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Optimal policies to preserve tropical forests Preliminary draft
- Merilyn Garrison
- 3 years ago
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1 Opimal policies o preserve ropical foress Preliminary draf Gilles Laorgue and Helene Ollivier February 1, 211 Absrac We develop a Norh/Souh growh model o invesigae he normaive quesion of inernaional ransfers o preserve ropical foress. The Souh convers fores lands ino agriculural lands o produce a nal consumpion good which is consumed by he Norh. We consider wo ways of incorporaing he exernaliy coming from deforesaion in he uiliy of he Norh: i) hrough an ameniy value, which reecs a coninuous willingness o preserve foress, or ii) hrough a minimum sock of ropical foress o be preserved. Firs, we solve he opimal program and we characerize he dynamic properies of he opimal deforesaion regime. Second, we derive he decenralized equilibrium oucome in which he exernaliy can be correced by a ransfer scheme from he Norh o he Souh. This ransfer funcion depends boh on he sock of fores (posiively) and on he deforesaion rae (negaively). Third, we characerize he dynamic implemenaion rule which mus be saised by his ransfer o resore he opimum. Finally, we analyze he specic cases of a pure fores subsidy policy and a pure deforesaion axaion policy and we illusrae hese ndings wih an analyical specied model. Keywords: REDD mechanism, deforesaion, dynamics, opimal regulaion, ax, subsidy. JEL classicaions: Q23, Q27, Q28. 1 Inroducion Reducing emissions from deforesaion and fores degradaion (REDD) in developing counries has been recenly a he cener of negoiaions on a renewed climae regime. Deforesaion in ropical counries is responsible for abou a quarer of oal world carbon emissions Toulouse School of Economics (INRA-LERNA). 21 allee de Brienne, 31 Toulouse, France. address: Deparmen of Agriculural and Resource Economics, Universiy of California, Berkeley. address: 1
2 and represen he main source of emissions in some developing counries. Reducing deforesaion could oer boh environmenal gains as a miigaion opion and an opporuniy o inegrae developing counries ino he inernaional negoiaions on climae change. An ocial agreemen has been recenly achieved on he REDD (or REDD+) mechanism during he UNFCCC conference of he Paries in Cancun, in December 21, as regards is scope, eligible aciviies, safeguards, and mehodological issues. 1 Agreeing on safeguards represen a major achievemen due o complex governance and insiuional issues, ha includes respec for he righs of Indigenous Peoples and local communiies, fores governance, and acions ha are consisen wih conservaion of naural foress and biodiversiy. To be par of he REDD mechanism, counries need o underake aciviies according o a phased approach. In he rs phase called readiness, counries develop naional sraegies, assess naional reference emission levels, and implemen a robus and ransparen naional fores monioring sysems. In he second phase, counries implemen heir naional policies aiming a preserving ropical foress. In he hird phase, counries can receive performancebased incenive paymens, ha is, paymens for veried emissions reducions. Designing he performance-based incenive scheme is one of he imporan challenges of he REDD mechanism, bu i also oers beer prospecs for realizing fores preservaion oucomes han mos previous fores policy inervenions (Pfa e al., 21). Since REDD projecs are mosly in heir infancy, resul-based incenive schemes have hardly been implemened, apar from he large bilaeral programs of Norway in Brazil, Indonesia, Guyana and Tanzania. As illusraed by he Amazon Fund, donaions (USD 1 billion) are linked direcly o resuls, i.e. o emission rends. 2 More precisely, paymens in a paricular year will depend on he dierence beween emissions from deforesaion in he previous year and a reference level, which is he average for he curren en-year calculaion period, and which is updaed every ve years. If emissions in a paricular year are higher han he reference level, no paymen will be made o he Amazon fund in he subsequen year. Hence, his scheme ress on ex-pos evaluaion of he emissions due o deforesaion, and respecs naional sovereigny since he fund is managed by he Brazilian Developmen Bank (BNDES). However, he incenive scheme ha performs well for Brazil 1 See REDD sands for Reducing emissions from deforesaion and degradaion, whereas REDD+, in addiion o REDD, includes enhancing fores carbon socks hrough aciviies such as fores conservaion, fores resoraion and susainable fores managemen (Angelsen e al., 29; Kanowski e al., 21). 2 See Norwegian iniiaive on hp:// and more deails on he Amazon Fun on hp:// 2
3 is unlikely o sui Guyana, where deforesaion hardly occurs despie he large ropical fores. In his conex, Norway has oered up o USD 25 millions for preserving he sock of fores in Guyana. The design of he incenive scheme is crucial o avoid emissions from deforesaion, and i needs o ake ino consideraion boh he sock of fores and he rae of deforesaion depending on he characerisics of he recipien counries. To address he quesion of he design of he REDD mechanism, we develop a growh model wih deforesaion in a fores abundan economy ha will receive a ransfer from he inernaional communiy. Assuming ha deforesaion generaes a global exernaliy ha aecs he welfare of he inernaional communiy, we analyze he opimal policies ha resore he social opimum in a decenralized seing where he recipien economy does no immediaely suer from he exernaliy. We adop several simplifying assumpions. Firs, he analysis is held in parial equilibrium since we are only considering one producive secor in he recipien economy, and he secor is expor-oriened since all producs are consumed by he Norh. We make his assumpion wih he case of Brazilian expors of soybeans, Indonesian expors of palm oil, and expors of ropical wood and biofuels from ropical counries in mind. These producs are ofen linked o deforesaion paerns in ropical counries. This leads us o our second assumpion: we assume ha agriculure is he main driver for deforesaion, ha is, foresed lands are cleared for producive purpose, and agriculural expansion is fueling growh in ropical counries. In his conex, reducing deforesaion may have derimenal impacs on growh rends and requires ha he counry will be compensaed for he opporuniy coss of no clearing land for agriculure. The hird assumpion is ha only he inernaional communiy (rich indusrialized counries) or he Norh is willing o preserve ropical foress. I reecs he fac ha ropical counries are developing counries, hence heir prioriy is developmen even hough hey face a rade-o beween environmenal preservaion and developmen. We consider wo ways of incorporaing he exernaliy in he uiliy of he Norh: hrough an ameniy value made explici in consumers' preferences, or hrough an environmenal hreshold. Norhern consumers are aeced by a loss in ameniy value when he sock of ropical foress is reduced. This reecs a coninuous willingness o preserve ropical foress. Since foress are sequesraing carbon and conribue o climae sabiliy, we can also relae he amospheric carbon cap ha climae scieniss recommend no o overshoo o avoid high climae disrupions wih a minimum sock of ropical foress o be preserved. The inuiion is ha, if he sock of ropical fores is reduced beyond his hreshold, he loss of carbon sequesraion sinks and he carbon released ino he amosphere by deforesaion would induce 3
