text:
Hybrid Network Marketing – What Is TANI Crypto Token Bonuses
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Only a fraction of bitcoins issued so far can be found on the exchange markets. Bitcoin markets are competitive, meaning the cost a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand. A lot of people hoard them for long term savings and investment. This restricts the variety of bitcoins that are truly circulating in the exchanges. Additionally, new bitcoins will continue to be issued for decades to come. Thus, even the most diligent buyer could not buy all existing bitcoins. This situation is just not to imply that markets aren't exposed to price exploitation, yet there exists no requirement for substantial sums of cash to move market prices up or down. The smallest events on earth economy can affect the cost of Bitcoin, This can make Bitcoin and any other cryptocurrency explosive.
Anyone can become a Bitcoin miner running software with specialized hardware. Mining software listen for transmission transactions on the peer-to-peer network and perform the appropriate tasks to process and validate these transactions. Bitcoin miners do this because they can bring in transaction fees paid by users for quicker transaction processing, and new bitcoins in existence are under denominated formulas.
Since among the oldest forms of earning money is in cash lending, it truly is a fact that you can do that with cryptocurrency. Most of the lending sites now focus on Bitcoin, some of those sites you are required fill in a captcha after a specific time period and are rewarded with a bit of coins for seeing them. You can see the www.cryptofunds.co web site to locate some lists of of these sites to tap into the money of your choice. Unlike forex, stocks and options, etc., altcoin markets have very different dynamics. New ones are constantly popping up which means they don't have lots of market data and historical view for you to backtest against. Most altcoins have rather inferior liquidity as well and it is hard to develop an acceptable investment strategy.
Cryptocurrency is freeing people to transact money and do business on their terms. Each user can send and receive payments in the same way, but in addition they take part in more complicated smart contracts. Multiple signatures enable a trade to be supported by the network, but where a specific number of a defined group of folks agree to sign the deal, blockchain technology makes this possible. This allows innovative dispute arbitration services to be developed in the future. These services could enable a third party to approve or reject a trade in the event of disagreement between the other parties without checking their money. Unlike cash and other payment methods, the blockchain consistently leaves public proof that a transaction happened. This can be possibly used in a appeal against businesses with deceptive practices.
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The wonder of the cryptocurrencies is that scam was proved an impossibility: due to the nature of the protocol by which it is transacted. All exchanges on the crypto-currency blockchain are permanent. After you're paid, you get paid. This isn't anything shortterm wherever your customers can challenge or require a concessions, or use dishonest sleight of palm. In-practice, many merchants could be a good idea to work with a fee processor, because of the permanent nature of crypto-currency orders, you need to be sure that protection is hard. With any form of crypto-currency whether it be a bitcoin, ether, litecoin, or the numerous additional altcoins, thieves and hackers might gain access to your individual secrets and therefore grab your money. Unfortunately, you probably can never get it back. It is quite crucial for you to adopt some excellent safe and secure routines when coping with any cryptocurrency. Doing this will protect you from all of these damaging functions.
Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, LiteCoin, Ether, YOCoin, and many others have been designed as a non-fiat currency. To put it differently, its backers assert that there's real worth, even through there is no physical representation of that worth. The worth rises due to computing power, that is, is the lone way to create new coins distributed by allocating CPU electricity via computer programs called miners. Miners create a block after a time frame that is worth an ever declining amount of money or some sort of benefit so that you can ensure the shortfall. Each coin consists of many smaller components. For Bitcoin, each unit is called a satoshi. The blockchain is where the public record of all transactions dwells. Most all cryptocurrencies function as Bitcoin does.
The fact that there's little evidence of any increase in using virtual money as a currency may be the reason there are minimal attempts to control it. The reason for this could be simply that the market is too small for cryptocurrencies to warrant any regulatory effort. It truly is also possible that the regulators just do not comprehend the technology and its consequences, awaiting any developments to act.
In case of the fully-functioning cryptocurrency, it may even be dealt like a product. Proponents of cryptocurrencies proclaim that this kind of virtual income is not controlled by a central banking system and it is not therefore subject to the vagaries of its inflation. Because there are a restricted variety of items, this coinis benefit is dependant on market forces, enabling entrepreneurs to trade over cryptocurrency exchanges.
Here is the coolest thing about cryptocurrencies; they don't physically exist everywhere, not even on a hard drive. When you look at a special address for a wallet featuring a cryptocurrency, there is no digital information held in it, like in precisely the same manner a bank could hold dollars in a bank account. It's only a representation of worth, but there is no actual tangible form of that worth. Cryptocurrency wallets may not be seized or immobilized or audited by the banks and the law. They would not have spending limits and withdrawal constraints enforced on them. No one but the person who owns the crypto wallet can decide how their riches will be managed.
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Ethereum is an unbelievable cryptocurrency platform, nevertheless, if growth is too quickly, there may be some problems. If the platform is adopted immediately, Ethereum requests could improve drastically, and at a rate that exceeds the rate with which the miners can create new coins. Under a situation like this, the whole platform of Ethereum could become destabilized due to the increasing costs of running distributed applications. In turn, this could dampen interest Ethereum platform and ether. Instability of demand for ether may result in an adverse change in the economic parameters of an Ethereum based business that could lead to business being unable to continue to operate or to stop operation.
You have probably seen this many times where you usually spread the great word about crypto. It's not unpredictable? What happens if the value crashes? sofar, many POS programs offers free transformation of fiat, relieving some problem, but before the volatility cryptocurrencies is addressed, a lot of people will undoubtedly be reluctant to put on any. We must find a way to combat the volatility that is inherent in cryptocurrencies.
For most users of cryptocurrencies it's not necessary to understand how the process operates in and of itself, but it's basically important to understand that there is a procedure for mining to create virtual currency. Unlike monies as we know them now where Authorities and banks can just select to print unlimited quantities (I 'm not saying they're doing thus, just one point), cryptocurrencies to be managed by users using a mining application, which solves the advanced algorithms to release blocks of monies that can enter into circulation.
Many individuals prefer to use a money deflation, notably those who desire to save. Despite the criticism and disbelief, a cryptocurrency coin may be better suited for some applications than others. Monetary privacy, for example, is excellent for political activists, but more problematic as it pertains to political campaign funding. We need a steady cryptocurrency for use in commerce; in case you are living paycheck to paycheck, it would happen included in your riches, with the rest allowed for other currencies.
The physical Internet backbone that carries data between the various nodes of the network is currently the work of several firms called Internet service providers (ISPs), which includes firms that provide long-distance pipelines, sometimes at the international level, regional local conduit, which ultimately links in families and businesses. The physical connection to the Internet can only occur through one of these ISPs, players like level 3, Cogent, and IBM AT&T. Each ISP manages its own network. Internet service providers Exchange IXPs, owned or private businesses, and sometimes by Governments, make for each of these networks to be interconnected or to transfer messages across the network. Many ISPs have agreements with providers of physical Internet backbone providers to offer Internet service over their networks for last mile-consumers and businesses who desire to get Internet connectivity. Internet protocols, followed by everyone in the network causes it to be possible for the data to stream without interruption, in the right location at the right time.
While none of these organizations owns the Internet collectively these businesses determine how it works, and established rules and standards that everyone remains. Contracts and legal framework that underlies all that's taking place to ascertain how things work and what happens if something goes wrong. To get a domain name, for instance, one needs consent from a Registrar, which has a contract with ICANN. To connect to the Internet, your ISP must be physical contracts with providers of Internet backbone services, and suppliers have contracts with IXPs from the Internet backbone to attach to and with her. Concern over security problems? A working group is formed to focus on the problem and the solution developed and deployed is in the interest of most parties. If the Internet is down, you've got someone to call to get it fixed. If the issue is from your ISP, they in turn have contracts in place and service level agreements, which regulate the manner in which these problems are solved.
The benefit of cryptocurrency is that it uses blockchain technology. The network of nodes the make up the blockchain isn't governed by any centralized company. No one can tell the miners to upgrade, speed up, slow down, stop or do anything. And that's something that as a devoted advocate badge of honor, and is identical to the way the Internet operates. But as you understand now, public Internet governance, normalities and rules that regulate how it works present constitutional problems to the consumer. Blockchain technology has none of that.
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It should be hard to get more little increases (~ 10%) throughout the day. Study the best way to read these Candlestick charts! And I found these two rules to be accurate: having modest increases is more profitable than attempting to fight up to the pinnacle. Most day traders follow Candlestick, therefore it is better to have a look at books than wait for order confirmation when you believe the price is going down. Secondly, there is more volatility and compensation in monies that never have made it to the profitableness of websites like Coinwarz.
You are able to run a search on the web. First learn, then models, indicators and most importantly practice looking at old charts and pick out trends. Anytime you commence to keep a trading diary screenshots and your comment/forecast. Precisely what is the best way to get confident with charts IMHO. Oh certainly, and don't fool yourself into thinking that you get the uptrend will never drop! Always will go down! Viewers incremental benefits are more reliable and profitable (most times)
The trades of Bitcoins are recorded in ledgers which are referred to as Blockchains. The ledgers use exceptionally sophisticated technology about them to work. The thought is quite simple than you think. The Blockchain allows two parties to create a smart contract. The contract can be created between two firms in a platform known
Entrepreneurs in the cryptocurrency movement may be wise to explore possibilities for making gigantic ammonts of cash with various kinds of internet marketing.There could be a rich reward for anyone daring enough to brave the cryptocurrency marketplaces.Bitcoin design provides an instructive example of how one might make a lot of money in the cryptocurrency marketplaces. Bitcoin is an extraordinary intellectual and technical achievement, and it has generated an avalanche of editorial coverage and venture capital investment opportunities. But not many people understand that and lose out on very successful business models made available because of the growing use of blockchain technology.
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Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, LiteCoin, Ether, YOCoin, and many others have already been designed as a non-fiat currency. In other words, its backers argue that there is actual worth, even through there is absolutely no physical representation of that worth. The worth rises due to computing power, that's, is the lone way to create new coins distributed by allocating CPU electricity via computer programs called miners. Miners create a block after a period of time which is worth an ever diminishing amount of money or some form of benefit in order to ensure the shortage. Each coin consists of many smaller units. For Bitcoin, each unit is called a satoshi. Operations that take place during mining are exactly to authenticate other trades, such that both creates and authenticates itself, a simple and elegant alternative, which will be among the appealing aspects of the coin. Once created, each Bitcoin (or 100 million satoshis) exists as a cipher, which is part of the block that gave rise to it. The person who has mined the coin holds the address, and transfers it into a value is supplied by another address, which is a wallet file saved on a computer. The blockchain is where the public record of trades dwells.
The fact that there is little evidence of any increase in the use of virtual money as a currency may be the reason there are minimal attempts to control it. The reason behind this could be merely that the market is too little for cryptocurrencies to warrant any regulatory attempt. Additionally it is possible the regulators just don't comprehend the technology and its implications, expecting any developments to act.
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Event box
AARP Driving Class
Reservations are required. Register online or call the Library Information Desk at 810-0314.
Attendance is required at both sessions. There is a $20 AARP member/ $25 non member materials fee payable to AARP. Class size is limited and advance registration is required.
For information on other classes please call Pat Latimer at 463-5221.
- Dates & Times:
- 1:00pm - 4:00pm, Friday, November 17, 2017
1:00pm - 4:00pm, Monday, November 20, 2017
- Location:
- Stedman Room
- Categories:
- Events & Classes
Registration has closed. (This event has to be booked as part of a series)
Search for events
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Event Organizer
Greg Rucinski

