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WASHINGTON (Feb. 18, 2004)—When is peak time for elephants to make long-distance calls? In the cool, calm hours between dusk and dawn, according to Michael Garstang, a meteorologist at the University of Virginia.
Garstang, a National Geographic Society grantee, has researched how atmospheric conditions affect long-range, low-frequency communication for several years, and an account of his recent study into elephant calls in Namibia is the subject of a Field Dispatch in the March 2004 issue of National Geographic magazine.
The link between weather and sound has long intrigued Garstang. Curious as to whether elephants communicating with each other waste energy bellowing against the wind or whether they take advantage of atmospheric changes that can boost bass tones, he and a team of researchers headed to Namibia's Etosha National Park. For three weeks, they recorded more than 1,300 elephant calls and the atmospheric conditions in which they were made.
They found that 96 percent of the calls occurred between dusk and dawn, when temperatures dropped below 40 F and the air was almost still. The greatest number of calls happened from an hour before sunset to three hours after, with another talkative period in the first two hours after sunrise.
Cool, calm air creates an optimum channel for infrasound, with elephant calls able to be heard over an area of at least 110 square miles, compared to less than one square mile when wind gusts and turbulence caused by shimmering heat tend to break up sound waves. The early morning and early evening peaks in calls support the idea that elephants have adapted their behavior to match patterns of change in the atmosphere. "Elephants talk most when conditions are best," says Garstang.
Garstang's work is supported by National Geographic's Committee for Research and Exploration. At any given moment, hundreds of National Geographic research grantees are conducting work in field locations around the globe. Research, exploration and conservation are as much a part of the tradition of the National Geographic Society as the yellow-bordered magazine that documents them.
In an effort to continue bringing this research and its results to readers, National Geographic magazine created the Field Dispatch feature, which provides a snapshot of a particular scientist and research project funded by National Geographic.
"Field Dispatches are designed to transport our readers into the field with the scientists," said Bill Allen, editor-in-chief of National Geographic magazine. "These mini-portraits highlight the essence of field research — the personalities involved, the remote locations and the excitement of discovery."
Since 1890 the Committee for Research and Exploration has funded more than 7,000 research projects, including expeditions that led to the discovery of numerous new dinosaur species, spectacular Inca sacrificial mummies atop peaks in Peru and Argentina, and insights into the behavior of animals in the wild.
For additional information on research grant applications, log on to http://www.nationalgeographic.com/research.
NOTE: An electronic image from the "Calls in the Wild" Field Dispatch is available from Christopher Pollock, National Geographic Communications picture editor, at 202-857-7760 or email@example.com.


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Asperger's syndrome
Letter to the Editor: "In regard to "Autism in the Son of a Woman with Mitochondrial Myopathy and Dysautonomia: A Case Report"
Innov Clin Neurosci. 2016;13(5–6):13–14 Dear Editor: Brown and Rais[1] offer an interesting case report of the autistic son of a mother with a "multisystem litany of symptoms and diseases… typical for a patient with a mitochondrial disease," including vasovagal syncope (a sudden, systemic hypotension), dysautonomia (dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system), adrenal insufficiency, central sleep […]
The Neuroscience Report—Vol. 26 (October 26, 2015): Autism Spectrum Disorder
The latest in neuroscience—sorted and summarized for you Welcome to The Neuroscience Report where each week we will highlight a specific topic in neuroscience and provide you with links to 5 journal articles, 5 news articles, and 5 wildcard picks. Brought to you by Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience—your source for peer-reviewed, evidence-based information. This Week's Topic: Autism […]
Autism in the Son of a Woman with Mitochondrial Myopathy and Dysautonomia: A Case Report
by Bradley D. Brown, MD, and Theodore Rais, MD From University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio Innov Clin Neurosci. 2015;12(9–10):29–32 Funding: No funding was received for the preparation of this manuscript. Financial Disclosures: The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this article. Key words: Autism, autism spectrum disorder, ASD, […]
Can Tactile Sensory Processing Differentiate Between Children with Autistic Disorder and Asperger's Disorder?
by Ahmad Ghanizadeh, MD Dr. Ghanizadeh is from the Department of Psychiatry, Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Hafez Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2011;8(5):25–30
Behavioral Therapy with an Individual with Asperger's Disorder
by Kelly Blankenship, DO, and Noha F. Minshawi, PhD Dr. Blankenship is a developmental disabilities fellow, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Dr. Minshawi is Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology in Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. Psychiatry (Edgemont) 2010;7(8):38–41
The Dopamine Dilemma: Using Stimulants and Antipsychotics Concurrently
by Jason Yanofski, MD From the Forensic Psychiatry Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Psychiatry (Edgemont) 2010;7(6):18–23
Use of Antipsychotics in Children
by Elisa Cascade; Amir Kalali, MD; and Robert Findling, MD Ms. Cascade is Vice President, Quintiles Inc./iGuard, Falls Church, Virginia; Dr. Kalali is Vice President, Global Therapeutic Group Leader CNS, Quintiles Inc., San Diego, California, and Professor of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego; and Dr. Findling is Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics Case Western […]
Social Skills Groups for Asperger's Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
by Jacqueline Countryman, MD Dr. Countryman is from the Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; Dr. Gillig is Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio.

subset: commoncrawl


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Masoud Jabbari
Masoud Jabari
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2010 – today
- 2017
- [j6]Navid Javidtash, Masoud Jabbari, Taher Niknam, Mehdi Nafar:
A novel mixture of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm and fuzzy method to multi-objective placement of distributed generations in Microgrids. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 33(4): 2577-2584 (2017)
- [j5]Saead Sharifi, Masoud Jabbari, Hosein Farzanehfard:
A New Family of Single-Switch ZVS Resonant Converters. IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics 64(6): 4539-4548 (2017)
- 2016
- [j4]Masoud Jabbari, Taher Niknam, Aliasghar Baziar, Ali Farzadian, Alireza Zare:
Probabilistic management of charge/discharge of EVs: An approximation procedure. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 30(1): 501-508 (2016)
- [j3]Reza Khorramnia, Mohsen Ketabi Jahromi, Sanaz Salari, Mehdi Nafar, Masoud Jabari:
An intelligent framework to solve the non-convex economic dispatch problem with practical limitations. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 31(1): 173-183 (2016)
- 2015
- [j2]Bahman Bahmani Firouzi, Reza Khorshidi, Masoud Jabbari, Mehdi Nafar:
A new method for detection of fake data and adaptive fuzzy PI control for power system stability. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 29(5): 2279-2286 (2015)
- 2014
- [j1]Taher Niknam, Farhad Bavafa, Masoud Jabbari:
A novel self-adaptive learning charged system search algorithm for unit commitment problem. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 26(1): 439-449 (2014)
- [c1]Masoud Jabbari, Habib Kazemi, Nahid Hematian, Ghazanfar Shahgholian:
A novel resonant LLC soft-switching buck converter. ISIE 2014: 370-374
Coauthor Index
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2017 Fiat 124 SpiderPosted on August 12th, 2016
Iconic roadster returns for millennial driving enthusiasts
By Nina Russin
Is it possible for an Italian sports car to cost less than $25,000? Remarkably enough, it is. The new Fiat 124 Spider that rolls out as a 2017 model recalls the automaker's best selling open-air car that debuted at the 1966 Turin Auto Show.
As with the original, design inspiration came from Italy, but the underpinnings reflect a collaboration between Fiat and Mazda. Fiat incorporated chassis components from the current Mazda MX-5 Miata into its powertrain, but added its own 1.4-liter MultiAir turbocharged engine that delivers 164 horsepower. Buyers can choose between a six-speed manual gearbox or six-speed automatic transmission.
Base price for the test car equipped with the six-speed manual is $24,995, sans the $995 destination charge. Options include an audio upgrade that adds Bluetooth streaming music, rearview camera and pearl white exterior, bringing the final MSRP to $27,880.
Test drive in Southern Arizona
This week's test drive of Fiat's two-seater was my second experience in the car, having driven it along California's coastline at a media event a couple of months back. Having a week with the car is different, because it gives a person a better idea of what it would be like to live with it as an owner.
No doubt the Spider's swoopy Italian styling is going to turn heads everywhere it goes. With its aggressive grille and wide headlamps, the Fiat 124 Spider will never get lost in a crowd. The Italian character radiates more from the exterior than inside the car, where styling carries more of the Miata influence.
Driving enthusiasts will love the short-throw shift lever that makes the Spider a hoot to drive. OEMs are essentially required to offer automatic transmission versions of any new model since that's the bulk of the market, but having driven both, anyone with the ability to do so should go for the manual gearbox. Roadsters were born to be shifted hard and tossed around in the corners. In this writer's opinion, that requires a clutch pedal.
Fiat's 1.4-liter turbocharged block is one of the best engines in its stable: light and compact with plenty of power for the open road. Fuel economy averages 30 miles-per-gallon.
The suspension consists of a compact double wishbone setup in front and multi-link in the back. Stabilizer bars on both axles keep the chassis flat in the corners while an Abarth strut tower brace enhances torsional rigidity for better steering response.
Its large alloy rims and low-profile performance tires give the Spider a firm ride but most should find it comfortable. Four-wheel disc brakes stop the convertible in firm, linear fashion.
The double pinion electric power steering system feels remarkably like a traditional hydraulic setup. The Spider's narrow diameter steering wheel gives drivers the control they need for this type of vehicle.
Visibility around the perimeter with the soft top in place is about what one might expect. There are large blind spots towards the back, despite a fairly large rear window so the optional rearview camera is highly recommended. Over-the-shoulder visibility is good: drivers should have no problems monitoring traffic in adjacent lanes on the highway.
Driver-focused interior
Despite being slightly larger than the Miata it shares chassis parts with, the Spider's interior is still quite small, with seating for two and a shelf in back of the seats to stash a purse, computer bag or small pack. Room in the trunk is similarly limited. It will hold one or two roller bags at most. While active types will love the visceral experience of driving an open-air car, this is not a vehicle to go camping with.
Designers optimized the interior's limited space with well configured, ergonomic seats, a gauge cluster and large information display, both of which are easy to read in a variety of lighting conditions. The convertible top is easy to deploy with one hand in less than a minute.
A tilt steering wheel enables smaller drivers to maintain a clear forward view. There are plenty of small storage cubbies for occupants to stash cell phones and drinks, making the Spider a surprisingly practical option for everyday commuting.
Keyless entry and start saves the driver from fumbling for the key fob after dark. Since occupants sit low in the car's frame, access and egress requires a little more effort than the typical passenger sedan.
Standard safety
The Fiat 124 Spider comes with front and side airbags, active head restraints, antilock brakes, stability control, daytime running lamps and tire pressure monitoring.
The sexy new Spider is rolling into Fiat dealerships nationwide.
Like: An affordable, stylish, fun-to-drive roadster in the traditional of Fiat's iconic open-air cars.
Dislike: Small interior and trunk space limits the car's practicality for some buyers.
Quick facts:
Make: Fiat
Model: 124 Spider
Year: 2017
Base price: $24,995
As tested: $27,880
Horsepower: 160 Hp @ 5500 rpm
Torque: 184 lbs.-ft. @ 3200 rpm
Zero-to-sixty: N/A
Antilock brakes: Standard
Side curtain airbags: Standard
First aid kit: N/A
Bicycle friendly: No
Off-road: No
Towing: No
Fuel economy: 26/35 mpg city/highway


