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Czech Literary Studies and the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS
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1 English edition Czech Literary Studies and the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS Science 26 Around us What is it
2 ICL and the Czech Academy of Sciences ICL is one of the 52 autonomous research institutes that belong to the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), the most prominent centre for top-flight research in the Czech Republic. CAS is the successor organization to the Emperor Franz Joseph Czech Academy of Sciences, Literature and Arts (CASA), so in 2015 it commemorated its 125 th anniversary. Like other CAS establishments, ICL has been a public research institute since Together with 16 other social sciences and humanities institutes it makes up the third section at CAS. Within this framework it most frequently collaborates with the CAS Institute of the Czech Language, Institute of History, Institute of Contemporary History, Institute of Philosophy, Institute of Slavonic Studies and the Institute of Art History. Other prominent ICL partners include the CAS Library, which provides the software support for the Institute s bibliographical databases, and the Academia publishers, one of the divisions of the Centre of Administration and Operation at CAS. ICL activity is about 75% financed through CAS and 25% from grant funds and other own-income sources. Contact details Ústav pro českou literaturu AV ČR, v. v. i. Institute of Czech Literature, CAS, a public research institute Prague centre Na Florenci 3/1420, Praha 1 Brno branch Květná 8, Brno ICL a place of memory The ICL Literary Studies Information Centre operates a national Czech Literary Bibliography research infrastructure ( Its library with almost 150,000 volumes is accessible to the public at its Prague centre from 10 am to 6 pm each day except bank holidays. The only library specializing in the study of Czech literature systematically collects fiction associated with Central Europe, literary and specialist periodicals and educational literature from Czech studies and related fields (philosophy, history, philology, textology and the like). The Bibliography and Archive Department systematically processes and provides access to an article and secondary bibliography of modern Czech literature, i.e. from approximately 1775 to the present. All bibliographical collections are being digitized and made available online.
3 Why research into literature? Every year over seventeen thousand book titles are published in the Czech Republic. According to a statistical survey of reading by Jiří Trávníček and his colleagues from the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS, and the Czech National Library, 84% of the Czech population reads at least one book a year, while each of these readers annually reads an average of twelve titles and spends 33 minutes every day reading. In the average Czech household the bookcase has 250 books, many of which come under the heading of fiction or literature. This may well come to just one quarter of all titles on the book market, but it represents over two thirds of everything that people in the Czech Republic read. Do we know what we are reading? Can we find our bearings among all this book output? Do we really understand what literature is? Literary studies helps readers to find their bearings in the impenetrable jungle of literature, which has made up part of human culture ever since the first stirrings of written culture. Its task is to open up in its entirety the living organism that literature undoubtedly is to new interpretations, i.e. not only to examine it as the corpus of texts or the cultural legacy that we learn about at school, but also to offer it to the society in which this literature has grown and is now addressed as a collection of incomparable value assets and a source of self-awareness. Literary theory offers concepts that we can use to understand literature and to endeavour to grasp the general processes behind literary work and its reception. Every literary text is written and extant at a particular time and in a particular political and cultural situation. Literary history interprets it within its historical context. Literary historical anthologies are involved in shaping literary canons, while literary studies encyclopedias present information on everything from award winners to semi-neglected regional authors. Literary bibliographies present information on a broad range of literary phenomena and their reception in the press, including book reviews and articles on writers and works in daily newspapers and literary journals. Comparative literary studies seeks out the relations between literary works from various cultural and linguistic spheres and the ways that literary trends spread among the regions and nations of the world. Literary studies is just as interdisciplinary nowadays as any other scholarly field, fusing the boundaries of traditional disciplines and working together with general history, linguistics, philosophy, cultural theory and visual and media studies. Czech literary studies and the Institute of Czech Literature Research into Czech literature relates to a subject called Czech literary studies, which can be viewed in two different ways: as literature in the Czech language and as literature in the Czech lands, comprising Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. The Institute of Czech Literature, CAS, a public research institute (ICL), is the only non-university establishment in the Czech Republic to deal with basic research into literary studies, and the central Czech literary studies institute within this linguistic and territorial definition on an international scale.
4 Felix Vodička, Jan Mukařovský, Roman Jakobson
5 What is it Czech Literary Studies and the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS 2 3 The ICL s subject of research is basically the past and present of literature in the Czech language and literature in the Czech lands in other languages (particularly Latin and German), their relations with the literatures of other languages and regions and the literary work of Czech exiles and émigré diasporas. Several ICL staff members also lecture at higher education institutes and ICL itself is a doctorate course tuition centre. ICL activity has three levels: it secures the national infrastructure of scholarly information regarding Czech literary bibliography; it specializes in the compilation of large reference publications, dictionaries, historical and theoretical handbooks and manuals on Czech literature since the 9 th century; and not least it carries out basic research into neglected areas of Czech studies, German-Czech studies, theory, the history of literary culture and other disciplines. ICL is a national centre for research into reading, ensuring that sources on the history of Prague School literary studies structuralism, with which it is historically associated, are accessible. Just like other CAS institutes involved in the humanities and historical studies, ICL also plays the role of a place of memory addressing the broad cultural community, while playing a unique role in national culture. The primary medium for this broader communication at ICL nowadays is the internet. Ever since the mid-1990s, ICL has specialized in the digital publication of literary heritage documents, the operation of online bibliographical databases, full-text libraries and digital archives, which together record over one million visits per year. The main directory for all this information provided free of charge can be found at the institute s website: Founders The idea to establish a non-university centre for research into Czech literature emerged as early as the 19 th century. Literary studies research was supported by the Czech Foundation (Matice česká) and the Emperor Franz Joseph Czech Academy of Sciences, Literature and Arts, established in 1890 and active after 1918 as the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts (CASA). Its Class Three dealt with philological disciplines, which naturally included Czech literary studies. Class Four also administered performing arts, art, music and literature, supporting research trips and the publication of specialist books. Nevertheless, in 1899 literary historian Jan Jakubec had come up with a proposal to establish a new central institute with regional branches, to publish critical writings by Czech authors and to systematically gather bibliographic information and to take on the role of an archive and a museum. Hence it was meant to form a basis for subsequent literary studies research. This proposal remained unheard, however, until the 1930s, when Albert Pražák was responsible for the establishment of the Czechoslovak Literary Historical Association (CSLHA), whose extensive lecture and publishing activity was only halted by the Second World War. At the end of the 1940s, CASA began to prepare for its restructuring. The mortal danger facing the nation under the German occupation ( ) had pointed
6 up the need to anchor scholarly conservation of national literature and culture within a new institution. In collaboration with the CSLHA, a committee to make the necessary arrangements was set up in early The ICL Organizational Regulations were approved at an extraordinary CASA Class Three meeting on 11 th June The Literary History Department was led by Jan Mukařovský, while Frank Wollmann was in charge of Comparative Studies, and the Department for the History of Czech Literature was run by literary historian Albert Pražák. In addition to its literary historical work ICL also had to arrange the publication of Czech literature in critical editions, as well as systematic bibliographical work. However, the new institute faced a lack of funds and staff. From autumn 1952, when ICL recruited its first three research assistants, it began to take part in academic training in the subject. Defining the literary canon In 1953 ICL moved over to the newly established Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (CSAS), headed by the internationally recognized literary theoretician and aestheticist Jan Mukařovský, one of the foremost figures in Prague structuralism. His deputy was his younger colleague and the founder of structuralist literary historiography Felix Vodička. ICL moved from its office in Národní 3 to premises at the Strahov Monastery, where it was based together with the Museum of Czech Literature (Památník národního písemnictví). A permanent historical exhibition, which it assembled together with this institution, was conceived as a representative textbook of Czech literature for schools and the public. The prescriptive role of the Institute and ideas and preparatory work from the Occupation years led to Aesthetic value in the structuralist thinking of Jan Mukařovský From the 1920s, aesthetician, literary critic and historian Jan Mukařovský ( ) was one of the leading members of the Prague Linguistic Circle and thanks to his book studies Příspěvek k estetice českého verše (Contribution on the aesthetics of Czech verse, 1923), Máchův Máj: Estetická studie (Mácha s Máj: Aesthetic study, 1928), Estetická funkce, norma a hodnota jako sociální fakt (Aesthetic function, norm and value as a social fact, 1936) and primarily his two-volume Kapitoly z české poetiky (Chapters from Czech poetry, 1941; with the second edition including a third volume of Máchovské studie (Mácha studies, 1948) he stood alongside Roman Jakobson as an internationally recognized figure from the Prague Structuralist School. In the politically charged atmosphere of Stalinism he abandoned his own methodology and adopted Marxist-Leninist precepts, but then drifted back to his own standpoints with various modifications.
