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A Maine Guide to Employment Law
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1 A Maine Guide to Employment Law Second Edition A publication of the Bureau of Labor Education University of Maine
2 Formatting, selection of illustrations, and cover design by Gabrielle Berube.
3 A MAINE GUIDE TO EMPLOYMENT LAW SECOND EDITION Researched and Compiled by: Gabrielle Berube and James Davitt, Esquire Edited by: William C. Murphy Copyright 2008 University of Maine Bureau of Labor Education
4 A MAINE GUIDE TO EMPLOYMENT LAW ABOUT THIS GUIDE IV Chapter I: EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION 1 Federal and state laws prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of sex, age, color, religion, race, national origin or ancestry, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability. Chapter II: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 17 State and federal laws exist which are designed to insure that employees are provided with safe and healthful workplaces or worksites. Chapter III: WORK-RELATED INJURIES AND DISEASES 30 Workers Compensation, Social Security disability benefits, and the right to sue are three possible paths of compensation available to an employee who is injured on or as a result of their job. Chapter IV: UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION 49 This legislation provides cash benefits and services to individuals who become unemployed through no fault of their own. Chapter V: ORGANIZING AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 63 Many private-sector employees throughout the U.S. have the legal right to join labor organizations and bargain collectively through the National Labor Relations Act. Chapter VI: MAINE PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING LAWS 86 State, county, municipal, university, community college, and judicial employees in Maine have the right to form labor organizations and bargain collectively. ii
5 Chapter VII: OTHER STATE AND FEDERAL EMPLOYMENT LAWS 100 Includes the legal doctrine of employment-at-will, the employment rights of military reservists and veterans, statutes establishing standards on minimum wages and overtime, access to personnel files, lie detector tests, back wages and other earned benefits, the employment of youth, severance pay in case of plant closures, employer requirements to give the reasons for job termination or layoffs, unpaid family and medical leave, employment leave for victims of domestic violence, whistleblower protections, testing for alcohol and/or drug use, video cameras and monitoring of electronic communications in the workplace, and legal prohibitions regarding professional strikebreakers. APPENDIX I: Summary of U.S. Employment Laws 123 A quick reference to important federal employment statutes and the agencies which enforce them. APPENDIX II: NLRA/NLRB Jurisdiction 127 A brief summary of the monetary standards that must be met prior to the NLRB accepting jurisdiction of a claim under the National Labor Relations Act. In complying with the letter and spirit of applicable laws and pursuing its own goals of diversity, the University of Maine shall not discriminate on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, including transgender status or gender expression, national origin, citizenship status, age, disability, or veteran's status in employment, education, and all other areas of the University System. The University provides reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities upon request. Questions and complaints about discrimination in any area of the University should be directed to the Director of Equal Opportunity, the University of Maine, 5754 North Stevens Hall, Room 101, Orono, ME , telephone (207) , TTY (207) iii
6 ABOUT THIS GUIDE This second edition of A Maine Guide to Employment Law is both a continuation and evolution of five previous editions of A Workers Guide to Labor Law, first published by the Bureau of Labor Education in This present work, representing the collective efforts and contributions of many of the Bureau s staff past and present, seeks to retain the readability and clarity that has been the hallmark of past editions. Our continuing objective is to provide important information on employee rights, protections, and responsibilities at the workplace or site, in easy-to-understand language. Approximately seven hundred thousand people make up Maine s civilian labor force. * In any year, many will be injured on the job, some will be killed, and others will suffer disability because of occupational health and safety hazards. Some workers will become unemployed, a number will experience employment discrimination such as sexual or racial harassment, and others will need to take time off from their work to care for a family member with a serious illness. These issues, and many more, are addressed by specific state and federal statutes that deal with work and employee/employer relations. Known as employment law, this evolving body of law changes based on political, administrative, and judicial processes at both the state and federal levels of government. Because of this reality, all too often employees and employers are unaware of many legal rights, protections, and responsibilities established through this area of public policy. This publication has been reviewed for legal accuracy and clarity by attorneys specializing in employment law, government officials responsible for enforcing these statutes, and others knowledgeable about this legislation. However, it needs to be emphasized strongly that this book is only a Guide and it cannot in any way serve as a substitute for the competent legal advice which can be obtained from attorneys, government officials, and leaders of labor organizations. *Source: Maine Dept. of Labor, Center for Workforce Research and Information, Labor Market Digest, May 2008, p. 2 iv
