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ISRN Mechanical Engineering
Volume 2013, Article ID 704340, 14 pages
Energy Analysis and Performance Evaluation of the Adsorption Refrigeration System
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Alfaisal University, Takhassusi Street, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
Received 13 November 2012; Accepted 29 November 2012
Academic Editors: W. Dai and A. Z. Sahin
Copyright © 2013 H. Z. Hassan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A complete steady state thermodynamic differential analysis is developed for the adsorption-based refrigeration systems. The introduced thermodynamic model accurately represents the behaviour of adsorption cooling systems, based on a precise, reasonable, and clear fundamental approach. Based on the energy conservation principle, all components and processes in the system are analyzed. The dynamics of adsorption is expressed by the Dubinin-Astakhov adsorption equilibrium model. All types of energy interactions are evaluated in order to determine the theoretical performance and the operating parameters of the system. Moreover, the actual thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant are considered in developing the model. The case studied is an ice maker which uses activated carbon-methanol as the working pair.
1. Introduction
The traditional vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) machines are dominating electricity consumers and their operation causes high electricity peak loads [1]. Providing cooling by using a low quality source of energy is a key solution to reduce electrical energy consumption. Low quality energy sources are those sources with low temperature and include solar thermal energy, geothermal energy, and waste heat. Recently, thermally driven cold production (TDCP) systems attract many researchers [2]. The booming progress in the TDCP technology offers a considerable number of systems as alternatives to the VCR machines. These systems include adsorption, absorption, and ejector systems. An advantage of the TDCP systems is the environmentally benign and natural refrigerants which have zero ozone depleting as well as zero global warming potentials. Moreover, the low heat source driving temperature and its wide range make TDCP systems more attractive.
Adsorption cold production (ACP) systems can be powered by heat sources with temperature which is near-environmental temperatures and as low as 50°C, depending on the adsorbent-refrigerant working pair [3]. Moreover, ACP machines are suitable for working in hot and dry areas because they do not require any extra cooling equipment for high ambient temperatures. Due to the fact that ACP systems use solid absorbent, they are suitable for conditions with serious vibration, such as in fishing boats and locomotives. The most widely used working pairs are activated carbon-methanol [4, 5], activated carbon fibers-methanol [6], activated carbon-ethanol [7], activated carbon-ammonia [8], silica gel-water [9], and zeolite-water [10]. Many researchers have been interested with the study of the ACP system both numerically and experimentally [3, 11, 12]. Moreover, the literature is abundant with numerical studies accomplished on different adsorbent-adsorbate pairs, various ACP system designs, and different system configurations [13–17].
Most of the published studies on the ACP systems were dynamic models to simulate the system and to study its performance [4, 8, 18–21]. Although it is an interesting point to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the ACP system, it is most important to understand its theoretical steady state behaviour and characteristics. However, an obvious and detailed information on the fundamental thermodynamic analysis of the ACP system is limited. Moreover, the introduced work in [22, 23] proposed many assumptions and simplifications to the analysis, without enough reasons and accuracy. Although some of the assumptions in [24, 25] can be accepted to some extent, other assumptions appear to be far from the reality of the system behaviour. Although Teng et al. [26] and more recently Hassan et al. [27] presented much more better thermodynamic models, they used an integral analysis which cannot provide precise details for the system behaviour.
It is difficult to find any work in the literature which accurately study the steady state thermodynamic behaviour of the ACP system, based on a precise, reasonable, and clear fundamental analysis. Therefore, the major motivation behind the current study is to introduce a complete differential thermodynamic analysis of the ACP system.
2. Thermodynamic Cycle of the ACP System
The ACP system is similar to the basic VCR machine except that the power compressor is replaced with a thermally driven compressor which is the adsorption bed. The main components of the basic system are shown in Figure 1. The system consists of an adsorption reactor, a condenser, an evaporator, a refrigerant storage tank, 3 one-way control valves, and a throttling device. The adsorption bed is composed of a type of solid medium that has affinity to physically adsorb and desorb the refrigerant vapor. The basic adsorption refrigeration thermodynamic cycle is illustrated on the conceptual Clapeyron diagram, Figure 2, and its operation time schedule is represented in Figure 3.
Since refrigerant phase change is monovariant, its equilibrium state is defined only by one variable, either by the pressure or the temperature. The dynamic equilibrium condition of the refrigerant is represented by the line on the left in Figure 2. The condition of the gas-solid adsorption equilibrium in the reactor is bivariant and requires two variables to be specified, the concentration ratio and either the temperature or the pressure. Therefore, the temperature-pressure dynamic equilibrium of the gas-solid reactor is represented in Clapeyron diagram by the line in the middle for high concentration and the line in the right for the lower concentration ratios. The working region of the adsorption reactor spans from the lower concentration adsorption equilibrium line to the higher concentration adsorption equilibrium line. The adsorbent-adsorbate reactor cycle consists mainly of four processes; pressurization and preheating process at the constant higher concentration (isosteric heating process 1→2), desorption-condensation process at constant condenser pressure (isobaric heating process 2→3), depressurization and precooling process at the constant lower concentration (isosteric cooling process 3→4), and adsorption-evaporation process at constant evaporator pressure (isobaric cooling process 4→1) [1, 4].
At the beginning of the cycle, state 1, the reactor is isolated from both the condenser and the evaporator by valves and and is completely charged and saturated with the refrigerant. The pressure inside the reactor initially equals the evaporator pressure and its temperature is uniform and equals the ambient temperature , state 1. When the reactor is heated, both pressure and temperature inside the adsorption bed are elevated. This constant concentration heating phase continues till state 2 where the pressure reaches a value that equals the condenser pressure . At state 2, valve opens and the refrigerant vapor starts to desorb from the bed and flows towards the condenser. In parallel with the desorption process, the adsorption reactor is still being heated and the pressure inside the bed is fixed at the condenser pressure. The temperature continues to increase above the generation temperature . The refrigerant content inside the reactor continues to decrease as more adsorbate is being freed from the reactor. In the condenser, the refrigerant vapor losses both sensible heat and latent heat and condenses at the preset condensation temperature corresponding to the condenser pressure . The condensed refrigerant is then collected and stored in the refrigerant storage tank, Figure 1. It is worth noting that process 1→2→3 is equivalent to the compression process in case of the VCR system. The desorption process continues while the bed is being heated and its temperature is continuously increasing whereas the pressure keeps its value at the constant condenser pressure. This operation continues for a certain period of time until one of the following stopping criteria is reached.(1)The temperature of the adsorption bed reaches the maximum allowable value at which the refrigerant becomes chemically unstable. (2)The reactor temperature reaches the heat source temperature and no more adsorbate can be generated from the bed.