7 What is it Czech Literary Studies and the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS 4 5 The literary historical structuralism of Felix Vodička Even in his first prominent study Literární historie, její problémy a úkoly, Literary history, its problems and tasks (in Čtení o jazyce a poezii, Readings in Language and Poetry, 1942) literary historian Felix Vodička ( ) offered programmatic application of structuralist literary theory for literary historical work. In his book Počátky krásné prózy novočeské (Beginnings of Modern Czech Fiction, 1948) he combined literary theory and literary historical thinking. Straying into comparative studies he analysed the Preromanticism period in early 19 th century Czech literature from the standpoint of the linguistic, thematic and stylistic structure of the literary works, and anticipating the development of global narratology he presented a preliminary Prague School theory on narrative. Vodička s studies in literary history and theory, which made him inter alia a forerunner of Constance School of reader response criticism, are summarized in a collection entitled Struktura vývoje (Structure of Development, 1969). a decision to devote a considerable proportion of its resources to the published codification of the Czech literary canon. ICL staff compiled a critical edition of the collected writings of prominent figures from Czech literature (K. H. Mácha, J. K. Tyl, Božena Němcová, Jan Neruda, Jiří Wolker, S. K. Neumann and F. X. Šalda) and older Czech literature (Výbor z české literatury od počátků po dobu Husovu, Výbor z české literatury doby husitské 1, 2, Anthology of Czech literature from the beginning to the Hussite period, Anthology of Czech literature from the Hussite period 1, 2). The canon-creating endeavours included the idea of academic Dějiny české literatury, Histories of Czech Literature. Four volumes covering every subject from the beginnings of Old Slavonic literature in 9 th century Greater Moravia to the Second World War were compiled from the early 1950s to the end of the 1960s. The editor-in-chief for the entire project was Jan Mukařovský. The first volume of this History, edited by Josef Hrabák, is an example of the application of Marxist historical materialism to the development of medieval and early modern literature (Older Czech Literature, 1959; authors: Jiří Daňhelka, Eduard Petrů, Emil Pražák and Jaroslav Kolár). Other volumes edited by Felix Vodička were again methodologically based on structuralist precepts (National Revival Literature, 1960), while under the editorship of Miloš Pohorský they tended more towards a broader sociological conception of literature (Literatura druhé poloviny devatenáctého století, Literature in the latter half of the 19 th century, 1961). A similar historical task was also set for the Czech Theatre Department, which was established as part of ICL in The collective History of the Czech Theatre was first compiled under the editorship of František Černý, and its four volumes came out between 1968 and 1983 (the third volume was co-edited by Ljuba Klosová, the fourth by Adolf Scherl).
8 Outside the present-day ICL premises, Na Florenci Street Structuralist diversion The Communists ascribed considerable importance to the humanities institutes, and ICL was also subjected to continuous ideological supervision. In the latter half of the 1950s, younger scholars in particular became increasingly aware of the vagueness of Marxist-Leninist theories and so started to seek more precise forms of literary studies. They drew inspiration from the legacy of interwar structuralism personified by the ICL Director Jan Mukařovský and his deputy Felix Vodička. Milan Jankovič was behind what was known as ETELKA the Aesthetic-Theory Club, in which literary studies methodology was discussed by Miroslav Červenka, Mojmír Grygar, Aleš Haman, Jiřina Táborská and Miroslav Kačer. In 1959 Josef Vohryzek was compelled to leave ICL after several years of regression in the liberalization process in Czech literary and scholarly life and a media campaign was even launched against Mukařovský. He was replaced as Director in 1962 by Communist ideologist and journalist Ladislav Štoll, whose deputy was literary critic Jan Petrmichl. The primary task during this period was work on the fourth volume of the Histories of Czech Literature, which focused on literature from the end of the 19 th century to 1945, with structuralist elements combining with an endeavour to revise the narrowly Marxist literary history dogmas associated with the previous decade. For political reasons, however, the book involved was not published until
9 What is it Czech Literary Studies and the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS 6 7 after 1989 (Literature from the end of the 19 th century to 1945, 1995). A considerable cultural and political achievement at this time was Slovník českých spisovatelů (Encyclopedia of Czech Writers, 1964), which was compiled under the editorship of Jiří Opelík and Rudolf Havel, who managed to include entries by numerous exiled writers. In the atmosphere of resistance to trivial Marxism and simplified political and ideological interpretations of artistic works, the return to structuralism was considered to be a primary theoretical input and structuralism was thus considered an exact scientific method, which creative researchers at the Institute endeavoured to develop further, whether at the level of versological or aesthetic theory research. The internationally respected chief representatives of what was known as the second generation of Czech structuralism at this time were Milan Jankovič and Miroslav Červenka, while researchers also taking part in team projects included Přemysl Blažíček, Jiří Brabec, Mojmír Grygar, Miroslav Kačer, Ludmila Lantová, Jiří Opelík, Zdeněk Pešat, Eva Strohsová, Břetislav Štorek, Zina Trochová and Radko Pytlík who also created a substantial number of significant individual works, considerably changing the image of Czech literary studies and literary history. At the end of the 1960s, ICL also saw a brief appearance from the subsequent founder of the theory of fictional worlds, narratologist Lubomír Doležel. Work in the editorial sphere culminated in the publication of a seminal handbook Editor a text (The Editor and the Text, 1971), in which Rudolf Havel and Břetislav Štorek combined their experience of publishing modern Czech literature with inspiration from abroad as well as from structuralist textology. Conceptual disputes between trivial Marxism and structuralism culminated in 1968, when Ladislav Štoll was compelled to leave ICL, Felix Vodička became the Milan Jankovič and the artistic work as a process of meaning In his work on literary theory and aesthetics, Milan Jankovič (* 1929) decided to grasp the dynamic sense and message of the artistic work. He fully appreciated the value of Mukařovský s concept of the semantic gesture as the formative power behind the text. In a groundbreaking study from the late 1960s Dílo jako dění smyslu (Work as a Pro cess of Meaning, belated publication, 1992) stressed the semantics of the form as a source of unexpected process of meaning (see also the books Nesamozřejmost smyslu, The Unob viousness of Meaning, 1991; Na cestě ke smyslu, On the Road to Meaning 2005; Dílo v pohybu, The Work in Mo tion, 2009). Jankovič s literary history works focus in particular on the poetics of works by Jaroslav Hašek and Bohumil Hrabal (Kapitoly z poetiky Bohumila Hrabala, Chapters from the Poetics of Bohumil Hrabal, 1996).
