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Journal of Sensors
Volume 2012, Article ID 680383, 9 pages
Envelope and Wavelet Transform for Sound Localisation at Low Sampling Rates in Wireless Sensor Networks
School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Received 15 November 2011; Revised 12 January 2012; Accepted 15 January 2012
Academic Editor: Shenfang Yuan
Copyright © 2012 O. M. Bouzid et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
High sampling frequencies in acoustic wireless sensor network (AWSN) are required to achieve precise sound localisation. But they are also mean analysis time and memory intensive (i.e., huge data to be processed and more memory space to be occupied which form a burden on the nodes limited resources). Decreasing sampling rates below Nyquist criterion in acoustic source localisation (ASL) applications requires development of the existing time delay estimation techniques in order to overcome the challenge of low time resolution. This work proposes using envelope and wavelet transform to enhance the resolution of the received signals through the combination of different time-frequency contents. Enhanced signals are processed using cross-correlation in conjunction with a parabolic fit interpolation to calculate the time delay accurately. Experimental results show that using this technique, estimation accuracy was improved by almost a factor of 5 in the case of using 4.8 kHz sampling rate. Such a conclusion is useful for developing precise ASL without the need of any excessive sensor resources, particularly for structural health monitoring applications.
1. Introduction
Integration of acoustic sensors into wireless sensor networks (WSNs) opens up new horizons for developing wired acoustic source localisation (ASL) systems to wireless systems [1]. This involves the utilisation of distributed sensor nodes which are able to realize onboard computation to achieve either distributed or centralized data manipulation. Such integration is adapted to a large variety of applications, including vehicle identification [2], structural health monitoring [3], and military activities [4, 5].
WSNs have been widely used in such applications due to the enormous number of advantages that are highlighted in [6]. This technology is also facing challenges as discussed in [7], where the authors provided a review and a discussion of the various issues associated with WSNs, including bandwidth and computational limitations at the level of sensor node.
High acquisition sampling rate is an important factor in ASL using WSNs. Thus, it still needs to be investigated in order to optimise this valuable technology as will be discussed in this paper. For example, high acquisition sampling rates, which are commonly used in wired ASL systems [8] based on the Nyquist criterion and required for precise localisation, not only result in a high volume of data but also demand sufficient memory size and a large bandwidth for data transmission. In addition, the heavy traffic load is not applicable in WSNs due to the introduced high latency in data collection and increased power consumption [9].
This means that using high acquisition sampling rates in wireless ASL leads to more hardware complexity, more power consumption, and hence significantly higher production costs. Additionally, for other applications such as structural health monitoring, for example, powerful devices are not always available. This is especially so when the size of sensor node is restricted and power supply is difficult to obtain. Therefore, utilization of low sampling rates in this case will help in solving such problems, since the power consumption is linearly proportional to the sampling rate of an analog-to-digital converter [10]. Recently, there has been interest in the use of low data acquisition sampling rates in WSNs [11], so that low-cost commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) wireless nodes can be implemented without extra hardware.
Nevertheless, lowering the sampling frequency below the Nyquist criterion is detrimental due to information loss, which will produce inaccurate results for sound localisation. In this case, conventional time-series methods such as cross-correlation (CC) will deliver inaccurate results if they are used directly to estimate the time delay. This is because, in the time domain, the sampling period determines the time resolution which is very low due to the low sampling frequency which means loss in time information. In frequency domain, the frequency contents are violated since we sample below Nyquist criterion.
This problem compels one to combine the time and the frequency domain information which results in time-frequency domain analysis. Such a domain provides information about how the signal content changes with time, thus providing an ideal technique to process and interpret the received signals at low sampling rates. A variety of time-frequency methods have been developed, including the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT), Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD), and wavelet transform (WT). In this work, the last approach is utilized to overcome the challenge of using law sampling rates mentioned early as will be discussed in Section 2.
To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous wireless ASL system yet that uses low sampling rates below Nyquist criterion. Therefore, the goal of this research is to explore the feasibility of using low sampling rates in WSNs to develop low-cost, energy-efficient, and reliable wireless ASL and to achieve a reasonable estimation accuracy of sound location using time-frequency domain analysis, even if the Nyquist rule is violated. More specifically, our contribution in this paper is to(1)counteract the impact of using low sampling rates on the estimation accuracy of sound source location by proposing the utilisation of envelope and wavelet transform cross-correlation (EWTCC) in conjunction with parabolic fit interpolation;(2)show that as a result of employing EWTCC with parabolic fit interpolation technique low-cost COTS wireless nodes can be used in ASL applications through conducting several wireless ASL measurements and comparing the estimation performance of the proposed EWTCC algorithm by the conventional CC algorithm.
The paper is organized as follows. After explaining the reasons behind lowering sampling rate, Section 2 introduces the proposed method for locating a sound source using a wireless system. Section 3 presents the experimental setup for the wireless ASL system. In Section 4, we discuss and compare the estimation results of sound localisation using both proposed and conventional CC methods. Finally, conclusion is laid out in Section 5.
2. Proposed Localisation Approach at Low Sampling Rates
To the best of our knowledge, there is no specific algorithm yet that is suitable for time delay estimation (TDE) at low sampling rates. However, in [11], it has been shown that for sound source localisation applications low sampling frequencies can be used in WSNs provided that time-frequency domain and an appropriate analyse technique are utilized. If frequency domain algorithms are used to analyse the aliased version of the received signal, they will be unable to show the dominant spectral component at the original signal frequency. This means that a major portion of frequency contents is lost and any TDE in this domain will lead to inaccurate results. Furthermore, surrounding noise may affect the original signals. Therefore, using the aliased version of the received signal directly in the time or frequency domain will be insufficient and other techniques are, indeed, needed to counteract the effect of violence Nyquist criterion as well as noise effects and to improve the time resolution in order to gain feasible results.
In literature, utilisation of signal envelope instead of amplitudes in the TDE process is one of the preferable methods for accuracy improvement. This has been used in several applications such as ultrasonic ranging measurements [12–15]. The reason behind is to minimize the ambiguity presenting around the onset of signal amplitudes and peak indices if conventional cross correlation (CC) is used.
So far, using the envelope instead of amplitude signal values is an essential step but it is insufficient to establish a robust localisation algorithm at low sampling rates. Further steps are needed to enhance the estimation accuracy. Time-frequency domain algorithm such as WT which uses feature-based contents is a good candidate in this case, because it relies on the analysis of the time and spectral contents of the signal. In addition, WT has a distinctive attribute of utilizing changeable time-frequency windows in the analysis with respect to the conventional windowed cross-correlation method where a constant size window is applied. These significant WT properties help to induce further improvement in the TDE accuracy. Therefore, this kind of approach is selected in this work for extraction of time and frequency contents as well as noise elimination to estimate the time delay amongst received signals.
The proposed technique is a three-stage strategy as shown in Figure 1. In the first stage, the envelopes of the received signals (denoted by , ) are extracted using the methods explained in Section 2.1. In the second stage, the WTs of these envelopes are computed. This is satisfied by the utilisation of discrete values of scaling , . For each scaling value, the cross-correlation in conjunction with a parabolic fit interpolation in the wavelet domain is applied to estimate the time delay . Finally, the average of the computed delays is calculated in order to obtain the final time delay . These steps are explained in more details in Section 2.3.
2.1. Envelope Extraction
As pointed out previously, the utilisation of envelopes rather than the absolute amplitude values of the aliased versions helps to optimise the signal shapes. It also minimizes the ambiguity around peak indices of CC. This means that envelopes present a nonambiguous feature for the sound source localisation.
In the literature, there are several methods, which can be employed to extract the envelopes of captured signals. Actually, any extraction methods can be used here as long as no time delay is introduced due to this operation. Envelopes are usually extracted from bandpass filter outputs by full-wave rectification and lowpass filtering. Another method, which is implemented in this work, is to use the square root of the energies of the original and the Hilbert transformed signals as shown in (1) [16]: where is the original signal, is the Hilbert transformed signal, is the obtained envelope, and .
2.2. Wavelet Transform
Both continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) have been found that they are effective approaches in many applications including signal processing fields. In this study, we propose to apply WT to counteract the impact of using low sampling rates on the estimation accuracy of a sound source location. In mathematics, WT is defined for a signal as in (2): where a mother wavelet can be expressed as in (3) [17]: where is the transforming function (mother wavelet), and and are the translation and scale parameters of the mother wavelet, respectively. is an energy normalization factor and "*" denotes the complex conjugate [18]. Equation (2) is also known as the CWT which has the ability to break up a continuous-time function into wavelets through performing an inner production between the signal and a series of son wavelets. These series are generated by stretching and translation of the mother wavelet via controlling and values [19]. Such an operation provides a capability to analyse the signal at different levels of resolutions and to present the processed signal in the time-frequency domain which offers a good time and frequency localisation as explained in the next section.
In addition, thanks to wavelet transform which offers several different valuable mother wavelets that can be employed in the CWT, DWT, and in the signal analysis, including Haar, Meyer, Morlet, Daubechies, Mexican Hat, Gabor, Gaussian, and others. This is, indeed, the strength of this transform which means that based on the signal features we are looking for we can select an optimum mother wavelet to ease our detection of that particular feature. In our proposed technique, we chose the Haar mother wavelet for processing the received signals because its shape is similar to the acoustic signals received by sensor nodes and therefore high correlations between them will result in. On the other hand, noises will be uncorrelated with the Haar wavelet and thus their effects can potentially be reduced in the estimation process.
DWT is another form of WT which involves the use of the dyadic scheme. This is satisfied by the utilisation of discrete values of scaling and translation [17], where denotes the set of integers. In this work, CWT is applied instead of DWT since the last transform is unsuitable for feature extraction [17]. This is because CWT does not require that the wavelet has to satisfy the orthogonality condition which makes it easy for the selection of an appropriate wavelet for feature extraction. Another reason for the utilisation of CWT is that it can be time-invariant which means that the same phase relationship is reserved and no additional time delay is introduced [17, 20, 21].
2.3. Sound Localisation Using Cross-Correlation
The triangular configuration, illustrated in Figure 2, shows the positions of three sensor nodes. They are positioned in a straight line to construct a sensor array with a known geometry. One of the sensor nodes acts as a reference node and is positioned at . The location of the two other sensor nodes varies between points and and accordingly the propagation path differences (PPDs) and also vary. The PPDs are the extra distances that the acoustic signals generated from "" travel in order to reach the two sensor nodes with respect to the reference node. For simplicity, we assume that these nodes are located at points and . Before we describe the proposed algorithm to estimate the PPDs, a mathematical model for the acoustic signals received at any microphone is illustrated.
As described in [8, 11] a mathematical model for the acoustic signal captured by any microphone of sensor node can be expressed as in (4): where represents an attenuation factor; is the delay time from the acoustic source to the th node; is assumed as a zero mean additive white Gaussian noise with average power , where is the noise variance at the th node.
To estimate the time delay between any two received signals, for instance, and , there are many techniques that can be applied to these signals such conventional CC, which is expressed as in (5) [22] and used here for comparison purpose: where is the observation time interval. The aim of (5) is to examine the coherence between the received signals to estimate the lag at which the CC function has its maximum.
In the proposed algorithm, the CWT is applied to the envelopes of the received signals, for example, and just before doing CC. Equations (6) and (7) represent the CWT of these envelopes: As stated in the previous section, varying the parameter in the mother wavelet in (6) and (7) leads to dilate or compress the signals which allows to searching the similarity in terms of frequency contents between the series of son wavelets and at each scale value: , where is the number of variations and is assumed to be equal to the sampling period [17]. The process of dilating or compressing the signal via the scale variation allows us to analyse the signal and to compute the wavelet coefficients at different resolutions (multiresolution analysis). The CWT coefficients represent a measure of the cohesion between the signal and the mother wavelet at the current scale. If the frequency components of the signal are corresponding to the current scale of the mother wavelet, then the computed coefficients at this time instant in the time scale are a comparatively large quantity [17]. Two of 2D wavelet coefficients matrices will be generated for both (6) and (7), say and , respectively, as shown in Figure 1. Each row in and corresponds to the th wavelet coefficients. The size of these matrices is where is the length of the processed signal. At each level of resolution the time delay is estimated. As seen in Figure 1 after obtaining the th wavelet coefficients matrices, the CC algorithm in conjunction with curve-fitting interpolation is applied on the individual rows and and the delay under the th scale is estimated as in (8): where "" denotes conventional cross-correlation. This process is repeated until and then the actual time delay between and can be calculated by taking the average of as given in (9): Once the time delays are estimated as shown in the previous paragraph using (9), the PPDs ( and shown in Figure 2) can be computed using (10): where and are the relative time delays between and as well and , respectively. is the propagation speed of sound in air at room temperature and assumed to be constant in these experiments (340 ms-1). As a result, the acoustic source location can be estimated by applying a triangulation method between the sound source and the three sensor node positions as reported in the following paragraph.
