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Acknowledgements. The following persons contributed in the compilation of this booklet and deserve recognition:
- Grace Stone
- 3 years ago
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2 Acknowledgements Beyond Juvenile Court: Long-Term Impacts of a Juvenile Record was written by Kim Ambrose, WDA resource attorney, with Alison Millikan. Stacy Chen and Christie Hedman, director of WDA, edited the manual, and Sarah Yatsko formatted and supervised its production. This manual was updated in 2013 by Jessica Erickson, Travis Stearns and George Yeanakkis. The following persons contributed in the compilation of this booklet and deserve recognition: Hong Tran, Staff Attorney, Northwest Justice Project Ann Benson, Director, WDA Immigration Project Jonathan Moore, Immigration Resource Specialist, WDA Immigration Project Mark Dalton, Administrator, Department of Social and Health Services Sascha Sprinkle, WDA Technical Assistance 2
3 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Is a Juvenile Adjudication a Conviction?... 4 II. Juvenile Criminal History Records... 5 III. Immigration... 8 IV. Legal Financial Obligations (LFOs)... 9 V. Driving VI. School Issues VII. Applying to College VIII. Federal Student Loans IX. Right to Possess Firearms X. Voting and Jury Service XI. Military Service XII. Employment XIII. Housing XIV. Public Benefits XV. Traveling to Canada XVI. Juvenile Sex Offenses XVII. Foster Children XVIII. Parental Responsibility
4 Beyond Juvenile Court: What Defense Attorneys Need to Know about Collateral and Other Non-confinement Consequences of Juvenile Adjudications I don't know why I did it, I don't know why I enjoyed it, and I don't know why I'll do it again. -- Bart Simpson, from The Simpsons Who should use this Booklet? The information in this booklet is intended for use by public defense attorneys, their juvenile clients, and their clients parents in Washington State. It is not comprehensive. It is meant as a starting point for defenders and juveniles to understand the hidden penalties that may occur after juvenile court adjudications and can follow juveniles into adulthood. Juvenile respondents and their parents should understand the potential civil and other consequences of an adjudication and always should consult with an attorney before they plead guilty in juvenile court. This booklet is also for other criminal justice professionals, social service providers, community members or anyone who is concerned about the vast array of non-incarcerative penalties that follow juveniles with criminal adjudications or convictions. For a more detailed discussion of consequences of convictions in Washington, see Beyond the Conviction: What Defense Attorneys in Washington State Need to Know About Collateral and Other Non-Confinement Consequences of Criminal Convictions, available to WDA members and on-line at I. Is a Juvenile Adjudication a Conviction? Although it may depend on the context, for the most part under Washington law the answer is no. Since 1961, the Basic Juvenile Court Act has provided that an order of the court adjudging a child delinquent... shall in no case be deemed conviction of a crime. 1 However, in 2010 the Act was amended to state that an adjudication has the same meaning as conviction only for the purposes of sentencing under RCW 9.94A (the Sentencing Reform Act). 2 Similarly, the Sentencing Reform Act ( SRA ) was also amended in 1997 to define criminal history as including both convictions and juvenile adjudications. 3 There are two important contexts where juvenile adjudications are treated as convictions: (1) Public access to juvenile criminal history; 4 and (2) Adult sentencing under the SRA. 5 Public Access to Juvenile Criminal History: No matter what you call it, conviction or adjudication, a juvenile s criminal history is accessible to the public through public court records and the Washington State Patrol database. 6 See Section II, Criminal History Records. When 4
5 responding to criminal background checks, the Washington State Patrol reports all adult and juvenile convictions without distinction. Effect of Juvenile Adjudications on Adult Sentencing: For adult felony offenses committed on or after June 13, 2002, juvenile felony adjudications will be included in calculating an adult s offender score for purposes of sentencing under the SRA. 7 In other words, juvenile adjudications count for purposes of adult sentencing and will increase an adult s offender score which can result in a longer sentence. II. Juvenile Criminal History Records Criminal history, which is easily accessible to the general public, includes juvenile adjudications that were committed in Washington after While juvenile criminal history does not go away when a person turns 18, access to these records is greatly reduced once the juvenile turns twenty-one and even more restricted at twenty-three. No consumer reporting agency may make a consumer report containing any juvenile records, as defined in RCW (1)(c), when the subject of those records is twenty-one or older. 8 Criminal history record information is maintained centrally in Washington State through the Washington State Patrol Identification and Criminal History Section, 3000 Pacific Avenue, PO Box 42633, Olympia, Washington , (360) The Washington State Patrol may disseminate conviction records without restriction. 9 Access to Juvenile Records: Juvenile adjudication and arrest information is available to the public at the courthouse, the Washington State Patrol, and via the internet. For a small fee, anyone -- employers, landlords, potential love interests, etc. -- may access any individual s juvenile and adult criminal conviction records, arrests under one year old, and pending charges through the Washington State Patrol website, 10 The public can also access juvenile arrest records that are less than one year old, even if they have not led to a juvenile adjudication. 11 More complete criminal history records, including juvenile nonconviction data (dismissals, findings of not guilty et al.) are also available to the public at superior court clerk s offices and through the Washington State Courts Judicial Information System ( JIS ) on-line service, accessible at Certain agencies have free access to criminal history information, e.g., criminal justice agencies and the Department of Social and Human Services (DSHS), while others may subscribe to the on-line service for a fee. 12 Juvenile criminal records are available to the public unless and until they are sealed by a court order. 13 Beginning in 2011, no consumer reporting agency may make a consumer report containing any juvenile records, as defined in RCW (1)(c), when the subject of those records is twenty-one or older. 14 Correcting Juvenile Records: Requests to correct juvenile criminal history records held by a juvenile justice care agency 9 may be submitted by filing a motion in the juvenile court where the adjudication was entered. 15 Forms from the Washington State Courts website can be found at by calling the Administrative Office of the Courts at (360) Vacating, Sealing and Destroying Juvenile Records: To vacate means to annul, set aside, cancel or rescind; to render an act void. 17 Juvenile adjudications may be vacated only after completion of a deferred disposition or after 5