10 Miroslav Červenka and versology Miroslav Červenka ( ) became involved in literature as a poet, combining his interest in theoretical issues (versology, poetics and semiotics) with literary history and textology within literary studies, setting such special subjects as verse theory (Český volný verš devadesátých let, Czech Free Verse in the 1890s, 1963; Dějiny českého volného verše, History of Czech Free Verse, 2001; and the unofficially published Z večerní školy versologie 1 4, From Versology Evening School, 1 4, published officially in book form with Květa Sgallová) and the issues surrounding the meaning of literary works (Významová stavba literárního díla, Semantic Structure of the Literary Work, completed in the 1960s, 1992) in a broader cultural history context. Just like Jankovič he was unable to work in the field during the 1970s and 1980s for political reasons. In 1990 he returned to the ICL and begin lecturing at the Faculty of Arts in Charles University. His work responds to a number of new theoretical ideas, particularly on fictional world theory (Fikční světy lyriky, Fictional Worlds of Lyric Poetry, 2003). new Director and Zdeněk Pešat the Deputy. However, Vodička was prevented from implementing his distinctively structuralist new approaches at ICL by the political changes after the invasion of Czechoslovakia in August Through lexicography against normalization In 1970 romanist Vladimír Brett was made the new Director, whose party task was to expunge the structuralist deviation from the Institute. ICL was combined with Institute of Languages and Literatures and renamed the CSAS Institute of Czech and World Literature. Some two dozen staff members had to leave for political reasons. In 1972 Ladislav Štoll again took over as Director, while his Deputy was Hana Hrzalová, who took over as Director after Štoll s death until the end of Although the personnel changes at the Institute hit hard, there was more of a liberal atmosphere there than at many other humanities institutes. Prominent researchers who were allowed to remain at the Institute were compelled to withdraw into the background, which paradoxically encouraged a new prominence for systematic encyclopedic work at the Institute. The monumental Lexikon české literatury project (1 4, ) carried on from the previous Slovník českých spisovatelů Encyclopedia of Czech Writers by Opelík and Havel. In four parts and seven volumes Lexikon offers 3,500 entries on individual phenomena in the history of Czech literature from its Old Slavonic and Latin origins to the mid-20 th century. Lexikon includes personnel and subject entries on magazines, journals, publishers, associations and anonymous works of older literature. Lexikon was worked on by three generations of ICL
11 What is it Czech Literary Studies and the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS 8 9 staff and external co-workers under the editorship of Vladimír Forst, Jiří Opelík and Luboš Merhaut. Proof of the fact that despite the circumstances, communication still carried on with those who had worked at the Institute and then had to leave was not only the informal discussions among the medvědáři, regularly organized by Jaroslav Kolár, but also e.g. Slovník básnických knih (Encyclopedia of Poetry Books, not published until 1990), authored not only by Vladimír Macura, Zdeněk Pešat and Jaroslav Med, but also by Miroslav Červenka. From the late 1970s Macura was the most prominent figure at the Literary Theory Department. Young researchers sought inspiration in contemporary world literary studies, particularly semiotics, historical poetics, hermeneutics, and reception aesthetics (e.g. Václav Koenigsmark, Daniela Hodrová, Jiří Holý, Pavel Janoušek, Alice Jedličková and Jiří Trávníček). The first result of this Department s work was at the time a remarkable Slovník literární teorie (Encyclopedia of Literary Theory, 1977, reworked in 1984). Although this came out under the name of Štěpán Vlašín, its subsequent form was anonymously influenced by Jiřina Táborská and Miroslav Kačer, who had been removed from the Institute. Macura s management resulted in reference works of a new kind: Slovník světových literárních děl, Encyclopedia of World Literary Works (1988) and Průvodce po světové literární teorii, Companion to World Literary Theory (1988 under the name of Milan Zeman; reworked 2012, edited by Alice Jedličková). A second line of work at the Department in those days was research into historical poetics, the first result of which was a groundbreaking collective work Poetika české meziválečné literatury, Poetics of Czech Interwar Literature, on the individual genres characteristic of that period (1988, ed. Daniela Hodrová). Vladimír Macura and semiotics From the early 1970s, literary theoretician and historian Vladimír Macura ( ) focused on the National Revival. In his monograph Znamení zrodu (Signs of Birth, 1983, expanded edition 1995) he analysed the culture and ideology of this period as a system of signs. He defined the Revival as a cultural type characterized by such aspects as play and mystification. He also used a semiological approach in his analysis of the characteristic signs of socialist culture (Šťastný věk, Happy Age, 1992; Masarykovy boty a jiné semi/o/fejetony, Masaryk s Boots and Other Semi/o/feuilletons, 1993). Playing with reality and fictions, the historical novel and historical truth, crucial links for Czech history and intimate breaks characterize the peak fiction achievement of Vladimír Macura, his novel tetralogy Ten, který bude (He Who Will Be).
