text:
IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
- Eunice O'Connor'
- 3 years ago
- Views:
1 IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter Vol. 53, No.4, December 2003 Editor: Lance C. Pérez ISSN The Shannon Lecture Hidden Markov Models and the Baum-Welch Algorithm Lloyd R. Welch Content of This Talk The lectures of previous Shannon Lecturers fall into several categories such as introducing new areas of research, resuscitating areas of research, surveying areas identified with the lecturer, or reminiscing on the career of the lecturer. In this talk I decided to restrict the subject to the Baum-Welch algorithm and some of the ideas that led to its development. I am sure that most of you are familiar with Markov chains and Markov processes. They are natural models for various communication channels in which channel conditions change with time. In many cases it is not the state sequence of the model which is observed but the effects of the process on a signal. That is, the states are not observable but some functions, possibly random, of the states are observed. In some cases it is easy to assign the values of the parameters to model a channel. All that remains is to determine what probabilities are desired and derive the necessary algorithms to compute them. In other cases, the choice of parameter values is only an estimate and it is desired to find the best values. The usual criterion is maximum likelihood. That is: find the values of parameters which maximizes the probability of the observed data. This is the problem that the Baum-Welch computation addresses. Preliminaries Let N be the set of non-negative integers. Let s introduce some useful notation to replace the usual n-tuple notations: [a k ] j k=i (a i, a i+,...,a j ) [a(k)] j k=i (a(i), a(i + ),...,a( j)) The k = will be dropped from the subscript when it is clear what the running variable is. Of particular use will be the concept of conditional probability and recursive factorization. The recursive factorization idea says that the joint probability of a collection of events can be expressed as a product of conditional probabilities, where each is the probability of an event conditioned on all previous events. For example, let A, B, and C be three events. Then Pr(A B C) = Pr(A)Pr(B A)Pr(C A B) Using the bracket notation, we can display the recursive factorization of the joint probability distribution of a sequence of discrete random variables: Pr ( [X(k)] 0 N =[x ) k] 0 N = Pr(X(0) = x0 ) N n=0 Pr ( X(n)=x n [X(k)] n 0 = [x k ] n ) 0 Markov Chains and Hidden Markov Chains We will treat only Markov Chains which have finite state spaces. The theory is more general, but to cover the more general case will only obscure the basic ideas. Let S be a finite set, the set of states. Let the number of elements in S be M. It will be convenient to identify the elements of S with the integers from to M. Let {S(t) : t N } be a sequence of random variables with Pr(S(t) S) = for all t N. That is, the values of S(t) are confined to S. Applying the above factorization to the joint distribution of the first N + random variables gives: continued on page 0
2 2 From the Editor This issue of the IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter highlights Lloyd Welch's article Hidden Markov Models and the Baum-Welch Algorithm based on his Shannon Lecture at the 2003 International Symposium on Information Theory. Once again several members of the IT community have received major awards including an Emmy! Please see the announcements on pages 4 and 5 of this issue for details. Please help make the Newsletter as interesting and informative as possible by offering suggestions and contributing news. The deadlines for the 2004 issues of the newsletter are as follows: Issue Deadline March 2004 January 5, 2004 June 2004 April 5, 2004 September 2004 July 5, 2004 December 2004 October 5, 2004 Lance C. Pérez Electronic submission, especially in ascii and Word formats, is encouraged. I may be reached at the following address: Lance C. Pérez Department of Electrical Engineering 209N Walter Scott Engineering Center University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, NE Phone: (402) Fax: (402) Sincerely, Lance C. Pérez IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter (USPS ) is published quarterly by the Information Theory Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Headquarters: 3 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY Cost is $.00 per member per year (included in Society fee) for each member of the Information Theory Society. Printed in the U.S.A. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ IEEE. Information contained in this newsletter may be copied without permission provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, and the title of the publication and its date appear. Table of Contents Hidden Markov Models and the Baum-Welch Algorithm From the Editor President s Column Call for Nominations for the 2004 IEEE Information Theory Society Paper Award Call for Nominations for the 2004 Joint Information Theory /Communications Society Paper Award Paper Award Winners Announced Emmy Award For Kees Immink Historians Column Information Theorist Robert Gallager of MIT and Engineer-Entrepreneur Bob Metcalfe Selected For Prestigious Marconi International Fellowships Golumb s Puzzle Solutions Gerard J. Foschini Named Bell Labs Fellows Golumb s Puzzle Fall Workshop on Information Theory & Communications Board of Governors Meeting Conference Calendar IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter December 2003
3 President s Column 3 Han Vinck In 2003, an IEEE research project measured membership satisfaction with each society and the IEEE. A total of 478 IT members responded to the questionnaire. I want to thank the participants for their valuable input. The figure below illustrates the main result for the question about IT Society (ITS) membership satisfaction and IEEE membership satisfaction. The general conclusions are: () Most of the members are very to highly satisfied with ITS membership; (2) The IT transactions are rated as extremely useful by a very high percentage of our members and, together with the newsletter, are the main reason for joining the ITS; (3) Chapter activities and publicity need improvement; and (4) The symposium (ISIT) and workshop (ITW) are considered to be of great interest by about 50% of our members. These outcomes are very stimulating for the volunteers working for you in all kind of positions. Participants in the questionnaire also indicated how we could improve our service to the members. I will summarize and briefly comment on the reactions. IT Society President Han Vinck in front of Allerton House, location of the 4st Annual Allerton Conference. Conferences: Members suggested longer summaries (up to 4 pages), which requires a CD/DVD version of the proceedings, and the participation fee is considered to be high. Conference fees will remain a discussion item for the BoG. We try to minimize the costs of our symposium, but we also want to include a banquet for all, an award luncheon, a get-together party and nice coffee breaks. In addition, for 30% of the participants we want a reduced student participation fee and about 50 participants from lowincome countries need support. Last, but not least, perfect organization is expected. Obviously, these requirements lead to a minimum price. Tutorials are well appreciated and we will continue to have tutorials in future symposia. Transactions: () Many respondents complain about the time between submission and final publication in the transactions. This problem was discussed in the June BoG meeting and in the September 2003 President s column. We are currently testing a web based editorial tool developed by Publications Editor Kevin Quirk. The software is intended to simplify the electronic submission, reviewing and tracking of submitted manuscripts; (2) It has also been suggested that the ITS consider the introduction of a new "fast-track" letters publication similar to the IEEE Communications Letters for timely dissemination of research. This idea is a logical consequence of the previous complaint and could be a point of attention for the future; (3) The Transactions should be more reader friendly and more survey and tutorial papers are requested. From the responses I conclude that we have to improve the presentation of fundamental results in order to achieve a broader audience. If we want to attract young researchers to our work and promote information theory, we need to present the work in an understandable way, which even includes small worked out examples. This is also of interest to the authors! All together, our journals are highly ranked within and outside the IEEE. The Editorial Board members under the leadership of Editor in Chief Paul Siegel deserve great respect for their dedication as Information Theory Society volunteers. Volunteers are the basis of our society. They keep the operational costs very low and create professional friendships. We need your input to maintain our high technical standards and the quality of our organized events. A point of concern is the chapter activity. The chapters act on a local level and are of direct importance to our members and students. Check out whether there is a chapter in your environment. If not, why not consider starting a new chapter? If yes, why not participate or initiate a new activity? Be creative! Chapters improve communication with and between members. Check our web site at for details about chapter support from the society. Our incoming 2nd Vice President David Neuhoff will be happy to help you. Our most recent chapter is the Bangalore (India) IT chapter on Information Theory, initiated by Sundar Rajan. Another easy way to act as a volunteer in a professional way is to submit a nomination for the best paper award for the year Announcements can be found in this newsletter. The winners of the 2002 IEEE Information Theory Society Paper Award are Lizhong Zheng and David N. C. Tse, for their paper, Communication on the Grassmann December 2003 IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
4 4 manifold: A geometric approach to the noncoherent multipleantenna channel, which appeared in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 48, pp , February The last 2003 Board of Governors (BoG) meeting took place in the beautiful setting of the Allerton House (see picture), the conference center of the University of Illinois, in conjunction with the 4st Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing. At the meeting we decided to have Seattle as the location for the 2006 ISIT with general co-chairs Joseph A. O Sullivan (Washington University) and John B. Anderson (Lund University). Alexander Barg (University of Maryland) and Raymond Yeung (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) will Call for Nominations for the 2004 IEEE Information Theory Society Paper Award Nominations are invited for the 2004 IEEE Information Theory Society Paper Award. Outstanding publications in the field of interest to the IT Society appearing anywhere during 2002 and 2003 are eligible. The purpose of this award is to recognize exceptional publications in the field and to stimulate interest in and encourage contributions to the fields of interest of the IT Society Paper Award Winners Announced The Information Theory Society is pleased to announce the winners of the 2003 Joint Information Theory/Communication Society Paper Award and the 2003 IEEE Information Theory Society Paper Award Joint IT/ComSoc Paper Award The winners of the 2003 IEEE Communications Society and Information Theory Society Joint Paper Award are Shlomo Shamai (Shitz) and Igal Sason for their article, Variations on the Gallager bounds, connections and applications, which appeared in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp , December, Shlomo Shamai (Shitz) (S'80-M'82-SM'89-F'94) received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, in 975, 98 and 986, respectively. From 975 to 985 he was with the Communications Research Labs in the capacity of a Senior Research Engineer. Since 986 he is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, where he is now the William Fondiller Professor of Telecommunications. His research interests include topics in information theory and statistical communications. lead the program committee. Tutorials connected to the ISIT are highly appreciated by our members. If the tutorials are successful at the 2004 ISIT