6 prevailing on appeal or through other post-conviction relief. 18 Vacated juvenile adjudications are still accessible to the public and must be sealed in order to remove them from public view. Sealing a court record means to hide it from the public s view, but the record still exists. 19 Certain adjudications (described below) may be sealed by filing a Motion to Seal with the juvenile court that entered the adjudication. 20 If the court grants the Motion to Seal, any agency receiving a request for the juvenile s record must reply that the record is confidential, and may not give out any information about its existence or nonexistence. The subject of the sealed record may respond that they have never been convicted on job, housing or other applications. 14 Subsequent juvenile adjudications or adult convictions will result in unsealing a previously sealed juvenile adjudication. 15 Juvenile data is accessible similar to adult data; however, the rules for sealing/vacating and destroying are different. 21 A juvenile conviction may be sealed if the following criteria are met: 22 The order is a deferred disposition vacated under WA St (9), the juvenile is age eighteen or older, and the full restitution has been paid; or There must be no proceeding pending seeking conviction for a juvenile or criminal offense; there must be no proceeding pending seeking a diversion program agreement, and: o o o Sex Offenses: Rape 1, Rape 2 and Indecent Liberties with actual forcible compulsion may not be sealed. All other sex offenses are eligible to be sealed by meeting the following requirements if the person is no longer required to register as a sex offender; A Felonies: the juvenile must be crime-free for 5 years from the last date of release from confinement and full restitution has been paid; B and C Felonies: the juvenile must be crime-free for 2 years from the last date of release from confinement; o Misdemeanors and Gross Misdemeanors: the juvenile must be crime-free for 2 years from the last date of release from confinement and full restitution has been paid. Unless the offender receives a full and unconditional pardon, in which case the proceedings will be treated as if they had never occurred. For full information on how these rules changed, contact WDA technical assistance staff. Destruction or Deletion of juvenile court records is only possible for non-conviction data 23 and diversions. 24 This is also referred to as expungement. Diversion records may be destroyed if either of the following criteria are met: The person is 18 years or older and o 2 years have elapsed since completion of the diversion agreement or counsel and release; and o The criminal history includes only one referral for a diversion, no prior convictions/adjudications and no subsequent arrests or charges; and o There is no restitution owing in the case. 25 -or- The person is 23 years or older and o has completed the diversion agreement and has no pending criminal charges; and 6
7 o criminal history includes only referrals for diversion (may be more than one). 26 Courts are permitted to routinely destroy juvenile records where the juvenile is 23 years or older or the juvenile is 18 years or older and he or she only has 1 diversion agreement and 2 years have passed since that agreement was completed. 27 If a person is adjudicated of a new juvenile offense or convicted of a crime, the sealing order is nullified and the public may again access the court record. 28 When a juvenile record is sealed the proceedings in the case shall be treated as if they never occurred, and the subject of the records may reply accordingly to any inquiry about the events, records of which are sealed. 29 Favorable dispositions (e.g., acquittals and dismissals, but not dismissals after a successful period of probation, suspension or deferral of sentence) may be deleted from a person s criminal history record information 2 years after entry of the disposition favorable to the defendant. 30 Arrest information not leading to adjudication may be deleted 3 years after the date of arrest or issuance of citation or warrant. 31 Federal juvenile adjudications: Records relating to federal juvenile adjudications are not released to the public and specifically are prohibited from release when the request for information is related to an application for employment, license, bonding, or any civil right or privilege. 32 Federal juvenile adjudications may only be released to law enforcement, courts, treatment programs, the victim of the crime, and to agencies considering the person for employment that directly affects national security. 33 NOTE: At the time of this writing, the FBI does not remove sealed Washington juvenile records from their database because they are not expunged under Washington law. (Washington law does not have a procedure for expungement. ) The FBI receives juvenile adjudication and arrest information from the Washington State Patrol. The FBI does not release records directly to the public; however, federal agencies and law enforcement have access to FBI records. Unfortunately, because the Washington Administrative Office of the Courts displays juvenile criminal history online and continues to sell court records to private companies that specialize in records searching, a record that has been officially sealed may be discoverable through any number of private companies. 34 PRACTICE TIP: Remind your clients that juvenile adjudications will not go away when they turn 18. Always go over criminal history with clients and remind them of the importance of sealing and destroying records as soon as they are eligible. Point them to the self-help resources found below. PRACTICE TIP: Remind clients that sealing juvenile records will not reinstate their ability to possess a firearm. This requires a separate motion and order. See Section IX, Right to Possess Firearms. RESOURCES: Good self-help resources are available: Sealing Juvenile Court Records in Washington State, from at 7