12 Theatrological work also continued at the Institute (performed by Eva Šormová, Vladimír Just, Adolf Scherl and Jan Pömerl), and functional communication took place between Czech studies specialists and colleagues focusing on other literatures, particularly younger colleagues at the Department of Western Literatures focusing on the issues surrounding romanticism (e.g. Zdeněk Hrbata and Martin Procházka). Zdeněk Pešat a Miroslav Červenka, 1963
13 What is it Czech Literary Studies and the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS Seeking the Novel by Daniela Hodrová Daniela Hodrová s (* 1946) literary theory intervines with her novels. Her censored dissertation Román zasvěcení (The Initiation Novel, 1973, published as a book in 1993) examined the origins of this distinctive genre in connection with the tradition of hermetic knowledge. In her book debut with the characteristic title of Hledání románu (Seeking the Novel, 1989) she works on the typological opposition between the novel reality, and the novel fiction. The polarity between the reality and imagination, real Prague and the space of the novel, the constant presence of history and stories of novel characters living both in mundane and eternal worlds is characteristic of her novel trilogy Trýznivé město (Agonizing City, ). Literary topology was a subject that also played a role in her specialist work (Místa s tajemstvím, Places with a Secret, 1994; Poetika míst. Kapitoly z literární tematologie, The Poetics of Places Chapters from Literary Thematology, 1997, with others; Citlivé město, Sensitive City, 2006). Her last book Chvála schoulení (In Praise of Curling Up) deals with the poetics of transience (2011). In the Coordinates of Freedom After November 1989, Zdeněk Pešat was made the Institute of Czech and World Literature Director and Vladimír Macura became his Deputy. Their plan was to combine research into Czech literature and theatre with research into world literatures. A number of persecuted colleagues returned to the Institute (e.g. Miroslav Červenka, Milan Jankovič and Jiří Brabec). Methodologically, ICL opened up to various new theoretical ideas. However, this new plan for the Institute came up against the reduction of the Academy of Sciences ordered in Some thirty researchers had to leave the Institute and the Department of Comparative Studies and Theatrology was closed down without a replacement. The result was the enforced Bohemization of the Institute and a return to the traditional name of the Institute of Czech Literature. The research centre headed by Director Vladimír Macura ( ), Pavel Janoušek ( ) and Pavel Janáček (since 2010), had to complete its extensive collective tasks such as Lexikon české literatury (Lexicon of Czech Literature). At the same time this also entailed two other types of work that could not be adequately performed until the democratic revolution, i.e. Slovník českých spisovatelů od roku 1945 (Encyclopedia of Czech Writers Since 1945, edited by Pavel Janoušek, 1 2, 1995 and 1998) and the associated Slovník českých literárních časopisů, perio dických literárních sborníků a almanachů (Encyclopedia of Czech literary journals, periodic literary anthologies and almanachs, , edited by Blahoslav Dokoupil, 2002). Encyclopedic work on State Socialist literature included the four- -part Dějiny české literatury , History of Czech Literature ( ), and its single-volume summary Přehledné dějiny české literatury , Synoptic History of Czech Literature (2012). Under Pavel Janoušek s administration the team of authors highlighted the history of literary communication set in a broad historical context, devoting separate chapters not only to individual literary types (poetry, prose and drama), but also to various forms of literary life, popular literature and literary broadcasts on television and the radio.
14 Research into historical poetics culminated in such thematological publications as Poetika míst, The Poetics of Places, by Daniela Hodrová et al. (1997) and in particular a three-volume project Poetika literárního díla 20. století, The Poetics of the Literary Work in the 20 th Century, which the theory department worked on in the latter half of the 1990s and the turn of the millennium (Daniela Hodrová et al.:...na okraji chaosu, On the Brink of Chaos, 2001; Miroslav Červenka, Milan Jankovič, Marie Kubínová and Marie Langerová: Pohledy zblízka: Zvuk, význam, obraz, Views from Close Up: Sound, Meaning, Image, 2002; Miroslav Červenka, Daniela Hodrová, Zdeněk Hrbata et al.: Na cestě ke smyslu, On the Way to Meaning, 2005). In addition to its own research work, the Institute programmatically opened up to the public from November In 1996 it began consulting the authors of the British English Poetry Full-text Database over the creation of the Czech Electronic Library. Under Blanka Svadbová a full-text library was established and compiled, including all Czech book-published poetry from the end of the 18 th century to the First World War. In addition to free access to over 1,700 books, this now also offers online search facilities for motifs in the texts and the like. Pavel Janoušek
15 What is it Czech Literary Studies and the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS ICL research departments and teams in the new millennium The Theory Department deals with historical poetics, versology, narratology, intermedia poetics and memory studies involving literature. After Průvodce po světové literární teorii 20. století, Companion to World Literary Theory in the 20 th Cen tury (2012, edited by Alice Jedličková), was expanded and adapted, one of the primary tasks at the Theory Department came to be the thematically categorized Slovník literárněvědného strukturalismu, Encyclopedia of Literary Studies Structuralism. This comparative historical encyclopedia depicts structuralism in its international context in all its basic aspects and forms throughout the 20 th century. Another important task at the Department is to ensure access to the sources and the study of the history of the Prague School and the works of its representatives. Teorie vyprávění v kontextu Pražské školy, Theory of Narrative in the Prague School Context, is a book monograph by Bohumil Fořt (2008), while Tomáš Kubíček published a monograph entitled Felix Vodička názor a metoda: K dějinám českého strukturalismu, Felix Vodička Opinion and Method: The History of Czech Structuralism (2010). The anthology Český strukturalismus v diskusi, Czech Structuralism under Discussion (2014, edited by Ondřej Sládek) summarizes translations of studies by foreign literary theoreticians and historians on Czech structuralism and such figures as Jan Mukařovský and Roman Jakobson. A monograph by Ondřej Sládek came out in English (2015) and Turkish (2014) entitled The Metamorphoses of Prague School Structural Poetics. Another important source is an edition of correspondence by the Prague Linguistic Circle (Pražský lingvistický kroužek v korespondenci, Prague Linguistic Circle in Correspondence, edited by Marie Havránková 2008; Pražská škola v korespondenci: dopisy z let , Prague School in Correspondence: Letters , edited by Marie Havránková and Vladimír Petkevič, 2014). Versology Team members Robert Kolár, Petr Plecháč and Jakub Říha published Úvod do teorie verše, Introduction to Verse Theory (2013), which presents the first summary of this traditional literary studies field in sixty years. The ICL Versology Team specializes in the automatic computer-assisted analysis of verse. Robert Kolár and Petr Plecháč made use of material gathered at the Czech Electronic Library and on this basis they were the first in the world, using their own algorithms, to create a Corpus of Czech Verse, a lemmatized, phonetically, morphologically, metrically and strophically annotated corpus of Czech poetry from the 19 th and the early 20 th century ( The 20 th Century and Contemporary Literature Department charts contemporary literature in several interpretative anthologies, the first of which focused on 1990s literature (V souřadnicích volnosti, In the Coordinates of Freedom, 2008), and the second on literature from the 2000s (V souřadnicích mnohosti, In the Coordinates of Abundance, 2014). Department members also published a number of independent monographs on figures in contemporary Czech literature (Pa vel Janoušek: Ivan Vyskočil a neliteratura, Ivan Vyskočil and his Unliterature, 2009; Ten, který byl. Vladimír Macura mezi literaturou, vědou a hrou. He Who Was. Vladimír Macura between literature, scholarship and play, 2014;