4 some caasrophic damages. Ineresingly, he Norh faces a rade-o beween preserving ropical foress and consuming goods ha are produced in deforesing counries. Finally, he fourh assumpion deermines how o implemen he REDD mechanism so ha he ropical counry would reduce is deforesaion rends. Since here is no consensus on he mos appropriae ransfer scheme in he lieraure, we consider ha he ransfer can depend boh on he sock of fores or on he rae of deforesaion. We obain ha... To he bes of our knowledge, he lieraure on paymens for preserving ropical foress has no proposed an opimal incenive scheme in he conex of a growh model wih deforesaion. I can serve as a benchmark for he negoiaions beween Norhern donors (e.g. Norway) and he recipien ropical counries. Using a renewable resource model, Sähler (1996) compares wo ransfer schemes aiming a preserving a fores sock, and concludes ha he scheme which oers a consan price per hecare of fores is more ecien han he scheme which oers a compensaion price ha rises wih fores scarciy, when foresabundan counries adop sraegic behaviors. van Soes and Lensink (2) use a ransfer scheme ha depends on boh he sock of fores and he rae of deforesaion o show ha penalizing he rise in he rae of deforesaion can be ecien for limiing and posponing carbon emissions from deforesing. The more recen debae on he evaluaion of he opporuniy coss of REDD projecs reveals ha he willingness o nance fores preservaion depends crucially on he expeced benes in erms of carbon emission reducions (Myers, 27; Eliasch, 28). Many drawbacks limi he expeced carbon emission reducions: carbon sequesraion in fores is no permanen; here is a risk ha deforesaion will move oward non paricipaing counries, leading o carbon leakage; and he governance issue is ofen problemaic in ropical developing counries, implying a high risk ha he ransfer will be divered o corrupion and ren-seeking (Myers, 27). We absrac from hese issues by considering only one recipien economy characerized wih neiher marke nor insiuional failures. The remainder of he paper is organized as follows. Secion 2 presens he simple model of growh wih deforesaion. Secion 3 presens he opimum, ha is, wha would be he opimal deforesaion rends for he consumers who are consuming he good ha is responsible for he exernaliy. Secion 4 presens he opimal behaviors of he producing Souh and of he consuming Norh, and secion 5 describes he incenive mechanism ha is required o resore he opimum in his conex. Secion 6 illusraes wih a specied model, and secion 7 provides concluding remarks. 4
5 2 The model Consider a fores abundan economy wih an inniely lived represenaive agen. economy is composed of one secor, whose produc is consumed. Only one facor of producion, land, is required, bu we disinguish beween old agriculural land and newly deforesed land, he laer being more producive han he former. And deforesing generaes an exernaliy suered by he represenaive consumer. In our economy, deforesaion is enirely driven by agriculural expansion. We focus on he issue of land allocaion beween a producive land use and an "idle" land use, hence we neglec sources of revenue from fores such as imber producion van Soes and Lensink (2). We assume ha deforesaion is irreversible, ha is, once a hecare of fores has been cleared, i is used for agriculure and hus fores canno regrow. Following Harwick e al. (21), he clearing process is represened as a sicky adjusmen of endowmens, where he sock of "unproducive" fores F decreases while he sock of agriculural land A rises, since he economy has iniially "oo much" foresed land (large F ). The dynamics is The F = h = A, (1) where h denoes he rae of deforesaion or he amoun of newly cleared land a period, and F and A are given. Given he oal amoun of land L in he economy, we have for any : L = F + A. (2) The producion funcion of he agriculural secor, whose produc x is homogeneous, akes he following form: x = f(a, h ) (3) where boh he sock of agriculural land, A, and he newly deforesed land, h, are facors of producion. We assume ha heir produciviy dier since he clearing and burning of biomass creae a boos in produciviy in newly deforesed land, due o he release of nuriens from ashes. The feriliy gap only lass one period, and afer one period, he land falls ino he sock of agriculural land whose produciviy is normalized o one. The parial derivaives of he producion funcion wih respec o agriculural land and o newly cleared land are denoed by f A and f h, respecively. We assume ha echnology f(.) exhibis decreasing reurns o scale, since here is only one inpu considered (land). The use of inpus is no cosly, since he resource is in open access and once deforesed he land is owned by he producer. 5
6 The enire producion of he homogeneous good is consumed by he represenaive household. Since his preferences exhibi ameniy values, his insananeous uiliy funcion U(.) depends boh on his consumpion x and on he sock of ropical fores F. Denoe by W he ineremporal uiliy funcion, which is dened by: W = U(x, F )e ρ d (4) where ρ is he social discoun rae, which is assumed o be consan. The parial derivaives of he insananeous uiliy funcion wih respec o consumpion and o fores preservaion are denoed by U x and U F, and hey are boh posiive. We also assume ha he funcion U(.) is sricly concave and saises he Inada condiions. We do no need o make any assumpion on he sign of he cross derivaive U xf. 3 To avoid any environmenal caasrophe, we assume ha he sock of fores, F, needs o say above a minimum F or, equivalenly, ha he sock of deforesed land A needs o remain inferior o a hreshold Ā = L F. Hence, we have F F A Ā,, (5) wih F < F and Ā > A. Assuming < F < L implies ha < Ā < L. Combining his consrain wih he ameniy value of he fores implies ha he following disconinuous welfare funcion V (x, F ) capures he wofold represenaion of he exernaliy from deforesing: { U(x, F ), if F F x, V (x, F ) = (6), if F < F 3 The opimum The social planner chooses he deforesaion pah h ha maximizes he ineremporal uiliy W subjec o (3)-(2), (5) and o he non-negaiviy consrain h. The exended Hamilonian (in curren value) of his one-sae-variable problem is: H = U(x, F ) + λ h + µ h + η (Ā A ) (7) where λ is he co-sae variable associaed wih agriculural land accumulaion, and µ and η are he Lagrangian mulipliers associaed wih he non-negaiviy consrain on he 3 The erm U xf measures he degree of subsiuion or complemenariy beween consumpion and naural capial preservaion in welfare. In he Michel and Roillon (1996) erminology, he uiliy funcion exhibis a "compensaion eec" if U xf < (i.e. a decrease in naural capial implies an increase in he marginal uiliy of consumpion ha leads sociey o consume more) and a "disgus eec" if U xf >. 6
7 deforesaion rae and wih he fores hreshold consrain, respecively. The saic and dynamic rs-order condiions are: and he ransversaliy condiion is given by and he complemenary slackness condiions are U x f h = λ µ (8) λ = ρλ U x f A + U F + η, (9) lim e ρ λ A =, (1) µ h =, µ, h (11) η (Ā A) =, η, A Ā. (12) Condiion (8) implies ha he marginal gain of deforesaion in erms of uiliy, which is relaed o an increase in consumpion, mus be equal o he social marginal cos of deforesaion, λ, as long as h >. Denoe by φ(f, h ) U x f h he marginal gain of deforesaion. Inegraing he dierenial equaion (9) from up o yields: [ ] λ = λ + (U F + η s U x f A )e ρs ds e ρ (13) From he ransversaliy condiion (1), i implies ha λ = (U F + η s U x f A )e ρs ds, which leads o λ = (U F + η s U x f A )e ρ(s ) ds. (14) A any period along he opimal rajecory, he social marginal cos of deforesaion mus be equal o he discouned sum from up o of he ow of he marginal ameniy value of preserving he fores plus he marginal social value of he hreshold consrain, minus he marginal uiliy gain from an increase in agriculural land, U x f A. Reducing he sock of fores by one uni provides a direc marginal decrease in uiliy, U F, and an indirec marginal loss since we are approaching he hreshold by one more uni, which is capured by η. We denoe by ψ(f, h ) U F + η U x f A he ne marginal gain of preserving he fores. Proposiion 1 Characerizaion of he opimal soluion: 1. Inerior soluion: a each ime, an opimal deforesaion pah is characerized by he following equivalen equaions: φ(f, h ) = ψ(f s, h s )e ρ(s ) ds (15) ρ = φ(f, h ) φ(f, h ) + ψ(f, h ) φ(f, h ) 7 (16)