In the following derivation of sound source location in 2D space, we assume that the sensor nodes (one, two, and three) are located at the positions , , and , respectively. Nevertheless, this derivation can be generalized for using any three combinations of sensor locations. From the two triangles and , we can derive the cosine relations for both angles and which are azimuths for sensor nodes one and three, respectively, as in (11) and (12): where and represent the separation distances between sensor nodes as shown in Figure 2 and they are known. is the shortest path between sound source and reference node. Similarly, from the triangle we can develop the expression in (13): Using (11)–(13) it is now possible to calculate, via appropriate substitutions, the three variables , , and as in (14)–(16): As we can see in (14)–(16), by knowing the variables , , and , we can estimate the sound source location in 2D. Moreover, the propagation path differences and play an important role in estimating these parameters, and the more accurate and are, the better the localisation results become.
As it is known in the classical time delay estimation measurements, the discrete cross-correlation is only calculated at integer indices. This means that it gives an inaccurate estimation if the true delay between two signals is a nonintegral multiple of the sample period. There are several techniques that can be used to optimise this resolution [23]. A common method which is used widely in resolution optimization is to use a parabolic interpolation. This is because the shape of cross-correlation output is similar to the Gaussian curve where the position of the peak is located at the center of this curve. Theoretically, fitting a parabola requires at least three points as shown in Figure 3: the maximum peak of correlation coefficients, its preceding, and subsequent neighbors. The blue dotted curve represents the fitted curve to the cross-correlation output (red dashed curve). These three points are needed to calculate the coefficients , , and in (17) which represents the applied parabola [23]: To use this polynomial in the fitting process, we need to first calculate the coefficients , , and . After that, by taking the derivative of (17) which equals zero at the maximum peak, we can compute the interpolated peak, , as illustrated in (18): A series of experiments have been conducted concentrating on the estimation of the propagation path differences to show the performance of the proposed approach.
Based on the used sample frequency (4807 Hz), the minimum distance resolution is 7.07 cm. To improve this resolution, we apply the parabolic fit interpolation on the output of the EWTCC. This results in an improvement in this distance resolution from 7.07 to 1.50 cm, which is almost five times better. Such a resolution improvement will contribute to the estimation accuracy of sound source location using WSNs at low sample rates as illustrated in the next section.
3. Experimental Work
The wireless acoustic source localisation system used in this work is depicted in Figure 4. The system was employed to study the utilisation of a single-hop WSN for sound source localisation at low sampling frequencies. Three acoustic sensor nodes were placed in a straight line. The sensor nodes are (MICAz) motes equipped with the sensor board (MTS310), which has different sensor modalities. The nodes sense simultaneously the omnidirectional microphone sensor modality of the sensor boards and send the data to a base station. All the sensor nodes communicate with the base station via an RF interface. The base station is plugged into the gateway board: MIB520, and it is used to forward the received signals to a PC where they are processed. The sensor nodes are programmed under TinyOS (TinyOS is a tiny operating system and has been widely used for WSNs design) environment. A Listen application is used to eavesdrop on messages sent over the mote radios and the data received are saved in a hexadecimal format. The received data are processed off-line using MATLAB. Time delays and the propagation path differences are estimated from acoustic signals captured using the approaches explained in Section 2.
Since we sample much below the Nyquist criterion and our proposed algorithm for TDE is based on the shapes contents of received signals, we have assumed that the acoustic signal which will be used as a test signal in the experimental work is a narrow bandwidth and not periodic signal because it is the type of signal we expect from a real scenario. This means that the generated acoustic signals has a finite pulse duration and the repetition period of this pulse is greater than the sampling duration in order to have one spike vanishes before the next spike is started. The length of the sampling duration also should be long enough to be admitted in order to collect a sufficiently amount of samples that represents a complete pulse.
Based on the aforementioned conditions an acoustic pulse test signal is used and simulated using a function generator through generating a tone burst of 50-sinusoidal cycles of frequency 10 kHz. The test signal is played through a PC speaker and such values are selected experimentally in order to generate a reasonable pulse shape for the conducted experiments. The generated acoustic signals are acquired at a 4807 Hz sampling rate for a sampling duration of 0.25 s. The 4807 Hz is almost the lowest sampling rate that MICAz mote can achieve using the hardware event handler (HEH) mode while in [11] it has been shown that sampling rates below this sampling rate can be used. An important condition here for reducing the sampling rate is that the samples should contain enough samples from the acoustic signal acquired in order to extract the envelope of the signal which should be sufficient to use in the time delay estimation process.
The experiments were conducted in an ordinary indoor laboratory environment which has objects, such as tables, PCs, and equipment. Street traffic and people talking contribute to the background noise where the experiments were being conducted. They were conducted as follows: a base station broadcasts a start sample command. Once sensor nodes receive it, they start sensing until the buffer becomes full (1200 data points). At this point, each node starts to send the acquired data back to the base station. To avoid data collisions nodes will send their own packets in sequence to the base station. In the future work, it is planned to process the received signals locally in the sensor node so that the advantage of utilizing low sampling rates will be obviously. The received data will be processed as shown in the next section.
4. Results and Discussion
In the conducted experiments, for the evaluation study the three sensor nodes were arranged in a straight line at different positions () as shown in Figure 4. Once the sensor nodes receive simultaneously a start sample command, they commence to acquire the generated acoustic signal as explained in Section 3.
Before presenting and discussing the results of this work, it is significant important to mention that sound source localisation using WSNs depends highly upon time synchronization among the sensors. However, from previous work in the area [24] and our preliminary experimental results, it is noticeable that the use of time-synchronized sensor nodes based on a global time does not guarantee that the acquired acoustic signals (i.e., sensing operation) are perfectly synchronized with each other. The adopted approach in performing a data acquisition operation also has a significant impact on achieving synchronized data acquisition operations. In general, nondeterministic (if the execution time of the same code varies at each repeated execution) operating systems have the disadvantage that they do not allow the user to control the execution process of their measurement process (i.e., setting priorities to the measurement steps). Such a property makes the execution of the data acquisition operations start at different time instants and also it does not take the same amount of time for every execution, especially if it is performed on different microcontrollers, as in the case of WSNs.
TinyOS, which is used in this work as well as others [24], has two modes of execution threads: tasks and hardware event handler (HEH) [25]. The first mode has a nondeterministic nature, which introduces an unpredictable waiting time during the acquisition operation due to the TinyOS scheduler as it executes posted tasks. This results in unequal intervals which makes acoustic sensing tasks at all sensor nodes unsynchronized. To counteract this problem, the HEH mode is proposed to realize a synchronized data sensing amongst sensor nodes because it is a deterministic mode and asynchronous commands are executed immediately.
To verify this, sensor nodes were located at the same point where real PPD values are zeros. This configuration represents the extreme case and helps to test the performance of both modes (tasks and HEH) as it requires a high time resolution for accurate TDE from amongst the received signals. The experiments were repeated 15 times, and in each time, the PPDs were estimated through applying EWTCC algorithm to acquired signals as described in Section 2. The results of this test show clearly that the HEH mode exhibits much better performance than tasks mode. The RMS error of HEH mode is 1.7 cm whereas it is 24.11 cm for tasks mode case.
From the previous discussion, we can conclude that the tasks mode is not applicable in achieving a synchronized sensing process amongst all nodes. In contrast, the HEH mode results show much less synchronization errors. Minimizing these errors results in an improvement in the estimated sound source location. This is because such errors are accumulated to the real-time delays among received signal. Therefore, the HEH mode is chosen for realizing a synchronized data acquisition operation and designing a wireless sound localisation system.
Figure 5(a) shows the acoustic signals (zoom-in) captured using sensor nodes 1, 2, and 3 as they were positioned at , , and in Figure 2, respectively. In contrast, Figure 5(b), depicts the signals envelopes extracted from these signals. In both figures, the solid curves represent the signals received at sensor node one and the dashed curves show the signals received at sensor node three. While the dotted curves illustrate the signals received at sensor node two (reference). As we can see in Figure 5(b), the extracted envelopes are much clearer than the original signals and therefore feeding these envelopes, instead of the original signals, to the Wavelet transform is an important step towards improving the localisation accuracy. In the conducted experiments, the distance between the reference node and the sound source represents the shortest path and that why the received signal from this sensor node appears first in Figure 5, whereas the other two sensor nodes were located equally apart from the reference node. Therefore, their received signals appear second and at the same time instance.
Figure 6 illustrates (zoom-in) the results of applying the CC and EWTCC with and without curve-fitting interpolation on envelopes shown in Figure 5(b). Such results illustrate the functionality of the proposed approach and give an example about how it improves the spatial resolution of the sound source localisation. The advantage of using the EWTCC here over the traditional CC method is to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the high correlation between these envelopes and used the Haar mother wavelet as well as to sharp the output of CC which makes the identification of the final (most accurate) index much easier when curve-fitting interpolation is utilised.
The experiments were also conducted for different values for and (i.e., positions of sensor nodes one and three were varied between and ). The results of these experiments are reported in Table 1. This table summarises the estimation results obtained by the developed wireless localisation system using both conventional CC and our proposed EWTCC with and without curve-fitting interpolation approaches in and estimations. It summarises the averages and the standard deviations of test results gained from 15 experiments in order to show that replicated measurements can provide closely similar results. It is apparent from this table that results of applying EWTCC with curve-fitting interpolation are much more correlated to the real values of and than the other results. A good example of this is the case where cm. The average of the estimated result using EWTCC with fitting is 15.65 cm, while it is 12.26 cm using CC and 16.55 using EWTCC without fitting. Again, the variation of the EWTCC with fitting result is 4.53 compared to the other two cases. This means that errors in estimation of and using EWTCC with curve-fitting interpolation are much less than errors in the CC method due to the multiresolution analysis property of CWT and curve interpolation. Consequently, the use of such method in estimation of PPDs exhibits better performance than employing the CC method as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 illustrates the RMS computed errors for the three configurations shown in Table 1. As seen from this figure, the maximum RMS errors in estimation of and using EWTCC with curve-fitting interpolation is 1.70 cm while it is 2.68 cm using just EWTCC and 9.97 cm using CC. In addition, the trend of the RMS errors using the proposed method shows that RMS errors decreases with moving away from the worst case scenario, whereas, they are randomly for the CC algorithm case. Such an enhancement in the estimation accuracy of sound localisation correlated to two reasons: (1) employing envelopes of acquired signals reduces the ambiguity present around peak indices of CC; (2) processing these envelops in time-frequency domain using WT integrates both time and spectral contents in the estimation-process. Thus, EWTCC algorithm in conjunction with curve-fitting interpolation is able to achieve a sufficient level of estimation accuracy for wireless ASL at low sampling rates compared to the CC method.
5. Conclusion
Envelope and wavelet transform cross-correlation, EWTCC, in conjunction with a parabolic fit interpolation method is proposed for wireless ASL employing low sampling rates. The new technique, in comparison to conventional CC algorithm, offers a multiresolution analysis domain which shows a potential performance in counteracting the ambiguous peaks due to the low time resolution. The proposed approach also enhances the spatial resolution of the localisation process from 7.07 cm to 1.50 cm. Such results of the conducted experiments show the consistence and low errors for the case study; further evaluation work can be done for large-scale measurement, including complex geometrical and local data processing scenarios as well as optimisation of the estimation process through selection of the best scale values which delivers the best resolution. In addition, the proposed HEH mode realizes a synchronized data acquisition operation for all sensor nodes in the TinyOS-based WSNs. It must be emphasized here that such conclusions can open up new horizons for the development of efficient low-cost, reliable wireless ASL systems based on low-cost COTS sensor nodes without the need to support excessive sensor resources, as low sampling rates not only contribute to a cost reduction but also minimize power consumption and extend the lifetime of sensor nodes which allows having the processing operations in real time.
The authors would like to thank the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for funding the work through the project of Instrument for Soundscape Recognition, Identification and Evaluation (EP/E008275/2).
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- T. Nagayama, S. H. Sim, Y. Miyamori, and B. F. Spencer, "Issues in structural health monitoring employing smart sensors," Smart Structures and Systems, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 299–329, 2007. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Levis and D. Gay, TinyOS Programming, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2009.