16 Petr Hruška: Někde tady. Český básník Karel Šiktanc, Somewhere here. Czech poet Karel Šiktanc, 2010; Jiří Zizler: Ivan Diviš. Výstup na horu poezie, Ivan Diviš. Ascent of Mount Poetry, 2013). A study on reflections of the recent past in normalization prose Poučeni z krizového vývoje, Morals from the crisis developments, was written by Alena Fialová (2014). Drama is also dealt with in a number of publications by Lenka Jungmannová (Karol Sidon, Pavel Landovský, Václav Havel), and contemporary poetry is dealt with in a monograph by Karel Piorecký (Česká poezie v postmoderní situaci, Czech Poetry in the Postmodern Situation, 2011). The 19 th Century Literature Department was established in The primary subject for this department was the reception of the Dvůr Králové and Zelená Hora Manuscripts. A monograph and anthology entitled RKZ a česká věda , The Manuscripts and Czech scholarship (edited by Dalibor Dobiáš, Michal Fránek, Martin Hrdina, Iva Krejčová and Kateřina Piorecká, 2014) helps readers find their bearings in the specialist discussion on what were supposed to be the oldest literary legacy, i.e. the Dvůr Králové and Zelená Hora Manuscripts. Other publications by department members include interpretations of seminal works of Czech literature (Michal Charypar: Karel Sabina: epigon a tvůrce, 2010; Karel Sabina: Epigon and author, 2011, Máchovské interpretace, Mácha interpretations, 2011) attention is also focused on ideas about literature and the history of literary studies and criticism (Kateřina Bláhová: České dějepisectví v dialogu s Evropou, Czech Historiography in Dialogue with Europe, 2009; Kateřina Piorec ká: O českou literaturu naukovou, Czech Educational Literature, 2011). German-Czech studies is systematically dealt with by Václav Petrbok (Stýkání nebo potýkání, Coexistence or Confrontation, 2012). Department for Research into Older Literature. An integral part of work by members of this department is to provide published access to literary heritage and historical sources. The outcome of many years of editorial work is the first comprehensive critical edition of Kronika česká, Czech Chronicle, by Václav Hájek of Libočany prepared by Jan Linka (2013), and the associated publication Na okraj Kroniky české, On the Margins of the Czech Chronicle (2015), presenting selected contributions from the conference arranged to mark the publication of the Hájek Chronicle. Department members also focus their attention on German and Jewish literature since the Middle Ages, Jesuit school drama and other topics. Department for Research into Literary Culture. Work on the history of Czech literature from the Communist period stimulated the development of research into the long neglected lower levels of modern literary communication and the issues surrounding the sociology of literature. Since 2003 department members have dealt with popular literature and culture (Pavel Janáček Michal Jareš: Svět rodokapsu, The World of Czech Pulp Magazines, 2003), its social regulation (Pavel Janáček: Literární brak. Operace vyloučení, operace nahrazení , Trash Literature: Operation of Exclusion, Operation of Replacement, , 2004) and history (Pavel Kořínek et al.: Dějiny československého komiksu 20. století, History of 20 th Century Czechoslovak Comics, 2014). The long-term team research into literary censorship resulted in Nebezpečná literatura? Antologie z myšlení o literární cenzuře, Dangerous Literature? An Anthology of Thought on Literary Censorship (edited by Tomáš Pavlíček, Petr Píša, Michael Wögerbauer, 2012) and a collective
17 What is it Czech Literary Studies and the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS monograph by Michael Wögerbauer, Petr Píša, Petr Šámal, Pavel Janáček and others: V obecném zájmu. Cenzura a sociální regulace literatury v moderní české kultuře , In the General Interest: Censorship and social regulation of literature in modern Czech culture, (2015, in print). Literary journals as a cross-section of literary communication at the height of the National Revival were dealt with by Lenka Kusáková (Literární kultura a českojazyčný periodický tisk , Literary Culture and the Czech-language periodical press , 2012). Research into reading and readership. Since 2007 Jiří Trávníček has been researching contemporary reading and readership at the department in collaboration with the Czech National Library. His quantitative branch is based on regular statistical polls, which have taken place three times to date, the results of which have been summarized in three monographs (Čteme? Obyvatelé České republiky a jejich vztah ke knize, Are We Reading? Inhabitants of the Czech Republic and their attitude to books, 2008; Čtenáři a internauti. Obyvatelé České republiky a jejich vztah ke čtení, Readers and internauts. Inhabitants of the Czech Republic and their attitude to books, 2011; Překnížkováno. Co čteme a kupujeme, Overbooked. What we are reading and buying, 2014). A summary of these publications presents the international public with key information on contemporary Czech reading culture (Reading Bohemia, 2015). A second branch of reading research is qualitative and based on the collection of reader interviews in field research. A sample of the reading biographies of literary professionals was summarized in the publication Knihy a jejich lidé, Books and Their People (2013). The result of this research will be a monograph on reader models from all generations represented in the current population. Textological and Editorial Department members followed up the Czech Electronic Library, based on the extent of the collected texts output, with an experimental project entitled Kritická hybridní edice, Critical Hybrid Edition, focusing on intensive research and a comprehensive summary of the literary legacy of a single figure or the textual and reception history of a literary work. The first volume was Dílo Františka Gellnera, Collected Works of František Gellner (2014). A book edition for the broad reading public comes together with a DVD digital application containing all known printed and manuscript texts by the author, whether complete or incomplete, in all available variants including those which have not previously been published. The Critical Hybrid Edition also comes together with a full biblio graphical listing of works in all publications. This volume is also followed up by a critical hybrid edition of the literary, artistic and typographical work of Karel Hlaváček. Department members also deal with the development of textology as an independent discipline and the changing face of modern editorial practice (Michal Kosák and Jiří Flaišman: Podoby textologie, Forms of Textology, 2010; Michal Kosák: S použitím kalendáře, Using the Calendar, 2013). The Lexicography Department develops, supplements and updates Slovník české literatury po roce 1945, Encyclopedia of Czech Literature since 1945, based on the digitization of lexicographical handbooks compiled at the Institute. The online Slovník ( is gradually being expanded to currently include over 1,600 entries. In addition to entries on authors there are also
18 institutional and interpretational entries on literary works. Department members are filling in the index with types of literary phenomena that are still missing. This has lately involved entries on publishers, which under the editorship of Michal Přibáň have also been compiled in Česká literární nakladatelství , Czech Literary Publishers, , (2014), whose extensive chapters deal with the histories and editorial activities of individual domestic and émigré publishing houses. Institute of Czech Literature a place for education The Institute of Czech Literature is a training centre for postgraduate course programmes in collaboration with the Faculty of Arts at the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice and the Faculty of Arts at the Masaryk University in Brno. Over fifteen doctorands working at ICL are integrated into research work and at the same time have space to write their own dissertations. The opportunity is open for them to take part in lecture and seminar series arranged by ICL, as well as international exchange trips and scholarships. Some thirty ICL staff lecture at a total of ten higher education institutes in the Czech lands (the Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Education and the Catholic Theological Faculty at Charles University, Humanities at Charles University, Literary Academy, New York University in Prague, Theatre Faculty, Arts and Faculty of Education at Masaryk University, Faculty of Education at Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem and the Arts Faculty at Palacký University in Olomouc), as well as abroad (e.g. Oxford). In collaboration with the Charles University Faculty of Education in Prague, ICL arranges a Students Literary Studies conference, which is regularly attended by some thirty Czech, Slovak and Polish Czech studies students. Bibliography: Bláhová, Kateřina Sládek, Ondřej (eds.). Ústav pro českou literaturu AV ČR, v. v. i. Prague: ICL, CAS In digital format: index.php?expand=/sborniky/2012/khucl; Grund, Antonín. Organizační řád Ústavu pro českou literaturu ČAVU. Věstník ČAVU 56, 1947, pp ; Havel, Rudolf. Vznik ÚČL a první období jeho činnosti. In: Merhaut, Luboš (ed.). Světová literárněvědná bohemistika I. Historie a současný stav. Prague: ÚČL AV ČR 1996, pp ; Jedličková, Alice (ed.). Felix Vodička Prague: ICL, CAS 2004; Literární věda a současnost. Česká literatura 8, 1960, No. 1, pp. 1 74; Mukařovský, Jan. Úkoly literární vědy. Věstník ČSAV 62, 1954, pp ; Pešat, Zdeněk. O normalizaci a Lexikonu. Tvar 6, 1995, No. 21, p. 3; Pešat, Zdeněk. Ústav pro českou literaturu v letech In: Merhaut, Luboš (ed.). Světová literárněvědná bohemistika I. Historie a současný stav. Prague: ICL CAS 1996, pp ; Strohsová, Eva. Dovětek z roku In: Dějiny české literatury IV. Literatura od konce 19. století do roku Prague: Victoria publishing 1995, pp. 9 11; Vodička, Felix Novák, Bohumil (eds.). Památník národního písemnictví na Strahově. Katalog muzea české literatury. Prague: PNP 1953.