Whichever stopping condition is approached, valve is closed in order to disconnect the adsorption bed from the condenser and start the bed cooling process, 3→4. The reactor cooling process takes place at the constant low concentration and both of the temperature and pressure decrease, till its pressure reaches the evaporator pressure at state 4 on Clapeyron diagram, Figure 2. At state 4, valve is opened to allow the liquid refrigerant, which is previously stored in the storage tank, to pass through the expansion device. Due to the throttling process, the liquid refrigerant is self-cooled by evaporating some liquid before it enters the evaporator. At the same instant of opening valve t, valve opens and the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator flows towards the reactor. This process consists of the refrigerant adsorption within the reactor in parallel with the production of cooling effect inside the evaporator. The reactor is being cooled during this period in order to remove the generated heat from the exothermic adsorption process. The evaporation-adsorption process takes place at the constant evaporator pressure and continues till the adsorption bed retains its higher cycle isostere, at point 1.
3. Definitions and Terminologies
The solid adsorbent is a type of porous media that has cavities, channels, or interstices, which are deeper than being wide. The large surface area of the adsorption media is mainly due to the micropore and mesopore internal structure. Porous materials may be one of two types: agglomerates or aggregates. Agglomerates are rigid and consolidated porous material which consists of the assemblage of macroscopic particles whose dimensions exceed those of the pores by many orders of magnitude, like silica gel. Aggregates are loose and unconsolidated assemblage of individual particles, like powders, [28, 29].
As illustrated in Figure 4, the total void space, , within an element of the adsorbent consists of three components: the interparticle voids, the open pore voids, and the closed pore voids. The open pore type of void spaces is due to the contribution of both the intercrystalline macropores and the intracrystalline micropores void spaces as well as the mesopore spaces. The total porosity of any porous material is defined as the ratio between the total void spaces within the solid porous material and the material bulk volume. The bulk volume of a material includes the contribution of skeletal volume, pore void volume, and interparticle space volume [30]. Therefore, an adsorption bed with a bulk volume of has its total porosity, , calculated from where is the packed bed porosity which represents the interparticle void spaces within the bed per unit bulk volume of the bed. The particle porosity, , is the the total pore volume, open and closed, per unit bulk volume of the particle and is given in terms of the particle density, , and true density, , as follows;
The true density (also, absolute density, helium density, or skeletal density) of the material is calculated by excluding all pores (open and closed) and interparticle voids. Therefore it is comparable to the theoretical density of this type of solid in the absence of pores, whereas, particle density (also apparent or mercury density) is the density of the material including all pore system, open and closed pores. If both apparent and real densities are known, the difference of their inverses will provide the total pore volume per unit mass of the material. A third type of density of porous media is the bulk density. The bulk density includes all the pore system as well as interparticle voids between loose particles [28–30].
An important parameter in dealing with adsorption in porous media is the adsorbed phase volume fraction, . The adsorbed phase volume fraction is defined as the volume of the adsorbate phase, , per unit bulk volume of the adsorption bed, :
Therefore, the mass of the solid media, , the mass of gas phase, , and the mass of the adsorbate phase, , can be expressed in terms of the total bed porosity, , and the adsorbate volume fraction, , as follows: where is the density of the gas phase at the temperature and pressure of the adsorption reactor. The density of the adsorbate phase, , is considered equal to the density of the liquid refrigerant at the temperature of the bed.
Another important parameter is the adsorbate concentration ratio which is the mass of the adsorbate phase per unit mass of the solid adsorbent porous media. From (4), we can express as follows:
4. The Adsorption Equilibrium Model
The adsorption characteristics of a certain pair depend on the nature of the adsorbate, the nature of the adsorbent, the reactivity of the surface, the surface area, and the temperature and the pressure at which adsorption process takes place. When a solid surface is exposed to a gas, the molecules of the gas strike the surface of the solid. Some of the striking molecules attach and stick to the solid surface and as a consequence become adsorbed, while others rebound back. The rate of adsorption is large at the beginning of the process because the whole surface is uncovered. The adsorption rate continues to decrease since more and more of the solid surface is being covered by the adsorbate phase molecules. Meanwhile, the rate of desorption increases due to the escaping of the gas molecules from the covered surface, Figure 5. An equilibrium is approached when the rate of adsorption is equal to the rate of desorption. At this point of time, the gas-solid system is said to be in adsorption dynamic equilibrium because the number of molecules sticking to the surface is equal to the number of molecules rebounding from the surface [31].
The amount of adsorbate phase per unit mass of the solid adsorbent at the equilibrium condition is known as the adsorbate equilibrium concentration ratio and is denoted by . It is noteworthy that the adsorbent concentration ratio for a certain adsorption pair at the equilibrium is a bivariant property which depends upon the pressure of the gas as well as the temperature at which the adsorption process takes place, that is . The adsorption equilibrium theories are widely introduced in the literature [31–33]. One of the mostly used adsorption equilibrium models is the Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A) model [34–36]. The D-A equation has been developed mainly to describe the adsorption of gases by microporus adsorbents especially in case of activated carbon and is better than other models due to its thermodynamic character. According to Dubinin-Astakhov model, the adsorbate concentration ratio at equilibrium is related to the adsorption process pressure and temperature by the following equation: where is the maximum adsorption capacity, and are constants which depend on the adsorbate-adsorbent pair, and and are the adsorbate density and the saturation pressure corresponding to the bed temperature.
Equation (6) can be rearranged in order to give the pressure in an explicit formula. After doing this arrangement,
Also, the adsorbate volume fraction at the equilibrium condition, , is found from the following relation:
5. Isosteric Heat of Adsorption and Desorption
When the gas or the vapor is physically adsorbed in the adsorbent solid media, two types of thermal energy are liberated: the latent heat of the evaporation of the adsorbed liquid and the additional heat of wetting which is due to the electrostatic forces involved in the physical adsorption process. The combined latent heat and the heat of wetting are transformed into sensible heat and dissipated into the adsorbent causing an increase in its temperature [37]. Therefore, the process of adsorption is exothermic whereas the process of desorption is endothermic. From the thermodynamics point of view, the adsorption process of a gas or a vapor on a solid adsorbent is a spontaneous process during which the free energy of the system decreases. Moreover, when the gas molecules are adsorbed, the system entropy is decreased since the thermodynamic probability of identifying the microscopic state increases. Therefore, it can be shown that the heat of adsorption should be negative and therefore the process is exothermic.
The amount of heat required to adsorb or desorb a unit mass of the adsorbate is known as the isosteric heat of adsorption or desorption, respectively. It has been common in the literature to use the Clapeyron-Clausius equation to calculate the heat of adsorption. Despite the simplicity of Clapeyron-Clausius equation, it is applicable only for the ideal gases [38, 39]. In the present analysis, the more general Clapeyron equation is used to determine the heat of adsorption or desorption. This isosteric heat per unit mass of adsorbate, , is calculated from the Clapeyron equation:
By performing a partial differentiation for the pressure equation, (7), with respect to the temperature and substituting it to (9), a formula for the adsorption heat can be obtained in terms of pressure and temperature as follows:
It is noteworthy that the difference between the gas phase and the adsorbate phase specific enthalpies is equal to the adsorption isosteric heat. Thus, the specific enthalpy of the adsorbed refrigerant can be found from the following equation:
Moreover, the specific internal energy of the adsorbed phase is expressed by
6. First Law Analysis of the ACP System
In this section, the mathematical model representing the ACP system operation is developed. This model is based on a steady state first law differential analysis in order to calculate all types of energy interactions which take place in all of the system components and all of the processes of the theoretical cycle. The derivation of the mathematical model is based on the actual thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant rather than considering it to behave like a perfect gas in the vapor phase. Therefore, either the refrigerant equation of state or the tabulated thermodynamic properties could be used in the numerical solution of the model. In the following subsections, the four process in the theoretical ACP cycle are analyzed first. Following that, the condenser, the throttling device, and the evaporator are analyzed.