7 We extend our deep appreciation and thanks to the following individuals whose review, consultation, and information were extremely helpful in the development of this work: James Case, Wayne Whitney, Jeffrey Young, Stephanie Jazlowiecki, Patrick Kelly, and Benjamin Grant of McTeague, Higbee, Case, Cohen, Whitney & Toker, PA. Karen Kemble, Office of Equal Opportunity, University of Maine; John Gause, Maine Human Rights Commission; William Coffin, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; John Rohde, Maine Workers Compensation Board; Rosemary Pye and Elizabeth Gemperline, National Labor Relations Board; Roger Putnam and Mark Ayotte, Maine Labor Relations Board; Lloyd Black, Maine Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Unemployment Compensation; John Hanson, Maine State Building & Construction Trades Council, and Director Emeritus, Bureau of Labor Education; Jane Crouch, Valerie Carter, and Gary McGrane, Bureau of Labor Education. All of these individuals provided constructive insights and comments on the various chapters. Jim Case and associates were particularly helpful in reviewing and providing important revisions and suggestions on all of the chapters. John Hanson deserves strong commendation for his contributions not only for this edition, but also for all of the previous editions of this Guide. Special appreciation also is extended to the Bureau s administrative assistant, Kristina Cote, whose dedication and work on behalf of the Bureau always is exemplary, and to Ellen Campbell, Assistant to James Case, for her help in coordinating numerous transmissions in a very efficient fashion. Gabrielle Berube, James Davitt, and William Murphy v
8 A Note on Legal References: In reading this Guide references are made to both federal and state courts, statutes, and agencies. Decisions of the United States Supreme Court are cited, for example, as 502 U.S. 743 (2004), indicating the volume [502] of the United States Reports, [U.S.] the page [743] at which the opinion begins, and the year of the opinion (2004). These opinions may be found at the Supreme Court web site, or through the Find Law web site, http//: Decisions of the highest court in Maine, the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, are cited, for example, as 307 A.2d 38 (Me. 1997), indicating the volume, edition, and page of the Atlantic Reporter where the opinion is located. The parenthetical reference indicates that it is a decision of the highest court in Maine and the year of the opinion. These decisions can be found on the Find Law web site or in the bound volumes in most libraries across Maine. Reference to statutes of the United States are noted, for example, as 28 U.S.C. 1208, indicating the title number of the United States Code and the section where the particular statute is located. Likewise, Maine statutes are cited as 27 M.R.S.A. 567, indicating the volume and section of the Maine Revised Statutes Annotated where the law may be found. Both the U.S. Code and the Maine Statutes are readily available on the internet or in most libraries across Maine. References to internet web sites of federal and state agencies are noted throughout the Guide, either in the text or in the endnotes.
9 1 CHAPTER I EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION What Is Employment Discrimination? Discrimination in the workplace occurs when a person is treated differently than others in the employment relationship. State and federal antidiscrimination laws protect workers who have traditionally been excluded from employment opportunities. These laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, national origin or ancestry, mental or physical disability, sexual orientation, and age. For discrimination to be illegal, the unequal treatment must be based on the fact that the worker is a member of a protected group or class. Other types of discriminatory treatment, such as refusing to hire someone with tattoos, are not illegal, since people with tattoos are not a protected group under the law. What Laws Protect Maine Workers? Most Maine workers are covered by the Maine Human Rights Act (MHRA) and by a series of federal laws and presidential executive orders. The federal laws include the Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order of 1965 (which applies to federal government contractors and subcontractors), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Rehab Act), the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, and the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA) of The MHRA is similar to the federal laws, but there are some important differences, as is discussed in more detail below. Do These Laws Apply to All Employers? The Maine Human Rights Act applies to all employers, unions, and employment agencies in Maine, except federal employers. Not all employers in Maine are subject to the federal anti-discrimination laws. For example, Title VII and the ADA only apply to employers with fifteen or more employees. The ADEA only applies to employers with twenty or more employees. The Rehab Act applies to federal agencies, federal contractors, and to employers receiving federal financial assistance.