19 Retrospective bibliography of Czech literature The original card index includes 1.75 million excerpts on texts from Czech and world literature and associated disciplines published in the periodical press in the Czech lands in Czech and German. The online database provides full access to the scanned card index, offering search facilities in the automatically transcribed section of the bibliography text content. ( retrobi) database of Czech literary studies since 1945 In its almost 400,000 entries this live database of Czech literary studies includes bibliographic details of works published in books and journals from Czech literary studies and associated fields; it also provides bibliographic support for literary criti cism and journalism. ( Czech literature in exile This database contains records on approximately 1400 books published by Czech publishers in exile, as well as literary criticism and journalism published in émigré journals in the latter half of the 20 th century. ( Czech electronic Library A full-text library containing 1,700 books of Czech poetry from the end of the 18 th century to the First World War. ( Encyclopedia of Czech Literature Since 1945 The online encyclopedia comprises over 1,600 entries and is subject of an ongoing enlargement. It features Czech writers, works of fiction, critics, literary publishers, magazines and journals, samizdat press, writer s associations, specialist and memory institutes. Old Czech collection This collection contains 163,000 microfilm fields and over 155,000 photocopies of Old Czech manuscripts and prints. (The catalogue is here: Digital archive of literary and cultural journals Online accessible archive of digital copies of Czech literary and cultural journals from the 19 th century to the present, which are scanned on an ongoing basis. ( Digital archive of popular literature This archive of digital copies presents individual items and collections of material printed en masse online from the ICL fonds and loans from private collections. (
20 Institute of Czech Literature a world centre for Czech literary studies ICL works together in partnership with a number of academic establishments and universities in Europe. It supports its staff members in international collaboration on individual projects, scholarships and research trips. It offers foreign researchers scholarships under the Czech Academy of Sciences Josef Dobrovský Fellowship programme. In addition to international special-subject conferences it also arranges a Congress of World Czech Literary Studies once every five years, which is attended not only by European researchers, but also by those from America and Asia. Coming up in THE Science Around Us series: Martin Steiner: Jan Amos Komenský Markéta Pravdová: Jak se mluví mezi živly Petr Zacharov: Milešovka Already published: Kateřina Piorecká, Pavel Janáček: Literárněvědná bohemistika a ÚČL Jiří Padevět: Pochody a transporty smrti Daniela Procházková, Miloslav Šimek: Věda na jihu Čech: Biologické centrum AV ČR Science Around Us What is it Czech literary studies and the Institute of Czech Literature, CAS Kateřina Piorecká and Pavel Janáček Translation: Melvyn Clarke Published by the Center of Administration and Operation CAS, v. v. i., for the Institute of Czech Literature CAS, v. v. i., Na Florenci 3/1420, Prague 1. Layout: Jakub Krč; Type: Serifa; Technical editor: Monika Chomiaková. Editor in charge: Petra Královcová. First edition, Edition number Print Serifa, s. r. o., Jinonická 80, Praha 5. Other volumes available at:
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Hello (Bali)
Hi, I just want to say Hi to everybody as I am new to this community.
My company may have some open positions in Bali and I have applied for one. I have lived for one year in Jakarta and I am looking forward to move to Bali and bring my family too.
However I have a concern that hasn`t really bothered while staying in Jakarta but considering that I want to bring two young girls to the island I cannot avoid the question.
What do you think, especially those who have been living here for a long time, about dengue in Bali?
Thank you,

subset: commoncrawl


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Special Guest Columnist - Michael CorenWinter 2009 CSANews Issue 73 | Posted date : Dec 12, 2009.Back to list
I have to be honest. I was never a particular fan of Barack Obama and I simply couldn't share in the mass euphoria when the man was elected. Of course, it was an iconic triumph for a black man to become president of a country that, 150 years earlier, had institutionalized slavery, but there are any number of gifted men and women of colour who could run for this or any office. The contrived rhetoric, the speeches that when analyzed, revealed so little content, the hysterical fans revering the man but clueless when asked about his actual policies. All too much for this cynic. Then again, the Sarah Palin cult left me bewildered. Surely this was not the best that a country of such greatness and splendour could offer?
More than a year later and Obama has had some, though not enough, time to show his worth. Frankly, it's more of the same. While claiming to want to end the polarization of American life and politics, he has made appointments and statements that have in no way been conciliatory. Health-care reform is vital but, from the very first days of the policy change, President Obama could have reached out to many Republicans who were offering constructive suggestions. He only did so when forced. Hillary Clinton, for all of her failings, had worked on this issue for years and surely would have made a better job of it.
On foreign policy, we see the greatest failings of all, made all the more obvious because we were told that this was the great revolution in Washington's relationship with the rest of the world. George W. Bush certainly left some open wounds but, even according to Obama's own criteria, he has done little. No genuine troop reductions in Iraq and Afghanistan, Guantanamo Bay not closed, Iran more bellicose than ever and all informed Israelis and Palestinians convinced that matters are worse now than under the last administration.
