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The Plan Dog memorandum was a 1940 American government document written by Chief of Naval Operations Harold Rainsford Stark, "one of the best known documents of World War II".[1] Confronting the problem of an expected two front war against Germany and Italy in Europe and Japan in the Pacific, the memo set out the main options and suggested fighting a defensive war in the Pacific while giving strategic priority to defeating Germany and Italy. The memo laid the basis for the later American policy of Europe first.
During the Interwar period, the Joint Planning Committee (which later became the Joint Chiefs of Staff) devised a series of contingency plans for dealing with the outbreak of war with various countries. The most elaborate of these, War Plan Orange, dealt with the possibility of war with Japan.
In light of the events of the late 1930s (the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the German conquest of Poland and Western Europe) American planners realized that the United States faced the possibility of a two-front war in both Europe and the Pacific. War Plan Orange was withdrawn, and five "Rainbow" plans were put forward. Unlike the earlier colored plans which had assumed a one-on-one war, the Rainbow plans contemplated possibility of fighting multiple enemies, and the necessity of defending other western hemisphere nations and aiding Britain.
The memorandum built upon the conditions described in the Rainbow Five war plan. It described four possible scenarios for American participation in World War II, lettered A through D:
The memorandum, which was submitted to Roosevelt on November 12, 1940, recommended option D, from which it gets its name ("Dog" was D in the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet).
"I believe that the continued existence of the British Empire, combined with building up a strong protection in our home areas, will do most to ensure the status quo in the Western Hemisphere, and to promote our principal national interests. As I have previously stated, I also believe that Great Britain requires from us very great help in the Atlantic, and possibly even on the continents of Europe or Africa, if she is to be enabled to survive. In my opinion Alternatives (A), (B), and (C) will most probably not provide the necessary degree of assistance, and, therefore, if we undertake war, that Alternative (D) is likely to be the most fruitful for the United States, particularly if we enter the war at an early date. Initially, the offensive measures adopted would, necessarily, be purely naval. Even should we intervene, final victory in Europe is not certain. I believe that the chances for success are in our favor, particularly if we insist upon full equality in the political and military direction of the war."
The memo also suggested that until hostilities broke out, the US should adopt policy A:
Until such time as the United States should decide to engage its full forces in war, I recommend that we pursue a course that will most rapidly increase the military strength of both the Army and the Navy, that is to say, adopt Alternative (A) without hostilities.
"The strategy of Plan Dog gained the support of the army and implicitly of President Roosevelt, though he never formally endorsed it. Thus at the end of 1940 a powerful consensus for strategic focus on Germany developed at the highest levels of the American government. At a meeting on January 17, 1941, Roosevelt concluded that the primary objective must be maintenance of the supply lines to Britain and ordered the navy to prepare for the escort of convoys."[2] A few weeks after the Attack on Pearl Harbor at Arcadia Conference, the United States adopted the recommendations of the memo in the form of the Europe first policy. Although the United States did not go entirely on the defensive in the Pacific as the memo recommended, throughout the war the European theater was given higher priority in resource allocation.
The memorandum was declassified in February, 1956.[3]
Dog Memo
|November 12, 1940. Original scanned version; OCR version. See also Response to CNO's Plan Dog by James O. Richardon.
November 12, 1940.
Memorandum for the Secretary.
Referring to my very brief touch in a recent conference as to the desirability of obtaining at once some light upon the major decisions which the President may make for guiding our future naval effort in the event of war, and in further immediate preparation for war, you may recall my remarks the evening we discussed War Plans for the Navy. I stated then that if Britain wins decisively against Germany we could win everywhere; but that if she loses the problem confronting us would be very great; and, while we might not lose everywhere, we might, possibly, not win anywhere.
As I stated last winter on the Hill, in these circumstances we would be set back upon our haunches. Our war effort, instead of being widespread, would then have to be confined to the Western Hemisphere.
I now wish to expand my remarks, and to present to you my views concerning steps we might take to meet the situation that will exist should the United States enter war either alone or with allies. In this presentation, I have endeavored to keep in view the political realities in our own country. The first thing to consider is how and where we might become involved.
The immediate war alternatives seem to be:
(a) War with Japan in which we have no allies. This might be precipitated by Japanese armed opposition should we strongly reinforce our Asiatic Fleet or the Philippines Garrison, should we start fortifying Guam, or should we impose additional important economic sanctions; or it might be precipitated by ourselves in case of overt Japanese action against us, or by further extension of Japanese hegemony.
(b) War with Japan in which we have the British Empire, or the British Empire and Netherlands East Indies, as allies. This might be precipitated by one of the causes mentioned in (a), by our movement of a naval reinforcement to Singapore, or by Japanese attack on British or Netherlands territory.
(c) War with Japan in which she is aided by Germany and Italy, and in which we are or are not aided by allies. To the causes of such a war, previously listed, might be added augmented American material assistance to Great Britain, our active military intervention in Britain's favor, or our active resistance to German extension of military activities to the Western Hemisphere.
(d) War with Germany and Italy in which Japan would not be initially involved, and in which we would be allied with the British. Such a war would be initiated by American decision to intervene for the purpose of preventing the disruption of the British Empire, or German capture of the British Isles.
(e) We should also consider the alternative of now remaining out of war, and devoting ourselves exclusively to building up our defense of the Western Hemisphere, plus the preservation by peaceful means of our Far Eastern interests, and plus also continued material assistance to Great Britain.
As I see it, our major national objectives in the immediate future might be stated as preservation of the territorial, economic, and ideological integrity of the United States, plus that of the remainder of the Western Hemisphere; the prevention of the disruption of the British Empire, with all that such a consummation implies; and the diminution of the offensive military power of Japan, with a view to the retention of our economic and political interests in the Far East. It is doubtful, however, that it would be in our interest to reduce Japan to the status of an inferior military and economic power. A balance of power in the Far East is to our interest as much as is a balance of power in Europe.
The questions that confront me are concerned with the preparation and distribution of the naval forces of the United States, in cooperation with its military forces, for use in war in the accomplishment of all or part of these national objectives.
I can only surmise as to the military, political, and economic situation that would exist in the Atlantic should the British Empire collapse. Since Latin-America has rich natural resources, and is the only important area of the world not now under the practical control of strong military pourers, we can not dismiss the possibility that, sooner or later, victorious Axis nations might move firmly in that direction. For some years they might remain too weak to attack directly across the sea; their effort more likely would first be devoted to developing Latin American economic dependence, combined with strongly reinforced internal political upheavals for the purpose of establishing friendly regimes in effective military control. The immediacy of danger to us may depend upon the security of the Axis military position in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, the degree of our own military preoccupation in the Pacific, and the disturbing influence of unsatisfied economic needs of Latin-America.
The present situation of the British Empire is not encouraging. I believe it easily possible, lacking active American military assistance, for that empire to lose this war and eventually be disrupted.
It is my opinion that the British are over-optimistic as to their chances for ultimate success. It is not at all sure that the British Isles can hold out, and it may be that they do not realize the danger that will exist should they lose in other regions.
Should Britain lose the war, the military consequences to the United States would be serious.
If we are to prevent the disruption of the British Empire, we must support its vital needs.
Obviously, the British Isles, the "Heart of the Empire", must remain intact.
But even if the British Isles are held, this does not mean that Britain can win the war. To win, she must finally be able to effect the complete, or, at least, the partial collapse of the German Reich.
This result might, conceivably, be accomplished by bombing and by economic starvation through the agency of the blockade. It surely can be accomplished only by military successes on shore, facilitated possibly by over-extension and by internal antagonisms developed by the Axis conquests.
Alone, the British Empire lacks the man power and the material means to master Germany. Assistance by powerful allies is necessary both with respect to men and with respect to munitions and supplies. If such assistance is to function effectively, Britain must not only continue to maintain the blockade, but she must also retain intact geographical positions from which successful land action can later be launched.
Provided England continues to sustain its present successful resistance at home, the area of next concern to the British Empire ought to be the Egyptian Theater.
Should Egypt be lost, the Eastern Mediterranean would be opened to Germany and Italy, the effectiveness of the sea blockade would be largely nullified; Turkey's military position would be fully compromised; and all hope of favorable Russian action would vanish.
Any anti-German offensive in the Near East would then become impossible.
The spot next in importance to Egypt, in my opinion, is Gibraltar, combined with West and Northwest Africa. From this area an ultimate offensive through Portugal, Spain, and France, with the help of populations inimical to Germany, might give results equal to those which many years ago were produced by Wellington. The western gate to the Mediterranean would still be kept closed, provided Britain holds this region.
This brief discussion naturally brings into question the value to Britain of the Mediterranean relative to that of Hong Kong, Singapore and India. Were the Mediterranean lost, Britain's strength in the Far East could be augmented without weakening home territory.
Japan probably wants the British out of Hong Kong and Singapore; and wants economic control, and ultimately military control, of Malaysia.
It is very questionable if Japan has territorial ambitions in Australia and New Zealand.
But does she now wish the British out of India, thus exposing that region and Western China to early Russian penetration or influence? I doubt it.
It would seem more probable that Japan, devoted to the Axis alliance only so far as her own immediate interests are involved, would prefer not to move military forces against Britain, and possibly not against the Netherlands East Indies, because, if she can obtain a high degree of economic control over Malaysia, she will then be in a position to improve her financial structure by increased trade with Britain and America. Her economic offensive power will be increased. Her military dominance will follow rapidly or slowly, as seems best at the time.
The Netherlands East Indies has 60,000,000 people, under the rule of 80,000 Dutchmen, including women and children. This political situation can not be viewed as in permanent equilibrium. The rulers are unsupported by a home country or by an alliance. Native rebellions have occurred in the past, and may recur in the future. These Dutchmen will act in what they believe is their owm selfish best interests.
Will they alone resist aggression, or will they accept an accommodation with the Japanese?
Will they resist, if supported only by the British Empire?
Will they firmly resist, if supported by the British Empire and the United States?
Will the British resist Japanese aggression directed only against the Netherlands East Indies?
Should both firmly resist, what local military assistance will they require from the United States to ensure success?
No light on these questions has been thrown by the report of the proceedings of the recent Singapore Conference.
The basic character of a war against Japan by the British and Dutch would be the fixed defense of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java. The allied army, naval, and air forces now in position are considerable, and some future reenforcement may be expected from Australia and New Zealand. Borneo and the islands to the East are vulnerable. There is little chance for an allied offensive. Without Dutch assistance, the external effectiveness of the British bases at Hong Kong and Singapore would soon disappear.
The Japanese deployment in Manchukuo and China requires much of their Army, large supplies and merchant tonnage, and some naval force. It is doubtful if Japan will feel secure in withdrawing much strength from in front of Russia, regardless of non-aggression agreements. The winter lull in China will probably permit the withdrawal of the forces they need for a campaign against Malaysia. The availability of ample supplies for such a campaign is problematical.
Provided the British and Dutch cooperate in a vigorous and efficient defense of Malaysia, Japan will need to make a major effort with all categories of military force to capture the entire area. The campaign might even last several months. Whether Japan would concurrently be able successfully to attack Hong Kong and the Philippines, and also strongly to support the fixed positions in the Mid-Pacific, seems doubtful.
During such a campaign, due to her wide dispersion of effort, Japan would, unquestionably, be more vulnerable to attack by the United States (or by Russia) than she would be once Malaysia is in her possession.
This brings us to a consideration of the strategy of an American war against Japan, that is, either the so-called "Orange Plan", or a modification. It must be understood that the Orange Plan was drawn up to govern our operations when the United States and Japan are at war, and no other nations are involved.
You have heard enough of the Orange Plan to know that, in a nutshell, it envisages our Fleet's proceeding westward through the Marshalls and the Carolines, consolidating as it goes, and then on to the recapture of the Philippines. Once there, the Orange Plan contemplates the eventual economic starvation of Japan, and, finally, the complete destruction of her external military power. Its accomplishment would require several years, and the absorption of the full military, naval, and economic energy of the American people.
In proceeding through these Mid-Pacific islands, we have several subsidiary objectives in mind. First, we hope that our attack will induce the Japanese to expose their fleet in action against our fleet, and lead to their naval defeat. Second, we wish to destroy the ability of the Japanese to use these positions as air and submarine bases from which project attacks on our lines of communication to the mainland and Hawaii. Third, we would use the captured positions for supporting our further advance westward.
Most of the island positions are atolls. These atolls, devoid of natural, sources of water other than rainfall, and devoid of all supplies, are merely narrow coral and sand fringes around large shallow areas where vessels may anchor. Alone, they are undefendable against serious attack, either by one side or the other. They do, however, afford weak positions for basing submarines and seaplanes. Our Fleet should have no difficulty in capturing atolls, provided we have enough troops, but we could not hold then indefinitely unless the Fleet were nearby.
We know little about the Japanese defenses in the Mid-Pacific. We believe the real islands of Truk and Ponape in the Carolines are defended with guns and troops, and we believe that some of the atolls of the Marshalls may be equipped as submarine and air bases, and be garrisoned with relatively small detachments of troops.
The Marshalls contain no sites suitable for bases in the absence of the Fleet, though there are numerous good anchorages. With the Fleet at hand, they can be developed for use as seaplane and submarine bases for the support of an attack on real islands such as Ponape and Truk. With the Fleet permanently absent, they will succumb to any serious thrust.
Our first real Marshall-Caroline objective is Truk, a magnificent harbor, relatively easily defended against raids, and capable of conversion into an admirable advanced base. When we get this far in the accomplishment of the "Orange Plan", we have the site for a base where we can begin to assemble our ships, stores, and troops, for further advance toward the Philippines. It would also become the center of the defense system for the lines of communications against flank attack from Japan.
Getting to Truk involves a strong effort. We would incur losses from aircraft, mines and submarines, particularly as the latter could be spared from the operations in Malaysia. We would lose many troops in assaulting the islands.
Going beyond Truk initiates the most difficult part of the Orange Plan, would take a long time, and would require the maximum effort which the United States could sustain.
Truk is not looked upon as a satisfactory final geographical objective. It is too far away to support useful operations in the China Sea. It can not be held in the absence of fairly continuous Fleet support. No matter what gains are made in the Mid-Pacific, they would undoubtedly be lost were the Fleet to be withdrawn to the Atlantic. We would have then to choose between a lengthy evacuation process, and a major loss of men, material and prestige.
In advancing to the capture of Penape and Truk, the Orange Plan contemplates proceeding promptly, delaying in the Marshalls only long enough to destroy Japanese shore bases, to capture the atolls neccessary to support the advance, and to deny future bases to Japan.
We have little knowledge as to the present defensive strength of the Marshall and Caroline groups, considered as a whole. If they are well defended, to capture them we estimate initial needs at 25,000 thoroughly trained troops, with another 50,000 in immediate reserve. If they are not well defended, an early advance with fewer troops might be very profitable. Several months must elapse from the present date before 75,000 troops could be made ready, considering the defense requirements of Alaska, Hawaii, and Samoa, and our commitments with respect to the internal political stability of the Latin-American countries.