10 2 What Questions Are Prohibited Prior to Hiring or Labor Membership? It is unlawful for any employer, employment agency, or labor organization, prior to employment or admission to membership, to ask any questions directly or indirectly pertaining to race or color, sex, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability, religion, age, ancestry, national origin, or whether the worker ever brought a workers compensation claim, whether the worker ever brought a claim under any laws prohibiting employment discrimination, or engaged in activity protected under the Whistleblowers Protection Act. 1 What Kinds of Discrimination Are Covered by These Laws? Overt Discrimination The easiest case of discrimination to identify is overt discrimination. In this instance, the employer will state, verbally or in writing, a clear intent to discriminate. For example, an employer who says, We don t hire disabled workers, I don t put blacks or women into management positions, or I don t want a man as a flight attendant, is overtly and unlawfully discriminating. The only time an employer can legally exclude any protected group from employment opportunities is if there is a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) for the job. To prove a BFOQ an employer must show that all or nearly all of the members of a protected class (those people who have traditionally been excluded from job opportunities on the basis of race, sex, sexual orientation, color, age, religion, national origin, or disability) would be unable to perform the normal duties of the job. A BFOQ is a strict legal standard and cannot be based on the following: statistics about the comparative employment characteristics of the protected group the person belongs to (e.g., women generally have higher turnover rates than men); stereotyped characterizations (e.g., that elderly people are less capable of assembling intricate equipment); preference of customers, clients, co-workers or employers (e.g., customers won t like a disabled salesperson).
11 3 Race has never been held a BFOQ for any job and sex has only been held a BFOQ in those cases where it is essential for job performance, such as clothing model, sperm donor, or wet nurse. Discriminatory Effect An employer may be guilty of discrimination even if she or he never intends to discriminate. The effect of a particular policy is considered, not the motivation. This means that if a policy looks neutral on its face, but has the effect of discriminating against a protected group of workers, the employer must prove that the policy is a necessity for the job. For example, if a requirement of a college degree excludes a disproportionate number of a protected class or group, or if a 5'6" height requirement excludes a disproportionate number of women, the employer must prove the requirement is necessary for the performance of the job. If there would be a less discriminatory means for selecting qualified applicants, then the policy is illegal. Other Discriminatory Treatment In most cases of discrimination, the discriminatory reason will not be given even though a worker is treated differently because she or he belongs to a particular group. Sometimes a pattern of discriminatory treatment can be shown, for example: laying off women with more seniority than men, refusing to promote Franco-Americans or people with disabilities to management positions, or forcing elderly workers into retirement. This type of discrimination is more difficult to prove, but any worker who suspects discrimination is the reason for an employer s action should contact the Maine Human Rights Commission or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Are Pregnant Workers Protected from Discrimination? Yes, both Title VII and the Maine Human Rights Act prohibit discrimination on the basis of pregnancy. This means that women affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions must be treated like any other temporarily disabled worker. Benefits such as paid disability leave, health insurance, guaranteed reinstatement to a former job, and transfer to light-duty work must be extended equally to all workers, regardless of the cause of the disability. It is also illegal to refuse to hire pregnant workers or to require pregnant workers to take a leave of absence if they are physically able to perform the job.
12 4 What Is Sexual Harassment? Sexual harassment is unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature which affects a person s employment, unreasonably interferes with work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive work environment. 2 It is, in simple terms, deliberate and/or repeated sexual or sex-based behavior that is not welcome, not asked for, and not returned. 3 Although sexual harassment is usually repeated behavior, it could be one serious incident. Sexual harassment may be blatant, as in deliberate touching, pinching, caressing, attempts to fondle or kiss, pressure for dates or sex, requests for sex in exchange for grades or promotions. Or sexual harassment may be more subtle like staring, sexual jokes, or teasing, sexually demeaning remarks. Although forms of harassment may be unintentional, words and behavior can be harassing if they are heard and seen as such by others. Sexual harassment usually occurs in situations where one person has power over another, but it can also occur between equals. Both men and women can be sexually harassed, though women are most often victimized. Through case law, the courts continue to define sexual harassment, the responsibilities of employers and employees and the remedies available to victims. 4 Does the Law Prohibit Sexual Harassment? Yes, both Title VII and the Maine Human Rights Act prohibit sexual harassment in the workplace. While most cases of sexual harassment involve men and women, in the case of Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75 (1998), the U.S. Supreme Court held that sexual harassment is a violation of Title VII, even when the harasser(s) and the victim(s) are of the same sex. What Does the Law Say about Sexual Harassment? Regulations interpreting Title VII and the MHRA provide that unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute unlawful sexual harassment when: submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's employment;
13 5 submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual; or such conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment. 5 Are Women Workers Protected from Sex-based Wage Discrimination? Yes. Both the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Maine Human Rights Act require the same pay for men and women performing equal work. Equal work means work requiring substantially equal skill, effort, and responsibility, performed under similar working conditions. Jobs do not have to be identical. For example, if a man and a woman work in the same establishment, and 95 percent of their time is spent in similar tasks, the fact that 5 percent of their jobs are different is not likely to justify different wages. This means that a male supermarket cashier who occasionally stocks shelves cannot be paid more than a female cashier who occasionally straightens out the cigarette rack. What Laws Provide Legal Protection for People with Disabilities? The Maine Human Rights Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, and Rehabilitation Act all prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of disability. Which Employers Are Covered? Employment discrimination against individuals with disabilities is illegal if practiced by any employer, including federal governmental agencies, private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies, labor organizations, or labor-management committees.