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Airlie Beach Mountain Bike Tours will be closed until further notice. We are in desperate need of a new guide.
Mountain Biking the Whitsundays
Book a group of five or more and we'll refund 10% off your tour.
Subscribe to our newsletter for all the latest info.
From easy to EXTREME
Check out our tours
We cater for all levels of rider. From a gentle ride to see the sights of Airlie Beach to heart thumping Double Back Diamond Downhill riding.
Mountain Bike Hire
Mountain Bike Hire
We have the latest Norco front and dual suspension bikes for hire. They all come with a helmet, lock, spare tube and pump. Ready for you to hit the trails
Bike the Whitsundays Today
PO Box 460
Cannonvale, QLD 4802
+61 (0) 408 800 159
Monday-Friday: 7am-7pm
Weekends: 7am-7pm


text:
We brainstormed all the places we could be "up" and "under" in the playground. Then we raced outside to the playground to find our favourite places. Tracey.B read us the story "Dinosaurs Underpants" and we got to design our own underpants which was so much fun.
Up the pole and slide
Up the pole slide
Up the climbing frame
Our designer undies
Hanging under the bars


text:
Nurse Practitioner-Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplant
Requisition ID:10526
Please note, the purpose of this posting is to recruit for future NP Hematology/Hematopoietic Transplant NPs
Job Title: Nurse Practitioner - Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (full-time days)
About City of Hope
City of Hope, an innovative biomedical research, treatment and educational institution with over 5,000 employees, is dedicated to the prevention and cure of cancer and other life-threatening diseases and guided by a compassionate, patient-centered philosophy.
Founded in 1913 and headquartered in Duarte, California, City of Hope is a remarkable non-profit institution, where compassion and advanced care go hand-in-hand with excellence in clinical and scientific research. City of Hope is a National Cancer Institute designated Comprehensive Cancer Center and a founding member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, an alliance of the nation's 20 leading cancer centers that develops and institutes standards of care for cancer treatment.
Position Highlights:
- Report to the Clinical Nurse Manager of Hematology/HCT Advanced Practice Providers.
- This NP will use their advanced knowledge and experience to coordinate care for HEM/HCT patients ineither the inpatientor outpatient setting.
Position Responsibilities:
- Blend evidenced-based nursing with nursing education and research and empower to make a difference.
- Take histories, conduct physicals, order, perform and interpret appropriate diagnostic and laboratory tests and therapies and furnishing drugs and devices in a cost efficient manner.
- Graduate from an accredited Nurse Practitioner program.
- Master's Degree in Nursing.
- 1 + years of Nurse Practitioner experience, preferable in Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HCT), Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT) and / or Oncology in an inpatient or outpatient setting
- Current California Registered Nurse and Nurse Practitioner License.
- Current California NP furnishing license.
- Current DEA.
- Current BLS through the American Heart Association.
- Current National NP Board Certification.
Effective 2018, new pay rates for all Nurse Practitioner Roles. Sign-On Bonus and Relocation Offered!
City of Hope is committed to creating a diverse environment and is proud to be an equal opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, religion, color, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, status as a protected veteran, or status as a qualified individual with disability.
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text:
In 2003, on the initiative of Mark Rotsaert sj, the President of the Jesuit Conference of European Provincials, UCSIA established the Scribani network, which encompasses 13 research institutions and social centres associated with the Society of Jesus from 8 European countries. These institutions provide matter for the policy debate on social issues such as migration, they train professionals such as journalists, and they are involved in concrete social action, including poverty alleviation and care for refugees.Two-yearly, a Scribani conference takes place with the following purposes:
In between conference years, the network meets to exchange information and explore a research topic during an academic seminar.
For more information: http://www.scribani.net


text:
Application for admission to Mississippi Delta Community College should be coordinated through the student's high school counselor or designated dual enrollment liaison in cooperation with MDCC's Dual Enrollment Coordinator. The counselor will submit an official high school transcript, counselor verification form, a completed MDCC application for admission, and ACT scores if the student has requested College Algebra or English Composition.
The following are criteria for admission into the dual enrollment program:
Academic advising and counseling is provided in coordination with the high school counselor and the dual enrollment coordinator.
Students wishing to withdraw from a class should contact their school counselor about using the correct process. Those not completing proper withdrawal procedures will receive an F in the course.
Students may acquire their textbooks through the MDCC campus bookstore.
MDCC Campus Bookstore
Tanner Building, Room 103
Moorhead Campus
Hours of Operation: Monday through Thursday, 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Contact: Jeri Kay Jones, Manager
The Business Office is the financial hub of Mississippi Delta Community College. This office is responsible for billings and processing of tuition and fee payments, third party billings, and the disbursement of excess financial aid and other funds.
The Business Office is located in the Boggs-Scroggins Student Center on the Moorhead campus. Office hours are Monday-Thursday, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Tuition charges and other costs for college courses are the responsibility of the parents or legal guardians of participating students unless these costs are covered by grants, scholarships, or the school district. Regardless of the source of payment, all levied charges and fees must be paid directly to the college. Student grades will not be released to the school district until all student debts are paid in full. Tuition charges for students participating in this program will be reviewed annually and, if changes are made, notice will be given to the school district before classes begin. Students are responsible for acquisition of textbooks through the campus bookstore or through other means.
For a complete fee schedule/payment listing, click here.
For all events and dates, click here to visit the web calendar. Subscribe to the calendar, so you won't miss an event or important date!
Click here for the catalog/student handbook. This book contains complete information on policies regarding academics, programs, courses, grievance procedures, history of the institution, disciplinary action, and many other policies and procedures.
For help with logging in to your student e-mail account, Banner, or Canvas, click here for the Computer Services section of the MDCC website. Instructions for setting up your phone to receive your school email may be found at this location also.
Students participating in MDCC dual enrollment through their high school with their high school instructor, will be limited to taking MDCC core courses unless approved by the Vice President of Instruction.
A student may be enrolled in other courses through MDCC's eLearning provided the student meets the necessary requirements and with the permission of the MDCC Dual Enrollment Coordinator and the Vice President of Instruction.
*All courses and programs offered by the college will meet the standards established as part of the institution's SACSCOC accreditations as well as any other specialized accreditations that may apply.
If a student has a disability that qualifies under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and requires accommodations, he/she should contact the Office of Student Disabilities Services for information on appropriate policies and procedures.
Contact information
Frances Williams
Phone: 662-246-6251
Fax: 662-246-8627
eLearning courses are taught through Canvas. The web address for Canvas is msdelta.instructure.com. For help navigating your eLearning course, contact the Office of eLearning at 662-246-6319.
For complete information click here.
MDCC's Library grants access to many online resources and databases. Database log in information may be found within a student's course in Canvas. Click here to visit the MDCC library web page.
MDCC is committed to creating and maintaining a community where students, faculty, administration, and staff can work together in an atmosphere of mutual respect, functioning in one accord, with institutional policies and procedures. A student may use the procedures as outlined in the Catalog/Student Handbook for instructional and non-instructional complaints.
To submit a complaint, click here to complete the online Student Complaint Form.
Once a senior graduates, a final high school transcript with the graduation date must be mailed to Admissions, PO Box 668, Moorhead, MS 38761 as soon as possible. This is a requirement in which to participate in dual enrollment.
Students, their parents or legal guardians are responsible for arranging transportation for courses taught at sites away from the high school campus.
Dual Enrollment students have access to NetTutor, which is an online service offered to students free of charge through their Canvas account. Just click on the course with which help is needed, click on NetTutor, and get the help you need from a credentialed professional. Click here for tutorials and more information about NetTutor.