in Chicago, we will certainly add these to the program in Seattle. The elections for the 2004 presidents resulted in Hideki Imai for President, Steven McLaughlin for st Vice President and David Neuhoff for 2nd Vice President. I very much enjoyed being the President for the year The most important part of the job is to improve the communication with IEEE, the Board of Governors and you, the IT members. I thank all the members that supported the Board of Governors and me during this year. I hope to be able to contribute as past president to the improvement of our infrastructure. The Award consists of an appropriately worded certificate and an honorarium of US$000 for a single author, or US$2000 equally split among multiple authors. NOMINATION PROCEDURE: Please a brief rationale (limited to 300 words) for each nominated paper explaining its contributions to the field by Friday, March 5, 2004 to the Transactions Editor-in-Chief at with a cc to Katherine Perry at Call for Nominations for the 2004 Joint Information Theory/Communications Society Paper Award The Joint Information Theory/Communications Society Paper Award recognizes one or two outstanding papers that address both communications and information theory. Any paper appearing in a ComSoc or IT Society publication during the year 2003 is eligible for the 2004 award. Please send nominations to Steve McLaughlin by February, A Joint Award committee will make the selection by April 0, 2004 with practical constraints, multi-user information theory and spread spectrum systems, multiple-input-multiple-output communications systems, information theoretic models for wireless networks and systems, information theoretic aspects of magnetic recording, channel coding, combined modulation and coding, turbo codes and LDPC, in channel, source, and combined source/channel applications, iterative detection and decoding algorithms, coherent and noncoherent detection and information theoretic aspects of digital communication in optical channels. He is especially interested in theoretical limits in communication 2003 Joint IT/ComSoc Paper Award winners Igal Sason and Shlomo Shamai (Shitz). IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter December 2003
5 5 Dr. Shamai (Shitz) is a Member of the Union Radio Scientifique Internationale (URSI). He is the recipient of the 999 van der Pol Gold Medal of URSI, and a corecipient of the 2000 IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award, and the 2002 Joint Information Theory/Communication Societies Paper Award. He is also the recipient of the 2000 Technion Henry Taub Prize for Excellence in Research. He has served as Associate Editor for Shannon Theory of the IEEE 2003 IT Society Paper Award Transactions on Information winner Lizhong Zheng Theory, and also serves on the Board of Governors of the Information Theory Society IEEE Information Theory Society Paper Award The winners of the 2003 IEEE Information Theory Society Paper Award are Lizhong Zheng and David N. C. Tse, for their paper, Communication on the Grassmann manifold: A geometric approach to the noncoherent multiple-antenna channel, which appeared in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp , February Lizhong Zheng received the B.S and M.S. degrees in 994 and 997, respectively, from the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China, and the Ph.D. degree, in 2002, from the Department of Electrical Engineering and 2003 IT Society Paper Award winner David N. C. Tse Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley. Since 2002, he has been working as an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and the Laboratory of Information and Decision Systems at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research interests include information theory, wireless communications and wireless networks. David Tse received the B.A.Sc. degree in systems design engineering from the University of Waterloo, Canada, in 989, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 99 and 994, respectively. From 994 to 995, he was a postdoctoral member of technical staff at A.T. & T. Bell Laboratories. Since 995, he has been at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences of the University of California at Berkeley, where he is currently a Professor. He received a 967 NSERC 4-year graduate fellowship from the government of Canada in 989, a NSF CAREER award in 998, the Best Paper Awards at the Infocom 998 and Infocom 200 conferences, the Erlang Prize in 2000 from the INFORMS Applied Probability Society, and the IEEE Joint Information Theory/Communications Society Paper Award in 200. He is currently an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. His research interests are in information theory, wireless communications and networking. Emmy Award for Kees Immink Dr Kees A. Schouhamer Immink was awarded an Emmy Award for outstanding technical achievement by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS), in honor of his pioneering role in the "Coding technology for optical recording formats, such as Blu-Ray, DVD, and Compact Disc." The presentation took place during a black-tie dinner ceremony, held at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, on October 23. Dr Kees Immink, president and CEO of Dutchbased Turing Machines Inc., and adjunct professor at the Institute for Experimental Mathematics, Essen, Germany, has a long career of envisioning and creating new technologies for digital audio and video recorders. It is virtually impossible to listen to digital audio, or watch digital video, played from any brand or type of recorder -optical, magnetic, or magneto optical-, -disc or tape- that do not use one of his inventions. The Emmy-honored coding technology used in the DVD is based on the technology used in the Compact Disc, which he developed in the early 80s, and involved the efforts spanning many years. He holds more than 400 international patents, December 2003 and has earned numerous technical and scientific awards for his creative work. In addition to his research efforts, Dr. Immink has also been strongly committed to serving the engineering profession. He is president of the Audio Engineering Society (AES), and a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences. Launched in 948, Emmy s are well known to the large public. It is little known that Emmy s can also be bestowed to an individual, or company, for breakthroughs in technology that have a significant effect on television engineering. Being honored with an Emmy award is the highest recognition. NATAS is unique among industry organizations and is dedicated to raising industry standards. The Emmy Award is worldwide recognized as the most prestigious award in the television industry. In its search for qualified Emmy recipients in technical achievement, a NATAS sub-committee identifies and thoroughly researches candidate technologies. IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
6 6 The Historian s Column A. Ephremides Although not ranking high in your list of concerns, I suspect many of you are curious to know what exactly transpires at the meetings of the Board of Governors of our Society. Looking back at the thirty some years during which, on and off, I have had the opportunity to be present at these meetings, I think I have a pretty good idea about what they are like. First of all, do not believe the rumors. Some say that these meetings are long and boring and unworthy of the time of intelligent members of our community. Others say that they are serious and important with potentially grave consequences to our Society. And yet others say that they are playgrounds for those who playact with mock-parliamentary procedures. I assure you that the truth is different. In a nutshell, the BoG meetings are entertaining and educational exercises in fellowship and governance. Our colleagues who, over the years, have been sitting around the meeting tables have developed close kinship and have become wiser (and humbler) as they confront the complexities of collective decision making. To be sure, there are dull moments (actually, hours); but there are also moments of excitement and fun. In the early years, the meetings were dry and generally brief. However, gradually, they have become luncheon or dinner meetings and depending on who the Society officers are, they have been accompanied by serious consumption of wine and/or various digestives. A typical agenda of a BoG meeting consists of the following items. First, although everyone knows everyone else, we go around the table introducing ourselves. As you might suspect, this provides the opportunity for wisecracks that are always part of a good BoG meeting. Next, the Society President presents his report. It consists typically of announcements, appointments, and lamentations about the sorry state of the IEEE and the inability of our Society to do anything about it. Usually, after that, the mood sinks deeper as the Society Treasurer presents his report. Printouts with graphs that show the evolution of our reserves circulate and generate anxiety and concern. Of late, they look like the vital sign charts of moribund patients. In earlier times they used to generate euphoria and feelings of empowerment. Typically a discussion follows that ranges from protestations and calls for sedition to constructive ideas for creative accounting practices. In the end, we thank the Treasurer and move on. The report of the Editor of the Transactions follows. It provides statistical information about paper submission, acceptance, delay, etc. Sometimes appointments of new Associate Editors are proposed or special issues discussed. On occasion, the report causes lively discussion if a controversial idea is introduced to help reduce backlog or accelerate the review process. In general, an observer would conclude that the Transactions are by far the most important product of our Society and that the BoG, reflecting the collective membership view, takes pride in the continuing preservation of its excellence. Then, the Newsletter Editor report is presented. It is usually brief and of the all is well variety. What follows is discussion and reports of past and upcoming symposia and workshops. These tend to be fun items as they provide the opportunity to gloat on past successes and fantasize about future exotic venues. As many of you know our meetings have spanned the globe. From Brazil to South Africa and from Japan to Svalbard (located at about 80 North or 700 miles from the North Pole) and from Quebec to the Alps and from Michigan and Israel, our meetings have made world travelers of many of us. Organizers of past meetings report proudly of financial surpluses and receive rounds of applause for their work. Organizers of future ones are quizzed on costs, meals, venue details, etc. This agenda item is usually the longest and most pleasurable one. The typicality ends here. Some past and new business items come up along with the reminder of the time and location of the next BoG meeting (there are three meetings each year), and after that the adjournment bell rings. Frequently, however, there are special items that can cause a great deal of controversy. And there are also seasonal items that are part of the agenda only at one of the three meetings. Examples of the latter are the election of officers and the establishment of the list of candidates for election to the Board. This happens at the last meeting of the year, which is officially declared the Annual meeting of the BoG according to our constitution. Another example is the best paper award that is discussed at the second BoG meeting (usually in the middle of the year). Examples of the controversial items include revision of by-laws, establishment of new awards, proposals for new projects (like the establishment of the position of webmaster or the digital library), and, of course, the (in)famous issue of our relationship with our Soviet Union counterparts that dominated in the 70 s and the 80 s. Unlike other societies of the IEEE, we have always been free of politicking and manipulative, backdoor deal making. It is truly remarkable how fraternity-like we have been. Our members tend to respect each other and our disagreements, however strong they may be, have always been resolved honorably and with straight dealing. Despite the strong personalities of those sitting around the table, the mood is generally jolly and constructive. Some of the BoG meetings have lasted as little as one hour and as long as seven hours! The composition of the Board has always been broad and transnational. The styles of the Presidents (who run the BoG meetings) have ranged from the highly collegial and informal to the strict application of Robert s Rules of Order. All in all, I can certify that I have seen many of our colleagues grow from energetic and enthusiastic, but somewhat green, volunteers, newly elected to the Board, to mature and responsible statesmen and leaders who lend their talents and denote their services to our remarkable Society. I have had the (mis)fortune of attending Board meetings of several IEEE Societies. None come close to those of the IT Society in any measure of quality. So, for those who only hear rumors about what the BoG is like, I strongly recommend they attend these meetings (they are open to all Society members) and to consider getting involved and running for election to the Board. It is and has been an honor and a highly enjoyable and educational experience. IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter December 2003