14 6 Which Employees Are Covered? Employees are protected from discrimination if they have a covered disability. The Maine Human Rights Act defines physical or mental disability as a physical or mental impairment that: Substantially limits one or more of a person's major life activities; Significantly impairs physical or mental health; or Requires special education, vocational rehabilitation or related services. 6 In addition, the following conditions are always protected disabilities under Maine law: absent, artificial or replacement limbs, hands, feet or vital organs; alcoholism; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; bipolar disorder; blindness or abnormal vision loss; cancer; cerebral palsy; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Crohn's disease; cystic fibrosis; deafness or abnormal hearing loss; diabetes; substantial disfigurement; epilepsy; heart disease; HIV or AIDS; kidney or renal diseases; lupus; major depressive disorder; mastectomy; mental retardation; multiple sclerosis; muscular dystrophy; paralysis; Parkinson's disease; pervasive developmental disorders; rheumatoid arthritis; schizophrenia; and acquired brain injury. 7 The MHRA further defines significantly impairs physical or mental health as having an actual or expected duration of more than 6 months and impairing health to a significant extent as compared to what is ordinarily experienced in the general population. 8 It is important to note that the Maine legislature specifically intended for the definition of physical or mental disability to be interpreted more broadly than the ADA in order to provide greater coverage to Maine workers. 9 The ADA defines disability more narrowly as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. 10 Individuals are also protected under the MHRA and the ADA if they have a record of a disability or are regarded as having a disability. 11 In addition, to be protected by the ADA, a person with a disability must be qualified to do the job with or without reasonable accommodation. This means that the person with a disability must meet the employer s job requirements such as education, employment experience, skill, or licenses. 12 The person with a disability must also be able to perform the essential functions of the job with or without reasonable accommodation. Denying a job to a qualified applicant who is disabled constitutes discrimination if the reason for that decision is based on fact that the individual is disabled, or
15 7 needs a reasonable accommodation to perform the essential functions of the job. What about Work-Related Injuries or Disease? A worker who has experienced a job-related injury or disease may be covered by the MHRA and the ADA to the same extent as any other disability. What Is Reasonable Accommodation? A reasonable accommodation is a modification that enables a qualified person with a disability to perform his or her job. Examples of reasonable accommodations include: making existing facilities used by employees readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities; job restructuring; part-time or modified work schedules; reassignment to a vacant position; acquisition or modification of equipment or devices; appropriate adjustment or modifications of examinations, training materials, or policies; the provision of qualified readers or interpreters. 13 What Is Undue Hardship? An employer is not required to provide a reasonable accommodation if doing so would cause the employer an undue hardship. Undue hardship means an action requiring undue financial or administrative hardship. 14 In determining whether an action would result in an undue hardship, factors to be considered include the nature and cost of the accommodation needed, the size and resources of the employer, and the type of operation or operations of the employer. 15 In general, a larger employer would be expected to make accommodations requiring greater effort or expense than would be required of a smaller employer. 16 What Employment Practices Are Covered? The MHRA and the ADA make it unlawful to discriminate in all aspects of the employment relationship, including recruitment, hiring, termination, training, job assignments, compensation, layoffs, promotions, benefits, leaves, and all other activities related to employment.