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Welcome to the Washington State Emergency Net (WSEN). This net has been in service for many decades for the purpose of on-air support of the various ARES/RACES/ACS organizations in our state. Members are encouraged to use the net to test and maintain the communications capabilities of their equipment, as well as that of the field resources of their respective organizations and teams. WSEN meets each week on Mondays at 5:30 PM Pacific Standard Time, 6:30 PM when daylight savings time rolls around, and on Saturdays at 9:00 AM local time year-round. We normally meet on 3985 kHz, with secondary frequencies of 3990 and 7245 kHz. Net control may shift up or down frequency because of interference or prior occupancy as necessary, so if you don't hear us on our primary frequency, we're most likely on one of the secondary frequencies listed, or nearby.
All amateurs interested in emergency communications are invited to check in, so don't be bashful. If you are an ARES/RACES/ACS member and are not currently on the roll call, check in anyway when your geographical area is called. If you are an out-of-state visitor, you can check in after roll call has been completed. Members and newcomers are requested to forward additions or changes to the roster to your EC, and to our net manager, Rick Olsen, N6NR. His email address is N6NR at ARRL dot net.
Note to Net Controls:
For 2016 we are trying something new. If you are the scheduled net control, go ahead and use the time prior to the net – interference and prior occupancy permitting – to assign a volunteer or two to act as your relay station. You can also take some early check-ins for those who have prior commitments and need to run off before the start of the net. It's totally up to you as to whether or not you want to do that prior to net.
Additionally, there is now a Word version of the roster available for download. It has check box fill-in capability. You'll need to be using Word 2010 or later to make that work. Make sure that you download the file to your computer. The on-line Word function doesn't allow the check boxes to work. When the net is over, modify the file name with today's date and send it to Rick, N6NR. This year we are tracking check-in statistics, which is something we haven't done in several years. Thanks a million for being one of our net control ops. Your time and dedication is deeply appreciated.WSEN Net Schedule
Every Monday - 1830L 3985 kHz (alternates 3990 and 7245 kHz)
Winter Months: 1730L at 3985 kHz. or until band conditions improve
Every Saturday - 0900L 3985 kHz (alternates 3990 and 7245 kHz)

