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Appstore security. September Appstore security. 5 lines of defence against malware
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1 Appstore security September 2011 Appstore security
2 About ENSA he European Network and nformation Security Agency (ENSA) is an EU agency created to advance the functioning of the internal market. ENSA is a centre of excellence for the European Member States and European institutions in network and information security, giving advice and recommendations and acting as a switchboard of information for good practices. Moreover, the agency facilitates contacts between the European institutions, the Member States and private business and industry actors. Contact details Authors: r. Marnix ekker, CSA and r. Giles Hogben Press and inquiries: Ulf Bergstrom Credits he threat analysis was performed in collaboration with the istrinet esearch Group, K.U.Leuven, Belgium (as part of ENSA tender P/29/10/C), in particular: Prof. dr. Frank Piessens, r. Lieven esmet, r. Pieter Philippaerts, and Philippe e yck. We consulted with industry experts while drafting this paper and the malware defences in particular. We are grateful for their valuable input and comments. Peter ickman, Nick Kralevich (Google) Nader Henein (esearch in Motion) Kari i. Kostiainen, Niall Odonoghue, imo J. Heikkinen, Mikko Saario (Nokia) Vinay Bansal (Cisco Systems) Legal notice Notice must be taken that this publication represents the views and interpretations of the authors and editors, unless stated otherwise. his publication should not be construed to be an action of ENSA or the ENSA bodies unless adopted pursuant to the ENSA egulation (EC) No 460/2004 as lastly amended by egulation (EU) No 580/2011. his publication does not necessarily represent state-of the-art and ENSA may update it from time to time. hird-party sources are quoted as appropriate. ENSA is not responsible for the content of the external sources including external websites referenced in this publication. his publication is intended for educational and information purposes only. Neither ENSA nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publication. eproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. European Network and nformation Security Agency (ENSA), 2011
3 Appstore security 3 Executive Summary Smartphones will outnumber PC s by 2013 and they will be the most common device for accessing the internet (Gartner, 2010). A key feature of smartphones is the use of appstores: managed repositories of third party software. Apple s appstore and Google s Android market have hundreds of thousands of apps, and claim billions of app downloads. Where in the past mobile phone users could just change ringtone or wall paper, apps turn the smartphone into the digital equivalent of the Swiss army knife, offering anything from sonic mosquito repellent to point-of-sale credit card payments. Apps have not escaped the attention of cyber attackers. For example, in 2010 diallerware was found in appstores for Windows Mobile phones and in 2011 malware was disguised as a popular app on the Android appstore infecting thousands of smartphones. Still, the number of malware attacks on smartphones pales in comparison with PCs. he large market share of PCs plays a role, but we believe that security design choices have been instrumental in preventing smartphone malware. o consolidate this head start, in this paper we analyse malware threats in app ecosystems and we identify five lines of defence that protect end-users 1 from malware and insecure apps: App review: Appstores should review apps before admitting them to the appstore. While app review cannot be perfect, it limits the possibilities for app developers to introduce malicious, or legitimate but insecure apps in appstores. Appstores can check apps with automatic (static and dynamic) analysis tools. Additionally human (manual) review can be used. While scalability is a problem with human review, this could be addressed by focussing on sensitive functionality and by using escalation procedures. eputation mechanism: eputation of apps and app developers can help users avoid malware. Appstores should show the reputation of apps and app developers. Second-order mechanisms can increase reputation quality. Appstores could take into account the reputation of the same app in other appstores. A point of concern is that most users rate apps for their functionality and not for their security, so there should be a separate channel for security and privacy issues (e.g. this app works, but asks for excessive privileges at install ). App revocation (aka kill-switch): Smartphone platforms should support remote removal of installed apps by appstores. Appstores should have an app revocation mechanism for malware and insecure apps. n special cases, e.g. when malware breaks out of the app sandbox, it may be necessary to use customized removal tools. evice security: Appstore defences rely on the security of the devices running the apps. he device should install and run apps in sandboxes, to reduce the impact of malware. n the 1 his paper is part of a number of ENSA activities around smartphone security. We have previously published a full overview of information security risks for smartphone users. We are also working with OWASP to draft best practices for app developers.
4 4 Appstore security sandbox, apps should get only a minimal set of privileges (the principle of least privilege). he sandbox should monitor the app inside it and allow the user to see the app s past activity. App revocation should uninstall the app and return the device to a pre-install state. Jails (or walled gardens): Smartphone (platform) vendors can restrict smartphones to apps from one or more designated appstores only and in this way prevent drive-by download attacks. his is commonly referred to as a jail or a walled garden. he smartphone should either be blocked from using untrusted appstores or, for expert users, present clear warnings about installing from untrusted sources. he approach to this issue is crucial if users can easily install from untrusted appstores, then it is easy for attackers to bypass the defences of the good appstores (with drive-by download attacks e.g.). On the other hand, overly-restrictive jails encourage users to break the jail, possibly introducing higher risks than those originally mitigated by the jail. Jails should, for example, not be used to stifle legitimate competition. We refer the reader to the body of this paper for details about the threat analysis (a combination of SE threat modelling and attack trees) and the five lines of defence against malware. n conclusion, on the positive side, appstores can offer important opportunities to prevent, or reduce the impact, of malware and insecure apps. hey can provide customers with vetted software distribution channels, showing the reputation of apps, and operating a revocation mechanism for malware and insecure apps. At the same time, cyber attackers are focussing more on smartphones. hey will try to sell malicious apps directly or go after software vulnerabilities in popular apps. he stakes are high: Consumers, government and business professionals use smartphones to store and process large amounts of confidential and personal data. ifferent smartphone platforms and different app stores currently address malware and insecure apps differently, which for consumers can be confusing. Without overlooking the differences between the various smartphones models and appstores, we recommend an industry-wide approach to addressing malware and insecure apps. Security teams should exchange information about apps (analyses, reputation) and share security practices. Consumers should be presented with clear security information about app developers and the apps they sell. A solution could be a distributed reputation system for apps and app developers across the different appstores. By analysing the threats and showing a baseline set of malware defences in this paper, we hope to contribute to a more common and standardized approach to app store security, across the (booming) smartphone industry.
5 Appstore security 5 1. ntroduction Besides the well-known Apple Appstore and Google Android Market there are many other appstores. For instance, Amazon opened an appstore for Android smartphones, Microsoft has one for Windows Mobile phones, Nokia for Symbian-based smartphones, CSCO has an appstore for its tablet, and some enterprises even created appstores for their employees. Besides appstores for smartphones there are also other appstores, for example for social media networks (Facebook apps), for business cloud services (Google apps), for browsers (Mozilla s addons), and so forth. n this paper we call a set of appstores, targeted at a specific platform, an app ecosystem (see figure below). App ecosystem App developer App developer App developer app App Store App Store app User device User device User device n an app ecosystem, app developers create apps, and sell or distribute them to users. An app is a piece of software that extends the functionality of the user device (a smartphone or a browser platform for example). he appstores receive apps from app developers and sell (or distribute) them to users, acting as a broker. Appstores generally show the reputation of each app, for example the number of downloads per app, the user reviews and the user votes. n this paper we focus on the threat from malware or insecure apps in app ecosystems. We first build a dataflow model of an app ecosystem in Section 2. he app ecosystem model is used for a SE threat analysis which is presented in Section 4. he scope of our threat analysis, assumptions about the attackers in scope, is explained in Section 3. n Section 5 we analyse the threats using attack trees and we identify five lines of defence.
6 6 Appstore security 2. ataflow diagram of an app ecosystem n this section we construct a model of an app ecosystem, which we will use in Section 4 as the basis for a SE threat analysis. 2.1 ntroduction to dataflow diagrams We describe our model using a data-flow diagram 2. he diagram has the following elements: nteractors (rectangles) generate input and consume output (to a process), e.g. humans. Processes (circles) perform some specific function. hey take one or more inputs, and generate one or more outputs, e.g. computer system functionality. atastores (two parallel lines) are used for storing data temporarily or permanently, e.g. a file system or a database. rust boundaries 3 (red dashed lines) indicate the edges of control. For example, we draw a trust boundary between the smartphone and the appstore because the smartphone is under control of the user, and the appstore under control of the appstore owner. 2.2 Modelling an app ecosystem he full diagram is shown below: he upper left corner shows the main use cases for the app developer (1). he app developer can send a new app, or an update, to the acceptance check (P1), which checks whether the app is suitable for inclusion in the appstore. he upper right corner shows the main use cases for the appstore controller (2). he appstore controller can approve apps for inclusion in the appstore (P1). After approval the app is packaged for inclusion in the appstore (P2). Metadata is added to the app such as a description and a list of permissions that the app needs on the user device (sometimes called a manifest ). Additionally the appstore controller can revoke bad apps (P3), based on complaints for example. evocation removes apps from the user devices (sometimes called a kill switch ). he lower part of the diagram shows the main use cases for the device user (3). he device user can browse descriptions and reputation of apps (P4). he installer (P8) requires as input the actual app published by the appstore (P5) and approval from the device user. On installation the apps are stored in the datastore with installed apps (2). After installation the device user can execute an app (P10). he device user can also submit comments and complaints about apps, which are processed and stored in the appstore (P7). 2 One could use SE with other modelling techniques, for example UML, but data flow diagrams are most common and support the use of tools such as the Microsoft SL hreat Modeling ool. 3 rust boundaries are not usually included in data flow diagrams, but they are used in SE threat analyses; in a SE analysis the focus is on the data flows crossing trust boundaries.
7 Appstore security 7 o ensure that the user devices receive timely updates and revocations, there is a periodic check (P9) for updated or revoked apps. Updates and revocations trigger the installer to install an updated app or uninstall a revoked app. Note that our model is only a general, simplified description of how app ecosystems work, based on an analysis of the Android marketplace, the iphone appstore, and the Mozilla Addons store. 2: App store controller 1: App developer Updated app New app P1: Acceptance check Approval of app evocation of app P2: Package and store app P3: evoke app App and metadata 1: App store P4: Publish description and reputation of apps P5: Publish apps P6: Publish updates and revocations P7: Accept comments or complaints App and metadata App of revoked or updated app P8: nstall, uninstall apps App P9: Periodic app check App App descriptions and reputations 2: Local apps App Comment or complaint about app Approval for installation, update, uninstallation P10: Execute app App name 3: evice user