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Hello friends,
I saw the manicures done by Pearl. You can check out her blog here. She has the most gorgeous nails and i can spend days together oogling at her swatches and the way she applies the polishes.
This design is very much inspired by her manicures. I am not sure if i did justice to her work.
Hope you girls liked it.


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My blog features images from Magnolia-licious and Stampin Up. Quilts & Quilted Items. Have a great day in the Lord. Blessings to all.
Monday, April 15, 2013
Tilda ~ Spring Flowers
Hi everyone, how was your weekend.
Mine was okay and did some cuttlebugging
and image stamping. My SU party did not
go well as many had to cancel at last minute
so it was only 3 of us. But all in all we had
a fun time.
I like this Tilda with her cute lamb. I think
this image could be used any time of year,
don't you think? Not just for spring. My
sister in law has a sheep ranch and she
enjoy lambs and sheep all year long. They
are so cute.
I used Copic pens on Tilda and my sister
Karen made my beaded flower for me.
Other items are from my stash.
I am entering my card in these challenges:
613 Avenue Create ~ Anything Goes
Challenges 4 Anybody ~ Anything Goes
Lasting Memories ~ Use Your Stash
Lacy Sunshine Challenge ~ Spring Fever
Have a great week, I am preparing to offer
some blog candy not this week but next week.
I will keep you all posted.
Pray for me as I am having an ultra sound
on Wed. to keep tabs that cancer is not
forming. I Praise God for His Healing in me.
Hugs to all
17 comments:
Beautiful card, I love your bow and lace.ReplyDelete
Hugs Renate
- AnonymousApril 15, 2013 at 3:39 AM
What a pretty pretty cad!!!ReplyDelete
What beautiful card! Love the way you embellished your design.ReplyDelete
Just gorgeous Doreen!!!!....Good Luck with the challenges....and the Ultra Sound...Hugs GillianReplyDelete
THis is so beautiful!ReplyDelete
Lovely Spring card and great colors you have used! =)ReplyDelete
Hugs, Elenor
Just gorgeous and I love that bow, I wish I could tie them that well. Wonderful work. Cheers, HolleyReplyDelete
Fabulous card Doreen.. LOVE the Bow and Lace..LozReplyDelete
This is adorable. I love the colors and all the details. Awesome job!ReplyDelete
So pretty Doreen. I love the colors and that Tilda is cute! :) NanceeReplyDelete
Pretty card and fantastic texture with the beads. Lovely Tilda coloring too :o)ReplyDelete
So adorable, Doreen. Lovely design and Tilda looks gorgeous. Love the beaded flowers and the fabulous ribbon.ReplyDelete
I'll keep you in my thoughts and prayers.
Cathy Lee
- AnonymousApril 16, 2013 at 6:46 PM
This is so pretty, I love the aqua (my favourite) You've coloured your Tilda beautifully, very sweet card DoreenReplyDelete
Hugs Julie P
- AnonymousApril 16, 2013 at 6:48 PM
Will keep you in my Prayers for a good result on your ultrasound, take care hugs julie PReplyDelete
Doreen, keeping my fingers crossed for the best of results on your ultrasound.ReplyDelete
Beautiful card. Love the cool colour scheme and your colouring of this adorable Tilda. Very pretty DP and love the pattern ribbon.
stunning and lovely card, the colours are fantastic and the bow is beautiful.ReplyDelete
Fantastic card, beautiful image and colours. Thank you for joining us for the Crafty Bloggers Network challenge.ReplyDelete


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Just yesterday we opened up sign ups for photo sessions to be featured in our 2014 calendar. Calendar photo sessions are now a DSAGSL tradition, with the help of many talented and generous photographers. This week we invited one of those photographers, Nichole Olea of Solea Photography, to write for us about her many experiences taking photos of kids and adults with Down syndrome. What she gave us far exceeded our expectations and will definitely touch your heart.
Wow, I was so honored when the Down Syndrome Association of Greater St. Louis asked me to be a guest blogger! Of course I jumped at the opportunity to share how much I love working with this organization and why.
When I tell people about the DSAGSL and how I'm involved with them, I always get asked the same two questions – (1) how did you get involved and (2) what makes it so important to you? So I thought this was a great time to answer those questions…
I was introduced to the DSAGSL about 5 years ago by a family member that knew someone on the board; I was told they are always looking for photographers to donate services. Shortly after that I met about an idea to offer free family portraits to the families of children with Down syndrome and then use the photos for a calendar that they have been putting together for the past few years. It was confided in me that many parents are a little hesitant to take their kids with Down syndrome to get a professional portrait because it's not always an easy process and can be very upsetting. This has been something that several other parents have confided in me throughout the years, as well. I thought, "How sad that these families haven't had a fun and enjoyable experience while capturing their family memories". I knew that I could offer a service to them and I couldn't wait to get started!
The first year was a huge success, but it wasn't until the second year that I realized that this is something that I'm extremely passionate about. There is one photo session in particular that is responsible for opening my eyes and touching my heart:
I had a mid-afternoon session scheduled with a sweet 2-year-old little girl named Lydia during one of those unbearably hot summer days – you know the ones! It goes without saying that she really wasn't interested in being photographed. It was hot and sticky, right in the middle of nap time and Lydia was pretty unhappy! She didn't really cry or complain, but she sure didn't smile either. I wasn't really happy with any of the images I was getting during that shoot. Lydia was adorable with her cute blond pig tails, rosey round checks and bright blue eyes, but I wasn't capturing her true spirit…yet! I noticed that she kept making hand gestures and soon found out that Lydia knew sign language and was asking for her little brother. We took a small break for Lydia to get a drink and give her brother a quick hug. I remember her dad was holding the baby brother and let the two have a quick embrace that lasted only a few seconds. I quickly grabbed my camera and was barely able to snap off one or two shots before the moment passed and to this day one it is one of the most moving images I have in my portfolio. Not technically perfect – the composition is way off and maybe a little out of focus, but I've never captured a more natural moment in my entire career.
Several months later I found out that Lydia was scheduled for a very routine surgery to repair a hole in her heart. Unfortunately sweet little Lydia had complications with her surgery and was hospitalized for several weeks. I'm sad to say that Lydia didn't make it and after a long fight she passed away. I, of course, wanted to pass along some of the photos we had taken that day with the people that knew and loved Lydia – after all they were some of the last photos taken of this sweet angel. I intended to have some images printed to display at the funeral but when I arrived the first thing I saw was a large image of Lydia and her brother barely touching noses in a quick impromptu embrace – the image that I barely captured!
It was that moment that really hit home for me. How much I love my job and truly the importance of what I do. I help families capture memories that they will cherish for a lifetime. I know it sounds corny, like something on a hallmark card, but I don't take that job lightly.
Nichole Olea
Solea Photography
Want to see your loved one with Down syndrome in our calendar? Sign up for a photo session here! And learn about all of our great photographers: Solea Photography, MK Loeffler Photography, Your Story Photo Art, Fisher Photography and MNC Photography