text:
I'm bringing back my site
So much has changed in the last five years.
I've finished all of the requirements needed to graduate earlier this year. I've decided it's time to bring my site back, and populate it with the coolest stuff I learned in the last few years.
On SSL/TLS and HTTPS — Briefings for my Computer Security class
Brief: This is a technical briefing I made for fellow students in a Computer Security class (Winter 2011) about Secure Socket Layer [SSL] (now Transport Layer Security [TLS]). These briefings fit in nicely since it came after Dr. Obimbo explained the number theory behind RSA (modulus prime exponentiation). I went to the primary source on this topic to write this document: thanks to the Internet Engineering Task Force. I've posted this document as a consumable reference for anyone who needs it.
>>> Download: A Network Security Spotlight on SSL/TLS and HTTPS (pdf) <<<
Figure $_: A Schematic of the SSL/TLS Handshaking Procedure.
This document is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported. The enclosed figures are further released into the public domain.
Fuzzy c-means for greylevel image segmentation
Here's a script I threw together to do grey-level segmentation using fuzzy c-means. This appeared as a small part of a project in the image processing course I took. The algorithm deployed was really a proof of concept meant to replicate and verify the results of another author — as such, I don't recommend ever using fuzzy c-means for this task as it's pretty inefficient. This software will handle any number of grey-level-segments you desire, but I recommend eight as a maximum.
The code and course project paper are originally dated April 20th, 2011.
>>> Download: FCMProjectPaper.pdf | FCMProject.tgz <<<
( Requires pypng — Python PNG encoder/decoder )
Here are the examples included in the above archive. I like pictures.
Sunny in 8-bit greyscale, 3-bit greyscale, 2-bit greyscale.
Auryo in 8-bit greyscale, 3-bit greyscale, 2-bit greyscale.
Enjoy 😀
My talk at Barcode of Life, Adelaide (2011)
I've just finished my presentation in Adelaide. This is the first real biology-heavy conference I've been to. Sujeevan has brought me along with the BOLD team from BIO in order to present my work — and more importantly — to acquire some resolution about the barcoding culture and its biological significance. The Consortium for The Barcode of Life (CBOL) co-hosted this event with many biodiversity parties in Australia. Another huge group present was the International Barcode of Life (iBOL) project. The Barcode of Life Conference is held every other year and is attended by researchers interested in the concerted international barcoding effort. I presented my preliminary findings with a data analysis session and had excellent feedback — it's pretty clear where to go next with my thesis! My talk describes the first steps to automating barcode (contig-like) assembly from ab1 sequencer trace files. This talk describes the present need for automation, trends that we can readily detect in currently assembled data and most importantly — detectable patterns in how human experts perform manual barcode assembly.
The full name of the conference is Fourth International Barcode of Life Conference.
>>> Download: ( pdf: EddieMaBOL2011Adelaide.pdf | zip: EddieMaBOL2011Adelaide.pdf.zip ) <<<
Slides 6, 16, 24 from my presentation — The need for automation; Compositional bias and human edits [null hypothesis]; Where are human edits occurring [in Lepidoptera]?
This has been a very enjoyable conference 😀
My talk at Complex Adaptive Systems, Chicago (2011)
I've just returned from the Complex Adaptive Systems conference on Wednesday after an eight hour drive — well, most of the driving was done by Dr. Obimbo and Haochen. I presented my paper An evolutionary computation attack on one-round TEA. This paper is built on top of my course project in Computer Security (University of Guelph, Winter 2011). This is my first cryptanalysis paper, and is an aside to the bioinformatics focus of my thesis.
My slides introduce Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) pretty well, along with Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Harmony Search (HS). The slides detailing the results aren't quite as self-explanatory, but are bearable since the theme is fairly easy to establish: simpler keys are easier to break than more complicated ones.
>>> Download: CAS2011Chicago.pdf — my presentation from Chicago. <<<
I might look at cryptanalysis again in future — but I'll certainly use Evolutionary Computation (EC) again. It's just too readily available in my toolkit, and is far too easy to deploy. One of the major lessons of this project that became very clear through during discussion with the audience is that the operators that are part of an EC algorithm should reflect the kind of problem we're trying to solve. This might seem obvious at first, but I think it's more subtle than that. For this project, HS enabled the EC to probe a keyspace with many repetitions — something that GA operators alone didn't provide us.
In general however, the solution space is lumpy enough that using ECs against stronger encryption schemes is just not viable — unless the EC had some magic to overcome the linearly inseparable lumps. I haven't yet met such an operator and am not convinced one way or another about its existence. I'll certainly introduce you if I ever do bump into it 😛
Partial Derivatives for Residuals of the Gaussian Function
I needed to get the partial derivatives for the residuals of the Gaussian Function this week. This is needed for a curve fit I'll use later. I completely forgot about Maxima, which can do this automatically — so I did it by hand (Maxima is like Maple, but it's free). I've included my work in this post for future reference. If you want a quick refresh on calculus or a step-by-step for this particular function, enjoy :D. The math below is rendered with MathJax.
The Gaussian Function is given by …
$$ f(x) = ae^{-\frac{(x-b)^2}{2c^2}} $$
- a, b, c are the curve parameters with respect to which we differentiate the residual function
- e is Euler's number
Given a set of coordinates I'd like to fit (xi, yi), i ∈ [1, m], the residuals are given by …
$$ r_i = y_i – ae^{-\frac{(x_i-b)^2}{2c^2}} $$
We want to get …
$$ \frac{\partial{r}}{\partial{a}}, \frac{\partial{r}}{\partial{b}}, \frac{\partial{r}}{\partial{c}} $$


text:
When I introduce myself to Matt Katula and shake his hand inside the Ravens' locker room, he seems surprised that someone wants to talk to him. No one ever interviews the long snapper - and that's what Katula does for the Ravens.
On some level, this is understandable. Katula, who towers over me at 6 feet 6, performs the biggest niche job in sports. He launches a ball between his legs, toward the kicker, on field goals and punts. That's it. There is really no equivalent of the long snapper in any other sport. It would be like an NBA team having someone on its bench whose only job were inbounding the ball. And depending on how you look at it, it's either the best job in football or the worst.
No one wants to talk to the long snapper as long as he does his job correctly. No one even thinks about him, for the most part. The only time you'll hear the announcers say his name is if he fails on a grand stage.


text:
Our bushcraft courses will teach you to use natures resources to provide the essential elements: food, water, fire and shelter - to explore and survive the wilderness. Learn skills such as traditional fire lighting, wood carving, wild food foraging, natural cordage, animal skinning, bushcraft cookery and much more! You can also combine bushcraft with our canoe camping and overnight expeditions, which will take you on a journey of discovery unraveling the lives of our ancestors and true nature of experience.
Please see an example package below:
- Firelighting - learn a range of firelighting techniques. Then collect materials from the woodland and get a camp fire going.
- Lunch - cook yourselves a late lunch/afternoon BBQ meal on the open fire. Burger, sausage or bacon baps always go down well.
- Evening alternative - incorporate an evening meal into your event. Prepare a bushcraft meal, including if you want to, skinning and preparing rabbit/pheasant and cooking up a stew/curry for example.
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Women's soccer advances to semis
Starting a freshman goalie and getting two goals from freshmen, the Muhlenberg women's soccer team advanced to the semifinals of the Centennial Conference playoffs with a come-from-behind 2-1 win against Haverford.
The Mules (11-4-4) will travel to Baltimore to face three-time
Haverford (8-10-1), seeking its first playoff win, struck early, scoring a goal just 5:42 into the game. That was one of only two shots the Fords would take in the first half, however, as Muhlenberg settled down after an uneven start.
The Mules tied the score midway through the first half after freshman Meghan O'Grady was tripped going after a ball in the corner. Junior Kasey Hacker's free kick went off the head of junior Jayne Condon, then off the head of freshman Nicolette Miller and headed toward the goal. A Ford back stabbed at the ball but could not keep it from going in.
It was the 10th goal of the season for Miller, who came in leading the CC in points.
The game-winning goal was similarly unconventional. Freshman Renee Dessimone took a throw-in on the right side and sent a high cross toward the goal. The Haverford goalie leapt to intercept the ball, but it went over her outstretched hand, bounced once and settled into the back of the net at the far post for Dessimone's ninth goal of the season.
Neither team had a great chance to score in the second half, and Muhlenberg held on for the win, improving its all-time postseason record to 13-6-1.
|Muhlenberg® College2400 Chew St.Allentown, PA 18104-5586484.664.3100484.664.3623 (TTY)


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Methods for assessing condition-specific and generic functional status outcomes after total knee replacement
UMMS Affiliation
Department of Quantitative Health Sciences
Publication Date
Document Type
Activities of Daily Living; Aged; Female; *Health Status Indicators; Humans; *Knee; Knee Prosthesis; Male; Osteoarthritis; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Pain, Postoperative; Questionnaires; Range of Motion, Articular; Reproducibility of Results; Self Assessment (Psychology); Sensitivity and Specificity
Biostatistics | Epidemiology | Health Services Research
Many assume that, relative to generic measures, condition-specific health measures are both more sensitive to the condition's severity and more specific because they are less affected by other conditions. We analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of the generic SF-36, condition-specific scales based on the SF-36, and condition-specific measures based on the Knee Society's Clinical Rating System in a study of osteoarthritis patients following knee replacement. As hypothesized, knee-specific role function and pain measures were more specific than generic measures among patients with other comorbid conditions, and less so among patients with only knee problems. Physical function scales of both types were equally specific. Clinical indicators based on x-ray and range of motion were only weakly related to all measures of function.
Med Care. 1992 May;30(5 Suppl):MS240-52. Link to article on publisher's site
Journal/Book/Conference Title
Medical care
PubMed ID
Related Resources
Repository Citation
Kantz, M. Elizabeth; Harris, Wendy J.; Levitsky, Kenneth; Ware, John E. Jr.; and Davies, Allyson Ross, "Methods for assessing condition-specific and generic functional status outcomes after total knee replacement" (1992). Quantitative Health Sciences Publications and Presentations. 500.