subset: commoncrawl


text: Coordinator's Column | July 01, 2012Coordinator's Column Edie R. Hapner Author Notes © 2012 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Article Information Coordinator's Column Coordinator's Column | July 01, 2012 Coordinator's Column SIG 3 Perspectives on Voice and Voice Disorders, July 2012, Vol. 22, 53. doi:10.1044/vvd22.2.53 SIG 3 Perspectives on Voice and Voice Disorders, July 2012, Vol. 22, 53. doi:10.1044/vvd22.2.53 View Article Figures Tables PDF PDF Supplemental Data Supplements Multimedia Share Email Twitter Facebook Pinterest Tools Get Citation Citation Hapner, E. R. (2012). Coordinator's Column. Perspect Voice Voice Dis, 22(2), 53. doi: 10.1044/vvd22.2.53. Download citation file: RIS (Zotero) EndNote BibTex Medlars ProCite RefWorks Reference Manager © 2018 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association × Alerts User Alerts You are adding an alert for: Coordinator's Column You will receive an email whenever this article is corrected, updated, or cited in the literature. You can manage this and all other alerts in My Account The alert will be sent to: Confirm × Sign In or Create a free account to receive alerts. × I know that I sound like a broken record writing in my columns about change, the importance of mentoring, and about trying to figure out how to do both of these effectively. This issue of Perspectives in Voice and Voice Disorders is dedicated to new frontiers in the assessment and management of voice disorders, and it is the perfect opportunity to not only reflect on our past opportunities and to move forward and to concentrate on our future. And future beware as the SIG 3 moves through 2012 and into 2013 and beyond, as I stand witness to a subtle shift towards grass roots advocacy in our SIG, and it is a welcome shift. Subscribe to view more For full access to this article, log in to an existing user account, become a SIG affiliate, or purchase a short-term subscription. Become a SIG Affiliate Join a SIG Pay Per View Entire SIG 3 Perspectives on Voice and Voice Disorders content & archive 24-hour access $25.00 Buy Now This Issue 24-hour access $17.00 Buy Now This Article 24-hour access $10.00 Buy Now Sign In or Create an Account Please sign in using your ASHA.org login. If you do not have an ASHA login, you may register with us for free by creating a new account. Sign In or Create an Account We've Changed Our Publication Model... The 19 individual SIG Perspectives publications have been relaunched as the new, all-in-one Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups. Learn more > Related Articles Related Topics


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Blu-Bacco e-liquid is the perfect combination of blueberry and tobacco that can easily become your new all day vape!
Posted by Jody hughes on 4th Oct 2013
Too fragrant for me. The fragrance lingers for a long time, you will smell it all day on your clothes, in your car ... Taste is as described and I like it, but the lingering fragrance is a deal breaker for me.
Posted by Brian P on 7th Mar 2013
50/50 6mg, ProVari 4.8v 3.0ohm single coil 2-hole DCT Tank. Blueberry taste and smell definitely present. I find it a little too sweet for all day, but overall good.
Posted by Owen M. on 7th Dec 2012
50-50 pg/vg and 18mg nicotine has a mellow draw and a strong throat hit with a Volt X2 with nano clearo, a nice mellow blueberry flavor with a hint of tobacco and a mild "earthy/ash" tone. Yields magnificent clouds of vapor and smells like blueberry muffins out of the bottle. I'm currently enjoying it post-meals and as one of my dessert flavors.


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We offer a variety of home inspection services to our clients including:
- Pre-purchase Home Inspections
- Move-In Certified™ Seller Inspections
- Commerical Property Inspections
- Condo Inspections
- Manufactured Home Inspections
- Mobile Home Inspections
- Well Water Quality Testing
- Radon Air Testing
- Radon Water Testing
- MTBE and other Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Testing
Our prices are very competative. Factors affecting the price include:
- Size of the Home or Property
- Age of the Home or Property
- Location
- Number of outbuildings or units
Call us for an quotation! (603) 643-INSP (4677)


text:
|Batting Mechanics [1002.101.010.003]
Buy Now for Instant Access
Price: $12.69
When you become a Gold member by making your one-off payment of $ you get LIFETIME member rates on all PitchVision Academy online courses.
That means you make at least a 30% saving every time you buy a PitchVision Academy course.
Click here to buy your Gold membership and start making a saving today.
This eBook will show you how to become the complete batsman and batting coach.
The Batting Mechanics manual has been designed to be used by players and coaches alike to develop batting skills in group or individual coaching sessions. The manual contains:
What they are saying
Chapter 1 - eBook
Download and print the Batting Mechanics eBook
Cricket Coachmaster: Batting Mechanics
Click on the link to download Cricket Coachmaster: Batting Mechanics as an eBook.
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Discuss the contents of the eBook with other course members.
Price: $12.69
Member Price: $9.63


text: ALBANY, N.Y., Nov. 22 -- Tokyo Electron Limited (TEL) will establish a $300 million research and development facility at the Albany Center of Excellence, creating more than 300 high-tech jobs in the area. The State and TEL are also discussing setting up other manufacturing facilities for TEL in New York, Governor George E. Pataki announced yesterday. The new facility, to open in the Spring of 2003, is part of Pataki's effort to create a "high-tech corridor" in New York. The agreement between New York and TEL includes approximately $300 million in state and industry support over the next seven years. The $100 million state investment will be primarily for capital construction, equipment and specialized tools for research. The facility will be used by TEL to perform advanced tool design and prototyping for future generations of computer chips. New York State has already committed $300 million toward micro and nanoelectronics for the University at Albany's Center for Environmental Science and Technology Management building. This includes the $50 million previously announced for the Albany Center of Excellence in Nanoelectronics for 300 millimeter research in the 2002-03 state budget and $160 million for International SEMATECH North over five years. It also includes $5 million annually to the National Interconnect Focus Center in Interconnect Technologies, jointly operated by UAlbany and RPI along with Stanford, MIT and Georgia Tech, and sponsored by the Semiconductor Industry Association, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and semiconductor industry equipment suppliers. Total state support for the Focus Center will reach $35 million by 2005. For more information, visit: www.nystar.state.ny.us


text: Biotherm has created Deo Pure Natural Protect, its first Ecocert Greenlife certified deodorant. The original formula, made with 100% natural ingredients, contains deodorising active properties which limit the development of odour-causing bacteria for 24 hours*. Enriched with Aloe Vera, it soothes and moisturises the skin. 100% natural fragrance. Paraben-Free and Aluminium Salt-Free. *Sensory test