8 (June 2010) A Guide to Sealing and Destroying Court Records, Vacating Convictions, and Deleting Criminal History Records from the Washington Courts website at ontent/guidetocrimhistoryrecords (September 2012). III. Immigration A juvenile adjudication and disposition will not generally trigger removal (a.k.a. deportation) or inadmissibility for non-citizens, because under the federal immigration laws juvenile dispositions are not considered convictions. However, several circuit courts have held that an offense committed before an alleged offender s 18th birthday can serve as a basis for removal if the alleged offender is tried as an adult. 35 In 2010, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Padilla v. Kentucky, 599 U.S. 356 (2010) that an attorney representing a non-citizen adult client has an affirmative duty to inform the client of the immigration consequences of a guilty plea. 36 The mere omission of incorrect information is not enough to insulate an attorney from an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. 37 Failure to properly advise your client of the immigration consequences of the disposition may violate the clients Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel. 38 Nevertheless, there still may be immigration consequences. Determining these consequences can be challenging and complex. This opinion was affirmed by the Washington State Supreme Court in State v. Sandoval, 249 P.3d 1015, 171 Wash.2d 163 (Wash. 2011). Determine the Juvenile s Immigration Status: If a juvenile respondent was not born in the United States and is not otherwise a U.S. citizen, the first step is determining the juvenile s immigration status. The immigration consequences of a juvenile adjudication will depend on the juvenile s immigration status whether the non-citizen juvenile respondent is living in the United States legally (e.g., as a permanent resident with a green card ) or whether the juvenile respondent is living in the United States without legal immigration status (i.e., undocumented). Non-citizen Juvenile Respondents Residing in U.S. Legally: If a non-citizen juvenile is legally residing in the United States (e.g., has lawful permanent residence), a juvenile adjudication will not automatically trigger removal proceedings as an adult conviction might. 39 Nevertheless, not all of the criminal provisions under immigration law require convictions, and a juvenile disposition will be sufficient to trigger deportation/removal under those provisions. For example, a juvenile disposition for the offense of delivery of a controlled substance will likely fall under the INA s reason to believe provision that the non-citizen is a drug trafficker. 40 Additionally, a finding by a juvenile court that the youth has violated a domestic violence restraining, protective, or no contact order can trigger deportation under INA s violation of a family protective order ground. 41 Additionally, for those juveniles who are in the U.S. legally but have not yet obtained permanent legal residence (a green card) or citizenship, the Department of Homeland Security can and will consider juvenile dispositions in making the decision whether to grant their applications. 42 Since these decisions are discretionary it is difficult to predict with any certainty the affect of juvenile dispositions. 8
9 Juvenile Respondents Residing in the U.S. Illegally: Juveniles residing in this country who are undocumented (here illegally ) may be put into removal/deportation proceedings at any time regardless of their criminal history. If an undocumented juvenile is placed into removal proceedings he or she may still be able to remain in the country legally if eligible for some type of immigration relief such as Asylum 43 or Special Immigrant Juvenile Status. 44 However, noncitizens do not have a right to counsel in removal proceedings and indigent clients are rarely represented and/or made aware of possible avenues of relief. A juvenile adjudication will not automatically bar admissibility under immigration laws as an adult conviction might but it can and will be considered by DHS and Immigration Courts for discretionary determinations such as requests for relief from removal and applications for permanent legal residence. Whether or not juveniles are put into removal proceedings depends largely on whether DHS acting through Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) finds them and wants to remove them. The Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration ( JRA ) and some juvenile detention facilities report juveniles who are foreign nationals and in their custody to ICE. 45 JRA s policy requires foreign nationals to stay in the institution through the duration of their disposition and makes them ineligible for authorized leave or community placement until (1) The youth is placed in ICE custody; (2) ICE informs JRA in writing that they have no interest in the youth or does not respond within 90 days of sending the Notice of Foreign National Incarceration ; or (3) the youth reaches his/her release date. 46 Drug Abuse or Drug Addiction: Drug abuse and drug addiction are both grounds of inadmissibility 47 and deportability. 48 Since these provisions do not require a conviction they may be applied against a non-citizen juvenile. It is important to be aware of this consequence when considering entering pleas or dispositions for purposes of Juvenile Drug or Juvenile Treatment Courts. The following resources are available on the WDA website at Immigration and Washington State Criminal Law, by Ann Benson, Director and Jonathan Moore, Immigration Resource Specialist of the Washington Defender Association s Immigration Project (2005) available at and For information about Special Immigrant Juvenile Status see and the Immigrant Legal Resource Center website at PRACTICE TIP: For technical assistance, WDA members should call or the Washington Defender Association Immigration Project at (206) or complete the online form found at: IV. Legal Financial Obligations (LFOs) Juvenile respondents are required to pay legal financial obligations similar to adult defendants. These legal financial obligations include restitution, 49 fines, crime victim penalty assessments, 50 court costs, and court appointed attorneys fees and costs of defense. 51 One difference between adult and juvenile legal financial obligations is that interest does not accrue on juvenile 9