8 8 Appstore security 3 Attacker model Here we set the scope of the threat analysis and define which attacks and attackers are in scope. n this paper we assume the target of cyber attackers to be users, consumers or professionals in public or private sector organizations, who download and install apps. We focus on attacks that introduce malware on the device via apps or appstores 4. We don t distinguish between stand-alone malware and malware that relies on other apps. he attackers have two intermediate technical goals: to get malicious code on the user device, and (if that works) to keep malicious code on the user device We ignore attacks directed at app developers or appstores which have no impact on the end-user (e.g. click-fraud, plagiarism, unfair competition). We also ignore social engineering attacks in which the user is tricked to configure insecurely an otherwise secure app. emark: here are 2 layers of software on a smartphone: the OS and the apps. So there are 4 categories of malware attacks: 1. Sell or distribute a malicious app. 2. Exploit vulnerability in an existing app. 3. Sell or distribute a malicious OS 4. Exploit vulnerability in an existing OS n this paper we mostly focus on categories more on 1 and 2. he Gemini and roidream attacks, seen in 2011, are an example of the first category. he ZitMo malware is an example of the second category 5. Selling or distributing a malicious OS (category 3) may seem to be a relatively minor threat, but there are device users who install a custom, unofficial OS on their smartphone, for added functionality. here is a risk that malicious operating systems are distributed: users should review the reputation of such operating systems carefully. Exploits of OS vulnerabilities (category 4) have been the dominant vector for attacks on PC s in the past decade. For protecting against OS exploits we refer the reader to a literature survey by. Gollmann. 4 t should be stressed that information security risks do not only come from malware alone. Even authentic, vetted apps can lead to data leaks, for example voice to text conversion software that uploads audio for processing. For corporate users such apps may expose sensitive customer data. 5 Exploits of third-party software have become the dominant problem for PCs as well: For example, according to Symantec more than half of the web-based attacks in 2010 exploit flaws in Adobe software (either the plugin or supporting libraries).
9 Appstore security 9 4. SE hreat analysis n this section we show the result of the SE threat analysis on the app ecosystem model. 4.1 ntroduction to SE SE categorizes threats into six types 6 : Spoofing threats: a process or an interactor pretends to be someone/thing else. ampering threats: a process, a data flow, or a datastore is changed. epudiation threats: evidence of an action by a process or an interactor disappears. nformation disclosure threats: a process, a dataflow, or a datastore reveals sensitive data. enial of service threats: a data flow, a datastore, or a process is overloaded, rendering normal use impossible. Elevation of privilege threats: a process is used to perform unauthorized actions. he 6 threat types apply to different elements in a dataflow model, as follows. Spoofing ampering epudiation nformation disclosure enial of service Elevation of privilege ata flows x x x atastores x x x Processes x x x x x x nteractors x x he focus of the SE analysis is on threats which cross trust-boundaries in the dataflow model. 4.2 SE threat analysis on the trust boundaries Our model has 3 interactors, 10 processes, 2 datastores, and 20 dataflows, so the full SE sweep gives 132 threats. We enumerate all the (61) threats on the trust boundaries first. hreats considered marginal to the scope of this paper are included for the sake of completeness, but typeset in grey. Element ype hreat description App developer (1) S 1 App developer is impersonated (spoofed) by an attacker and (in his name) submits a malicious app. 2 Attacker submits a malicious app, and denies this later. ataflows beteen app developer (1) and the appstore (P1). 3 Attacker tampers with an app or an update, adding malicious code to it.. 4 Attacker learns sensitive information, for example authentication credentials of the app developer. 5 Attacker denies app developers to submit apps or updates by overloading 6 SE includes only technical threats, resulting from design flaws or bugs, and not non-technical threats such as bribery.
10 10 Appstore security Acceptance check (P1) nteractor 3 (evice user) Publish description and reputation of apps (P4) ataflow between P4 and 3: App descriptions and reputations Publish apps (P5) ataflow between P5 and P8: App and metadata Publish updates and revocations (P6) S E S S E S E S the acceptance check with many apps. 6 Attacker spoofs the acceptance check, and gets the developer to reveal authentication credentials. 7 Attacker gets a malicious app past the acceptance check. 8 Appstore denies having received an app or an update for acceptance. 9 Attacker learns sensitive information about the appstore or other app developers from the acceptance check. 10 Attacker denies app developers to submit apps or updates by overloading the acceptance check with many apps. 11 Attacker approves a malicious app or submits an app on behalf of someone else. 12 Attacker impersonates a device user and posts false feedback for an app or skews download numbers for apps. 13 Attacker repudiates having given false feedback. 14 Attacker spoofs the appstore interface, so users see false descriptions and reputations of apps. 15 Attacker tampers with the appstore interface, changing the descriptions and reputations of apps. 16 Attacker browses descriptions and reputations but denies this later. 17 Attacker learns sensitive information, for example which users want to install which apps. 18 Attacker prevents users from browsing app descriptions by overloading the appstore. 19 Attacker carries out unauthorized actions, such as changing the descriptions and reputations of apps. 20 Attacker changes the descriptions and reputations of apps. 21 Attacker learns which users have installed which apps. 22 Attacker prevents users from browsing app descriptions by overloading. 23 Attacker spoofs the appstore, so the device installs malicious apps. 24 Attacker tampers with the appstore, so the device installs malicious apps. 25 Attacker downloads an app for installation and denies this later. 26 Attacker learns sensitive information from the appstore, such as which apps are being installed on which devices. 27 Attacker denies access to the appstore, for example to prevent devices from downloading apps or updates for installation. 28 Attacker carries out unauthorized actions, such as inserting additional (malicious) apps in the store. 29 Attacker tampers with the app, so the device installs a malicious app. 30 Attacker learns which apps are installed on which devices. 31 Attacker prevents devices from downloading apps or updates for installation. 32 Attacker spoofs the appstore, so the device does not get all the revocations or updates. 33 Attacker tampers with the appstore interface, so the device does not get all the revocations or updates. 34 Attacker receives an update or revocation notice and denies this later. 35 Attacker learns sensitive information from the appstore interface, such as which apps are installed on which devices.
11 Appstore security 11 ataflow between P6 and P9: App s of revoked or updated apps. Accept comments or complaints (P7) ataflow between P7 and 3: Comment or complaint about app nstall, uninstall apps (P8) Periodic app check (P9) E S E S E S E 36 Attacker denies access to the appstore interface, for example to prevent users from receiving updates and revocations. 37 Attacker carries out unauthorized actions, such as changing or removing updates or revocations. 38 Attacker tampers with the updates and revocations from the device, so that the device does not receive all the updates and revocations. 39 Attacker learns which apps are installed on which devices. 40 Attacker prevents devices from receiving updates or revocations for installation. 41 Attacker spoofs the appstore, so the user submits comments and complaints in the wrong place. 42 Attacker tampers with the appstore interface, changing or removing complaints. 43 Attacker submits positive feedback information and denies this later. 44 Attacker learns sensitive information, for example which apps are installed on which devices. 45 Attacker prevents device users from submitting comments and complaints by overloading the appstore with comments. 46 Attacker carries out unauthorized actions, such as removing comments or complaints about an app. 47 Attacker changes comments and complaints from the device user. 48 Attacker learns sensitive information about the device users, for example which apps are installed by which users, or personal details about device users. 49 Attacker prevents device users from submitting comments and complaints by overloading the appstore with comments. 50 Attacker spoofs the device, for example to skew the statistics on which users have installed which apps or updates. 51 Attacker tampers with the installer, installing malicious apps. 52 Attacker installs an app, denying this later on, for example to skew the statistics on which users have installed which apps or updates. 53 Attacker learns sensitive information about the user, for example which device the user is carrying. 54 Attacker overloads the installer, preventing the user from installing updates, or uninstalling revoked apps. 55 Attacker carries out unauthorized actions, such as installing malicious apps and rootkits. 56 Attacker spoofs a user device, for example to skew the statistics on which users have received update or revocation notices. 57 Attacker prevents a user device from receiving updates or revocations. 58 Attacker receives an update or revocation notice, denying this later on, for example to skew the statistics on how many users received updates or revocations. 59 Attacker learns sensitive information from the appstore user interface (for example which apps are installed on which user devices). 60 Attacker overloads the process, preventing the user device from receiving updates and revocation information. 61 Attacker carries out unauthorized actions, removing revocations.
12 12 Appstore security 4.3 SE analysis inside the trust boundaries A full SE threat analysis would also cover the elements and data flows inside the trust boundaries. For example, the full SE analysis also yields a spoofing attack on the Appstore controller (2) - an attacker impersonating the Appstore controller. For the sake of brevity, we do not elaborate all these threats and just discuss the internal threats (within the trust boundary) to the process Execute app (P10) because often malicious behaviour only emerges at runtime. Element ype hreat description Execute app (P10) S E 62 Attacker spoofs the execution process, so the user thinks (wrongly) that an app is executing. 63 Attacker tampers with the execution process, to perform malicious functions. 64 Attacker can run an app without leaving evidence (such as logs). 65 Attacker learns sensitive information from the execution process, for example about the device user, or sensitive information on the device. 66 Attacker overloads the execution process, to prevent the user from executing other apps. 67 Attacker carries out unauthorized actions, such as tampering with other apps, reading data stored by other apps, or reading sensitive information.
13 Appstore security efending against the threats he SE analysis yields many different threats. o address them systematically we use attack trees - a technique introduced by Bruce Schneier to analyse all the different ways to attack a system Attack tree An attack tree for attacking the device user with malware is shown below. he top nodes are the highlevel technical attacker goals: to get malicious code on the user device, and to keep malicious code on the user device. n this tree we take into account both malicious apps and exploits of vulnerable apps. We do not refine further to practical goals, such as stealing money or sensitive data. An arc denotes conjunction (meaning that both sub goals are required to execute the attack). he threats from the SE analysis, showing how they can be used in attacks, are on the bottom of the diagram. Keep malicious code on the user device Get malicious code on the user device Sell/distribute malicious app in appstore Prevent detection by device user Prevent updates, app revocation Bypass the appstore Exploit vulnerability in installed app Create malicious app Circumvent app review roll/falsify app reputation Attack trees are similar to fault trees and dependency trees which are used in industrial engineering to analyse how a system or a structure deals with incidents or disaster.