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Our primary goal here at Countryside is to see everyone grow in their faith. But what does that mean, and how do we do it?
The path to mature adulthood requires good modeling and instruction. The same is true for growth in the Christian life. We have a perfect model and instructor in Jesus Christ, and everything we need to know about him and learn from him is faithfully recorded in the Bible. The Bible is God's word to us concerning the person and work of Christ, and it's the manual for life.
So listening and responding to God's Word on our own and especially in the company of other Christians is an important habit of the Christian life. The Sunday worship service is the primary venue, but there are a variety of additional ways to engage with God's Word at Countryside:
Bible Studies
We have lots of opportunities to study the Bible in groups. It's a great way to learn and grow in community with others. We offer studies for men, women, couples, young adults and mixed groups. Most of these group sessions run about six weeks, so you can pretty much jump in at any time.
1-2-1 Bible Reading
Groups are great, but they're not for everyone. Maybe you have a crazy schedule, or maybe you'd rather keep it simple. 1-2-1 Bible reading is about as simple as it gets – two people reading through the Bible together and talking about it. You set the time and place. Meet as often as you like. If that sounds more like your cup of tea (or coffee!) email Pastor Peter and he can match you up with someone who would love to read the Bible with you.
Life-Stage Groups
Are you struggling to get out of debt? Or maybe you're a new adoptive parent. We offer life-stage groups that can help give guidance, comfort, or just someone else to talk to who's gone through the same thing. Financial Peace University, Adoption & Foster Care Connection Parent Support, and Buddy Break Respite are just a few of the targeted ministry groups that meet throughout the year. You can find out when they meet next by going to our church calendar.
Maybe you've been attending Countryside for a while and are ready to put down roots. Membership is how you can engage in the full community of the church. Some of the benefits of being a member are:
- Ability to vote at Congregational Business Meetings and have a voice in decision-making. These meetings are conducted semi-annually and more often as required. Issues of budget, policy, doctrine, membership, and church purpose come before the congregation for discussion and vote.
- Eligibility to serve on one of our ministry teams such as the Care Team, Missions Team, Discipleship Team or other ministry leadership teams.
- Eligibility to serve on our Leadership Team.
- Eligibility for matching funds scholarships at participating Christian colleges and universities.
Membership at Countryside Community Church is granted to anyone who professes faith in Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord, has been baptized, is in agreement with our Core Beliefs statement and pledges to faithfully support the mission and ministries of Countryside and share in its fellowship and obligations.
The process involves two simple steps:
- Download and complete a membership application and submit it to the church office.
- Participate in an interview with two members appointed by the church Leadership Team to share how you came to faith in Jesus Christ and how your unique gifts and talents can be used to bless the church and the community at large.
Applicants are approved by the Leadership Team and recognized at a congregational meeting no more than six months after being received into membership.
If you're not sure what church membership is all about or you want to know more about our church before taking that step, we recommend you attend our The Next Step class offered at various times throughout the year.
Want to find out more about growing in your faith? Just email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Standard guitar tuning:EADGBENo capo
Dm A7 G7 Bm G000231 002223 320001 000432 320003The riff that they use in the song goes something like this HeDmre come old flat top, He come grooving up slowly, HeDm got Joo Joo eyeball, He one holy roller HeA7 got Hair down to his knee; GoG7t to be a joker, he just do what he please. HeDm wear no shoe shine, he got toe jam football HeDm got monkey finger, he shoot co-ca cola HeA7 say, "I know you, you know me." OnG7e thing I can tell you is you got to be free CoBmme Together, RightG now, over me HeDm bag production, He got wal-rus gumboot HeDm got O-no sideboard, He one spinal cracker HeA7 got feet down below his knee HoG7ld you in his armchair, you can feel his disease CoBmme together, rightG now, over me HeDm roller coaster, he got early warning HeDm got muddy water, He one Mo-jo filter HeA7 say, " One and one and one is three." GoG7t to be good looking 'cause he so hard to see CoBmme together, Right now, over me Copywrite 1969 Northern Songs limited.
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© 2018, Songsterr.com.
© 2018, Songsterr.com.


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We are a community of people working out what it means to follow Jesus in the 21st Century. We love God and we love people. It's great that you've found your way here so please feel free to stick around, browse and hopefully you'll get a feel for who we are.
If you are searching, spiritual or skeptical then welcome! The Alpha course, run at King's, is an excellent place to explore life, faith and meaning. Find out more here.
The best way to find out more about our story and who we are is to join us at one of our Sunday gatherings. There you will meet people, have the opportunity to ask questions and experience the community life of King's. Everyone is welcome.


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Win the Job With a Powerful Thank you Letter. What to Say and Why.
Win the Job With a Powerful Thank you Letter. What to Say and Why.
Whether it is in person, over the phone or Skype, it is important to send a thank you/follow-up letter after every interview. I have consulted with HR professionals and hiring managers from across the globe who state this can, in fact, make or break whether you receive a second interview, and sometimes even a job offer.
An effective follow-up letter serves several important purposes:
- It reminds the interviewer of your skills, knowledge, and abilities. In this competitive employment market, it can be easy to get lost in the crowd of candidates.
- A thank you letter shows your appreciation for the opportunity and shows you recognize and understand the requirements of the job.
- It also demonstrates you remain interested in working for the company, and you were impressed by the organizational culture.
A strong thank you letter should include the following:
- Thank the interviewer(s) for the time he/she took to meet with you, and for giving you the opportunity to learn more about the company and the open position.
- Express your continued interest in the job, and reiterate what you have to offer, and how you can contribute to the organization's immediate needs.
- If a concern came up during the interview, address it and provide clarification or new information.
- If you forgot to discuss something significant during the interview, you might mention it in your follow-up letter.
More thank you letter/follow-up success tips:
- How and when to send the letter: I recommend you send this the day following your initial interview. Send your thank you note in the body of an e-mail (not as an attachment) when a hiring decision is to be made within a week. This may ensure your letter gets read before the decision is made. If time permits, you may consider sending a typed letter through regular mail. A handwritten thank you note delivered personally can make a great impression. Keep in mind, timing is the key. The best method ultimately depends on the decision timeline.
- To whom should you send a thank you letter? Send one to each person with whom you interviewed. When it comes time for them to gather and review candidates they will all have received a thank you letter from you, which can give you a huge competitive edge. Remember to get a business card from each interviewer so you have their direct contact information as to where to send the letters.
In your post job interview thank you letter you might consider saying:
Dear Ms. /Mr. (Interviewer's last name):
Thank you for taking the time to speak with me regarding the (position title) at (name of the company). After speaking with you, and discussing the objectives of the position, I noted several similarities between your requirements and my experience and education.
From our discussion, it seems you are seeking a (position title) who has experience in (list key skills discussed in the interview). I offer (list your relative knowledge and skills obtained from your work and education experience).
Be assured I am a fast learner and can be counted on to get the job done under demanding schedules. You can expect dedication, enthusiasm, and professionalism from me, as a member of your team.
Again, thank you for your consideration and for taking the time to interview me. I look forward to participating in the next steps.
Your signature
The content and tone of a thank you letter is based on many different variables. You may need to include different information depending on your industry and unique situation. Taking the time to send a strategically crafted thank you letter may give you an edge and the competitive advantage needed to win the job in the 21st century employment market.
For more tips, and free job-winning resources visit my website: www.careercoachsally.com


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DESTIN – In the gray area of grayshirting, oversigning and other forms of roster management, first-year Florida coach Will Muschamp has been crystal clear.
"It's not a policy we have at Florida. I don't really worry about it," he said. "We don't oversign."
While the Gators haven't traditionally oversigned, some of their SEC counterparts have. The issue is one of the biggest raised at the SEC Spring Meetings as the conference has put together legislation to address the issue.


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Made to Stick is a book about making ideas 'stick'. Its an important concept for mentalists because you want to create a memorable show.
Chip and Dan Heath have found 6 principles which make ideas stick:
- Simplicity
- Unexpectedness
- Concreteness
- Credibility
- Emotions
- Stories
If you understand these ideas and apply them to your mentalism routines they will be so much more powerful!
Simplicity is crucial for ideas to be memorable, and this goes for your routines too. As you become a more advanced mentalist it can be tempting to come up with more complex routines but often simple effects are more memorable!
A good simple idea is like a proverb in that it is both simple and profound. Some examples of good simple ideas are Bill Clinton's campaign moto: 'It's the economy stupid' and Southwest Airlines mission statement to be 'the low cost airline'.
Simple ideas stick!
As a mentalist you need to grab peoples attention and keep it. That's where unexpectedness comes in. To grab peoples' attention you have to break their 'guessing machine' then fix it. To grab attention:
- Find core message
- Figure out what's counter-intuitive about message
- Create message that breaks audiences 'guessing machines'
- Help them refine their guessing machines
Your job is to work out how to add elements of surprise.
To keep attention create a mystery then drop in clues as you go along. Try thinking 'what questions do i want my audience to ask themselves?'
Concreteness means being specific. Use things that people can relate to. For instance, use every day objects and ideas to create a big impact with your routines
You need to create credibility as a mentalist. Just by telling people you are a mentalist or by the fact that you are performing or on stage lends credibility.
Remember, our intuitions are often flawed. Factors such as beliefs, emotions and media coverage can warp our perceptions of events. If you know this you can use it to your advantage.
The audience itself also lends credibility. If you can get a member of the audience to confirm something for instance, people are likely to believe them more than you.
Emotions are very important in mentalism. People in a heightened state will see things differently, sometimes literally! There are a number of ways to engage people's emotions. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is very important in engaging emotions.
People love listening to stories. If you can link your routine together by telling a story it will be much more compelling for the audience!
Making an idea stick – the communication framework. For an idea to stick the audience must:
- Pay attention
- Understand and remember it
- Agree, believe
- Care
- Be able to act on it
Keep this in mind for your routine, though you might not necessarily want people to 'act' on your performance, you certainly want them to remember it
Here are some useful points to apply if you can't get an idea to stick:
- No one is listening: Break their guessing machines, tell uncommon sense.
- Attention wavering: Create curiosity gaps. Mysteries, puzzles etc.
- Problems getting people to understand and remember: Make the message simpler and use concrete language. Use real world examples, stories etc.
- People have different levels of knowledge: Create concrete basis for understanding, use things everyone understands.
- Problems getting people to believe you or agree: Find telling details.
- People questioning you constantly: Use a springboard story or anecdote.
- Problems getting people to care: Remember people care more about individuals. Tell them an inspiring story, tap into their sense of their own identities.
- Things that used to get people excited no longer working: Get out of Maslow's basement and appeal to more profound types of self interest.
- Problems getting people to act: Inspire with challenge plot story or springboard story. Msg must be simple and concrete.
Again, you are not interested in getting people to act (probably), however all the others are great tips on how to pep up your routines.
I hope you enjoyed this review, Made to Stick from a mentalists perspective!