We should consider carefully the chances of failure as well as of success. An immediate success would be most important morally, while a failure would be costly from the moral viewpoint. Before invading Norway, Germany trained for three months the veterans of the Polish campaign. Remembering Norway, we have the example of two methods of overseas adventure. One is the British method; the other is the German method.
The question of jumping directly from Hawaii to the Philippines has often been debated, but, so far as I know, this plan has always been ruled out by responsible authorities as unsound from a military viewpoint. Truk is 1900 miles from Yokohama, 5300 miles from San Francisco, 3200 miles from Honelulu, and 2000 miles from Manila. I mention this to compare the logistic problem with that of the Norway incident. An enormous amount of shipping would be required. Its availability under present world conditions would be doubtful.
Of course the foregoing, (the Orange Plan), is a major commitment in the Pacific, and does not envisage the cooperation of allies. Once started the abandonment of the offensive required by the plan, to meet a threat in the Atlantic, would involve abandoning the objectives of the war, and also great loss of prestige.
A totally different situation would exist were the Philippines and Guam rendered secure against attack by adequate troops, aircraft, and fortifications. The movement of the Fleet across th Pacific for the purpose of applying direct pressure upon Japan, and its support when in position, would be less difficult than in the existing situation.
Should we adopt the present Orange Plan today, or any modification of that plan which involves the movement of very strong naval and army contingents to the Far East, we would have to accept considerable danger in the Atlantic, and would probably be unable to augment our material assistance to Great Britain.
We should, therefore, examine other plans which involve a war having a more limited objective than the complete defeat of Japan, and in which we would undertake hostilities only in cooperation with the British and Dutch, and in which these undertake to provide an effective and continued resistance in Malaysia.
Our involvement in war in the Pacific might well make us also an ally of Britain in the Atlantic. The naval forces remaining in the Atlantic, for helping our ally and for defending ourselves, would, byjust so much, reduce the power which the United States Fleet could put forth in the Pacific.
The objective in a limited war against Japan would be the reduction of Japanese offensive power chiefly through economic blockade. Under one concept, allied strategy would comprise holding the Malay Barrier, denying access to other sources of supply in Malaysia, severing her lines of communication with the Western Hemisphere, and raiding communications to the Mid-Pacific, the Philippines, China, and Indo-China. United States defensive strategy would also require army reenforcement of Alaska and the Hawaiian Islands, the establishment of naval bases in the Fiji - Samoan and Gilbert Islands areas, and denial to Japan/of the use of the Marshalls as light force bases. We might be able to re-enforce the Philippine garrison, particularly with aircraft. I do not believe that the British and Dutch alone could hold the Malay Barrier without direct military assistance by the United States. In addition to help from our Asiatic Fleet, I am convinced that they would need further reenforcement by ships and aircraft drawn from our Fleet in Hawaii, and possibly even by troops.
Besides military aid for the allied defense forces, our intervention would bring them a tremendous moral stimulus.
An alternative concept of the suggested limited war would be to provide additional support from the main body of the Fleet either by capturing the Marshalls, or by capturing both the Marshalls and Carolines. This, or a similar fleet activity, would be for the purpose of diverting away from Malaysia important Japanese forces to oppose it, and thus reducing the strength of their assault against the Dutch and British.
But we should consider the prospect that the losses which we would incur in such operations might not be fruitful of compensating results. Furthermore, withdrawal of the Fleet from captured positions for transfer to the Atlantic would be more difficult.
It is out of the question to consider sending our entire Fleet at once to Singapore. Base facilities are far too limited, the supply problem would be very great, and Hawaii, Alaska, and our coasts would be greatly exposed to raids.
One point to remember, in connection with a decision to adopt a limited offensive role, as in both of the alternative plans just mentioned, is that, in case of reverses, public opinion may require a stronger effort. For example, should Japanese success in the Far East seem imminent, there would be great pressure brought to bear to support our force there, instead of leaving it hanging in the air. Thus, what we might originally plan as a limited war with Japan might well become an unlimited war; our entire strength would then be required in the Far East, and little force would remain for eventualities in the Atlantic and for the support British Isles.
Let us now look eastward, and examine our possible action in the Atlantic.
In the first place, if we avoid serious commitment in the Pacific, the purely American Atlantic problem, envisaging defense of our coasts, the Caribbean, Canada, and South America, plus giving strong naval assistance to Britain, is not difficult so long as the British are able to maintain their present naval activity. Should the British Isles then fall we would find ourselves acting alone, and at war with the world. To repeat, we would be thrown back on our haunches.
Should we enter the war as an ally of Great Britain, and not then be at war with Japan, we envisage the British asking us for widespread naval assistance. Roughly, they would want us, in the Western Atlantic Ocean from Cape Sable to Cape Horn, to protect shipping against raiders and submarine activities. They would also need strong reenforcements for their escort and minesweeping forces in their home waters; and strong flying boat reconnaissance from Scotland, the Atlantic Islands, and Capetown. They might ask us to capture the Azores the Cape Verde Islands. To their home waters they would have us send submarines and small craft, and to the Mediterranean assistance of any character which we may be able to provide. They would expect us to take charge of allied interests in the Pacific, and to send a naval detachment to Singapore.
This purely naval assistance, would not, in my opinion, assure final victory for Great Britain. Victory would probably depend upon her ability ultimately to make a land offensive against the Axis powers. For making a successful land offensive, British man power is insufficient. Offensive troops from other nations will be required. I believe that the United States, in addition to sending naval assistance, would also need to send large air and land forces to Europe or Africa, or both, and to participate strongly in this land offensive. The naval task of transporting an army abroad would be large.
To carry out such tasks we would have to exert a major naval and military effort in the Atlantic. We would then be able to do little more in the Pacific than remain on a strict defensive.
Were we to enter the war against Germany and Italy as an ally of Great Britain, I do not necessarily anticipate immediate hostile action by Japan, whatever may be her Axis obligation. She may fear eventual consequences and do nothing. We might be faced with demands for concessions as the price of her neutrality. She might agree to defer her aggressions in the Netherlands East Indies for the time being by a guarantee of ample economic access to the Western Hemisphere and to British and Dutch possessions. But she might even demand complete cessation of British and American assistance to China.
The strong wish of the American government and people at present seems to be to remain at peace. In spite of this, we must face the possibility that we may at any moment become involved in war. With war in prospect, I believe our every effort should be directed toward the prosecution of a national policy with mutually supporting diplomatic and military aspects, and having as its guiding feature a determination that any intervention we may undertake shall be such as will ultimately best promote our own national interests. We should see the best answer to the question: "Where should we fight the war, and for what objective?" With the answer to this question to guide me, I can make amore logical plan, can more appropriately distribute the naval forces, can better coordinate the future material preparation of the Navy, and can more usefully advise as to whether or not proposed diplomatic measures can adequately be supported by available naval strength.
That is to say, until the question concerning our final military objective is authoritatively answered, I can not determine the scale and the nature of the effort which the Navy may be called upon to exert in the Far East, the Pacific, and the Atlantic.
It is a fundamental requirement of our military position that our homeland remain secure against successful attack. Directly concerned in this security is the safety of other parts of the Western Hemisphere. A very strong pillar of the defense structure of the Americas has, for many years, been the balance of power existing in Europe. The collapse of Great Britain or the destruction or surrender of the British Fleet will destroy this balance and will free European military power for possible encroachment in this hemisphere.
I believe that we should recognize as the foundation of adequate armed strength the possession of a profitable foreign trade, both in raw materials and in finished goods. Without such a trade, our economy can scarcely support heavy armaments. The restoration of foreign trade, particularly with Europe, may depend upon the continued integrity of the British Empire.
It may be possible for us to prevent a British collapse by military intervention.
Our interests in the Far East are very important. The economic effect of a complete Japanese hegemony in that region is conjectural. But regardless of economic considerations, we have heretofore strongly opposed the further expansion of Japan.
We might temporarily check Japanese expansion by defeating her in a war in the Far East, but to check her permanently would require that we retain possession of, and militarily develop, an extensive and strategically located Asiatic base area having reasonably secure lines of communication with the United States. Retaining, and adequately developing, an Asiatic base area would mean the reversal of long-standing American policy.
Whether we could ensure the continued existence of a strong British Empire by soundly defeating Japan in the Far East is questionable, though continuing to hold on there for the present is a definite contribution to British strength.
Lacking possession of an Asiatic base area of our own, continued British strength in the Far East would doubtless prove advantageous to us in checking Japan permanently.
The military matters discussed in this memorandum may properly receive consideration in arriving at a decision on the course that we should adopt in the diplomatic field. An early decision in this field will facilitate a naval preparation which will best promote the adopted course. As I see affairs today, answers to the following broad questions will be most useful to the Navy:
(A) Shall our principal military effort be directed toward hemisphere defense, and include chiefly those activities within the Western Hemisphere which contribute directly to security against attack in either or both oceans? An affirmative answer would indicate that the United States, as seems now to be the hope of this country, would remain out of war unless pushed into it. If and when forced into war, the greater portion of our Fleet could remain for the time being in its threatening position in the Pacific, but no major effort would be exerted overseas either to the east or the west; the most that would be done for allies, besides providing material help, would be to send detachments to assist in their defense. It should be noted here that, were minor help to be given in one direction, public opinion might soon push us into giving it major support, as was the case in the World War.
Under this plan, our influence upon the outcome of the European War would be small.
(B) Shall we prepare for a full offensive against Japan, premised on assistance from the British and Dutch forces in the Far East, and remain on the strict defensive in the Atlantic? If this course is selected, we would be placing full trust in the British to hold their own indefinitely in the Atlantic, or, at least, until after we should have defeated Japan decisively, and thus had fully curbed her offensive power for the time being. Plans for augmenting the scale of our present material assistance to Great Britain would be adversely affected until Japan had been decisively defeated. The length of time required to defeat Japan would be very considerable.
If we enter the war against Japan and then if Great Britain loses, we probably would in any case have to reorient towards the Atlantic. There is no dissenting view on this point.
(C) Shall we plan for sending the strongest possible military assistance both to the British in Europe, and to the British, Dutch and Chinese in the Far East? The naval and air detachments we would send to the British Isles would possibly ensure their continued resistance, but would not increase British power to conduct a land offensive. The strength we could send to the Far East might be enough to check the southward spread of Japanese rule for the duration of the war. The strength of naval forces remaining in Hawaii for the defense of the Eastern Pacific, and the strength of the forces in the Western Atlantic for the defense of that area, would be reduced to that barely sufficient for executing their tasks. Should Great Britain finally lose, or should Malaysia fall to Japan, our naval strength might then be found to have been seriously reduced, relative to that of the Axis powers. It should be understood that, under this plan, we would be operating under the handicap of fighting major wars on two fronts.
Should we adopt Plan (C), we must face the consequences that would ensue were we to start a war with one plan, and then, after becoming heavily engaged, be forced greatly to modify it or discard it altogether, as, for example, in case of a British fold up. On neither off.these distant fronts would it be possible to execute a really major offensive. Strategically, the situation might become disastrous should our effort on either front fail.
(D) Shall we direct our efforts toward an eventual strong offensive in the Atlantic as an ally of the British, and a defensive in the Pacific? Any strength that we might send to the Far East would, by just so much, reduce the force of our blows against Germany and Italy. About the least that we would do for our ally would be to send strong naval light forces and aircraft to Great Britain and the Mediterranean. Probably we could not stop with a purely naval effort. The plan might ultimately require capture of the Portuguese and Spanish Islands and military and naval bases in Africa and possibly Europe; and thereafter even involve undertaking a full scale land offensive. In consideration of a course that would require landing large numbers of troops abroad, account must be taken of the possible unwillingness of the people of the United States to support land operations of this character, and to incur the risk of heavy loss should Great Britain collapse. Under Plan (D) we would be unable to exert strong pressure against Japan, and would necessarily gradually reorient our policy in the Far East. The full national offensive strength would be exerted in a single direction, rather than be expended in areas far distant from each other. At the conclusion of the war, even if Britain should finally collapse, we might still find ourselves possessed of bases in Africa suitable for assisting in the defense of South America.
Under any of these plans, we must recognize the possibility of the involvement of France as an ally of Germany,
I believe that the continued existence of the British Empire, combined with building up a strong protection in our home areas, will do most to ensure the status quo in the Western Hemisphere, and to promote our principal national interests. As I have previously stated, I also believe that Great Britain requires from us very great help in the Atlantic, and possibly even on the continents of Europe or Africa, if she is to be enabled to survive. In my opinion Alternatives (A), (B), and (C) will most probably not provide the necessary degree of assistance, and, therefore, if we undertake war, that Alternative (D) is likely to be the most fruitful for the United States, particularly if we enter the war at an early date. Initially, the offensive measures adopted would, necessarily, be purely naval. Even should we intervene, final victory in Europe is not certain. I believe that the chances for success are in our favor, particularly if we insist upon full equality in the political and military direction of the war.
The odds seem against our being able under Plan (D) to check Japanese expansion unless we win the war in Europe. We might not long retain possession of the Philippines. Our political and military influence in the Far East might largely disappear, so long as we were fully engaged in the Atlantic. A preliminary to a war in this category would be a positive effort to avoid war with Japan, and to endeavor to prevent war between Japan and the British Empire and the Netherlands East Indies. The possible cost of avoiding a war with Japan has been referred to previously.
I would add that Plan (D) does not mean the immediate movement of the Fleet into the Atlantic. I would make no further moves until war should become imminent, and then I would recommend redistribution of our naval forces as the situation then demanded. I fully recognize the value of retaining strong forces in the Pacific as long as they can profitably be kept there.
Until such time as the United States should decide to engage its full forces in war, I recommend that we pursue a course that will most rapidly increase the military strength of both the Army and the Navy, that is to say, adopt Alternative (A) without hostilities.
Under any decision that the President may tentatively make, we should at once prepare a complete Joint Plan for guiding Army and Navy activities. We should also prepare at least the skeletons of alternative plans to fit possible alternative situation which may eventuate. I make the specific recommendation that, should we be forced into a war with Japan, we should, because of the prospect of war in the Atlantic also, definitely plan to avoid operations in the Far East or the Mid-Pacific that will prevent the Navy from promptly moving to the Atlantic forces fully adequate to safeguard our interests and policies in the event of a British collapse. We ought not now willingly engage in any war against Japan unless we are certain of aid from Great Britain and the Netherlands East Indies.
No important allied military decision should be reached without clear undertanding between the nations involved as to the strength and extent of the participation which may be expected in any particular theater, and as to a proposed skeleton plan of operations.
Accordingly, I make the recommendation that, as a preliminary to possible entry of the United States into the conflict, the United States Army and Navy at once undertake secret staff talks on technical matters with the British military and naval authorities in London, with Canadian military authorities in Washington, and with British and Dutch authorities in Singapore and Batavia. The purpose would be to reach agreements and lay down plans for promoting unity of allied effort should the United States find it necessary to enter the war under any of the alternative eventualities considered in this memorandum.
/s/ H. R. Stark.
|This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).