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At the home of the PGA TOUR, JELD-WEN windows and doors frame dramatic views of one of the most legendary courses in the game.
Larger than the White House, the 77,000-square-foot clubhouse boasts a spectacular Mediterranean revival style, accented by 86 JELD-WEN Custom Wood Windows and 77 interior doors including one very special handcrafted door. JELD-WEN artisans created a hand-carved rendition of the course's notorious 17th island green in a solid wood door. TPC Sawgrass and its island green are icons of professional golf. JELD-WEN wanted to demonstrate the tremendous skill of their custom carvers and create a totally unique door for the enjoyment of thousands of golf fans who visit the course every year.
JELD-WEN Custom Wood Windows bring desirable natural light into the clubhouse, while blocking most harmful UV rays. JELD-WEN windows with LoĒ3-366 glass have three invisible layers of silver that make buildings energy efficient, save on air conditioning costs and help protect interior finishes and fabrics from fading.
The spectacular JELD-WEN Custom Wood Door is just one example of how the company's artisans can bring any design to life. Whether it be the course's signature hole or a scenic landscape from a memorable vacation, JELD-WEN can execute the design in hand-carved relief.
In addition, these windows are built with JELD-WEN's proprietary wood preservation process, AuraLast® Wood. AuraLast Wood is guaranteed to resist wood rot and termite infestation for 20 years, requiring fewer replacements and repairs over time. The AuraLast Wood preservation process also eliminates solvents and reduces harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by 96 percent compared to traditional dip treatments. Like most JELD-WEN products, the windows at TPC Sawgrass are ENERGY STAR® qualified.
Design Features
Project Team
- Chapman Coyle Chapman Architects - Marietta, GA
- Clark Construction Group, LLC


text:
Feature request PDF thumbnail
3 posts by 2 authors in: Forums > CMS Builder
Last Post: October 31, 2017 (RSS)
By kitsguru - October 29, 2017
it would be great if when a pdf is uploaded that the appropriate thumbnails are created.
In other words, if thumbnail 1 and 2 are checked, then those images would be created as jpg.
Jeff Shields
By Dave - October 31, 2017
Hi Jeff,
Thanks for the suggestion. There's no way we can do that currently because it requires some PHP libraries that aren't guaranteed to be on all servers (ImageMagick and GhostScript). There are some code examples here if you wanted to give it a try: https://www.google.ca/search?q=PHP+Create+Thumbnail+from+PDF
And if you had a client project with the budget for it and a server that supported those libraries we could always look at doing it as a consulting job for you.
In any case, thanks for the suggestion!
By kitsguru - October 31, 2017
All my clients are on my reseller account and I control the libraries installed. I can write a plugin myself, but I think it is reasonable to test if the libraries are installed and then automatically do it. If not installed, then skip.
Jeff Shields


text:
Life Lately and a big blog update!10:18 AM
What's happenin' dude! I'm still in complete shock that it is August! The year is more than halfway over and summe...
12 comments
Your new blog design is gorgeous! I wish I had the skills to paint all those pretty little things!ReplyDelete
Ladyface Blog
absolutely love it all.ReplyDelete
This is COMPLETELY GORGEOUS! Love everything about it! You have such a talentReplyDelete
OH MY GOSH I absolutely LOVE the new design sweet lady!!! SO GORGEOUS and SO YOU!ReplyDelete
i am in love with your new blog layout! so cute!ReplyDelete
lindsey louise
I love the new blog look!!!ReplyDelete
I LOVE the new design! :)ReplyDelete
Love the new design. Pretty and simple!ReplyDelete
Love seeing all your painting, you're very talented.ReplyDelete
Loving your new layout dear! Its perfect and even more so because you handpainted the designs yourself. Talented lady you! :) I can't beleive its August already either but I'm soaking up all these summer days were having before it turns cold again. Beautiful photos btw.ReplyDelete
Lulu xx
- AnonymousAugust 4, 2013 at 3:18 PM
Beautiful photos and your blog is looking soooo lovely! x x xReplyDelete
Love the new look... I adore your style & your photos... it's always so calming but still full of life! ♥ReplyDelete


text: I found this documentary video on Chad VanGaalen on Booooooom c/0 Lifetime Collective. I'm down with Boooooom's curatorship. It's so bullshit, (meaning I like it so much, so much, that it is not good enough to say "great," or "fantastic," I need to call it bullshit, just to shock you, just to let you know how much I love it). I'm also down with VanGaalen. He's been a "note" on my inspiration board throughout the writing of Squish Brain.


text:
NEW Gibson Ace Frehley guitar strings - RARE
Sold for:
Start Free Trial
or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Sold Date:
- Source: eBay
NEW RARE never opened - Gibson Ace Frehley guitar strings. This is an un-opened set of strings that came with the Gibson Ace Frehley model Les Paul guitars as case candy in 1996-97 when the guitar was in production. These are very hard to find.See my other auction for the case candy PICK that went along with the Ace guitar.