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Arts booster group Art Rise Savannah has partnered with the Savannah Stopover Music Festival for its 2015 Annual Band Poster Juried Exhibition. The city's graphic and visual artists are invited to create posters inspired by the individual bands scheduled to perform at this year's festival, set for March 5th-7th. Acts performing during this year's indie-centric Stopover range from established touring bands such as Southern Culture on the Skids and Generationals to local Savannah acts including Cusses and Triathalon. (See http://www.savannahstopover.com/ for full lineup.)
Posters will be judged by a panel of local artists, graphic designers and Savannah Stopover organizers, with semi-finalists announced Feb. 19th for public voting, and included in an exhibition of posters in Savannah's Jepson Center Atrium from March 2nd-9th. The top three artists will be announced at an opening reception for the finalists at the Jepson Center on March 6th, as part of the First Friday Art March.
Deadline for entries is Monday, Feb. 16th. Details for poster entry, including design requirements, are posted at http://artrisesavannah.org/stopover/.


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apartment, bella dahl, chambray, H&M, heat, hot, house, nordstrom, shorts, studs, sunglasses, urban outfitters
i'm a big kid now. didn't think this day would ever come, but we're finally starting to look for a house. and let me tell ya….it's a gruesome, exhausting process. 1 afternoon, 12 homes, 80 degree weather = a hot and hangry gina:
gina wears:
split back chambray top | bella dahl
black shorts | bp via nordstrom
studded sandals | h&m
sunnies | uo
if only our current rental would stop falling apart (i.e. plumbing issues, broken appliances, occasional bug infestations, etc), i would be perfectly fine renting this place for a few more years. but unfortunately, we've had one too many issues, and it's time to move on. too bad i didn't realize how difficult it would be to 1) find something that i loved 2) that was affordable and 3) didn't require lots and lots of upgrading. 12 homes viewed, 100 more to go. let's. do. this.


text: Home » Pythons » Ball Pythons » Mario and the Princess Mario and the Princess Jan 8, 2016 by Editor in Chief Ball-Pythons.net - Two adorable ball pythons pose for a fun Super Mario Bros themed photo shoot. @ Ball-Pythons.net Advertise Here Related Posts Oct 8, 2015Super Mario Snakes Ball-Pythons.net - Two silly ball pythons wear Super Mario Bros. hats for a fun photo shoot. Jul 28, 2014Introducing the Mario Ball Python Bush League Breeders Club - A breeder gives the background, great description, and lovely photos of what may be an interesting new morph they've named Mario. Nov 26, 2013Black Princess Aussie Pythons forum - This hypermelanistic Darwin carpet python is looking stunning in rich black hues after a fresh shed. Oct 19, 2015Autumn Ball Pythons Ball-Pythons.net - Two terrific looking ball pythons pose for a fun fall themed photo shoot. Oct 27, 2012Black Princess Carpet Python Australian Reptile Forum - Check out this hypermelanistic Carpet python sitting on a clutch of eggs. Makes for a very interesting breeding project for the Morelia world!


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Do you all work in offices?
I'm 27 and I've never worked in an office in my life.
- urbanfox, coolerthantv, and niallKP this'd this
I've worked 2 days in an office
probably deserve a gold star or something.
What do you do?
I remember being a student and thinking I'd never be the sort of person who'd work in an office and even though I didn't have any clue what I wanted to do I knew it would be too interesting to involve an office. Didn't work out that way unfortunately although I actually quite like the office environment sometimes.
- urbanfox this'd this
youre missing out
it's fucking amazing
what job is there that isn't in an office??
can't imagine
- Icarus-Smicarus this'd this
I'm 2 weeks into my first ever office job
It's kinda exactly how I thought it would be but more boring. It would be nice if there was a hot girl or two to flirt with. However knowing (hoping) that it's only a stop-gap, I don't dislike it.
This is the only reason I took my office job
Once I realised there were no hot girls, I decided to get a better job.
I'm a student
but I worked in an office for 4 years. Simultaneously bitterly depressing and amazing.
Don't lose heart, mate.
Have a word with untrue.
You're not the only DiSer putting lids on jars for a living.no-class this'd this
I'm 26 and have only ever clocked up 5 days of office work
I imagine office work would be just fine / semi-enjoyable on a day-to-day level - but crushing in a long-term, existential dread sorta way
Used to.
I now work in community centres, schools and libraries. Much better. Except the libraries.
No never worked a day of my life in an office
i work as a nurse on a stroke unit
sounds sexy
oh mr smith it's time for me take your temperature *sticks out breasts*
imagine how much i'd post on here if i did, though. christ.
I get out and about a bit though. 10% of my time is meant to be spent going up and talking to people.
technically yes
although I guess my time is increasingly spent traveling between locations, in comms rooms etc.
Nah never worked in an office.
I used to fix aeroplanes
Now I'm a radio producer.ryanwilson, automatik, no-class, and sexydave this'd this
Fixing aeroplanes to radio producer
It's a pretty common career path
Yeah, 8-5.
Pretty much spend my days staring at two massive 30" monitors.
It's cool though, I do fun projects that get seen by hundreds of thousands of people.
I am too
I love my job, but it's so exhausting and stressful at times that I wish I was working in an office - I would love 6 months teaching, 6 months doing something else.
This is why I find it hard to moan about my job
This term's been an absolute shit, but I know that as of next week I've got two glorious weeks off. And come January I'll love it again.
I find you tend to get really fat working in offices.
Work from home
Never worked in an office.
I haven't for a year, it's been amazing
going back to my old work on Monday in a callcentre for about a month or so for some extra cash, actually looking forward to it, kind of missed the bants and that.