10 obligations; however, collection fees may be assessed. 52 Legal financial obligations imposed on juveniles do not go away when the juvenile becomes an adult. Restitution is the money owed by the respondent to the victim for damages for injury or loss of property. Restitution must be easily ascertainable 53 and a foreseeable consequence of the crime committed. 54 Restitution must be ordered and cannot be waived, reduced or converted, with only one exception: restitution ordered to an insurance company may be reduced or waived if the respondent can show that he or she could not reasonably acquire the means to pay the insurance company over a ten-year period. 55 All co-respondents are liable for restitution jointly and severally. 56 Restitution may be enforced for 10 years after the respondent s 18 th birthday and then jurisdiction to enforce restitution may be extended an additional 10 years. 57 Fines may be ordered by the court pursuant to the juvenile offender sentencing standards. 58 Fines may be converted into community restitution (which is similar to community service hours) if, due to a change in circumstances after the fine has been ordered, the juvenile cannot pay, unless the monetary penalty is the crime victim penalty assessment, which cannot be converted, waived, or otherwise modified, except for schedule of payment. 59 Fines may be extended in the same manner as restitution, and may be enforced up to 20 years after the respondent s 18th birthday. 60 Victim penalty assessments cannot be waived and must be ordered in every juvenile disposition, regardless of whether there is a victim. 61 Like other financial obligations, victim penalty assessments can be enforced for a total of 20 years after the respondent s 18 th birthday. 62 Court-appointed attorneys fees and costs of appeal may be ordered against a juvenile, a parent or another person legally obligated to support the juvenile if the state prevails on an appeal of a juvenile disposition, if the court finds an ability to pay. 63 This obligation is enforceable for 10 years after the respondent s 18 th birthday or 10 years from the date the juvenile court jurisdiction expires. 64 PRACTICE TIP: Remind clients that every juvenile adjudication will carry some financial obligation, i.e., the victim penalty assessment, and these obligations may remain enforceable for 20 years. PRACTICE TIP: Ask the court to reduce or waive restitution to insurance companies where it is clear that your client will not have the earning potential in the next ten years to pay the restitution. PRACTICE TIP: Where there are multiple co-respondents jointly and severally liable, advise your client that the court will not refund a co-respondent that pays more than his or her share. If a co-respondent makes a restitution payment to the court after one or more of the corespondents have already paid off the total obligation, the court will return the payment to that co-respondent. Co-respondents who pay off the total restitution obligation have only civil recourse against their non-paying co-respondents. V. Driving A juvenile s ability to keep or obtain a driver s license will be affected by adjudications for offenses related to drugs, alcohol, firearms and driving. The juvenile court is required to notify 10
11 the Department of Licensing ( DOL ) when juveniles are adjudicated of certain offenses or when they enter into diversion agreements for certain offenses. 65 Minors in Possession of Alcohol, Drugs or Firearms: A juvenile adjudicated of Minor in Possession of Alcohol ( MIP ); 66 possession, sale or use of controlled substances ( VUCSA ) 67 illegal possession, sale or use of prescription drugs 68 or imitation controlled substances; 69 or possession of a firearm 70 will have his or her right to drive revoked for a period of 1 year or until the juvenile turns 17 (whichever is longer) for a first offense. 71 For a second offense the revocation is for two years or until the juvenile is 18 (whichever is longer). The revocation periods for multiple MIP s are treated consecutively but they cannot last beyond a juvenile s 21 st birthday. 72 For both adults and juveniles alike, there are consequences for DUI s and driving with a lack of physical control. The consequences depend on whether or not this is a first offense, the level of intoxication or impaired ability 73, and the resulting offense. 74 Reinstatement: A juvenile convicted of their first offense involving drugs, alcohol or a firearm can petition the court for reinstatement ninety days after the date the juvenile turns 16 or ninety days after the incident date (whichever was later). 75 If it is the second offense then the juvenile cannot petition until they are seventeen or until one year has passed (whichever is longer). 76 Where a juvenile s license has been suspended because of consecutive MIP revocations the license is automatically reinstated when a juvenile turns Other Offenses Involving Motor Vehicles: For all juveniles who are driving during the offense, adjudications for the following crimes require suspension, revocation or disqualification of driving privileges for varying time periods depending upon whether it is the first or subsequent offense: Taking a Motor Vehicle (drivers only) and any felony involving a motor vehicle (1 year revocation); 78 Vehicular Assault (1 year revocation); 79 Vehicular Homicide (2 year revocation); 80 Racing or Reckless Driving (potential 1 year revocation); 81 Hit and Run Attended (potential 1 year); 82 DWLS/R 1st or 2nd degree; 83 Attempting to Elude; 84 Unattended Child in Running Vehicle; 85 Reckless Endangerment in a Construction Zone (60+ day suspension). 86 Juveniles convicted of these offenses may not petition DOL for early reinstatement. 87 Diversion Agreements: Juveniles entering into diversion agreements for drug or alcohol offenses will have their licenses suspended or revoked by the Department of Licensing ( DOL ) similar to if they were adjudicated guilty in court. 88 Counsel and Release Agreements: Under certain circumstances, a diversion unit is permitted to counsel and release a juvenile rather than enter into a diversion agreement. 89 Counsel and release agreements are not sent to the DOL and so do not affect a juveniles ability to drive
12 Reinstatement After Diversion: DOL will reinstate a juvenile s driving privileges upon receiving notice of completion of a diversion agreement; however, not before 90 days after their 16 th birthday or 90 days after they entered into the diversion agreement, whichever is longer, if it was their first offense. 91 If it is their second or subsequent offense, DOL will not reinstate the juvenile s driving privileges until their 17 th birthday or 1 year after they entered the diversion agreement, whichever is longer. 92 Intermediate Licenses for 16 and 17 Year Olds: New drivers under the age of 18 must obtain an intermediate license. 93 A juvenile will not be eligible for the intermediate license if he or she has received any traffic violations for the previous six months or been adjudicated for any offenses related to alcohol or drugs during the time the applicant had an instruction permit. 94 An MIP or other driving offense will affect an intermediate license in the same way as a standard license. Driving Without a License or Driving While Suspended or Revoked: It is a misdemeanor to drive without a valid driver s license if the person s license has been suspended or revoked or if the person is not carrying valid identifying documentation. 