6.1. Process 1→2
In this process, the adsorption bed is preheated at the constant highest isostere line, . For a given evaporator temperature, , the corresponding evaporator pressure, , is the saturation pressure of the refrigerant vapor corresponding to . Furthermore, the maximum adsorbate concentration ratio is determined from (6) corresponding to the evaporator pressure and the ambient temperature . The relation between the pressure and temperature along the path 1→2 is found from (7) at the constant concentration ratio which equals . Furthermore, the variation of the adsorbate volume fraction, , along the highest concentration path can be determined from (8).
During the present process, there is no desorption taking place and therefore, the mass of the gas phase as well as the mass of the adsorbate phase remains constant through the process path 1→2. The added energy during this process causes sensible heating of the adsorption bed constituents. A differential amount of energy, , which is introduced to the adsorption reactor, causes a step change in the adsorption bed state. This infinitesimal added energy can be represented as illustrated in Figure 6 and is given by where , , , and are the differential sensible energies absorbed by the adsorption reactor metallic shell, the porous adsorbent media, the adsorbate phase, and the refrigerant vapor phase, respectively, as seen in Figure 6.
The energy absorbed by the metallic cover of the adsorption bed causes a step temperature rise of and is given by
Also, The thermal energy consumed in sensible heating of the adsorption bed porous media is calculated from
The energy required by the adsorbate phase in order to cause an infinitesimal step change of its state is divided in two parts which has two contributions, as illustrated in Figure 6. The first contribution appears in the increase of the adsorbate internal energy. The second part of the energy absorbed by the adsorbate phase contributes in moving the boundary between the gas and the adsorbate phases and causes compression or expansion for the adsorbate phase. Therefore, the differential amount of energy input to the adsorbate phase can be expressed as follows: where is given as
The adsorbate mass, , is constant during this process and is given by
The thermal energy required by the refrigerant vapor phase is calculated from the following equation where is the mass of the vapor phase which is constant during this process and is given by
6.2. Process 2→3
During this process the adsorption reactor acts as a generator and undergoes the desorption phase at the constant condenser pressure. For a given value of the condensation temperature, , the condenser pressure is equal to the refrigerant saturation pressure corresponding to . Moreover, the adsorbate concentration ratio decreases during this process from its maximum value, , at state 2 to its minimum value, , at state 3. Equation (6) is used to describe this variation along the process path 2→3 as a function of the temperature and with the pressure value set to . Also, the variation of the adsorbate volume fraction, , along path 2→3, is calculated from (8).
It is noteworthy that the total energy required to drive this process has two main effects. The first effect causes a sensible heating of all the adsorption bed constituents and a change in their internal energy. The second effect activates the desorption of the refrigerant from the adsorbent media and generates the gas phase. The infinitesimal amount of energy which is required to cause a step change in the system state along the path 2→3 can be expressed as follows:
The energies required for sensibly heating the reactor metallic casing and the adsorbent porous solid media are given by the following two equations, respectively:
During this isobaric desorption process, the mass of the adsorbate phase, , is continuously decreasing since the refrigerant is being freed from the adsorption bed and flows towards the condenser. Hence, the concentration ratio is continuously decreasing along the process path 2→3 as well. In this case and according to the conservation of energy principle, the differential amount of energy which is added to the adsorbate phase, as illustrated in Figure 7, is expressed by where is the step change in the total internal energy of the adsorbate refrigerant phase and is given by where is the adsorbate phase mass in this process and is given by
The second term in (23) is the infinitesimal amount of energy which is carried by the desorbed vapor when its phase changes from the adsorbate phase to the gas phase. When a differential mass changes from the adsorbed phase to the gas phase, the corresponding required energy is calculated from
The change in the mass of the adsorbate phase is due to the releasing of a differential amount from this mass into the gas phase. Therefore, we can write
Regarding the refrigerant vapor phase, its mass is varying during the desorption process. By applying the conservation of energy principle on the refrigerant vapor phase, as shown in Figure 7, we get
The first term in (28), , is the change in the total internal energy of the vapor refrigerant which is calculated from
The differential amount of energy which is transported from the adsorption reactor to the condenser is given by where is the differential mass that leaves the adsorption bed and flows towards the condenser. This infinitesimal amount of mass equals the negative change of the total refrigerant mass content inside the adsorption reactor. Mathematically, it can be written as follows:
6.3. Process 3→4
During this cooling process, the adsorbate concentration ratio remains constant at its minimum cyclic value, . The value of is calculated from (6) corresponding to the condenser pressure, , and the highest cycle temperature reached, . Additionally, the variation of the reactor pressure with the temperature along the path 3→4 is found from (7) at the constant concentration ratio, . Also, the variation of the adsorbate volume fraction, , along this minimum concentration path can be determined from (8).
The energy which is lost from the adsorption bed to the ambient heat sink at is in a sensible form that results in the reduction of the bed temperature. In this process, there is no adsorption taking place and therefore, the mass of the gas phase as well as the adsorbate phase remains constant through this path.
The differential amount of energy lost from the bed to the ambient surroundings, , during this stage, as represented in Figure 8, is given by where , , , and are the energies lost from the adsorption bed cover, the porous media, the adsorbate phase, and the gas phase, respectively.
The energy lost from the adsorption bed metallic cover and the adsorption bed solid state are calculated from the following equations:
By the same methodology which has been followed in process 1→2, the adsorbate phase loss in energy is due to the decrease of the adsorbate internal energy and the amount of energy extracted in the expansion or compression of the boundary. As a consequence, the total amount of energy output from the adsorbate refrigerant to cause a step change in its state is express as where is the constant adsorbate phase mass in the present process and is calculated from
Also, the thermal energy losses from the refrigerant vapor phase during the current process are calculated by the following expression: where is the mass of the gas phase which is determined from the following equation:
6.4. Process 4→1
In this process, the adsorption bed is being used as an adsorber while it is being cooled at the constant evaporator pressure. The mass of the adsorbate phase inside the reactor is continuously increasing as more refrigerant vapor leaves the evaporator and enters the adsorption bed. As a consequence, the concentration ratio increases also during this process from its minimum value to its maximum value . The bed temperature decreases from the adsorption temperature to the ambient temperature at the end of the process path 4→1. For a given value of the evaporator pressure equals the refrigerant saturation pressure corresponding to . Equation (6) is used to describe the variation of as a function of the bed temperature and . Also, the variation of along the path 4→1 is calculated from (8).