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Thank you for considering Life Science Angels for your funding. Before you get started, be sure to carefully review our website and the investment criteria below. We receive about 300 deal submissions a year, so please consider how your company fits with LSA's investment interests. We recommend that you apply only after you are confident that your business meets our criteria.
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Please complete the application carefully, it is a very important component of early comparative screening of the 300 deals we see each year. It is a measure of a serious application to not just fill in "see executive summary".
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Departure: Monday , November 13th
Location: Hawaii
Are You The One? , The Challenge and Real World alumni were asked for it.
Availability Calls:
Nate Siebenmark (Accepted)/Nicole Ramos (Declined)
Hunter Barfield , Ashley's Ex (Accepted)
Mike Crescenzo (OG Call)
Nelson Thomas (Declined)/Nurys Mateo (Accepted)
Giovanni Rivera (OG/Ex Call)
Cam Kolbo (Accepted)/Mikala Thomas (Declined)
Tori Deal (OG/Ex Call) (Declined)
Alicia Wright (OG Call)
Angela Babicz (BGC15) (OG/Ex Call)/Derek Henry (OG/Ex Call)
Andre Siemers/Taylor Selfridge/Joe Torgerson (Alternates)
Shannon Duffy (Declined)/Tyler O'Brien (Accepted)
Real World:
Leroy Garrett (OG Call)
Ashley Mitchell (OG Call)
Cory Wharton (OG Call)
Jordan Anderson (Ex Call)
Theo Bradley (OG/Ex Call) /Tya Hooks (OG/Ex Call)


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Posts Tagged 'sick'
Should We Exercise When Sick? Rest vs. Workout -Ep. 178
This week, Devon and I took some time to answer a question from one of the members of our Open Sky Fitness Podcast group on Facebook. Our OSF group is an awesome community that you can join to interact with other listeners of our show including Devon and myself plus ask questions and get the latest insight…Read More