16 8 May a Manager or Supervisor Ask If an Employee or Prospective Employee Is Disabled? No. The MHRA and the ADA limit questions employers may ask before hiring to the applicant s or employee s ability to do the job. 17 An employer cannot legally ask an applicant or employee with a disability to perform the job without a reasonable accommodation. An employer may ask an applicant or employee with a disability to describe or demonstrate how they will perform the essential duties of the job. 18 Does the Law Prohibit Medical Examinations? Before a job offer is made, the MHRA and the ADA bar medical examinations that seek information about physical or mental disabilities. 19 Following a job offer, employers may condition the offer on a medical examination, but only if all entering employees for that job category must take the examination and the results of the examination are not used to discriminate on the basis of disability. 20 With respect to existing employees, the MHRA and ADA prohibit an employer from requiring employees to undergo a medical examination or answer medical inquiries unless the examination or inquiry is shown to be job related and consistent with business necessity. 21 Generally, this means that the employer must have a reasonable belief, based on objective evidence, that: (1) an employee's ability to perform essential job functions will be impaired by a medical condition; or (2) an employee will pose a direct threat due to a medical condition. 22 Employers may conduct voluntary medical examinations that are part of an employee health program. Should Persons with a Disability Tell Their Employer? According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the employee or applicant is generally responsible for telling the employer when an accommodation is needed. If an applicant with a disability thinks that a reasonable accommodation will be needed to participate in the application process or to perform the essential duties of a job, then the employer should be informed. Employers are required to provide reasonable accommodations only for the physical and mental limitations of a qualified individual with a disability of which they are aware. 23
17 9 Who Pays for Reasonable Accommodations? Employers are not required to provide personal-use items such as hearing aids or glasses. The ADA does require that the employer provide accommodations unless they pose an undue hardship. If the cost of providing the needed accommodation would be an undue hardship, the employee must be given the choice of providing the accommodation or paying for the portion that causes the undue hardship. 24 Assistance for defraying accommodation expenses may be available from government vocational rehabilitation agencies, as well as tax deductions and credits on the local, state, and federal government levels. Can Employers Pay People with Disabilities Less Than Other Workers Doing the Same Job to Cover the Cost of Reasonable Accommodations? No. It is illegal for an employer to pay for the cost of reasonable accommodations by reducing the salary or wages of employees with disabilities, or providing them with less compensation than employees in similar positions within the establishment. 25 Does an Employer Have to Make Employee Non-work Areas Accessible to Employees with Disabilities? Yes. The requirement to provide reasonable accommodations covers all services, programs, and non-work facilities provided by the employer. If making an existing facility accessible would be an undue hardship, the employer must provide a comparable facility that will enable a person with a disability to enjoy benefits and privileges of employment similar to other employees, unless to do so would be an undue hardship. 26 Does the ADA Require Preferential Treatment In Hiring People with Disabilities? No. The ADA does not require that an employer hire an applicant with a disability over other applicants. An employer has the right to hire the most qualified applicant. The ADA simply prohibits discriminating against an applicant or employee because they are disabled, or because they need a
18 10 reasonable accommodation to be able to perform the essential functions of the job. 27 Does the ADA Take Safety Issues into Account? The law permits an employer to refuse to hire an individual who presents a direct health or safety threat to themselves or others at work. However, under the ADA, the following factors apply: A direct threat constitutes a significant risk of substantial harm. When deciding if such a threat exists, the decision must be based on objective, factual evidence regarding an individual s present ability to perform the essential functions of a job. An employer violates the law if he or she decides not to hire a qualified applicant who is disabled because of the perception that there is a slightly increased risk or because of fears that there might be a significant risk sometime in the future. The employer also has a legal obligation to consider whether the risk can be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level with a reasonable accommodation. 28 In 2002 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld an EEOC regulation that authorizes refusal to hire an individual because his [or her] performance on the job would endanger his [or her] own health, owing to a disability. 29 A unanimous Court held that the EEOC Regulations allow an employer to screen out a potential worker with a disability not only for risks that he [or she] would pose to others in the workplace but for risks on the job to his [or her] own health or safety as well 30 Are Alcoholics or Illegal Drug Users Considered Persons with Disabilities? The Maine Human Rights Act lists alcoholism as a covered disability. 31 Current illegal drug users are not covered, although a person who is seeking treatment or has successfully completed treatment is entitled to a reasonable accommodation. 32 Essentially, employers may hold illegal drug users and alcoholics to the same performance standards as other employees. 33
