp. olive oil dash salt dash pepper 1 can kidney beans shredded Colby-Jack cheese small corn tortillas sour cream (optional) Instructions In …Read More »
No-bake protein energy balls
Ingredients: 1 cup peanut butter 1 cup oats 1/4 cup flax seeds 1/4 cup dried cranberries 1-2 tbsp. honey 1/2 cup dark chocolate chips Instructions: To begin, combine the peanut butter, oats, flax seeds, dried cranberries, honey, and dark chocolate chips in a medium-sized bowl. If you wish to …Read More »
Vegetarian tater tot casserole
Ingredients: 1 bag frozen tater tots 1 can cream of mushroom 1 can cream of potato 1 can peas 1 can corn 1 block sharp cheddar cheese, shredded dash salt dash pepper dash garlic powder dash cayenne pepper dash paprika dash parsley Instructions: Before beginning, preheat the oven to …Read More »


text:
Marshall Chalk Australian rugby league player
|Friday, March 13, 1981
|Days left until next birthday: 85
|Boonah Queensland
|37 years old
|Birth Sign
About Marshall Chalk
Marshall Chalk, born in Boonah Queensland (37 years old) (born 13 March 1981 in Boonah Queensland) is an Australian professional rugby league player for the Gold Coast Titans in the National Rugby League.He previously played for Canberra Raiders where he debuted on 22 August 2004 against the Sydney City Roosters. In 2009 he joined newly promoted Super League Welsh side Crusaders where he played 14 games scoring 4 tries; before returning to his native Australia for the 2010 season.
When is Marshall Chalk's birthday?
Marshall Chalk was born on the , which was a Friday. Marshall Chalk will be turning 38 in only 85 days from today.
How old is Marshall Chalk?
Marshall Chalk is 37 years old. To be more precise, the current age as of right now is 13794 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 5 seconds.
How tall is Marshall Chalk?
Marshall Chalk is 1.81 m tall, which is equivalent to 5′11″.
What is Marshall Chalk's zodiac sign?
Marshall Chalk's zodiac sign is Pisces.
What is Marshall Chalk's weight?
Marshall Chalk does weight 94 kg, which is equivalent to 207lbs.
Where was Marshall Chalk born?
Marshall Chalk was born in Boonah Queensland.
Is Marshall Chalk still alive?
Yes, Marshall Chalk is still alive.
FormerTeam: Canberra Raiders, Crusaders Rugby League
Tags: Athlete, person, rugby player, Q215627, Q5, DUL.Agent, DUL.NaturalAthlete, LivingPeople, CanberraRaidersPlayers, CausalAgent100007347, Contestant109613191, LivingThing100004258, Object100002684, Organism100004475, Person100007846,
Born today (18 December)
Jim Thompson (powerboat racing)
Today, Jim Thompson (powerboat racing) is 92 years old
Jim West (guitarist)
Today, Jim West (guitarist) is 65 years old
Joan Muysken
Today, Joan Muysken is 70 years old
Alina Plugaru
Today, Alina Plugaru is 31 years old
Ana Porgras
Today, Ana Porgras is 25 years old
André S. Labarthe
Today, André S. Labarthe is 87 years old
Andrea Belicchi
Today, Andrea Belicchi is 43 years old
Andrea Giannini
Today, Andrea Giannini is 42 years old
Andrey Filatov
Today, Andrey Filatov is 47 years old
Andy Fantuz
Today, Andy Fantuz is 35 years old
Leila Steinberg
Today, Leila Steinberg is 57 years old
Lenore Blum
Today, Lenore Blum is 76 years old
Leonard Maltin
Today, Leonard Maltin is 68 years old
Leonid Yuzefovich
Today, Leonid Yuzefovich is 71 years old
Liisa Hyssälä
Today, Liisa Hyssälä is 70 years old
Liliane Saint-Pierre
Today, Liliane Saint-Pierre is 70 years old
Lilla Nagy
Today, Lilla Nagy is 29 years old


text: Exchanging Virginity After Prom FOLLOW NEWSFILTER NOW ON TWITTER! NOT IN MY ASS, NOT IN MY ASS!!!!!!! This went MAD VIRAL India is FUCKED UP Ah, ROOFIED? OMGOMGOMG! Bitch gets sexually assaulted,was she asking for it? OMG OMG OMG! Mudshark gets her pussy REKT! Comments The best way to spice up your amateur sex tape is sticki... Tied up tarts that like to get tickled. Amateur German babe gets completely covered in her boyfr... Roxy Raye in lets us watch her Anal play time. It never ceases to amaze me the crazy shit the Japanese ... When they scream this loud you just gotta go harder and ... Ya gotta love Crack Cocaine.....This slut is WACKED! Diamond Foxxx is the MILF we all dream about fucking