text:
Beach Haven
Joe Karcz
"I just got tired of looking at it. There's your life, sitting on the curb."
Status: Joe, a union pipefitter, is still working on his flood-damaged home, battling mold and navigating through state and federal grant programs.
Posted on August 18th, 2014 17:03
Photos/Audio by Robb Paniconi

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Micro Focus's HPE Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) is a solution designed to help businesses in requirements management, testing and development in an agile environment. It is suitable for teams of all sizes.
Key features include project planning and tracking, application lifecycle intelligence, lab management automation, asset sharing and reuse, cross-project reporting, heterogeneous environment support and requirements definition and management.
HPE ALM's project planning and tracking feature allow users to define, track, measure and report milestones and KPIs. Users can extract reports, generate scorecards and export to mobile devices.
HPE ALM offers both cloud-based subscription pricing and an on-premise license. Support includes 24/7 online support, chat, documentation, a knowledge base, forums, a handbook and training.
Adnan from Islamic Center of Frisco
Specialty: Retail
Employees number: 10,000+ employees
December 2017
December 2017
This tool is an industry standard in the SDLC
The linking of defects to test runs is excellent. Any changes in mandatory fields or status of the defect triggers an e-mail and sent automatically to the user that the defect is assigned to. Also, ALM is considered to be an excellent auditing tool.
It's an awesome tool but it has one small issue: it takes a long while in the initialization process and a delay is noticeable when an incorrect password is entered during signin process.
Chethan from Infosys Limited
Employees number: 10,000+ employees
December 2018
December 2018
HPE ALM is a very popular tool used across for Software Testing. HPE ALM has some nice features like Configurable dashboard, WYSIWYG Editor to capture the data, Options to upload supporting documents, Capture or Raise Defects, send notification emails, filters and search options and many other features. HPE ALM is a easy to use tool for testers to capture test related documents, requriements, schedule the tests, capture the test results, raise defects with different Ids, severity, categories. The nice part is the responsive Web view of the HPE ALM which allows the tester or developer to just right click and perform the tasks.
HPE ALM overall is a good tool but it has its own disadvantages. HPE ALM is a paid tool that involves a cost. HPE ALM unlike other softwares is just not directly the web version but one need to install the Thick client in their respective systems and then only can access the web version. The web version again need some time gap for the users to get access based on the relevant DBs or Categories inside large organizations. HPE ALM is certainly not very easy to use, One need to have little learning curve and need to customize the HPE ALM dashboard to start using the tool.
Sayan from Cognizant
Employees number: 10,000+ employees
October 2018
October 2018
Best available project management and test management tool available in the market. You can customize the tool as you want. Test case management and requirement management has been made easy because of this tool. Defect management is also very good.
Reporting is also very good.
You can write SQL code for advanced search.
For the project that follows Agile methodology, JIRA is better. JIRA has better functionality when SCRUM and KANNABAN is concerned.
BrannDon from Terumo BCT
April 2018
April 2018
I like that it is a single repository for all requirements, test cases and test executions and maintains good trace records for reporting and audit support. Being able to customize workflows is a big plus that we use quite a bit. Like that our automation tools are able to connect directly(-ish).
Hard to generate verification reports that trace a requirement to a test case to an execution (without SQL queries). Even worse if you have multiple branches of the same code base that are based off the same requirements library. The versioning needs some work as does the interface. The interface can be pretty buggy at times and the user experience is not consistent with current technology. Reporting tools could be simplified and expanded.
aanchal from Deloitte Consulting
March 2018
March 2018
This software has a wide variety of features available for tracking and maintaining the entire software development cycle. My experience has mostly been related to the testing cycles, the tool provides users the ability to keep track of the testing scenarios being performed and then reporting any detected defects. The users can also attach the evidences associated to the defects for the development team to access.
The only thin that I did not like about this product is the filters available. Instead of providing the plain check-boxes for the user to select filters, this tool provides functions like AND, OR, NOT to append the filters. That is the only feature that I find a little awkward to use.
Tina from Infinit Technology Solutions
January 2018
January 2018
It's a good platform for running tests, management, and has nice functionality. Like that you can use w/other third party tools.
It's a good tool and resource. It's simple to manage and I can see it being helpful. It's different from other tools so, it has a bit of a learning curve.
KANNAN from Topfreshers
Employees number: 11-50 employees
November 2017
November 2017
Its a well built software without bugs. and the functionalities in this software are completely enough for an IT company of any size.
Complete Tracking with all features. Simple and Easy to use. Exporting feature makes this product unique among other products.
It is highly dependent on internet explorer. we cannot use this product effectively on chrome and Firefox . This is the only the problem I faced.
Ray from JnJ
June 2017
June 2017
Requirements, Test Plan and Test Lab are most used modules.
Reporting is also easy to use and powerful - to get custom queries as needed.
Don't particularly use the Defects area - find that JIRA works well in an Agile environment and for our needs
Nazeer from IBM
Employees number: 10,000+ employees
January 2017
January 2017
HP ALM is one of the best defect tracking tool. It is easy to use. User can create, update, relate tickets. UI is good. We can track updates, helps in doing root cause analysis.
Ease of use
Victor from OGS
Employees number: 10,000+ employees
January 2017
January 2017
The overall UI experience is a good one. It's quite easy to track applications and it has a lot of options with great "customer-oriented" reports.
What needs to be improved:
1. The Windows desktop client
2. Support
3. Support
I give you guys an overall 4/5 Thumbs Up!
UI, Reports, and overall app experience
Report generation needs some level of coding and support.
Price isn't it's strong point
nidhya from Vistana
December 2016
December 2016
HP Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) is a good tool for application lifecycle managements tasks. It covers all aspects of the lifecycle. Pretty easy to use & learn. Comes with high cost but worth it if you are able to utilize all the features & functionalities available in it.
Good UI, Light & fast loading, Reliable
Bhagwan from Leaping frog solution
December 2016
December 2016
Rich UI with good user experience.
Ease to track an application history.
Reports that can be generated are much appealing to clients.
Options for problem description is much better in terms of UI and work also.
The online platform takes less time to load the screen and this is unique among the tools that provide the same sort of needs.
History section and versioning control section are really feasible in order to get things done easier.
Defect tracking has highlights that can be used for sorting and assigning a task in an easier way.
Role-based access was easy to get things move on.
What do you dislike?
There was some time lag in response
Desktop Client has some issue on windows platform.
Generation of graphs needs some technical coding as well.
Support to this was limited I felt.
Ram from HoMe
December 2016
December 2016
Keep track of project requirements and review requirement coverage and fulfillment with relation to test cases executed. In HP ALM you can easily review the project requirements and assess the current status by looking at passed and failed requirements based on the execution results of the test cases linked to these requirements.
Execute test cases and keep track of the execution - HP ALM can track both Manual and Automated tests (with the help of HP UFT). Test cases can be easily organized and assigned to testers, then the actual test execution can be tracked in HP ALM where testers will pass or fail individual and detailed steps of the test cases in HP ALM. From here you can generate real time reports on test execution, on testers, or on tests executed by day etc.
Priyanka from Accenture
December 2016
December 2016
Its simple and easy to use. Makes project management easier by increasing predictability .
New enhancement - emails from test instances and test runs. Ability to send parameter values in an email.
Pavan from Loyalty SOlution & Research Pvt Ltd
Employees number: 51-200 employees
December 2016
December 2016
I have used this tool basically for testing management. It comes with user-friendly UI, look & feel. Gives you complete control over tracking all stages of testing i.e. requirements, test case design, test execution & defects management. Easy for requirement tracking alongside test case so you can know how many test cases were written for each requirement very quick. Once u put test cases in test plan you can pull same any number of times in Test lab. Has a good screenshot tool.
On the other side, it comes with high cost. Connections to third-party applications are not that easy
Good UI,
Easy to track history,
Good option to provide access based on roles
Certainly the cost,
Support need improvement,
delay in response,
Can't open another window,
Can't copy & paste some repetitive tasks
The tool has pretty high cost so unless you wanna use most of its features don't go for it. But if you really have huge requirement & need something which will manage everything