8 2. If he economy converges oward a seady-sae, i mus be characerized by: ρ = 1 ( ) UF + η f A. (17) f h U x Proof: Equaion (15) resuls from combining (8) and (14), and (16) is obained by diereniaing (15) wih respec o ime. Equaion (17) is derived by seing φ equal o zero in (16). η corresponds o he value of η a seady sae. In our economy, no deforesaion occurs a he seady-sae, hence he sock of fores remains consan (if posiive). Condiion (17) can be inerpreed as a modied Clark and Munroe Golden Rule (Swallow, 199) ha equalizes he social discoun rae o he social marginal rae of reurn of undeforesed land. Deforesaion ends when he marginal gain of deforesaion muliplied by he social discoun rae equals he social ne marginal gain of preserving he fores. Denoing by A he opimal saionary sock of agriculural land, we observe wo cases: if A = Ā, hen η, he hreshold consrain is binding, which impedes more deforesaion; whereas if A < Ā, hen η =, and he hreshold plays no role in he ending of deforesaion. Given ha Ā < L, some fores will remain a seady sae, even for negligible ameniy values. 4 The decenralized economy Now, consider ha here is no inernaional social planner who balances he benes and he damages from deforesaion. Insead, we represen a simplied world economy where Souh is he producer of a single expored good and he landowner of ropical foress, and where Norh consumes he good and suers from he exernaliy of deforesaion. The price of he expored good is normalized o one. Since he environmenal exernaliy is no considered by Souh, Norh mus oer o Souh a condiional ransfer o avoid ha mos of he fores is cu down. Denoe by S(F, h ) he funcional class of ransfers ha depends on boh he remaining sock of fores F and he insananeous deforesaion rae h. Inuiively, an ecien ransfer scheme should be designed such ha S F and S h. 4.1 Deforesing Souh We assume ha fores is an open access resource in Souh, hence here is no marke for land. Clearing he land is sucien o obain he propery righs. Assuming ha deforesaion is irreversible implies ha Souh will ake ino accoun he shadow cos of deforesaion. 8
9 However, only an inernaional ransfer from Norh can compel Souh o consider he social opporuniy cos of no preserving he fores. The program of Souh is: max {h, } [f(a, h ) + S(F, h )]e rsds d (18) subjec o (1), (2) and o h. The exended Hamilonian of his program is: where λ S H S = f(a, h ) + S(F, h ) + λ S h + µ S h (19) is he co-sae variable associaed wih he accumulaion of he sock of agriculural lands, and where µ S is he Lagrangian muliplier associaed wih he non-negaiviy consrain on he deforesaion rae. The saic and dynamic rs-order condiions, he ransversaliy condiion, and he complemenary slackness condiion are, respecively: f h + S h = λ S µ S (2) λ S = r λ S + S F f A (21) lim e rsds λ S A = (22) Using (21) and (22), we can express λ S λ S = As long as h >, we have µ S µ S h =, µ S, h (23) respecs he following arbirage condiion: as follows: (S F f A )e s rudu ds (24) =, hence given (2) and (21), he inerior soluion r = φ S (F, h ) φ S (F, h ) + ψs (F, h ) φ S (F, h ) (25) where φ S (F, h ) f h + S h is he ne marginal pro from deforesing and ψ S (F, h ) S F f A is he ne marginal pro of preserving one uni of fores. Comparing (25) wih (16) shows ha he insananeous pro ows are now discouned a he ineres rae r, insead of ρ, and ha he gains or losses from deforesing are no evaluaed in erms of uiliy. 4.2 Environmenally-friendly Norh Norh is he only consumer of he good whose producion generaes deforesaion and is willing o preserve ropical fores due o is ameniy value. The program of he donor is: max {x, } U(x, F )e ρ d (26) 9
10 subjec o Ḃ = r B x S(F, h ), (27) where B denoes Norhern wealh, which can be used for consumpion or for invesmen a he ineres rae r. I can be easily shown ha solving he Norhern consumer's program leads o he sandard Keynes-Ramsey condiion: ρ U x U x = r (28) 4.3 Characerizaion of he decenralized equilibrium A paricular equilibrium, associaed wih a paricular ransfer funcion S(F, h ), is a vecor of rajecories {h, A ; r } such ha: i) Souhern producer maximizes is ineremporal pro funcion; ii) Norhern consumer maximizes is uiliy; iii) he marke of he nal good is perfecly compeiive and cleared:, x = f(a, h ); and iv) Souh receives a ransfer S(F, h ) from Norh. From he previous analysis of individual behaviors, we obain Proposiion 2 For a given class of ransfer funcions S(F, h ), he decenralized equilibrium is characerized as follows: 1. During any sricly posiive deforesaion regime, he wo following equivalen equaion mus hold a he equilibrium: φ S (F, h ) = 1 U x, ρ U x = φ S (F, h ) U x φ S (F, h ) + ψs (F, h ) φ S (F, h ) ψ S (F s, h s )U x,s e ρ(s ) ds (29) 2. If he economy converges oward a seady-sae equilibrium, i mus be such ha: Proof: (3) ρ = ψs (F, h) φ S (F, h) = S F f A S h + f h (31) Inegraion of (28) from up o s yields: e s rudu = (U x,s /U x, ) e ρ(s ). Combining his las resul wih (2) and (24) implies (29). (3) is a direc implicaion of (25) and (28). 5 Opimal ransfer analysis 5.1 Firs-bes opimum implemenaion rule The opimal ransfer funcion is such ha he characerizing condiions of he opimum in Proposiion 1 coincide wih he characerizing condiions of he decenralized equilibrium 1
11 in Proposiion 2. We obain Proposiion 3 During any sricly posiive deforesaion regime a he decenralized equilibrium, he ransfer funcion S(F, h ) mus saisfy he wo following equivalen condiions in order o resore he rs-bes opimaliy: S h U x = (S F U x U F η s )e ρ(s ) ds U F + η U x = S F + Ṡh S h ( ρ U x U x ) (32) The condiion saes ha when he hreshold F is no reached, he marginal rae of subsiuion beween consumpion and fores preservaion is equal o he marginal ransfer per uni of fores, plus he change of he marginal ransfer per uni of deforesaion, minus he marginal ransfer per uni of deforesaion muliplied by he rae of ineres. A priori, here exiss an inniy of ransfer funcions among he funcional class S(F, h ) ha saisfy he condiion (32). In he nex subsecion, we will resric he analysis o a se of sandard poliical ools, namely axes and subsidies. 5.2 Example of ransfers Subsidy on he remaining sock of fores Consider ha he ransfer akes he form of a uniary subsidy on he remaining sock of fores, i.e. S(F, h ) = σ F, wih σ for any. From (32), he opimal subsidy rae mus be equal o: σ = U F + η U x (33) When he hreshold F has no been reached (η = ), he opimal subsidy rae mus be equal o he marginal rae of subsiuion beween consumpion and preservaion of he fores. Once he hreshold is reached, he opimal subsidy rae is larger since η. Is dynamic properies canno be characerized wihou a deeper invesigaion on he properies of he uiliy funcion U(x, F ). An analyic example will be examined laer. If he damage due o deforesaion was only capured by he hreshold consrain, he opimal subsidy rae mus be equal o zero as long as he hreshold of fores is no reached and o he marginal social cos of he consrain in moneary erms (i.e. divided by he marginal uiliy) hereafer. Norh would hen perceive a subsidy only once his fores sock has been driven down o he allowed minimal level, o sop furher deforesaion. 11