text:
See all ›2 Citations
See all ›36 References
See all ›14 Figures
Screening Mississippi River Levees Using Texture-Based and Polarimetric-Based Features from Synthetic Aperture Radar Data
This article reviews the use of synthetic aperture radar remote sensing data for earthen levee mapping with an emphasis on finding the slump slides on the levees. Earthen levees built on the natural levees parallel to the river channel are designed to protect large areas of populated and cultivated land in the Unites States from flooding. One of the signs of potential impending levee failure is the appearance of slump slides. On-site inspection of levees is expensive and time-consuming; therefore, a need to develop efficient techniques based on remote sensing technologies is mandatory to prevent failures under flood loading. Analysis of multi-polarized radar data is one of the viable tools for detecting the problem areas on the levees. In this study, we develop methods to detect anomalies on the levee, such as slump slides and give levee managers new tools to prioritize their tasks. This paper presents results of applying the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL)'s Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) quad-polarized L-band data to detect slump slides on earthen levees. The study area encompasses a portion of levees of the lower Mississippi River in the United States. In this paper, we investigate the performance of polarimetric and texture features for efficient levee classification. Texture features derived from the gray level co-occurrence (GLCM) matrix and discrete wavelet transform were computed and analyzed for efficient levee classification. The pixel-based polarimetric decomposition features, such as entropy, anisotropy, and scattering angle were also computed and applied to the support vector machine classifier to characterize the radar imagery and compared the results with texture-based classification. Our experimental results showed that inclusion of textural features derived from the SAR data using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) features and GLCM features provided higher overall classification accuracies compared to the pixel-based polarimetric features.
Screening Mississippi River Levees Using
Texture-Based and Polarimetric-Based Features from
Synthetic Aperture Radar Data
Lalitha Dabbiru 1,*,† , James V. Aanstoos 1,†, John E. Ball 2,† and Nicolas H. Younan 2,†
1Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, 2 Research Boulevard, Starkville, MS 39759,
USA; email@example.com
2Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, 406 Hardy Road, Mississippi State,
MS 39762, USA; firstname.lastname@example.com (J.E.B.); email@example.com (N.H.Y.)
*Correspondence: email@example.com; Tel.: +1-662-325-8642
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Academic Editor: Mostafa Bassiouni
Received: 31 December 2016; Accepted: 28 March 2017; Published: 31 March 2017
This article reviews the use of synthetic aperture radar remote sensing data for earthen
levee mapping with an emphasis on finding the slump slides on the levees. Earthen levees
built on the natural levees parallel to the river channel are designed to protect large areas of
populated and cultivated land in the Unites States from flooding. One of the signs of potential
impending levee failure is the appearance of slump slides. On-site inspection of levees is expensive
and time-consuming; therefore, a need to develop efficient techniques based on remote sensing
technologies is mandatory to prevent failures under flood loading. Analysis of multi-polarized radar
data is one of the viable tools for detecting the problem areas on the levees. In this study, we develop
methods to detect anomalies on the levee, such as slump slides and give levee managers new tools to
prioritize their tasks. This paper presents results of applying the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL)'s Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture
Radar (UAVSAR) quad-polarized L-band data to detect slump slides on earthen levees. The study
area encompasses a portion of levees of the lower Mississippi River in the United States. In this paper,
we investigate the performance of polarimetric and texture features for efficient levee classification.
Texture features derived from the gray level co-occurrence (GLCM) matrix and discrete wavelet
transform were computed and analyzed for efficient levee classification. The pixel-based polarimetric
decomposition features, such as entropy, anisotropy, and scattering angle were also computed and
applied to the support vector machine classifier to characterize the radar imagery and compared
the results with texture-based classification. Our experimental results showed that inclusion of
textural features derived from the SAR data using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) features
and GLCM features provided higher overall classification accuracies compared to the pixel-based
polarimetric features.
discrete wavelet transform (DWT); gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM); image
classification; radar polarimetry; synthetic aperture radar (SAR); support vector machine (SVM)
1. Introduction
There are over 100,000 miles of dam and levee structures of varying designs and conditions
in the United States. Today, nearly 3600 miles of levees make the Mississippi River basin the
most extensively controlled river system in the world [
]. The levee system design incorporates
technological breakthroughs from the science of soil mechanics that take into account the type,
Electronics 2017,6, 29; doi:10.3390/electronics6020029 www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics
Electronics 2017,6, 29 2 of 18
condition, and moisture content of material used in the construction of the levees. The levee systems
incorporate several safety measures by installing land-side berms and relief wells to reduce the water
pressure. Excessive water pressure can lead to complete levee failure. The Levee Board implements
strict annual levee maintenance programs that are expensive and require many man hours of the levee
personnel to perform inspection. These inspections are helpful for identifying the weak areas on the
levee; however, there are limited processes to monitor these structures and predict potential risk to
communities. Therefore, we need an inexpensive remote sensing technology to monitor levees on
a continuous basis. The potential loss of life and property associated with the failure of dams and
levees can be extremely large. The catastrophe caused by Hurricane Katrina and the floods along the
Mississippi River in May 2011 emphasizes the importance of examination of levees to improve the
condition of those that are prone to failure under flood loading. Two types of problems that occur
along the levees, which can be precursors to complete failure during a high water event are slough
(or slump) slides and sand boils. If the underlying foundation materials that support the levee are
weak, or become destabilized, a slope failure can develop and result in a catastrophic failure of the
levee. These slope failures can form as slough/slump slides along a levee and are vulnerable to levee
failure. Usually, the slump slides appear on the river side of the levee and may cause seepage during
high water events. In this study, we focus on slump slides, since they occur in areas more visible to
remote sensing.
On-site inspection of levees is expensive and time-consuming; therefore, a need to develop
efficient techniques based on remote sensing technologies is mandatory to prevent failures under flood
loading. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology, due to its high spatial resolution and potential
soil penetration capability, is a good choice to identify problem areas along the levee so that they
can be treated to avoid possible catastrophic failure. Furthermore, the radar sensors can penetrate
through soil to a depth equal to 10% to 25% of their wavelength, which equals a few millimeters to
centimeters [
]. Improved knowledge of the status of these levees would significantly improve the
allocation of precious resources to inspect, test, and repair the ones in most need. This research and
development effort is leading to new methods to detect the problem areas along the levee such as
slump slides and give levee managers new tools to prioritize their tasks and repair efforts.
Remote sensing studies in the last decade have largely focused on detection of deformation,
slides, and seepage on levees and dikes [
]. SAR data has been investigated and widely used
for deformation detection on levees and dikes. The radar backscatter data is capable of identifying
variations in soil properties of the areas that might cause levee failure. We hypothesize that the surface
roughness and related textural characteristics of the soil in a slide affect the characteristics of radar
backscatter, and thus could be useful data sources for identifying problem areas in levees. Polarimetric
SAR data with HH, HV and VV polarizations is very effective for classification because it contains
different scattering characteristics of each target and hence contains data about the nature of the
backscattering mechanisms in the signal. Note that the first letter corresponds to the transmitted
signal polarity, while the second letter corresponds to the receive signal polarity, with H and V
denoting horizontal and vertical polarities, respectively. The radar backscatter also depends on the
dielectric properties of soil surface, and the co-polarization sensitivity to surface materials improve the
classification accuracies to a great extent.
Several supervised and unsupervised classification algorithms have been applied to SAR data
for efficient land cover classification [
]. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a nonparametric
classification method which has been used successfully in many remote sensing studies [
]. Nonlinear
SVM classifiers use kernel mapping to map the data in the input space to a high dimensional
(potentially infinite dimensional) feature space in which the mapped data usually becomes more
linearly separable. The decision function of SVM depends not only on number of support vectors
but also on the a priori chosen kernel. Zhang et al. [
] implemented the SVM algorithm for the
classification of polarimetric SAR image using scattering and textural features. Gray level co-occurrence
(GLCM) matrix features have been a popular method for textural extraction in remotely sensed
Electronics 2017,6, 29 3 of 18
images [
Cui et al. [12]
have implemented a multi-classifier decision fusion framework for levee
health monitoring using texture features derived from the gray level co-occurrence matrix. GLCM
textural features extracted from the European Remote Sensing satellite 1 (ERS-1) synthetic radar
imagery have been used to map sea ice texture [
]. The type of vegetation that grows in a slide
area differs from the surrounding levee vegetation, which can also be utilized in detecting slides [
Polarimetric decomposition parameters entropy (H), anisotropy (A), and scattering angle (α) derived
from the coherency matrix calculated from the SAR data have been used to detect anomalies such as
slough slides along the levee [
]. Melamed et al. [
] applied the Silverman–Totman–Caefer (SRC)
algorithm and a classification algorithm by Cloud and Pottier [
] to polarimetric SAR data to
detect anomalies.
In this paper, we focus on analyzing different algorithms to assess the condition of levee structure
using multi-polarized SAR images. This work is an extension of the previous work [
of several of the authors. The Reed-Xiaoli (RX) anomaly detector, a training-free unsupervised
classification algorithm, was implemented on the levee segments to detect slump slides on the levee [
In [
], Freeman–Durden decomposition and Wishart unsupervised classification algorithms were
applied to screen Earthen levees. In this work, we propose a classification method, which utilizes
the polarimetric and texture features of the image for efficient classification and detection of slump
slides. Early detection of the occurrence of these events can assist levee mangers in prioritizing their
inspection and repair efforts. In addition, a pixel-based scheme is also investigated, which does not
take vicinal pixel information into account during the classification process.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2discusses the proposed methodology. Section 3
describes the study area and the polarimetric SAR data used in this research. The results are discussed
in Section 4. Conclusions are drawn and future work is given in Section 5.
2. Methods
This section discusses the image processing chain block diagram, the extraction of texture features,
polarimetric features, and the SVM classification scheme. In SAR images, texture and intensity are
two important characteristics for the classification tasks. Polarimetric SAR measurements can be
used to assess information about the scattering mechanisms in the radar pixel. Statistical texture
analysis is very useful in image classification since it can improve segmentation of various regions.
The roughness and related textural characteristics of the soil affect the amount and pattern of radar
backscatter. The SAR data used in this study was acquired by the National Aeronautical and Space
Administation (NASA)'s UAVSAR (Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar) airborne
radar system.
The block diagram showing the overall processing chain is shown in Figure 1. The SAR data is
acquired and preprocessed as necessary. Our current method does not segment the levee automatically,
so this step is currently done manually; this step could be accomplished via an automated segmentation
algorithm, or by using polygons of known Global Positioning System (GPS) points. Features are then
extracted from the levee area. Feature extraction is discussed in detail in Section 2.1. Next, feature
selection is performed. Herein, feature selection is really just a switch so we can select which feature
set we want to analyze (see Sections 2.1.1–2.1.3). The ground truth is derived from a priori data, and is
discussed in Section 3. Training masks are generated based on area ground truth. The SVM is trained
on the training data and then the entire levee area is classified by the SVM. The SVM is discussed in
Section 2.2.
In this research, pixel-based polarimetric and window-based texture features were extracted
from the SAR data. The pixel-based polarimetric decomposition features such as entropy, anisotropy,
scattering angle and texture features from gray level co-occurrence matrix and discrete wavelet
transform were computed and analyzed for efficient levee classification.
Electronics 2017,6, 29 4 of 18
Figure 1. Block diagram of UAVSAR image processing chain.
2.1. Texture Features
It is our hypothesis that both texture-based features and polarimetric features would be useful
in analyzing levees for damage. A damaged section of the levee will have structural differences
internally, and the surface will also have differences with the surrounding soil. Furthermore, over time,
the vegetation around the damaged area may also change due to the moisture coming through the
levee. It is anticipated that these changes will be "visible" in features extracted from SAR imagery.
Feature extraction in this study is based on three different feature types, explained in the sections
below. GLCM-based features are textural features based on pixel value co-occurrences. Discrete
Wavelet Transform-based features are based on a 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) analysis.
Finally, polarimetric features are based on data derived from the multiple polarization scattering matrix.
In the sequel, Section 2.1.1 discusses the DWT-based features. Section 2.1.2 discusses the
GLCM-based features, while Section 2.1.3 discusses the polarimetric features.
2.1.1. DWT-Based Features
The first type of texture features used in this study are based on the DWT. The DWT was first
proposed for texture analysis by Mallat [
]. The DWT allows a signal to be decomposed using a series
of elemental functions called wavelets, which are based on translations and scaling of the so-called
mother wavelet. The mother wavelet for a given scale sand translation uare given by
s. (1)
The wavelet decomposition of a function f(x)for a given scale and translation is given by
Electronics 2017,6, 29 5 of 18
W f (s,u)=Z
sdx. (2)
In practice, dyadic (sizes are powers of two) wavelets can be implemented as a series of high-pass
(detail) and low-pass (approximation) filters. When applied to 2D imagery, wavelets decompose
the image into different sub-bands. Common features extracted include wavelet decomposition
values, absolute values, or energies. The 2D DWT is essentially a double 1D analysis of a 2D signal,
by operating on the rows and columns of an image. As shown in Figure 2, the 2D DWT is accomplished
by passing the input image through a high-pass filter,
], and a low-pass filter,
]. The first step
applies the filter to the image rows, and the second step applies the filters to the columns. After the
filtering, a decimation by two (↓2)prepares the signal for the next level of decomposition.
A total of 48 DWT coefficients were generated from the analysis using an 8
8 window.
These features were then normalized to the range
0, 1
using the minimum and maximum of each
feature. The same data transformations were used with both training and testing data. The low-pass
features provide information on the more slowly-varying parts of the signal, e.g., coarse textural
information. The high-pass feature provide detail (higher frequency) information. In our analysis,
dyadic wavelets were utilized, and window sizes of 4
4 pixels, 8
8 pixels, and 16
16 pixels
were analyzed. In Figure 2, the letters H and L refer to high and low pass portions of the DWT
analysis, respectively.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of one-level two-dimensional DWT image decomposition process.
2.1.2. GLCM-Based Features
The second type of features analyzed are the GLCM-based features. GLCM analysis is a
second-order statistical tool usually used to characterize texture in imagery. The GLCM features
analyze imagery based on the frequency of two gray levels appearing in an image according to a
position operator. In effect, it is estimating the joint probability of the two gray levels from a pair
of pixels along a given distance and direction. The GLCM features are extracted from four spatial
orientations: horizontal, left-diagonal, right-diagonal, and vertical. Each of these directions yields one
GLCM matrix. From each matrix, six features are extracted: energy, correlation, variance, homogeneity,
entropy, and inertia. The formulas for calculating these features are shown in Table 1.
Electronics 2017,6, 29 6 of 18
Table 1. GLCM Features.
GLCM Feature Equation
Contrast ∑
Entropy ∑
Pijlog Pij
Correlation ∑
Energy ∑
Homogeneity ∑
Variance ∑
In Table 1,
is the graylevel matrix value at the coordinate
, and
the variance.
For each radar polarization channel (HH, HV and VV), 24 GLCM texture features are generated,
corresponding to the four directions and six types of texture features. In total, 72 GLCM-based features
were extracted from the SAR data. In order to quantify the effects of the analysis block size, the window
size was varied by 5 ×5 pixels, 7 ×7 pixels, 9 ×9 pixels, and 11 ×11 pixels. GLCM analysis requires
a center pixel in the analysis window, so all the window dimensions are odd. After feature extraction,
the features were normalized to [0,1], using the min-max method.
2.1.3. Polarimetric-Based Features
The third type of features analyzed are polarimetric-based features. In Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR),
the transmitted radio frequency signal is polarized. The receiver is able to concurrently receive
multiple polarizations, which can be used to help discriminate different scattering mechanisms.
The backscattering signal properties are captured in the scattering matrix, S, which is given by
S="Shh Shv
Svh Svv #, (3)
where the subscripts
represent horizontal and vertical polarization, respectively. Note that due
to symmetry,
Shv =Svh
(since our radar is monostatic, it is usually the case that reciprocity holds; that
is, that the cross-polarization scattering factors are identical. This assumption would not necessarily be
the case for a bistatic radar, for which reciprocity does not hold.).
To relate the scattering matrix to the physical properties of the scatterer, the target vector
represented in the 3D Pauli basis [22] as given by
Shh +Svv
Shh −Svv
. (4)
The coherency matrix,
, contains the second order statistical information about the target
backscatter response, and is given by
represents the Hermitian operator (matrix transpose and complex conjugation).
For single-look and multi-look processed data, the coherency matrix is defined as:
Electronics 2017,6, 29 7 of 18
|Shh +Svv |2(Shh +Svv ) (Shh −Svv )∗2(Shh +Svv )S∗
(Shh −Svv ) (Shh +Svv )∗|Shh −Svv |22(Shh −Svv )S∗
2Shv(Shh +Svv)∗2Shv(Shh −Svv)∗4|Shv |2
, (6)
where the diagonal elements
give the surface, double-bounce, and volume scattering
information about the target, respectively. The VV backscatter dominates at the surface scattering areas,
the HV backscatter dominates in the volume scattering, and HH dominates in the double-bounce areas.
Cloude and Pottier [
] developed a polarimetric decomposition theorem based on
eigenanalysis of the 3
3 coherency matrix. The decomposition extracts an estimate of the entropy,
scattering angle α, and anisotropy, A, from the coherency matrix [18,22].
The entropy parameter,
, is a measure of the randomness in the backscatter, and is defined as
the logarithmic sum of the weighted eigenvalues [23], as given by
pilog3(pi), (7)
corresponds to the eigenvalue
. For smooth surfaces,
takes on values close
to zero, implying a non-depolarizing scattering mechanism. Usually, low entropy
a single scattering mechanism, while high entropy
indicates more random scattering from
multiple point objects.
The anisotropy feature helps to distinguish different types of scattering mechanisms which have
different eigenvalue distributions. This parameter examines the second and third eigenvalues and is
given by
. (8)
The anisotropy can be considered a measure of the lack of azimuth symmetry, or as an indication
of the small-scale surface roughness. For surfaces with perfect azimuth symmetry,
, and the
anisotropy is zero. Usually, this feature is a good discriminator when
0.7 [
]. When the entropy
feature is low, the anisotropy is noisy [
]. Since the UAVSAR usually has a good signal-to-noise ratio,
the UAVSAR provides good anisotropy values.
The third feature is the mean angle (
) and is an indicator of the type of scattering mechanism
that is occurring. The αparameter varies from 0◦to 90◦and is defined as
piαi, (9)
αi=cos−1|SHH +SV V |
. The feature
is approximately 0
when the
target has a dominant surface or single-bounce component, while
indicates volume scattering,
and α=90◦indicates that double-bounce scattering has occurred.
2.2. Support Vector Machine Classifier
The SVM is a nonparametric classification method and has been used successfully in many remote
sensing studies. The two-class SVM classifier discriminates two classes by fitting an optimal separating
hyperplane to the training data within a kernel-induced feature space. Nonlinear kernel function in
the SVM framework helps to map nonlinear separation in the original space to a linear separation in
the kernel-induced feature space. Another advantage of SVM is that it often works well with small
training data sets. The kernel function plays a critical role in SVM training and classification [
Electronics 2017,6, 29 8 of 18
The essence of the kernel function is to enable operations to be performed in the input space rather
than the high dimensional feature space. Some commonly implemented kernel functions are the linear
kernel, polynomial kernel, and the Gaussian radial basis function (RBF) kernel. The RBF is given as
Kσxi,xj=exp −
2σ2!, (10)
where the parameter σis a width parameter that usually must be optimized for the given problem.
3. Materials
The study area is a stretch of 230 km of levees along the lower Mississippi River along the western
boundary of the state of Mississippi (MS, USA), as shown in Figure 3. The study area was selected
based on the history of levee failure events occurring in the lower Mississippi valley. This history can
facilitate the investigation of the use of remote sensing data to analyze physical factors that would
indicate problems in levee conditions, whether they arise from moisture content, slope instability,
hydraulic uplift, water seepage through levees, or underseepage resulting in sand boils. Figure 4
shows the photograph of Earthen levee on the banks of Albermarle Lake, MS, USA, a Mississippi river
oxbow. Levee vegetation consists mostly of grasses and weeds. Three types of grasses predominate on
the levees in the study area are: Bermuda, Rye, and Johnsongrass.
The SAR data used in this study were acquired by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL)
UAVSAR polarimetric L-band (
= 23.98 cm) synthetic aperture radar with a range bandwidth of
80 MHz (resulting in better than 2 m range resolution). UAVSAR is specifically designed to acquire
airborne repeat track SAR data for differential interferometric measurements [
]. The single look
complex (SLC) data from UAVSAR is of very high resolution with an azimuth slant pixel spacing of
0.6 m and range pixel spacing of 1.6 m. However, the single-look images are very speckled in slant
range, which makes visual interpretation and characterization very difficult. To reduce the effects of
noise, multi-look cross product (MLC) data is derived from SLC data by averaging a region sized three
range pixels by twelve azimuth pixels. These complex cross products preserve most of the important
amplitude and phase information that are needed to analyze the data. These products are widely used
in radar applications due to speckle reduction by averaging the single-look pixels. The multi-looked
SAR data is projected to the ground range using an Earth ellipsoid model and the resultant product is
used in this study, which has square pixels of 5.5 m spatial resolution. The instrument is capable of
penetrating dry soil to a few centimeters depth, and measuring vertical displacements on the order
of a few millimeters. The differences in vegetation growth (sparse or dense) and vegetation type
(Bermuda grass, weeds, etc.) influence the radar backscatter and are distinguishable in the imagery.
Thus, it is valuable in detecting changes in levees that are key inputs to the classification system.
A multi-polarized radar image acquired in June 2009 has been analyzed in detail for detecting
the anomalies on the levees. The UAVSAR flew over the study area for data collection and NASA
JPL performed pre-processing of the data by applying radiometric calibrations, geo-registration, and
orthorectification. In addition to the radar data, we rely on ground truth data collected by the US
Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and our team in field data collection trips. This data documented