text:
CurrentOlivet Nazarene University
MajorChristian Education
HometownFishers, Indiana
Follow Jordan's Progress
Olivet Nazarene University is an accredited Christian, liberal arts university offering more than 140 areas of undergraduate and graduate study, including the Doctor of Education in ethical leadership. Olivet's 275-acre main campus is in Bourbonnais, I...
CollegeOlivet Nazarene University
LocationBourbonnais, IL
- Verified by Olivet Nazarene University
Jordan Lingle of Fishers, IN, named to dean's list at OlivetJordan Lingle of Fishers, IN (46040) was named to the dean's list at Olivet Nazarene University during the recently completed spring 2016 semester. To qualify for inclusion on the dean's list, a st...Spring 2016
Colleges across the country are recognizing students from Mount Vernon High School for their on-campus success. Click any achievement to discover alumni from Mount Vernon High School, view their personalized Merit pages, and learn about what they are a...
High SchoolMount Vernon High School
TypePublic High School (9-12)
LocationFortville, IN
- Verified by Mount Vernon High School
Awards & Recognition
Fortville Resident Jordan Lingle Named to Dean's List at OlivetJordan Lingle of Fortville was named to the dean's list at Olivet Nazarene University during the recently completed fall 2012 semester. To qualify for inclusion on the dean's list, a student must ...Fall 2012
Jordan Lingle of Fishers, Indiana, honored in Who's Who Among Students for 2016Jordan Lingle of Fishers, Indiana (46037) has received national recognition as an outstanding campus leader for 2016 by the Who's Who Among Students in American Universities & Colleges program. He ...Spring 2016
Work Experience
Olivet Nazarene University
Ludwig Front Desk Student WorkerAugust 2015 - PresentInforming and assisting students, guests, and staff with any questions they may have through phone calling and work around the building.
Resident AssistantJanuary 2015 - PresentMeet weekly with residents, lead Bible study, complete room checks, and other responsibilities among the floor.
Added by Jordan