12 5.2.2 Tax on he deforesaion ow Consider ha he ransfer akes he form of a ax on he deforesaion ow, hence S(F, h ) = τ h, wih τ for any. From (32), we have τ = 1 (U F + η s )e ρ(s ) ds (34) U x A each period, he opimal ax rae mus be equal o he discouned sum of he insananeous ow of social marginal gain from preserving he fores, divided by he marginal uiliy of consumpion o obain he expression in moneary erms (given ha he consumpion good is he numeraire). Since η = for any < T, where T denoes he dae a which he sock of fores reaches he minimal hreshold, he expression of τ rewrien as: τ = [ e ρ T U x U F e ρs ds + ] T (U F + η s )e ρs ds, [, T ) e ρ U x (U F + η s )e ρs ds, [T, + ) can be If he deforesaion exernaliy was capured only by he minimal hreshold, he opimal ax would be sricly posiive even when < T. This is in conras wih he subsidy on he sock of fores in he case where fores has no ameniy value. Log-diereniaing (34) gives he growh rae of he opimal ax on deforesaion a each ime : τ = ρ U x U F + η τ U x (U F + η s )e ρ(s ) (36) ds The dynamics of he opimal ax resuls from he dierence of wo componens. The rs one, ρ U x /U x, is simply he ineres rae, i.e. he rae a which fuure gains or losses are discouned, assumed here o be posiive. 4 The second erm is he raio of he insananeous social marginal uiliy gain of preserving he fores over he discouned sum of he same marginal gain, which is also posiive. We hen have wo opposie eecs ha drive he dynamics of he ax, which implies ha he ax can eiher rise or fall over ime Policy-mix Since Souhern paricipaion ino he ransfer program is volunary, he ax scheme is unlikely o be acceped. Hence, he paricipaion consrain requires ha S(F, h ). 4 Noe ha, since social preferences exhibi a conservaion moive for ropical fores, his discoun rae can be expanded as r = ρ+ɛ(x )g x,+h U xf /U x, where ɛ(x ) is he inverse of he elasiciy of ineremporal subsiuion of consumpion and g x, is he insananeous growh rae of consumpion. As compared wih he sandard decomposiion of he discoun rae, we mus ake ino accoun he ameniy eec capured by h U xf /U x, whose sign is no specied a priori. An exensive discussion on his poin can be found in Schuber (26). (35) 12
13 To respec his condiion, he scheme needs o combine a subsidy for fores preservaion a rae σ and a ax on he deforesaion process a rae τ : S(F, h ) = σ F τ h. If one of hese wo policy insrumens is se equal o is rs-bes opimal level dened above, hen obviously, he second one mus be equal o zero. Since he model considers a single source of exernaliy, a unique policy insrumen is required o resore opimaliy. However, he enforcemen of he rs-bes soluion hrough one insrumen may no be achievable due o budgeary, socioeconomic or poliical addiional consrains, hence he use of boh insrumens may be required. To illusrae his, consider ha Norh has no se he subsidy rae a is opimal level, hence σ < σ,. In his paricular case, Norh could also implemen a second-bes opimal ax τ sb τ sb o resore he opimum, such as = 1 U x (σs σ s )e ρ(s ) ds > (37) U x Since he donor was no able o oer he opimal subsidy rae, he incenive for preserving fores is no sucienly high, hence a ax is required o limi deforesaion. However, we need o have σ F τ sb h for all o ensure Souhern paricipaion. Conversely, consider ha he ax rae τ eecively levied by Norh is such ha τ < τ,. From (32), he second-bes subsidy rae σ sb, which is necessary o resore he opimum, is given by: U x σ sb s e ρ(s ) ds = U x (τ τ ) σ sb = ( ρ U x U x ) (τ τ ) ( τ τ ) > (38) Since Norh has no se he ax a is opimal level, Souh is emped o defores more, hence a subsidy on he fores sock is necessary o curb deforesaion. However, we need o have σ sb F τ h o allow Souh o paricipae. 6 Illusraion 6.1 Analyical specicaions and idenicaion of he possible cases In order o furher develop he analysis, we adop he following specicaions. Firs, assume a separable insananeous uiliy funcion: U(x, F ) = x1 ɛ 1 ɛ + γf, wih ɛ >, γ > (39) where 1/ɛ is he consan ineremporal elasiciy of subsiuion in consumpion. posiive o ensure ha he higher he sock of preserved ropical fores, he higher he uiliy. Second, consider a producion funcion wih decreasing reurns o scale, where wo γ is 13
14 ypes of land are perfec subsiues: x = f(a, h ) = (A + νh ) β, wih < β < 1, ν > 1, (4) where ν is he feriliy boos of he newly deforesed land, h, compared o he old agriculural land, A. We rs look a he opimal saionary regime. There are wo possible saionary socks of agriculural lands: he "naural" seady-sae level A owards which he economy would end in he absence of he maximal hreshold consrain on A and he imposed seady-sae level Ā. In boh cases, he deforesaion rae h equals zero and he resuling consumpion level simply becomes x = x = (A ) β or x = x = Āβ, depending on he saionary amoun of agriculural land. Assume ha level Ā is high enough so ha A < Ā L. In his case, he economy converges owards a seady-sae which is characerized by (17) wih η =, saring from A < A. Using he specied analyical forms (39) and (4), U x f h = νu x f A = νβx 1 ɛ 1/β so ha (17) implies: [ β(ρν + 1) A = γ ] 1 1 β(1 ɛ) (41) where [1 β(1 ɛ)] > for any < β < 1 and ɛ >. Conversely, assume ha Ā is low enough so ha he hreshold consrain becomes binding a some dae T >. Hence, from (12), we have η = for any < T and η for any T. Equaion (17) implies η = β(ρν + 1)Āβ(1 ɛ) 1 γ for any T. Replacing γ by β(ρν + 1)(A ) β(1 ɛ) 1 in his las expression, using (41), we obain: {, [, T ) η = β(ρν + 1)Ψ, [T, + ) (42) where Ψ is dened as: Ψ = Āβ(1 ɛ) 1 (A ) β(1 ɛ) 1. (43) wih β(1 ɛ) 1 < for any β (, 1) and ɛ >. The muliplier η is non-negaive if and only if Ψ, ha is, if Ā A. Consequenly, we have wo cases: eiher Ā > A and he opimal saionary regime is unconsrained, or Ā A and he saionary regime is driven by he hreshold consrain. We invesigae hese wo cases in he following subsecions. 6.2 The unconsrained case: A < Ā Opimal rajecories If he hreshold consrain is no binding, η = for any, and he opimal rajecories are given by he following proposiion: 14
15 Proposiion 4 If A < Ā, he opimal rajecories are (he upperscrip u refers o opimaliy in he unconsrained case), for any : A u = A (A A )e ν = L F u (44) ( A h u ) A = e ν (45) ν x u = x = (A ) β. (46) Proof: See he proof in appendix. Given ha he uiliy funcion is addiively separable in x and F, and is linear in F, he economy insananeously jumps from he beginning of he planning horizon o a saionary consumpion regime. However, he opimal deforesaion rae decreases exponenially over ime from is iniial level h = (A A )/ν, and ends asympoically o zero. The sock of agriculural lands coninuously increases over ime, from A a he iniial period o is asympoic saionary value A. Observe ha a sricly posiive sock of fores F will remain in he seady sae, where F = L A, due o he ameniy value of fores. In he absence of such a conservaion moive, he opimal deforesaion pah could exhaus enirely he fores sock in nie ime 5. These opimal rajecories are depiced in Figure 1. Table 1 shows he sign of he parial derivaive of he variables of ineres wih respec o he main parameers. We nd noably ha he opimal saionary levels of agriculural land and consumpion are increasing in he pure rae of ime preference ρ, as well as in he new deforesed land produciviy boos ν, and are decreasing in he marginal ameniy value γ. Table 1: Comparaive dynamics analysis The unconsrained case X X/ ρ X/ γ X/ ν A u + depends on A, β, ɛ, ρ, ν h u + depends on A, β, ɛ, ρ, ν x u + + A + + F + 5 Proof available upon reques. 15
16 h h u h * * A A = F F A, L L u F * F * A F u A A Figure 1: Opimal rajecories of h, A and F The unconsrained case 16