95 Otherwise, driving without a valid driver s license is an infraction. 96 Anyone over the age of 13 driving without a valid license can have their license revoked or suspended by the DOL for the same amount of time that a licensed driver would. 97 A juvenile caught driving with a suspended or revoked driver s license or privilege faces several possible consequences ranging from additional revocation, to imprisonment and fines, depending on the status of the driving privilege. 98 Temporary Restricted Licenses: Under certain circumstances, a juvenile whose driver s license has been revoked or suspended as a result of criminal adjudications may obtain a temporary restricted license by demonstrating that driving a vehicle is necessary to go to school, work, medical appointments, or for other reasons enumerated by statute. 99 Insurance Rates: Most juveniles who drive are covered by their parents or guardian s insurance policy. The cost of insurance depends on multiple variables including the kind of car, the residence location, the car the parents or legal guardians drive, the juvenile s driving record and whether the guardian owns or rents their house. The result of having an adjudication that has been reported to DOL could increase insurance costs. PRACTICE TIP: The laws regarding license suspension, revocation and reinstatement are complex. For specific questions, review RCW and WAC , contact DOL Customer Service at (360) , or or consult the DOL website: PRACTICE TIP: Parents concerned about their insurance rates should consult directly with their insurance companies to assess whether their child s diversion or adjudication will affect their policy. VI. School Issues 12
13 School Notification: After any arrest or decision to arrest, the police or prosecuting attorney may give to a school any information pertaining to the investigation, diversion, and prosecution of a juvenile attending the school, including any incident reports. 100 Adjudication of the following offenses requires notification to the principal of the school where the juvenile attends: 101 a violent offense as defined in RCW 9.94A.030; a sex offense as defined in RCW 9.94A.030; inhaling toxic fumes under chapter 9.47A RCW; a controlled substance violation under chapter RCW; a liquor violation under RCW ; and any crime under RCW s 9.41 (Firearms), 9A.36 (Assault), 9A.40 (Kidnapping), 9A.46 (Harassment), and 9A.48 (Arson). The principal must give information received pursuant to the above notification to the student s teachers, persons who supervise the student and anyone else the principal deems necessary for security purposes. 102 Discipline, Suspension or Expulsion: All juveniles in Washington have a constitutional right to education. Nevertheless, a student may be disciplined, suspended or expelled from school for violating school rules as defined by the school district. 103 Suspension or expulsion from school may result from criminal or non-criminal misconduct. 104 For the offenses listed above which require school notification (violent offenses, sex offenses, etc.) the principal is required to consider imposing a long-term suspension or expulsion. 105 Firearms: A mandatory one year expulsion will be imposed on a student who is determined to have carried a firearm onto, or to have possessed a firearm on, public elementary or secondary school premises, public school-provided transportation, or areas of facilities while being used exclusively by public schools. 106 Crimes Against Teachers and Other Students: By statute, if a juvenile commits assault, kidnapping, harassment or arson directed toward a teacher, that student cannot be assigned to that teacher s classroom again. 107 If a juvenile commits any of those offenses against another student, the juvenile may be removed from the classroom of the victim for the duration of their school attendance. 108 Commission of any of those offenses is grounds for suspension or expulsion. 109 Gang Activity: A student enrolled in a public school may be suspended or expelled if the student is a member of a gang and knowingly engages in gang activity on school grounds. 110 A student found to have committed the offense of criminal gang intimidation 111 must also be considered for long-term suspension or expulsion where there have been two or more violations in three years. 112 Sports Eligibility: Eligibility to participate in school athletic programs in Washington is governed by the rules of the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association (WIAA), individual school districts and individual schools. 13
14 Drugs: Student athletes found to have violated the laws of prescription drugs (RCW 69.41) or controlled substances (RCW 69.50), either by the illegal possession, use or sale, will be immediately ineligible for participation in an interscholastic sports program pursuant to WIAA rules. 113 The ineligibility continues for the remainder of the year for the first violation, unless the student accesses a community or school assistance program. 114 In order to be eligible the following year, the student must meet with a sports eligibility board. A second violation requires ineligibility for 1 calendar year and a third violation results in permanent ineligibility. 115 School Districts and schools may have their own eligibility policies that are not inconsistent with the WIAA rules. 116 Other Criminal Activity: WIAA rules do not specifically address other criminal activity; however, the rules do require eligible athletes to meet academic and attendance requirements. School districts generally have codes of conduct which, if violated, may preclude sports eligibility. For example, school districts may have ineligibility rules regarding the possession or use of alcohol or unsportsmanlike conduct. 117 VII. Applying to College College and University Admissions: Some Washington colleges use an applicant s criminal history to inform their admissions decisions. 118 However, a student s criminal history may influence his or her ability to complete a practicum in fields that have restrictions on participation. For example, early childhood education, teaching and health care practicums are limited to students who are not legally banned from having contact with people from vulnerable populations and require criminal background checks for participation. 119 See also Section XII, Employment. The Common Application used by many private schools around the country does not ask about prior convictions/adjudications. However it requires a teacher evaluation and school report, which may disclose conviction/adjudication information. In Washington, each private college or university treats an applicant s criminal history differently. Some ask the applicant about his or her criminal history directly, others do not ask the student but expect the information to come from teachers and/or counselors. 