the exact location and timing of slough slide appearance, dimensions of the land slides, their repair
status, how they were repaired, etc. The USACE maintains a national inventory of levee systems and
posts the information on the National Levee Database (NLD) website [
]. It provides information
about the location and condition of levees and floodwalls. The ground truth data that is used in this
research was obtained from the Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) in Vicksburg,
Mississippi. This data is tabulated in Table 2. There were three active slide events identified at the time
of image acquisition and precise boundaries of the slump slide were mapped with polygons drawn
using a GPS instrument during field data collection trips. The ground truth was also compared to the
optical NAIP (National Agriculture Imagery Program) data to visually confirm the slide events and
training masks were created based on those results. The photograph of an active slump slide shown in
Electronics 2017,6, 29 9 of 18
Figure 3(upper left) was taken during one of our field data collection trips. The location of this slide is
at the Eagle Lake area near Vicksburg, MS. Training samples of slides and healthy levee areas were
obtained from the UAVSAR data using the training masks for feature extraction analysis.
Table 2. Levee slides' ground truth data from the Mississippi Levee Board.
Slide #
(ArcGIS FID)
From Levee Board (08 Apr. 2011) Slide Measurements
Type of Repair
Date Slide
Date Slide
Vertical Face
Distance from
Crown (Feet)
17 N32◦36049.900 W90◦59037.300 Oct 09 Nov 09 165 2 15 Dug out/pushed back
19 N32◦36036.000 W90◦59045.200 Stability
Berm - 90 2 140 Not Repaired
20 N32◦36032.000 W90◦59046.300 Aug 08 Nov 09 120 3 15 Dug out/pushed back
21 N32◦36029.100 W90◦59048.000 - Sept 10 200 8 8 Lime
Figure 3. Map and pictures of study area. (a) Picture of levee slump slide; (b) Study area location.
Electronics 2017,6, 29 10 of 18
Figure 4. Earthen Levee on the banks of Albemarle Lake, MS, USA, a Mississippi River oxbow.
The UAVSAR imagery acquired on 16 June 2009 was used in the analysis and the georeferenced
layers used in the analyses have been masked by a 40 m buffer from the crown of the levee on the river
side. Each pixel of multi-look UAVSAR imagery is 5.5 m
5.5 m, and the size of the subset is 1.1 km
along the levee
94 pixels), which had three reported slide events (Slide number 17, 20 and 21) at
the time of image acquisition was used in the analysis. The ground truth data from the Mississippi
Levee Board at the time of image acquisition with active slump slides and their repair status along
with its dimensions is given in Table 2.
As shown in Figure 5, the levee is divided into two classes, healthy/non-slide levee and slump
slide, and the training masks were designed based on the ground truth data. This subset has a total of
102 slump slide pixels and 549 healthy/non-slide levee pixels.
Figure 5.
Training mask for UAVSAR subset with two ground truth classes: slump slide and
non-slide/healthy Levee with three-band UAVSAR (HH, HV, and VV) image at the background.
Electronics 2017,6, 29 11 of 18
4. Results and Discussion
The SVM was utilized to classify the results for the DWT, GLCM, and Polarimetric features.
The SVM can work well even with small training data sets, which is very important for levee
applications, as the training data is very small. In this study, the RBF kernel was chosen. The other
parameters considered are called hyper parameters and these are the soft margin constant
and the
width of the Gaussian kernel
. The soft margin constant
controls the penalty of misclassifying
training samples.
In this study, the performance of the SVM classifier using three different combinations of groups
of features were compared. The texture features from DWT, GLCM and
polarimetric features
were included separately and the SVM algorithm was implemented using a Gaussian RBF kernel.
The performance of the classification was tested with different values of the kernel parameter
well as different window sizes for the texture feature calculations. The regularization parameter
was varied but did not significantly affect the results. Note that the number of training samples
is imbalanced: the slump slide class has less pixels than the non-slide levee class and 10% of the
labeled samples were used as training and the rest of the pixels were predicted by the classifier.
The classification accuracy was also compared by using only the three types of radar polarization
channel amplitude data: HH, HV, and VV (without feature sets).
4.1. DWT Feature Results
The SVM algorithm was implemented on the extracted DWT texture features of the SAR data
set using a Gaussian RBF kernel and the performance of the classification was tested with different
values of the kernel parameter,
. The DWT features with different mother wavelets were calculated.
However, the Daubechies db-4 mother wavelet [
] gave better accuracies in detecting the slump
slides, so only Daubechies wavelet features were analyzed. Figure 6shows the overall classification
accuracies of the SVM classifier with DWT feature set with varying
parameter for the RBF kernel and
different window size values. Figure 7shows the wavelet features superimposed on an aerial image.
This figure also shows the SVM classification results.
Figure 6.
Classification accuracy (%) of SVM classifier with DWT features with different block/window
sizes (B−window is B×Bpixels).
Electronics 2017,6, 29 12 of 18
Figure 7.
SVM Classification. The SVM Classification map for UAVSAR data set using DWT features
0.08 and wavelet block size
8 (window is
) is shown on the right. On the left is a
enlarged overlay of the wavelet features (with an aerial image background).
From Figure 6, the 8
8 pixel window size produced the best results, and this window size did
not show a significant change as the SVM RBF
parameter was varied. The 8
8 pixel window size
produced the highest accuracies of 95.6% for the slide class and 95.9% for the non-slide levee class.
The 16
16 and 4
4 pixel window sizes had significantly poor results. The performance of the
classifier was also compared by using only the three types of radar polarization channel data, HH, HV,
and VV (without wavelet features), which resulted in lower classification accuracies. The accuracy
assessment was conducted ten times (using randomly selected training samples), and the results were
averaged. The confusion matrix from one of the ten runs with
0.08 and wavelet block size
8 is
given in Table 3, and the classification map (σ=0.08 and B=8) is shown in Figure 7.
Table 3.
Confusion matrix of SVM classifier output using the DWT features with
0.08 and block
size B=8 pixels.
Class Slump Slide Non-Slide Levee Producer's Accuracy
Slump Slide 87 4 95.6%
Non-Slide Levee 20 474 95.9%
User's Accuracy 81.3% 99.2% Overall Accuracy 93.0%
4.2. GLCM Feature Results
The GLCM features energy, correlation, variance, homogeneity, entropy, and inertia were
computed and the SVM classifier was trained and tested with this extracted feature data.
The classification was performed with different block size windows: 5
5 pixels, 7
7 pixels, 9
pixels, and 11
11 pixels. The results showed that the classifier performed well with GLCM window
size 9
9 pixels having the highest accuracies of 75% and 93.5% for the slide and non-slide levee
class, respectively. The confusion matrix of one of the ten runs of GLCM feature classification with
1.7 and window size 9
9 pixels is shown in Table 4. The classification accuracies with different
values and window sizes is shown in Figure 8. In general, the 5
5 pixels had the worst performance,
the 11
11 pixels had slightly better performance, the 7
7 pixels even better performance, and
9 pixels the best performance. This is somewhat similar to what was seen in the DWT-based
features, where the best window size was 8
8 pixels. A window that is too small will have more
Electronics 2017,6, 29 13 of 18
inaccurate mean and variance estimates, and a window that is too large can include pixels that cross
slide boundaries, providing a mixed evaluation that includes features from slide pixels as well as
non-slide pixels. This analysis shows that one must try various window sizes in order to determine
the best results. Figure 9shows the classification map for the GLCM results.
Figure 8.
Classification accuracy (%) of SVM classifier with GLCM features with different
block/window size (B−window is B×Bpixels).
Figure 9.
SVM Classification map for UAVSAR data set using GLCM features with
1.7 and block
size B=9 (window is B×B).
Electronics 2017,6, 29 14 of 18
Table 4.
Confusion matrix of SVM classifier output with GLCM features,
1.7, and block size
Class Slump Slide No-Slide Levee Producer's Accuracy
Slump Slide 69 23 75.0%
Non-Slide Levee 32 463 93.5%
User's Accuracy 68.3% 95.3% Overall Accuracy 84.3%
4.3. Polarimetric Feature Results
From the radar polarimetric backscatter data, the coherency matrix was computed, which contains
the second order statistical information about the polarization. The decomposition parameters entropy
), anisotropy (
) and scattering angle (
) were derived from the eigenvalue decomposition of the
coherency matrix.
4.3.1. Entropy
The parameter entropy (
) indicates the degree of randomness of the scattering medium.
The slump slides are usually rough in texture, which will result high entropy values. However,
the levees in our study area are covered with vegetation (different types of grass—mostly Bermuda,
Rye, Johnson grass and weeds in some areas), so the river side of the levee has moderate to high
entropy values. From the entropy map shown in Figure 10a, it is clear that the slump slides have high
entropy values ranging from 0.48 to 0.72.
Figure 10.
Polarimetric features from 16 June 2009 UAVSAR subset with optical NAIP imagery
background. The slump slides are shown by the small black polygons in the images. (
) entropy
(ranges from 0 to 1); (b) anisotropy (ranges from 0 to 1); (c) scattering angle (ranges from 0◦to 90◦).
4.3.2. Anisotrophy
In general, the anisotropy values will be affected by the size and type of vegetation, the time of year
(season), and by how much of the radar signal is reflected by the ground vegetation versus how much
is reflecting from the ground. The UAVSAR's L-Band instrument has a relatively long wavelength,
so it penetrates through short vegetation and the backscatter is mostly from the underlying ground.
However, the vegetation in the study area is about 2–3 feet high at the time of image acquisition (June
2009), so double bounce scattering dominates and the values of entropy and anisotropy are relatively
high. However, the slump slide areas, as shown in Figure 3, are without vegetation and are relatively
Electronics 2017,6, 29 15 of 18
rough in texture, so the anisotropy values are comparatively lower than the surrounding non-slide
areas of the levee. The values of anisotropy within the slump slide areas range from 0.95 to 0.98
(Figure 10b).
4.3.3. Scattering Angle
The angle
corresponds to the variation in scattering mechanism, with
to surface scattering;
, dipole scattering; and
, double bounce scattering. For smooth
surfaces, surface scattering dominates and the entropy is close to 0. As shown in Figure 10c, the alpha
values are very high due to double-bounce scattering. The slump slides are rough in texture with
certain depth, so these areas resulted in double-bounce scattering. In addition, the vegetation on the
levee also causes double-bounce scattering, resulting in high values of scattering angles all through
the levee. The alpha values within the slump slide range from 89.5◦to 89.8◦.
4.3.4. SVM Classification Results
The support vector machine algorithm was implemented based on the polarimetric target
decomposition parameters entropy, anisotropy, and scattering angle derived from the eigenvalue
decomposition of the coherency matrix. The UAVSAR subset of Figure 5was used and the classifier
was trained with 10% of the labeled data. The classifier accuracies were 58% and 72% for slump slide
and non-slide/healthy levee, achieved at σ=2.5 as shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11.
SVM classifier accuracies with polarimetric decomposition feature set (
, and
) for
UAVSAR subset of 16 June 2009 versus
. The blue line is healthy levee and the red line slump slides.
5. Conclusions and Future Work
In this paper, DWT, GLCM and polarimetric-based features from SAR data were used with
a SVM classifier to detect slump slides on levees. The DWT features performed the best, having an
overall accuracy of 93.0% with a window size of 8
8 pixels across a wide range of RBF
The window size had a large effect on the overall accuracy with the DWT-based features. The GLCM
features also performed well, with an overall accuracy of 84.3%. These features were also sensitive to
the window size. The polarimetric-based features had the lowest performance, but the anisotropy and
scattering angle αparameters did provide some discriminative values for detecting slump slides.
The levee area is segmented based on the orientation of the levee in the SAR image. That is,
we wanted the select regions of the levee where the levee was basically oriented in one direction,
Electronics 2017,6, 29 16 of 18
versus areas where the levee made sharp changes to follow the river. The reason was that the
backscatter will appear differently if the levee changes direction sharply. The segments are created
based on human ground truth data on existing slide events at the time of the image acquisition.
There were only a small amount of training and testing pixels available, and the SVM did a good job
with the limited data.
In the future, we plan to perform several more experiments. First, X-band satellite data is also
available, and it could be used and compared to the current L-band data. Furthermore, data fusion
between these two radars could be performed, as each could provide different information about the
levee health. In addition, feature-level fusion could be performed across the different features used
in this study. Decision-level fusion can be applied by using multiple SVMs and fusing the results.
Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) [
] can also be applied, which searches for an optimal linear
combination of kernels which are utilized in multiple SVMs.
Deep learning has made significant progress in analyzing optical, LiDAR [
], and SAR [
data. Extending these architectures (or modifying them) for SAR data processing promises even
better results. The challenge here is the small amount of training data. The benefit (other than
high classification accuracies) is that the deep learning network can learn the features from the data,
versus hand-coded features (e.g., the features we used in this paper). We also want to examine levee
segmentation by an automated algorithm (probably requiring GPS data or other Graphical Information
System data). This could also be a good task for a deep learning system.
Finally, we want to examine computing the GLCM features on PolSAR decomposition features,
e.g., Yamaguchi decomposition [
] features, which would effectively combine PolSAR radar returns
and SAR textural features.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under
Award No. OISE-1243539, and by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Pasadena, CA,
USA) Applied Sciences Division. The authors would like to thank the US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer
Research and Development Center and Vicksburg Levee District (Vicksburg, MS, USA) for providing ground
truth data and expertise, and also NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for providing the UAVSAR image and
initial data processing. We also acknowledge the anonymous reviewers who provided excellent suggestions for
improving the paper.
Author Contributions:
L.D. and J.V.A. conceived and designed the experiments; L.D. performed the experiments;
L.D., J.V.A., J.E.B. and N.H.Y. analyzed the data; L.D., J.V.A., and J.E.B. and N.H.Y. wrote the paper.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
DWT Discrete Wavelet Transform
GLCM Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix
GPS Global Positioning System
JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory
MLC Multi Look Cross product
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NAIP National Agriculture Imagery Program
PolSAR Polarimetric SAR
RBF Radial Basis Function
RX Reed-Xiaoli
SAR Synthetic Aperture Imagery
SLC Single Look Complex
STC Silverman–Totman–Caefer
UAVSAR Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar
USACE US Army Corps of Engineers
Electronics 2017,6, 29 17 of 18
Rogers, D. Evolution of the Levee System along the Lower Mississippi River; University of Missouri-Rolla:
Rolla, MO, USA, 2005.
Lascano, R.J.; Baumhardt, R.L.; Hicks, S.K.; Landivar, J.A. Spatial and temporal distribution of surface water
content in a large agricultural field. Precis. Agric. 1999,precisionagric4a, 19–30.
Jones, C.E.; Bawden, G.; Deverel, S.; Dudas, J.; Hensley, S.; Yun, S.H. Study of movement and seepage
along levees using DINSAR and the airborne UAVSAR instrument. In Proceedings of the SPIE Remote
Sensing, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Edinburgh, Scotland, 9–12 December 2012; p. 85360E,
Dabbiru, L.; Aanstoos, J.V.; Younan, N.H. Earthen levee slide detection via automated analysis of synthetic
aperture radar imagery. Landslides 2016,13, 643–652.
Cundill, S.L.; van der Meijde, M.; Hack, H.R.G. Investigation of remote sensing for potential use in dike
inspection. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 2014,7, 733–746.
Rignot, E.; Chellappa, R.; Dubois, P. Unsupervised segmentation of polarimetric SAR data using the
covariance matrix. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 1992,30, 697–705.
Fukuda, S.; Hirosawa, H. Support vector machine classification of land cover: Application to polarimetric
SAR data. In Proceedings of the IEEE 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
(IGARSS'01), Syndey, Austrlia, 9–13 July 2001; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2001; Volume 1, pp. 187–189.
Waske, B.; Benediktsson, J.A. Fusion of support vector machines for classification of multisensor data.
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2007,45, 3858–3866.
Zhang, L.; Zou, B.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Y. Classification of polarimetric SAR image based on support vector
machine using multiple-component scattering model and texture features. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process.
2009,2010, 1.
Haralick, R.M.; Shanmugam, K. Textural features for image classification. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern.
1973,3, 610–621.
Anys, H.; He, D.C. Evaluation of textural and multipolarization radar features for crop classification.
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 1995,33, 1170–1181.
Cui, M.; Prasad, S.; Mahrooghy, M.; Aanstoos, J.V.; Lee, M.A.; Bruce, L.M. Decision fusion of textural features
derived from polarimetric data for levee assessment. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens.
5, 970–976.
Soh, L.K.; Tsatsoulis, C. Texture analysis of SAR sea ice imagery using gray level co-occurrence matrices.
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 1999,37, 780–795.
Hossain, A.A.; Easson, G.; Hasan, K. Detection of levee slides using commercially available remotely sensed
data. Environ. Eng. Geosci. 2006,12, 235–246.
Dabbiru, L.; Aanstoos, J.V.; Younan, N.H. Classification of levees using polarimetric synthetic aperture
radar (SAR) imagery. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 39th Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop
(AIPR), Washington, DC, USA, 13–15 October 2010; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2010; pp. 1–5.
Melamed, G.; Rotman, S.R.; Blumberg, D.G.; Weiss, A.J. Anomaly detection in multi-polarimetric radar
images. In Proceedings of the IEEE 25th Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel
(IEEEI 2008), Eilat, Israel, 3–5 December 2008; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2008; pp. 558–562.
Pottier, E.; Lee, J.S.; Ferro-Famil, L. Advanced Concepts in Polarimetric SAR Image Analysis—A Tutorial
Review. Available online: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/60d3/eb04964daf184b931ded10796bcb0b54e69f.
pdf (accessed on 31 April 2017).
Cloude, S.R.; Pottier, E. A review of target decomposition theorems in radar polarimetry. IEEE Trans. Geosci.
Remote Sens. 1996,34, 498–518.
Aanstoos, J.V.; Hasan, K.; O'Hara, C.; Prasad, S.; Dabbiru, L.; Mahrooghy, M.; Nobrega, R.; Lee, M.;
Shrestha, B. Use of remote sensing to screen earthen levees. In Proceedings of the 2010 39th IEEE Applied
Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop, Washington, DC, USA, 13–15 October 2010; IEEE: Washington, DC,
Electronics 2017,6, 29 18 of 18
Dabbiru, L.; Aanstoos, J.V.; Mahrooghy, M.; Li, W.; Shanker, A.; Younan, N.H. Levee anomaly detection
using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany, 22–27 July 2012; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2012;
pp. 5113–5116.
Mallat, S.G. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: The wavelet representation. IEEE Trans.
Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 1989,11, 674–693.
Cloude, S.R.; Pottier, E. An entropy based classification scheme for land applications of polarimetric SAR.
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 1997,35, 68–78.
Polarsar Pro Manual, Singlue vs. Multi-Polarization Descriptors. Available online: http://earth.eo.esa.int/
polsarpro/Manuals/3_Single_vs_multi-polarization_descriptors.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2016).
Lee, J.S.; Pottier, E. Polarimetric Radar Imaging: From Basics to Applications; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL,
Burges, C.J. A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Min. Knowl. Discov.
2, 121–167.
Rosen, P.A.; Hensley, S.; Wheeler, K.; Sadowy, G.; Miller, T.; Shaffer, S.; Muellerschoen, R.; Jones, C.;
Zebker, H.; Madsen, S. UAVSAR: A new NASA airborne SAR system for science and technology research.
In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Conference on Radar, Verona, NY, USA, 24–27 April 2006; IEEE: Piscataway,
NJ, USA 2006; pp. 22–29.
US Army Corps of Engineers. National Levee Database (NLD). Available online: http://www.usace.army.
mil/Missions/CivilWorks/LeveeSafetyProgram/NationalLeveeDatabase.aspx (accessed on 15 March 2017).
28. Daubechies, I. Ten Lectures on Wavelets; SIAM: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1992; Volume 61.
Du, X.; Zare, A.; Keller, J.M.; Anderson, D.T. Multiple Instance Choquet integral for classifier fusion.
In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Vancouver, BC, Canada,
24–29 July 2016; pp. 1054–1061.
Pinar, A.J.; Rice, J.; Hu, L.; Anderson, D.T.; Havens, T.C. Efficient Multiple Kernel Classification using
Feature and Decision Level Fusion. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 2016, doi:10.1109/TFUZZ.2016.2633372.
Maturana, D.; Scherer, S. VoxNet: A 3D Convolutional Neural Network for Real-Time Object Recognition.
In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),
Hamburg, Germany, 28 September–2 October 2015; pp. 922–928.
Geng, J.; Fan, J.; Wang, H.; Ma, X.; Li, B.; Chen, F. High-Resolution SAR Image Classification via Deep
Convolutional Autoencoders. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 2015,12, 2351–2355.
Benediktsson, J.A.; Chanussot, J.; Moon, W.W. Very High-Resolution Remote Sensing: Challenges and
Opportunities. Proc. IEEE 2012,100, 1907–1910.
Hou, B.; Luo, X.; Wang, S.; Jiao, L.; Zhang, X. Polarimetric SAR images classification using deep belief
networks with learning features. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Milan, Italy, 26–31 July 2015; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2015; pp. 2366–2369.
Liu, H.; Min, Q.; Sun, C.; Zhao, J.; Yang, S.; Hou, B.; Feng, J.; Jiao, L. Terrain classification with Polarimetric
SAR based on Deep Sparse Filtering Network. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and
Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China, 10–15 July 2016; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2016;
pp. 64–67.
Tanase, R.; Datcu, M.; Raducanu, D. A convolutional deep belief network for polarimetric SAR data feature
extraction. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE InternationalGeoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
(IGARSS), Beijing, China, 10–15 July 2016; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2016; pp. 7545–7548.
Yamaguchi, Y.; Moriyama, T.; Ishido, M.; Yamada, H. Four-component scattering model for polarimetric
SAR image decomposition. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2005,43, 1699–1706.
2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
- ... This special issue [2] has eight papers covering a diversity of categories in radar signal processing, including three papers on radar optimization and system design [3][4][5], one paper on parameter estimation [6], three papers in the area of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and inverse SAR (ISAR) processing [7][8][9], and one paper on harmonic radar [10]. ...... In the area of SAR processing, Dabbiru et al. utilized textural and wavelet-based features from SAR imagery to detect slump slides in earthen levees [7]. Penner et al. developed a 2D ground-based SAR system and associated 3D time-domain backpropagation algorithm to generate 3D radar images of trees [8]. ...
The main focus of this research is to detect vulnerabilities on the Mississippi river levees using remotely sensed Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. Unstable slope conditions can lead to slump slides, which weaken the levees and increase the likelihood of failure during floods. On-site inspection of levees is expensive and time-consuming, so there is a need to develop efficient automated... [Show full abstract]
Conference Paper
This research presents results of applying the NASA JPL's Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) quad-polarized L-band data to detect anomalies on earthen levees. Two types of problems / anomalies that occur along these levees which can be precursors to complete failure during a high water event are slough slides and sand boils. The study area encompasses a portion of... [Show full abstract]
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The main focus of this research is to detect vulnerabilities on the Mississippi river levees using remotely sensed Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. Unstable slope conditions can lead to small landslides which weaken the levees and increase the likelihood of failure during floods. This paper analyzes the ability of detecting the landslides on the levee with different frequency bands of... [Show full abstract]
Conference Paper
The recent catastrophe caused by hurricane Katrina emphasizes the importance of examination of levees to improve the condition of those that are prone to failure during floods. On-site inspection of levees is costly and time-consuming, so there is a need to develop efficient techniques based on remote sensing technologies to identify levees that are more vulnerable to failure under flood... [Show full abstract]