Energy removed from the bed during the current process consists of the reactor sensible cooling energy in addition to the adsorption energy. As seen in Figure 9, the infinitesimal total amount of energy removed from the reactor to cause a step change in the system state along the path 4→1 is given in a differential form as follows:
Energies required for sensibly cooling the bed metallic cover and the adsorbent porous solid media are given by the following two equations, respectively:
According to the first law of thermodynamics, the differential amount of energy, , which is taken from the refrigerant adsorbate phase in order to cause a step change of its state along the process path is expressed by where is the refrigerant vapor saturation enthalpy corresponding to the evaporator pressure and is given by
The differential mass which is transformed from the vapor phase to the adsorbate phase is given by
The corresponding infinitesimal amount of the adsorption heat is calculated from
The change in the adsorbed mass is given as a function of the concentration ratio by
Regarding the refrigerant gas phase, from the conservation of energy principle and energy flow diagram which is illustrated in Figure 9 we get where is the change in the total internal energy of the vapor refrigerant and is given by where is expressed as
The differential mass that leaves the evaporator and enters the adsorption bed, , equals the change of the total refrigerant mass content inside the adsorption reactor. Mathematically, it can be written as follows:
6.5. The Condenser
The refrigerant vapor enters the condenser as soon as it desorbs from the adsorption bed. In the condenser, the refrigerant gas is being desuperheated first by removing sensible energy from the superheated vapor across a driving temperature difference of . When the refrigerant vapor reaches the saturated vapor state, it starts to condense and the latent energy of condensation is rejected to the ambient heat sink across a difference of . After the vapor condenses to liquid at a temperature of , it is being subcooled to the ambient temperature by rejecting energy to the ambient surroundings. The differential condensation energy of is then given by where is the refrigerant liquid specific enthalpy at the ambient temperature.
6.6. The Throttling Process
In the throttling process, the refrigerant conserves its total enthalpy. Therefore, the wetness fraction of the refrigerant after the throttling process is given by where is the refrigerant saturated liquid specific enthalpy corresponding to the evaporator temperatures. The term is the latent energy of the vaporization of the refrigerant at the evaporator temperature. The fraction of liquid that evaporates in this process, , causes a self-cooling of the remaining liquid fraction, , and consequently reduces its temperature from the ambient temperature to the evaporator temperature.
6.7. The Evaporator
In the evaporator, cold production takes place by the evaporation of the saturated liquid refrigerant. The differential cooling effect, , associated with a differential amount of refrigerant liquid, , is calculated from where is the mass of the refrigerant vapor which is coming from the evaporator and is being adsorbed in the adsorption reactor, (48).
6.8. The System Performance
In general, the efficiency of any cooling system is measured by the coefficient of performance, , which is a measure of how efficiently the input energy is transformed to a useful output cooling effect. The is given by In this equation, the refrigeration effect is given by and the required input energy to drive the system is given by
The effective refrigerant mass, , is the total mass of the desorbed refrigerant from the adsorption reactor which is circulated through the condenser and the evaporator. This refrigerant mass is responsible for providing the cooling effect inside the evaporator and is given by the following equation:
Another important parameter which is used in the present study is the refrigerant mass utilization efficiency, . This parameter is defined as the ratio between the effective refrigerant mass, , to the total refrigerant mass which is required to charge the system. The refrigerant mass utilization efficiency is defined by the following equation:
When the cooling system is used for freezing applications, the total amount of the ice produced from the ACP system per cycle is given by where is the initial water temperature and , , and are the water specific heat, the ice specific heat, and the latent heat of ice fusion, respectively.
If the cooling system is used as a water chiller, the daily production of chilled water is given by
7. The Case Study
The case investigated in the present study is an ice maker and produces ice at a temperature of . The system operates with activated carbon-methanol as the working pair. The liquid and vapor thermodynamic properties of methanol have been calculated from the methanol equation of state reported by the IUPAC [40]. The base line parameters used in this case study are summarized in Table 1. Moreover, the effect of metallic casing of the adsorption bed is not taken into account in this studied case.
8. Results and Discussions of the Case Study
Based on the introduced thermodynamic analysis in Section 6 and the case study described in Section 7, a computer program is developed to solve the mathematical model of the ACP system. An energy balance for the whole system including the bed, the evaporator, and the condenser is performed as a numerical experimentation of the developed computer code. It is found that the total energy input to the cycle, , equals 318.634 MJ, whereas, the total energy output from the system, , equals 318.615 MJ. Therefore, the relative error, , in the calculations is nearly 0.006% which is an acceptable numerical error and validates the calculation accuracy.
Generally, it is found that the system attains a refrigeration COP of 0.616 with a refrigeration effect produced inside the evaporator estimated to 12.15 MJ per cycle. This cooling effect corresponds to ice production of 27 kg per cycle at from water at a source temperature of 25°C. Therefore, every 1 kg of activated carbon inside the adsorption reactor produces ice mass of 0.471 kg per cycle at a temperature of . Figure 10 plots the relation between the adsorption bed pressure and temperature for all of the four cycle processes. The adsorption bed pressure rises from the evaporator pressure at 2.91 kPa to the highest cycle pressure at the condenser, 27.79 kPa, during the preheating process. It can be also seen that the adsorbent starts the generation process at a temperature of about 74.65°C. Then the bed pressure remains steady during the generation process till the maximum cycle temperature, 120°C, is approached. Figure 11 illustrates the variation of the adsorbate phase concentration ratio with the adsorption bed temperature along the cycle. From this plot, the adsorbate concentration ratio varies between its maximum value of 0.24 kg/kg to its minimum value of 0.051 kg/kg during the cycle. This corresponds to a maximum and a minimum contents of an adsorbed refrigerant phase mass of 13.76 kg and 2.97 kg, respectively. As a result, the total refrigerant effective mass which is circulated through the system is 10.79 kg. In other words, the refrigerant mass utilization efficiency is estimated to be 78.43%.
The development of the adsorbate volume fraction with the bed temperature is demonstrated in Figure 12. As noticed from this figure, the adsorbate volume fraction is continuously varying throughout the cycle operation. Slight changes of the adsorbate refrigerant volume fraction are noticed during both of the two isosteric processes. In the isosteric preheating phase, the volume fraction increases with temperature due to the decrease in adsorbed refrigerant density with increasing temperature. It attains its highest cyclic value at the end of this phase, about 0.186, whereas, the decreasing trend in the adsorbed phase volume fraction during the isosteric cooling process is due to the increase in its density with the decreasing bed temperature. It attains its minimum value at the end of isosteric cooling process, about 0.04. Figure 13 presents the evolution of the refrigerant desorbed mass from the adsorption reactor during the isobaric process 2→3. It is noticed that the rate of the generated refrigerant has its maximum value at the beginning of the desorption process, when the bed temperature reaches the value of the generation temperature. This rate, as depicted in the plot, is continuously decreasing with increasing the bed temperature and it approaches the minimum value at the end of the desorption phase, at the maximum cycle temperature and the minimum concentration. The total desorbed refrigerant vapor mass at the end of this process equals 10.79 kg. Furthermore, the adsorbed refrigerant mass evolution as a function of the adsorption reactor pressure during process 4→1 is demonstrated in Figure 14.