19 11 Are People with AIDS or HIV Covered? The MHRA explicitly covers AIDS and HIV. 34 Legislative history indicates that Congress intended the ADA to protect persons with AIDS and HIV from discrimination. This protection was clarified and strengthened in the case of Abbott v. Bragdon, 524 U.S. 624 (1998), in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that individuals who are HIV positive could come under the coverage of the ADA, even if they are not experiencing any symptoms of the disease. The ADA and MHRA make it unlawful to discriminate against an individual, whether disabled or not, because of a relationship or association with an individual with a known disability. What Are the Requirements Regarding Health Insurance Policy for Employees with Disabilities? The MHRA and ADA require that an employer provide an employee with a disability equal access to whatever health insurance coverage is provided to employees. Employers are not required to provide additional insurance for workers with disabilities, so long as decisions to underwrite, classify, or administer risks are based on, or are not inconsistent with, state law. 35 Will the ADA Conflict with Collective Bargaining Agreements? Unionized employers may face the issue of how to reconcile potentially conflicting obligations under the ADA and contracts with labor organizations. The AFL-CIO and the National Education Association lobbied for passage of the ADA, and both have worked closely with groups representing people with disabilities. Unions do not appear to be overly concerned that the ADA will undermine contracts or their authority as collective bargaining agents. Rather, unions want to assure that individuals with disabilities, including those injured on the job, are able to work. The final rules offer only limited guidance on how employers and unions may reconcile their differences under the ADA and labor relations acts. The ADA encourages alternative dispute mechanisms including grievance processes to resolve disputes. 36
20 12 Can a Worker s Request for Reasonable Accommodation under the ADA be denied if it Conflicts with the Seniority Rights of Another Worker under an Established Seniority System? Yes, if the proposed accommodation would be in direct violation of a collective bargaining agreement. In U.S. Airways v. Barnett (2002) the Supreme Court held that an employer s demonstration that a requested accommodation conflicts with a seniority rule is ordinarily sufficient to show, as a matter of law, that an accommodation is not reasonable. 37 The Court discussed the importance of the seniority system in creating and providing a method of fair, equal, and predictable treatment. If the employer were required to show something more than just a seniority system it might well undermine the employees expectations of consistent, uniform treatment expectations upon which the seniority system s benefits depend. 38 However, the employee remains free to present evidence of special circumstances that make reasonable a seniority rule exception in the particular case. 39 What Laws Provide Protection Against Age Discrimination? The MHRA protects workers of all ages from employment discrimination on the basis of age. The Age Discrimination Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 makes it illegal for an employer with 20 or more employees to discriminate against individuals who are 40 and over on the basis of age. Can Younger Workers Claim Protection from Discrimination For Employment Practice That Favor Older Workers? There is a difference between the MHRA and the ADEA on this issue. In General Dynamics Land Systems, Inc. v. Cline, et al, employees in their 40 s sued claiming protection under the ADEA because they were excluded from the employer s obligation to provide health care benefits in a collective bargaining agreement, while under the same agreement employees age 50 and over were still eligible to receive the benefits. The Supreme Court ruled that the ADEA only covers practices that discriminate against relatively older workers. It does not offer protections to somewhat younger workers in cases where older workers receive preferential treatment. 40
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</head>This is Cook Like a Pro, in which experts share tips, tricks, and techniques that elevate a good dish to an unforgettable one.
The Pro > Mike Easton
Chef / Il Corvo / Seattle
There's a line at Il Corvo every day. I know, because I've waited in that line (and I hate lines). Why? Because Chef Easton's pastas are that stunning. But the LeBron James on his all-star lineup is his pappardelle alla Bolognese. It's rich, comforting, and life-affirming—like any meaty ragù. But there's something special about it that I could never quite figure out. Then I asked him to show me. So what goes into America's most soul-satisfying Italian sauce? Easy: time, chicken livers, wine, and a total dismissal of tradition. —Andrew Knowlton
How to Make the Ultimate Bolognese Sauce
Spice Mix:
2 bay leaves
3 whole cloves
2 tsp. fennel seeds
1½ tsp. crushed red pepper flakes
¼ tsp. black peppercorns
1 Tbsp. olive oil
3 oz. chicken livers, rinsed, finely chopped
1½ tsp. kosher salt, plus more
Freshly ground pepper
½ large onion, finely chopped
½ small bunch thyme
¼ cup Mama Lil's Kick Butt Peppers in Oil or Peppadew peppers
5 garlic cloves, finely chopped
1 14-oz. can whole peeled tomatoes
⅓ cup red wine
1¼ lb. ground beef chuck (20% fat)
1 lb. ground pork shoulder (Boston butt)
1½ cups whole milk
2 Tbsp. red wine vinegar
Pasta and Assembly:
12 oz. pappardelle
4 tablespoons (½ stick) unsalted butter
3 oz. Parmesan, finely grated (about ¾ cup)
1. Spice It Up
Toast spices in a dry small skillet over medium heat, tossing often, until fragrant, about 2 minutes (this releases their flavor). Let cool, then finely grind in a spice mill (or use a mortar and pestle).