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Journal of Combustion
Volume 2012, Article ID 495894, 7 pages
Dairy Biomass-Wyoming Coal Blends Fixed Gasification Using Air-Steam for Partial Oxidation
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Office ML 652, Bogotá, Colombia
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 307 Mechanical Engineering Office Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Received 29 June 2011; Revised 8 November 2011; Accepted 30 November 2011
Academic Editor: Claes Tullin
Copyright © 2012 Gerardo Gordillo and Kalyan Annamalai. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Concentrated animal feeding operations such as dairies produce a large amount of manure, termed as dairy biomass (DB), which could serve as renewable feedstock for thermal gasification. DB is a low-quality fuel compared to fossil fuels, and hence the product gases have lower heat content; however, the quality of gases can be improved by blending with coals. This paper deals with air-steam fixed-bed counterflow gasification of dairy biomass-Wyoming coal blend (DBWC). The effects of equivalence ratio () and steam-to-fuel ratio () on peak temperatures, gas composition, gross heating value of the products, and energy recovery are presented. According to experimental results, increasing Φ and () ratios decreases the peak temperature and increases the H2 and CO2 production, while CO production decreases. On the other hand, the concentrations of CH4 and C2H6 were lower compared to those of other gases and almost not affected by Φ.
1. Introduction
There is a growing interest in the development of alternatives to fossil fuel technologies in order to reduce both the dependence on fossil fuels (crude oil, coal, and natural gas) and the emissions generated by their wide spread usage. The conversion technology based on gasification has the advantages of being almost fuel independent compared to digestion and fermentation processes along with reduced grinding costs compared to suspension fired approach. Biomass fuels (e.g., energy crops, agricultural and forestry residues, and municipal, industrial, and animal wastes) can serve as a renewable feedstock for thermal gasification processes to produce gaseous fuels, which can be used for on situ clean power generation, since biomass is a neutral carbon fuel. Alternatively, by using catalysis or biocatalysis processes, the gaseous fuels produced could be converted to chemicals and liquid fuels.
Air gasification processes for coal and wood have been used for a long time to produce gaseous fuels for heat or power generation through internal combustion engines; however, only recently fundamental thermal gasification studies have been performed in order to improve the quality of the gaseous fuels produced. The quality (composition and heating value) of the product gases depends mainly on the type of fuel fed to the reactor, size of the reactor, and oxidizer used in the process as well as on the flow rates of both fuel and oxidizer via air and steam supplied simultaneously to the reactor. The most relevant gasifiers developed around the world have been fixed bed (updraft and downdraft), fluidized bed, and entrained flow [1, 2]. The main difference of those reactors is the path followed by both the biomass and oxidizer within the reactor. This path affects both the resulting gas composition and the temperature profile along the reactor axis. The temperature profile is almost constant in the air blown gasifiers (fluidized bed and entrained flow) but presents a peak, which indicate the combustion region, in the fixed-bed gasifiers. The gas temperature leaving air blown down draft gasifiers is higher than that leaving a fixed-bed counterflow gasifier; therefore, the energy recovery efficiency within the bed for the fixed-bed updraft gasifiers is typically higher.
Gasification of biomass with steam (e.g., steam reforming) is used to produce H2 enriched mixtures of CO2; however, this is an endothermic process which requires an external heat input, leading to lower gasification efficiencies. On the other hand, gasification of biomass with air-steam also produces mixtures rich in H2, but, in theory, this process can be carried out without additional heating, which implies higher efficiencies. Gasification with only air produces mixtures rich in CO.
The main components of the gaseous fuel that result from gasification processes are CO, CH4, CO2, H2O, H2, N2, and trace amounts of light hydrocarbons in proportions that depend on many operating parameters. The main stages in gasification are drying, pyrolysis, partial oxidation, and reforming. They occur in all locations within the fluidized- and entrained-bed gasifiers, but they are separated in four different zones in fixed-bed gasifiers providing means for better control and process selectivity. Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) such as cattle feedlots and dairies produce a large amount of manure, cattle biomass (CB), and dairy biomass (DB) which may lead to land, water, and air pollution if waste handling systems for storage and treatment are not properly managed. It is estimated that, at any given time, there can be over 10 million of cattle heads present in feedlots in the United States [3], which could produce over 365 million of wet tons of manure per year since each animal can excrete about 27 kg of feedlot manure or feedlot biomass (FB) (including moisture) per day [4]. Full-grown milking cows can produce 7 to 8% of their body weight in manure per day that is, roughly 7.3 dry kg per animal per day. About 24 billion dry kg (26.7 million tons) of dairy manure is produced per year in the US [5]. If thermal gasification technology is developed for DB fuels, the environmental impact from both animal feeding operations and fossil fuels could be mitigated. DB which has high ash content (14.95%) and low heating value (12844 kJ/kg as received basis) is a low-quality fuel compared to fossil fuels such as coal (~21385 kJ/kg as received basis) and natural gas (~50000 kJ/kg); however, the quality can be improved by blending with coals.
Some previous studies have focused on fixed-bed cattle biomass gasification using different operating conditions and various oxidizing sources. In 1980, Raman et al. [6] presented experimental results on fluidized-bed gasification of feedlot biomass (FB) using gases (H2O, O2, and CO2) produced by combustion of propane as oxidizing source. The effects of gasification temperature on yield, gas composition, and energy recovery were discussed. In 2005, Priyadarsan et al. [7] presented experimental results on adiabatic fixed-bed gasification of feedlot biomass (FB) and Wyoming coal–feedlot biomass blends using air for partial oxidation. Two different particle sizes and two air flows were tested under non-steady-state conditions of the bed since ash is not removed from the bed. In 2009, Gordillo et al. [8] presented results from equilibrium and atom balance modeling studies on dairy biomass (DB) and feedlot biomass (FB) gasification using air-steam for partial oxidation. They [8] defined modified equivalence ratio, ERM, as the ratio of stoichiometric oxygen mass to the total actual oxygen input from both air and steam; the ERM is different from the conventional equivalence ratio () since includes the oxygen input only from air. The effects of both ERM and on temperature profile, gas composition (CO, CO2, H2, N2, CH4, and C2H6), gross or higher heating value (HHV), and energy conversion efficiency were discussed. Subsequently, experimental results were presented for adiabatic fixed-bed gasification of pure DB using air and steam as oxidizing source and under steady state conditions [9, 10].
It is concluded from the literature review that there is no previous work on fixed-bed gasification of DB-WYC blends and their effects on enhancement of gross heat value of product gases which include a fraction of volatile matter (VM) as released and the gases produced as a result of exothermic and endothermic reactions of VM with other species, CO and CO2, produced as result of char oxidation, and H2. The higher the HHV of VM, the higher the heat value of product species. Particularly the heat value of VM from coal is higher than that of VM from DB. Thus, the product gases from coal-DB blend are expected to have higher quality of gases. The current paper deals with gasification of dairy biomass-Wyoming coal blend (DBWC) using air-steam mixtures as oxidizing source and a small-scale (10 kW) fixed-bed updraft gasifier. Experimental results on temperature profile, gas composition of species such as CO, CO2, H2, CH4, and C2H6, and higher heat values (HHV) are presented and compared with results from pure DB in order to validate the proposed hypothesis of the enhanced quality of product gases. A mass spectrometer was used to analyze gas composition at real time and continuously. The HHV of the product gases and the energy conversion efficiency (ECE) are also presented. The conventional equivalence ratio is defined as the ratio of the stoichiometric oxygen moles to actual oxygen moles while the steam-to-fuel ratio (S : F) is defined as the ratio of moles of steam-to-fuel moles (1): where corresponds to the moles the oxygen required for complete combustion of an empirical fuel mole and and the oxygen moles and steam moles supplied to the gasifier for partial oxidation of an empirical fuel mole.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Facility
The experiments were developed using a small-scale (10 kW) gasification facility composed of a batch-type counterflow gasifier, K-type thermocouples to measure the temperature at 8 locations along the gasifier axis, an ash disposal system so that the experiments could be run continuously under steady state conditions with periodic ash disposal, a steam generator to produce the steam supplied to the gasifier, a sampling system to prepare the samples (retain tar and particulate material) to be analyzed at real time and continuously by a mass spectrometer (MS), a data acquisition system to store the temperature, and a control panel to control the flows of steam, air, and heat supplied to the heater elements placed in the steam generator and the gasifier combustion chamber. A schematic of the gasification facility was presented in a previous publication [9], and it is also available elsewhere [8]. All the experiments were carried out adiabatically and started with a preheating routine for the empty gasifier (i.e., without biomass). When the temperature at ~2 cm above the grate achieved ~800°C, biomass was added gradually to the gasifier until the bed height increased to 17 cm, at this point, the fuel port was closed and the flows of steam and air were adjusted to the desired experimental conditions. As the biomass was pyrolyzed and the char was burned, the bed height started decreased and ash accumulated. Thus, biomass was added every 10 min and in batches to maintain a constant flow rate of 1 kg/h whereas the flow rates of air (0.56–2.26 SATP m3/h) and steam (0.19–0.43 kg/h) at 100°C were changed in order to obtain the desired experimental conditions ( and . The ash was disposed off continuously from the bed to the plenum using a vibrator at the bottom of the grate. This was necessary to keep both the peak temperature at the same location and constant bed height. If ash is not disposed off periodically, the peak temperature will move toward the free surface due to ash accumulation and steady state cannot be maintained [7].
It is noted that shallow bed height will lead to gases leaving at higher temperatures, thus loosing sensible heat. With increased bed height, one provides more residence time for both the solid and gas phase reactions to proceed with increased concentration of species and reduced temperature of gases leaving the bed (Figure 3). The bed height may be selected such that the temperature of gases leaving the bed is well above the saturation temperature of H2O so that enough temperature difference exists between solid and gas phases to drive off the moisture. Typically the bed height can be varied by altering the feed rates of fuel and hence the thermal rating of the bed. For the current problem, same thermal rating is maintained at about 10 kW with constant fuel feed rate. When the gasifier achieved steady-state conditions, the temperatures were measured and stored at every 10 seconds, and the gas sampling unit was turned on to analyze continuously the gas samples by the MS during 20 minutes. The ash was analyzed to determine its composition (results on ash composition are presented elsewhere [10, 11]).
2.2. Fuel Properties
The fuel was supplied by the Texas A&M Agrilife Research and Extension Center at Amarillo, Texas. The DB-water slurry from dairies was sent to a separator where DB solids were separated from slurry, then composted and partially crushed to provide a coarse grain of 6.35 mm (1/4′′) of average particle size. The properties of the fuels were characterized by ultimate and proximate analyses on an as-received basis of pure DB and pure WYC, including heating values (HHV). The properties of DBWC blend (90% DB and 10% WYC ) were determined using the properties of pure DB and WYC and mass balance on compounds. Table 1 presents proximate and ultimate analysis of DB, WYC, and DBWC. Using ultimate and proximate analysis and atom balance on compounds, the empirical formulas for each fuel were derived as shown in Table 1. The analysis shows that (i) the HHV of DBWC (13698 kJ/kg) is higher than that of the pure DB (12844 kJ/kg), (ii) the HHV of VM for blend is higher than that of pure, DB and (iii) the FC of blend is higher that of pure DB yielding more CO.
2.3. Experimental Conditions
Table 2 shows the experimental conditions. DBWC fuel, composed of 90% DB and 10% WYC (as received), was used as feedstock in the experiments. Dry air at 25°C and steam at 100°C were blended and supplied to the plenum of the gasifier at the flow rates required to keep and at the desired experimental ranges which were chosen on the basis of results obtained in previous modeling studies [8]. The experiments were performed without any external heat input (almost adiabatically) and at a vacuum pressure of 39 Pa. The adiabaticity of the gasifier was verified by finding experimentally the overall heat transfer coefficient and determining the heat loss. Details of the experiments performed to determine are given in [11]. All the experiments were performed at a constant DB particulate size of ~6.35 mm. Equation (1) define the parameters investigated ( and ) in this study.
As discussed before, an MS was used to analyze CO, CH4, N2, H2, C2H6, and CO2 at real time and continuously. The MS was calibrated every 72 hours for overlapping, linearity, and sensitivity. The calibration was verified by measuring known standard mixtures. Data uncertainty in the gas composition was determined by calculation of standard deviations. Uncertainty for each gas was calculated as the ratio between the standard deviation and the average measurement. Additionally, uncertainty for temperatures was estimated as the ratio between the uncertainty of the device (±1.5°C) and the measured value. In general the uncertainty in the gases lied within ~15% and the temperature within 0.55%.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Temperature Profiles
Figures 1 and 2 show the results on the steady state temperature profile for and and . The results show a peak temperature near the bottom of the bed in the combustion zone where the heterogeneous reactions , , and occur. The partial and complete oxidation of char that lead to CO and CO2 production respectively, are highly exothermic reactions; thus, the heat required to drive the gasification process is self generated. Since the oxidation rate of large particles of char is almost diffusion controlled, the peak temperature depends upon the availability of O2, H2O and CO2 in the combustion zone.
In general, the results show that is located ~4 cm above the grate for the operating experimental conditions and and . This fixed location is possible because of the continuous ash disposal from the bed to the gasifier plenum.
The effect of and on is illustrated on Figures 1 and 2. Increasing and S : F results in decreased . At constant , increasing S : F implies more steam entering to the gasifier; thus, the reaction , which is endothermic, is favored (e.g., at and =1054°C whereas at and ). At fixed , increasing implies reduced oxygen supply and hence reduced exothermic heat and peak temperature in the bed.
The temperature profile of pure DB is shown in Figure 3 for and . As discussed before, depends mostly of steam (S : F) and O2 () concentration in the combustion region. Comparing Figures 1 and 3, it is apparent that the addition of WYC increases (e.g., at the of DBWC is about 30°C higher than of pure DB). This could be due to the decrease of the bed porosity (void fraction) in the combustion region since the particle size of DB (6.35 mm) is higher than that of WYC (0.5 mm). This is because WYC particles, whose particle size is smaller than that of DB, lie between larger sized DB particles decreasing porosity and increasing gas velocity. Increased velocity means improving heat and mass transfer between the gases and DB particles; hence, the fuel burning rate increases per unit of volume. This causes higher heat generation in the oxidation zone, which leads to a higher temperature. Since the gasifier was fed in batches, the curves of the gas stream region lack a consistent trend; thus, the effect of the WYC addition is not clear near the bed surface.
3.2. Gas Composition
Once a steady-state condition was achieved (i.e., did not change the value or location), gas samples were withdrawn from the top of the gasifier and analyzed at real time and continuously using a mass spectrometer (MS) calibrated to measure CO, CO2, H2, CH4, C2H6, N2, and O2. The gas analysis was performed at steady-state condition during 20 minutes to decrease the uncertainty of results, which results in an average uncertainty of value of ~15%. The results on gas composition discussed in this paper correspond to the average measured during the last ten minutes of each experiment. For all the experiments the gas analysis did not show presence of O2. Figures 4 and 5 show the mole percentage (dry basis) of H2, CO2, CO, CH4, C2H6 for and and various equivalence ratios ().
From the results, it is apparent that, at constant S : F, increasing results in an increase in the H2 and CO2 productions but CO concentrations are lower. Increasing decreases in the combustion zone where the reactions and occur, which results in favored conversion to CO2 with consequent low CO concentrations [12]. Also, at constant S : F, increased implies less oxygen entering to the gasifier with the air, and hence the fuel oxidation process occurs in an ambient rich in H2O which favors the reaction . However, the CO produced by this reaction is consumed by the water-gas shift reaction to produce more CO2 and H2.
Figure 5 shows that increased at constant increases the production of H2 and CO2 and decreases CO. The steam supplied to the gasifier increases with increased ; therefore, there is more H2O available for the reactions in the combustion zone and in the reduction, pyrolysis, dry, and stream gas zones. Competing reactions are present for CO while CO2 and H2 have an increasing trend. The effect of the and on the production of the hydrocarbons (CH4 and C2H6) is insignificant. On the other hand, the results show that the effect of the on the H2 production is more important than that of the equivalence ratio (). For example, at and , increasing from 1.6 to 6.4 increases the CO moles by about 3% whereas increasing S : F from 0.4 to 0.8 increases the H2 production by about 7%. In general for this set of experiments, there were mixtures with CO ranging between 6.5 and 13.6% and H2 ranging between 16 and 26.3%. The CH4 and C2H6 productions ranged from 0.4 to 1.5% and 0.25 to 0.60%, respectively.
Figure 6 illustrates the effect of adding WYC to DB on CO and H2 production and . Adding WYC to DB contributes to increase the HHV and void fraction of the fuel; thus, the temperature in the combustion region () also increases. Increased tends to increase the char oxidation rate to produce CO instead of CO2 [12]. In general, the presence of WYC increased and the CO production by about 4.5% and 25% (average), respectively. The effect of adding WYC on the H2 production is important at but at it seems to be insignificant. Also, it is apparent that WYC addition affects more the CO production at than at . This seems to indicate that, at , the WYC addition favors the reaction rate of the shift reaction whereas at the effect of WYC addition on the shift reaction seems to be negligible. It could not be ascertained whether the effect on the shift reaction rate is due to temperature effect (physical) or catalytic (chemical) effect. The maximum increase in H2 production (~19%) by WYC addition was achieved at .
3.3. HHV of Gases
The HHV or energy density of the gases was calculated using (2). where and are mole fraction and gross heating value of species "i" (i = CO, CH4, H2, etc.) in kJ per SATP m3 of dry gaseous fuel species "i" leaving the gasifier. The HHVgas is the HHV (kJ per SATP m3) of the product gas mixture.
Table 3 presents the energy density of the gases at and and 0.8, respectively. The results indicate that increased increases the gross heating value of the gases; this is due principally to the increase in the production of hydrocarbons and H2. At constant , increasing tends to increase the HHV until certain Φ beyond which it starts to decrease. The HHV for the selected operating conditions varied from 3649 to 4793 kJ/SATP m3. The highest HHV (4793 kJ/SATP m3) was measured at and whereas the lowest HHV was measured at and . From Table 3 it is evident that the effect of ratio on HHV of gases is stronger than that of . From Table 3, it is evident that the energy density of the product gases which results from DBWC gasification is higher than that of the gases produced from DB gasification.
3.4. Energy Conversion Efficiency
The energy conversion efficiency (ECE), or energy recovery, was calculated using yield of gases, energy density of the gases, and (3) where and correspond to the moles of fuel and steam supplied, respectively, to the gasifier by each SATP m3 of dry product gases, λ, latent heat of steam (kJ/kg·K), HHVfuel, gross heat value (kJ kmol−1 of DAF (dry ash free) empirical fuel), = molar mass of steam (kg/kmol), , steam heat specific (kJ/kg·K), , steam temperature, and , ambient temperature.
Due to the impossibility of measuring the mass of tar produced during the experimentation, the yield gas, required to calculate the energy recovery, was estimated by mass balance using the compositions of tar and gases. The results on ECE are presented in Table 4 for and and several . The ECE increases with increased ratios but decreases with increased Φ. This is due to the fact that increased implies insufficient oxygen for complete oxidation of char, and hence lower amounts of combustible gases are produced and more fuel is lost through the char per fuel unit. Ultimate and proximate analyses were performed on tar to determine its composition. Details of tar content in gases, char content in ash, and tar composition (elemental composition) obtained by ultimate analysis are given in [11]. The ECE discussed in this paper ranged from 26% to 77% and is a little higher than that presented in previous works [6] for nonadiabatic fluidized bed gasification of FB (0.20–0.60). This agrees with the fact that in an updraft fixed-bed gasifier the sensible heat loss of the gases leaving the gasifier is lower than that of the gases leaving a fluidized-bed gasifier.
4. Conclusions(1) in the combustion region lies ~4 cm above the grate and decreases with increased and ratios. Gasification of DBWC at and could lead to lower temperatures than that required to burn the char; thus, the process under those conditions tends to be pure pyrolysis to produce char and fuel gases with high tar content. (2)Increased and ratios produce mixtures rich in H2 and CO2 but poor in CO. In general for the set of experiments presented here, the CO ranged from 6.5 to 13.6% and the H2 from 16 to 26.3%. (3)The addition of WYC increased and CO by about 4.5% and 25%, respectively, compared to the and the CO obtained from pure DB. (4)The effect of the ratio on HHV of the gases is more important than that of the . Although, increased produces gases with higher gross heating value, the energy recovery decreases with increased Φ due to higher tar and char production. (5)The quality of the product gases is higher with DB: coal blend than with the gasification of pure DB due to higher quality of VM, higher peak temperature, and more CO production for the blend.
The financial support from DOE-NREL Golden, CO, USA, is gratefully acknowledged.
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- S. Priyadarsan, K. Annamalai, J. M. Sweeten, M. T. Holtzapple, and S. Mukhtar, "Co-gasification of blended coal with feedlot and chicken litter biomass," Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, vol. 30, pp. 2973–2980, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Gordillo, K. Annamalai, and N. Carlin, "Adiabatic fixed-bed gasification of coal, dairy biomass, and feedlot biomass using an air-steam mixture as an oxidizing agent," Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 2789–2797, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Gordillo and K. Annamalai, "Adiabatic fixed bed gasification of dairy biomass with air and steam," Fuel, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 384–391, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Gordillo and K. Annamalai, "Air-steam gasification of dairy biomass using small scale fixed bed gasifier," in Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo, pp. 357–366, Orlando, Fla, USA, June 2009. View at Scopus
- G. Gordillo, Fixed bed counter-current low temperature gasification of dairy biomass and coal-dairy biomass blends using air-steam as oxidizer, Ph.D. thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex, USA, 2009.
- K. Annamalai and I. Puri, Combustion Science and Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 2007.