17 6.2.2 Opimal policies In he unconsrained case, consider rs a pure subsidy on he remaining sock of fores: S(F, h ) = σ F. From (33), he opimal subsidy rae is σ u = γ(a ) ɛβ,. Since he marginal rae of subsiuion beween consumpion and preservaion of he fores is consan hrough ime in our specied framework, he opimal rae of subsidy mus also be consan. Obviously, i is increasing in he marginal ameniy value, γ. I is also increasing in ρ and ν, since a rise in hese wo parameers resuls in a larger saionary level of agriculural land. τ u Second, consider a pure axaion policy: S(F, h ) = τ h. From (34), i implies: = γ(a ) ɛβ /ρ,. The opimal deforesaion ax rae corresponds o he discouned sum from up o of he ows of he opimal marginal rae of subsiuion (MRS) beween x and F. Given ha he opimal MRS is consan over ime in our specied example, he uniary ax simplies o MRS/ρ. The opimal ax rae is consan hrough ime, increasing in γ and ν and decreasing in ρ since shor run consumpion, and deforesaion, are more valuable when ρ is high. 6 σ u Imagine ha Norh is no willing o oer more ha half of he opimal subsidy: we have = σ u /2. To resore he opimum, he ransfer scheme mus combine he subsidy wih a second-bes ax, which is se as follows: τ sb he scheme mus respec he following condiion: = τ u /2. To ensure Souhern paricipaion, L A (A A )e /ν [1/(νρ) 1]. (47) If ρν 1, he inequaliy is saised for all, whereas, if ρν < 1, he condiion is saised if ρν is high, and if he saionary sock of fores is large compared o he rise in agriculural land from is iniial level, given ha e /ν < The consrained case: Ā A Opimal rajecories Consider now ha he hreshold consrain becomes binding a some dae T. In his case, he Lagrange muliplier associaed wih he hreshold consrain is given by (42). 6 A simple calculus leads o: τ u ρ = β ɛβ 1 β(1 ɛ) ρ 2 ( ρν + 1 which is negaive for any ɛ and β 1. γ ) β 1 1 β(1 ɛ) [ (β 1)(ρν + 1) ɛβ 1 β(1 ɛ) ], 17
18 Proposiion 5 If Ā A hen, he opimal rajecories are (he upperscrip c refers o opimaliy in he consrained case), for any : [ A + 1 ] 1 A c ν (zc β(1 ɛ) 1 s) e s ν ds e ν, [, T ) = Ā, [T, + ) (48) F c = L A c (49) h c = 1 [ ] (z c 1 ) β(1 ɛ) 1 A c (5) ν β x c = (z c ) β(1 ɛ) 1, (51) where z c is dened by: ] Ā β(1 ɛ) 1 ρν+1 + Ψ [e ( z c ν )(T ) 1, [, T ) = Ā β(1 ɛ) 1, [T, + ) (52) Proof: See he proof in appendix. Le us analyze he dynamic properies of hese opimal rajecories. Using (52), he rajecory of z c is increasing and convex for any [, T ) and consan for any T. I is depiced by he Norh Eas quadran of Figure 2. By consrucion, x c is obained as a decreasing and convex ransformaion of z c of Figure 2. as shown in he Souh Eas quadran The opimal consumpion pah is declining hrough ime as long as he deforesaion process goes on and i reaches he imposed sabilizaion level x = Āβ a ime T. Consumpion decreases because producion is resriced, due o he consrain on agriculural land. The rajecory of A c mus be increasing since A c = h c is non-negaive by assumpion. Using (5) and (51), Ä c = ḣc = (1/ν)[ẋ c (x c ) 1/β 1 /β A c ] which is clearly non-posiive since ẋ c and A c. Finally, diereniaing again his las expression wih respec o ime leads o ḧc since ẍ c and Äc. We obain an increasing and concave opimal rajecory of agriculural land accumulaion and a decreasing and convex opimal deforesaion pah for any [, T ) as represened in Figure 3. The opimal dae T a which he sock of deforesed land reaches he imposed maximal hreshold Ā is endogenously deermined by he coninuiy condiion on he opimal rajecory A c. I is hus soluion of he following equaion: 1 T ν 1 (zs) c β(1 ɛ) 1 e s ν ds = Āe T ν A. (53) 18
19 A z β ( 1 ε ) 1 c z x = z β β ( 1 ε ) 1 c z x β A T c x 45 c x x Figure 2: Opimal rajecory of x The consrained case Performing a comparaive dynamics analysis on he opimal rajecories amouns o performing a comparaive saics analysis on T. We underake such an exercise by sudying he impac of he pure rae of ime preference and of he marginal ameniy value on T. Parially diereniaing (53) wih respec o ρ leads o: [ 1 T ν ρ (zc T ) 1 β(1 ɛ) 1 e T ν + T z c s ρ ( ) ] 1 (z c 1 β(1 ɛ) 1 β(1 ɛ) 1 s) 1 e s ν ds = T Āe T ν ρ ν Given z c T = Āβ(1 ɛ) 1, his expression simply reduces o z c / ρ =, for any [, T ). From (41), (43) and (52), we obain afer simplicaions: z c [( ) ] ρν + 1 T γν [ ρ = Ψ + (T ) = [,T ) ν ρ β(ρν + 1) 2 1 e ( ] ρν+1 ν )(T ) (55) For any [, T ), he RHS of his equaliy is negaive. Since Ψ is posiive, a necessary condiion for geing a negaive LHS is T/ ρ. (54) Inuiively, he opimal dae a which he sock of fores reaches is hreshold level occurs earlier when ρ increases. This resul implies ha he iniial deforesaion level h c mus increase, since he area below he rajecory of h c beween and T is consan: T hc d = Ā A. Then, an increase in ρ resuls in faser deforesaion: F c is reduced and A c is augmened. The eec of an increase in ρ on he opimal rajecories of he deforesaion rae and he sock of agriculural land is represened in Figure 4 by a shif from he solid line o he dashed line. 19
20 h h c h A A T A, L L c F F F A c A A T Figure 3: Opimal rajecories of h, A and F The consrained case 2
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text:
Galaxies and the Universe
- Class and Office Hours: This class, Astro 358 (Unique 49520), meets Tuesday and Thursdays from 11.00 to 12.30 am in RLM 15.216B. The instructor is Professor Shardha Jogee and the teaching assistant (TA) is Rongfeng Shen. Please consult us during the office hours listed below if you have any questions and we will be glad to help.
Prof. Shardha Jogee
Tu 5-6 pm or by appointment
(512) 471-1395
Rongfeng Shen
Mon 5-6 pm or by appointment
(512) 232-5641
- Course Description: Astronomy 358, "Galaxies and the Universe," is an upper division course designed for majors in the physical sciences. It addresses the properties, contents, origin, and evolution of galaxies; their interaction and mass assembly history; the properties of their central black holes and starbursts; and the characteristics of the early Universe. The emphasis will be on using the laws of physics to interpret observations and understand how galaxies form and evolve. This field is fast-moving and I will discuss some of the latest cutting-edge galaxy surveys conducted with NASA's Great Observatories (Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer Infrared Satellite, Chandra X-ray Observatory), such as the GEMS (Galaxy Evolution from Morphology and SEDs) survey, the GOODS (Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey) survey, the HUDF (Hubble Ultra Deep Field), and the STAGES (Space Telescope A901/902 Galaxy Evolution Survey) survey of the Abell 901/902 supercluster. These surveys allow us to probe the evolution of galaxies over a wide range of cosmic lookback times, from the present-day out to epochs when the Universe was less than 5% of its present age.
The class pre-requisites are two semesters of college physics (Phy 301 and 316, or equivalent). A previous astronomy course, such as AST 307 or AST 352K is strongly recommended: if have not taken these courses, it is your responsibiity to contact the professor or TA during the first week AND to make sure that you develop the required background knowledge by covering the background pre-requisite reading before the second week of class.
- Pre-Requisites
The primary course textbook is "Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction", by Linda Sparke and John Gallagher (Publisher: Cambridge University Press, copyright 2000), available in paperback. For additional reading, I have put the following books on reserve in the PMA library (RLM, 4th floor) and in the Peridier Library (RLM 15.202): "Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology" (EAC) by Peter Schneider (Publisher: Spinger, copyright 2006), and "Galactic Astronomy" (GA) by Binney and Merrifield (Publisher: Princeton University Press, copyright 1998). However, note that the course will be primarily based on the lectures where I will cover extra material not present in the textbook, and use simulations or animations to clarify new concepts. There will also be extra material that will be posted below on this website as the class proceeds.
- Textbook and Reading
The course calendar provides an approximate sequencing of topics to be covered in class. The online calendar will be regularly updated, as needed. Note that as outlined in the Memo to Undergraduate Astronomy Students regarding Astronomy Courses , the professor is a professional astronomer who has research responsibilities and may be occasionally on travel in order to conduct research, preseent colloquia, and attend scientific meetings.