14 14 Appstore security 5.2 Lines of defence n this section we identify 5 lines of defence which can be deployed to prevent malware attacks on end-users (see below). he defence mechanisms are shown in the attack tree below. Keep malicious code on the user device Get malicious code on the user device K, Sell/distribute malicious app in appstore Prevent detection by device user Prevent updates, app revocation J, A A Lines of defence: Bypass the appstore Exploit vulnerability in installed app Create malicious app Circumvent app review roll/falsify app reputation A App review eputation mechanism K App revocation (kill-switch) evice security J Jails App review (A) Appstores can check apps for security issues before they are distributed to end-users. As mentioned earlier, app reviews cannot give a 100% security guarantee, but they make it harder for attackers to introduce malware in app ecosystems. Automated software analysis tools: Static analysis tools can be used to inspect the source or binary code of an app to ensure that it does not use unauthorized functionality and that it adheres to (some of) the developer guidelines. An example would be the tool in Apple s submission process that checks for forbidden AP calls. Alternatively, such tools can scan for viruses or known malicious code fragments. n addition to static analysis tools, dynamic analysis tools can be used, that will actually run the app against a number of test cases so it can be checked and monitored for unwanted or unauthorized behaviour. An example is Microsoft s Hopper tool that runs a submitted application for a number of hours and monitors memory usage, performance, and stability. Automated tools could be set up to trigger escalation procedures to manage resource-intensive analysis such as manual analysis (see next bullet). Manual analysis: While research in software analysis is slowly pushing the boundaries of what can be analysed automatically, there are a number of aspects that can only be checked by a human, for example if an app is trying to spoof another app to fool the user. Scalability of manual analysis is a point of concern for appstores. Escalation procedures and a focus on critical functionality can be used to make manual analysis more efficient. Sharing analysis results: When possible, results of security analysis should be shared with other appstores and security researchers. Appstores could also leverage the expertise of 3rd party researchers and security companies by allowing them to bulk-download and analyse apps.
15 Appstore security 15 Authentication of app developers: App developers should be securely authenticated so that rogue app developers cannot piggy-back on the (good) reputation of other app developers. n app ecosystems often single individuals create apps rather than large software vendors 8. Apps are not only developed in well-protected development environments. his means that authentication of app developers becomes more important. Phishing attacks or XSS attacks to get the credentials of app developers are a significant risk. isk profiling of app developers: he appstore should monitor and create risk profiles of app developers. New app developers, or app developers who submit unsafe or malicious apps, should be treated with special care. Anomalous behaviour from well-known app developers could be a sign of an attack (phishing for example). Continuous process: App review should be a continuous process, and appstores should analyse apps even after they have been admitted to the appstore, for example by using more resource-intensive analysis (manual analysis e.g.). his type of ex-post review could be triggered by the popularity of an app (download numbers) or the reputation mechanism (see below). Priority for updates: Appstores should consider priority vetting for updates to existing (and popular) apps to allow app developers to patch vulnerabilities quickly. eputation mechanism () A reputation mechanism for apps and app developers is important for device users to be able to avoid insecure apps. A reputation mechanism does not give a 100% guarantee, because attackers could invest in building up a good reputation, but it does make it harder for attackers to distribute malicious apps. App track record: o allow users to make a good choice, the reputation of an app should show the history and track record of app developers and apps, download statistics of apps, user votes, and detailed comments and complaints from users. Separate security and privacy reputation: An important issue with current app reputation systems is that users often only rate apps for their functionality. Security and privacy information about apps should be treated separately in app store reputation mechanisms. Sybil attack resistance: Mechanisms should be in place to avoid attackers from creating multiple pseudonymous identities and thereby gaining excessive influence to be able to skew the reputation of apps (aka Sybil attack). Second-order mechanisms can be used to foil Sybil attacks (see next bullet). 8 Consumerisation of software development also means that software developers can more easily change names to escape a bad reputation, and that security processes may be absent, for example patcbing processes.
16 16 Appstore security Second-order reputation: Second-order reputation can prevent attacks on the reputation scheme by giving more weight to votes from users who have a good reputation amongst other users. his can increase scoring quality and relevance and prevent trolling and Sybil attacks. Anonymous feedback: Comments and complaints from device users should be anonymised and sensitive information about device users should be removed from public feedback to encourage honest feedback and to avoid targeted attacks that rely on which apps a device user installed. Exchanging reputation information: When possible, reputation information about the same app in other (trusted) appstores should be taken into account. o allow for such an exchange apps should have unique identifiers and signatures to allow referencing across different appstores. Permission feedback: reputation systems should allow users to give separate feedback on specific security-relevant features such as excessive permission requests (e.g. snake game asks for access to GPS and telephone calls). App revocation or kill-switch (K) Many smartphone platforms implement an app revocation mechanism, or kill-switch, which uninstalls apps installed on user devices. App revocation can be triggered either by the app store or by the smartphone (platform) vendor. mportant aspects of app revocation mechanisms are the following. User communication and consent: emoving apps from user devices is a controversial subject. Users should be informed about the reasons for the removal and, if this does not jeopardize other users, given a chance to opt-out. here are also settings where app revocation goes against security policy. For example in a military setting, apps may be mission-critical and the app revocation mechanism may need to be turned off. Spawning: t is important to prevent a malicious app from spawning installing difficult to remove code across the user device during installation or runtime..e. it should be possible, by uninstalling the app to reverse all changes caused by the app. On PC s for example attackers often spawn malicious code in places where it is difficult to remove (rootkits). n the roidream attack, the Android kill-switch could not be used because the malicious code was outside the sandbox. n such a case, a custom removal tool may be required. Update frequency: Smartphone (platform) vendors should encourage users to update frequently. Security updates should be kept small in size whenever possible, to prevent that users with limited-bandwidth or metered internet access skip large updates. etection: he reputation mechanism (see above) plays an important role because it often provides the basis for a revocation. Comments and complaints should be monitored
17 Appstore security 17 continuously. Apps may exhibit malicious behaviour at a specific moment (say Easter eggs), at random intervals, or randomly across users as seen in malvertisement attacks 9. False positives: App revocation could potentially be used to uninstall good apps from user devices. he app revocation mechanism should only be accessible to security teams who can base their decisions on app reviews, user reviews, complaints. evice security () Appstore defences rely for a large part on a secure implementation on the device. App sandboxes are vital for the security of the app ecosystem because they limit what apps can do on the device 10. mportant device-side security features are the following: Code signing: he user device should only accept apps that are signed by the right app store. Sandboxes: he user device should have sandboxes (or containers) for apps, so that apps are installed and run in isolation, to reduce the impact of malware. Minimal set of privileges: n the sandbox, apps should have only a minimal set of privileges by default (applying the principle of least privilege) and if an app needs additional privileges (for example to access GPS data) this should be handled with care; either the user should be explicitly asked for consent, or the app store should grant permission during app review. An important issue here is that users are often not in a position to make good security decisions, especially when asked frequently. Monitoring by the smartphone user: An important feature of sandboxing is monitoring of the app inside. he device should monitor apps after they have been installed. evice users should have the possibility of seeing reports of the activity of an app (network usage, resource usage, and so on) to detect resource-intensive code. Clean slating: he device should when triggered by the appstore or the user uninstall the app and return the device to a pre-install state. Jails or walled gardens (J) he device vendor (or the platform distributor) can restrict installation of apps to one or more trusted appstores or warning when the user is installing apps from untrusted appstores. his is commonly referred to as a jail or a walled garden. he approach to app installation policies (and jails in particular) is crucial, because most of the above-mentioned defences are useless if users are quick to skip warnings or jailbreak their devices. f it is easy to skip warnings then users are vulnerable to drive-by download attacks a common source of infection on PC s. f jails are too restrictive users will try to jailbreak their devices which could expose them to even higher risks, for example when jailbreaking 9 n some malvertisement attacks, attackers have uploaded genuine-looking - but malicious banners (to exploited advertisement servers) that infect only a few users at random moments, to prevent detection. 10 Sandboxing and capabilities was rated as the top information security opportunity in our smartphone risk assessment.
18 18 Appstore security removes other defences in the process. here are several models in use, each with different security considerations: Closed app ecosystems: n a closed app ecosystem, there are one or more designated appstores that can sell or distribute apps. he devices are configured in such a way that users can only install apps from one or more designated appstores. he appstores in the closed system form a federation and can agree on common security practices. Enterprise app stores: For enterprise users, smartphones could be configured to allow only apps from a dedicated enterprise app store, allowing the enterprise tight control on app installation. Open app ecosystems: n an open app ecosystem anyone can open an appstore and start selling or distributing apps to device users. While this gives the device user maximum freedom of choice, just like on a traditional PC, it also increases the risk of drive-by download attacks. Federated appstores: Appstores could form federations by agreeing, inter alia, to a minimum level of security. Such a federation of app ecosystems could give end-users more choice, while at the same time preserving the security benefits of a closed app ecosystem. App reputation across appstores: Another possibility is to keep a single central list of wellreputed apps as the app whitelist of the app ecosystem. Such a reputation system would provide a central repository of security information about apps, independently of where the apps are sold. n this way, the central list is only responsible for assuring the authenticity of the list entries and their reputation in terms of security and privacy. his concludes the body of our paper. We refer the reader to the executive summary for our conclusions.
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Malicious software About ENISA The European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) is an EU agency created to advance the functioning of the internal market. ENISA is a centre of excellence forMore information
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text:
AMC Classic Camp Hill 12
3431 Simpson Ferry Road,
Camp Hill,
1 person favorited this theater
The Cinema Center was built into a building that previously was a department store. JKRoller Architects of Philadelphia designed the theatre. The roof was raised to accommodate the stadium seated 12-screen movie theatre. The new facade is clad with backlit aluminium panels accented with illuminated signage and neon. One auditorium has 460 seats and is the largest in the Harrisburg area.
Upon opening in June 17, 2005, the Cinema Center became the flagship of the Central Pennsylvania movie theatre chain that is also named Cinema Center. It was taken over by Carmike Cinemas in August 2014.
Recent comments (view all 7 comments)
s the cinema supply company, and the Capital theatre in Bloomsburg
Marv Troutman owns all of the cinema centers, plus the above
Dave Bonan…the Cinema Center in Camp Hill is a 12 screen not 13
Acquired by Digital Cinema Destinations Corp. in 2012 and now 100% digital projection.
In 2008, architectural firm JKRoller Architects, designers of the Cinema Center at Camp Hill, changed its name to JKR Partners.
Opened on June 17, 2005,
now AMC CLASSIC Camp Hill 12 https://www.amctheatres.com/movie-theatres/harrisburg-pa/amc-classic-camp-hill-12
Just login to your account and subscribe to this theater