The cumulative sum of the energy added to the adsorption reactor per unit mass of the solid adsorbent is demonstrated in Figure 15 versus the bed temperature. The total amount of the specific energy required to activate the adsorption bed is estimated to 343.33 kJ/kg per cycle. A fraction from this energy, about 16.15%, is needed to bring the reactor up to the generation temperature, whereas, the constant pressure desorption process requires the remaining part of the total energy added, 83.84%. As noticed from the plot in Figure 15, there is a more rapid increase in the temperature during the preheating process than in the desorption process with respect to the specific driving energy. The reason is that all of the energy input to the adsorption bed during the process 1→2 is consumed only in the sensible heating of the bed, whereas, in process 2→3, a large portion of energy is consumed in the refrigerant generation process. Figure 16 illustrates a comparison of the specific total energy added to the adsorption bed and the specific isosteric desorption energy during the desorption process. As provided in the figure, most of the input energy is being used as activating energy of desorption, about 92.56%. Similarly, the cumulative sum of the specific energy removed from the adsorption reactor during both the isosteric cooling as well as the adsorption process is demonstrated in Figure 17. The total energy removed from the bed during this cooling phase is found to be about 315.97 kJ/kg per cycle. About 13.21% of this energy is lost to the ambient during the constant concentration cooling process in a form of sensible cooling. The remaining larger fraction of this energy is then rejected from the reactor to the surroundings during the adsorption process.
9. Conclusion
A simple thermodynamic differential analysis for adsorption refrigeration systems is introduced in the present work. The analysis is based on the energy conservation principle and the D-A adsorption equilibrium model. The case studied is an ice machine working with activated carbon-methanol as the working pair.
|Adsorbed phase concentration ratio at equilibrium [kg/kg]
|Isosteric heat of adsorption or desorption [J/kg]
|The maximum adsorption capacity
|Specific heat [J/kg·K]
|Constant in Dubinin-Astakhov equation [-]
|The specific enthalpy [J/kg]
|Latent heat of vaporization [J/kg]
|Mass [kg]
|Constant in Dubinin-Astakhov equation [-]
|Pressure [Pa]
|Thermal energy [J]
|Temperature [K]
|Total internal energy [J]
|The specific internal energy [J/kg]
|Work [J]
|Wetness fraction [-].
|The refrigerant mass utilization efficiency [-]
|The adsorbate phase volume fraction at equilibrium [-]
|Porosity of the solid adsorbent medium [-].
|The isosteric preheating process
|The isobaric desorption process
|The isosteric cooling process
|The adsorption process.
|Adsorbate phase
|Ambient or atmospheric
|Condenser or condensation
|Fluid or liquid
|Gas or vapor phase
|Metallic shell
|Heat of adsorption/desorption
|Solid or porous media.
|Adsorption cold production
|Coefficient of performance [-]
|Thermally driven cold production
|Vapor compression refrigeration.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a technical, Web-related term used in two distinct meanings:
In popular usage, it is a widespread synonym for Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) — many popular and technical texts will use the term "URL" when referring to URI;
Strictly, the idea of a uniform syntax for global identifiers of network-retrievable documents was the core idea of the World Wide Web. In the early times, these identifiers were variously called "document names", "Web addresses" and "Uniform Resource Locators". These names were misleading, however, because not all identifiers were locators, and even for those that were, this was not their defining characteristic. Nevertheless, by the time the RFC 1630 formally defined the term "URI" as a generic term best suited to the concept, the term "URL" had gained widespread popularity, which has continued to this day.
via the wonderful Wikipedia


text:
HOTEL SWEET HOTEL Everyone, at one time or another, has had to stay in a Hotel that has had more than its fair share of Character. John Margolies, in a lecture entitled Dreams and Nightmares: The American Hotel, will attempt to present a broad overview of the history of the hotel over the last 150 years. The rich history of the hotel parallels the development of our country, as we move away from individuality toward a homogenized lifestyle everywhere we go. The lecture will be on July 21 at the Urban Center, located at 457 Madison Avenue. Tickets are $10 and can be purchased by calling 212-980-3767. For more information, call 212-753-1722.
ABC NO RIO, 156 Rivington St., 638-7039: Sun.Weekly poetry/ spoken word readings, all are welcome, no time limit, 3 p.m., $3.
BLUESTOCKINGS BOOKSTORE, 172 Allen St., 777-6028: Womens Poetry Jam w/ Open Mike, last Tue. of every month, 7-9 p.m., 8-min. limit, $2 suggested donation.
THE BOWERY POETRY CLUB, 308 Bowery, 334-6414: Mon.Da Bowery Improv. Poets, 9 p.m., free admission; Wed.Supreme Poets, poetry & spoken word, 8:30 p.m., $10; Sat.Poets4Life, monthly performance of poetry on the second Saturday of every month, $12, call 696-6455 for more information.
CARING COMMUNITY, 20 Washington Sq. N., 877-7699: Tue.Poetry writing workshop, sponsored by the Greenwich House Senior Center, 1:30-3:30 p.m., free.
CORNELIA ST. CAFÉ, 29 Cornelia St., 989-9318, www.poetz .com: Fri.Pink Pony West Reading Series, feat. poet and open mike, 6 p.m., $6, includes free drink.
HOUSING WORKS USED BOOK CAFE, 126 Crosby St., 334-3324: call for information about current readings.
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About ArthriceptStop living with the pain of arthritis and sore muscles with Arthricept. These all-natural products can help ease joint and muscle pain and are available as pills or topical medications. For superior pain relief, use both in conjunction with each other so you can knock out pain and get on with your busy day.
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text:
The Yankees have postponed Friday's game against the Pirates due to an inclement forecast and will make up the game as part of a single-admission doubleheader on Sunday, following the conclusion of the 1:05 game.
Tickets for Friday's game will not be valid for Sunday.
Fans instead can exchange paid tickets for any regular season game in the next 12 months, subject to availability.


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Welcome back to the always
Readers, we're glad you stopped back in this week. We're helping Felicity get the word out about her new releases. We hope you'll help her, too. Below are links to her websites where you can grab your own copies of all of her books so you'll have them for your summer reads. Be sure to show her some love by using our share buttons at the bottom. Have questions for her? Feel free to leave a comment or let us know how much you've already enjoyed her books.


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VistaCare Hospice - Atlanta, GA VistaCare Hospice - Atlanta, GA
Here's a sample of our volunteer opportunities:VIEW AS
Mission Statement
To provide compassionate care to those we serve during the end of life's journey through our commitment to clinical excellence and uncompromising service.
VistaCare Hospice/Atlanta is looking for angels - the earthly kind! You can add your gentle touch, warm heart and administrative skills to the care we offer terminally ill patients. If you have minimum of 4 hours per month that you can contribute, VistaCare would like have you join our team as a volunteer.
We offer two types of volunteer opportunities:
- You may visit patients with life-limiting illness in their homes, nursing homes or assisted living facilities to give your companionship and emotional support. You may also visit patients at our in-patient units in Emory University Hospital or in Emory University Hospital Midtown.