text:
By Jorg Jaeger at September 28 2018 21:28:03
The first thing that should be checked while signing the agreement is the interest rate as it may create stress on you while repaying the loan amount. With the current income level, you should be able to validate whether you can afford to repay the loan at the interest mentioned in the loan agreement.
There are many financial institutions that offer private student loans with bad credit. The only fuss in the deal is the requirements of the financial institutions. Most entities that I know of providing this service would require a Co-borrower or a Co-Signer. This means as a student you and your parents would need to sign on the loan agreement agreeing to repay the loan.
Borrowers should create a folder to store loan document records, along with a record of phone and email correspondence. Always keep track of phone conversations by writing down a summary of the call, date, time, and name of the bank representative spoken with. When important documents are mailed, invest in the extra protection of tracking receipts. Certified letters should be sent with a return receipt request in case it is necessary to provide evidence the documents were received.
The third section is dedicated to the specifics of the loan transaction; it contains the responsibilities of the borrower and the lender, the measures to be undertaken in the event of the borrower's inability to repay the loan; there is also information on the extent to which changes can be made to the agreement. The third section is drawn up after detailed negotiations between the lender and the borrower.
example of simple loan agreement
how to write a loan agreement letter
simple family loan agreement template
basic personal loan agreement template
loan agreement contract between friends
agreement letter for lending money