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The nation's top performers seem to want to play hot potato with the Heisman as most put together lackluster performances. However, as conference play begins in earnest, hopefuls will have to step up or step aside. Notably, Marcus Mariota takes the top spot as Teddy Bridgewater struggles to catch attention as his team cruises against lightweight competition.
1. QB Marcus Mariota, Oregon (Last Week- #2)- Oregon did not play this week. Nevertheless, Mariota takes the lead as others stumble.
2. QB Johnny Manziel, Texas A&M (Last Week- #5)- Another dominant performance from "Johnny Football" (244 passing yards, 102 rushing yards, and 3 total touchdowns) only makes it harder for Heisman voters to ignore him.
3. QB Teddy Bridgewater, Louisville (Last Week- #1)- Solid numbers and a dominant team performance that saw his opponent ask for a running clock is great but cannot justify giving the #1 ranking any more. Bridgewater's numbers have to be eye-popping or the Cardinal's schedule will be the end of his Heisman chances.
4. QB Tahj Boyd, Clemson (Last Week- #3)- Clemson did not look good against NC State, but Boyd's three touchdowns propelled the Tigers to a win. The dual threat signal caller still has not thrown an interception.
5. RB Lache Seastrunk, Baylor (Last Week- #9)- The dynamic back ran for 156 yards as the Bears continue to put up mind-popping offensive numbers. How Seastrunk and his team perform against legitimate competition will determine the seriousness of his (and quarterback Bryce Petty's) Heisman campaign.
6. RB Todd Gurley, Georgia (Last Week- #7)- A solid performance against North Texas was expected, but how the Bulldog handles LSU could be a launch point into the upper echelon of contenders.
7. RB Melvin Gordon, Wisconsin (Last Week- Unranked)- As the nation's leading rusher, Gordon will look for Big 10 play to bolster his chances.
8. QB AJ McCarron, Alabama (Last Week- #4)- Numbers were solid (258 passing yards) but the performance against Colorado State failed to inspire.
9. QB Keith Price, Washington (Last Week- #10)- A strong performance against lowly Idaho State did little on its own to improve or hurt the Huskies' signal caller's chances.
10. QB Brett Hundley, UCLA (Last Week- #6)- Two interceptions against lowly New Mexico State is a step back for the sophomore sensation.
On the Cusp: RB De'Anthony Thomas (Oregon), QB Derek Carr (Fresno State), QB Bryce Petty (Baylor), QB Jordan Lynch (Northern Illinois)
In the Mix/Stock Rising: QB Aaron Murray (UGA), RB Alex Collins (Arkansas), WR Jordan Matthews (Vanderbilt), WR Mike Evans (TAMU), DE Vic Beasley (Clemson), RB Jeremy Hill (LSU)
Stock Falling: QB Jameis Winston (FSU), QB Braxton Miller (Ohio State), QB Devin Gardner (Michigan), RB Duke Johnson (Miami), RB TJ Yeldon (Alabama), WR Stefon Diggs (Maryland)