- If you're well organized and enjoy office work, you may provide administrative assistance to the staff at one of our in-patient units or at our offices in the Cumberland Mall/Galleria area. General office work will include filing, photocopying, collating materials we give to patients and answering phones.
No special skills are required to volunteer at VistaCare, and you will receive training for the work you choose to do. We are required to do background checks and administer TB tests for all volunteers. In return, you have the opportunity to work with a wonderful group of people.
Please note: The address given is for our office only. VistaCare serves patients in north DeKalb, north Fulton and all of Cobb County.
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text: I must be missing something because this just doesn't work for me. I run several vmware instances full screen under SL, each one in always the same space. My Win7 vm is always in space 3, so I can always hit control-3 to get me to that vm. Same for my other vm's. Ever since Lion when Apple took away Spaces, this was no longer possible. A friend of mine told me that even in Mavericks, there isn't a way to jump directly to a full-screen app using a hotkey. This is primarily an issue when you are running multiple instances of the same app full-screen since only one of them will show up when you hit command-tab. Please tell me what I am missing as this may prevent me from upgrading!


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text:
My train pulled in to the station. I walked thru the barrier and crossed the road to a narrow footpath.
I followed it and past a bend, down to where I had parked my vehicle.
I rounded anther bend and there it was. I approached it and remotly keyed the locks.
I was going to dump my laptop bag on the passenger seat, walk round and get in the driver's side.
I was moving to slip the strap off my shoulders, I had just reached for the passenger door handle to open it and pulled, when it happened...
My fingers slipped off the handle and the tips of my nails, longer than the end of my fingers caught on the door handle.
My fingernails broke, bent, tore or shattered. one split torn horizontally hafway accross. They were totally trashed... and to make matters worse it was agony.
I bit on my lip and I sooo didn't cuss, you could practically hear me not cussing. If I were a manga"graphic novel" there would have been this blank speech bubble drawn in just to show I wasn't cussing.
The lock had not released. It needed a second click to release the passenger doors. I thought I clicked it twice. It felt like I clicked it twice.
I Just bet that security system was designed by a maaan ^_^
I did my best to fix things when I got home, but it looks terrible. What to do?
Really long cuffs? Maybe a glove? Falsies?
Friday, September 30, 2011
For want of a (French polished) Nail...
5 comments:
- That gentleman's lady said...
I always snap just one... and then it irks me so i cut every single one...
Unfortunately there is no cure :(
- September 30, 2011 at 11:15 AM
- CherryPie said...
I would just stick with it, nails grow so quickly and in a couple of days or so you will have them ship shape although shorter than usual.
Falsies look lovely, but I am not a fan because they get in the way of every day activities!
- September 30, 2011 at 4:07 PM
- Moggsy said...
TGL, well I trimmed them all on that hand.
CP, They don't look too bad except one that looks bad, but is not too obvious if I hold my hand just so.
- October 2, 2011 at 11:05 PM
- James Higham said...
You're referring to nails, right?
- October 6, 2011 at 9:49 AM
- Moggsy said...
James I think you left out the LOL.
The post is about nails, CherryPie had it in context. Trust a guy to let his mind stray ^_^
- October 6, 2011 at 10:41 PM
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34827 Se Leitz St Snoqualmie, WA 98065
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My name is
and I have a question about 34827 Se Leitz St Snoqualmie
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Estimated Monthly Payment$5,051
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text:
Bipasha Basu (born January 7, 1979) is a Bollywood actress and supermodel. She was the winner of the Ford's Supermodel of the World Contest for 1996 and is currently one of the mainstream Bollywood actresses.
Early life
Basu is the second of three daughters in her family. Her siblings are her elder sister Bidisha, and younger sister Bijoyeta . She was born in New Delhi, but her family later moved to Kolkata, where she won a regional beauty contest at a very young age. She has said that she had come into modelling and acting "quite by accident," because initially Bipasha had planned to either study chartered accountancy or medicine. However, she said that she dropped the idea of doing medical studies because she fainted when attempting to dissect rats.
Basu, a Calcutta based commerce graduate model won the Ford's Supermodel of the World Contest and was named Tulips Ms Super Vivacious in the same event at the remarkably young age of 17. Basu was then flown to New York by the Ford Company. She commented in an interview, "I was spotted by the world famous photographer, Steven Meisel, and featured in Vogue magazine. I was thrilled and soon had plenty of projects coming my way." Bipasha gave it all up and came back to India. She said, "Yeah, I did a lot of ads, but my heart was not in it. I started missing my family because it was the first time I was away from them. So I happily gave it all up and came down to India".
Basu made her debut film in Abbas Mustan's Ajnabee, with Akshay Kumar, Bobby Deol and Kareena Kapoor. She played a married woman who goes all out to woo her husbands married friend, and eventually won the Filmfare Best Female Debut Award for her performance.
Besides acting, Bips, as her friends call her, did the famous video "Tu" for Sonu Nigam's album, Kismat and made a guest appearance in Jay Sean's music video Stolen.[1] In 2006, she won popular acclaim for her Item number Beedi in the song Omkara.
Personal life
Basu is currently dating actor John Abraham, They have been dating since late 2002. She previously dated fellow Bollywood actors Milind Soman and Dino Morea.
Even though Basu is a practicing Hindu and Abraham is a Christian, both families have accepted the couple. Basu has stated in an interview that though she was raised a Hindu, she believes that all religious groups deserve respect.
Basu claims that she was harassed by organizers of the controversial 2006 India Day Parade in Edison, New Jersey. [2] Organizers are now saying that they will sue Bipasha for breach of contract for not participating in the event and alleging harassment.
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An Open-Label Study to Characterize the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination of a Single Oral 14C Labeled Dose of GSK2118436 in Subjects With BRAF Mutant Solid Tumors
GSK2118436 is an orally administered, potent and selective small molecule BRAF inhibitor
that is being developed for the treatment of BRAF mutation-positive tumors. The study is a
Phase 1, open-label study designed to characterize the absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion of GSK2118436 following administration of a single oral 14C labeled dose of
GSK2118436 as a suspension in subjects with BRAF mutation positive tumors. A sufficient
number of subjects will be enrolled to complete approximately four subjects. Following
completion of the study, subjects may continue dosing with GSK2118436 in the rollover study,
Endpoint Classification: Pharmacokinetics Study, Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Excretion of radioactivity in urine following oral administration of [14C]GSK2118436
Pre-dose, and post-dose for a minimum of 96 hours, and a maximum of 240 hours after dosing.
GSK Clinical Trials
Study Director
United States: Food and Drug Administration
January 2011
April 2011
|GSK Investigational Site
|Seattle, Washington 98133


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In a unanimous vote, Juan Carlos Castilla, a professor of marine ecology at Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, was honored with the 2010 National (Chile) Award for Applied Science and Technology. The prize consists of 16 million pesos and a monthly annuity of approximately 700,000 pesos.