text:
Just after analysing each element of the exam supplied by the student, our professionals begin to style a teaching application. Our Online Exam Help is one of a kind service which helps students to understand improved ways of scoring very good marks and get accustomed to This technique.
That includes query kinds that intently replicate the kind of pondering you are going to do in the present demanding graduate-degree applications, the GRE® Typical Take a look at allows you to exhibit educational institutions you happen to be able to succeed.
The big good thing about online examination would be the reduction of charges and time, both of those from the student as within the Instructor. The most significant limitation is that you have to be online to work with an online examination method. Therefore the identify "online".
We convey to learners to offer us the main points concerning the examinations for example subject or subject matter of examination, duration or deadline, issue sample, and so forth.
Academic Assignments not only help you to receive well prepared, but will also assist you in rectifying your error, our professional gurus provides you with a real opinions with supplies if needed. Educational Assignments gives you self assessments modules that can aid you to realize a further awareness within the subjects.
And you've got to be able to set the rules every time a student passes or fails the exam. Those features are only the fundamentals. Examine our online exam characteristics to obtain a broader image.
Take We use cookies to transform your Web-site knowledge. To find out about our usage check over here of cookies and how one can regulate your cookie configurations, be sure to see our Cookie Policy. By closing this message, you my latest blog post happen to be consenting to our utilization of cookies.
As students are the one kinds who will really feel the true heat, they seek out nicely professional specialists who can provide high-quality and timely online quiz help or get their online quiz for them.
Online examinations are carried out by means of Net. It is a genuine time Verify task for college students. This process supports in conducting exams around the world at any given time. This exam consultancy The scholars in obtaining immediate results of their overall performance.
just after providing these particulars of the examinations, our gurus patterns a strategic intend to attain 10 on 10 results her explanation rate.
Online examination is conducting a test online to measure the familiarity with the members on a provided matter. During the olden times Everyone had to assemble within a classroom at the same time to take an exam.
It is because of this explanation We have now commenced online exam help to guide pupils to ace their exams. This online exam help will help university student in carrying out their online exams, a lot quicker, precise and with far better grades. We provide exam and quiz help for all subjects and subject areas, all online programs like distance education and learning ,certification applications and so forth.
The Instructor or program builder makes an account having an exam builder. In these types of an exam process you could make inquiries and insert them to your exam.
We at 24x7assignmnethelp.com never compromise with high quality therefore; Now we have picked properly trained instructors to her latest blog offer Online Exam Help for various learners. Our teaching panels include perfectly-experienced masters With this particular area who is familiar with other ways to carry out fruitful effects.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Andrew Robinson" <andrew.rw.robin...@gmail.com>
|Re: <t:inputText reaonly=True does not send...
|Wed, 02 Jan 2008 15:42:50 GMT
On Jan 1, 2008 7:44 PM, jimmyau <email@example.com> wrote: > disabled and readonly work in the same way which will not submit value to > backend. this way also make me headache. Why would this give you a headache? What is the point in sending a read-only value to the server. Everything on the client is by definition changeable (users can change the DOM easily). So the server would never decode a read-only or disabled control. If you are never going to decode it, why waste the resources to post it back to the server?
|View raw message