- Course Calendar
Your grades will be posted online on eGradebook. I strongly recommend that you attend classes as assignments are primarily based on the lectures and your in-class participation count directly toward your final grade. The final grade will consist of
- Course Grade
40% HomeworksWhen converting your final numerical grades to letter grades, I will use the scheme below or one that is slightly more lenient:
20% Midterm exam
20% End-of-term exam
20% In-class activities (e.g., quiz) and class participation
A= 85% to 100%
B= 75% to 84%
C= 65% to 74%
D= 50% to 64%
F= 0% to 49%
(1) There will be about 4 homeworks. Late homeworks will be accepted only if you have been granted an extension prior to the due date and will receive only partial credit; (2) There will be no final comprehensive exam; (3) There will be makeup exams only for students having a valid excuse and an official note from UT for the specific date and time of the missed exam. Makeup exams may be based on any part of the course; (4) We will accept requests for correction or re-grade of an assignment (homework, exam or quiz), at latest two weeks after it is handed back to you or posted on eGradebook; (5) You are encouraged to study with other students, but you must write up your own homework, exams, and quizzes. Cheating will be severely punished: if you copy someone's homework/quiz/exam or let someone copy yours, both of you will receive zero credit, and I will consider filing a report to the Dean of Students.
- Class Policies
- Homework 4 is due on Tu Apr 29 in class. The solution set for it will be posted immediately after class, so that you can preview it before the exam.
- All student talks are on Tu Apr 29. See details and instructions here.
- The second exam is on Th May 1. It will be primarily based on materials covered after Spring break. Here are some topics to study for exam 2 .
You will find below, mostly in pdf format, selected parts of the lecture, such as figures and plots. The main notes, explanations, and demos will be covered only in class where in-class quiz/activities will count toward the final grade.
- Ch 3.2, AIMSA (Flux, Luminosity, and the Magnitude Scale)
- Ch 3.4, AIMSA (Blackbody Radiation, Wien's Law, Stefan-Boltzmann Equation).
- Ch 1.1.1 to 1.1.3, GIU (Stars: Properties, Spectra Classification, The Lives of Stars)
- Ch 17.5, UNI (Nature and Spectral Classification of Stars).
- Ch 20, UNI (Evolution and Death of High and Low Mass Stars)
[Book references: GIU = "Galaxies in the Universe", Sparke & Gallagher, Cambridge University Press, 2000; AIMSA = "An Introduction to Modern Stellar Astrophysics", Ostlie, D. A., Addison-Wesley, 1996; UNI = "Universe", 8th edition, Freedman & Kaufmann]
- Figures from Lec 1 (Tu Jan 22)
- Figures from Lec 2 (Th Jan 24)
- Figures from Lec 3 (Tu Jan 29)
- Figures from Lec 4 (Th Jan 31)
- Figures from Lec 5+6 (Tu Feb 05+ Tu Feb 12)
- Figures from Lec 7-8-9 (Th Feb 14+ Tu Feb 19+ Th Feb 21)
- Figures from Lec 10 (Tu Feb 26)
- Figures from Lec 11+12 (Th Feb 28 + Tu Mar 04)
- Lecture 13 (Tu Mar 18)
- Figures from Lecture 14+15+16+17 (Th Mar 20 + Tu Mar 25+ Th Mar26 + Tu Apr 01)
- Papers on effect of interactions on the cosmic SFR density over last 7 billion years
- Wolf et al (2005): Which galaxies dominate the z~0.7 ultraviolet luminosity density?
- Jogee, Miller, Penne et al (2008): Frequency and Impact of Galaxy Mergers and Interactions over the last 7 Gyr
- Figures from Lecture 18 (Th Apr 10)
- Figures from Lecture 19+20 (Tu Apr 15 + Th Apr 17)
- Figures from Lecture 21 (Tu Apr 22)
- Instructions for Student Talks on Tu Apr 29 and interview times on Monday Apr 28.
Extra Class Resources
Useful Links
- NED (NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database) (with links to images and catalogs, such as RC3, ESO, UGC)
- Notes on how to convert coded revised Hubble types in RC3
- Orignal table from RC2 on how to convert coded revised Hubble types in RC3
- Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies (Halton Arp, 1966; Images and data on 338 peculiar galaxies).
Internet Articles

subset: commoncrawl


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'brainless' by Yarnissima
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I have decided to really start to get serious about teaching 4 month old DS to fall asleep on his own. I have read all the things you should read and probably even the ones you shouldn't, but I have a couple of little issues that have popped up, I'm hoping for either tips or encouragement.
I started by cuddling him to drowsy and putting him in bed somewhere between awake and asleep, he has a habit of getting his hands up in his face so I was pinning them down until he slept.
I have now stopped the cuddle to drowsy and I put him down fully awake, I sit in a chair by his cot with a hand on him until he sleeps, I will gradually reduce the amount of contact and increase the distance I sit from the cot.
My issues are, he keeps rolling, he will roll onto his tummy and push up and yell and yell so I feel I need to intervene here and I'm not sure if I'm undoing all my independent sleep work. Also he is still catnapping, he sleeps 30-40 mins sometimes even 25 mins, I leave him for a bit so he has the chance to settle but then he will roll and yell and then the beginnings of a cry will start so I go in and roll him over and sit with my hand on him, but I have sat in there like that for an hour after his catnap and he will not go back to sleep. Anyone have any thoughts? TIA
+ Reply to Thread
Results 1 to 10 of 26
16-08-2016 12:57 #1
Sleep Training
16-08-2016 13:12 #2
You're going about it in a great way already. And good plan to slowly wean your assistance.
Have you tried letting him stay on his tummy and sit and rub him on the back? Can he either roll onto his back again (when awake usually) or can he lift his head up and turn it to the side?
If he can do both of these things I'd personally recommend leaving him in his tummy. It's inly a SIDS risk if he can't roll back over or at least lift his head and turn it to the side (if he can't roll but can turn his head, make sure he's unswaddled.
Do you used white noise? Do you do the same things leading up to his sleep? Eg, into sleeping bag, read a short book, sing a song then put down? If not try and have a consistent pattern of things you do in the same order before each nap and sleep.
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16-08-2016 13:14 #3
Oh PS when my two went through the 4 month sleep regression I didn't re-settle after a cat nap, I just waited until they naturally stretched out those out - otherwise I got too tense and frustrated and it literally sent me batty when I tried with my eldest as it was fruitless.
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16-08-2016 13:22 #4
As for the rolling thing- it sucks. I know both my kids would flip themselves on their tummies and would scream blue murder trying to get back. They do eventually get used to sleeping on their tummies if they roll but it does take time and it does suck.
At this young age I would concentrate on teaching your bubs to fall asleep on their own and you'll be off to a great start.
16-08-2016 13:54 #5
I agree with the others. Catnapping is totally common and I wouldn't stress so much about it. My bub catnaps and has a wake time of approx 1.5 hours, maybe less. He's not always self settling but really, they're so little for such a short time I'm soaking up all the "I need mummy" time as I can.
I don't know about swaddling but is that something people do at thst age?
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16-08-2016 14:04 #6
We had the rolling issue about a month back. I know what you mean - it's not that they will happily fall asleep on their tummy, they get really worked up! I got around it by tucking a light sheet firmly across the cot about chest height (he was already in a grobag). This makes it quite difficult to roll over and thankfully it worked for my DS2. So far.
I agree with all the other suggestions, bedtime routine, white noise etc. I personally find a hands off approach best (ie leave them in cot awake and only go in if they get really upset). I understand this doesn't work for all babies though. We had a few weeks of having to go in and pat etc before he was able to put himself to sleep calmly without reassurance.
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16-08-2016 19:06 #7-
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When is bubs sleep/bedtimes? Catnapping can be due to not enough time between naps (bub is tired enough to nap but not tired enough to 'sleep.'
What temperature is bubs room and what clothes/bedding is bub in? (Catnapping and sleeping on the belly can be a sign bub is cold. Many parents underestimate the amount of bedding needed).
How is bubs milk intake? Is bub on solids yet? Especially if bub is a bigger bub, hunger may be starting to come into play (which can lead to catnapping).