text:
Jerome, Ariz.
The American West is dotted with abandoned mining towns, including Jerome, which is close to some of Arizona's most popular destinations. Jerome was once a booming copper camp and, in the 1920s, the fourth-largest city in Arizona. When the mines closed in the mid-1950s, the population dropped to 42. Now the destination is known for its setting and quaint artist studios and galleries. And it also is said to be a center of paranormal activity--if you believe in such things.
Christopher Reynolds / Los Angeles Times
Copyright © 2018, Los Angeles Times


text:
Property details
4-room house 200 m2 on 2 levels. Spacious, comfortable and tasteful furnishings: entrance hall. Large living room with 1 double sofabed, Scandinavian wood stove, cable TV and DVD. 1 double bedroom. Open kitchen (oven, dishwasher, 4 ceramic glass hob hotplates, microwave, freezer, electric coffee machine) with dining table. Exit to the garden, to the balcony. Bath/WC, whirlpool. Upper floor: (spiral staircase), 1 room with 1 double sofabed and 1 double bed. 1 room with 4 beds. Shower/WC. Gas heating. Balcony, patio, garden. Terrace furniture, barbecue, box-room. Beautiful view of the countryside and the river. Facilities: washing machine, dryer, children's high chair, baby cot. Internet (WiFi, free). Reserved parking, garage at the house. Please note: non-smoking house.
building and outdoor:
Loket nad Ohří, 10 km from Karlovy Vary: House located directly in the historical town centre, just a couple of meters from the picturesque city square below the castle. Very comfortable, historical manor house Podhradí, from the 19th century, renovated in 2008. In the centre, in a central, sunny, elevated position in the residential district. Private: well-kept garden with lawn. Patio, terrace, garden furniture, barbecue. In the house: WiFi, storage room for bicycles, central heating system, washing machine, tumble dryer. Motor access to the house. Parking at the house, single garage at the house. Shop, grocery 150 m, shopping centre 12 km, restaurant 150 m, bus stop 300 m, railway station Loket 900 m, indoor swimming pool 10 km, thermal baths 10 km. Golf course (18 hole) 16 km, tennis 10 km. The place with its cycling paths is also suitable for cycling and you can also rent boats and float the river.


text:
We currently do not have any vehicles available.Use our Vehicle Finder and we'll automatically send you an email when we have the vehicle that you are looking for.
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- 2016 BMW 7 Series 750i xDrive | M SPORT | EXECTV 2 | ASST+ 2 | BOWERS WLKNS | ADPTV LED | $16K OPTS
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- 46,340 mi.
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Click here to view our terms.
This car has been marked by the seller (us) as Used . The above listing of equipment and accessories is based on the manufacturer's description at the time of manufacturing. Please refer to your dealer (sales person) and ask about the specific listed accessories


text:
Piya Rangrezz 25th February 2016 Written Episode Update
Piya Rangrezz 25th February 2016 Written Episode, Written Update on TellyUpdates.com
Arjun and Shamsher call Munna and Munmun, but they do not pick call. Arjun finds Shamsher's car and asks him why did he order his guard not to let him in. Shamsher says why will he and says there is some confusion as Munna daadu and Munmun are not picking calls. He says let us go home and find out what is happening and leaves with him in his car.
Veer plays Shamsher's voice on mobile calling Aji amma.. Bhavri thinks Shamsher came and comes out. Veer shoots her 3 rounds and she falls down. He smirks that he killed his mom's enemy and now his mom will rule over Bhavri's dynasty. Shamsher and Arjun reach home and see all guards dead. Munmun and Munna peep from window and get tensed seeing them. Veound. er also sees them coming and walks out from back
Veer asks his last goons to rush fast. Their bike don't start. Arjun and Shamsher hear bike starting sound and Arjun runs out. Veer leaves in car shouting at goons to leave bike and run. Arjun runs behind goons and catches one. He beats goon ruthlessly and drags him with him home.
Shamsher orders doc to bring all equipments needed here in 10 min and treat aji amma, else he will kill him. Doc nervously calls hospital to send equipments and nurse and asks him to bring hot water. He goes to kitchen calling Munmun and daadu and prepares hot water himself and gives it back to doc. He then walks in lawn and hears door knock. He opens lock and sees Munna and Munmun inside and pretending. He warns Munna that daadi is shot and if he is behind it, he will not spare him. Munna says why will he harm his jiji and if he is found guilty, he can kill him. Arjun comes back. Shamsher says munna that he saw him with Tilakraj. Arjun asks not to blame anyone. Shamsher says he is just acting like an obedient damad and protecting his sasur Tilakraj.
Arjun takes Shamsher, Munna, and Munmun to captured goon and asks who sent him. Shamsher pulls gun, but Arjun stops him and beats goon. Goon accepts that Tilakraj and Munna mama sent him, but does not take Veer's name. Munna and Munmun get tensed.
Precap: Shamsher tells Arjun that planned to destroy their family and separate them and tried to kill aji amma. Arjun takes oath to kill Tilakraj.
Update Credit to: MA