120 Eligibility for the Washington State Needs Grant is not affected by juvenile criminal history and is determined through the Federal Application for Financial Student Aid (FAFSA) application, which excludes juvenile arrests and adjudications from being considered. 121 VIII. Federal Student Loans Juveniles convicted of drug offenses do not fall under the Higher Education Act s ban on federal financial aid. 122 Until 2006, a person convicted as an adult of any drug offense including possession of marijuana was not eligible for any federal higher education grant, loan, or work study assistance for various time periods. Only those convicted of a drug offense while receiving federal student aid are now suspended from receiving federal student aid. 123 If a student is not convicted while enrolled there should be no suspension of financial aid. 14
15 Additionally, a person may not claim the tax benefits of the Hope Scholarship Credit for an academic period if he or she has been convicted of a Federal or State felony offense consisting of the possession or distribution of a controlled substance before the end of the taxable year with or within which the academic period ends. 124 The student may receive a waiver if the student successfully completes an approved drug rehabilitation program. 125 IX. Right to Possess Firearms Possession of Firearms Generally Prohibited for Minors: A person under 18 years old may not lawfully own or be in possession of a gun in Washington except under statutorily limited circumstances. 126 Federal law also has restrictions on gun ownership by persons under and prohibits possession of firearms by fugitives, drug addicts, illegal aliens, persons dishonorably discharged from the military and persons subject to domestic violence protection orders. 128 Revocation of the Right to Possess Firearms: The following crimes, upon adjudication, a finding of not-guilty by reason of insanity, or a dismissal after a period of deferral, will take away a juvenile s right to possess firearms even after they turn 18, until their right is restored by a court of record: any felony; the following crimes of domestic violence: o assault in the fourth degree; o coercion; o stalking; o reckless endangerment; o criminal trespass in the first degree; o violation of the provisions of a protection order or no-contact order restraining the person or excluding the person from a residence. Possessing a firearm after the right has been revoked is a felony. 129 Reinstatement: In Washington, an adult or juvenile who is prohibited from possessing a firearm because of a criminal adjudication may petition the court for reinstatement of this right under the following circumstances: 130 The person has not been convicted of a sex offense or a Class A felony; and Felony offense: after 5 years crime free if the individual has no prior felony convictions/adjudications that prohibit the possession of a firearm counted as part of his or her offender score; Non-felony offense: after 3 years crime free, if the individual has no prior felony convictions/ adjudications that prohibit the possession of a firearm counted as part of the offender score and the individual has completed all conditions of the sentence. Class A felons and sex offenders can only reinstate their rights to possess firearms in Washington by obtaining a pardon, annulment, or a certificate of rehabilitation (which is not available for Washington convictions 131 ). These are also the only means available for reinstating firearm rights before the requisite time periods have expired
16 Federal Law: Persons convicted of felonies or DV misdemeanors are also prohibited from possessing firearms under federal law. 133 Whether a juvenile adjudication is a conviction for purposes of the federal law of unlawful possession of a firearm is determined by the state law where the person was convicted. 134 Although there are no federal decisions specifically addressing this issue, state juvenile adjudications in Washington have been found to be convictions for purposes of Washington s law prohibiting felons from possessing firearms. 135 Ambiguities still may exist; however, there are statutes and cases that weigh in favor of a Washington state juvenile adjudication being considered a conviction for federal firearms prohibitions. 136 See also Section I, Is a Juvenile Adjudication a Conviction? Conversely, a federal juvenile adjudication will not remove the right to possess a firearm under federal law because under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act, a juvenile is not convicted but adjudicated. 137 Reinstatement under Washington law of firearm rights lost pursuant to a Washington state juvenile adjudication should prevent prosecution under federal law. 138 PRACTICE TIP: Juvenile clients with felony or domestic violence adjudications should be reminded that they cannot legally possess a firearm even after they turn 18 unless a court grants them the right. It is not automatic. Sealing juvenile records will not reinstate the right. A hunting license may be issued to persons whose right to possess a gun has been revoked, but this will not protect them from criminal liability. Also, the right will need to be restored to obtain any employment that requires possession or use of a firearm. X. Voting and Jury Service Voting: Juvenile adjudications do not result in the loss of the right to vote. 139 Adult felony convictions will prohibit persons from voting until their civil rights have been restored. 140 Jury Service: Juvenile adjudications should not affect a person s ability to serve on a jury. Like voting, only adult felons who have had their civil rights restored may serve on juries. 141 XI. Military Service All branches of the military are required to do criminal background checks on applicants, which include juvenile criminal histories (citations, arrests and adjudications). 142 An applicant s full and complete criminal history must be given to the Armed Forces, including disclosure of convictions/adjudications that have been expunged or sealed. 143 A juvenile felony adjudication will generally preclude military service; however, each branch has the discretion to make exceptions by granting waivers. 144 According to the Department of Defense, The waiver procedure is not automatic and approval is based on each individual case, including consideration of the individual s adjustment to civilian life. 145 Even sealed juvenile adjudications may require a waiver