text:
Religious riots
Religious riots in Nigeria
Religious riots in Nigeria: A focus on Muslims and Christians in Nigeria.
To God almighty who made it possible for us to write this paper.
To those who had been persecuted and those still are being persecuted for religious sake.
To those who died in the various religious riots in Nigeria, and other places across the world. We pray that your death will not be in vain but will, someday, be the foundation of peace among religions.
We can rightly say that it was divinely made for us to write on the topic, religious riot in Nigeria, not only because it is a religious matter that directly concern all Nigerian and, definitely, the world at large as the world heads towards becoming a global community; but also one of the writers is known as a crusader of religious tolerance. This can be confirmed by his various online write ups on hub pages, and other social networks; and his book " it is time we truly know why Jesus wept" ( 2008) by N. K. David, published by author house UK Ltd.
Therefore it was divinely made that this subject be handled by those who are neutral to all religion. This is because the resolution of such a delicate matter needs people that would not be biased or influenced by any religious doctrine thereby leading to wrong conclusions; especially now that religious riots have continually threatened the peace of Nigerians. Most Nigerians wonder, if we can ever find a lasting solution which is necessary for our peaceful co-existence as a nation.
This paper was made to answer those questions and gave solutions to problem. Before the question was answered and solutions given, the paper made us to understand what religion is all about, its origin and why it has caused riots instead of uniting us.
We are grateful to the school of general studies University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and the coordinator of the course, peace and conflict resolution II (GSP 202) for they gave us the opportunity to write this paper and through it give our own contribution in conflict resolution. We also thank our lecturer, Mrs. Abada F. C. She made us work tirelessly in writing this paper. Finally we are grateful to those whose works helped us in writing this paper.
TOPIC ................................................................................................................... i
Dedications ………………………………………………………………..............ii
Preface/ Acknowledgment ………………………………………………………iii
Table of content…………………………………………………………………….iv
1.0 Introductions ……………………………………………………………............1
1.1 What is Religions…………………………………………………………………1
1.2 The Origin of Religion………………………………………………………….2-3
1.3 God and Religion………………………………………………………….…..3-4
1.4 The Bridge Linking Some Religions…………………………………………..4-6
1.5 Why Man Needs Religion………………………………………………..………6
2.0 Brief History of Religion in Nigeria …………………………………………….7-8
2.1 Causes of Religious Riots between Muslims and Christians in Nigeria………..8-11
3.0 The Aftermath of Religious Riots …………………………………………….12
3.1 The way out of the situation………………………………………………..13-14
- Introduction: It is known that religion which is supposed to be man's source of hope, love, unity, peace, justice, and friendship has led to various forms of conflicts. This can be intra-religious, inter-religious, or ethno-religious conflicts. The question is why has religion led to conflicts? In this paper, we shall focus on inter-religious conflict between muslins and Christians in Nigeria, and we shall use it to answer the question among other things. In this chapter we shall define religion, we shall then trace the origin of religion and how it started. The various religious ideas of God will be considered and we shall show some link between some religions. Finally we shall end the chapter by explaining the purpose of religion to man. In chapter two we shall consider why religion which should be a source of unity between man and God, and between man and his fellow man has turned to be a source of conflict between religions and between man and his fellow man. Religious riots in Nigeria are not without any serious consequences. The consequences are of various dimensions which include economical, political, social, and psychological consequences. In chapter three, we shall consider these consequences, and recommend solutions and conclude on the subject.
1. What is Religion?
Religion is among the words that have various definitions. This is because scholars can define it in various ways. For instances Ibenwa and Ngele (2010) quoting Yinger defined religion as "a system of beliefs and practices by means of which a group of people struggle with ultimate problems of human life. It expresses their refusal to capitulate to death, to give up in the face of frustration, to allow hostility to tear apart their human association." They also cited Durkheim and defined religion as " a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things that is things set apart and forbidden, beliefs, and practices which unite into a single moral community all those who adhere to them." Again Ibenwa and Ayogu (2010) quoted Ballah as cited in OKeke (1998:53); they defined religion as "as a set of symbolic forms and acts which relates man to the ultimate conditions of his existences." BBC English dictionary defined religion as "belief in a god or gods and the activities connected with this belief." In this paper we shall define religion as "a belief that is peculiar to any person or group and may involve rituals, ceremonies, and other activities as a means of communication, appreciation, devotion, and subjection to spirit being or forces" the word "person" in the above definition is necessary because most religious concepts started with an individual before it was welcomed by group of people.
2. The origin of religion:
The history of religion is as old as man's existence. Therefore nobody can say with absolute certainty when and how religion started; however, according to B. A. Robinson (www. Religioustolerance.org/religion-theory) there are two main theories of the origin of religion. These are:
i) Faith based theory:
This theory is of the view that religion started when man claimed to receive visions, revelation, and instructions from God. Such events usually occur to single individuals before they make it known to others. From this theory, one can right say that it is clear that many religious founders, even some sects of an original religion, have different claims to the messages and instruction they received from God which contradicts one another. Therefore its acceptance by anyone, even those that experienced it, is based on faith.
ii) Secular based theory :
This theory is of the view that a form of religion existed before man evolved from proto-human. That is to say human as proto-human had a religious system which was formed based on ideas. This was because proto-humans needed answers to some things they could not explain or understand like their environment, the sun, afterlife, moon, stars, among others. They also had the need to survive the uncertainty and brutality of the world therefore they needed protection and assurance. It was because of the need to find answers of the unknown and security that led to the formation of the first religious system with its priesthood. They used rituals to appease the various gods like the god of fertility. This theory hold that since religion was based on hunch, it led to different ideas of religion, religious rituals, and religious ceremonies among others.
Having considered the two theories, one can not say with absolute certainty if the proto-human received no instructions, revelations, or visions from God before setting up a religious system although it can be argued that they had no intuition. However it is known that man once worshipped things he feared or failed to understand. These things include stones and objects of various shapes, the sun, the moon, and the stars among others. Secondly no matter how we consider the origin of religion, we can say that both theories are based on faith because hunch, which is the base of secular theory, without faith is dead. Both theories was practiced by faith and it will be unfair for us to say that religion at its primitive stage did not serve its purpose because we know, at least to an extent, that it worked for them as they had faith in their various religious settings.
It is also important to note some men and periods in religious history. These are:
2000BC -------------------Abraham
1100-500BC--------------Vedas, Hindus compiled their holy test
200BC----------------------------Hindus book Bhagavead Gita is written
40-90AD----------------------------New testament written by followers of Jesus
570-632AD-----------------------------Muhammad recorded Quran for Islam
From: www.allaboutreligion.org
It is also important to note that some philosophers made contributions in religion. Socrates is said to be the originator of the word "soul" which he called "psyche." There is a branch of philosophy, metaphysic, which is concerned with what is above the physical which only an initiate can understand. Some Philosophers are also known to search for the philosopher's stone, the elixir of life.
The point is that man has always tried to find answers to most things including the earth and how it came to be. This quest for answers gave rise to various theories which include God as the creator of all things and therefore religion came to be.
4) God and religion:
Religion has its main belief in God yet there are differences in the religious concept of God. These different ideas of God are:
i. Pantheism:
This is a religious belief that holds that God exists in everything in nature and in the universe. From this view we can say that God is a part of all things in nature. The religions that have this view include Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.
ii. Polytheism:
This religious belief holds that there are many gods. That is they belief that the god head is arranged in hierarchy order. Hindus has this view.
iii. Monotheism:
This religious belief holds that only one God exist. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam hold such belief. However, the Christian concept of trinity and its conflicting explanations among Christian sects placed Islam and Judaism as perfect examples of monotheistic religion. The concept of trinity is also a basis of debate between Muslims and Christians.
iv. Atheism:
This may not be considered a religious belief by some people but it is a newer belief that holds that God does not exist. This belief came up as men started to think deeper and asked questions which they seem not to find perfect answers, if God exists. Some of these questions may include, why do people, even children, suffer if a loving God exists? No explanations and answers could convince them that God exists so they have come to stay until they see reasons to believe in a loving God amidst of sufferings and other uncertainties.
5) The bridge linking some religions:
Despite differences in religious teachings and expect for some virtues like love, peace, justice, and kindness among others which virtually all religions share in common, surprisingly there are some religious individuals that are acknowledged by other opposing religion group however they there are recognized in different roles:
i. Judaism, Islam and Christianity:
These three religions belief and respect most of the prophets of the old testament of the bible like Moses, Abraham among others. However, they have conflicting view about Jesus Christ. Muslims belief that it degrades God's majesty for him to have a son. But they accept Jesus as one of the prophets of God. Yet even among Muslims they have various views as regard to Jesus birth, resurrection, among others. While Christians believe that Jesus is a son of God, and the savior of the world whose birth was through a virgin, he was crucified and he resurrected. Some Christian sects see Jesus as being the same or equal to God. The Jews do not belief that Jesus is the expected messiah. They are still expecting the promised messiah.
ii. Hinduism and Christianity:
Hinduism existed long before Christianity but there is a surprising similarity between the life and works of Jesus in Christianity and the life and works of Krishna in Hinduism. The similarities were best shown by Kersey Graves, a Quaker from Indiana, in his book, "the world sixteen crucified saviours." B. A. Robinson (www. Religioustolerance.org/ Implications of points of similarity between the lives of Jesus and Krishna) cited those similarities which are reproduced here: "
"6 & 45: Yeshua and Krishna were called both a God and the Son of God…56: Both were identified as "the seed of the woman bruising the serpent's head…58: Jesus was called "the lion of the tribe of Judah." Krishna was called "the lion of the tribe of Saki…60: Both claimed: "I am the Resurrection....66: Both were "without sin…
(From: www.religioustolerance.org)
6) Why man needs religion:
Religion has served various purposes to man. The moral values of any community can be linked to their various religious concepts and beliefs. It is for the same reason that the law of a society has a religious ingredient added to it. Therefore religion can be seen as a part of people's culture which does not only guide their relationship with God and their fellow adherents but also guide their relationship with all men. Religious laws and commands like, do not kill, and an eye for and eyes, which is a retributive justice, is established in the constitutions of countries as man came together to form a complex society. Religion also gives man a sense of assurance and security by having the direction, protection, and support of a higher being. Religions help man to try to live so as to please his God and since God is good, man is expected to live a good life.
1. Brief history of religion in Nigeria: there is some evidence that suggests that Nok people had a form of religion that was similar to the Egyptian worship of Osiris. However, it can be considered as part of African traditional religion system which was prevalent before foreign religion came to Africa. The Portuguese were the first to bring Christianity to Benin and Warri in the 15th century; however most Christian missionaries came by sea in the 19th century. Islamic religion is recorded to have entered through the Boron kingdom during the trans-Saharan trade in the 11th century. It then entered the Hausa land through the Wangarawa. By 15th century Islam had entered most parts of, the now northern Nigeria but the Usman Dan Fodio Jihad of 1804 helped to strengthen the religion and its leadership in the northern Nigeria consequently it was not easy for our colonial masters to introduce Christianity into the northern part of Nigeria because of the organized religious system. However despite the difficulties the north and other regions were merged to form what is today called Nigeria.
Nigeria currently have 50.4% Muslims, 15% protestants, 13.7% catholic, 19.6% other
Christians and 1. 4%. Other religions which include Hinduism, Judaism, Bahai faith, Chrislam
(A combination of Islamic and Christianity), grail movement among others (www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nigeria).
Islamic and Christianity are the two major religions in Nigeria. We shall briefly look at their history.
i. Christianity: Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. After his death, followers preached his gospel and they were persecuted and killed at various places. The earliest Christians were known as Gnostic Christians and some of their teachings like the "divine spark" are no longer taught in most current Christian teachings. Emperor Constantine, after his claimed vision, legalized Christianity and the catholic church formed and the first bishop of Rome to bear the title of pope was Boniface iii in 607AD ( www. Ourcatholicfaith.org). however, the first person to use the word Catholic which means "Universal" was Ignatius of Antioch in his letter in 107AD. (www.wiki.answers.com/q/who founded the roman catholic church) martin Luther king (sr.) was the first protestant to separate from the catholic church then other protestants followed and today we have various Christian sects, the church belief in the holy bible of the old and new testament which is their guide.
ii. Islam: Muhammad claimed to have received visions and revelations in the 7th century, few years after Catholic Church was formed. He recorded the Quran which is the guide of Muslims. His teachings were rejected in his hometown so he moved to medina. He had followers. The two earliest Islamic sects were Sunni and Shia Muslims which came to be after a blood bath in leadership struggle but today other sects have come to exist. The five pillars of Islamic faith are
(1) Shahabad (profession of faith)
(2) Salat (ritual prayer)
(3) Zakat (alms giving)
(4) Ramadan fast
(5) Pilgrimage (Hajj)
It is now known that the foundation of Nigeria was wrongly laid. The numerous cases of religious riots in Nigeria are among the consequences of the wrong foundation. Our colonial masters were aware of the religious differences between the regions which they merged as Nigeria. They also witnessed various forms of resistance in their administration's effort to spread Christianity to the northern region yet they merged the various entities. This shows that they main interest was not on missionary work and the spread of Christianity but on what they could benefit economically. After that the two major conflicting religious ideologies were unreasonably brought under one roof without necessary planning to avoid conflicts.
i. Non secular constitution: section 260 (1) and 275 (1) of the Nigerian constitution made provision for establishment of Shari court in federal capital territory and for any state that requires a Shari court of appeal. This is so despite that the same constitution guaranteed the freedom of religion to all citizens. Shari is an Islamic law therefore it means that the state is not secular by adopting any religious law. We can ask how a non secular state can protect the rights of those religious beliefs it opposes. B. A. Robinson quoted john Shelby sponge, a retired bishop of the Episcopal Church
"Religion is primarily a search for security and not a search for truth. Religion is what we so often use to bank the fires of our anxiety. That is why religion tends toward becoming excessive, neurotic, controlling and even evil activities to be encouraged not to be feared.. . A true and healthy religious system will encourage each of these activities. A sick and fearful religious system will seek to remove them." (www.religioustolerance.org/religion today).
A religious government is most likely to be cruel to those that fail to adhere to her religious beliefs. That is why imposition of Shari law in the northern part of the country is not good for national integration because it will give one religious group engenders that they own a particular state. Therefore they would want everything to be done according to their laws. It is this kind expectation that leads to religious riots when people of other religion refused to be subjected to another religious law, outside their own.