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I'm running LDME 2 Betsy Mate. I realize this is not a common issue. Did do some research on this subject and I found out that Toshiba's update to Bios is part of the problem. Bios 1.50 fixes:
"Version 1.50 2007-11-20
o Corrected: Fan rotation does not stop after resuming from an S3 state.
o Disabled the "Phoenix USB crisis key detecting" function to fix a
Microsoft USB Basic Optical Mouse intermittent hang issue.
o Updated the Brightness Table."
This fix now inhibits the fan from running all the time, which in turn causes my laptop to shutdown. I have to, essentially try to fool the laptop to run the fan, by opening programs, then restarting it, in hopes it will sense that it's hot enough to start running the fan. Once the fan is running at high speed it will usually stay on and I can use the laptop freely...with the exception of watching long videos.
I also found in my research where one person who had a similar issue with his desktop computer and purchased a new fan assembly.
My big question is: Is there a way, package, kernal, etc. to either control the fan speed or is there a mechanical way to get the fan to run on command? I've tried those external cooling fans that the laptop sits on, they don't work. When the laptop was on Vista, I purchased a nifty program Notebook Hardware Control and it kept the laptop from shutting down. This program will not run in Wine.
I know this is an old laptop and probably beyond it's years. But I'm very fond of it and it has the best keyboard I've ever used on a laptop. I've already replaced it's screen and harddrive and will replace whatever I need to to keep it alive. If anyone has any ideas, I would truly appreciate it.
Qosmio F45-411 Delay in CPU Fan Running.
Questions about hardware and drivers
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text:
Autistic Kids Shielded From Abduction Treaty
MANHATTAN (CN) – Describing it as a "novel, and significant" abduction case, the 2nd Circuit found Tuesday that transferring a severely autistic child from a successful U.S. treatment program to a country with fewer medical options can expose him to "grave risk."
Italian father Emiliano Ermini petitioned under the Hague Convention for the return of his two sons, one of whom is a 9-year-old receiving applied behavioral analysis therapy for autism.
The treaty that the father invoked has more than 90 signatories to date.
Designed to standardize the procedures for the return of children "wrongfully abducted" from their home states, the convention lets parents assert that returning their children to their home country would cause "grave risk that his or her return would expose the child to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place the child in an intolerable situation."
Viviana Vittori alleged that her children with Ermini faced two such harms in Italy: an abusive father and the interruption of a successful autism treatment.
U.S. District Judge Laura Taylor Swain heard their case at a bench trial early last year.
In a December 2011 "violent altercation," Ermini hit Vittori's head against a kitchen cabinet of their Suffern, N.Y., home and attempted to "suffocate" and "strangle" her, Swain's findings of fact states.
To resolve related criminal charges, Ermini pleaded guilty a year later to second-degree harassment.
Ermini had a "habit of striking the children" and "hit [Vittori] at least 10 times during the course of their relationship," the judge found.
Swain also determined that the son had better access to applied behavioral analysis (ABA) therapy for autism in the United States.
At the time of the proceedings, the U.S. had more than 4,000 board-certified ABA practitioners, while Italy had fewer than 20, an expert testified in court.
Although she rejected his petition, Swain let Ermini renew his application if there was a change how 9-year-old Daniele's continuation of treatment and if the Italian court issued a final order demanding the return of Daniele and his brother, Emanuele.
A three-judge panel from the 2nd Circuit made the federal court's rejection permanent Tuesday.
In addition to crediting both of the mother's defenses, the court said that the question of autism marked the "first occasion for this court to consider this kind of psychological harm" under the treaty's provisions.
"We note, however, that Article 13(b) explicitly lists 'psychological' harm and 'physical' harm as appropriate harms for triggering the convention's affirmative defenses, both of which are implicated by a developmental disorder such as autism," Judge Guido Calibresi wrote for the court. "And we hold that the facts as found by the district court lend themselves straightforwardly to the conclusion that the risk of harm was grave."
Ermini's attorneys, Rocco Lamura and Genci Bilali with Tosolini Lamura Rasile & Toniutti, disputed the court's findings.
"In our opinion, the exception of the grave risk was not fully explored by the court as it relates to the autism; instead, other issues, of less importance, and not fully related to an Hague convention case, were addressed," they said in an email.
The 39-page opinion cites Swain's fining that the 9-year-old would suffer harm to his cognitive, emotional, and relational skills if pulled from therapy, and potentially stop him from leading an independent life.
"The harm, in fact, is of such a severity that it threatens to strike to the very core of the child's development individually and of his ability to participate as a member of society," Calibresi wrote.
Sanket Bulsara, an attorney for Vittori with Wilmer Cutler Pickering, called the decision "significant."
"We are pleased that the 2nd Circuit upheld the decision of the trial court finding that separating Daniele Ermini from his treatment for autism would create a grave and intolerable risk of harm," Bulsara said in an email. "The decision allows our client's children to remain in the United States and to obtain this necessary treatment.
Gary Mayerson, who wrote a friend-of-the-court brief on behalf of Autism Speaks, said he expected the decision to spawn similar cases.
"Autism is a global concern," Mayerson said in a statement. "Given the demand for effective services, we are going to see more and more of these kinds of cases. I am proud that our court system was able to apply an international treaty to recognize the unique needs of one child with autism."


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Restuarant Review: Flaming Cow, Ealing
There's no shortage of good places covering all basis in Ealing and last week a visit to the Flaming Cow was in order. It's the only branch in London that opened a few months back after the owners looked to expand from their Eton site.
As the name suggests, burgers and steaks are mainly the name of the game. We arrived and settled down in the comfy interior. Timber dominates the decor. The beer choice was pretty standard – about half a dozen bottles of pilsners and hoppy American-type IPAs at a cost from £4-£6 for a 330ml bottle.
For starters the choices were pizza chips, fish tacos and chicken wings. The wings were pretty perfunctory – nothing amazing but they did the job. The tacos were freshly cooked and the fish had a nice crunch. The chips looked wonderfully inviting but were poor despite the tasty toppings. I hoped this was to be rectified for the mains.
For the main I went for the monthly burger special and chips. It cost £13.95. The burger was decent and had an egg, cheese, pastrami and was slathered in a spicy sauce. However the chips were a massive let down yet again. If you're a burger joint getting fries right is pretty essential. They looked fine but a bite revealed soggy and old chips. Dry inside and lacking any crunch – they tasted as if they'd been originally cooked a long while before and reheated at least once. Everyone's chips were the same so it wasn't just the dregs of a previous batch given to one or two people.
Getting your potatoes right is pretty essential for any restaurant. It's the same as roasties with a roast – you just have to get it right or it badly affects the meal. Such basic stuff.
Another visitor had a coconut milkshake to finish. I had a taste and it was very good – at it should be at a fiver a pop.
We were stuffed and had no proper dessert. Overall the burger was good but a bit steep in price and as a whole the food was pretty average and thus overpriced given the competition nearby. The burgers are fine but no burger joint should serve up such poor chips.
Flaming Cow, 29 Bond St, Ealing W5 5AS
Rating: 6/10


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Change Picture
Appalachian Mountains, NC
About Me
I'm a new film student in college with a background in Mechanical Engineering. My dream is to one make a living in video production/cinematography. And if you look at my videos from first upload to my latest one, hopefully you can see improvements as I learn more about everything to do with the camera, lighting, depth of field, etc. Let me know what you think of my work, and offer any suggestions as I am striving to be the best I can be at this.


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The memo is titled "what happened to Corey?" "originally written to explain why he left," Altheide said, starting in July 2015. He took part in a tragically controversial internal discussion, said Altheide, two Google executives. UrsHlzle, senior vice president of technology infrastructure, and Sridhar Ramaswamy, senior vice president of advertising and commerce, both participated in the discussion.
Cory Altheide said Google employees and executives alike shared some great ideas and stories here, but the entire conversation turned out to be negative and not constructive. In September of the same year, Elshid launched a new e-mail chain called Just Asking Questions, which he said was intended to highlight the fact that some Googlers may not honestly discuss the issue of diversity. As evidence, he linked external blog posts to external blog posts purportedly written by Googlers, who endorsed the notion that "blacks do not equal whites." Therefore, "inequality" between these races is predictable and makes very significant sense. "
But Hlzle, senior vice president, said the discussion initiated by Cory Altheide was inflammatory and had nothing to do with Google's products and services. And tell him, "if most of your colleagues are Nazis, the best thing to do is you don't know about it." Altheide decided to leave the company on January 2016.
Recommended use China IT News APP
Download flyfish app to read news


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Herbicide: Mode of Action - February 2012
[Video shows various pictures of soybean fields with specialists or agents in fields. Music plays in the background]
[Title Slide – Herbicide: Mode of Action. Your Arkansas Soybean Podcast. Presented by University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Research and Extension University of Arkansas System, Arkansas Soybean Promotion Board.]
I'm Bob Scott, extension weed scientist, with the University o f Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agriculture. [Dr. Scott standing in a field.]
Today I'd like to discuss with you Herbicide: Mode of Action. Herbicide Mode of Action simply refers to the way in which a herbicide controls weeds. Knowing your Herbicides Mode of Action has become more important over the past few years due to the development of herbicide resistant weeds. Specifically resistant palmer pigweed or palmer amaranth than roundup-ready soybeans have driven the need to use residual herbicides in roundup ready soybeans, conventional soybeans or liberty link soybeans.
Certain herbicides can have a different trade name and even a different common name but still be the same herbicide mode of action. Therefore understanding herbicide mode of action is critical to the development of a resistance management plan for resistant weeds and soybeans.
[Dr. Scott shows the MP44 publication and the weed control table and highlights the first column of the table.] For your convenience, in the MP 44, herbicide mode of action is now listed in the first column of the weeds control table for each herbicide section. For example, on page 36 of the weed response ratings for soybean herbicides, the first column is herbicide family.
Herbicide family is represented by a simply number. This number again refers to the way in which that herbicide controls weeds. The important thing is when developing a resistance management plan, is to use as many herbicides with different numbers that are still effective on the weeds that you have in your field.
This publication is available at your county office or on the web at www.uaex.edu. [Pickup your copy of the MP 44 2012 at your county office or go to www.uaex.edu.]
[Narrator with music playing in the background] Your Arkansas Soybean Podcast is a production of the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, and was funded impart by the Arkansas Soybean Promotion Board. For more information on soybean farming in Arkansas contact your local county extension office.
[Title slide – Your Arkansas Soybean Podcast. Video shows various pictures of soybean fields with specialists or agents in fields. U of A Division of Agriculture Research and Extension University of Arkansas System, Arkansas Soybean Promotion Board. For more information on soybean farming in Arkansas contact your county extension office or go to www.uaex.edu. Your Arkansas Soybean Podcast.]
Related Links


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Small, Secluded Island Weddings
If you're looking for a secluded island wedding or elopement venue near Savannah, Elope Savannah has the perfect location you're looking for…
A five minute boat ride whisks you away to your own private paradise.
A truly uncommon wedding or elopement ceremony setting, you'll be find untouched, pristine, beaches.
The only footprints here will be the ones you make. Ride in our boat, walk among starfish and sand-dollars and take in the sweeping ocean views…we've even had visits from dolphins!
Choose the Elope Savannah secluded island location for your wedding venue, and you'll have an amazing, one-of-a-kind wedding that is surprisingly affordable.