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Slanghoek Cellar lies in the picturesque Slanghoek Valley, 880m above sealevel, surrounded by the magestic Slanghoek Mountains from which the cellar derives its name. The cellar is a mere 4km from the Goudini Spa holiday resort, 20km from Worcester and 90km from Cape Town.
Read more…
Life Style
Wondering what to eat or where to stay? … Read more


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We are located at
We accept:
- Cash
- Money Orders
- Credit/Debit
We can provide all of your branding and screen printing needs. We are your one-stop shop for Silk Screening, Embroidery, Chenille, Twill or Applique. etc.
We can help you with orders to school uniforms, business branded apparel, outfitting your team or family reunion and much more!
We offer custom online ordering pages for schools, teams, businesses and organizations.
Call for details (708) 893-0814
Mon-Fri: 10:00a – 5:30p
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This treatment is great on tee shirts, crew sweats and Hoodies.
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This treatment is best on fabrics like cotton, silk, linen and wool.
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This treatment involves layering fabric and stitched patchwork.
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We can create a Chenille (yarn) patch design for any organization.
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text:
Tonight the Rolling Stones played their first ever show in Macau, at the CotaiArena.
The show marks the fifth 14 ON FIRE concert, of their Asia/ Australia/ New Zealand tour. The band played to a sold out crowd, many of whom travelled from all over Asia and the world to see the show.
The band performed 'Get Off Of My Cloud', after it was voted for by fans online and in the band's official app. The song vote for Shanghai will open tomorrow.
Jumpin' Jack Flash
You Got Me Rocking
It's Only Rock 'N' Roll (But I Like It)
Tumbling Dice
Wild Horses
Doom And Gloom
Get Off Of My Cloud (Winner of the song vote)
Honky Tonk Woman
– Band introductions
Slipping Away (with Keith on lead vocals and Mick Taylor on guitar)
Before They Make Me Run (with Keith on lead vocals)
Miss You
Paint It Black
Gimme Shelter
Start Me Up
Sympathy For The Devil
Brown Sugar
You Can't Always Get What You Want (with the Chung Chi Choir of the Chinese University of Hong Kong)
(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction


text: The new, svelte Mayor Stephen Luecke has set a good example for us all. He resolved last January to lose 20 pounds in 2005 and he has (almost). Not that everybody needs to lose 20 pounds. But just about everybody could use a little more toning or cardiovascular activity. Kids need to form healthy habits and adults need to set good examples. The city of South Bend, in addition to its positive mayoral example, is helping by providing the O'Brien Fitness Center, operated by the Parks and Recreation Department. The modern, affordable exercise facility was built five years ago for 300 members. It now has 700 and counting. A 7,200 square foot expansion opened just in time to sign the mayor up for his 2006 regimen. Luecke's good-natured public commitment to his diet, but mostly the fitness center, will make this a healthier community.