text:
Target Living Room Heaters
Target Living Room Heaters is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at December 18, 2018 upload by admin in .You can download it in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size:. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this wallpaper.
Description wallpaper for Target Living Room Heaters
- Title: Target Living Room Heaters
- Author:
- Upload:
- Link: http://thefamilyforever.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/energy-efficient-room-heater-best-large-room-space-heater-medium-size-of-frantic-space-heaters-energy-efficient-space-heaters-target.jpg
- Tag:
- Category: Uncategorized
- View: 0 View


text:
The practice of Reiki is based on the idea that energy or 'life force' flows through us and when this energy is low or its path is blocked we experience poor health or emotional problems. Reiki practitioners learn to attune themselves to other people and aim to channel energy through their clients to help rebalance them.
The majority of clients use Reiki to relax and feel more peaceful although others use it to help them get through specific traumas or difficult circumstances. Sessions usually last for an hour and you remain fully clothed while I place my hands lightly on or just above the body starting at the head and working down towards the feet working on the main chakras in the body.
Reiki is safe and non-invasive and can bring about a wonderful feeling of peace and calmness and clears mind to help focus better on different aspects of life.
Starts November 14, 2017
60 minutes per session


text:
The Definitive Guide to RESIDENTIAL ELEVATOR REFINISHING COMPANY ON LONG ISLAND
– exactly where Each and every stage is taken out, inspected, cleaned and then re-installed. In the case that we discover a stage is destroyed, it can be possibly repaired or maybe the shopper is usually made available a substitution action.
Our practical experience setting up elevator units consists of, but is just not limited to, retail stores, warehouses, superior-rise properties, accommodations, hospitals, factories and educational institutions. Once you do enterprise with An Excelsior Elevator, you would by no means be restricted to what on earth is referred to as OEM (Authentic Gear Manufacturer) excepting only a regular products. Our ability being an business leader with knowledge in new installations will cause custom fitting an elevator procedure to satisfy your specific task limitations.
· Selecting an elevator dealer who may have gained awards and recognitions from their producers is advantageous. It is because to take care of their name and goodwill among the people today, their staff will normally work flat out to satisfy consumer necessities.
No borehole is important as required in a standard hydraulic elevator process As a result averting any Environmental Security Company troubles
The penthouse device home might be removed, by positioning the geared machine beside the aspect with COMMERCIAL ELEVATOR MAINTENANCE LONG ISLAND the hoistway at among the landings.
Consequently, it needs to be prepared effectively beforehand so you're able to Be certain that you cut down the amount of disruption within your do the job natural environment.
All-Ways Elevator features lots of commercial passenger elevator deals to fit your particular job necessities.
From Company: Janus Elevator Products provides elevator safety items and accessories and unexpected emergency conversation techniques with the transit, parking, higher education and access industr…
Island Elevator can provide several different possibilities from modern to common to reflect your taste and spending plan.
An MRL elevator is significantly additional trusted in almost any midrise constructing than that posed by a hydraulic elevator
Finally, quality is look these up essential to our business due to the fact we benefit our clients. The unsurpassed design and style and also the superior expectations to which we adhere within the production of our machines assure excellent and a spotlight towards the smallest of specifics in every single Paragon™ ingredient.
Dalvano famous which the compatible company cultures of All-Strategies and Grupo was a factor in the firms' decision to team up.
Island Elevator can provide a variety of layout solutions, and modernize cab interiors in as minimal as two days, cutting down services interruption to 1 weekend!
Consequently, we attempt to operate as rapid as feasible, when preserving the best benchmarks of Qualified company that has designed us a leader inside the escalator field. We've content the escalator prospects all around see here now the Long Island metropolitan area.