The president and his people made a lot of noise about America not being at war with Islam, but the West knew this already. The bigger point is to ask how many Muslims know that they are not at war with America. There were ranks of Muslim women and reformers who were outraged at what appeared to be Obama's fawning approach to the Islamic establishment in his Cairo speech.
There were similar groans when he failed to appear in person at the 20th anniversary celebrations of the fall of the Berlin Wall. This wasn't the marking of a passing event, but the commemoration of the turn of history. He appeared by video and, predictably, managed to discuss himself in what was supposed to be a testament to the millions who had lived under Soviet oppression.
This jarring lack of empathy was seen again after the massacre at Fort Hood. Not, of course, the time for false emotion or crass reaction, but the man hardly mentioned the slaughter for hours! A president is more than a political leader. He is a symbol of a nation, a centre for the hope and aspirations of an entire people. Reading from prompters in what is now, surely, an achingly predictable manner is not the stuff of greatness.
With the economy, it would be unfair to blame this current leader on what is a severely worrisome situation. The current pain goes back to a disease created by Carter, not diagnosed by Bush Senior or Clinton, and often ignored by the last president. But the amounts of money spent by Obama on trying to remedy the crisis are beyond comprehension and, at the moment, it is doubtful that this is working. The United States is simply not recovering as quickly as Canada, the bulk of Europe, or most of the rest of the industrialized world. With such government intervention, we can only imagine the long-term problems if this plan doesn't work.
He has certainly made the U.S. more popular in the developing world and in liberal circles in Europe and elsewhere. He has given hope to many in America who felt voiceless and without representation. He has given a new, shining possibility to the racial divide and allowed millions of Americans to feel involved in the body politic. He is intelligent, sophisticated and worldly. All this is laudable. He is also an emperor praised by legions of people for the wonder of his new clothes. We will need another year or two to decide whether they are truly spectacular, or whether he is completely naked. I hope for the former, fear the latter. It can be very cold out there, very cold indeed.


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As a cyclist one of my hardest battles to face is dieting. Many of us are trying to improve our "Power to Weight" Ratio. In the last 2 years I'm happy to report that I finally see light at the end of the tunnel. I am hovering at 151lbs (68kg) and I have just a little more to go.
Two years ago, before I got back into cycling, I weighed 175-177lbs (80kg). My metabolism is extremely slow at 41 years of age, so a night of bad eating affects me greatly. It hasn't been easy and is a daily battle.
What I would like to pass to you, is to acknowledge that what works for one person, will not necessarily work for the other. You really have to embrace the lifestyle change if you want to maintain a healthy cyclist body.
I have tried many different paths and finally found one that is working for me.
Along with the typical healthy fruits and veggie eating that we all are supposed to do. You know the typical "diet and exercise" blah, blah, blah, that people keep repeating. I found a few little tricks in my diet that I think have made the difference and have finally given me the reduction I wanted.
1. I cut out refined sugar and only consumer organic sugar. Cutting out eating refined sugar in almost every form was the key for me. As sugar is stored fat.
2.I now drink carbonated water with all meals. I find the carbonation fills me up allowing me to reduce my portions. So I consider it my portion control agent :-)
3.I substitued celery for carrots. Carrots are bad !!! Yes they are, TOO MUCH SUGAR.
4. Every month I do a cleanse. Yes, I cleanse but a specific one that works for me. I drink a special organic tea with built in laxatives. So any residual stored fat from that little bit of junk food I consume every now and then, is out of my system.
5. Instead of going to bed hungry, I will down a few rice cakes with the carbonated water.
So as I mentioned, along with all the typical nutrionist babble, I found those 4-5 things are really helping me shed the pounds. I have finally reached the level where I can "train more and eat less" and shed some pounds and not "bonk."
I've adopted a "Living of Lance" lifestyle for 2012 and so far so good !


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TONIGHT - October 11th, 2017
Joani Geltman, Child Development and Parenting Expert will discuss adolescent psychology
7pm at Holliston High School Auditorium
Industry guru Joani Geltman will discuss how the brain affects our teen's behavior. Her seminar will cover the battle of the thinking brain vs the feeling brain; effective strategies for arguing - the 4 ways of fighting; effective strategies for keeping your teen safe as they explore the new world of teen life; how to teen-proof your home and cell-proof your teen. Dominique Ross, lead counselor of the Holliston High School Guidance Department, also be on hand to answer any questions you may have. We look forward to welcoming you this evening.
Home > About > Backpack Express > District Backpack Express >


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Myself and a friend are going to Australia for 2 months in January and are looking at trips and tours to do when we are over there. Can anyone suggest which companies are best to use? We are wanting to tour the east coast and pop over to Ayer's rock.
Also, we are thinking of popping over to New Zealand for a few weeks to do some tours there too. Again any advice of companies to use?
Any help with this will be much appreciated!


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Tag Rumble - be aware of cavities!8 1 Share Tweet
Start again: tag your pictures! Give us the perfect words that describe all your pictures you have in your albums.
It's Tag-Rumble Time again! We need your tags that describe your uploaded pictures. The more words, the better. This week we again give away shiny piggies for all correctly tagged pictures.
This time we're looking for the word Schokolade (so chocolate in English)
How to participate:
- Tag Pictures themed around caries or chocolate with the word "Schokolade" (German for chocolate)
- You´ve time until the 23rd of October!
- After the deadline we´ll look up images tagged "Schokolade" in our Photo Section
- The 3 best shots win 10 piggies each!
- No need to upload! Just tag!
written by graefin on 2009-10-16 #news #competition
translated by graefin


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"We reveal stories about freedom's heroes, from the era of the Underground Railroad to contemporary times, challenging and inspiring everyone to take courageous steps for freedom today."
The Everyday Freedom Hero Award recognizes those individuals and organizations in our midst who strive to live up to the ideals of the Underground Railroad movement, the foremost of which is freely using one's resources in order to attend the wellbeing of others. This award recognizes those who truely exemplify the best of being a free people in a free society. The Everyday Freedom Heroes Award provides the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center with the opportunity to lift up their stories in order to inspire the next generation of freedom heroes.
Previous Honorees
Eric Foner


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Alain Darnay, Amazon, art, Blogs, books, fiction, Fritz Gerhard, Holocaust, Jacques Jaujard, louvre trilogy
Sometimes the best fiction, in my humble opinion, is inspired by a real story. I am fond of taking real historical stories and using them as a starting point for my own novels. I have called on historical facts and figures for several of my books, including Terezin Twilight, Unsinkable, The Blue Butterfly and the three books of my Louvre Trilogy, Hiding Mona Lisa, Finding Fritz Gerhard and Rescuing Rembrandt.