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This tutorial from:
In this tutorial, you will learn how to build a parkour game with CocoStudio.
What is CocoStudio
CocoStudio is a professional game development tool based on Cocos2d-x. It promises to be free of charge in an infinite duration. With CocoStudio, developers can create game resources quickly and simplify most of the tedious development work with the four editors provided. They are UI Editor, Animation Editor, Scene Editor and Data Editor. These four editors cover the core process of game development by dealing with animation resources, UI interface, gaming scene and gaming data. Also, each of them has been specifically designed for the best of the corresponding role in the development team and therefore allows everyone to perform his/her duties with least misuse and most efficiency. In brief, CocoStudio will help you achieve high productivity and quality with low risk and cost.
CocoStudio Launcher
Figure 1: CocoStudio
The birth of CocoStudio was no accident. We have met so many problems when we get started with the FishJoy2 in 2012. As the Cocos2d-x didn't have any visualization tools when it came to UI appearence or animations of roles, it used to take a great deal of time for programers to modify their programs to fit the requirements from game deisigners. At that time, we were considering about developing a visual toolkit to help to solve these problems. Then we developed a toolkit called SP-II to support FishJoy2 at first. Half a year later, we processed this SP-II and released the first official version of this toolkit on April 2013, and that was CocoStudio.
UI Editor
UI Editor is an editor that edits all the Graph Interfaces, used mostly by art designers. They import ready interface images into the editor and place, design, edit, joint and modify them in the light of the design scheme. Then, with edited UI resource exported, they can be used directly into the game codes. The UI Editor embraces all plug-ins of Cocos2d-x and it has extended some of them, satisfying various demands of UI plug-ins during the developing process. It is also supportive of individual image exporting, whole image exporting, UI template, UI animation and other practical uses.
Animation Editor
Animation Editor is an editor that edits dynamic game resources such as character animation, special-effect animation and scene animation. Art designers would be using it more often than other people. After importing ready image resources into the editor, they are able to put on various animation effects according to the design scheme and preview them in the editor. The editor supports key frame animation, sequence frame animation, bone animation, etc. Also, it allows for a wide range of resource optimization methods like exporting individual images or the whole image, as well as parse of Flash, PSD and Plist resources.
Scene Editor
An editor for designing scene elements and game levels. With the editor, planners are able to integrate a mix of diverse game resources, including animation resources, UI resources, map resources, particle resources, image resources, audio, etc. Meanwhile, it can also be used to edit logical resources such as collisions, triggers, and controllers. Furthermore, the editor supports simulation operation, meaning that one can run the current scene in the simulator or his/her phone via wireless connection.
Data Editor
The data designers import tables of values into this editor, break down the complicated ones, and then export them as common data files such as table of attribute or data. A wide range of different data arrangements can be choosed from data manager while exporting as the editor supports index.anima


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Even as a world-famous pilates instructor with over two million YouTube subscribers, Cassey Ho is no stranger to cyberbullying and body shaming. Blogilates usually creates amazing workout videos, but this one isn't about squats or abs. It's about addressing that negativity she faces every day.
Cassey elaborates on what led her to create the video:
When you look in the mirror, are you happy with what you see? Or do you stare at yourself, pinching your fat away, lifting up your butt, pushing in your boobs? It's hard to be content with the shape of your body when people are constantly telling you how fat you are, how much weight you need to lose, how much weight you need to gain . . . what do people want? The body shaming, the mean comments, the cyber bullying — all of this messes with us . . . and it hurts.So what if I changed? What if I had a slimmer waist and a bigger butt? Would everyone be happy then?
The powerful video is a reminder that we're beautiful just the way we are and that working out is about being healthy and strong — not about being "perfect."


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A rise in interest rates in 2016 will make borrowing less attractive for large companies and put an end to the trend of increasing profits, a leading business group has predicted.
The Institute of Directors said profitability of UK companies had reached all-time highs but believes things will change in the coming year.
The IoD said 2015 may have been "as good as it gets" for jobs, with employment possibly falling slightly from its current record high.
The directors' group also predicted improved productivity, which it said is likely to return to its long-term trend rate of growth in 2016.
James Sproule, chief economist at the IoD, said: "We have been living in a world of extraordinarily low interest rates for eight years, and are now at risk of seeing asset bubbles develop. The rate-setters on the Monetary Policy Committee have so far taken a cautious approach, but we believe they will have no choice but to start raising rates this year if they are to get monetary policy back to a position where it could be effective again if we hit another crisis.
"Ultra-low interest rates have promoted misallocation of credit, as larger businesses which can borrow have levered themselves while smaller businesses have not been able to gain a similar advantage.
"But this trend has almost certainly run its course and any interest rate rise will make borrowing less attractive and, as a consequence, corporate returns are likely to disappoint as the year progresses."


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Church Web Site:
General Information
Postal Address:
427 West Side Ave
PO Box 4397
Jersey City, NJ 07304
|Hebrews 13:7-25
|Previous Chapter | Entire Chapter
|7 Remember those who rule over you, who have spoken the word of God to you, whose faith follow, considering the outcome of their conduct.
8 Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever.
9 Do not be carried about with various and strange doctrines. For it is good that the heart be established by grace, not with foods which have not profited those who have been occupied with them.
10 We have an altar from which those who serve the tabernacle have no right to eat.
11 For the bodies of those animals, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned outside the camp.
12 Therefore Jesus also, that He might sanctify the people with His own blood, suffered outside the gate.
13 Therefore let us go forth to Him, outside the camp, bearing His reproach.
14 For here we have no continuing city, but we seek the one to come.
15 Therefore by Him let us continually offer the sacrifice of praise to God, that is, the fruit of our lips, giving thanks to His name.
16 But do not forget to do good and to share, for with such sacrifices God is well pleased.
17 Obey those who rule over you, and be submissive, for they watch out for your souls, as those who must give account. Let them do so with joy and not with grief, for that would be unprofitable for you.
18 Pray for us; for we are confident that we have a good conscience, in all things desiring to live honorably.
19 But I especially urge you to do this, that I may be restored to you the sooner.
20 Now may the God of peace who brought up our Lord Jesus from the dead, that great Shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant,
21 make you complete in every good work to do His will, working in you what is well pleasing in His sight, through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen.
22 And I appeal to you, brethren, bear with the word of exhortation, for I have written to you in few words.
23 Know that our brother Timothy has been set free, with whom I shall see you if he comes shortly.
24 Greet all those who rule over you, and all the saints. Those from Italy greet you.
25 Grace be with you all. Amen.
|Hebrews 13:7-25
|Previous Chapter | Entire Chapter


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I have just given myself my Thursday morning treat by watching Vapour Trails TV
The discussion on the WHO possibly only "allowing" pre-filled cartomisers and look alikees made my blood freeze and my anger boil.
Some months ago, I invested in a mechanical mod with a lifetime guarantee so that I would not have to rely on batteries other than those that would not be banned, or rely on the bells and whistles of vaping electronics that can go wrong, or let me down, or need replacing.
But I like tanks and dripping. No pre-filled cartos would do! But freezing my nic base is a most fantastic idea and that is what I will do. I'm old - so I could have enough to last till I die! I'm the lucky one. As for flavourings - the WHO can't ban food flavourings. Nor could they ban Glycerine. If my nic base was PG - my mix would still be ok.
I think the future of vaping for hobbiest vapers will still be bright! We would find ways and means to do what we want - even if it was getting our nicotine from tomato leaves?!
You can't stop us now - uh uh - no way.