7 Robert Gallager and Bob Metcalfe Selected For Prestigious Marconi International Fellowship 7 Robert Gallager, a widely respected Massachusetts Institute of Technology academician and inventor of advanced communications codes, and Robert Metcalfe, who developed the ubiquitous Ethernet computer networking standard, will share this year s Marconi International Fellowship. They will join a select group of 30 of the world s most influential communications technology pioneers previously awarded the highly coveted annual recognition by the Guglielmo Marconi International Fellowship Foundation at Columbia University. In light of this 30th anniversary year of Ethernet it s entirely appropriate for a giant among information theorists and one who pioneered a practical application for high-speed data communications to be selected the 2003 Marconi Fellows, Dr. Charles Kao, chairman of this year's Selection Committee, observed. The seminal contributions of Robert Gallager and Robert Metcalfe are truly representative of the audacious innovations in communications technology which the Marconi International Fellowship seeks to recognize and celebrate. The annual Marconi Fellowship, which includes a $00,000 honorarium to be shared by this year's honorees, recognizes individuals whose aspirations, careers, and accomplishments in communications technology emulate those of Guglielmo Marconi -- scientist, engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur. The award ceremony will take place in New York on Friday, October 3, Robert Gallager is a disciple and former collaborator of the late Claude Shannon, the founder of modern information theory that quantifies the limits of information transmitted over a communications channel. In his 960 MIT doctoral dissertation, Professor Gallager developed a series of Low Density Parity Check Codes that, while long recognized as breakthrough theoretical formulae, are only now being appreciated for their practicality in achieving Shannon's theoretical limitations. Professor Gallager is a 953 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and was a member of the MIT faculty from 960 until 200, when he became Professor Emeritus. He was a longtime consultant to Codex Corporation, which pioneered data communications and was subsequently absorbed by Motorola, Inc. [NYSE:MOT]. An author of numerous research papers, his book, Information Theory and Reliable Communications is still considered the bible on the topic, and his textbooks, Data Networks (joint with D. Berksekas) and Discrete Stochastic Processes, are widely used by graduate students. A 969 MIT graduate with postgraduate degrees from Harvard University, Robert Metcalfe is a revered technology visionary who developed Ethernet as a standard for interconnecting computers for high-speed data transfer. At the time, he was working as an engineer-scientist at the famed Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). He went on to be a founder of 3Com Corporation [NASDAQ:COMS], where at various times he was chairman, CEO and led engineering, marketing and sales organizations. From 976 through 983 he was consulting associate professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University. During the 990's he became a publisher and industry pundit, serving as CEO of InfoWorld Publishing Company and writing a column, From the Ether, as well as contributing think pieces and often appearing as a speaker at events and on broadcast interviews. In 200 he joined Polaris Venture Partners as a general partner, specializing in Boston-area information technology start-ups. Both of the designated Marconi Fellows have amassed many honors over their careers. Professor Gallager is a life Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), member of the National Academy of Engineering (979), the National Academy of Sciences (992), and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (999). His honors include the IEEE Baker Prize Paper Award (966), IEEE IT Shannon Award (983), MIT Graduate Student Council Teaching Award (992-3), the IEEE Bennet Prize Paper Award (993), and two Golden Jubilee Paper Awards from the IEEE IT Society in 998. He received the IEEE Medal of Honor in 990. In 999, he received the Harvey Prize in Science and Technology from the Technion, Haifa and in 2002 received the Eduard Rhein Prize for basic research. Dr. Metcalfe holds the coveted 980 Grace Murray Hopper Award of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and was recognized in 988 with the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal, which was followed in 996 with the IEEE Medal of Honor. He was elected to the National Academy of Arts and Sciences (995), the National Academy of Engineering (997), and as a Fellow of the International Engineering Consortium (999). He serves on the boards of a number of Polaris Venture Partners companies, and is a director of Earthlink, MediaLabEurope, among others, and is a Trustee of MIT. About the Marconi Foundation With its motto, Communications for Goodness Sake, the Guglielmo Marconi International Fellowship Foundation at Columbia University is dedicated to nurturing, recognizing and celebrating individuals whose ingenious application of communications technology has a positive and lasting impact on human progress around the globe. Established in 974 through an endowment organized by Gioia Marconi Braga, the Foundation is best known for the Marconi International Fellowship, awarded annually to outstanding individuals whose scope of work and influence emulate the principle of creativity in service to humanity that drove Guglielmo Marconi, the father of modern communications. Additional information is available on the Foundation's website, December 2003 IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
8 8 GOLOMB S PUZZLE COLUMN Irreducible Divisors of Trinomials Solutions Solomon W. Golomb. A primitive polynomial f (x) of degree n 2 divides infinitely many trinomials over GF(2). Proof. Let α be a root of f (x). By primitivity, all the values,α,α 2,α 3 2n 2,...,α are distinct, and are all the non-zero elements of GF(2 n ). Therefore, for each j, 0 < j < 2 n, + α j = α k with 0 < k < 2 n and j k. Hence, f (x) divides the trinomial + x j + x k for these values of j and k. In addition, f (x) divides + x J + x K for every J with J j (mod 2 n ) and K k (mod 2 n ), since + α J + α K = + α j + α k = 0, in view of α 2n =. 2. If f (x) is irreducible with primitivity t and f (x) divides no trinomials of degree < t, then f (x) divides no trinomials. Proof (by contradiction). Suppose f (x) divides the trinomial x N + x A + of degree N > t, and let α be a root of f (x). Since f (x) has primitivity t, α t =. Since f (α) = 0, where α is a root of f (x), any polynomial g(x) divisible by f (x) also has α as a root, since g(x) = f (x) q(x) gives g(α) = f (α) q(α) = 0 q(α) = 0. Thus, α N + α A + = 0, from which α n + α a + = 0 where n N (mod t) and a A (mod t), where we choose both n and a to be less than t, from which f (x) divides the trinomial x n + x a +, of degree <t. 3. If p 5 is a prime for which 2 is primitive modulo p, then f (x) = (x p )/(x ) = + x + x 2 + +x p is an irreducible polynomial which divides no trinomials. Proof. For each prime p, p (x) = (x p )/(x ) is the cyclotomic polynomial over the rational field Q, whose roots are the φ(p) = p primitive p th roots of unity. While all cyclotomic polynomials are irreducible over Q, p (x) remains irreducible over GF(2) if and only if 2 is primitive modulo p. In this case, f (x) = p (x) has primitivity t = p, and any root α of this f (x) has α p =. Note that for p 5, the minimum polynomial for such a root of unity has p > 3 non-zero terms. By Result 2, above, if this f (x) divides any trinomial, it must divide a trinomial of degree <t = p, say x n + x a + with n < p. But then the root α of f (x) is a root of this trinomial of degree p, whereas the unique polynomial of degree p with α as a root is the minimal polynomial of α, f (x) = p (x), of degree p,which has more than three terms. Note. There are also many other irreducible polynomials which divide no trinomials. These three problems are the easy results. Gerard J. Foschini Named Bell Labs Fellow Alex Dumas Bell Labs President Bill O'Shea and Lucent's R&D leadership have chosen seven employees as 2002 Bell Labs Fellows. The annual award, Bell Labs' highest honor, recognizes sustained research and development contributions to the company. The 2002 awards mark the 20th year of the program. Since it began, 98 scientists and engineers have joined this elite group. Each new Fellow will receive a sculpture, a personal Fellows plaque and a cash award. A plaque of each will be added to the wall of honor in the Murray Hill, N.J., lobby. A formal luncheon to honor the recipients is scheduled for September. The 2002 winners are: *Alvin Barshefsky, Lucent Worldwide Services, for his sustained performance in the area of software and services development. Gerard J. Foschini *Gerard J. Foschini, Bell Labs Research, for his breakthrough invention of the BLAST concept that has the potential to revolutionize wireless technology. *Theodore M. Lach, Integrated Network Solutions, for his innovation and technical leadership in switching system component and product reliability, silicon fabrication techniques and contributions to industry standards. *Rajeev R. Rastogi, Bell Labs Research, for contributions in the areas of network management and database systems, and the successful application of these innovations to Lucent products. *William D. Reents, Supply Chain Networks, for pioneering work in analytical science and development of leadingedge characterization tools and methodologies. *Young-Kai Chen, Bell Labs Research, for his pioneering working in developing high-speed devices and circuits. *Joseph A. Tarallo, Mobility Solutions, for sustained contributions to second- and third-generation wireless technology, and base station architecture and design. continued on page 9 IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter December 2003