text: I can't be the only one having this issue. I was very pleased with the long-awaited OTA GB update, and it ran smoothly all day. But I went for my evening run, for which I use the Runkeeper app, and no matter how many reboots, battery pulls etc it was not reading the GPS signal. I just did a timed run instead (how old school) and when I got home I tried troubleshooting. The Maps app is also unusable: it either falls back on the cell tower location or places me (consistently) a couple of miles directly across from my actual location. With research, I saw that Nexus One users were also having geolocation Gingerbread issues that were only resolved with Android 2.3.4, not an option for Droid X users yet (I think). Surely I'm not the only X user who has run into this problem since the update? GPS is probably 15-20% of what I use the phone for! I EDdon't want to have to roll back to Froyo, not that I'm even sure how to do that. EDITED TO ADD: SOLVED! As per a poster in a similar thread, there are three services available under Location & Security settings. The one for Google apparently doesn't mesh well with the gingerbread update, or something; disabling it while enabling Standard and Verizon services appeats to have fixed the problem. Phew!


text: AS HE DOES IN ALL good Bond movies, 007 manages some impressive travels in his latest flm Spectre, calling into Morocco, Italy and Austria during the 148-minute running time. Most likely to inspire a trip to the airport are scenes of the Day of the Dead festival in Mexico, exuberant celebrations held each November to honour lost friends and family. Keep an eye out for 2016 tours (intrepidtravel.com).