ii. Insecurity: Nigeria lack good security network that can stop religious riots before it escalates. Unlike in developed countries where police and other law enforcement agencies can get to riot scenes or crime scenes in less than five minutes to keep the situation under control. It usually takes hours, at times days before the Nigerian police arrives at riot scenes and before then the damage would already be done and many lives lost. Unfortunately, more death counts usually continue even after the police have been deployed to the ground, and it may take military intervention to stop religious riots. This shows lack of good security.
iii. Lack of due process: even after religious riots had occurred, the government would not follow due process to investigate the case and its cause so as to punish the offender. Consequently, the promoters of religious riots continue to enjoy liberty and promote more religious riots. This is because government does not seriously investigate the causes of religious riots to prevent subsequent occurrence.
iv. A sense of common enemy (stereotype): this is the result of misdirected grievances that leads to religious riots because of a feeling of common enemies. For instance the November 18th 2008 riot in Jos was because of alleged rigging of local government election which had nothing to do with religion yet it resulted to death and churches and mosques were burnt. Another instance is the 2006 religious riot in Maiduguri and its reprisal attack in Onitsha because of caricature publication of Prophet Mohammed by a Danish newspaper. The publication was made outside Nigeria yet it led to religious riot in Nigeria because they already see each other as common enemies. Muslins in some other countries only protested.
v. Lack of respect for sacred things of other religions: some religious fanatics do not respect the sacred things of other religions. This has caused religious riots in Nigeria.
For instance the 1990 Kano riot which started because of an alleged defecation on the Quran by Gideon Akaluka.
Secondly the January 17th 2010 Jos riot was caused by muslins youths that attacked Christian worshippers in Nassarawa Gwon on a Sunday which is a sacred day for Christians.
vi. Religious intolerance: most Christians and muslins do not tolerate their religious differences this has caused religious riots. For instance the October 1991 Kano riot was caused by muslins that claimed to protest the Christian crusade of Evangelist Reinhard Bonnke. There are other cases that are caused by similar intolerance of other religions.
vii. Lack of teaching religion pluralism: most Christians and muslins do not believe in religion pluralism. They insist that only their own religion or even their religious sect is the only true path to God. This kind of teachings results to hatred of other religions and thereby religious intolerance which causes riots.
viii. Selfishness: we can ask ourselves, each time we want the freedom to freely practice our religion without hatred or persecution by others , do we sincerely want others to have the same freedom? The answer to this question would explain why selfishness has caused religious riots because each group wants to expand and subdue the other.
ix. Wrong concept of martyrdom and jihadist: people have various religious interpretations to justify virtually all their actions even bad actions. Therefore the idea of Martyrdom and jihad has been used to justify most religious riots because those that fought and died in the process are believed to go to paradise. The early Christians were martyred, they did not fight but today muslins belief that they can kill others in jihad as martyrs even when their victims are innocent and did not actually provoke them.
x. Social injustice: social injustice results whenever justice is denied to people. This is the situation in Nigeria where the government and individuals do not respect human rights. Therefore such abuses of human rights include the abuse of religious rights which is among the causes of religious riots in Nigeria.
xi. Corruption: the high level of corruption in the Nigerian government has helped to foster religious riots in that public office holders seek any available means of embezzling public fund. Therefore some of them use religious riots as means of making money because after the riot damages will be paid, investigation panel will be set up among other things. Then it is easier to overestimate cost and make money without doing a dept analysis to find out the cause of the problem and put it on check.
xii. High level of crime and youth unemployment: the September 17th 2001 Jos riot which spread to Bauchi, Lafia, and, Nassarawa with reprisal attack at Aba, Umuahia, and Owerri was said to be caused by a Christian woman that attempted to cross a street barricaded by muslins. Those muslin youths would not have been engaged in such activities if they had a job. They would be busy in their various places of work, and also their counterparts in other states that escalated the riot did so because they had no employment. Most of them see religious riot as an opportunity to make money by stealing under the pretext of riot. This is because of high crime level in Nigeria which made youths to use every opportunity as a ground for crime.
xiii. The unreasonable and uncontrolled zeal to save the alleged lost souls: most Christians and muslins have the unreasonable and uncontrolled zeal to save those, they claim, are lost souls. This has resulted to unreasonable actions and tendencies of using force to convert unbeliever like some muslins have in views. The Christians on their own part preach at unreasonable places like close to a muslin mosque thereby disturbing the peace of other worshippers.
i. Loss of lives and properties: many Nigerians have died because of religious riots and properties worth millions were also lost in the process.
ii. A set back to national development: religious riots are hindrance to national development because it creates an unfavorable ground for sustainable development. Not only will properties and other agents of national development be destroyed but it also discourages foreign investor.
iii. Reduces Nigerian manpower: the results of religious riots have shown that lives are lost and many Nigerian are maimed for life. This reduces the manpower of our nation as able men and women which are talents and potential talents are lost in the process or are disabled for life.
iv. Hindrance to national integration: Religious riot is an obstacle to national integration as the various religious groups will not feel safe outside their ethnic group because of fear of religious riots.
v. Causes enmity and hatred: many people are psychologically affected by religious riots and they likely develop hatred and enmity for their opponents. This will easily result to further riots as each group is easily provoked as common enemies.
vi. Poverty: Religious riots cause poverty and sufferings to those that lost their properties, investments, homes among other thing in the process.
vii. Poor human right record and bad national image: The international communities usually consider our human right record poor. The reason includes religious riots which is an abuse of the freedom of religion. This has given Nigeria a bad national image and poor human right record.
viii. Political mistrust: The incessant case of religious riots has made Nigerian to wonder which ethnic group is fit to rule them fairly. This is because the various religious groups may not trust any other leader expecting their own. This is among the reasons the minority groups are still waiting for a chance to lead the nation.
- The way out of the situation:
We have seen the consequences of religious riots and its strength of denying us national peace and unity. The solution to the problem would be to address those vital issues that usually cause the problems. However for effective and long term solution we recommend:
i. Teaching of religious pluralism: The various religious leaders do not have to wait after a religious riot to come and say "we all serve one God." Just to calm the situation and go back to business as usual. The various religious leaders should learn to teach their followers in their places of worship that all good (non violent and life seeking) religion leads to god but that they accepted whichever teaching they belief because they consider it more suitable. They have to show their followers that they respect other religious views.
ii. Teaching of religion freedom in the various religious setting: the various religious teachers should be asked to teach their follower that others have the right to practice any religion they choose without interference by anyone. Many Nigerian religious followers do not know that it is part of the constitution and the right of all human.
iii. Inter-faith dialogue: the various religious leaders should meet from time to time to reflect on interests that are collectively shared by all Nigerians and on how to help make such interests a reality.
iv. Secular government: Government should not support any religion or religious law because it gives the people a sense of discrimination by the state.
v. Focusing on a common ground of goodwill: Virtually all religion teach virtues like love, peace, unity, justice, fairness, equity among others. These are virtues the various religious groups should teach more. They should not dwell more on their differences in values.
vi. Religious tolerance: The various groups should learn to tolerate and accommodate others even when they think their religion is better or superior than others. They better accept it as ignorance than fight or use force to convert people.
vii. Inter-faith marriage: the various groups should open their doors for inter religious marriages. It will help us to understand our differences better and ways to handle those differences as a family.
viii. Strict punishment for offenders: Government should punish anyone or group found to foster religious riot. This is because it is an abuse of the fundamental human right of others. Therefore, adequate investigation should be carried out and punishment meted to offenders without fear or favor.
ix. Provision of security: Government should step up securities to stop religious arguments or misunderstanding at its early stage before it leads to conflict.
x. Use of early warning signals: Government and individuals should learn to use the early warning signals to prevent religious riots. This signals include angry comments of disapproval, mob gather among others. This will help to prevent reprisal attacks and vengeance.
xi. Youth empowerment: Government should create Jobs and other opportunities for youth empowerment so that the youth will not have time to be part of religious riots.
xii. Involvement of Non-governmental organization: NGOs are handling cases like human right abuses, discrimination against women among others. There is the need for non-governmental organization made of members of various religious groups to help in handling cases of religious riots and educate people on religious tolerance. This is because religious riots are caused by an abuse of human fundamental human rights.
3. Conclusion: Religion is as old as the history of man's existence or even older than man. It is no gain saying that religion which was ones man's sure means of unity, hope, guidance, and protection when man lived in a less complex society, has always been a sources of conflict in human history. This is because it is not easy to change religious laws which were passed from generation to generation so whenever a change comes, it brings persecution, killings and hatred. Man can change any other law but man hardly changed his religious laws because he believes it came from God but even when man claim that God had changed the laws others usually fail to agree. Therefore most religions suffered persecution, condemnation, and even death at their early stages yet and unfortunately the same religion that was once persecuted always tend to persecute, condemn, or even kill people of other religion whenever they grow in strength and number. Therefore the persecuted had always become the persecutor because religion did not learn from history, even from their sufferings and rejections. Now it is no gain saying that religion has failed man, that is why some religious group now claim that they are not a religion but a way of life but the greater question should be, if those that believe in God should fight over his laws and ways, then how will they blame those that said, there is no God? The problem is not religion but the fanatics that use religion as a weapon against others.
Nigeria needs peace and unity, if we are to stand as a nation. Other countries that passed this stage of religious conflict did so because they left their personal selfish interest to work for the interest of their nation through collaboration. Religion is selfish when any religious group considered their own personal interest and ignores the interest of others. Therefore all religious groups in Nigeria should keep their personal interests and collaborate with one another to ensure that peace, unity, progress, love, justice, fairness, equity, and above all religious tolerance is achieved for our national interest.
1. B. A. Robinson: Implications of points of similarity between the lives of Jesus and Krishna (www.religioustolerance.org)
2. B. A. Robinson: Religion: why it started ( www.religioustolerance.org)
3. B. A. Robinson: Religion today (www.religioustolerance.org)
4. Ibenwa C. N. and Ayogu C. N. (2010) "religion and inter-communal crises: A focus on
Northern nigeria." In Nnadozie O. U. (ed.) Topical issues in social
Sciences, Nsukka, Rek books.
5. Ibenwa C. N. And Ngele O. K.( 2010) " Religion, Ethnicity and peaceful co-existence in Nigeria" I n O. U. Nnadozie and A. O. Uzuegbunam (Ed.) issues in peace and conflict Studies and other social sciences, Nsukka, Bels book.
6. Iremeka, Ukamaka Felicia (2009) "justice as the bases for peace in human development: A challenge to the church in Obiora Anichebe (ed.) issues in Nigeria peoples and culture, 9th edition, Nsukka, Afro-Orbis publication.
7. Kevin C. Aura (2008) "understanding the meaning of philosophy" in Obiora Anichebe (ed.) logic, philosophy and human existence, Nsukka, Afro-Orbis publication.
8. Madukwe C. I. (2009) " islam in the culture of Nigerian people: a survey" in Obiora Anichebe (Ed.) Issues in Nigerian people and cultures.
9. Michael I. Izukanne (2007) "History and national integration: the Nigerian experience", Nsukka, university of Nigeria press.
10. Religion in Nigeria: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/religion in Nigeria.
11. Rev. Fr. Barr. Oguejiofor C. P. E. (2010) "tribes and tongues in Nigeria" Enugu, Professor Press.
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Desigual is not the same. The brand's motto since 1984 is the best description of the spirit of its collections.
From brand designs produced in partnership with the French fashion designer Lacroix exclusively for Desigual to the collection Desigual inspired by Cirque Du Soleil, the result of the meeting of the worlds of art and entertainment, and the new and daring shoe collection, the Desigual movement speeds ahead.
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In consideration of my participation in gardening activities on the land provided by Cornell University during the year 2018 growing season I, for myself and on behalf of my heirs, legal representatives and assigns, hereby agree
Cornell University allows us to use this land without charge. We are grateful for this access. Cornell will be monitoring our use of the land and will revoke their permission if we do not treat it will abundant care. We must ask that you agree, by accepting a plot, to abide by the following rules:
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As regular readers here will know, I'm a bit of a Cubasis fan. Cubasis offers a slick interface and a well focused feature set that lets you get on with the core tasks of recording and mixing audio/MIDI music productions. And, as a Cubase user on the desktop, for me at least, Cubasis makes a perfect platform for capturing initial ideas that can then easily be moved across to the desktop if they make the grade as something worth developing further. A personal opinion I know but, for me, Cubasis is simply the most well-balanced DAW/sequencer that we currently have under iOS….
As I posted just a few days ago, Steinberg have just released Cubasis 2.1. The update adds support for the upcoming Audiobus 3, fixes and tweaks over 40 minor issues/UI elements, brings a refresh of the MIDI editing within the piano roll and brings a free new reverb – RoomWorks SE – directly ported over from the desktop version of Cubase…. all pretty impressive for a free update.
Equally, impressive is that Cubasis is also currently on a 50% off sale pricing….. and is an absolute bargain even at full price…. However, as a further bit of impressive generosity, Stefan Trowbridge and Lars Slowak at Steinberg have provided me with five copies of Cubasis to giveaway to readers here at the Music App Blog. How cool is that?
As usual with the giveaways I run on the blog, the deal is simple; get your name in the hat and see if it gets pulled out.
You can enter the draw in one of two ways.
- First, if you just want to enter this draw, then use the Contact Us page to leave your details before 10 pm (GMT) on Monday, April 3rd, 2017. Make sure to enter 'Cubasis' in the message subject line.
- Alternatively, if you want to get included in this – and every future promo code giveaway run on the site – then sign up for the Music App Blog email list before the deadline. All members of the list will automatically be entered in every draw. You can sign up here and, as a bonus for signing up, you also get a copy of the Music App Blog's '25 iOS music apps to get you started' guide. And if you are already signed up for the email newsletter, then consider yourself entered :-)
As soon as I can organise after entries close, I'll draw a suitable number of names at random from all those entered. I'll then notify the lucky winners by email and include the necessary promo code. I'll also post a list of the winners here. If you are one of the lucky ones, do make sure to use the code ASAP – iTunes Redeem Codes generally have a relatively short life span once they have been issued.
If you can't wait for the draw to give Cubasis a try, then hit the download button to find out more….. The full price is UK£48.99/US$49.99 and it is, frankly, worth every penny…. but you can pick it up for 50% off at present and the IAPs – that add some further FX options – are also on sale. However, if you want to be in with a chance of winning a free copy, get in touch or join the email list before the deadline.