text: Amazon Canada has awesome offers today, Saturday, October 15, 2016! The Amazon Canada today's deals include: Save 43% on Vivere Original Dream Chair, Green Apple, today for $228.61, (list price $399.97, save $171.36) + FREE shipping. Click here to get all Vivere offers Save up to 30% off select Halloween Costumes The Amazon Canada offers are valid today only, Saturday, …Read More


text:
Production Proposal Template Beautiful Plans Video Production Business Proposal Template New Music Plan Pdf
New Production Proposal Template – From the thousand photos online in relation to production proposal template, we all picks the very best choices along with ideal quality simply for you all, and now this pictures is usually one of pictures collections within our best graphics gallery with regards to New Production Proposal Template. I really hope you will want it. That impression (Production Proposal Template Beautiful Plans Video Production Business Proposal Template New Music Plan Pdf) above will be branded along with: posted by means of admin from 2017-06-22 06:04:52. To see most photographs within New Production Proposal Template photographs gallery remember to comply with this kind of web page link. The Brilliant and Beautiful production proposal template pertaining to Invigorate Your house Provide Residence Comfortable WishHome]@


text:
The Pleasanton Art League and Museum On Main present their fourth art exhibit "Imagination Expressed 2010" which runs until Oct. 17, at Museum on Main, 603 Main St. The show features the work of 35 PAL members. The museum is open from 11 a.m.-4 p.m., Wednesday through Saturday and 1-4 p.m., Sundays. Call 462-2766 or visit www.museumonmain.org.
Pleasanton's home-grown "unicorn"
By Tim Hunt | 3 comments | 1,276 views
Ten Tips for Teens and Young Adults to Survive a Dysfunctional Family
By Chandrama Anderson | 0 comments | 1,078 views
Can You Afford Your 'Dream School'?
By Elizabeth LaScala | 3 comments | 422 views
The Five
By Jeb Bing | 0 comments | 251 views


text:
ILLIANA Today ~ Community Portal & Area Business Directory
BEAMSCO's latest Area Business Directory & community Portal was launched February 6th 2015, (and always under construction) BEAMSCO has created a progression of popular Portals & Biz Directories since launching AllAroundDanville in 2002. Portals & Directories are never done. We are adding new Pages and Businesses daily. We list these businesses and other websites at […]
Newton's Cleaning & Restoration, LLC
Newton's Cleaning & Restoration, LLC Newton's Cleaning & Restoration, LLC has been helping East Central Illinois and West Central Indiana (Illiana) enjoy clean, fresh, and healthy carpets since 1971. We have been helping our community and others area wide recover from devastating fire and water losses since 1981. Our reputation for honesty and quality is […]
Anthem Chevrolet Buick in Hoopeston
Welcome to Anthem Chevrolet Buick in Hoopeston, Serving Champaign Let us introduce you to our staff, show you some of our special vehicle offers, and take you through our complete line of new and pre-owned inventory. We can help you find exactly what you are looking for near . We know your time is valuable. […]
Blackie's Automatic Engineering Company
Blackie's Automatic Engineering Co Your Home Performance Specialists Since 1926 At Blackie's, our priority is you, the customer. We're the home performance specialists in the Danville and Champaign, Illinois area. Since 1926, our four generation, family-owned business has provided prompt and professional heating and air conditioning services. Our goal is to help you create and […]
Central Illinois Natural Health Clinic
Are you looking for an expert in natural therapies? •Are you fatigued? •Are you dealing with back pain, neck pain, headaches, or fibromyalgia? •Are you feeling anxious or overwhelmed? •Do you have thyroid problems or menstrual problems? •Do you have digestive concerns? •Do you have concerns about body weight, blood sugar problems, or cardiovascular risk […]
Chittick Family Eye Care
The leading provider of quality vision care products and personalized optometric services in Danville. Since 1959, Chittick Family Eye Care has been the leader and preferred provider of quality vision care products and personalized optometric services to our patients in Danville and the surrounding areas. Our experienced doctors and staff offer comprehensive vision examinations and […]
Christie Clinic in Danville on Logan
Christie Clinic in Danville on Logan Since 1929, Christie Clinic has been providing the people of east central Illinois with the highest quality health care. We are one of the largest physician-owned, multi-specialty group medical practices in Illinois, but our approach to meeting your health care needs is simple. By keeping the best physicians and […]
Eastern Rug Gallery
Since 1992 Eastern Rug Gallery, with Downstate Illinois' largest and finest selection of authentic high quality area rugs, has provided the best in decorative floor covering as well as services for hand made oriental rugs and carpets to thousands of our valued customers in the area as well as surrounding areas. We are importers of […]
Fagen Scooters, ATVs, Auto Parts and Truck Accessories
Fagen Scooters, ATVs, Auto Parts and Truck Accessories Established in 1929, we have scooters starting at $699.00. The scooters average 105 MPG, are inexpensive and good for the environment. All scooters are fully assembled. We are a recognized dealer of SYM and Tao Tao scooters. We also carry ATV's for youths and adults.
Glesco Electric
Incorporated in 1988, Glesco Electric, Inc. began providing electrical construction services to Central Illinois and Western Indiana with a highly trained IBEW union labor force. Glesco Electric, Inc. is a privately owned female-owned business and certified to provide and install electrical products, services and labor. Mission/Vision/Commitment: Glesco Electric, Inc. implements the plans of our clients. […]
Heel to Toe, Birkenstock Concepts, and New Balance
Heel to Toe, Birkenstock Concepts, and New Balance Urbana has more than 12,000 pairs of shoes in stock. Our inventory includes more than 3000 pairs of Medicare approved diabetic shoes. We stock women's shoes from size 4 to 13 and widths of 4A to 4E. We stock men's shoes from size 7 to 16 and […]
Kapella & Parker
Kapella & Parker Contact Kapella & Parker When you want premium legal representation possible, trust the attorneys here at Kapella & Parker. You'll receive the best outcome possible. Call today for your FREE consultation. Excellent legal services with every call Give your case the right representation Phone 217-443-6720 Email email@example.com Hours:
Roland Lim Photography
Hi and thanks for checking out our website! We are a husband (me, Roland Lim) and wife (her, Annabelle Lim) team with a penchant for fashion-forward photography. As principle photographer, I focus on image capture and editing. Annabelle, aside from second shooting on occasions, attends to details such as wardrobe, make-up, backgrounds, and poses. She […]
Spiros Law, P.C.
Spiros Law, P.C. If you are injured in an accident, you not only have to worry about healing physically and emotionally, but you may also have to deal with ongoing medical expenses, property damage and loss, and other out-of-pocket expenses. Your insurance may not cover these expenses, or may unfairly refuse to cover them. Regardless […]
Springfield Electric & Lighting
Helping You Get the Job Done We learned early on that the integrity of our people and the quality of their work drives our success. While our parts counters, warehouses, and delivery trucks keeps your facilities, cribs, and works crews fully stocked with the supplies you need; our field sales, technical specialists, and customer service […]
Sunset Funeral Homes, Memorial Park, and Cremation Centers
Sunset Funeral Homes, Memorial Park, and Cremation Centers We have become the most preferred family-owned funeral home in East Central Illinois and West Central Indiana. We specialize in meeting needs. Our small family of funeral homes provide more options in price, traditional & non-traditional services, as well as many free signature services. Our firms are […]
The EYE Center
From humble beginnings The EYE Center has grown to a clinic served by three doctors and fifteen employees. The services have expanded to become truly comprehensive and we have outgrown our previous locations twice and have now moved to a beautiful location with ample parking and 12 examination and testing rooms equipped with the most […]
The News-Gazette
The News-Gazette's mission is… • to function as a unique and vital force in providing the public with information not readily available elsewhere • to protect the people's right to know so that they may make informed and responsible decisions • to provide our readers with accurate, timely and useful information to help them in […]
This is it Furniture
This is it Furniture Danville and Champaign, IL 245 S. Mattis Avenue Champaign, IL 61821
TLC Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning
TLC Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning has provided the highest quality service to the Illiana Danville, Champaign-Urbana and Covington area for more than fifteen years. Utilizing modern New state of the art cleaning systems. Our trained and certified uniformed technicians will provide you with quick courteous service at very reasonable rates. Our equipment is mounted in […]


text:
Apartment on Respublikanskaya in Saransk offers accommodation with free WiFi, 2.8 km from Mordovia Arena, 1 km from Pushkin Park and 2.4 km from Sobornaya Square. The property is 5 km from Saransk Botanical Garden.
The 1-bedroom apartment is equipped with a living room with satellite TV, and a fully equipped kitchen with oven.
The apartment offers a children\'s playground.
Leninsky District Park is 6 km from Apartment on Respublikanskaya, while Saransk Bus Station is 6 km away. The nearest ai...rport is Saransk Airport, 7 km from the accommodation.
|3 Respublikanskaya Ulitsa квартира, 3


text:
Fraud defense in check cashing arrest nixed by federal judge
A New Castle police officer had probable cause to arrest a man who converted one forged check into cash and tried to convert a second, a federal judge ruled Tuesday.
Scott Tomasello, 35, of New Castle claimed in his lawsuit that he was the victim of an Internet fraud perpetrated by someone named "Jessica," who asked him to use the forged checks to open bank accounts for her and then withdraw nearly all of the money.
He claimed that police Sgt. Kevin Seelbaugh lacked probable cause to arrest him in March 2012 on forgery and other charges after First National Bank reported the forged checks.
Lawrence County prosecutors dropped the charges after he paid restitution.
U.S. District Judge Terrence McVerry said Seelbaugh had reasonable grounds for making the arrest.
"In light of his attempts to quickly convert the fraudulent checks into cash, and his use of different locations, a reasonable person could conclude that Tomasello had the intent to defraud the bank," the judge ruled.
Brian Bowling is a staff writer for Trib Total Media.