Castilla was awarded the prize for his work on Chile's benthic resources, in particular, and for generating scientific knowledge that underpins all Chilean national legislation on coastal marine resource management, in general. Castilla said he was grateful for the recognition and insisted that society should make efforts to be responsible to sustainable development. "I like that applied science is considered and consulted when it comes to designing public policy," he said.


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It's finally complete!
Began: August 24, 2008
Completed: June 12, 2010
Saturday, June 12, 2010
Posted by pobc at 6/12/2010 11:07:00 PM 5 comments:
Red Schoendienst
Where purchased: eBay
Condition: Excellent. A few tiny little black specks on the front of the card appear to be part of the printing process.
Comments: That's all folks, 33 of 33 cards.
Posted by pobc at 6/12/2010 11:05:00 PM 4 comments:
Enos Slaughter
Where purchased: eBay
Condition: Excellent. One of the best cards in the set.
Comments: A very nice-looking card. He looks kinda young in the photo, even though he was a 13-year veteran in 1954.
Posted by pobc at 6/12/2010 11:01:00 PM No comments:
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Heidi Forsythe: Student, MPA
Undergraduate Program: Communications Term/Year graduated: Spring 2003 Institution: CSUB
Master's Program: Teaching with an emphasis in Special Education Term/Year graduated: Spring 2012 @ PLNU
2nd Master's Program: Masters of Public Administration (MPA)
Current position title, organization & years worked: NEWLY HIRED WITH BAKERSFIELD COLLEGE ADJUNCT PROFESSOR COMMUNICATIONS DEPARTMENT and PRE-NEED ADVISOR FOR HILLCREST MEMORIAL CEMETARY both positions have been under three months. Prior to these jobs I subbed for the KERN HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT
1. How/why did you choose your respective program?
After having worked in the education field for over 12 years in multiple positions including community relations liaison, after school program coordinator and special ed. teacher I realized how much I enjoy helping families. I wanted to follow my passion to empower our community through policy reformation, bringing awareness and creating or sustaining programs that impact the lives of individuals. I took a leap of faith, after completing a previous masters program and decided that this was one way I was going to create my legacy, serving others.
2. Did you work first or go straight into the program after your undergraduate studies?
I have been going to school since I finished school. I graduated from AHS in 95' and was admitted into CSUB. I took the advise of EOP staff and took a job on campus in the English/Communications department. After 1 ½ years I took a break from school and began an adventure that would draw back to school three years later. Prior to my undergraduate studies I worked in various positions: free lance graphic artist for El Popular newspaper, type-setter for Castle Printing, waitress at Los Huaraches restaurant, mentor in the STAR program at CSUB, teacher's aide, activity leader and after school program coordinator and community relations at BCSD, 4/5 grade special ed. teacher with KCSOS and substitute teacher for KHSD.
3. What was your favorite course(s) and why?
My favorite courses as an undergraduate were psychology, geology and English. I enjoyed learning how our brains work and why we do what we do as well as learning about earth's formations and inner beauty. I also have always enjoyed writing.
4. What are some of the benefits of having received a master's degree?
I am reaping one of the benefits of having a master's now; an adjunct position at Bakersfield College. Anthoer benefit is that professors actually have faith in what I am saying as if I have more validity. I must know something now, hee hee. More doors are opening for me within research and employment and I find that very exciting, doing what I love to do; ask questions, find answers and talk about my results only now people actually listen.
5. How did your program prepare you for your current position?
My program is preparing me now. I'll know if my undergraduate program prepared me for current position by the end of the semester when I ask my students what they learned. Actually, I believe that my program prepared me for not only my current position but for many of the jobs I have had from being able to speak in public to dealing with challenging people on the job.
6. What are the benefits of attending CSUB for your master's degree?
The benefits of attending CSUB for my master's degree is that I'm close to home. With six teenagers at home it's important to be close by . Another benefit is the collaboration in our small community helps me network with potential employers. There are also many opportunities to intern and demonstrate my work ethic as well as get a feel for people and places I would like to work with in the future.
I believe that my program prepared me for not only my current position, but for many of the jobs I have had. From being able to speak in public to dealing with challenging people on the job, I feel very competent.
Heidi Forsythe
Graduate Student, MPA
Graduate Student, MPA


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Every Year It's The Same Question…What Do I Get My Mom For Mother's Day?Sure a construction paper card works well when your 7 (and displays nicely on the coffee table)… but you're older now, finally able to afford a "real" gift and you want to show mom that she rocks, so what should you buy? Now by all means you don't have to spend an arm and a leg on a gift (unless you got money to burn). A Mother's Day gift is all about creativity and thoughtfulness. Remember what they say? It's the thought that counts, right? Ok… super cliché, but in this case it's true!
A few things to ponder:
Make sure to think about what YOUR mom (not just any mom) would enjoy and actually use when planning your shopping list.
Is your mom Traditional? Quirky? Adventurous?
Does she really need another nick nak for the shelf? Let me restate that…Stay away from the nik naks!
Put some thought into and for goodness sakes, don't wait till the day before!
- P.S.- Are your reading this the morning of Mother's Day? In a pinch, I grant you permission to whip out the construction paper card. Ha!
So let's go! We will start with our list for the best TRADITIONAL gift ideas for your Momma. Coming later this week… Part 2 with more ideas for the non-traditional girl. (P.S. we love lists!):
Traditional Gifts Mom Will Love
Jewelry – A safe bet for all the husbands and sons out there. Diamonds are a girls best friends after all. The men in the family can't go wrong with this purchase…if it's shiny and you can engrave her name or a special message on it… then buy, buy, buy. Make sure you find an appropriate gift bag and add a little ribbon to it to complete this token of appreciation.
Photo Albums – Customizing your own photo albums are always a hit with my mom and pretty inexpensive. I find pictures of her and I together and get them printed at the local CVS. I fill my favorite albums with the pictures of us and write a poem in the front expressing my undying gratitude for her many years of love and care. Brings tears of joy every time. : )
Framed Picture – If you don't have enough photos on hand to fill a whole album, then downsize and stick to filling a frame instead.
Candles- This one is not the right choice for everyone. Some girls love to light candles, others love to look at them, and some use febreeze. I find that vanilla scented candles with a design or unique shape can be a good fit for any mama's home. If you want to try a little harder buy a do-it-yourself candle kit and let the creative juices flow!
Massage or Spa Day– A little pricier option. Every girl likes to be pampered so a gift card to a local spa is no brainer. If there not a massage type of girl, they can get a pedicure, facial, or body scrub. A fun thing is to buy enough credit for her and a friend to go together or a mother/daughter date. If you're not sure which spa your mom likes, check out www.spafinder.com where you can buy a gift card that works at many different locations.
Have you given a gift on Mother's Day that you're mom adored? Share with us in the comments below for all the Girls Talk Shop friends to enjoy.