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12:37pm PT by Eriq Gardner
Can MTV Sue New Jersey For Nixing 'Jersey Shore' Tax Credit? (Analysis)
New Jersey governor Chris Christie made headlines Monday by blocking a $420,000 film tax credit that was approved by the state Economic Development Authority to benefit MTV's Jersey Shore. The move went against the advice of the New Jersey State-Ledger, the local newspaper, which advised the politician in an editorial last week to "think twice" about nixing the credit lest the state open itself to an "army of MTV lawyers" that might sue.
Is there really a potential case here?
The local New Jersey newspaper worried that reneging on the promised tax incentive would open the state to to liability for making a decision that was less than "content-neutral."
There's been a handful of cases through the years that have gone all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court over whether structuring tax breaks to encourage or discourage certain forms of art could be deemed a violation of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court has warned against the "danger of censorship" and making coercive policies with conditions targeting a small number of speakers.
STORY: 'Jersey Shore' Slammed by Gov. Chris Christie; Tax Credit Revoked
But how about a general tax incentive for TV production and a state agency's discretion to determine who gets to benefit?
Earlier this year, this very question kicked off a lawsuit when Sandy Frank, a producer of unscripted television shows, sued Michigan officials for denying him a credit. Frank's production company claimed the rejection was a violation of equal protection and due process under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
The case is still pending.
In late July, in a motion to dismiss, Michigan's attorney general laid out the reasoning why the state film office and treasury department should be immune to such lawsuits. In short: the 11th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which articulates the principal of a state's sovereign immunity from being sued in federal court.
VIDEO: Gov. Chris Christie Mocked on 'The Late Show with David Letterman'
Of course, the 14th Amendment repealed some of the 11th Amendment (as the federal government wanted to do something about slavery in some states) and ever since, there's been a bit of a constitutional balancing act between federal and state authority. In the pending Frank case, the producer claims there are enough "federal questions at issue" for the court to maintain jurisdiction, whereas Michigan says that decisions that involve the state treasury, especially for something like film tax credits, don't pass muster.
PHOTOS: The Best and Worst Moments of 'Jersey Shore'
Now onto Jersey Shore...
Snooki and a phalanx of MTV lawyers can certainly swoop into federal court to take constitutional exception to Christie's statement he had to nix the "$420,000 bill for a project which does nothing more than perpetuate misconceptions about the State and its citizens." However, we guess the Republican governor would love this sort of fight. Not only would he be seen by some as standing up for taxpayers, but he'd probably earn even more Tea Party credit by fighting against the intrusion of federal government.
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Aqua Vitae Rose Hydrating Facial Mist
Aging with grace can be challenging if you live in a harsh environment like a bustling city. Emotionally, it can be quite a process before we can fully embrace our bodily transformation. Fearing the process can make us indulge in anti-aging creams enlaced with false promises in hopes to halt or reverse the inevitable, causing more harm than good. To help you ease into the natural course of life, with grace, and gratitude, we created the Aqua Vitae Rose for mature skin. This delicate blend of organic rose and organic geranium essence, botanical extracts, and pro-vitamins works with you, and not against you, as it helps strengthen your skin's elasticity, balances your skin tone, improves your skin's ability to retain moisture and reduce the depth of wrinkles in the most holistic way imaginable.
Our Aqua Vitae Rose can be applied in lieu of a toner after your cleansing ritual. And if your skin is dehydrated, you can mist your face (or body) with AV just prior to adding your face (or body) oil. Last but not least, you can also use AV Rose as a refreshing boost throughout the day.
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Organic Rosa damascena (Rose) Flower Water, Organic Pelargonium graveolens (Rose Geranium) Flower Water, Organic Glycerin, Organic Punica granatum (Pomegranate) Fruit Extract, Panicum miliaceum (Millet) Seed Extract, Quercus alba (Oak) Bark Extract, Lactobacillus Ferment- Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate, Organic Rose Fragrance- (Organic Gum Acacia, fragrance compounds from plant essential oils and CO2 extracts extracted in an Organic Vegetable Oil base and Citric Acid), Pro-Vitamin B5 and Sodium Hyaluronate.
2 oz cobalt blue glass bottle with a mister.
Nelum Botanics honors the reality that some product may simply not work out for you. In those unfortunate occurrences, we ask that you kindly return the product within 10 days of receipt. We don't want to lose you as a cherished client, so please share with us what didn't work for you so that we can develop formulas that do. A full refund will be issued upon arrival of the returned item.
What makes your botanicals the finest?
All of our plant material is grown under eco-friendly conditions. This means two things: 1) The soil on which it grows is not poisoned by chemicals, therefore, it's not stripped of its natural nutrients. 2) Due to the eco-friendly growing conditions, the soil is enlivened by biodiversity, which further nourishes the soil. Nutrient-rich soil allows plants to obtain the maximum nutrients necessary for its growth cycle, thus producing quality plant constituents–elements of the plant that contain the medicinal or nutritive properties we value for our well-being.
I always thought that oils were bad for this skin, hence, "oil-free" was always an attractive feature. Why is it now that oil is being promoted?
This is a very good question, and it speaks to the very issue of using bad ingredients in the cosmetic industry. Oil has gained a negative connotation, and rightfully so, because the oil that is often used is mineral oil. Mineral oil is derived from petroleum; its harmful chemicals are absorbed into the skin and not processed by the body, while the oil itself clogs pores and prevents the skin from breathing. This is very damaging to the epidermis and for internal health. Mineral oil's only positive feature is that it is soft to the touch, and for the beauty industry it is a very inexpensive ingredient. It is, therefore, used in place of more expensive nut and seed derived oils.
We love using oils in our products because they radiate with nature's energy and contain so much of the medicinal properties of the plant. Oils, when harvested and processed properly, are silky, soothing and sensual. As importantly, they are vibrant with EFA, vitamins, minerals, and more, making an excellent source of food for the skin! Our only condition is that they are sustainably grown, fairly-traded, cold pressed and do not clog pores. Every oil used is carefully selected for its specific property that will mix with other ingredients in such ways to enhance its performance and provide the ultimate benefits to your skin.
I have oily skin, should I use Nelum Botanics' face elixir on my face?
Yes, you should, but only apply a very thin layer. Oily skin is the result of sebaceous glands over producing sebum oil. The modern day cosmetic industry has trained us to believe that oily skin is bad and needs to be removed at all cost. We are taught to apply abrasive products but these, in fact, strip our face from all the protective oil our body has produced leading the glands to produce even more sebum. Before you know it, you end up in a vicious cycle. The truth is, oily skin is better than dry skin because it protects your skin more than dry skin and it prevents wrinkles. But, you have to make sure that you keep your face clean and free of pore-clogging ingredients often found in creams and makeup. If not, the dirt in your clogged pores will mix with the oil and create pimples.
Using Nelum Botanics' face elixir can help oily skin in two ways: First, by adding a very thin layer of nutrient rich oil that is easily absorbed into your skin, your glands will automatically help balance sebum production: Second, our special formula is made with botanical blends that are renowned for balancing skin pH.
When is the best time to apply the body oil?
After your shower, while your skin is wet or damp. This is when your skin cells are open allowing for the oil to be easily absorbed and most effectively nourishing your skin. Allow setting for 3-4 minutes before getting dressed.
Will the oil stain my clothes?
If you wait 2-4 minutes before getting dressed, the oil will not affect your clothes. If you accidentally spill some on your clothes, apply dish-washing detergent and wash with warm water, or follow the instructions recommended for your garment.
Can I mix the face elixir or body oil into a cream that I already use?
Yes! This is a great way to benefit from both products. However, while Nelum Botanics' products will enhance any cream that you use, we recommend that at some point you try our product on its own so that you can enjoy the properties of our products to the fullest.
Is it really ecological to use products that are derived from plants?
It depends on how these plants are grown. If the plants are grown using methods of industrial agriculture then no, it is not ecological. Industrial agriculture methods use synthetic fertilizers and pesticides that are toxic to the health and to the earth, destroy biodiversity and damage (top)soil productivity.
All of our ingredients are either wildly sourced or sourced from small farms that use natural fertilizing methods, and natural pest control. These inputs do not damage the soil or the plants.
If all your ingredients are all naturally grown why don't you have the Certified USD Organic label?
As our company grows, we will work towards obtaining this certification.
How do you ensure social and environmental responsibility?
By engaging in the Fair Trade system, which honors people, communities and the environment, we are empowering individuals to build stronger communities while supporting agricultural practices that are safe for the environment. To learn more about the virtues of being a part of the Fair Trade system, please see the question below "What is Fair Trade?"
In addition, our choice in the materials we use makes a large impact on our environment; by using glass bottles, limited packaging biodegradable adhesives, and vegetable ink, we are reducing our carbon footprint significantly!
What is Fair Trade?
Fair Trade is a method of trade that guarantees the well-being of workers all along the production chain. Fair Trade employees receive a community-determined living wage that covers the cost of food, shelter, clothing, education, and medical care, enabling them to reinvest money into the socio-economic development of their community, thus giving marginalized communities an opportunity to climb out of poverty—through conventional trade, this is not possible.
Fair Trade also protects the environment as Fair Trade farmers employ ecological farming methods, avoiding monoculture and industrial farming practices. For instance, Fair Trade farmers do not use synthetic chemicals, which deplete the soil of its nutrients, threaten biodiversity and result in wash-off into the water supply.
Are you Fair Trade Certified?
Not yet but we want to become certified through Fair for Life, a brand neutral third party certification program for social accountability and fair trade in agricultural, manufacturing and trading operations. Fair for Life Social & Fair Trade Certification guarantees that human rights are guaranteed at any stage of production, that workers enjoy good and fair working conditions and that smallholder farmers receive a fair share. Fair trade improves the livelihood of thousands of smallholder farmers and workers by providing the means for social community projects and empowerment of people.
For more information about Fair for Life, please visit their website at www.fairforlife.net
What are the common toxic chemicals found in commercial creams that are NOT used in Nelum Botanics products?
Isopropyl Myristate is a synthetic oil used as an emollient. However, this synthetic ingredient dries the skin and hair, and creates cracks and fissures in the skin, which encourage bacterial growth.
Propylparaben is a preservative derived from petroleum and is a known hormone disruptor that mimics estrogen.
BHT –The oxidative characteristics and/or metabolites of BHA and BHT may contribute to carcinogenicity or tumorigenicity.
Tocopherol Acetate – comparative studies with other forms of vitamin E (thermostable esters of vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol acetate or alpha-tocopherol succinate) revealed that neither alpha-Tocopherol acetate nor alpha-Tocopherol succinate prevent photocarcinogenesis, but may even enhance skin cancer development and growth.
Fragrances are a cocktail of chemicals that are either toxic or have never been tested for. To create one fragrance, there can be hundreds of chemical ingredients. – Mia Davis, organizing director of Campaign for Safe Cosmetics.
Benzophenone-3- There are several suspected dangers associated with Benzophenone-3 or Oxybenzone. Despite its sun protective abilities, it has been shown to penetrate the skin and cause photo-sensitivity. As a photocarcinogen, it has demonstrated an increase in the production of harmful free radicals and an ability to attack our DNA cells.
=> The list keeps growing. Please do a search for "Toxic Ingredients" in our Blog Posts to find updated information about harmful ingredients.
If I bought a product online and I'm not happy with it, can I receive a refund?
Yes, of course. A full refund will be offered if you return the product within 15 business days from the day purchased. Kindly explain what it is that didn't work for you so that we can take into consideration your experience for our on going R&D.
Nelum Botanics
Nelum Botanics is more than just skincare. It's about creating intention through which we revive our efforts to making this world a better place. Our sensual rituals of self-care extend beyond the beautification of our skin: it's about healing with nature; it's about appreciating the medicinal wonders nature provides us; it's about knowing how we access the spaces and places from which our remedies are sourced; and finally, it's about being mindful of the people—the farmers and their families—who make these materials available to us.
With intention, we strive to live responsibly to create a more harmonious world where you can indulge in your health and beautifying needs without harming yourself, others or the planet!