text:
Corsers is a specialist commercial legal practice and property conveyancing group. Established in Adelaide in 1990 by Mark Kurtze following his return from Perth, Western Australia where he practiced at the firm Corser & Corser.
The name "Corser" has its origins in Perth, Western Australia when Cecil Corser and Fred Curran commenced practice in partnership in the 1920's. The firm's name later became Corser & Corser.
Today, the Directors, Mark Kurtze, Nadia Shivarev and Karley Thomas provide services and advice to individuals and small and large businesses in commercial and property dealings, whether transactional or dispute resolution and in other specialist areas.


text:
A Pennsylvanian Shares Lessons Learned
One of the joys of book writing is meeting and getting to know many different people from many walks of life. One of the people I met and enjoyed getting to know while writing The Boom is Ralph Kisberg.
Ralph works with the Responsible Drilling Alliance in Williamsport, PA. He recently shared a guest blog post he wrote that's worth a read. He distills his insights from fighting against fracking into eight lessons. Click here for the entire blog post. A couple excerpts.
Learn the rules:. By the time you are aware your area is threatened, the industry will have figured out your state's laws and permitting processes, as well as how to exploit those rules and work toward getting more favorable legislation enacted. Get a clear understanding of how it all works from the state, local, and federal level as soon as you can. Learn the regulatory agency processes, legislative and rule making processes, and the role of local government. Then try not to get overwhelmed by just how well the road has been paved for what you don't want to happen and get involved in those processes.
Course I was happy that he urged people to "Read Russell Gold's 'The Boom' for knowledge of the history, problems and benefits of shale resource development."
Cheers Ralph.


text:
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Volume 2004, Issue 43, Pages 2307-2323
Sufficient and necessary condition for the permanence of periodic predator-prey system
1Department of Mathematics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
2Department of Mathematics, Xinyang Teachers College, Henan, Xinyang 464000, China
Received 22 January 2003
Copyright © 2004 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We consider the permanence of a periodic predator-prey system, where the prey disperse in a two-patch environment. We assume the Volterra within-patch dynamics and provide a sufficient and necessary condition to guarantee the predator and prey species to be permanent by using the techniques of inequality analysis. Our work improves previous relevant results.


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Exchanging and Managing Information, Inc, d/b/a DriveTheFoundation.com, was established in 1986 in Texas. We have been providing high-quality, online courses to public schools since 2004. We are proud of the successes each Texas student has achieved thru the courses we provide. Our staff is constantly researching educational programs/courses from respected companies throughout Texas and the U.S.
Please feel free to contact us with any program or course improvement recommendations.
Thank you,
Randall W Pugh


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* radishes
* bananas
* Medjool Dates
* wax beans & green beans (LOCAL)
* Ferndale Market: ground turkey, smoked turkey breast, and turkey cranberry sticks back in.
* Kadejan Chicken (MN) Chicken breasts, thighs (bone in and boneless) and tenders
* Brakstad Green Acres (LOCAL-Pequot Lakes): whole chickens
* Patchwork Farms Pork (Nisswa): farmers sausage, summer sausage, maple breakfast links, pork chops, brats
* Fox Farm Pork: bacon, brats, ground pork, tenderloins, breakfast links, chops
* Baca Beef: grass fed beef - mostly ground, roasts, sometimes T-bones, steaks (call and check)
* LOTS of local greens, zukes, yellow squash, peas, cukes, tomatoes, some herbs, green beans, wax beans, potatoes, Shiitake mushrooms
* FRESH ORGANIC BREAD - Positively 3rd Street Bakery in Duluth: 8-Grain, Wild Rice, Golden White Wheat, Sour Dough, Hotdog & hamburger buns, and ... NEW- Sunflower Seed Bread
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* LOCAL leaf lettuce varieties, kale, romaine, endive, butter leaf -LOCAL (Merrifield, Pillager, Pequot Lakes)
* cauliflower
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* celery
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* snap peas LOCAL
* Cabbage -green & red
* Onions - yellow, red
* vine on tomatoes
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* potatoes - red, yellow, russet AND new reds LOCAL
* garlic- purple
* ginger root
* carrots - regular and Rainbow
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Boston Still Has a Snow Pile & It Might See July
You might be enjoying summer weather right now, but lest you forget, New England was snowed in for nearly all of February and beyond. Boston saw a record-breaking 112 inches, and still has the snow pile to prove it.
Mayor Marty Walsh tweeted a photo Wednesday showing the remains of the snow farm in South Boston, which is still holding on and might make it to July. Walsh also said that 30 tons of trash was removed from the farm, leftover from the piles that towered 15 to 20 feet tall.