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Challenge #15
LIBRARY TO GO: Watch online tutorials and learn the basics of Library to Go
Watch these short, online tutorials and learn the basics of using this virtual library resource. Although you can search this site without signing in, you must sign in using your Library Card Number to download any media.
- Go to www.overdrive.com/Solutions/Libraries/guidedtour/
- Click on and watch each of the Getting Started tutorials. (Approximately 6 minutes). These short presentations will guide you though everything you need to know about browsing, checking out, and downloading digital books and more from the library's Virtual Branch website.
- Click on and watch each of the Virtual Branch tutorials (Approximately 4 minutes)
- Click on and watch each of the Enjoying Download Media tutorials (Approximately 11 minutes)
- With a good understanding of what Library to Go can do, you are now ready to read and listen to books online.
To Access Library to Go:
- From a browser, go to http://downloads.bclibrary.ca/
- Click Sign In.
- Type in Trail & District Public Library.
- Type in your Library Card number. Click Sign In.


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Facilitating the protection and restoration of species and ecosystems at risk on BC's South Coast
Facilitating the protection and restoration of species and ecosystems at risk on BC's South Coast
Length (snout to vent): Males 6-11 cm, Females 12.5 cm. Toads have soft, somewhat dry, bumpy skin. Adult Western Toads tend to be stout with thick forelimbs. Colour ranges from tan to light brown, grey, or greenish on top. Markings are a few dark spots to extensive mottling, warts may be reddish. A thin, cream coloured dorsal stripe runs down the centre of the back (most prominent in mature females; may be absent or inconspicuous in juveniles), which may have reddish warts. The oval-shaped parotoid glands behind the eyes are discernable, even in recently metamorphosed toads ("toadlets"). The glands excrete a mildly toxic substance used to ward off would-be-predators. The hind feet have horny tubercles used for burrowing and are yellowish or orange in juveniles. Males are smaller with narrower head, longer forearms and dark nuptial pads on thumbs. The nuptial pads are used while grasping females during breeding in a position known as "amplexus". Males lack vocal sacs but may produce repeated chirping sounds if grasped by hand (females usually are silent or emit few chirps). Tadpoles are black or dark brown and relatively small (1.2-3 cm, 2.5-3 cm total length prior to metamorphosis). The snout is square and the eyes are set about midway between the dorsal midline and edge of the head. The tailfin is narrow compared to tadpoles of species like Northern Red-legged Frog and may be heavily speckled with gray or black.
Amphibian and reptile conservation. 2009. [Internet] Common toads and roads guidance for planners and highways engineers (England). -
BC. Conservation Data Centre. 2015. [Internet] [Updated December 15 2010] Conservation Status Report: Anaxyrus boreas. BC Ministry of Environment.
- BC Frogwatch Program. 2015. [Internet] Environmental Stewardship Division. BC Ministry of Environment. -
BC Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks. Resources Inventory Branch 1998. [Internet] Inventory methods for pond-breeding amphibians and
Painted Turtle (Version 2.0). Standards for components of British Columbia's biodiversity No. 38. -
Browne, Constance et al. 2010. [Internet] Hibernation sites of Western Toads (Anaxyrus boreas): Characterization and management implications. Herpetological
Conservation and Biology 5(1):49-63. -
COSEWIC 2002. [Internet] COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Western Toad Bufo boreas in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 31 pp. -
Davis, T.M. 2002. [Internet] Research priorities for the management of the Western Toad, Bufo boreas, in British Columbia. -
Deguise, Isabelle and John S. Richardosn. 2009. [Internet] Prevalence of the Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in Western Toads in
Southwestern British Columbia. Canada Northwestern Naturalist 90(1):35-38.
Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2016. Management Plan for the Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas) in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa. iv + 38 pp.
Germano, J.M. and P.J. Bishop. 2008. [Internet] Suitability of amphibians and reptiles for translocation. Conservation Biology 23: 7-15. -
Goebel, Anna etal. 2009. [Internet] Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the Anaxyrus boreas species group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50 (2009):209–225. -
Heyer, W.R., et al. 1994. Measuring and monitoring biological diversity. Standard methods for amphibians. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. -
Matsuda, B.M. 2002. [Internet] The Wetlandkeepers Handbook: Section 5, module 2.4. Conducting an amphibian inventory. BC Wildlife Federation, Surrey, BC. -
Ministry of Transportation. 2008. [Internet] Road Runner Newsletter "Toad on the road". -
Montana Field Guide. 2010. Western Toad A. boreas. -
Morgan, K. 2014. Ryder Lake amphibian protection project road surveys 2014. Fraser Valley Conservancy. -
Ovaska, Kristiina et al. 2004. [internet] Best management practices for amphibians and reptiles in urban and rural environments in British Columbia. BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Nanaimo. -
Provincial Western Toad Working Group. 2014. Management plan for the Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas) in British Columbia. BC Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC. 29pp. -
Rithaler, R. 2002. [Personal comm.] Corporation of Delta. -
Rithaler, R. 2003. [Unpublished] Amphibian inventory and management windows for the corporation of Delta. -
Sielecki, Leonard E. 2010. [Internet] Wildlife identification field guide: red and blue listed amphibians and reptiles in British Columbia. -
Warttig, Warren. 2010. [Personal comm.] -
Wind, Elke. 2010. [Personal comm.] -
Zevit, Pamela. 2008. [Personal obs.] Adamah Consultants.
First Edition prepared by: Pamela Zevit, RPBio with Elke Wind, RPBio for the South Coast Conservation Program (SCCP) in partnership with: International Forest Products (Interfor) and Capacity Forestry (CapFor). Original funding for this project was made possible through the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI): http://www.sfiprogram.org/
2nd Edition 2014 by Isabelle Houde, RPBio in consultation with the SCCP. Content updated by the Pamela Zevit April 2017
Every effort has been made to ensure content accuracy. Comments or corrections should be directed to the South Coast Conservation Program: email@example.com. Only images from "creative commons" sources (e.g. Wikipedia, Flickr, U.S. Government) can be used without permission and for non-commercial purposes only. All other images have been contributed for use by the SCCP and its partners/funders only.
Part of the National Conservation Plan, this project was undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Canada. Dans le cadre du Plan de Conservation National, ce projet a été réalisé avec l'appui financier du Gouvernement du Canada.


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I sometimes agree with the fact that cheerleaders costumes are skimpy. And there are times when they are even skimpier. I mean cheerleaders costumes schould be something attractive that makes them stand out in crowed. But these days everyone aspacts cheerleaders to be sexy. Sometimes its okay, like in middle of summer it would make cheerleaders perform well but ther should be other factors to be kept in mind.
I am a level 6 elite cheerleader and I know the uniforms have to have shorter skirts so that you can move easier.
Crop tops are needed to keep our girls cooler so they don't overheat .
The one competition that we used long sleeved full top uniforms we had 3 girls overheat and faint on the floor . School cheer does some of the same stuff we do and they work just as hard, and their uniforms are way more appropriate. So no cheerleading uniforms are not too skimpy
I think that cheerleader outfits are perfectly fine. Cheerleading has accompanied sports like football since they were dreamed up. In certain teams in the NFL, the cheer teams are almost as famous as the team itself. For the male population as a whole (myself included), who doesn't like watching scantily-clad, attractive women dancing in between quarters or during a timeout? Even when things turn bad for the team, watching an alternative form of entertainment can be a helpful pick-up. And as the article above states, if you don't want your kids watching, turn the TV off. Don't tell others how to live their lives.
People should be entitled to dress however they would like to as long as they are not violating any indecent exposure laws. Should we ban people from wearing swimsuits at the beach? How about the revealing outfits people wear on TV? If you don't like it than avoid it or keep your kids from being exposed to it. However, you do not have the right to force your viewpoint upon others.