2. The Flavor Base
Preheat oven to 250°. Heat oil in a medium ovenproof pot over medium-high. Add livers and stir to coat. Season with salt and pepper and cook, stirring occasionally, until livers are deeply browned—almost burned, really—5–8 minutes. Add onion, thyme, and Mama Lil's peppers; stir to coat. Taste and adjust seasoning with salt and pepper. Cook, stirring as needed, until onion is brown and soft, 5–8 minutes more. Stir in garlic and cook until soft, about 2 minutes. Stir in spice mixture and 1½ tsp. salt.
3. Meat of the Matter
Add tomatoes, then wine, stirring and scraping up any bits stuck to the bottom of the pot. Add meat and stir to combine (the mixture will be fairly stiff but will loosen as it cooks). Add milk and mix well—everything should be evenly coated.
4. Low and Slow
Cover pot with a lid and transfer to oven; bake for 6 hours.
5. Custom Blend
Remove pot from oven. The sauce will have firmed up; stir to loosen. Pluck out thyme and, using an immersion blender, purée sauce until smooth. Add vinegar and season with salt and pepper. Makes 6 cups sauce
Serve Like a Pro
Finishing pasta in a pan with butter and some of the cooking liquid is what separates restaurant results from home versions. Cook pasta until al dente, drain, reserving 1 ½ cups cooking liquid, then... 1 Toss pasta and butter in a large skillet over medium heat. 2 Ladle in Bolognese and toss until pasta is well coated (about 2 cups). 3 Toss and add pasta cooking liquid as needed to create a glossy sauce that coats the noodles. Top with Parmesan and serve in warmed bowls.

subset: commoncrawl


text: What about this idea? I want to practise some my pronounciation in english. Therefore I`d like to talk to an english native speaker from the united states. I would prefer someone from texas or houston. But that doesnt matter. Iam from germany, we can talk about the german market for blackhatting and so one..so you can also benefit from it. How does that sound? I want to do it via Skype and we can fix a date for every week. Please write me a pn.


text:
Take a look at the below list of Top 10 Biggest Entertainers of Bollywood 2017. Bollywood is a place filled with live entertainment for fans with a variety of mediums like film, music, dance, drama, etc. Many acclaimed works of art can be seen here. The people who make up the audience and viewers come from all across the nation. It is the professional entertainers and artists who make a great impact on the fans. The actors and actresses have highly remarkable acting skills to keep movies a hit. Modeling, acting, and singing at Bollywood creates shows of excitement, romance, comedy, drama, fiction, and much more.
In India, Bollywood is the center of entertainment. Viewers have options to choose from a variety of streams of entertainment. Reality shows and chat shows are just as popular here. There is always something for everyone to enjoy. Here are the top Top 10 Biggest Entertainers of Bollywood in 2017 who keep fan coming back for more:
List of Top 10 Biggest Entertainers of Bollywood 2017
1. Salman khan-
This actor has produced many successful films that include Saajan, Hum Aapke Hain Koun, Judwaa, Pyar Kiya to Darna Kya and Hum Saath-Saath Hain. He is also one of the highest paid actors. A few of his successful action films include Dabangg, Bodyguard, Ek Tha Tiger, and Kick. He plays lead roles in numerous films. The audience loves his entertainment and does not mind paying.
2. Aamir Khan-
This Bollywood entertainer is an Indian film actor, director and producer. He is one of the most successful and high achieving actors of the Indian cinema. In Hindi films, he his received several great awards for his important roles. He is honored by the India government. A few of his major films include Rang De Basanti, Taare Zameen Par, Ghajini and 3 Idiots.
3. Akshay Kumar-
Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia, better known by his stage name 'Akshay Kumar', is an Indian-born Canadian. His many awards include Civilian award, Honorary Doctorate, National Honour, Filmfare Best Comedian Award, Filmfare Best Actor Award, IIFA Best Villain Award, and Stardust Best Actor – Comedy/Romance. He is famous for drama and romance films. Apart from acting, Kumar has also worked as a stunt actor.