text: Cool & Cool Mineral Water Treatment involves through filtration through carbon, microfiltration plus UV light treatment which guarantee a product of high quality. The Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) have always regularly tested and recommended COOL & COOL Drinking Water to be good for human consumption. Our quality Assurance team ensures that we meet all necessary standards specified by KEBS.


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Pluma palomino is a small creative design studio
located in southern Maryland.
specializing in calligraphy, hand lettering, watercolor, branding,
& more.
To create beautifully designed, lettered, & styled goods.
A little about me...
I'm Candice Webster, the creater behind Pluma Palomino Calligraphy & Design. Horses have a big part of my life for many years and it just felt natural for me to incorporate their spirit into my brand. I chose the Palomino because of it's lovely golden coat and how that represents my brand. The word "Pluma" means pen in Spanish.
I really love the free-spirited nature of horses and that is reflected in my calligraphy and watercolor style. Blending colors for a unique and elegant palette or really pushing the limits of my lettering forms to create a fascinating collection of words is what my art is all about.
Just like all things in life, my style is ever changing, evolving, and growing. I love working with new clients and bringing their ideas to paper and print. Bring your vision to me and we will mingle our minds to create something that is personal, and meaningful, to you.


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Status: Open
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first PennLive.com user to add photos or videos of Vivian's Barber Shop
Since 1985, Vivian's Barber Shop has been providing Barber Shops from Lebanon.
Vivian's Barber Shop can be found at Maple Ln 913. The following is offered: Hair Salons. The entry is present with us since Sep 9, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Lebanon there are 6 other Hair Salons. An overview can be found here.


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The number of vehicles that have made it to the half-century mark can be counted on one hand. Even the venerable Model T lasted barely two decades in production—despite Henry Ford's stubbornness. So it's not surprising that the folks at Porsche are in celebrating this week.
The German maker's iconic 911 sports car made its debut exactly 50 years ago on the stands at the Frankfurt Motor Show, and Porsche is marking the occasion by introducing a special anniversary edition at this year's show, with a limited run of just 1,963 to honor the year the 911 made its debut.
(More from The Detroit Bureau: Complete round-up from the Frankfurt Motor Show)


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Who wouldn't want to look like Kim Kardashian? Kim's body is toned yet curvy in all the right places. To help her fans work on their fitness, Kim and her trainers have gotten together to create Kim Kardashian Workout DVDs for her fans to enjoy. If you have always envied Kim's bombshell body, now is your chance to exercise exactly like the starlet herself.
The Kim Kardashian Workout DVD: Fit in Your Jeans by FridayKim is best known for the way she fits in her jeans. To help fans get a Kim Kardashian-like booty, Kim has created a DVD series called Fit in Your Jeans by Friday. The series consists of three videos: Ultimate Butt Body Sculpt, Amazing Abs Body Sculpt and Butt Blasting Cardio Step. While fans might not fit in Kim's jeans by next Friday, these videos will definitely change the way their jeans fit.
Can Fans Really Get Kim's Body, Abs and Butt?
One of the best things about the Kim Kardashian workout DVDs is that the workouts are short. For example, the Ultimate Butt Body Sculpt video consists of a 15-minute core and lower body workout, a longer 20-minute workout and a 5-minute Booty Blast. The Amazing Abs Body Sculpt video contains a 15-minute core, arms and hamstring workout, as well as a 20-minute workout full of push-ups and cardiovascular exercises. The Cardio Step video contains three different workouts and one bonus exercise.
Each DVD gives fans the opportunity to choose from completing the entire video or doing single workouts. This is perfect for busy fans who need to fit in short workouts whenever they have a few free minutes. Each video also stresses the importance of stretching, which is an important component of any good workout.
What Fans Are Saying About the Kim Kardashian Workout DVDsWhen Kim first released her workout videos, fans were skeptical. The public knew Kim as a reality star not a fitness expert. A lot of people thought that these workout videos would be really easy. Needless to say, this is not the case.
Kim's workout DVDs are fast paced and challenging. If fans were hoping for an easy workout, they will be fairly disappointed. Fans who were hoping for butt- and ab-sculpting exercise routines, on the other hand, will be pleasantly surprised. In addition to being difficult, the Fit in Your Jeans by Friday exercise series is also fun to complete. Kim and her trainer Jennifer Galardi are upbeat, funny and entertaining. These workout DVDs are perfect for people who do not necessarily enjoy exercising but really want to work on their curves.
Overall, Kim's workout videos have exceeded most fans' expectations. Not only are the videos cute and fun, but they will really get fans sweating. Another benefit of Kim's DVDs is that they focus on female problem areas. While these workouts tone the entire body, they primarily focus on the stomach, hips and thighs. Kim's videos show exactly why she is so popular with the public. Kim is a public figure that regular women can relate to.
» Next article: Justin Bieber Girlfriend List: All of the Star's Exes.
« Previous article: Kim Kardashian Workout: Tips and Diet Plan.