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Test Team
Be a part of history! Members of our AeroHance GasPods Project share mileage records and photos with us privately or publicly online. These cumulative records help us by providing real world mileage effects of adding GasPods to different vehicles, and for different drivers and driving conditions. We use them to determine mileage savings expectations, and how much our clients are saving in terms of fuel, money and in reducing the impact their driving is having on the environment.
Participation is not necessary to purchase GasPods, but we love it when you do!
Why Join the AeroHance GasPods Project Team
AeroHance GasPods Project Test Team Members enjoy a 40% discount off the price of initial purchase of GasPods, 20% at time of purchase, and a 20% rebate is given with submission of comparative with GasPods mileage. And, participation helps us in quantifying how well GasPods work on different car bodies, and under different driving conditions.
Step 1: Submit Baseline (Without GasPods) Mileage
Simply register by submitting your contact information (which we will not share), and the year, make and model of your vehicle.
Also, we ask for a baseline gas mileage – not from just one trip, but over time, distance and throughout your real world driving conditions. We ask our GasPod Test Team members to track gas mileage over at least 2,000 miles of driving in the vehicle to which they plan to add GasPods. We realize this takes time. It is, however, necessary to control for variable driving conditions, and for any change in your driving behavior because of your excitement in trying GasPods!
We accept mileage in pdf, excel or jpg format. All we ask is that it is legible. You can download our mileage tracking form:
Or you can write the same information on your gas receipts, or submit from tracking within your favorite application.
Helpful Hints for Tracking Mileage:
1. Record your car's total mileage from its odometer each and every time you visit the gas station
2. Since your last trip to the gas station, was your driving mostly in the city "C", on the highway "H", or a mix "M" of both?
3. Record the gallons purchased, and if this is a partial or fills the tank to capacity.
Your first and final baseline trip, after you reach 2,000 miles, must be to the top.
For consistent reading, please fill tank until pump automatically clicks off. Do not top off.
Here is an example of the mileage clearly recorded on a tracking form
Once you have logged a minimum 2,000 miles of odometer mileage and the gallons of fuel purchased, you are ready to register as a Test Team Member.
Step 2: Purchase GasPods at 20% Off
Submit your baseline mileage (without GasPods) - 2000 miles of odometer mileage and fuel fill up logs. We'll then send you a coupon redeemable for 20% off your purchase of GasPods here.
Step 3: Log Mileage with GasPods Installed
GasPods now installed on your vehicle, continue to track mileage for another 2,000 miles of driving. Submit your with GasPods mileage, We'll tally up savings for you, add it to the mileage we have received from other Test Team Members.


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In today's gaming environment there are two types of shooters: those that have cover systems and those that do not. It's a strong divide that totally changes the titles that players enjoy. Fifteen years ago this wasn't the case. There was no such thing as a cover system and players were left to roam around the shooter of the day with no mechanic to guard them from the enemy. My how things have changed.
Ever since kill.switch whimpered onto the scene back in an earlier part of the 21st century, gamers have been enamored with the art of shielding themselves from the enemy. While many games allowed players to duck under an object or hide behind a wall, it wasn't until relatively recently that people began creating entire gameplay mechanics around avoiding and doling out gunfire.
Metal Gear Solid and Splinter Cell had the rudimentary beginnings of a cover system, but it wasn't until kill.switch that players realized how much fun it was to take cover behind an object and have the option of lobbing grenades, blind firing (one of the cornerstones of any worthy cover system) or taking precise aim and popping off the enemy's head. Gears of War and Gears of War 2 only push that idea forward by making it -- wait for it -- bigger, better and more badass. But what is it about cover systems that make the games that use them so appealing?
The answer to that is actually two-fold. Cover systems are attractive not only to consumers, but to developers. For the reasoning behind that we need only look at our industry and its most popular topic for debate: graphics.
It's simple really -- third-person shooters that feature a cover system are typically going to be more of a graphical showcase than a first-person shooter that doesn't. Why? Well, just think about it. First-person shooters without a cover system typically rely on twitch reactions. To be able to pull a twitch shooter and make it fun means pumping a lot of horsepower into cranking that framerate up as high as it can go. Cranking up the framerate then dumbs down the graphical fidelity of the environment, character models; pretty much anything and everything in view.
On the flip side are cover shooters. In general, these aren't as fast moving and rely on tactics instead of fast-moving twitch gameplay. You could make a fast-moving first-person game that's less about graphical punch and more about reaction time or you could make a gorgeous artistic masterpiece with slower gameplay that really lets you flex the muscle of your fancy new graphics engine.
The next point that developers love to press on the naysayers of cover systems is that of intimacy. It works on two levels. The first is the intimacy between the player and their character. The second is the intimacy that the player should feel for their character when battling against the enemy.
Which do you feel a deeper connection with, Duke Nukem or Marcus Fenix? Marcus, no doubt about it. That's because you see the character in more than mirrors in a bathroom. You see his facial expressions, you feel his pain during cutscenes when he gets shot in the arm. When Marcus Fenix yells at Dom to close a Locust hole, you see him do it. You feel the urgency because he's right there in front of you. With first-person shooters you get none of that. There are rare exceptions like Half-Life which had such wonderfully scripted characters around Gordon Freeman that we felt like we knew him, but for the most part third-person titles will win out in terms of connecting with the player.


text:
Cosmetic skincare including anti-ageing treatments, cosmetic injections, skincare, facial rejuvenation Sydney. Muscle relaxing injections are used as a treatment for wrinkles, crows feet and facial lines and also for certain medical conditions.
What is an Anti-Wrinkle Injection
About Anti-Wrinkle Injections We provide skincare treatments including anti-wrinkle injections. Our dermatologist recommends a customised approach to skincare. We tailor treatment for different skin types and colours and integrate your cosmetic and skincare treatments to your meet your needs. By performing skin assessments to determine your skin type and any concerns you may have, we can help your skin condition by recommending appropriate … [Read more...]


text:
Big Tobacco Spent $100 Million Plus on CA Politics in Past Decade
Over the past decade, "Big Tobacco" spent over $100 million to influence elections and legislative policy in California, according to a report, Tobacco Money in California Politics. The report can be read in full at the Center For Tobacco Policy and Organizing site. A searchable database of campaign contributions on the site provides precise figures about the campaign contributions tobacco companies are making to individual California state assembly members and Senators.
9.3 million was spent on campaign contributions and lobbying during the 2009-2010 election cycle. 48 percent of California's state legislators — 59 members out of 122 — have received campaign contributions from the tobacco industry (a total that was the same in previous election cycles). More than $62 million was spent to oppose Proposition 86, a 2006 ballot initiative that would have increased California's tobacco tax by $2.60 a pack, to pay for pay for "additional hospital funding, health coverage of children, nursing education, anti-smoking education programs, and funding for nonprofit clinics." Proposition 86 lost by a narrow margin.
Further, Philip Morris USA Inc. alone spent more than $750,000 on lobbying from April through June of 2009, the second quarter of that year: This was a "record amount for lobbying expenditures in one quarter by any tobacco interest over the last decade," according to a press release from the American Lung Association about theeport. Incidentally, it was during those very three months that the California legislature voted on two budget bills that were of more than a little interest to the tobacco industry. One bill contained a tobacco tax increase, while the other bill was also about tobacco taxes (and was already moving forward in the legislative process) — tobacco companies are out to protect their interests, not to mention their profits.
Of all special interests, tobacco companies ranked "near the top" in total spending on campaign contributions and lobbying, says the report.
Nonetheless, in this same time period, smoking rates in California have kept falling and more communities passed policies meant to reduce the impact of smoking in California. The San Jose Mercury News reports that the state's adult smoking rate is 11.9 percent, a record low. (Money doesn't all buy results, it's heartening to know.)
I'm originally from California and, even though I grew up in the years prior to the passing of a anti-smoking legislation, I remember a general attitude of "why would anyone deliberately endanger their health and smoke"? Much more recently, and thankfully, smoking has been banned from restaurants, indoor public places and workplaces (and in casinos) in New Jersey where we live. In New York, it's illegal to smoke not only in restaurants but on train platforms and parks and beaches.
A recent study has shown that babies admitted to hospital with bronchiolitis from a household where a parent smokes are twice as likely to need oxygen therapy than babies whose parents do not smoke — and they're five times as likely to need mechanical ventilation. Does it need to be said again that smoking is not good for you, or for those around you?
Related Care2 Coverage
The Unsweetened Truth About Smoking
Shocking New Cigarette Warning Labels Issued by FDA