9 9 GOLOMB S PUZZLE COLUMN Overlapping Subsets Solomon W. Golomb A former student in my undergraduate course in combinatorial analysis recently wrote to me with a question. The 900 students in the graduate program he is now attending are partitioned into 90-student sections (for manageable class sizes) in each of several courses. These partitionings are supposedly performed randomly, and independently from one course to another. Yet he estimates an overlap of about 25 students between his sections in two of these courses, which seemed highly improbable to him. He sought my assistance in addressing this issue.. Let s generalize to the following problem: From a set S of N elements, subsets A and B are formed, independently and at random, with a elements in A and b elements in B. (a)what is the expected number M of overlaps between set A and set B? (b)what is the probability pr(k) of exactly k overlaps between sets A and B? (Use binomial coefficients in your answer.) (c) From your answer to.b., obtain a fairly simple expression for the ratio pr(k+) pr(k). 2. For the case N = 900, a = b = 90, (a) What is the value of M? (b)evaluate pr(k+) pr(k) for each k, 0 k M + 2. (c) From your answer to 2.b., what is the mode of the distribution {pr(k)}? (That is, for what value of k is pr(k) biggest?) 3. Stirling s approximation formula for n! says n! 2πn ( ) n n, e as n, where e = is the base of natural logarithms, and π = (a) In your answer to.b., substitute N = 900, a = b = 90, and then substitute Stirling s approximation for each of the factorials (in each of the binomial coefficients) for the case k = M. (b) Simplify the expression in 3.a., by cancellation between numerator and denominator. (c) What numerical value does 3.b. yield for pr(m)? 4. The Poisson Distribution with parameter λ, given by Pr(k) = e λ λk k! for integers k 0, is often used to approximate other distributions with mean equal to λ. (a) Using the value of M from problem.a., what value does the Poisson Distribution give at λ = k = M? (b) The value of pr(m) in 3.c. used the Stirling approximation to n! Which approximation to the true value of pr(m), from 3.c. or from 4.a., do you believe is closer? Pr(k+) (c) How does Pr(k) with λ = M compare with pr(k+) pr(k) in 2.b., for k in the interval [M 2, M + 2]? 5. Use any approximation method to evaluate pr(25) for the case in Problem 2. Was the student s intuition correct? Gerard J. Foschini Named Bell Labs Fellows (continued from page 8) These people represent the best of the best in the Bell Labs R&D community, O'Shea noted. The consistently excellent work of these individuals and their colleagues is the type of role-model R&D that is needed to bring Lucent again to the forefront of the communications industry. A new class of Fellows is named each year based on accomplishments in the previous calendar year. Past winners include such luminaries as Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, creators of the UNIX operating system; Roy Weber, creator of toll-free calling technology; Nobel Prize winner Horst Stormer; and Federico Capasso, co-inventor of the quantum cascade laser. Profiles on the new Fellows will appear in future issues of LT Today and Bell Labs News. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. December 2003 IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
10 0 Hidden Markov Models and the Baum-Welch Algorithm (continued from page ) Pr ( [S(k)] 0 N=[s ) k] 0 N = Pr(S(0) = s0 ) N Pr(S(n)=s n [S(k)] n 0 = [s k ] n ) () 0 n= For the sequence of random variables to be a Markov Chain the conditional probabilities must only be a function of the last random variable in the condition so that equation () reduces to Pr ( [S(k)] 0 N=[s ) k] 0 N = Pr(S(0) = s0 ) N (2) Pr(S(n)=s n S(n ) = s n ) n= In my work, the transition probabilities were stationary, that is they are constant functions of time: Pr(S(n) = j S(n ) = i) = Pr(S() = j S(0) = i) def = p ij In addition to the Markov Chain, let {Y(t) : t N } be a sequence of random variables (called random observations). It will be convenient to assume that the values are confined to a discrete set and an experiment consists of observing values of T consecutive random variables. Again, treating a more general case will only obscure the basic ideas. Pr ( [S(t)] T 0 = [s t] T 0 and [Y(t)]T = [y t] T ) = p(s, y) = p s0 T p st s t f(y t s t ) This formula gives the probability of the atoms of the model, that is, those events that can not be subdivided into smaller events. The probability of any event describable in the model is the sum of the probability of the atoms. Of course, the probabilities are functions of the parameters of the model, which we will denote by: λ def = t= { } ps : s M, p sσ : s,σ M, f(y s) : y Y, s M and use λ as a function argument where appropriate. Questions What questions are of interest? One question is what is the probability that an T-tuple of Y(t) will be observed. This, of course, is a function of the parameters. The probability of an T-tuple of observations is just the sum over all state sequences of the probabilities of the corresponding atoms: (5) Applying recursive factorization to the joint distribution of the first T + random states and first T random observations: p(y; λ) def = Pr ( [Y(t)] T = [y t] T ; λ) = s p(s, y; λ) (6) Pr ( [S(t)] 0 T = [s t] 0 T and [Y(t)]T = [y t] ) T = T Pr(S(0) = s 0 ) Pr ( S(t) = s t [S(k)] t 0 = [s k ] t 0 ) t= T Pr ( Y(t) = y t [S(k)] 0 T = [s k] 0 T t= ) and [Y(k)]t = [y k ] t The next simplifying assumption is that the conditional probability distribution of Y(t) given all states and all previous random observations is only a function of S(t) (and not of time). I considered also the case when the distribution of Y(t) depends on S(t) and S(t ). However, though it added little to the computational complexity, it added significantly to the number of parameters to be estimated. Making use of the above conditions, Pr ( [S(t)] 0 T = [s t] 0 T and [Y(t)]T = [y t] ) T = T Pr(S(0) = s 0 ) Pr(S(t) = s t S(t ) = s t ) t= (3) T Pr(Y(t) = y t S(t) = s t ) (4) t= To simplify notation, define f(y s) def = Pr(Y(t) = y S(t) = s), s def = [s t ] 0 T, y def = [y t ] T, and p(s, y) def = Pr([S(t)] 0 T = s and [Y(t)]T = y). With this notation we have Then p(y; λ) is the probability of the observations, y. It is also the likelihood function for λ given the observations, y. A standard problem is to choose λ to maximize the likelihood function. It is frequently the case that the random observables, {Y(t) : t N }, are observed for some period of time and it is desired to find some information about the state sequence from those observations. For example, given the event, {[Y(t)] T = [y t ] T }, we may wish to find the probability distribution of the state at a specified time, τ. That is we wish to find, for a given sequence of observations, the probability distribution of s τ given those observations: Pr ( S(τ) = s τ [Y(t)] T = [y ) t] T Since, Pr ( S(τ) = s τ [Y(t)] T = [y t] ) T Pr ( S(τ) = s = τ and [Y(t)] T = [yt] ) T Pr ( [Y(t)] T = [y ) t] T the computation of the a posteriori probability is equivalent to computing the joint probability. Referring to equation (5), we see that this reduces to computing Ɣ τ (s τ ) def = Pr ( S(τ) = s τ and [Y(t)] T = [y ) t] T = N p st s t f(y t s t ) (7) [s k] τ 0 p s0 [s k] T t= τ+ for each choice of s τ. With the exception of s τ, each indexed state is a summation variable and, with the exception of s 0, occurs in exactly two factors. It is easily deduced that the equation can be expressed in terms of the product of matrices. IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter December 2003
11 However, there is a better (at least to me) approach to computing this probability. We begin with the joint probability of the T-tuple of observations and the state at time τ and apply recursive factorization where the first event is the set of observations up through time, τ, and the state at time τ. Pr ( [Y(t)] T = [y t] T and S(τ) = s ) τ = Pr ( [Y(t)] τ = [y t] τ and S(τ) = s τ ) Pr ( [Y(t)] τ+ T = [y t] τ+ T [Y(t)]τ = [y t] τ and S(τ) = s ) τ Now Markovity of the state sequence implies that the probablility of [S t ] τ+ T and therefore the probability of [Y t] τ+ T are independent of history prior to time τ. So the condition on the Y in the second term drop out and the factorization reduces to Pr ( [Y(t)] T = [y t] T and S(τ) = s ) τ = Pr ( [Y(t)] τ = [y t] τ and S(τ) = s ) τ Pr ( [Y(t)] τ T + = [y t] τ T + S(τ) = s ) τ We next address the problem of computing these factors, and I remark that December 2003 α τ (s) def = Pr ( [Y(t)] τ = [y t] τ and S(τ) = s), β τ (s) def = Pr ( [Y(t)] τ+ T = [y t] τ+ T S(τ) = s) Ɣ τ (s) = α τ (s) β τ (s) α T (s) = Pr ( [Y(t)] T = [y t] ) T = p(y; λ). s Now recursive factoring of α τ (s) where the first factor is the observations up through time τ and the state at time τ gives α τ (s) Pr ( [Y(t)] τ = [y t] τ and S(τ) = s) = Pr ( [Y(t)] τ = [y t ] τ and S(τ ) = σ ) σ Pr ( Y(τ) = y τ and S(τ) = s [Y(t)] τ = [y t ] τ and S(τ ) = σ ) Again, Markovity implies that the condition, [Y(t)] τ = [y t ] τ can be dropped from the second factor: α τ (s) = Pr ( [Y(t)] τ = [y t ] τ and S(τ = σ ) σ Pr ( Y(τ) = y τ and S(τ) = s S(τ ) = σ ) The first factor is just α τ (σ ) and the second factor is p σ s f(y τ s) and above equation becomes the recursion: α τ (s) = α τ (σ )p σ s f(y τ s) (8) σ Similarly, a reverse time recursion exists for β τ (s): Finally we have and β τ (s) = σ p sσ f(y τ+ σ)β τ+ (σ ) (9) Pr ( S(τ) = s and [Y(t)] T = [y t] T ) = Ɣτ (s) = α τ (s)β τ (s) Pr(S(τ) = s y) = α τ (s) β τ (s) σ α T(σ ). Once we have routines for computing α and β we can compute not only Pr(S(t) = s y) but also the a posteriori probability of other local events, such as the event, {S(t) = s and S(t + ) = σ }. In this case the expression is Pr(S(t ) = s, S(t) = σ and [Y(τ)] T = y) = α t (s)p sσ f (y t+ σ)β t+ (σ ) Ɣ t (s,σ)(0) Improving on Estimates of Parameters At this point Leonard Baum and I found that we had both been working independently on Hidden Markov Chains and had both come up with essentially the same calculation for a posteriori probabilities of local events. At that point we joined forces. Now, the above calculations were based upon specified parameter values. What if those parameter values did not adequately represent the phenomena under investigation? My thoughts proceeded as follows. While the parameters may not be accurate, the a posteriori probabilities may translate to better parameters. For example, from the frequency interpretation of probability, if we could observe the state sequence over a long period of time and count the number of times the state, s, occurs, the frequency of occurrence should be approximately Pr(S(t) = s) If the assumed parameters are correct, we will get p s, where for a large enough period of time p will be the stationary distribution (the eigenvector with eigenvalue ) of the transition matrix. Furthermore, if the observation sequence, [y t ] T, is a typical sequence in the Information Theoretic sense, that is, it has high probability using the parameters of the model, then the expected frequencies of states given the observations should also be approximately p s, where p s is the stationary distribution, not the initial distribution. Expressed in equation form: T t= Pr( S(t) = s [Y(τ)] T = [y τ ] T ) p s. T Similarly, from the frequency interpretation of probability, if we could observe the state sequence over a long period of time and count the number of times the state, s, occurs followed by σ, the frequency of occurrence should be approximately Pr(S(t ) = s and S(t) = σ). If the assumed parameters are correct, we will get p s p sσ. Again if the observation sequence, [y t ] T, is a typical sequence in IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
12 2 the Information Theoretic sense, then the expected frequencies of state transitions given the observations should also be approximately p s p sσ. Expressed in equation form: T t= Pr( S(t ) = s, S(t) = σ [Y(τ)] T = [y τ ] T ) T p s p sσ. Finally, if we could observe the state sequence and the observation sequence and count the number of times S(t) = s, Y(t) = y, and the frequency should approximate p s f(y s). Again, if the observed sequence is a typical sequence for the given parameters, the a posteriori expected frequencies should approximate p s f(y s), i.e., ) p s f(y s) T Pr( S(t) = s,y(t) = y [Y(τ )] T t= = [yτ ]T T Pr( S(t) = s [Y(τ )] T t {t:y=y t } = [yτ ]T T My next thought was that if y was generated by a model with different parameter values and therefore not a typical sequence for the assumed values, the a posteriori frequencies, influenced by behavior of [y τ ] T, may be a better indication of the true parameters that the initial guess. So I replaced the parameter values by the expected frequencies and recomputed p(y; λ ) where λ def = p s (λ ) = T p sσ (λ ) = f(y s; λ ) T Pr( S(t) = s [Y(τ)] T t= = [yτ ]T T Pr( S(t ) = s,s(t) = σ [Y(τ)] T t= = [yτ ]T T T Pr( S(t) = s,y(t) = y [Y(τ)] T t= = [yτ ]T Tp s(λ ) ) ) ) () ) I was please to find that p(y; λ )>p(y; λ). In other words, this substitution increased the likelihood function! I tried this transformation on several Hidden Markov Models and the likelihood function always increased. Leonard Baum tried it on a number of examples and again the likelihood function always increased. That is my contribution to the Baum-Welch `algorithm, the easy part. I tried to provide a mathematical proof that the likelihood always increases but I failed. Baum, in cooperation with J. Eagon did the hard part by proving that this transformation either increases the likelihood function or leaves it constant. In the latter case, λ is a fixed point of the transformation. Their proof involved rather complex computations and applications of Hölder s inequality and the fact that the geometric mean is less than or equal to the arithmetic mean. Later Baum, together with T. Petrie, G. Soules and N. Weiss, all at CRD/IDA