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To set up the N300 Belkin router, connect your modem and computer to the router, and follow the steps after inserting the setup CD into your computer. When prompted, type the default network name and password in the appropriate fields, and click Next to automate the setup process.
Once you connect your computer to a modem, verify that the Internet connection is active by visiting any website. If the Internet connection works, unplug the modem and the router from the power source. Connect the modem to the WAN or Internet port on the router, and then use an Ethernet cable to connect your computer to a LAN or Ethernet port on the same router. Look at the bottom of the N300 Belkin router, and write down the Network Name, or SSID, and Password entries. After inserting the setup CD, type those entries in the required fields, and click on the Next button to complete the process.
In case you don't have the setup CD, type "192.168.2.1" or "http://router" in the address bar of your Web browser, and click on the Detect My Connection button once the Let's Connect to the Internet page appears. After the router connects to the Internet, choose a network name and password, and select the desired security protocol. Complete the registration form by entering the necessary information, and modify the router settings in the dashboard if needed.


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Down in Panama, on the set of The Rock's upcoming summer reality series, TNT's The Hero, I had a chance to speak with the reigning WWE Champion about the outcome of this past Monday's RAW match between John Cena and CM Punk.
Cena won the epic battle, which is already an early contender for "Match of the Year," solidifying his spot in the Main Event of WrestleMania 29 to face The Rock for the WWE Championship. But did The Rock have a favorite? Did he want Cena, the man he defeated in the Main Event of 'Mania last year, to win and face him again?
"He was my pick, yes," The Rock confirmed. "Definitely. You have to understand that my return back into the WWE was years in the making. And since I've been back, it's been a three year-long journey that started at WrestleMania 27 in Atlanta. So John has always been my first choice. Here's the thing. The question was that if I was going to go back in the WWE, how could I go back and make the most impact? With who can I headline WrestleMania in that company and make the most impact? And the bottom line is that it continues to be John Cena. Just in terms of, and we'll use a Hollywood term here, box office appeal. Universal appeal. Athletic pairing. So there are a lot of reasons."
"I think we're going to have a great match and my hope is that it's going to be a classic," The Rock continued. "With some great drama, some great emotion. This scenario for me is one that I've honestly dreamed of. A dream match. And what I'm talking about is being able to go back to the WWE and give back to the business, which is in my blood and has allowed me a platform to perform which then, twelve years ago, allowed me to make he transition to Hollywood. So the scenario I've dreamed of is that I'm able to go back, become WWE Champion, go into the what is considered the biggest marketplace in the world, which is the New York City area, at MetLife Stadium and headline WrestleMania as champion and give back to the business, the fans, the company and their number one hero. So I couldn't have asked for a better scenario and we're going to have a blast."
WrestleMania 29 airs on PPV on Sunday, April 7th.
The Hero will premiere Summer 2013 on TNT.
Matt Fowler is a writer/critic for IGN. Follow him on Twitter at @TheMattFowler and on IGN at mattfowler. No other choice you will ever make will be as easy and render such a great reward.


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Baku. 24 November. REPORT.AZ/ There are 11,000 draft dodgers in Armenia so far.
Repot informs referring to Armenian sources, member of International Science Center of Armenian Academy of Sciences, one of activists of military patriotic events, Vitali Mangasaryan said.
According to him, all of those people are hunted by authorities.
More than 30% of young people, who evaded military service are information technologies specialists; they have got well-paid jobs in various countries. "It is not expected that they will return to Armenia for military service", Mangasaryan added.


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A DOG, crossing a bridge over a stream with a piece of flesh in his mouth, saw his own shadow in the water and took it for that of another Dog, with a piece of meat double his own in size. He immediately let go of his own, and fiercely attacked the other Dog to get his larger piece from him. He thus lost both: that which he grasped at in the water, because it was a shadow; and his own, because the stream swept it away.
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PSL T20 2017 Quetta Gladiators Squad
Even though the team took the position of runners-up in PSL 2016, the entire country stood proud of the performance of this team. The team also gained a lot of new fans and was rooted for throughout the game. You never know, maybe 2017 turns out lucky for them. You can also Pakistan Super League 2017 Schedule .
The reason we say that is because the team built by the Quetta Gladiators is impressive with a broad range of players who are experts and have a lot of experience in both batting and bowling. Backed by an active captain, the team is sure to leave a great impression on the viewers this time around as well.
Currently, the squad consists of 16 members who come from a different field of expertise and are equipped with cast knowledge about the game which makes them one of the strongest contenders in the league.
The team shall consist of the following players
Local Players:
Sarfraz Ahmed
The captain of the Quetta Gladiators, Sarfraz is one of the best players in the country. He usually plays as the wicketkeeper and as a batsman for his teams. He is also the captain of the national T20 team. As for the ODI format of the game, he was recently made as the vice-captain of the team.
Zulfiqar Babar
The national player is not only a great batsman but also a superb bowler. He bowls with his left arm, while he bats with his right. He has had a lot of experience in cricket as he has been playing a lot and has represented various teams including Pakistan's national team.
Saad Nasim
Born and raised in Pakistan, Saad performs as an international cricketer for the country. He usually plays in the middle order and as a right-handed batsman. He is known for his leg break spin bowling as well and has represented a few teams domestically.
Umer Amin
Playing at an international level for Pakistan, Umer Amin is a great player who made his debut in 2010 during the Asia Cup against Sri Lanka.
Ahmed Shehzad
Another great national cricketer, Ahmed performs as a right-handed opening batsman for his team. He made his one-day international debut at the T20 tournament in 2009.
Asad plays mainly as a batsman and a right-handed one at that. Occasionally he will bowl for the team as a leg break bowler. He made his debut in 2010 in the Asia Cup.
Mohammad Nawaz
Primarily playing at the National Bank of Pakistan, Mohammad Nawaz gets his first chance to play internationally when he was chosen in the Pakistan's squad for 2016 ICC Twenty20 world cup.
Umar Gul
Originally from the city of Peshawar, Umar Gul is one of the best fast bowlers (right arm) in the country. He has played for the national team of Pakistan and has been a part pf many international tournaments.
Anwar Ali
The most impressive feature about this player is his height; being one of the best and the fastest bowlers of the team, he is the player who has helped Pakistan win many matches on an international scale. He also plays for various domestic teams.
Noor Ali
Though he does not have many years of playing experience backing him up, Noor Ali is still considered as an incredible player in the country.
Hassan Khan
Hassan made his first debut into cricket in 2016 when he played in the Pakistan Cup. He is a superb player who is just 18 years old and holds the potential of becoming a great cricketer.
Foreign players:
Kevin Pietersen
Kevin is an English cricketer who plays professionally. He plays as an off spin bowler and a right-handed batsman. He played for Quetta Gladiators in 2016 as well.
Luke Wright
Another English cricketer on the team, Luke is an excellent batsman and medium-paced bowler.
Mohammad Nabi
A fantastic batsman and an off break bowler, he plays for the Afghanistan team where he was the captain until 2015.
Carlos Brathwaite
Coming all the way from Barbados, Carlos is a professional cricketer from the West Indies. He made his debut in the Twenty20 tournament when the team played against Bangladesh.
Tymal Mills
An English cricketer, Tymal currently plays for the Sussex team. He made his international debut in 2016 when England played against Sri Lanka.


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Wealthier women's additions of panniers (French for basket), a wide dome-like structure that tied around the waist and covered the hips to minimize the size of the waist, caused the petticoats worn over them to flare out, sometimes as wide as an arm's length on either side. This was considered the woman's compass, and it took great skill to dance within the restricted area allowed by her clothing—or her partner to dance around it!
For those living in the aristocratic southern colonies of America, balls provided a means of socializing for families who lived on estates separated by long distances. Guests found pleasure in attending all day and through most of the night, and many celebrations continued three to four days.
A favorite dance called the minuet, first performed as a court dance in France, then in England, became popular with the wealthy after 1700 in the colonies. Dancers followed the French court models using English translations of Feuillet's Treatise on Dancing, frequently used by dancing masters after 1706.
For those of modest means in the northern and southern colonies, dancers preferred Scottish reels and other country dances. These dances appeared to deftly avoid the code of status by grouping several people together in order to carry them out. During the Commonwealth period (1649-1660 under the rule of Oliver Cromwell), court dances were forbidden. Puritan John Playford's popular English Dancing Master (1651), published through the eighteenth century, contained almost one thousand country dances.
Note from the Federalist/Regency period: Mr. Darcy's (Pride and Prejudice) refusal to dance did cause a flurry among the guests, but as the wealthiest man there, he'd hardly have to worry about banishment. Not so easily managed by those of lower economic status in the room however, even though they might be born to the peerage.
Another Note: In 1789, the first inaugural ball was held in New York City for George Washington and his wife Martha.
Below is a video of dances favored during colonial times; the first six or seven are country dances (note the simpler homespun clothing). Further along, a minuet is performed by a solo couple. Enjoy!