17 Other Barriers to Enlistment: The Armed Forces will test applicants for drug and alcohol use and dependency. Anyone found to be dependant on drugs or alcohol will be denied entrance. 147 Also, ineligibility to possess a firearm as a result of a conviction may preclude service until the right has been restored. 148 See Section IX, Right to Possess Firearms. PRACTICE TIP: Juvenile clients conside determine whether convictions/adjud XII. Employment Juvenile adjudications, like adult convictions, can result in ineligibility for a variety jobs and occupational licenses in Washington State. Although the Restoration of Employment Rights Act, RCW 9.96A, prohibits government entities from denying employment or occupational licenses to persons solely based on their felony convictions, there are numerous exceptions to this general rule. 149 Unless they have been sealed, juvenile adjudications are accessible to employers through the Washington State Patrol, the courts, and private companies that collect information from public databases. See Section II, Juvenile Criminal History Records. Background Checks Required: Criminal background checks are required for all persons and organizations who are licensed to provide services to children or vulnerable adults. 150 For people applying for licenses to provide child care, foster care or care for persons with developmental disabilities, DSHS must do background checks on all household members 16 years and older who are not already foster children. 151 School districts and their contractors who have employees who will have regular unsupervised access to children are also required to do criminal background checks on their employees. 152 Juvenile adjudications will be disclosed just like adult convictions on criminal background checks. See Section II, Juvenile Criminal History Records. Nursing Homes, Childcare, etc.: Crime against children or other persons 153 will prohibit persons from working in nursing homes, adult family homes, boarding homes, and child care facilities. 154 This includes, among other offenses, assault in the fourth degree. Crimes relating to financial exploitation, 155 including theft in the third degree, will also make a person ineligible to work with vulnerable adults, e.g., in nursing homes. The time limits for ineligibility for such jobs may vary depending on the crime committed. Persons who have felony convictions for crimes against children, spousal abuse, and violent crimes will be permanently prohibited from contracting with or being licensed by DSHS to provide any type of care to children or individuals with a developmental disability. 156 Convictions for assault or sex offenses not included in the permanent bar, any felony drug conviction or any other felony will disqualify individuals from licensing, contracting, certification, or from having unsupervised access to children or to individuals with a developmental disability for 5 years. 157 Schools: Crimes against children will disqualify persons from being school employees, contractors with schools or school bus drivers. 158 Volunteers may also be disqualified because of criminal history. Certified school employees, e.g., teachers, are also required to have good moral character which means no convictions in the last ten years, including motor vehicle violations, which would materially and substantially impair the individual s worthiness and ability to serve as a professional within the public and private schools of the state
18 Professional Licenses: Many jobs require a person to be licensed by the Washington State Department of Licensing. Examples include, among others, massage therapists, midwives, chiropractors, cosmetologists, nursing assistants, dental assistants, and mental health counselors. 160 Some jobs also require licensing by specific boards, such as the optometry board and board of pharmacy. 161 Juvenile adjudications can interfere with a person s ability to obtain these licenses from the Department of Licensing. Violating drug laws is specifically listed as unprofessional conduct to be considered in licensing determinations. 162 Federal Laws Affecting Employment Opportunities: 163 Federal law prohibits financial institutions from employing a person who has been convicted of a crime of dishonesty, breach of trust, or money unless he or she has received written consent from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). 164 For purposes of this law, pre-trial diversion or similar programs are considered to be convictions. Federal law also bars certain classes of felons from the following jobs: working in the insurance industry without having received permission from an insurance regulatory official; 165 holding any of several positions in a union or other organization that manages an employee benefit plan; 166 providing healthcare services for which they will receive payment from Medicare; 167 working for the generic drug industry; 168 providing prisoner transportation; 169 and employment in airport security. 170 Other Jobs Affected: Other examples of jobs that are affected by certain types of convictions include (this list does not purport to include all jobs impacted by criminal history): Law enforcement; 171 Tow truck operators contracting with Washington State Patrol; 172 Washington State Patrol assistance van drivers; 173 JRA employment or volunteer positions. 174 Jobs Requiring a Driver s License or Ability to Possess a Firearm: Since many jobs require the ability to drive, the penalty of losing a driver s license (see Section V, Driving) may prohibit some individuals from future employment, at least for a period of time. 175 Similarly, the consequence of losing the right to possess a firearm will naturally disqualify people from certain types of employment that require the ability to possess (e.g., security guards, federal park rangers, etc.). Employment Discrimination: Permissible Pre-employment Inquiries: Although some states ban the practice, in Washington employers and occupational licensing authorities are permitted to ask job applicants about and consider arrests not leading to conviction. 176 However, there is some limit. Because statistical studies regarding arrests have shown a disparate impact on racial minorities, it is an unfair practice to ask about arrests older than 10 years and inquiries must include whether the charges are still pending, have been dismissed or led to conviction of a crime involving behavior that would adversely affect job performance. 177 Certain organizations, such as law enforcement, state agencies and organizations that have direct responsibility for the supervision, care, or treatment of 18