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Photoshop Cs6 Saving Program Error
Fix Because of a Program Error In Photoshop Last updated on February 26, 2014 By Jay Bokhiria 2 CommentsCould not save a copy as "C:\" because of a program error occurs when I am trying to save as files in Adobe Photoshop
Could Not Save Because Of A Program Error Photoshop CcCS6. There is problem with .EPS only, when I am saving files as .EPS extension the error occurs. photoshop could not save pdf because of a program error All other extensions are working perfect like .JPG, .PNG, .PSD, .PDF, .TIF, .TIFF, .GIF, .PSB, .BMP, .IFF, .TDI, .JPS, .MPO, .PCX, .RAW, .PXR, .PBM, .SCT, photoshop could not save because of a program error cs5 .TGA, etc. After this error, I was trying many experiments to solve this issue. I was also reading problems in adobe community and there is no specific solution to solve this error, but here I will give you some tips and tricks
Could Not Build A Preview Because Of A Program Error Photoshopto solve this program error. So first I show you why a program error occurs in photoshop. Why Program Error Arise In Photoshop? There are problem with vector files and other layers that donot save as properly and that's why program error occur in photoshop. In my case, I was using large .png files in my logo and after that I saw a program error in photoshop. I was trying many things in preference, but there is no luck. So this problem is not
Photoshop: Can't Save File Due To Program Errorrelated to preference, but it's related to your other files that you are using in your logo and files. How To Fix Could not save a copy as - Because of a Program Error In Photoshop Fix 1: First try to save as other files. If other files are saved as perfect, then there are problems in only one file (many times if you use large files in your photo then also program error arise). Fix 2: If a program error happens/occurs in all files, then go to Edit → Preferences → Camera Raw and in JPEG and TIFF Handling pane change TIFF option to Disable TIFF support. After changes, now restart Photoshop and try to save as, if a program error continous to show then follow Fix 3. Fix 3: Go to Edit → Preferences → Type and in Choose Text Engine Options pane change East Asians to Middle Easterns. That's it, now restart Photoshop and try to save your file, if still program error occurs then follow Fix 4. Fix 4: Go to Layer → Vector Mask → Hide All then, save your files. This trick is working for many Windows users. Conclusion Could not save a copy as " " because of a program error occurs when I was using a big png file in my logo. In other files there is no error to save as .eps file. But there are many factors related to this error, so if above solution is not working for you then submit your problems in wiknix.com/forum and
Photoshop Program Error When Saving Jpegmessage. Please type your message and try again. More discussions in Photoshop General Discussion All CommunitiesPhotoshop General Discussion 1 2 could not build a preview because of a program error photoshop cc Previous Next 51 Replies Latest reply on May 4, 2016 9:47 AM by J-D-ZYN "Could not save as 'filename' because of a program error." Won't allow me to save in ANY format! Penderecki Jan 16, https://www.wiknix.com/how-to-fix-because-of-a-program-error-in-photoshop/ 2012 7:49 AM I have a large file (3500x8300px) that i have been working on in Photoshop CS4 and i tried to save it after working on it for about 30 minutes and got the following message: "Could not save as 'filename' because of a program error." I tried saving it as .psd, .pdf, .tif, even .jpg and received the same message each time. I closed down all other https://forums.adobe.com/thread/950158 software to ensure that there was enough memory available but to no avail. I then just closed my MBP and waited until the next day hoping it was just a glitch and might work later on. I opened it up the next day (forgetting about the save issue) and worked on the file for a few more hours and then tried saving it again. (that's when i remembered the issue...too late...the work was already done). Nope...still won't let me save it. I'm afraid i'll have to restart the program but cannot afford to lose this work. Any thoughts on how to fix it?*note: i tried 'save for web' and it allowed me to save it as a flattened image (although rather slow due to filesize) but i need it in a layered format.ANY HELP would be much appreciated!Thanks.**(I'm running PS CS4 v. 11.0.2 on a MBP 2.8 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo with 4GB 1067 MHz DDR3 and have Lion OS X 10.7.2.) 41066Views Tags: none (add) cs4Content tagged with cs4, photoshopContent tagged with photoshop, errorContent tagged with error, saveContent tagged with save, macContent tagged with mac This content has been marked as final. Show 51 replies 1. Re: "Could not save as 'filename'
10 iPad Air 2 iPad mini 4 (2015) iPad Pro iPhone 6s iPhone 7 iPhone 8 (2017) iPhone SE iPod nano iPod shuffle iPod touch Mac mini Mac Pro MacBook Air MacBook Pro macOS Sierra Retina MacBook Thunderbolt Display tvOS 10 watchOS 3 Buyer's Guide Forums Forums Front Page Roundups Buyer's Guide Forums Roundups OS X Yosemite MacBook Air iOS 8 Apple Watch Log in Sign up Recent Posts Spy Support Support Quick Links General FAQ http://forums.macrumors.com/threads/photoshop-unable-to-save-due-to-program-error.803475/ MacRumors Theme FAQ Contact Us Lost Password Menu Search titles only Posted by Member: Separate names with a comma. Newer Than: Search this thread only https://forums.creativecow.net/thread/244/855100 Search this forum only Display results as threads More... Useful Searches Recent Posts Options Please select a forum to jump to News and Article Discussion MacRumors.com News Discussion Mac Blog Discussion iOS Blog Discussion iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch iOS iOS 9 (Beta) iOS 8 iOS 7 Older iOS Versions program error iOS 6 iOS 5 and earlier iPhone iPhone iPhone Tips, Help and Troubleshooting iPhone Accessories iPhone Launch Meetups iPad iPad iPad Tips, Help and Troubleshooting iPad Accessories iOS Apps iPod touch because of a iOS Programming iPod Jailbreaks and iOS Hacks Alternatives to iOS and iOS Devices Apple Watch Apple Watch Apple Watch Accessories Apple Watch Apps Macs OS X OS X OS X El Capitan (10.11, Beta) OS X Yosemite (10.10) OS X Mavericks (10.9) Older OS X Versions OS X Mountain Lion (10.8) Mac OS X Lion (10.7) Desktops iMac Mac Pro Mac mini Notebooks MacBook MacBook Pro MacBook Air Mac Basics and Help Mac Programming Buying Tips and Advice PowerPC Macs Mac Accessories Windows, Linux & Others on the Mac Mac Apps and Mac App Store Mac OS X Server, Xserve, and Networking Apple TV Apple TV and Home Theater Apple TV Apps tvOS Programming Apple and Apple Services Apple, Inc and Tech Industry Apple Music, Apple Pay, iCloud, Apple Services Special Interests Design and Graphics Digital Audio Digital Photography Digital Video Apple Collectors Web Design and Development Distributed Com
Forums : Adobe Photoshop << PREVIOUS • VIEW ALL • PRINT • NEXT >> • "Could not complete your request because of a program error." by Dester Wallaboo on Aug 25, 2005 at 6:18:14 pm Preface: I have a vast amounts of experience in debugging software issues on computers. OK... this is REALLY bizarre..... about a week ago I got this error while trying to save a file under Photoshop CS. It happened once... then went away. The very next day... I got the same error while trying to open any (and I mean) any file in Photoshop... I'm talking new files or old files, JPEG's, PNG's, TIFF's, etc. I deleted preferences, settings, all of that. Tried booting up without plugs installed, etc. All of the things one would typically go through to fix the problem. I even went so far as to remove every single Adobe application from my box (and all of their related support files) and reinstall everything. Exact same error. Then... intermittently... I could open or save files again... just to have it go back to the same problem as before. This was really bugging me. I then decided to try and run Photoshop that was sitting on another workstation via the network... exact same error. But even stranger than this is... that Photoshop that was running PERFECTLY previous to all of this... no longer works either!! It now shows up with the same error. Really, really bizarre. Anyone else have this issue?Return to posts indexReport Post •Re: "Could not complete your request because of a program error."by IsabelleVt on Aug 28, 2005 at 5:04:11 pmI started getting the same message yesterday when I tried to save some .psd files I had been working on. Couldn't find a way to get around it and lost them. I replaced the Preferences file with a backup copy I keep on my desktop and all worked as it should until later in the day when I tried to "save as" a file and got the same message. I tried just "save" and that worked. I don't know what is happening (or why), but hope I don't have to reinstall Photoshop. Sounds like you're really knowledgeable, so if you find a reason (or fix) for the problem, please let me know. I def


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EXCLUSIVEKourtney and Khloe Kardashian are being targeted by a grassroots movement to force them out of The Hamptons.
It's not exactly "Occupy Wall Street," but someone is plastering stickers on public signs around town where their reality show is filming -- K and K's faces crossed out with the hashtag "#NODASH."
The culprit hasn't been fingered ... but cops in the area tell us if anyone is caught defacing public property they'll be cited.
Not everyone is a hater ... Hampton store owners and local officials have been pretty vocal that the Kardashians are good for business.


text:
The Law Officer's Pocket Manual - Bloomberg BNA
This handy 4" x 6" spiral-bound manual offers examples showing how rules are...
Earl Ellis Green, 44, is accused of murdering Riverside Police Officer Ryan Bonaminio. Photo courtesy of Riverside PD.
The man suspected of fatally shooting Riverside (Calif.) Police Officer Ryan Bonaminio likely used the officers' duty weapon, following a physical scuffle, reports the Los Angeles Times.
At a Wednesday afternoon press conference, Riverside police said they found a fingerprint and the officer's duty weapon inside the stolen, ditched semi-truck linked to Earl Ellis Green, who was arrested Tuesday evening.
Green, 44, of Rubidoux was arrested by police and FBI agents at a Target store in Riverside on Tuesday at 8 p.m. He has been charged with murder and a parole violation.
Green has an extensive criminal record going back three decades, including convictions for domestic violence, battery of a police officer, selling drugs and vehicle theft, the Los Angeles Times is also reporting.
Read the full story at LATimes.com.


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Those of us who look upon books as friends will readily understand the concept behind bibliotherapy; the concept that reading books is a healing experience which has been recognized as dating back to the 1930s.
We have a natural inclination to identify with others and their expressions of art and literature, which is how reading material specifically prescribed for a person or their particular problem, can help.
For instance if one was grieving for the loss of an important person in their life, they could derive courage from a book about another person in a similar circumstance. This can also help a person feel less alone.
Bibliotherapy can be prescribed to include play therapy; particularly for small children. A story book and actions such as drawing and painting could help to draw out a child who is reticent or hesitant to speak about something in particular.
While bibliotherapy can be used in a structured therapeutic environment, with a trained expert guiding a person and helping them sort out their issues, it can also function on a far less formal plane.
It is a concept that may as simply be utilized by parents to pick meaningful and helpful reading material for their children.
The concepts of bibliotherapy are also applicable when selecting appropriate course material in schools and colleges, so that prescribed reading is age appropriate and can help target certain situations and behaviors.


text:
BioMed Research International
Volume 2013, Article ID 125671, 8 pages
Effect of Nerium oleander (N.O.) Leaves Extract on Serum hepcidin, Total Iron, and Infiltration of ED1 Positive Cells in Albino Rat
1Department of Zoology, Government College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
2Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
3University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
4Department of Internal Medicine, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
Received 16 April 2013; Revised 22 July 2013; Accepted 26 July 2013
Academic Editor: Francesco D'Amico
Copyright © 2013 Muddasir Hassan Abbasi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
To gain insight into the hepatohistological alterations in noninjured rat liver, Nerium oleander (N.O.) leaves extract was injected intramuscularly to induce an acute phase reaction (APR). Histopathological changes were studied after 3, 12, and 24 h time course of sterile muscle abscess. Tissue integrity and any infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver were investigated by Hematoxylin and Eosin and ED1 peroxidase stainings. The administration of N.O. leaves extract (10 mL/kg) in H & E stained sections showed a general vacuolization of cytoplasm resulting loss of polarity with prominent nucleoli after 3 h of induction. At 12 h, eccentric nuclei were also observed in the sections. Marked infiltration of leucocytes with predominate macrophages was also found after 24 h as seen by ED1 positive staining. In the present study, a possible relationship between serum hepcidin and total iron level was also investigated in vivo. An early increase of hepcidin and total iron level (3 h) with a maximum at 12 h (; ) was observed. These changes indicate that sterile muscle abscess may induce APR resulting in hepatic damage which is evident with the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the organ.