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As much as we all love Android, we can all agree that Android could use a better media player. Android's current media player has always been a little more utilitarian than anything and quickly showing its age. Thankfully, Sony Ericsson is looking to improve upon that in their upcoming Android phone, the 'Rachael' XPERIA X3. From the concept video above, they've made the media player look completely fresh and insanely drool-worthy, can we have it now?
The media player in the 'Rachael' UI looks a little bit like the Zune HD's (learn more at WMExperts) but still manages to come off as entirely its own. The 'Rachael's media player takes advantage of the large screen (480x854, same as the DROID) to offer an experience much more fluid than your regular boring lists of artists and albums. The page for artist's is an eye-catcher as well, with photos and cover art adding so much color to the page. Overall, it's seriously a huge upgrade to the stock Android media player and one that just might catapult it into a media powerhouse (better syncing software still needs to be included).
And don't forget, the Sony Ericsson 'Rachael' Android XPERIA X3 will be announced November 3rd. It can't come any sooner!


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Oak's Story of the Fall of the Colossus
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A poor but proud couple from the rural South learns the lasting dangers of a moment's forbidden pleasure in this drama. John Lloyd (Boyce Brown) and his wife Liza (Marjory Morris) are a young couple who are taking care of a baby while still working out the troubles faced by all newlyweds; their circumstances are not helped by the fact they're living with Liza's parents, John's new business in raising chickens has yet to pay off, and Liza has just learned she's expecting another child. One afternoon after a quarrel with Liza, John stops at a roadhouse and has a few beers too many; he ends up spending part of the evening with Nell (Paula Haygood), a waitress, but after this brief indiscretion he returns home to Liza determined to be a better husband. However, a few days after their encounter, Nell learns she has syphilis, and doesn't know how to find John and tell him the unfortunate news. As Liza neglects her prenatal medical checkups, it's not until the county health department begins establishing diagnostic blood testing for low-income families that John and Liza learn that their health is in peril, as well as that of their unborn child. Birthright was produced as an educational feature by Columbia University and the Georgia Department of Health, using a cast of non-professional actors; later, a road-show distributor spiced it up with a brief nude scene and footage of a human childbirth (purchased from an educational film company) and booked it into grindhouses and drive-ins as an exploitation item, though the expanded film still clocked in at less than an hour.
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NASHVILLE - The House today approved a bill allowing Tennessee handgun-carry permit holders to store their firearms legally in vehicles parked on almost all parking lots in the state.
Their 72 to 22 vote sends the bill to Republican Gov. Bill Haslam for his consideration.
"I believe this bill is testament to hard work, thoughtful consideration and common-sense compromise," the bill's sponsor, Rep. Jeremy Faison, R-Cosby, told the House.
Republicans beat down an array of amendments, rejecting Democratic amendments that sought to prevent employers from still being able to fire workers as well as other efforts to exclude schools, prisons, mental institutions and other institutions from the bill's provisions.
Under the legislation, employers still retain the right to fire employees for any reason, a provision that has upset some Second Amendment advocates.
House Minority Leader Craig Fitzhugh, D-Ripley, said that nonetheless, the bill goes too far.
He warned that "today we're telling businesses they must allow guns on their property, and the question is, what will we do next?"


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Photography Volume I
by Robert Hartland
This is the price your customers see. Edit list price
About the Book
Nature photography is all about getting out there and being a part of our natural world. When in nature working on photography, it is helpful to entirely immerse yourself in what you are doing. I strive to showcase the Earth in the most beautiful light and to encourage everyone to be kind to the Earth and all life, including themselves. Photographs in Volume I, range across landscapes, plants, and animals. In my blooming journey, the ultimate goal was not only to display a wide variety of nature, but to offer a different perspective the average user may never see. This has been achieved using different angles, locations and distances. "We do not see Nature with our eyes, but with our understandings and our heart". - William Hazlitt
Features & Details
- Category Arts & Photography Books
Standard Landscape, 10×8 in, 25×20 cm
40 Pages
- Publish Date Oct 18, 2010
- Tags Grand Canyon, National Monument, Mount Rushmore, City of Presidents, Calla Lily, Yellow Day Lily, Lookout, Pollinating, Hibiscus, Cactus, Pollen, Rain, Rose, Flower, Nature, Photography, Macro, Close-up, Crimson, Sun, Outfielder, Ball, Baseball, Dog, Puppy, Schnauzer, Bird, Seagull, Parrot, Lion, Guerrilla, Meerkat, Sentinel, Animal, Dandelion
See More
About the Creator
As a blooming designer I love to discover new avenues of creations and embrace various mediums. I love to design awesome print pieces, websites and apparel. Seeing my creations come to fruition and being able to hold them in my hands is the best part. My other interests include surfing, snowboarding, my Miniature Schnauzer Mia Bella and my wife Sara. "In art the hand can never execute anything higher than the heart can inspire" - Ralph Waldo


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lundi 18 juin 2012
Université de Lille 3
Directeur de Thèse : Rémi Gilleron, professeur des universités
Learning multiple related tasks jointly by exploiting their underlying shared knowledge can improve the predictive performance on every
task compared to learning them individually. In this thesis, we address the problem of multi-task learning (MTL) when the tasks are
heterogenous: they do not share the same labels (eventually with different number of labels), they do not require shared examples. In
addition, no prior assumption about the relatedness pattern between tasks is made.
Our contribution to multi-task learning lies in the framework of ensemble learning where the learned function consists normally of an
ensemble of "weak " hypothesis aggregated together by an ensemble learning algorithm (Boosting, Bagging, etc.). We propose two ap-
proaches to cope with heterogenous tasks without making prior assumptions about the relatedness patterns. For each approach, we
devise novel multi-task weak hypothesis along with their learning algorithms then we adapt a boosting algorithm to the multi-task setting.
UMR 8022 - Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille - Copyright © 2012 Sophie TISON - Crédits & Mentions légales
Pour tout commentaire / Comments and remarks : webmaster


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केन्द्रीय माध्यमिक शिक्षा बोर्ड
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text: Is there anything I should do before I return it, Factory Reset etc? I had it rooted at one point with that z4 Mod app, I un-rooted last month, and just un-installed the app all together, having that doesn't void the warranty or anything does it? Just bringing it back to get a replacement because mines defective. Trying to leave within the next 5-10 minutes, so a response ASAP would be awesome, thanks


text: Bicycle House A donation-based public service A public workshop An extensive selection of used parts A "junk yard" of over 500 bicycles Bicycle House is right for you if: You need to find parts for your bike – want to work on your own bike – you want to build a bike to get you places if you have knowledge about bikes you want to share (if you like dogs!) Over 150 Volunteers... Learning by Helping Others Supplied by our community... A Simple Concept People donate bicycles and parts to us… We use those bicycles and parts to provide service to our community… And we learn a lot in the process! Some Numbers 550 Bicycles provided to the community per year 3,000 average repairs per year 400 average volunteers per year working a total of 10,000 hours GET INVOLVED! Volunteer Events Donate