16-08-2016 19:20 #8
We do have our little routine before bed but I will admit I screw it up sometimes because I haven't timed it well, but I'm making a new routine to follow as of tonight.
The only reason I stress about catnapping is I get nothing done, I give myself stupid mum guilt and feel like I need to be entertaining him whenever he is awake and feel bad if I use his awake time to clean/cook/make the calls I need to make, but I'm just going to have to suck it up and make him sit in the bouncer every now and then and watch me, I do that sometimes but everything takes me ages because I'm spending most of it singing and dancing for him ha ha ha. I need to get something I can use for white noise, all I have at the moment is my phone and if I get a call that will ruin everything, I will have to invest in a little CD player I think.
I had his MW appointment today and she also suggested the hands off approach, I tried it tonight and it was over an hour later he was wide awake still and due to be fed, cheeky monkey was all giggles and laughs when I got him out. He is out cold now but I think that is more due to exhaustion.
His bedtime WAS 9pm but I was advised today that's too late. He is generally only awake for 1hr but that's starting to stretch out to 1.5 - 2hrs, I follow his cues and when he stops responding and starts staring at me blankly it's time for bed. He is EBF and eats every 2 hours through the day and usually every 3 hours at night but he has had some big night sleeps so I have cancelled out one of the night feeds, so he only eats once overnight.
Room temp is always 21c, he sleeps in his singlet, onsie and a 2.5 tog sleep bag, I have a 3.5 as well but I keep the temp about 19 when he is in that one. I don't put any other bedding in because he moves around so much during the night I'm scared of him getting stuck under the covers.
He is only a little guy, weighing in at 5.95kg, he was a little one coming out (I was grateful on the day lol) thanks for all the responses, this has been a major battle for me and I'm on my own now as DH has just moved to nsw for work.
16-08-2016 19:34 #9Senior Member
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On the white noise....i had a cheap baby monitor and it played songs and other noises. We used the wave/ocean noises for white noise.
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16-08-2016 20:49 #10-
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Sleep Training
At 4 months I would be looking closer to a 2 hour awake time. A sample routine for a 4 month old is below. No need to stress about following it religiously - if it helps with giving a rough idea for the number/spacings for naps then that's mission accomplished.
- 7am wake/milk feed
- 8am solids (once/if started)
- 9am sleep
- 11am milk feed
-12 solids
- 1pm sleep
- 3pm milk feed
- 4:30-5:15pm possible cat nap
- 5:20pm solids
- 6:20 milk feed
- 7pm bed
-10:30pm dreamfeed (to be weaned once bub has been on 3 x solids per day for 6 weeks)
Also - be careful about introducing a sleep aid such as white noise if you will be unable to maintain that aid throughout every sleep (including overnight, and when bub needs to sleep outside the house). If bub is aided to sleep and that sleep aid disappears, after the heaviest part of sleep is over/moving from one sleep cycle to another bub may stir and think "wtf - where is my white noise." Then bingo - bub is awake. Many parents like to use cloth/teddy comforters as they can be maintained throughout a sleep without adult intervention.
Of course each bub is different... That being said 2 hours between milk feeds seems like a short period. At 4 months many bubs are capable of 3-4 hour stretches during the day. If there is anyway you can slowly stretch bubs milk feeds out, that may help bub start to take bigger feeds... Which in turn can make it easier for bub to last longer between feeds.
Last edited by VicPark; 16-08-2016 at 20:53.
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text: Toshiba is a Japanese multinational conglomerate headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Founded in 1938 as Tokyo Shibaura Electric K.K. through the merger of Shibaura Seisaku-sho (founded in 1875) and Tokyo Denki (founded in 1890), its products and services include information technology, semiconductors, computer hardware, communications equipment and systems, electronic components and materials, power systems, industrial and social infrastructure systems, consumer electronics, household appliances, medical equipment, office equipment, elevators and escalators.


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Week in Review: January 18, 2009
Welcome to Week in Review, our Sunday round-up of the last 7 days of activity here at Contemporary Art Daily. The Holidays are over and galleries are opening their first exhibitions of the year. Check in each day for exciting new exhibitions from around the world.
Editorial Comment:
Two of this week's featured artists are contemporary painters who share a similar approach. Both Richard Aldrich and Charline von Heyl produce diverse, challenging paintings, sometimes drawing from a sustained vocabulary and frequently arriving at anomalies. Both move fluidly between abstraction and, if not representation, reference. Each has a disposition toward flatness, although von Heyl's is a more layered plane. The two artists have a number of outward similarities, and by description are very much alike.
But part of what makes contemporary art compelling is the degree to which intangible, unnameable qualities drive our experience of it. In spite of their closeness, Aldrich and von Heyl offer extremely different feelings to viewers of their current exhibitions.
Aldrich's show for Bortolami in New York is guided by an air of off-handedness and a preoccupation with the formal. He is a tinkerer here, tweaking the conventions of painting and his own sensibility in order to arrive at new-feeling objects. We get the sense that Aldrich is thinking about art, about painting, about the visual, and he seems to be translating an attitude towards them into his work.
Von Heyl, using similar tactics, comes to very different conclusions. Her images are both intellectual and psychological, using the particulars that interest Aldrich in service of a variety of sensations. In some, she produces largely rhetorical paintings, who's sense of analysis implies a disinterested producer and asks for a disinterested viewer. Others barely contain violence.
Though her targets vary, Von Heyl points her paintings at the viewer, and they seek to affect. Aldrich's work is passive; the vector instead goes from viewer to object. So says Aldrich in the press release accompanying his show:
"It's not about what this painting does
A wanderer comes across a pile of chipped porcelain pieces. Set to work with glue, they construct an elegant saucer. When the previous owner, before they no longer had a use for it, first found the pile of chipped porcelain pieces they had constructed a teacup, and the owner before them a figurine of Adonis. Thus is the nature of history: many pieces always being found and then reconstructed.
Artwork is an inverted tmesis, that is pieces broken from a whole. And meaning is created by the interpretation, that is the reconstruction, of this tmesis. The viewer is thus, in actuality, the creator. They have been given, by the artist, a language with which they begin to explain themselves. The artworks become connecting tissue for the thoughts and revelations of the viewer. The artworks become mirrors for the viewer to re-view themselves in (and this "re-viewing" is of importance as one is changing every day). We visit different stores everyday, always investigating ourselves in their mirrored glass walls."
Von Heyl is assertive, intellectual and often dark. Aldrich is usually interested in the daily, the plain, and the poetic. Both are among the leading practitioners of contemporary painting and demonstrate the vastness of possibility between even the most similar approaches.
This week's featured exhibitions:
Charline von Heyl at Capitain Petzel
Fred Sandback at David Zwirner
Helen Beck, Holger Endres at Bernd Kugler
Florian Morlat at Ben Kaufmann
Be sure to e-mail us with any tips, observations or complaints and comment on the shows you feel strongly about. Have an excellent week. If you like the service Contemporary Art Daily provides, consider supporting us by visiting our sponsors.


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Product Highlights
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This DVD, Advanced Workout for the Actor from First Light Video will help you develop improved breathing and vocal projection. In this sequel to "Voice Workout For The Actor," Susan Leigh focuses on the mechanics of breathing and vocal projection. Beginning with a remarkably effective relaxation sequence, Susan leads the viewer through a series of simple stretching, Yoga, and rib awareness exercises leading gradually up to a controlled vocal production. This DVD can be used by the beginning actor to develop breath and projection skills or by the experienced actor as a fresh approach into solving old problems.
|Susan Leigh
|Date Published
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|Packaging Info
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|0.24 lb
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|7.0 x 5.0 x 0.5"


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Dr. Slick Bamboo Handled Tool Kit for Fly Tyers. This is a complete set of tyers tools that come in a Dr. Slick Carrying Case. This set contains all the Tyer needs. Included are Tyers Scissor, Whip Finish Tool, Hackle Pliers, Bodkin, Bobbin, Bobbin Threader, Hair Stacker,and Carrying Case. These Particular tools have handles made from beautifully finished BAMBOO. Dr. Slick is the top manufacturer of instruments for the Fly Tyer. The following are the exact product #'s of the included tools BAMBOO TYER SAP4G Scissor, CBOB4 Bobbin and BOD-B, BT-B, HSM, WF-B and RHPS-B Tying Tools
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text:
Well I am just back from driving 2 trailer loads to the tip.