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Rajapaksa In New York
( October 8, 2013, Colombo, Sri Lanka Guardian) In regard to Mahinda Rajapaksa making formal addresses at international forums, we strongly suggest he has a word to his speech writer. We are concerned that he should not fall into the predicament of a Head of a government who was allotted an hour to address a formal international gathering but he actually took two hours to complete his speech. Having realised the discomfort of the audience he summoned the speech writer and said to him: "I wanted you write a speech that would last an hour but it took two hours for me to finish". To this the speech writer replied: "I gave you two copies of the draft speech". However in the case of Rajapaksa's address to the UN assembly, we are informed that there were no dramas as fortunately he addressed mostly seats that were vacant. The fact of the matter is that he addressed the UN General Assembly.
Thanks to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), not exactly a show piece of the UN but in order to draw the red herring across the trail from the most embarrassing human rights issues, he chose as an excellent strategy, to focus on the good work been done by the MDG being non political. Rajapaksa states: "....... my vision has been to distribute the benefits of growth across all segments of the population and prevent inequalities, social exclusion and adverse environmental effects...Despite contending with one of the most ruthless terrorist groups in the world, the 2004 tsunami and the global food, energy and financial crises, Sri Lanka's attaining the MDGs is salutary. Statistics speak for themselves".... Yes indeed.
On the matter of the Tsunami, we will go no further, than to quote a former chief justice, Sarath N Silva, corrupt at that, who said: "President Mahinda Rajapaksa would not have become the President of Sri Lanka if not for the Supreme Court ruling to release him in the Helping Hambantota case (Rajapaksa's former electorate)... Mahinda Rajapaksa would not have either been able to contest the 2005 Presidential election or come into power if the Supreme Court bench headed by him did not clear Mahinda Rajapaksa of allegations of misappropriation of Tsunami funds......There are many complaints that it was I who was responsible to bring Rajapaksa into power" (from the Daily Mirror). Further, the Auditor General in his report had stated: "The government allowed 506 vehicles to be imported duty-free into the country for tsunami relief work, but the authorities had no register of those vehicles or who was using them". Although sixty five per cent of the tsunami devastation was in the north and the east, only thirty five percent of the aid was spent there. This is why we warn Rajapaksa to be wary of speech writers for they can distort facts. In view of this the less said about the address to the UN the better.
Moving on to the Al Jazeera interview, we have to gather that the President in his element in order to keep the Sri Lankan flag flying bulldozed the interviewer in typical fashion, leaving him with signs of being taken aback, steadfastly standing his ground being overly polite in the wake of absurdities and irrelevant half truths. None the less the interview provoked much humour and but little banter.
Rajapaksa's lessons on democracy were profound. He said that he had restored democracy to the north of Sri Lanka in that eighty percent had voted at the provincial council elections and this achievement is not talked of in other countries. What actually is talked of is the courage with which the people in the north exercised their vote despite the numerous impediments placed in their way especially by the military.
On references to the remarks on Navi Pillay by his ministers, he unashamedly downplayed them by saying that being a democratic country his ministers could say anything including officers (to include his public servant brother Gotabahaya the Secretary for defence). He also said: "We allow them to do that."--as if as a matter of deliberate policy. His grouse was that Mrs. Pillay did not mention any thing to him.
What he did not mention was the plight of journalists in this democratic climate where they could be given a ride of their life in the white van or the fateful end of persons like Lasantha Wickrematunge. On being questioned about the white vans, being modest in not wishing to reveal his brother's handiwork, he comes out with a story to say that there was one stray case of a teenage girl who had been found in guest house and had gone of her own accord.
On being asked about the attacks on the places of Muslim worship, Rajapaksa states that the attacks were in an enraged response to a seven year old girl being raped. As to how and from where he pulled out this answer in defence of the extremist sections of the Buddhist clergy is baffling. Imagine the Buddhist clergy in such organised fashion being going to such extremes.
Rajapaksa's body language said it all. Rajapaksa was trying to make out that more the number of elections held the greater the democracy. Asked about Navi Pillay's observations on the harassment of some people in the north Rajapaksa's response was that she had not mentioned anything to him as if she was mandated to report to him on her work in Sri Lanka. On the question of the removal of the army from the north or even the reduction of the numbers therein his ridiculous response was that he could not accommodate them anywhere else refuting the claim that there was one soldier for every civilian. His response to the claim by Navi Pillay on the excessive number of army personnel in the north was that those army personnel seen in such large numbers was Navi Pillay's apparition of the numerous school cadets seen around! Perhaps, an illusion.
Further on the question of the military being engaged in agriculture on the lands of the peasants he completely denied this. However, it would be recalled that the government media displayed pictures of the army having harvested bumper crops of vegetables which boosted their morale. Rajapasaka went on to say that all private lands had been released to the previous owners, an outright lie typical of him. Lands have been not only been taken over for the port, the harbour etc. as claimed by him but also to erect Buddhist temples and luxury tourist hotels at the expense of the dire need for small holding of lands in the north.
On the matter of shelling hospitals during the height of the war in a war designed from the very outset to be one without witnesses he says there was no evidence, as if the dead, the sick, the infirm and the elderly could have possibly come forward to give any evidence.
Such an interview could have been performed only by a Rajapaksa. The Al Jazeera interviewer must be congratulated for his professionalism and his patience.
( The is the editor of the Eelam Nation, an online journal)


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Micah 6:8
He has shown you, O man, what is good.
And what does the Lord require of you?
To act justly and to love mercy
and to walk humbly with your God.
With this as our guiding verse, the Micah Project ministers to street-connected boys in Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
We have a variety of ministry areas
Take a look.
We host a variety of events throughout the year
Find out more.
Micah has a library of videos, new and old.
Watch Here.


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Shakespeare's Signature Drinks
The British Sidecar
Pussers English Rum, brandy, triple sec and a dash of lime juice, chilled and served in a martini glass
The Limey
Tanqueray London Dry Gin, Bacardi Rum and lime cordial, shaken and served in a martini glass (Gluten Free)
Tito's Handmade vodka with ice tea and lemonade, shaken and served over ice with a lemon garnish (Gluten Free).
Pimms Cup
Pimm's No.1 with ginger ale or lemon & lime soda, served tall with a lemon twist and cucumber garnish
Apples & Pears
Absolut pear vodka with apple juice, topped off with champagne and served in a champagne flute
Gin Sling Fizz
Premium English Gin, lemon juice, sugar and Champagne served tall over ice
The Authentic Moscow Mule
OR Irish, Kentucky, Mexican, Tennessee ... served in a traditional copper mug
Her Majesty's Tipple
Premium English Gin, lemon juice and Dubonnet served tall over ice
Coffee Drinks
All made with freshly brewed coffee and topped with heavy cream
Shakespeare's After Eight Coffee
Kahlua, Crème de Menthe & Irish Cream
Traditional Irish Coffee
Jameson Irish Whiskey & brown sugar
London Fog
Irish Cream & Scotch Whiskey
Café Royale
With Patrón XO Cafe liqueur
Bailey's Caramel Iced Coffee
Served tall over ice
Hot Toddy
Powers Irish Whiskey, brown sugar and cloves. Served with piping hot water


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Video Highlights of 13-Year-Old David Sills, Future USC Quarterback
13-year-old David Sills committed to play quarterback for Lane Kiffin at USC. Of course when you hear such a story and read about a prodigy, naturally you want to see what the kid looks like. Well thankfully we live in a day ripe with YouTube and self-promotion, so there is no shortage of video on David Sills. This vid shows Sills making pretty much all the throws and I'm not even embarrassed to say he has a stronger arm than I do. Here it is:
Sure, the kid looked pretty sharp in that video but let's be real here — he's only 13-years-old! Think about how far off he is from playing with actual competition! How can you actually judge a guy until you see him play at a higher level against some real players? This stuff is unbelievable. Dare I say we now have another Bryce Harper overhype publicity story on our hands? Sadly, yes.


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Av säkerhetsskäl behöver du ge webbläsaren tillgång genom att lösa in en speciell kod som kan hittas in i din inkorg på
Factorio RU VPN Required Steam Gift
Factorio is a game in which you build and maintain factories. You will be mining resources, researching technologies, building infrastructure, automating production and fighting enemies. In the beginning you will find yourself chopping trees, mining ores and crafting mechanical arms and transport belts by hand, but in short time you can become an industrial powerhouse, with huge solar fields, oil refining and cracking, manufacture and deployment of construction and logistic robots, all for your resource needs. However this heavy exploitation of the planet's resources does not sit nicely with the locals, so you will have to be prepared to defend yourself and your machine empire.
Join forces with other players in cooperative Multiplayer, create huge factories, collaborate and delegate tasks between you and your friends. Add mods to increase your enjoyment, from small tweak and helper mods to complete game overhauls, Factorio's ground-upModding support has allowed content creators from around the world to design interesting and innovative features.
While the core gameplay is in the form of the freeplay scenario, there are a range of interesting challenges in the form of the Scenario pack, available as free DLC. If you don't find any maps or scenarios you enjoy, you can create your own with the in-game Map Editor, place down entities, enemies, and terrain in any way you like, and even add your own custom script to make for interesting gameplay.
- OS: Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista (64 Bit)
- Processor: Dual core 3Ghz+
- Memory: 4 GB RAM
- Graphics: 512MB Video Memory
- Storage: 1 GB available space
- Additional Notes: Low sprite resolution and Low VRAM usage.
- OS: macOS High Sierra, Sierra, OSX El Capitan, Yosemite, Mavericks
- Processor: Dual core 3Ghz+
- Memory: 4 GB RAM
- Graphics: 512MB Video Memory
- Storage: 1 GB available space
- Additional Notes: Low sprite resolution and Low VRAM usage
- OS: Linux (tarball installation)
- Processor: Dual core 3Ghz+
- Memory: 4 GB RAM
- Graphics: 512MB Video Memory
- Storage: 1 GB available space
- Additional Notes: Low sprite resolution and Low VRAM usage
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text: Best Buys Prima Baby Awards 2015 - Front Carriers Lightweight yet strong, protective yet stylish, these carriers and slings put your baby's safety first 1 of Ad break Gold Award Winner (Joint) - MaByLand Snuggle Carrier The Prima Baby Awards panel described the MaByLand Snuggle Carrier as an "ergonomic, lightweight and yet strong" baby carrier. Suitable from birth to approximately 18 months depending on the size of your little one, it can be used up to 11kg. £59.99, MaByLand. Our full MaByLand review coming soon... Compare deals from top retailers MadeForMums Preferred Partner Gold Award Winner (Joint) - Phil & Teds Emotion carrier Designed to nurture and protect both your baby's body and yours, the Phil & Teds Emotion carrier allows your little one to sit higher on your chest. It also supports baby's spine in curved "C" position and knees in the 'frog position' above the hips. It also has an ultra-adjustable integrated head support and a clever one-handed clip system to secure your baby. £59.00 Phil & Teds The full Phil & Teds Emotion carrier review coming soon... Compare deals from top retailers MadeForMums Preferred Partner Silver Award Winner - Britot Baby CarrierLast year's gold winner, the Britot Baby Carrier has scooped the Silver Award for best front carrier in the 2015 Prima Baby Awards. A cross between a baby wrap and a structured carrier, the Britot allows you to 'wear your baby' in the traditional sense while providing the security of a modern day carrier. Suitable from birth to 20kg, easy to use, very comfortable, it feels both safe and secure. £64.99, www.britot.co.uk. We've got the in-depth review on the Britot Baby carrier, so you can see what all the hype's about. Compare deals from top retailers MadeForMums Preferred Partner Bronze Award Winner - Close Caboo+ organic CarrierThe Prima Baby Awards panel picked this carrier because it "promotes bonding, is good for keeping baby close while getting on with life and is useful for hands-free breastfeeding". The Close Caboo+ organic Carrier is also a soft, comfy and sturdy wrap that has a range of carrying positions from birth to toddler. £59.95 Close Caboo + Organic carrier Our full review on the CLose Caboo + Organic carrier is here. Also Shortlisted: Phil & Teds Airlight carrier Compare deals from top retailers MadeForMums Preferred Partner Continue slideshow > More Awards...Don't stop there, we've got more award winning slings and carriers below: Prima Baby Awards 2015 - Multi-directional carriers By Hazelann Williams Comments Latest on MadeForMums Meghan Markle's pregnancy style - her best maternity looks Meghan Markle's bump pop! The Duchess of Sussex at around 6 months pregnant Which pregnant celebs are due in 2019? 2018's celebrity babies - who gave birth this year?