Related articles
- Top Mother's Day Gadget Gifts for 2012 – Mother's Day (everydayfamily.com)
- Gifts for Mothers Day (redenvelope.com)
- Mother's Day Idea's For Pet Lovers (lsmcreation.com)
- Mother's Day Simple Sugar Scrub Recipe (windsorhillswl.com)
- Mother's Day Series: Classic Gifts for the Vintage Mom (zazzle.com)
- Homemade Gifts for Mother's Day (williams-sonoma.com)
- The History of Mother's Day (berries.com)
- Mothers Day Gift Guide (undertendollarsblog.com)


text: Hello all, sorry for making a new thread for this question, but was unsure of where else it would belong. So, anyway, here's my issue. I use apps organizer to keep my homescreen tidy and keep everything quickly and easily accessible. However, I've been having a lot of issues with it not functioning correctly on most roms I've tried. I keep getting this message: Activity Apps label (in application Apps Organizer) is not responding. Then the buttons for FC or Wait below it. Does anyone have any ideas why this is and how to fix it or who to talk to about it? Thanks ahead of time for any suggestions you have for me.


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GORDONVILLE, MO (KFVS) - The kitchen is a place where memories are made for many families. That's especially true for this week's Heartland Cook and her siblings. Carol Statler of Gordonville, Missouri has 10 brothers and sisters. Carol says all 11 Kennedy kids learned to cook at a very early age at the insistence of their Mother who never used a recipe. Carol had to write down a recipe for the first time ever to share with our viewers! Carol fixed her Chicken Enchiladas for her sisters this week as they marked the eighteenth anniversary of their mother's passing and celebrated her memory exactly the way she would have wanted them to: in the kitchen, together.
- White corn tortillas (30 count package)
- 2 lbs. chicken (cooked & cubed)
- 1 can cream of celery soup
- 1 16 oz. sour cream
- 2 4 oz. chopped can green chilies
- 1 cup shredded cheddar or Colby jack cheese
- 2 Tablespoons Mexican Queso cheese (crumbled)
- ½ cup sliced Jalapenos
Preheat oven to 400 degrees.
Cook cubed chicken in medium-high skillet. Drain and save broth for later.
Flash-fry tortillas in canola oil in either a deep fryer or skillet. Fry for two seconds on each side and remove from hot oil.
In a large mixing bowl, combine cooked chicken, cream of celery soup, sour cream, cheese and chopped green chilies.
Spoon two tablespoons of mixture onto each fried tortilla. Roll each enchilada and place on a lightly greased cookie sheet.
Combine any unused cream/cheese mixture with the broth set aside from the chicken. Add sliced jalapenos and mix. Spoon mixture over the top of enchiladas.
Bake 15-20 minutes or until crispy and golden brown.
Copyright 2014 KFVS. All rights reserved.


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Privacy Variations in Fake Pennsylvania
It took me longer than usual to finish up the week's episodes of One Life to Live, in part because I was binging on The Bold and the Beautiful, and in part because, well, it's baseball season. Weekends get crazy when the boys are in town. Friday's OLTL didn't exactly move any stories forward at breakneck speed, but it did finally give us some movement on the Blair/Tomas connection. Each of them being one step ahead of the other was refreshing to say the least, and not just a little hot. They've made us all out to be fools in this scenario so many times before, though, that it's hard to hold out any hope that Tomas won't turn out evil. Extra evil. Uber evil. The evilest kind of evil. And really, John McBain thinks Tomas isn't to be trusted and, sadly, that's generally code for "he should therefore not be trusted since McBain is all-knowing. He has hunches!"
I'm pretty sure the big Friday cliffhanger moment was supposed to be Todd waking up from his wonderful and welcome coma, but to me, that was the dullest and most disappointing scene of the episode. I'm also a little sick of people waking up from comas on soap operas with zero confusion and always with some threat or smart-ass remark. I get that we're all supposed to chuckle and go, "Oh, that Todd, he's just incorrigible!" but mostly I get a bad taste in my mouth and get a little eye-rolly. Clint on a bad day is worlds more entertaining than Todd, but I found it just as annoying when Clint did the same thing (last week?).
A welcome addition to Llanview lately is Dr. Buhari (Tamela Aldridge), who is a therapist who -- for once on a soap -- is actually trying to stop her patient from continuing to do immoral and ridiculous things (in this case, she's trying to get Marty to come clean about switching Liam's paternity results). I'm skeptical about how much Marty insists Dr. Buhari really has her hands tied here because of being court-appointed, though. Wouldn't the doctor have the authority to send Marty back to St. Anne's, considering she's so clearly still off her rocker? Although I ask you, when she is capable of looking this hot:
...why have they tried to go all flowy Earth Mother with Marty over the last couple of years? And for god's sake WHY WASTE IT ON JOHN MCBAIN?! This is basically the main situation on the show where I cannot suspend my disbelief: three beautiful and seemingly intelligent women (Natalie, Marty, and Kelly) are all after John McBain. To the point that they have compromised any progress they have made as human beings and broken laws and... well, I'm of course only referring to Natalie and Marty. Kelly's probably behaving better than usual when it comes to men, but there's really nowhere to go but up after you've schtupped your stepson and gotten knocked up. Or kidnapped someone else's kid to pass it off as your own just to hold onto some guy.
And speaking of Dr. Buhari's patients and the various privacy rules regarding her treatment, I so want to shake Gigi and Rex and explain that there's nothing right about stealing a recording of your son's therapy session and convincing yourself it's to make sure he's not planning to try to kill himself. Sweet, naive Rex and Gigi: that actually isn't confidential. If a patient is planning to hurt himself or someone else, that's precisely when the confidentiality laws can be bypassed. So in fact, all you're doing is invading his privacy in a pretty despicable way. But no worries! Natalie has a brilliant idea for how they can circumvent this violation: Gigi and Rex won't listen to the tape. She will. I mean, what could be wrong about that? He's no longer having his privacy violated by his mother and father, he's having it invaded by his aunt! No biggie! I'm sure he doesn't mind his Aunt Natalie knowing all of his personal information; he probably just forgot to tell her his deepest, darkest most humiliating secrets. I realize this is all just a contrivance to put Natalie in the position of hearing Marty confess to switching Liam's paternity test, but can't they have her accidentally stumble across that information in a manner that isn't illegal and immoral?
While we're on the subject of privacy, across town in the snooze-a-rama known as the Deanna/James/Starr storyline, the writers deserve some sort of medal. For once, a soap that employed the standard cliche of someone just walking into a room and seeing something they shouldn't see that "isn't what it looks like!" actually bothered to explain why a door was not only unlocked but completely wide open:
It's because Deanna burned the Pop-tarts! They were airing out the room! (Beyond that, there's nothing to say. The scene went: "Bus blah blah," "Overnight," "Ohio," "breakup," "bus," "family," "back together," "Llanview," "bus," and then a few more blah blah blahs. Harold Pinter could have written the scene and with those three characters there still wouldn't have been any subtext, so I guess the good news is you really don't have to watch very closely.) Thanks, writers, for actually trying to justify a standard soap trope!
So yeah, did you guys know that an ABC daytime soap opera had a special episode last week showcasing a six-time Emmy award winner? It did. Hard for anyone who turned on ABC last week not to know about it. Except, it wasn't just one show. Glurg.


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