at the time found a more elegant proof with the flavor of Information Theory which I will now discuss. The Q Function They began with the Kullback-Leibler divergence of two distributions: D(p, p 2 ) ( ) p (ω) p (ω) log ω p 2 (ω) where p and p 2 are two probability distributions on a discrete space and ω is summed over that space. The interpretation of this number is that for an experiment consisting of multiple selections from the distribution p, D(p, p 2 ) is the expected log factor of the probability in favor of p against p 2. It is an information theoretic measure and is known to be non-negative, equaling zero only when the p 2 (ω) = p (ω) for all ω for which p (ω) > 0. How does this apply to Hidden Markov Models? We let p(s, y; λ) p (s) = and p 2 (s) = p(s, y; λ ) p(y; λ) p(y; λ ). Then p and p 2 are distributions and 0 D(λ, λ ) = ( ) p(s, y; λ) p(s, y; λ)p(y; λ s p(y; λ) log ) p(s, y; λ )p(y; λ) ( ) p(y; λ ) = log + ( ) p(s, y; λ) p(s, y; λ) p(y; λ) s p(y; λ) log p(s, y; λ. ) We simplify this by defining Then Q(λ, λ ) s p(s, y; λ) log(p(s, y; λ )). ( ) p(y; λ ) 0 D(λ, λ ) = log + Q(λ, λ) Q(λ, λ ) p(y; λ) p(y; λ) and rearranging the inequality we have Q(λ, λ ) Q(λ, λ) p(y; λ) log ( ) p(y; λ ) p(y; λ) and this implies that if Q(λ, λ )>Q(λ, λ) then p(λ )>p(λ) Hill Climbing (2) We obtain a hill climbing algorithm by finding that λ which maximizes Q(λ, λ ) as a function of its second argument. If Q(λ, λ )>Q(λ, λ) then p(λ )>p(λ) and we have succeeded in increasing p(λ) which is the probability of the observations. To maximize Q(λ, λ ) we begin by finding the critical points of Q as a function of λ and subject to the stochastic constraints on the components of λ. (A sample constraint is j p ij = ). Before proceeding, let s manipulate the expression for Q. In equation (5) the expression for p(s, y; λ) is a product, so its logarithm is a sum of log factors. Replacing λ by λ in equation(5) and taking logarithms we have: log(p(s, y; λ )) = log(p s(0) (λ )) T + log(p s(t )s(t) (λ ) f(y(t); λ s(t )s(t))) t= Substituting into the definition for Q gives: IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter December 2003
13 3 Q(λ, λ ) = s + s p(s, y,λ)log(p s(0) (λ )) (3) p(s, y,λ) T log(p s(t )s(t) (λ ) f (y(t); λ s(t )s(t))). t= From this equation it can be seen that it is easy to differentiate with respect to the components of λ, add the appropriate Lagrange factors and solve. The result has already been displayed in equation (). Applications There are too many papers published on applications to list here. In the area of speech recognition, here is a small sample: F. Jelinek, L. Bahl, and R. Mercer, Design of a linguistic statistical decoder for the recognition of continuous speech, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 2, May 975. L.R. Rabiner, A tutorial on Hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 77, no. 2, Feb A. Poritz, Linear predictive hidden Markov models and the speech signal, in Proceedings of ICASSP 82, May 982. EM Theory In 977, Dempster, Laird and Rubin collected a variety of maximum likelihood problems and methods of solving these problems that occurred in the literature. They found that all of these methods had some ideas in common and they named it the EM Algorithm, (standing for Expectation, Maximization.) The common problem is to maximize Prob(y; ), as a function of where y is observed. (The probability of y is used in the case of discrete random variables and a density is maximized in the case of continuous random variables.) The observation, y, is viewed as incomplete data in the sense that there is a larger model containing complete data and y inherits its distribution by way of a mapping from the larger model to the observation model. Mathematically: There is a probability space, X with a family of probability measures, p(x; ), and a mapping function, F with F(x) = y. The distribution, q, of y is q(y; ) = {x:f(x)=y} p(x; ). The conditional distribution of x given y is provided F(x) = y. p(x y; ) = p(x; ) q(y; ), Given a second value of, say they define Q(, ) = E{log(p(x; )) y; }, where E is the notation for the expected value function. This is the Expectation step. It gives a formula in. The Maximization step is to vary to maximize Q. In many problems the maximization step is easy and in many others it is as difficult as the original maximum likelihood problem. This leads to a Generalized Estimation Maximization which simply finds any which increases Q. The Baum-Welch algorithm fits right into the EM scheme. x is (s, y) and the observation is y. The Q function is exactly the Q function that Baum et al. introduced to prove that the transformation increases the likelihood. Recommended Reading There are many papers published on these subjects. A few are: L.E. Baum and J. Eagon An inequality with applications to statistical estimation for probabilistic functions of Markov processes and to a model for ecology, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Soc., vol. 70, pp L.E. Baum, T. Petrie, G. Soules and N. Weiss, A maximization technique occurring in the statictical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov chains, Ann. Math. Stat., vol. 4, 970. A. Dempster, N. Laird and D. Rubin, Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B, vol. 39, 977. A paper which extends theory to observations with continuous distributions. L. Liporace, Maximum likelihood estimates for multivariate observations Markov sources, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 28, Sept December 2003 IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
14 Fall Workshop on Information Theory & Communications Guu-Chang Yang and Shiann-Shiun Jeng August 26-27, 2003 Hualien, Taiwan The 2003 Fall Workshop on Information Theory and Communications was held August 26-27, 2003 in Hualien, Taiwan. More than 200 participants enjoyed the gorgeous views from the most beautiful city of Taiwan east coast. This biannual workshop was part of a series of workshops being organized under the auspices of IEEE Information Theory Society Taipei Chapter and IEEE Communications Theory Taipei Chapter. The technical program was arranged by Shiann-Shiun Jeng and Po- Hao Chang (National Dong Hwa University). The workshop was generously sponsored by the Communication Engineer Program of National Science Council, Ministry of Education and The National Dong Hwa University. The main purpose of the biannual workshop is to provide an opportunity for professors and graduate students from different universities in the fields of Information Theory and Communications to meet and learn about each other s ongoing research activities. The workshop consisted of 9 invited presentations: Nen-Fu Huang (NTHU) talked about IPv6 R&D Division, Chin-Liang Wang (NTHU) talked about Power Control with Turbo Partial Parallel Interference Cancellation for DS-CDMA Communications, Chia-Chi Huang (NCTU) talked about A Complementary Code Pilot Based Transmitter Diversity Technique for OFDM Systems, Wern-Ho Sheen (NCTU) talked about B3G/4G: Technology Trends and International Activities, Sze-Lin Su (NCKU) talked about Introduction to Ultra Wide Band System, Ruey-Yi Wei (NCU) talked about Noncoherent Block Coded Modulation, Chih-Peng Li (NSYSU) talked about Collision Detection Based Back-Off Schemes for Collision Resolution, Tsung-Hsien Liu (NCCU) talked about Application of Array Signal Processing Techniques to the Design of Rake Receiver, and Hsuan-Jung Su (NTU) talked about Dirty Paper Coding and Its Applications. Besides the invited talks in the day time of August 26 & 27, there was one meeting for IEEE members hosted by Jean-Lien Chen (Director of the Communication Engineer Program of National Science Council), Wern-Ho Sheen (Chairman of IEEE Communications Society Taipei Chapter) and Guu-Chang Yang (Chairman of IEEE Information Theory Society Taipei Chapter) on the night of August 26. The theoretic and industrial aspects of communications researches were discussed deeply during the meeting. In addition, there were two posters sessions with over 50 posters held on August 26. The participants had a lot of discussions during the period of the poster sessions. The workshop proceedings are available in hardcopy and on CD- ROM, and can be obtained by writng to Shiann-Shiun Jeng, From left to right, the photo includes Po-Hao Chang (NDHU), Chung-Chin Lu (NTHU), Chong-Yung Chi (NTHU), Char-Dir Chung (NCU), Shiann-Shiun Jeng (NDHU), Szu-Lin Su (NCKU), Guu-Chang Yang (NCHU), Mao-Chao Lin (NTU), Chi-Chao Chao (NTHU), Jean-Lien Chen (NTUST), Wern-Ho Sheen (NCTU, the 2th from the left), Ying Li (YZU, the 3th from the left) and Chin-Liang Wang (NTHU, the 5th from the left). The others are our IEEE members. IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter December 2003
15 Information Theory Society Board of Governors Meeting Pacifico Conference Center, Yokohama, Japan, June 29, 2003 Mehul Motani 5 Attendees: John Anderson, Daniel Costello, Thomas Cover, Michelle Effros, Tony Ephremides, Ivan Fair, Tom Fuja, Marc Fossorier, Joachim Hagenauer, Chris Heegard, Hideki Imai, Torleiv Klove, Ralf Koetter, Ioannis Kontoyiannis, Ryuji Kohno, Steven McLaughlin, Mehul Motani, Paul Siegel, David Tse, Alexendar Vardy, Han Vinck, Sriram Viswanath. The meeting was called to order at 0:00 AM by Society President Han Vinck. The members of the Board were welcomed and introduced themselves.. The agenda was approved and distributed. 2. The minutes of the previous meeting in Paris, France on March 3, 2003 were approved as distributed. 3. The President began by reporting on the IEEE TAB meeting which was held earlier in the year. He reported that IEEE was very concerned about its financial situation. In 2002, IEEE suffered a $6M deficit. It was reported that due to redistribution of the IEL and ASPP income, the Society would be getting $00K more based on content (the society has the largest journal offering) and downloading statistics. The Society will also be repaid 20% of the investment it has made in the digital library. The President also reported that the Society was successful in participating in IEEE awards and suggested that more Society members be nominated for such awards. 4. The Awards Committee report was presented by Hideki Imai. The Awards Committee has nominated Bob Gallager for the 2003 Cristofore Colombo International Communications Award. It was reported that the IT Society Members on the Joint IT/ComSoc Paper Award Committee and the chair of the IT Society Awards Committee selected one paper out of three nominations from members of the Awards Committee and submitted it to the Joint IT/ComSoc Paper Award Committee on April 6. There was no nomination from ComSoc. On June 8, the Joint IT/ComSoc Paper Award Committee decided to award the single nominated paper the Joint IT/ComSoc Best Paper Award. The winning paper is: S. Shamai (Shitz) and I. Sason, Variations on the Gallager bounds, connections and applications, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp , December Action Item: It was agreed by the Board that the Joint IT/ComSoc Paper Award procedures be added to the Bylaws. This needs to be in conjunction with ComSoc. It was reported that the total number of nominations for the IT December 2003 Society Paper Award for the period was 0. Three papers shown survived the last round of voting of the Award Committee: - Lizhong Zheng and David N. C. Tse, Communication on the Grassmann manifold: A geometric approach to the noncoherent multiple-antenna channel, IEEE Transactions Information Theory, vol. IT-48, No. 2, pp , February Vladimir I. Levenshtein, Efficient reconstruction of sequences, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. IT-47, no., pp. 2-22, Jan S. Verdu, Spectral efficiency in the wideband regime, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, special issue in memory of A. Wyner, on Shannon theory: perspective, trends and applications, vol. 48, no. 6, pp , June According to the bylaws, the Board shall vote for the nominees by ballot, conducted by the Society President or designee, at the first Board Meeting following June st of the award year. The President informed the Board that several member of the Board could not attend the meeting due to visa problems. The Board voted unanimously to delay the vote and conduct an ballot by August. Action Item: The Board voted unanimously to revisit the Bylaws with respect to voting for the IT Paper Award at the BOG meeting. 5. The membership report was presented by Steven McLaughlin. He reported that the Society membership has dropped by 0% since last year (at the same time of the year). Since IEEE has seen a similar drop in its membership, it was suggested that this is the reason for the Society s drop. Steven also reported that the Society was participating in an IEEE wide questionnaire dealing with some membership issues. Steven also noted that the Society chapter luncheon would be held on Thursday and invited any interested Board members to attend. Action Item: The Board requested that Steven report more details on the 0% drop in Society membership at the next Board meeting. Steven reported that there were 00 ISIT attendees who were not IT Society members and suggested contacting them regarding membership. Action Item: The Board requested that Steven, in cooperation with Michelle Effros, present a proposal at the next meeting addressing membership issues including ideas and suggestion for increasing Society membership. 6. The treasurer s report prepared by Marc Fossorier was distrib- IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