I did not blog much about my Louvre Trilogy. There's a great story behind it and while my characters are fictional the events that inspired it are all true and an amazing story. In 1939, as Hitler was quietly taking over countries and WWII had not yet been officially declared, the museums of France began to worry about their national collection of art. Hitler had already launched his plans for the building of his Furhrermuseum in Linz, Austria and was making his way across Europe, talking whatever works of art he wanted, from museums and from private collectors, many of whom were Jewish. Fearing that the Louvre especially might be in danger, the director of the Musees Nationaux, Jacques Jaujard, began to put into effect a plan for evacuating the contents of the Louvre before Hitler could reach Paris. I first found out about this remarkable feat by accident when I showed a video about the history of the Louvre in my middle school art class. What Jaujard did is awe inspiring. He led his staff in packing up every art treasure in the Louvre's collection, including the Mona Lisa and carried it out of Paris to the chateaux of the Loire Valley. When Hitler arrived at the Louvre all he found was an empty shell. Jaujard managed to keep the Nazis at bay for the duration of the war and every work of art returned safely to the Louvre after the war. Some people refer to movie stars and Disney characters as 'heroes." To me, a hero is someone who does something remarkable without thinking of himself and his own personal risks. That is what Jacques Jaujard did- he saved the contents of the world's greatest art museum as well as the people who worked under him. I ended up putting Jacques in the books as a tribute.
This story has stayed with me for many years. I have shared it with several classes since then, but in the back of my mind I was always trying to figure out a way to incorporate it into a story. I hesitated in part I think because I do seem to write a lot about WWII and Nazis…I can't help it, I'm like Mel Brooks and they seem to find their way into my work, probably because of all those Facing History classes. One day on a run, where, believe it or not, much of my writing occurs, the idea came to me. What of there was a plot to steal the Mona Lisa and a curator with a mysterious past and the characters meet against the backdrop of the evacauation…and Hiding Mona Lisa was born.
I hadn't meant it to be a trilogy, but I got into the characters and there was so much left unfinished. So I kept writing. Three books later and I think there could be another book that takes place a few years later, one which would stand alone but have the same characters.
But for now, it remains a trilogy of which I am very proud. You can find it at my website, http://www.booksbylynnmurphy.com or on Amazon.


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Sometimes it seems as if politicians and celebrities have it all: fame, wealth, power and prestige. Turns out, some are even blessed with IQs as high as Einstein! Others however, have IQs that couldn't even get them a high school degree.
Begin the Slideshow to find out the most unnerving IQs of some of the most influential and famous people on the planet.


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Dave Roper
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Dave's reviews
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Awesome course & great design. Great use of elevation and terrain. Hopefully the course will be permanent.
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Solitude Mountain Resort › September 23, 2010
Solitude is a world class mountain disc golf course. There is a ton of elevation change with most holes going downhill. The course is difficult and discs are hard to find. Finally, hole 18 is epic.


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There is so much confusion on the rowing world about the way rowers need to catch the water and how coaches need to teach that. Different coaches have different ideas and approaches and rowers feel confuse and don't really know many times what they should do or why. Also they don't understand why coaches say totally opposite things. I don't have a golden answer but I do have my own opinion and I can explain WHY I believe on the process i use.
At the end of the process we want to have a good rower. An early fast rower doesn't assure a perfect developed rower at the end of the process. Early extra speed sometimes goes against proper development.
1) Do you try to do on training all the time what the best rowers do?Do you need to coach the rower by asking him to do what the top rowers do or there is a process to get there?
You do on training what is going to make you faster on race day. You follow a process on training that will make you the best you can be overtime. Trying to imitate the leg drive of the best rowers doesn't assure anything because before you focus on that you need to have the blade on the water and well loaded. How many coaches ask for quick legs when the rower doesn't even know how to catch?
2) What is a possible process to improve?
On my opinion first you need to learn to catch the water and load the blade and later you will worry about the speed of your legs- hips- drive. When a coach asks his rowers to speed the legs when the rowers have no skill, the coach is confusing the process and the development. He might be getting some quick early speed but he is developing wrong patterns of movement and also confusing the process.
The process you follow on training shouldn't imitate the rowing of the best but have a purpose to develop the rowing to eventually row like the best. Let's give an example: If I look at the video of 2 days ago of the Australian pair Olympic Champion in 2004 I can see that their catch is direct and perfect. If I coach a High School kid who has been rowing for few months can I ask him to do that? Not because he cannot do it. The reason is that his rowing coordination, timing and skill are not there yet. He is still developing and learning. What should I should ask him for?
I will ask him to place the blade on the water with control and precision on a direct way, ask him to be relax and load the blade by feeling pressure on the 2 key points: hands against handle and feet against footplate. The more connection the more pressure in this 2 parts working against each other.
I believe that the way to learn good rowing skills is by slowing down the process and being patient. Said that it is important to develop a process or training system where the rowers are helped through drills and a clear process where the coaches walk them through a system of development that develops rowing right. The rower will progress overtime and increase skill and develop his body and rowing correctly. The process can be checked by testing with video and performance the situation of the rower 2 to 4 times a year. If the development is right the rower will increase skill and speed overtime.


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This offer has been extended and is applicable to bookings made by 30 June, which can be taken between now and 8 January 2018 and is available on economy, flexi and premium fares on the Harwich – Hook of Holland route.
>> Save up to 25% off Holland
>> Save up to 25% off all Economy, Flexi and Premium vehicle (cars, motorhomes and motorcycle) fares
>> Offer available until 30 June
>> Travel up to- 8 January 2018
>> Use the code word SHINE
The offer applies to car, motorcycle, motorhomes, minibuses, vans, caravans/trailers, additional passengers, foot passengers and bicycle economy, flexi and premium fares on the Harwich - Hook of Holland route. It is not valid on cabins, Stena Plus, meals, onboard arrangements, Rail and Sail,
fees or surcharges.


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Categories: Cements and Desensitizers : Cement Resin
Accolade™ PV Veneer Placement System, 3 g PV Composite Refill - Danville Materials
Accolade PV is a complete veneer cementation system designed by a major lecturer and clinician.
- Highly thixotropic so it adapts readily but does not slump
- Excellent polish and wear resistance
- Now with natural fluorescence and 0.7 micron filler
- Try-in composite built on the same chemistry as Accolade but without sensitivity to ambient light


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Report says Geothermal Energy to double by 2020
The world will see a significant increase in the use of geothermal as an energy source between now and 2020. That's according to a report released this week by Pike Research. The research analyst constructed several scenarios based on an estimated 10.7 gigawatts of geothermal capacity in existence throughout the world in 2010. That 10.7 gigawatts equates to about 67 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity, with the U.S., which currently possesses 3.1 gigawatts of installed geothermal systems, as the world's leading user. In fact, 88 percent of the world's geothermal energy systems currently in operation are used in only eight countries, according to the report. Peter Asmus, the senior analyst on the report, emphasized that geothermal is currently one of the world's least-tapped opportunities for alternative energy. In the report's high-growth forecast, geothermal capacity increases 134 percent to 25.1 gigawatts. In the report's most conservative forecast, Pike estimated that world geothermal capacity will grow to 14.3 gigawatts by 2020.
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