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Though I don't like being cold and winter can be dreary, there are many things I love about winter. There's something cosy about winter that sends a warm (if you're not freezing), fuzzy feeling about winter. Below are some of the things that I consider to be the joys of winter:
Fireside moments; I love sitting by a hot fire on a cold evening, while talking, reading or just staring thoughtfully into the dying flames...
Warm drinks; hot tea, coffee and yummy hot chocolate are perfect for winter.
Cozy reading; reading snuggled up in a blanket is bliss.
Watching movies in bed; all-time favourites watched under covers is the best way.
Winter wear; there is so much more one can wear in winter.
Winter colours; winter has a beauty of its own, even though it doesn't snow here and everything is often dead. I photo-shopped the last one quite a bit.
Frosty mornings; though cold, morning frosts are really pretty.
Wintery walks; I love to take walks in our veld and though in winter those walks are scarce because of the nippy wind, when it's a bit cooler, winter walks are enjoyable.
All photos, except the last one, were taken by Jess Leigh


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November 17, 2009, 7:43 am
Red Hat announced today the official release of Fedora 12, the latest version of the popular open source Linux distribution. This release brings some impressive new features and a lot of much-needed bugfixes. It's a strong update that puts the distro on the right track forward and addresses the serious installation problems that we encountered when we tested Fedora 11.
Fedora 12, codenamed Constantine, brings improved power management, performance optimizations, new virtualization enhancements, and a lot of other great stuff. A lot of the improvements will boost Fedora's suitability for netbooks. A new Moblin spin is available that allows users to easily test Moblin's specialized user interface on top of Fedora 12.


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The Patio Pit is perfect for backyard gatherings to cook out or roast marshmallows on the deck. It has a 48″ kick ring and a 21″ swing away grill that is fully adjustable. All components are heavy gauge steel, painted with a ceramic coating. Load it up on the next camping trip and you will be able to cook up some fire grilled burgers with wood or charcoal.
Choose from three cutout patterns:
- State Flag, Armadillo, Bronco, & Texas Star
- Horses, Sleeping Cowboy, Boot, & Cow Skull
- Bucks, Pheasant, Coyote, & Ducks
- Made with 3/16″ 10 gauge steel
- Outer Ring Diameter: 48″
- Pit Diameter: 36″
- Height: 17.5″
- Weight: 150 lbs
Delivery Information
The patio pit can be picked up at our location in Lindsay, TX. Due to its size and weight, it is not available for shipping.
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WATCH: Georgina Miranda Climbs World's Highest Mountains in Support of Women in the DRC
Activist climber Georgina Miranda founded Climb Take Action, an online community and initiative with the goal of climbing The Seven Summits, the highest mountains on each of the seven continents. Georgina has dedicated herself to this challenge in the hopes of raising awareness and funds to help the women and children in DRC. Funds raised through Climb Take Action benefit V-Day's work in Congo and City of Joy, as well as International Medical Corps.


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Michael Fassbender thinks gamers will approve of Assassin's Creed
- Bang Showbiz
- 29 December 2016
Michael Fassbender is "very confident" gamers will enjoy the 'Assassins Creed' movie because it has struck a balance between staying faithful to the game and doing some "bold" new things
Michael Fassbender is "very confident" gamers will enjoy the 'Assassins Creed' movie.
The 39-year-old actor stars in and has produced the upcoming video game adaptation and he thinks the hardcore fans of the franchise will appreciate that the film stays true to the game in some ways, while also taking risks in others.
He said: "I'm very confident that the gamers will appreciate what we've done.
"There are things that we absolutely wanted to respect, but I think they want you to make some bold choices.
"The gamers are a pretty fun bunch and they're very passionate from my experience of interacting with them and they like to be surprised."
While Michael did his own stunts as much as he could on the set, he didn't even consider the saga's infamous leap of faith, as he knew he would "die" if he attempted to freefall from a great height.
Asked if he had thought about doing the stunt himself, he told SciFiNow: "Definitely not. I would die. And anybody in this room would too.
"I do stunts where I can do it so there's a lot of me in the film, but I said, 'Would I be able to do that?' and the stunt coordinator said, 'Absolutely not'. He's not on a wire, this is freefall."
But director Justin Kurzel was keen to have as many real stunts as possible in the film as her felt he'd get "bored" if they relied on green screen to simulate the scenes.
He said: "I knew I didn't want to be on a green-screen stage for six months getting bored s**tless.
"I wanted to be able to do a lot of these stunts for real and go to places where we could do these things for real.
"We got the best stunt guys, parkour guys and slackline guys in the world and we had an Olympic team of athletes who came and discovered what was possible for a human being to do.
"Sometimes we discovered in a very painful way that it wasn't, and other times it was amazing."


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In an interview with CNBC, Chris Viehbacher, the CEO of Sanofi SA (ADR) (NYSE:SNY), discussed the steps that big pharma companies like Sanofi SA (ADR) (NYSE:SNY) are taking to tackle chronic diseases that are a major cause of worry for the aging baby boomers who are heading towards retirement age.
Speaking on the growing problem of chronic disease among elderly, Viehbacher said that the chronic disease like Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease are commonly seen among elderly and over 50% of people over the age of 60 have a chronic disease.
"There's basically three ways I think we have to go about it. First is, I think we have to start earlier in life. We have to do a much better job in our health care systems of preventing chronic diseases, a lot of them. With some diet and exercise, you can avoid diseases in cardiovascular and diabetes. The second is, you know we have to yet make it a lot easier for people to take their medicines, and really get to better outcomes, and the third is clearly what we all in our industry see as our mission and that is to develop new medicines."
According to Viehbacher, Pharma companies like Sanofi SA (ADR) (NYSE:SNY) need to continue with innovation and even though some diseases like Alzheimer's cannot be treated, it is essential that companies develop better medicines for those chronic diseases which can be treated.
Viehbacher also said that it is necessary for people to make changes to their modern lifestyles and adopt practices like being aware of one's nutritional needs, physical activity needs, etc. The head of Sanofi SA (ADR) (NYSE:SNY) is a chairman of a CEO roundtable on cancer which engages employers to introduce preventive care in the workplace, and he feels that more such initiatives are the need of the hour.
Commenting on the future of medicines for chronic diseases, Viehbacher said:
"One of the interesting things we are seeing is some really interesting new medicines coming along in the whole industry really. I think ten years ago we all understood that we couldn't bring me-too products to market anymore and so we all really invested in some disruptive innovation. I think you are going to see a number of new medicines coming along that have revolutionary levels of efficacy."
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text: The summer is approaching! That means it's time to get those bikinis out and hit the beach. The only problem: you don't have the body! Going to the gym every day is not everybody's cup of tea. Therefore, burning off those extra calories in such a short time hanging is not going to be an easy task. You can use the following tips to burn more calories complementing you weight loss program.