16 6 uted and discussed. The net worth (defined as total assets - deferred income) of the Society was $54K. Action Item: It was noted that the finance figures for 2003 were not available from IEEE. The Board requested that Marc report the finances to the Board when the detailed figures are available. 7. There was nothing to report with respect to the IT Society Newsletter. 8. There was nothing to report with respect to the IT Society Website. 9. Matters related to Symposia and Workshops (a) The President reported on a request by IEEE-SA section to financially co-sponsor ISIT 2005 to be held in Adelaide, Australia. The Board voted unanimously not to accept financial co-sponsorship. (b) Tom Cover presented a proposal by Gadiel Seroussi and Andrea Goldsmith for ISIT 2006 in San Francisco. Tony Ephremides also noted that there was interest to hold ISIT 2006 in Seattle. The Board requested proposals with financial details from these two parties and will consider them at the next meeting. (c) Ryuji Kohno reported on ISIT Several issues, including the SARS situation, the technical program, financial aid, and budget, were discussed. (d) Dan Costello gave an update on ISIT He noted that the preparations were on schedule, the CFP has been distributed, and copies of the poster are to be displayed. He also noted that the registration fee has been raised to $475. The 2004 symposium will be held June 27 - July 2, 2004 at the downtown Marriott in Chicago. (e) The 2004 ITW 2004 workshop to be held in San Antonio was discussed. The current proposal is to hold the workshop in the October/November timeframe. It was suggested to hold the workshop in December instead, so as not to conflict with the Allerton conference. The matter will be discussed at the next meeting. (f) There was nothing new to report regarding ISIT (g) The Board approved technical co-sponsorship of ISITA 2004 to be held in Italy in October. (h) The matter of ISIT 2007 in Germany was discussed. (i) The Board approved technical co-sponsorship of WiOpt to be held in April 2004 in Cambridge. (j) It was suggested by the President that the Awards luncheon of the annual symposium be free for members of the IT Society only. Action Item: It was noted that the IEEE-SA section should be notified of the Board s decision not to accept financial co-sponsorship of ISIT It was also noted that ISITA 2004 and WiOpt organizers should be notified of the Board s positive decision on technical co-sponsorship. 0. The new CD-DVD initiative was discussed by Steven McLaughlin. The subject is the CD/DVD containing electronic copies of the IT Transactions. The main issue is whether the Society should aim to make money from the sale of the CD/DVDs or should just give it away to all members. Two proposals arose from these discussions. The first is for the Society to update, produce and sell these CD/DVDs to interested parties. The second proposal, presented by Chris Heegard, is to give them free to all members and sell to others. Chris also requested that the CDs be updated with the papers published after 998. It was noted that this will add to the benefits of IT Society membership and can be used as an incentive to encourage people to join the Society. Action Item: The Board requested Steven to study the CD-DVD initiative issue and present a proposal to the Board at the next meeting in October.. The Board unanimously approved the Distinguished Service Award, which was discussed at the previous Board meeting in October A report on the Transactions on Information Theory was distributed by Paul Siegel, the Editor-in-Chief. It was reported that the Transactions continue to have no backlog and this policy would be lifted only in certain circumstances. The Board approved the following editorial appointments: Communications - Babak Hassibi (CalTech), new position, effective August, Coding Techniques - Oyvind Ytrehus (University of Bergen), new position, effective July, Coding Techniques - Marc Fossorier (University of Hawaii at Manoa), replacing Rudiger Urbanke, effective October, Coding Theory - Gilles Zemor (ENST), replacing Jorn Justesen, effective August, Coding Theory - Bob McEliece (CalTech), replacing Ralf Koetter, effective September, The issue of time to publication was discussed and a report, showing the average number of weeks from submission to publication for regular papers and correspondence articles published in issues of the Transactions from July 998 to the present, was distributed. With respect to the time to publication, the role of the associate editors (AE) was discussed. It was noted that promptness of the AE in handling papers was critical and that AE are currently sent reminders. It was also agreed that the Editor-in-Chief have the authority to remove an AE if necessary. Electronic publishing issues were discussed and a report comparing electronic publishing software products, including ScholarOne s Manuscript Central was distributed. The Board approved an ad hoc committee to look at publication issues, including improved notifications and acknowledgements to authors who have submitted manuscripts for publication. The committee members include Paul Siegel, Ralf Koetter, John IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter December 2003
17 7 Anderson, Tony Ephremides, and Alex Vardy. Action Item: The Board requested that the ad-hoc committee looking at publications issues write a detailed task description and report at the next meeting in October. 3. Ivan Fair discussed the report of the education subcommittee. The President noted that members should lend their full support to the efforts of the education subcommittee. He suggested that anyone with input should Ivan with their comments. Action Item: The Board requested that the Education committee present a more detailed report on their activities at the next meeting in October. 4. Joachim Hagenaeur reported on the nominations for the Board. Six outgoing members have agreed to re-run. Six others have already been nominated. In addition, Alex Barg was nominated. The Board closed and unanimously approved these nominations for the Board. The Board unanimously approved and closed the following nominations: Two nominations for 2nd Vice-president - Dave Neuhoff and Bixio Rimoldi. One nomination for st Vice-president - Steven McLaughlin One nomination for President - Hideki Imai 5. The floor was then opened up for all other business. Chris Heegard raised an issue concerning the NSF that could have both good and bad implications for the Society. He noted that Julia Abrams, who handles most of the IT grant proposals, was leaving NSF. The IT Society should recruit someone to serve in NSF to protect the interests of Communications, Signal Processing and IT. He suggested that a group of IT Society members should go to Washington and discuss the matter with CISE. The Board approved the formation of an adhoc committee to liason with NSF. The committee includes Chris Heegard, Tony Ephremides, Tom Fuja, Dave Forney, and Bruce Hajek. Action Item: The Board requested that the adhoc committee tasked to liason with the NSF report on their activities at the next meeting in October. The President, Han Vinck, noted that IT Society Board members plan to meet with SITA, the Japanese IT Society, to have discussions and improve relations. Action Item: The Board requested that Han report the outcome of the SITA meeting at the next meeting in October. 6. The President announced that the next Board meeting will be held on October, 2003 at the Allerton conference. Further details will be provided at a later date. 7. The meeting was adjourned at 2:5 PM. December 2003 IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
18 8 IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter December 2003
19 9 December 2003 IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
20 20 IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter December 2003
U.C. Berkeley CS276: Cryptography Handout 0.1 Luca Trevisan January, 2009. Notes on Algebra
U.C. Berkeley CS276: Cryptography Handout 0.1 Luca Trevisan January, 2009 Notes on Algebra These notes contain as little theory as possible, and most results are stated without proof. Any introductoryMore information
Integer roots of quadratic and cubic polynomials with integer coefficients
Integer roots of quadratic and cubic polynomials with integer coefficients Konstantine Zelator Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics 212 Ben Franklin Hall Bloomsburg University 400 East Second StreetMore information
ALGEBRA 1/ALGEBRA 1 HONORS CREDIT HOURS: 1.0 COURSE LENGTH: 2 Semesters COURSE DESCRIPTION The purpose of this course is to allow the student to gain mastery in working with and evaluating mathematicalMore information
WHAT ARE MATHEMATICAL PROOFS AND WHY THEY ARE IMPORTANT? introduction Many students seem to have trouble with the notion of a mathematical proof. People that come to a course like Math 216, who certainlyMore information
MOP 2007 Black Group Integer Polynomials Yufei Zhao. Integer Polynomials. June 29, 2007 Yufei Zhao firstname.lastname@example.com
Integer Polynomials June 9, 007 Yufei Zhao firstname.lastname@example.com We will use Z[x] to denote the ring of polynomials with integer coefficients. We begin by summarizing some of the common approaches used in dealingMore information
Math Review. for the Quantitative Reasoning Measure of the GRE revised General Test
Math Review for the Quantitative Reasoning Measure of the GRE revised General Test www.ets.org Overview This Math Review will familiarize you with the mathematical skills and concepts that are importantMore information
ECEN 5682 Theory and Practice of Error Control Codes
ECEN 5682 Theory and Practice of Error Control Codes Convolutional Codes University of Colorado Spring 2007 Linear (n, k) block codes take k data symbols at a time and encode them into n code symbols.More information
FORDHAM UNIVERSITY GABELLI SCHOOL OF BUSINESS TOGETHER WITH THE GABELLI CENTER FOR GLOBAL INVESTMENT ANALYSIS Value Investing 20 Years Later: A Celebration of the Roger Murray Lecture Series 1993 _ 2013More information
Graduate Program Policies and Procedures
The University of British Columbia Department of Physics & Astronomy Graduate Program Policies and Procedures Sept 2011 Table of Contents 1. Introduction!... 4 2. Programs!... 4 3. Admissions!... 4 3.1.More information
Graduate Program Policies and Procedures
The University of British Columbia Department of Physics & Astronomy Graduate Program Policies and Procedures May 2007 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Programs 4 3 Admissions 4 3.1 Eligibility 4 3.2More information
minimal polyonomial Example
Minimal Polynomials Definition Let α be an element in GF(p e ). We call the monic polynomial of smallest degree which has coefficients in GF(p) and α as a root, the minimal polyonomial of α. Example: WeMore information
Prime Numbers and Irreducible Polynomials
Prime Numbers and Irreducible Polynomials M. Ram Murty The similarity between prime numbers and irreducible polynomials has been a dominant theme in the development of number theory and algebraic geometry.More information
2.1 Complexity Classes
15-859(M): Randomized Algorithms Lecturer: Shuchi Chawla Topic: Complexity classes, Identity checking Date: September 15, 2004 Scribe: Andrew Gilpin 2.1 Complexity Classes In this lecture we will lookMore information
The program also provides supplemental modules on topics in geometry and probability and statistics.