4. Hrithik Roshan-
This actor is considered to be one of the most attractive male celebrities. This top actor has won six Filmfare Awards. His movies have attracted fans from near and far. He promotes top selling brands. Just Dance, the reality show, is hosted by him. This actor has been cited in the media as one of the most attractive male celebrities in India. Roshan is also stage performer. This fine actor was born in Mumbai to a Punjabi family of Hindi cinema personalities. Born with acting trade in his bloodline. A natural born actor. It is usually hidden in his films, but he has two thumbs on his right hand.
5. Ranbir Kapoor-
He is an Indian actor quite successful for his Box Office movies. He has received many successful awards and they include five Filmfare Awards, Best Male Debut for Saawariya, Critics Award for Best Actor for Wake Up Sid, Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani, and Best Actor awards for Rockstar and Barfi. But the heart of romance has always remained the same; like Ranbir Kapoor says in his film Tamasha, "Wahi kahani phir ek baar … Majnu ne liye kapde phaad … maar tamasha beech bazar."
6. Alia Bhatt-
This female actress has a very bubbly nature, the ability to laugh at herself and make others laugh along with her great acting talent that makes her quite popular at Bollywood. Her fans love her because she is a real sport. After winning the Miss World pageant in 2000, she began starring in Bollywood films. Maxim India named Priyanka Chopra "The Hottest Woman in the World."
7. Priyanka Chopra-
Quite talented in modeling, acting, and singing, she continues to draw fans to Bollywood. She is both a diva and a real beauty. She genuinely provides entertainment to the Bollywood crowds. She was born in Jamshedpur, India. She originally wanted to be an engineer. Former pageant queen and now actress. She is the first South Asian woman to get top billing on a U.S. network drama.
8. Ekta Kapoor-
She is the Joint Managing Director and Creative Director of Balaji Telefilms. Now the reigning queen of the Indian Television industry. She is the limelight of soap operas at Bollywood. These unique soaps are based on the very dramatic versions of the Indian scenario. She4 is great at entertainment in her films that include horror and comedy.
9. Ranveer Singh-
This Indian actor has earned the Singh a Filmfare Award in the Best Male Debut category. He stars in the romantic comedy Band Baaja Baaraat that has gained both critical and commercial success. He has earned a bachelor's degree from Indiana University, Bloomington. He then returned to India to start his career. He first starred in romantic drama.
10. Saif Ali Khan-
He is one of the most popular actors of the Indian cinema. Starring in these films have led him to be successful, Dil Chahta Hai, then his Kal Ho Naa Ho, Hum Tum, Salaam Namaste, Race, Omkara, and Love Aaj Kal. This actor has been honored by the Government of India with the Padma Shri in 2010. He is an actor with amazing abilities. He is also one of the highest paid actors.
So, these are the Top 10 Biggest Entertainers of Bollywood 2017. These are the actors and actresses who make Bollywood famous and attracts viewers from near and far. They work hard to serve the audience the highest quality of entertainment. They help to make Bollywood one of the best emerging film industries in the whole world. Indian cinema continues to climb the ladder to the top. This film industry is based in Mumbai. Some of the Hindi films have been distributed to some parts of Africa. Hindi films are watched in other countries that include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
If traveling to India, You may not want to miss out on seeing some of these great stars at Bollywood. They are real entertainment for movie goers. Bollywood can be found in the most populous city of the Republic of India. This cinema is often referred to as Hindi cinema. It is a major tourist attraction in India. There are quite a few areas in India that have been made famous for Bollywood movies. Bollywood has definitely made some shooting locations a hit in India.


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Eton Dynamo Flash Light with Compass, Black
Eton Dynamo Flash Light with Compass, Black Product Description :
Self-Powered super bright 3 LED flashlight with mounted compass is ideal when roughing it outdoors or for your emergency preparedness kit.
Eton Dynamo Flash Light with Compass, Black Features :
- Built-in hand crank power generator recharges the internal rechargeable Ni-MH battery and cell phone batteries
- 3 LED combine specifically designed optical lens to enhance brightness and efficiency
- Top mounted compass suitable for outdoor activities
- Power source: built-in rechargeable Ni-MH battery pack. Dimensions: 5.24�W X 2.36�H X 1.89�D and 133mm x 60mm x 48mm (W x H x D)
- Weight: 0.32 lbs. and 145 g. Accessories: owner�s manual, warranty card
Labels: Black