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An experiment.
On paragraphs.
A paragraph should say one thing well. I think it is best if it does not say something about many things, nor many things about something; it is proper if it illuminates a single idea, transferring that idea to the mind of the reader where, like a seed, it may possibly live, grow, and transform. Or if it may be imagined as a foot-stool, on which we may rest and support our work (or ourselves), then it may want three or more legs -- some triad or quatrain of ideas fastened together into an agreeable unity. And a well-written paragraph needs, I think, to be able to stand alone, when lifted from its immediate context -- for example, when it is quoted in another place. In that way, it may be worthy to be more than it once was -- and become a part of the Great Conversation.


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Sunday liquor sales increase tax revenue
Why do our politicians act as if this is 1917 and treat wine and spirits as taboo? Why are there now 34 states that allow Sunday sales? Why is Connecticut the only state in the Northeast banning Sunday sales?
Why does Pennsylvania, the largest buyer of alcohol beverages in the world, point out that Sunday is their second busiest day of the week?
Why is it that in Massachusetts, New York and Rhode Island some of the highest volume stores are located right on the border in small towns? Why is it that in New Hampshire the first and last signs you see on the interstate proclaim "State Liquor Store /Open on Sundays"?
Why is it that the prices we pay in Connecticut are higher than the stores across our border? Why is it that we can't buy wine in a grocery store? Why do the politicians turn a blind eye to cross-border alcohol sales?
The extremely conservative estimate is that our state loses at the very least $12.8 million in tax revenues just from not having Sunday sales. Others say it is probably more around $20 million.
So, why do we stand here and let our Hartford Puritans let this money go to our neighbors, while they figure out how to raise our taxes once again? Why aren't we screaming at them to let capitalism take its course?
Retailers would have the "right" to open or close on Sundays. The proposal was not to "mandate" them. What are the retailers afraid of? If they are so against opening on Sundays, then don't!
Let the competition have the business. Or, better yet, let these retailers and politicians pay the $12.8 million in taxes.


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Breaking: Paris Released From Jail Early, To Serve Rest Of Sentence At Home
Well, that was fast: After serving five lifestyle-cramping days at Lynwood's Century Regional Detention Facility, Paris Hilton has been released from the jail to serve out the remaining 40 days of her original sentence at home, monitored by one of those unflattering, Martha Stewart-style electronic ankle bracelets, which she's already busy bedazzling with Swarovski crystals to minimize its impact on her cutest home-confinement outfits. Unspecified medical reasons were cited for the early release; while confidentiality laws prohibited a sheriff's department from disclosing the exact problem, he did allow that she may have been "psychologically bummed" about her imprisonment and that the facility's staff feared the humiliating intake body cavity search she was subjected to may have permanently extinguished the impish glimmer in her lazy eye, prompting the hasty change of venue.
More on this story when information becomes available as the day progresses, God help us all.
UPDATE: Would you like to see a brief local news clip of the nice man at the press conference who announced announcing that Hilton was reassigned to the "community-based alternative to custody electronic monitoring program." Of course you would. After the jump:


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Finish Line Earnings: An Early Look
Earnings season is just about over, with almost all companies already having reported their quarterly results. But there are still a few companies left to report, and Finish Line is about to release its quarterly earnings. The key to making smart investment decisions with stocks releasing their quarterly reports is to anticipate how they'll do before they announce results, leaving you fully prepared to respond quickly to whatever inevitable surprises arise. That way, you'll be less likely to make an uninformed knee-jerk reaction to news that turns out to be exactly the wrong move.
Finish Line isn't the biggest player in the athletic shoe and apparel industry, but it nevertheless has sought to take advantage of the big growth in the area over the past several years. Let's take an early look at what's been happening with Finish Line over the past quarter and what we're likely to see in its quarterly report on Thursday.
Stats on Finish Line
Analyst EPS Estimate
Change From Year-Ago EPS
Revenue Estimate
$452.3 million
Change From Year-Ago Revenue
Earnings Beats in Past 4 Quarters
Source: Yahoo! Finance.
Will Finish Line finish strong this quarter?
Analysts have cut their views on Finish Line over the past few months, slicing $0.08 per share off their earnings estimates for the most-recent quarter and $0.26 per share on their full-year fiscal 2014 calls. The stock has similarly languished, falling about 3% since late December despite the stock market's overall strength.
The demand for athletic apparel has risen sharply in recent years, as new players among apparel- and shoemakers have forced established giants to up their game. Nike continues to dominate the athletic footwear industry, but Under Armour has challenged the company on the apparel side of the business and more recently has gone heads-up against Nike with its own shoes. That buzz has helped increase awareness of athletic specialty products generally.
But the big problem is that the most successful brands have made moves to distribute their goods through their own stores rather than via independent specialty retailers. Both Nike and Under Armour distribute through third parties, but both companies have networks of factory outlets and specialty stores that allow them to keep more of their profits. Although rival Foot Locker has done a fairly good job of keeping its stock moving higher over the long run, in part because of its emphasis on highly popular basketball shoes, Finish Line has struggled under the threat of competition and sluggishness in running-shoe demand.
In response, Finish Line has been working with Macy's to create a store-within-a-store concept. But some analysts are skeptical about whether the move will do more harm than good as it saps Finish Line's status as an independent retailer.
In its quarterly report, watch for Finish Line to address how it intends to integrate its various business elements into a coherent strategy. Without a solid plan, it's hard to see Finish Line finishing well despite the industry's favorable tailwinds.
The best investing approach is to choose great companies and stick with them for the long term. The Motley Fool's free report "3 Stocks That Will Help You Retire Rich" names stocks that could help you build long-term wealth and retire well, along with some winning wealth-building strategies that every investor should be aware of. Click here now to keep reading.
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The article Finish Line Earnings: An Early Look originally appeared on Fool.com.Fool contributor Dan Caplinger has no position in any stocks mentioned. You can follow him on Twitter: @DanCaplinger. The Motley Fool recommends and owns shares of Nike and Under Armour. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools don't all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Copyright © 1995 - 2013 The Motley Fool, LLC. All rights reserved. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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Event: The Business Show 2016
Location: London
Excel Centre, Royal Victoria Dock, 1 Western Gateway, London E16 1XL
Enterprise has never been more fashionable and it is reflected at the show. If you have a product or service that is suited to business owners you just have to have a presence. The Business Show has evolved from the combination of two of Prysm's very successful business events 'The Great British Business Show' and 'Business Startup'.
The two day event attracts more than 25,000 businesses who attend with the primary agenda of improving and expanding their business, and to anybody who has attended the show it will come as no surprise that it's now the fastest growing business show in Europe.
NOW: Pensions will be exhibiting on stand 2446.


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Poetic Atmosphere Case Cover for Apple iPod Touch 5 5G 5th Generation (CLEAR / GRAY) – 2012 NEWEST MODEL
- Made of polycarbonate and thermoplastic polyurethane
- Transparent durable material
- Grey borders surround the edges
- Customer built-in volume control buttons
- Open Space for iPod Touch 5 Loop
Poetic, an Exact Design Inc Brand, warrants the Poetic Brand of Products against defects in material or workmanship for a period?3 (three) Yearsfrom the original date of purchase of the product by a consumer through an authorized Poetic dealer. Poetic does not warrant, and is not responsible for, any smart phone, tablet or other device made by any manufacturer other than Poetic. If a defect arises in the materials or workmanship warranted by Poetic, Poetic will replace that unit as long as it falls within the warranty constraints. The Poetic name, logo, all product names, customer graphics, trademarks and service marks appearing on the Poetic website unless otherwise noted, are service marks, trademarks (whether registered or not) and/or trade dress of Poetic brand.
List Price: $ 4.95
Price: $ 4.95
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