Algebra 1 Course Overview Students develop algebraic fluency by learning the skills needed to solve equations and perform important manipulations with numbers, variables, equations, and inequalities. StudentsMore information
Breaking Generalized Diffie-Hellman Modulo a Composite is no Easier than Factoring
Breaking Generalized Diffie-Hellman Modulo a Composite is no Easier than Factoring Eli Biham Dan Boneh Omer Reingold Abstract The Diffie-Hellman key-exchange protocol may naturally be extended to k > 2More information
Ronald Graham: Laying the Foundations of Online Optimization
Documenta Math. 239 Ronald Graham: Laying the Foundations of Online Optimization Susanne Albers Abstract. This chapter highlights fundamental contributions made by Ron Graham in the area of online optimization.More information
NEW YORK STATE TEACHER CERTIFICATION EXAMINATIONS TEST DESIGN AND FRAMEWORK September 2014 Authorized for Distribution by the New York State Education Department This test design and framework documentMore information
CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZERO SUM PROBLEMS S. D. ADHIKARI, Y. G. CHEN, J. B. FRIEDLANDER, S. V. KONYAGIN AND F. PAPPALARDI Abstract. A prototype of zero sum theorems, the well known theorem of Erdős, GinzburgMore information
LOOKING FOR A GOOD TIME TO BET LAURENT SERLET Abstract. Suppose that the cards of a well shuffled deck of cards are turned up one after another. At any time-but once only- you may bet that the next cardMore information
Evaluation of Intellectual Property Course Offerings for undergraduate engineering students in the Mid Atlantic Region
Evaluation of Intellectual Property Course Offerings for undergraduate engineering students in the Mid Atlantic Region Abstract S. Jimmy Gandhi, M.S, Stevens Institute of Technology Donald Merino, PhD,More information
Students in their first advanced mathematics classes are often surprised
CHAPTER 8 Proofs Involving Sets Students in their first advanced mathematics classes are often surprised by the extensive role that sets play and by the fact that most of the proofs they encounter areMore information
SECRET sharing schemes were introduced by Blakley [5]
206 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL. 52, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006 Secret Sharing Schemes From Three Classes of Linear Codes Jin Yuan Cunsheng Ding, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract Secret sharing hasMore information
FINAL ASSESSMENT REPORT Graduate Review of Electrical and Computer Engineering (MEng, MSc, PhD) March 2013
Review Process FINAL ASSESSMENT REPORT Graduate Review of Electrical and Computer Engineering (MEng, MSc, PhD) March 2013 The self-study was produced with the assistance of a committee which included theMore information
GOING TO GRADUATE SCHOOL IN THE MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES By Ricardo Cortez and Colette Patt. Produced by the Physical Sciences Student Diversity Program, Dean's Office of the College of Letters and Science,More information
9.2 Summation Notation
9. Summation Notation 66 9. Summation Notation In the previous section, we introduced sequences and now we shall present notation and theorems concerning the sum of terms of a sequence. We begin with aMore information
Queen s Master of Entrepreneurship & Innovation
Queen s Master of Entrepreneurship & Innovation A 12-month program starting in September at Queen s School of Business in Kingston, ON. Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Offered in PartnershipMore information
Factoring & Primality
Factoring & Primality Lecturer: Dimitris Papadopoulos In this lecture we will discuss the problem of integer factorization and primality testing, two problems that have been the focus of a great amountMore information
Notes 11: List Decoding Folded Reed-Solomon Codes
Introduction to Coding Theory CMU: Spring 2010 Notes 11: List Decoding Folded Reed-Solomon Codes April 2010 Lecturer: Venkatesan Guruswami Scribe: Venkatesan Guruswami At the end of the previous notes,More information
Chapter 15 Introduction to Linear Programming
Chapter 15 Introduction to Linear Programming An Introduction to Optimization Spring, 2014 Wei-Ta Chu 1 Brief History of Linear Programming The goal of linear programming is to determine the values ofMore information
Polynomials and Factoring. Unit Lesson Plan
Polynomials and Factoring Unit Lesson Plan By: David Harris University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Math 410 Dr. Thomas, M D. 2 Abstract This paper will discuss, and give, lesson plans for all the topicsMore information
Data Science: An Action Plan for Expanding the Technical Areas of the Field of Statistics
Data Science: An Action Plan for Expanding the Technical Areas of the Field of Statistics William S. Cleveland Statistics Research, Bell Labs email@example.com Abstract An action plan to enlarge the technicalMore information
The Basics of Graphical Models
The Basics of Graphical Models David M. Blei Columbia University October 3, 2015 Introduction These notes follow Chapter 2 of An Introduction to Probabilistic Graphical Models by Michael Jordan. Many figuresMore information
Principles to Guide the Design and Implementation of Doctoral Programs in Mathematics Education
Principles to Guide the Design and Implementation of Doctoral Programs in Mathematics Education A Task Force Report for the Association of Mathematics Teacher Educators Forward This report, in some ways,More information
A simple criterion on degree sequences of graphs
Discrete Applied Mathematics 156 (2008) 3513 3517 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Discrete Applied Mathematics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dam Note A simple criterion on degreeMore information
Students of Agronomy, Soils, & Environmental Sciences
SASES Students of Agronomy, Soils, & Environmental Sciences agronomy.org/students crops.org/students soils.org/students Students of Agronomy, Soils, and Environmental Sciences (SASES) is the undergraduateMore information
Industrial Engineering Definition of Tuning
Industrial Engineering Definition of Tuning Tuning is a faculty-led pilot project designed to define what students must know, understand, and be able to demonstrate after completing a degree in a specificMore information
THE CLASS TOP OF. The Swanson School of Engineering at the University of ANSYS ACADEMIC ADVANTAGE ANSYS.COM/81CLASS THOUGHT LEADER
TOP OF THE CLASS The University of Pittsburgh s Swanson School of Engineering was an early adopter of engineering simulation, using ANSYS software for decades to train students in industrystandard practicesMore information
SCHOOL OF URBAN AFFAIRS & PUBLIC POLICY CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR PROMOTION AND TENURE The School of Urban Affairs and Public Policy is an interdisciplinary graduate and professional school, designatedMore information
350 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-9515
Meisam Razaviyayn Contact Information Room 260, Packard Building 350 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-9515 E-mail: email@example.com Research Interests Education Appointments Large scale data driven optimizationMore information
PRACTICE BOOK COMPUTER SCIENCE TEST. Graduate Record Examinations. This practice book contains. Become familiar with. Visit GRE Online at www.gre.
This book is provided FREE with test registration by the Graduate Record Examinations Board. Graduate Record Examinations This practice book contains one actual full-length GRE Computer Science Test test-takingMore information
Vilnius University. Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics. Gintautas Bareikis
Vilnius University Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics Gintautas Bareikis CONTENT Chapter 1. SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST 1.1 Simple interest......................................................................More information
Duties of the President 1. PLAN * Plan the business meeting with the leader(s) and other officers before the meeting. This can be done over the phone if necessary, and it helps maintain order in the meeting.More information
The Applied and Computational Mathematics (ACM) Program at The Johns Hopkins University (JHU) is
The Applied and Computational Mathematics Program at The Johns Hopkins University James C. Spall The Applied and Computational Mathematics Program emphasizes mathematical and computational techniques ofMore information
PRACTICE BOOK MATHEMATICS TEST (RESCALED) Graduate Record Examinations. This practice book contains. Become familiar with
This book is provided FREE with test registration by the Graduate Record Examinations Board. Graduate Record Examinations This practice book contains one actual full-length GRE Mathematics Test (Rescaled)More information
(Section 0.6: Polynomial, Rational, and Algebraic Expressions) 0.6.1 SECTION 0.6: POLYNOMIAL, RATIONAL, AND ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Be able to identify polynomial, rational, and algebraicMore information
Row Ideals and Fibers of Morphisms
Michigan Math. J. 57 (2008) Row Ideals and Fibers of Morphisms David Eisenbud & Bernd Ulrich Affectionately dedicated to Mel Hochster, who has been an inspiration to us for many years, on the occasionMore information
8.7 Mathematical Induction
8.7. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 8-135 8.7 Mathematical Induction Objective Prove a statement by mathematical induction Many mathematical facts are established by first observing a pattern, then making a conjectureMore information
CHAPTER 3 Numbers and Numeral Systems
CHAPTER 3 Numbers and Numeral Systems Numbers play an important role in almost all areas of mathematics, not least in calculus. Virtually all calculus books contain a thorough description of the natural,More information
Introduction to Finite Fields (cont.)