text:
Links and Media
Home :: 3M Connectors- Scotch Lock :: 3M Nylon Terminals :: 3M™ Nylon Spade Terminals Forks :: 3M 22-18 Nylon Spade Terminals :: MNG184FBSK Block Spade 22-18 #4 AWG Insulation Grip
Bag of 50
MNG184FBSK Block Spade 22-18 #4 AWG Insulation Grip
110% Customer Service !!
Fast Shipping, Excellent Customer Service! Very competitive prices! This is a First Class Supplier! Would recommend to anyone! Bob Ross Foreman Triad...
best customer service no bull!
this day of age its hard to find a company that is willing to take time and answer questions about there product,, well i found one here client not...
Prompt & Courteous!
A first rate web site with Excellent Customer Service. Even followed up with a phone call following shipment. This Company is what's right in America!
Happy South Africa customer
Excellent customer service, excellent communication, excellent shipping. Thank you very much. Richard South Africa.
GREAT Customer Service
This is probably the easiest quickest and most customer oriented transaction I've ever had. TED was great in finding a part we needed and the order...


text:
The 5-Second Trick For python project help
Fantastic support. Good that the tutors are all uni college students and on the web. Feels additional peaceful, a lot less official and less like an extension of college. Our tutor was good and absolutely improved my daughter's Spanish grade.
Did Einstein say: "I'm undertaking just high-quality, Given that I've triumphantly survived Nazism and two wives"
We end Chapter 1 and possess the quiz and 1st assignment from the third week of the class. All over the training course you may want to return and examine these resources. This part should not consider you an entire 7 days. ...
This characteristic was deprecated While using the new edition of PyPI – we alternatively suggest that you use twine to upload your project to PyPI. How am i able to publish my private offers to PyPI?
If we blend both of these types of parameters, then we have to make certain that the unnamed parameters precede the named ones.
year project'. Then I came upon Mr. Avinash via amongst my buddies. So I contacted him and discussed the projects and despatched him the attachments. His workforce analyzed the
Information science matter normally belongs to learn level students and In this particular system obtaining a complicated project/assignment is very common.
The most commonly employed graphical integrated development setting for R is RStudio.[fifty] An analogous enhancement interface is R Applications for Visual Studio.
Avinash and his staff are already an entire lifetime saver. They tackled my homework without any issue in any way. I'm hugely content with their perform and I will definitely preserve executing company with them. Thank you guys a great deal!!
There's no other put that can provide exceptional and high quality Python assignments and homework in lieu of College Homework Help.So, what are you waiting for call us and ask for help!
When the PyPI administrators are overwhelmed by spam or determine that there is Various other danger to PyPI, new consumer registration and/or new project registration can be try this site disabled. Verify our standing web site For additional information, as we are going to most likely have up-to-date it with reasoning for your intervention. Why am I acquiring a "Filename or contents previously exists" or "Filename continues to be previously utilized" error?
CPython's public releases are available in 3 types, distinguished by which Section of the Variation number is incremented:
Stay using a mismatched host project name, or uncover another internet hosting company which includes your identify accessible.
PyPI is driven by Warehouse and by various equipment and companies provided by our generous sponsors. Can I rely on PyPI currently being obtainable?


text:
wine storage ideas home decor creative the design.
This image wine storage ideas has been posted by admin under wine storage ideas design, wine cork storage ideas, wine glass storage ideas at May 26, 2018, 5:43 am. You are able to surf wine storage ideas home decor creative the design and further helpful articles in home decor group.
Related Post
Shower Curtain Heights Installing Basement Windows Entryway Shoe Storage Linen Storage Cabinet 12x12 Storage Cube Under Stair Storage French Door Refrigerator Less Than 67 Inches Tall Plant Nursery Dallas Undercounter Wine Refrigerator Living Room Blanket Storage Ideas Rocking Chair Glider Nursery


text:
- Shenzhen Jinyibao Arts And Crafts Co., Ltd.
- China Manufacturer with main products:Metal Crafts Badge ,Souvenir Medal ,Medal and Medallion ,Key Chain ,Souvenir Plate
Home>Products>Makeup Mirror>Double Side Metal Pink Butterfly Crystal Pocket Hand Makeup Mirror
Double Side Metal Pink Butterfly Crystal Pocket Hand Makeup Mirror
- USD $0.8 - $1.2 / Piece |Get Latest Price
- 100 Piece / Pieces
- 30000 Piece / Pieces per Month
- China Shenzhen Port
- MoneyGram Credit Card PayPal
Product Details
|Pocket Mirror
|Other, Round, Round
|Frame Material:
|Other, Stainless iron
|Place of Origin:
|Guangdong, China
|Brand Name:
|Model Number:
|cookie shape cosmetic mirror
Product Description
Double Side Metal Pink Butterfly Crystal Pocket Hand Makeup Mirror
Metal(Stainless iron/tinplate/Aluminum/etc.)
Die casting/Stamping
Pocket mirror
100 pcs
Make-up( Promotional gift / Decorative mirror/etc.)
Mold lead time
5-7days after getting the artwork approved
Bulk lead time
10-15days after getting the sample approved, it depends on order quantity
TT, Western Union, Pay pal, Money Gram
Product Pictures:
Contact Us
- Shenzhen Jinyibao Arts And Crafts Co., Ltd.
- ContactSabrina Bao
- Phone86-755-84827175
- AddressQingfeng Building, No. 11, Longgang Road, Pingnan Community, Longgang Subdistrict, Longgang District
|Bag Hanger
|Bottle Opener
|Cuff Link and Tie Clip
|Dog Tag
|Gold Bar/Silver Bar
|Golf Products
|Makeup Mirror
|Medals and Medallions
|Metal Accessory Crafts
|Metal Coins
|New Products
|Other Arts&Crafts Serious
- wholesale souvenir wedding favors compact mirror with antique style
- fashional cheap price promotional make up pocket small size mirror wholesale
- Custom beauty personal care double side makeup mirror, compact pocket mirror
- Custom wholesale folding jeweled makeup mirror
- Chinese wedding style elegant embroidery heart shaped mirror for souvenir
- Desktop Touch Sensor Plastic Make-up Mirror
- USB Charging Small Beauty Cosmetic Portable Make Up Mirror
- Dimmable Touch Sensor Trifold 21 LED Lighted Vanity Makeup Mirror
- Rechargeable HD LED Lighted Makeup Mirror with Light Bulbs Desk Makeup Mirror
- Tri-fold Bracket Mirror Led Makeup Mirror with Various Colors
- Mini Compact Foldable Mirror Travel Makeup Mirror
- Led Makeup Mirror with Two Power Supply Methods
- Top Tri-Fold LED 21/22 LEDs Makeup Mirror
- Two Way Makeup Mirror 2x Magnification Portable Hand Folding Mirror
- Promotion Gift Cheap Small Cosmetic Mirror
- Makeup mirror round 3X magnifying folding magic wall mounted antique brass cosmetic mirror
- New Style LED Two-fold Mirror Portable Compact Makeup Mirror
- Rawat Handicrafts Indian Handmade Lac Beaded Glitter work Handicrafted make up mirror
- Makeup Mirror with 8 Heart Shape Led Lights for Girls
- Adjustable Professional Illumination LED Mirror Touch Screen Dimming LED Makeup Mirror
Popular Searches
- double sided cosmetic mirror
- compact mirror led
- makeup pocket mirror
- backlit vanity mirror
- black gold round mirror
- light compact mirror
- compact cosmetic mirror
- led magnifying mirror
- led magnifying cosmetic mirror
- cosmetic magnifying mirror
- cosmetic pocket mirror
- plastic makeup mirror
- wall makeup mirror
- cosmetic makeup mirror
- ladies compact mirror
Recommended Products
- I&Admirer Brand best natural deodorant Body Spray from China manufacture
- Professional private label organic gold keratin repair hair treatment mask
- 100ml Professional keratin hair treatment product same like olaplex repair damaged hair
- Herbal salon anti-dandruff best mild bulk sulphate free organic hair growth argan oil shampoo
- Permanent keratin hair rebonding cream/hair straightening cream
- Professional permanent hair color cream/hair dye cream
- Electroporation Facial Massager Multi-function 6 in 1 LED RF Mesotherapy Skin Care Device
- Cartoon Cat Custom Pins
- Large drop soft material PU latex-free powder puff
- Spherical droplets PU latex-free powder puff
Find Similar Products By Category
- Beauty & Personal Care > Makeup Tools > Makeup Mirror