As promised a report for you all.
Did I get any new tools you ask? Well no alas I already managed to get the cream of the crop. There were a few really rusted tools that were beyond even my 'must save all tools' mind set. One screw driver disintegrated upon lifting.
Alas the shed had a major leak over the tool storage area of the shed. I did manage to pick up some timber though so I am more than happy with my days work – nothing spectacular but a few nice pieces of – I don't know what – that will make a nice box or two.
I thought I was a hoarder – this man was THE new definition of hoarder – the two trailer loads was FULL of pure junk and rubbish.
On another note I am spending the weekend in my shop making and finishing off Christmas presents.
If I don't mention it before – Merry Christmas to everyone.
-- The wood slayer - Yes dear I did plan to make more kindling out of that wood I have been drying for the last year - honest!


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Viking Prestige - August 2011
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August 22nd, 2011, 01:27 PM
Paul Motter
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It was fantastic to meet Holly in Salzburg!! What a pleasent surprise.
Maybe she didn't ecpect us to be do "old" (heh heh) - notice the "Mr. & Mrs Motter" -
Holly is only 25 and she is in the Airforce, from Missouri (as I recall). She is stationed in Mannheim.
Her reason for wanting to meet up with us was that she just bought a brand new BMW motorcycle which she rode almost 360 miles to meet up with us in Salzburg.
Of course, by the time she actually located us (my phone was not working that well, unfortunately, - I didnt see she had been trying to call three time earlier that day). - but by dinner time we were in the Bier Garten in Salzburg and I got her call (felt a slight vibration in my pocket). So we hooked up.
An hour later she drove up to us on a local street. We chatted for an hour and then I asked if she wanted to sleep on our couch in our apartment hotel.
How LUCKY that we had been given a room with a separate "living room" - so Holly had a bed to sleep in separate from us. By 9:00 Lou Ann and I were dead to the world. I guess Holly was, too, but I don't know.
I know it was a really hot & muggy day, so she took a shower first - all that leather motorcyclists have to wear on a day like that would be a KILLER. The rooms have no AC. So we took showers next and we all just went to sleep.
In the morning we had to run to the airport, so we said goodbye to Holly and wished her luck - but it was really fun and a pleasant surprise to see Holly, a proud American young lady serving in our military. She found CruiseMates as a place to find a 'cruise mate" - something more & more people are doing these days.
Hey Holly!! Very cool to meet you!
If you meet any potential cruisemates here online tell them I will vouch for you as a responsible and fun cruise mate.
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text:
- Pivotal Greenplum Database (GPDB): 4.3.x
- Operating System- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.x
As we are not guaranteed to have the precise library versions present on a client's system, it is necessary to collect additional information to read core files.
To achieve that, there was a large amount of information exchange between Pivotal support and customers to get the core file readable for engineering.
To help simplify this problem, there is a utility script (packcore) that will collect all the necessary files and generate the script to run gdb such that the core file is readable.
This tool will be available under $GPHOME/sbin for GPDB >= 184.108.40.206. For versions lesser than 184.108.40.206, the attached file can be used. It would be good to use gpmt where packcore utility is embedded.
There are currently two ways to get the packcore from the system:
1. Through gpmt:
This needs to be run on the server where the core file is located and then the tar archive needs to be sent to Pivotal support along with the gp_log_collector archive.
[gpadmin@mdw ~]$./gpmt packcore --help USAGE: ./gpmt packcore -cmd COMMAND -core COREFILE [ -binary BINARY ] [ -keep_tmp_dir ] [ -ignore_missing ] DESCRIPTION: Packcore takes a corefile, extracts the name of the binary which generated the core, executes ldd (List Dynamic Dependencies) to get the required shared libraries and packages everything into a single tarball archive. Note: Packcore should be executed on the host where the core file was generated. The same PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH should also be set so that ldd can find the correct binary and shared libraries. COMMANDS: collect Collect core file and associated libraries OPTIONS: -core Corefile -binary Binary -keep_tmp_dir Do not delete temp directory -ignore_missing Ignore missing libraries EXAMPLES: Collect core info for 'core.1234' with verbose logging (binary will be automatically detected).") ./gpmt packcore -cmd collect -core core.1234 -verbose\n", os.Args[0]) Collect core info for 'core.1234' with binary '/usr/local/greenplum-db/postgres'.") ./gpmt packcore -cmd collect -core core.1234 -binary /usr/local/greenplum-db/postgres\n
2. Through using the only packcore from the current build OR attachment and then shipping the file:
Instructions to use the tool:
- Copy the attached script (packcore) to the client's system OR use $GPHOME/sbin/packcore if it exists.
- To collect a core file, run the command: "packcore <core_file>" where "<core_file>" is the path to the core file to be collected.
$GPHOME/sbin/packcore corefile OR ./packcore corefile
- The script will run, copying the core file, libraries, and other information to the local directory. Once finished, it will create a tar file named as shown below:
- Send the compressed tar file to Pivotal support.
- For Pivotal support only: To read the core file, untar the file on any linux system, cd into the packcore-<core_file> directory and run the "runGDB.sh" script .
Example of packcore generation and the information that gets collected.
[gpadmin@mdw ~]$ $GPHOME/sbin/packcore core.3326 Unable to find full path to binary for core file <<<<<< In case of this issue we have to give binary path as shown below.
[gpadmin@mdw ~]$ ps -ef | grep silent gpadmin 3326 1 0 May10 ? 00:00:02 /usr/local/greenplum-db-188.8.131.52/bin/postgres -D /data/master/gpseg-1 -p 5432 -b 1 -z 8 --silent-mode=true -i -M master -C -1 -x 0 -E
[gpadmin@mdw ~]$ $GPHOME/sbin/packcore core.3326 -b /usr/local/greenplum-db-184.108.40.206/bin/postgres
[gpadmin@mdw ~]$ ls -lrth | tail -2 -rw-rw-r--. 1 gpadmin gpadmin 335M May 18 10:23 core.3326 -rw-rw-r--. 1 gpadmin gpadmin 148M May 18 10:25 packcore-core.3326.tgz
[gpadmin@mdw ~]$ tar -xzf packcore-core.3326.tgz
[gpadmin@mdw ~]$ cd packcore-core.3326
[gpadmin@mdw packcore-core.3326]$ ls -lrth total 386M -rw-rw-r--. 1 gpadmin gpadmin 22 May 18 10:24 uname.out -rw-r--r--. 1 gpadmin gpadmin 27 May 18 10:24 system-release -rw-r--r--. 1 gpadmin gpadmin 27 May 18 10:24 redhat-release -rwxr-xr-x. 1 gpadmin gpadmin 52M May 18 10:24 postgres -rw-rw-r--. 1 gpadmin gpadmin 335M May 18 10:24 core.3326 -rw-r--r--. 1 gpadmin gpadmin 27 May 18 10:24 centos-release drwxrwxr-x. 3 gpadmin gpadmin 4.0K May 18 10:24 usr -rwxr-xr-x. 1 gpadmin gpadmin 150 May 18 10:24 runGDB.sh drwxrwxr-x. 2 gpadmin gpadmin 4.0K May 18 10:24 lib64
Customers only need to send files such as packcore-core.3326.tgz to support.
Additional Information
- The current version is 0.4 beta
- This will now clean up work directory
- Provide better error messages
- '-b' flag to specify binary if unable to determine from core file (SuSE issue)
- '-l' flag to force using ldd to resolve library dependencies