Chapter 6 Introduction to Finite Fields (cont.) 6.1 Recall Theorem. Z m is a field m is a prime number. Theorem (Subfield Isomorphic to Z p ). Every finite field has the order of a power of a prime numberMore information
An Extension Model of Financially-balanced Bonus-Malus System
An Extension Model of Financially-balanced Bonus-Malus System Other : Ratemaking, Experience Rating XIAO, Yugu Center for Applied Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 00872, P.R. China Phone:More information
The van Hoeij Algorithm for Factoring Polynomials
The van Hoeij Algorithm for Factoring Polynomials Jürgen Klüners Abstract In this survey we report about a new algorithm for factoring polynomials due to Mark van Hoeij. The main idea is that the combinatorialMore information
Communication on the Grassmann Manifold: A Geometric Approach to the Noncoherent Multiple-Antenna Channel
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL. 48, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2002 359 Communication on the Grassmann Manifold: A Geometric Approach to the Noncoherent Multiple-Antenna Channel Lizhong Zheng, StudentMore information
Cyclotomic Extensions
Chapter 7 Cyclotomic Extensions A cyclotomic extension Q(ζ n ) of the rationals is formed by adjoining a primitive n th root of unity ζ n. In this chapter, we will find an integral basis and calculateMore information
CSCMP Roundtable Marketing Guidebook
CSCMP Roundtable Marketing Guidebook 2 Table of Contents Section 1 Introduction 4 CSCMP Mission CSCMP Vision CSCMP Goals Section 2 Roundtable Marketing Objectives 4 Support the CSCMP Mission, Vision andMore information
Celebrate National Medical Assistants Recognition Week October 21 25, 2013
Celebrate National Medical Assistants Recognition Week October 21 25, 2013 Registered Medical Assistants (RMA) and the American Medical Technologists (AMT) will be celebrating National Medical AssistantsMore information
Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
MA 134 Lecture Notes August 20, 2012 Introduction The purpose of this lecture is to... Introduction The purpose of this lecture is to... Learn about different types of equations Introduction The purposeMore information
Juniper Networks Global Bandwidth Index
Juniper Networks Global Bandwidth Index Published December 2014 Summary In 1994, only 25 million people had access to the Internet. This year that number will reach three billion, including 2.3 billionMore information
Diablo Valley College Catalog 2014-2015
Mathematics MATH Michael Norris, Interim Dean Math and Computer Science Division Math Building, Room 267 Possible career opportunities Mathematicians work in a variety of fields, among them statistics,More information
DISTINGUISHED CLUB PROGRAM AND CLUB SUCCESS PLAN How to Be a Distinguished Club Rev. 4/2015 WHERE LEADERS ARE MADE DISTINGUISHED CLUB PROGRAM AND CLUB SUCCESS PLAN How to be a Distinguished Club TOASTMASTERSMore information
January 10, 2010 CHAPTER SIX IRREDUCIBILITY AND FACTORIZATION 1. BASIC DIVISIBILITY THEORY The set of polynomials over a field F is a ring, whose structure shares with the ring of integers many characteristics.More information
DISTINGUISHED CLUB PROGRAM AND CLUB SUCCESS PLAN How to Be a Distinguished Club Rev. 4/2014 WHERE LEADERS ARE MADE DISTINGUISHED CLUB PROGRAM AND CLUB SUCCESS PLAN How to be a Distinguished Club TOASTMASTERSMore information
College of Medicine Promotion and Tenure Procedure FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY
College of Medicine Promotion and Tenure Procedure FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY Approved by majority vote of College Faculty March 25, 2014 Table of Contents Introduction... 1 Governance... 1 a. Membership...More information
2015 Media Planning Handbook
2015 Media Planning Handbook Promoting the U.S. Professors of the Year Award www.usprofessorsoftheyear.org 2015 U.S. PROFESSORS OF THE YEAR MEDIA PLANNING HANDBOOK 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Capitalizing on AwardMore information
5. Factoring by the QF method
5. Factoring by the QF method 5.0 Preliminaries 5.1 The QF view of factorability 5.2 Illustration of the QF view of factorability 5.3 The QF approach to factorization 5.4 Alternative factorization by theMore information
4. Factor polynomials over complex numbers, describe geometrically, and apply to real-world situations. 5. Determine and apply relationships among syn
I The Real and Complex Number Systems 1. Identify subsets of complex numbers, and compare their structural characteristics. 2. Compare and contrast the properties of real numbers with the properties ofMore information
Homework 5 Solutions
Homework 5 Solutions 4.2: 2: a. 321 = 256 + 64 + 1 = (01000001) 2 b. 1023 = 512 + 256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = (1111111111) 2. Note that this is 1 less than the next power of 2, 1024, whichMore information
1 Limiting distribution for a Markov chain
Copyright c 2009 by Karl Sigman Limiting distribution for a Markov chain In these Lecture Notes, we shall study the limiting behavior of Markov chains as time n In particular, under suitable easy-to-checkMore information
On the greatest and least prime factors of n! + 1, II
Publ. Math. Debrecen Manuscript May 7, 004 On the greatest and least prime factors of n! + 1, II By C.L. Stewart In memory of Béla Brindza Abstract. Let ε be a positive real number. We prove that 145 1More information
Analysis of an Artificial Hormone System (Extended abstract)
c 2013. This is the author s version of the work. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purpose or for creatingMore information
Continued Fractions and the Euclidean Algorithm
Continued Fractions and the Euclidean Algorithm Lecture notes prepared for MATH 326, Spring 997 Department of Mathematics and Statistics University at Albany William F Hammond Table of Contents IntroductionMore information
The Graduate School:
The Graduate School: A Model to Enhance Quantity and Quality in PhD Production Maresi Nerad South African PhD Panel Report October 2009 South Africa s universities are confronted with two major challenges.More information
Some Polynomial Theorems. John Kennedy Mathematics Department Santa Monica College 1900 Pico Blvd. Santa Monica, CA 90405 firstname.lastname@example.com.
Some Polynomial Theorems by John Kennedy Mathematics Department Santa Monica College 1900 Pico Blvd. Santa Monica, CA 90405 firstname.lastname@example.com This paper contains a collection of 31 theorems, lemmas,More information
The Expectation Maximization Algorithm A short tutorial
The Expectation Maximiation Algorithm A short tutorial Sean Borman Comments and corrections to: em-tut at seanborman dot com July 8 2004 Last updated January 09, 2009 Revision history 2009-0-09 CorrectedMore information
Panel on Emerging Cyber Security Technologies. Robert F. Brammer, Ph.D., VP and CTO. Northrop Grumman Information Systems.
Panel on Emerging Cyber Security Technologies Robert F. Brammer, Ph.D., VP and CTO Northrop Grumman Information Systems Panel Moderator 27 May 2010 Panel on Emerging Cyber Security Technologies RobertMore information
Network Consulting Engineer
Brochure Network Consulting Engineer February, 2012 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 1 of 7 The Cisco Support Center in Krakow To understandMore information
IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT SOCIETY CHAPTER CHAIR REFERENCE GUIDE 1. INTRODUCTION This reference guide is intended to assist you in your role as a Chapter Officer. It relies on and derives fromMore information
Capacity Limits of MIMO Channels
Tutorial and 4G Systems Capacity Limits of MIMO Channels Markku Juntti Contents 1. Introduction. Review of information theory 3. Fixed MIMO channels 4. Fading MIMO channels 5. Summary and Conclusions ReferencesMore information
A Survey on Bilingual Teaching in Higher Education Institute in the Northeast of China
ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 353-357, July 2 2 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:.44/jltr.1.4.353-357 A Survey on Bilingual Teaching in HigherMore information
Lecture Notes: Basic Concepts in Option Pricing - The Black and Scholes Model
Brunel University Msc., EC5504, Financial Engineering Prof Menelaos Karanasos Lecture Notes: Basic Concepts in Option Pricing - The Black and Scholes Model Recall that the price of an option is equal toMore information
By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it.
This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Helsinki University of Technology's products or services InternalMore information
An On-Line Algorithm for Checkpoint Placement
An On-Line Algorithm for Checkpoint Placement Avi Ziv IBM Israel, Science and Technology Center MATAM - Advanced Technology Center Haifa 3905, Israel firstname.lastname@example.com Jehoshua Bruck California InstituteMore information
2015 Russian Nanotechnology Investment Enabling Technology Leadership Award
2015 Russian Nanotechnology Investment Enabling Technology Leadership Award 2015 Contents Background and Company Performance... 3 Technology Leverage and Customer Impact of OJSC RUSNANO... 3-5 Conclusion...More information
max cx s.t. Ax c where the matrix A, cost vector c and right hand side b are given and x is a vector of variables. For this example we have x
Linear Programming Linear programming refers to problems stated as maximization or minimization of a linear function subject to constraints that are linear equalities and inequalities. Although the studyMore information
Statement of. William D. Green. Executive Chairman of the Board, Accenture. and
Statement of William D. Green Executive Chairman of the Board, Accenture and Member, Committee on Research Universities Board on Higher Education and Workforce Policy and Global Affairs National ResearchMore information
A Direct Numerical Method for Observability Analysis
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL 15, NO 2, MAY 2000 625 A Direct Numerical Method for Observability Analysis Bei Gou and Ali Abur, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract This paper presents an algebraic methodMore information
University of Delaware College of Health Sciences Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition
University of Delaware College of Health Sciences Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition GUIDELINES FOR PROMOTION, TENURE AND REVIEW I. INTRODUCTION The mission of the Department of Behavioral HealthMore information
Brian Alan Snyder, Ph. D.
Brian Alan Snyder, Ph. D. Current work address Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Work phone: (906) 635-2658 Lake Superior State Home phone: (906) 253-9822 650 West Easterday Ave. DepartmentMore information
CRC Website: http://www.acosoc.org/regchapters/
GUIDELINES FOR THE OPERATION OF A REGIONAL CHAPTER OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA (rev2010) The objective of these guidelines is to make operating a Chapter as effortless as possible. The suggestionsMore information
IADR Global Oral Health Inequalities Research Network Appointment of Regional Councilors
IADR Global Oral Health Inequalities Research Network Appointment of Regional Councilors IADR - GOHIRN The IADR Global Oral Health Inequalities Research Network (GOHIRN) was approved by the IADR CouncilMore information
Master s Theory Exam Spring 2006
Spring 2006 This exam contains 7 questions. You should attempt them all. Each question is divided into parts to help lead you through the material. You should attempt to complete as much of each problemMore information
Forensic & Investigative Accounting (FIA) Section American Accounting Association Mission, Objectives and 2013-2015 Strategy.
Forensic & Investigative Accounting (FIA) Section American Accounting Association Mission, Objectives and 2013-2015 Strategy Mission The mission of the Forensic & Investigative (FIA) Section of the AmericanMore information
CHAPTER EIGHT. BEYOND THE GRADUATE PROGRAM: APPLYING FOR POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIPS AND OTHER RESEARCH POSITIONS IN THE FIELD OF THE PhD
CHAPTER EIGHT BEYOND THE GRADUATE PROGRAM: APPLYING FOR POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIPS AND OTHER RESEARCH POSITIONS IN THE FIELD OF THE PhD APPLYING FOR A POSTDOCTORAL POSITION IN THE SCIENCES The postdoctoralMore information
Induction. Mathematical Induction. Induction. Induction. Induction. Induction. 29 Sept 2015
Mathematical If we have a propositional function P(n), and we want to prove that P(n) is true for any natural number n, we do the following: Show that P(0) is true. (basis step) We could also start atMore information
APPLICATION FOR PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT AS A TUTOR TUTOR IN THE DOLCIANI MATHEMATICS LEARNING CENTER Dear Applicant, As you consider applying for a position in the Dolciani Mathematics Learning Center, thereMore information
Determinants can be used to solve a linear system of equations using Cramer s Rule.
2.6.2 Cramer s Rule Determinants can be used to solve a linear system of equations using Cramer s Rule. Cramer s Rule for Two Equations in Two Variables Given the system This system has the unique solutionMore information
Lecture 1: Elementary Number Theory
Lecture 1: Elementary Number Theory The integers are the simplest and most fundamental objects in discrete mathematics. All calculations by computers are based on the arithmetical operations with integersMore information
MATHEMATICS. Administered by the Department of Mathematical and Computing Sciences within the College of Arts and Sciences. Degree Requirements
MATHEMATICS Administered by the Department of Mathematical and Computing Sciences within the College of Arts and Sciences. Paul Feit, PhD Dr. Paul Feit is Professor of Mathematics and Coordinator for Mathematics.More information
Fellowship Applications / Nominations
Ratified May 1989 Last reviewed Feb 2015 Review due Feb 2016 Fellowship Applications / Nominations Policy Fellowship of Speech Pathology Australia is one of the highest public professional honours theMore information
THE Walsh Hadamard transform (WHT) and discrete
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS I: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 54, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2007 2741 Fast Block Center Weighted Hadamard Transform Moon Ho Lee, Senior Member, IEEE, Xiao-Dong Zhang AbstractMore information
Math Department Student Learning Objectives Updated April, 2014
Math Department Student Learning Objectives Updated April, 2014 Institutional Level Outcomes: Victor Valley College has adopted the following institutional outcomes to define the learning that all studentsMore information