19 children, mentally ill persons, developmentally disabled persons, or other vulnerable adults are exempt from these restrictions. 178 Similarly, for inquiries concerning convictions to be considered fair under Washington s discrimination law they must concern convictions less than ten years old (from the date of release from prison) and relating reasonably to the job duties. 179 Certain agencies and organizations, e.g., schools and DSHS, are exempt from this requirement. PRACTICE TIP: Remind juvenile clients that unsealed juvenile criminal history will be accessible to employers, even after the juvenile turns 18, and should be disclosed on employment applications. The only way to remove juvenile criminal history from public view is by obtaining an order sealing the records in the court where the juvenile disposition occurred. XIII. Housing Residential Screening: Both public and private housing landlords may look at an individual s criminal history, including juvenile criminal history, before or during their tenancy. 180 A juvenile s criminal history can discredit their entire household from housing. Many landlords rely on tenant screening services, which get their information from public records. 181 If a public housing authority wants to terminate a tenant s lease based on information from their criminal history they must first notify the tenant and allow the tenant to dispute the accuracy or relevance of the record. 182 Private Housing: In Washington, landlords are permitted to screen and deny housing to individuals based on criminal history. 183 A private landlord is not permitted to deny housing for discriminatory reasons, e.g., solely because of past drug addiction. 184 But a private landlord may deny housing based on conviction for the manufacture or distribution of a controlled substance 185 or a reasonable belief that an applicant is currently engaged in illegal drug use. 186 Also a tenant who is aware of a subtenant, sublessee, resident or anyone else engaging in drug, criminal or gang activity at the rental premise may be evicted from private residential property. 187 The statutes governing eviction from residential property 188 allow landlords to evict a person who has been arrested for assault occurring on the premises or unlawful use of a firearm or other deadly weapon on the premises. 189 A landlord also may evict a tenant for engaging in gang or drug related activity or allowing another to engage in such activity on the premises. 190 Different laws apply to mobile home parks and allow for eviction for criminal activity that threatens the health, safety or welfare of the tenants. 191 Public Housing: Federal law regulates admission and eviction from housing programs funded through the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ). There are different types of HUD programs 192 generally administered through local Public Housing Authorities ( PHAs ) like the Seattle Housing Authority. Different housing providers receiving the same HUD funding may have different admission and eviction requirements; however, HUD requires landlords to deny housing for certain crimes. For federal housing laws, juvenile adjudications will be treated as convictions. 193 Mandatory Lifetime Bans on Admission: Households which include a registered sex offender, adult or juvenile; 194 and 19
20 Households where a member has been convicted, as an adult or juvenile, of manufacturing or otherwise producing methamphetamine on the premises of a federally assisted housing program. 195 Other Mandatory Bans on Admission: 3 year ban from the date of eviction against any household which includes an individual who was evicted from federal assisted housing for drug related activity, unless the housing provider determines that the evicted household member has successfully completed a supervised drug rehabilitation program approved by the PHA or the circumstances leading to the eviction no longer exist (for example, the criminal household member has died or is imprisoned). 196 Households which include a member, adult or juvenile, who the housing provider determines is currently engaged in illegal use of a controlled substance or who the housing provider has a reasonable belief that the household member s pattern of illegal drug use may threaten the health safety or right to peaceful enjoyment of the premises by other residents. For the latter, the housing provider may consider the household member s rehabilitation as evidenced by completing or participating in treatment. 197 Discretionary Bans on Admission: A HUD housing provider may exclude any household which includes a member currently engaging in, or has engaged in during a reasonable time before the admissions decision any drug-related or violent criminal activity or other criminal activity which would adversely affect the health, safety, or right to peaceful enjoyment of the premises by other residents, the owner, or public housing agency employees. 198 Discretionary Evictions: 199 Drug related criminal activity by juvenile household members, on or off the premises of a public housing project may result in the entire family being evicted since family members may be evicted for the drug related activity of other household members or guests. 200 There may be an innocent tenant defense under Washington law 201 or some municipal codes. For other HUD funded projects, drug related criminal activity on or near the premises or any criminal activity that threatens the health, safety, or right to peaceful enjoyment of residents living in the immediate vicinity may result in eviction. 202 Illegal drug use or a pattern of illegal drug use or alcohol abuse that interferes with the health, safety or right to peaceful enjoyment of the premises may result in eviction, although evidence of rehabilitation may be considered. 203 Fleeing felons (people with felony warrants) and probation or parole violators may also be evicted from federally funded housing. 204 PRACTICE TIP: Ask your client whether he or she lives in government subsidized housing and advise the client that a criminal adjudication could result in the loss of their family s housing and also impact their ability to get into government funded housing, especially HUD funded housing, in the future. PRACTICE TIP: Since so many evictions are discretionary, rehabilitation efforts are helpful. Evidence that the offender is participating or has participated in a treatment program can be used to negotiate with the housing authority. PRACTICE TIP: If your client s family is involved in an eviction proceeding, contact a housing specialist through the Northwest Justice Project in your region at 20
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Hanukkah Holiday - what is it? History and traditions of the Hanukkah festival
Every year in the Jewish world from the 25th Kislev and until the 2-3 th Tevet celebrate a great holiday - Hanukkah. What is "sanctification" and "renewal" that gave the name of this tradition? What symbolizes the custom of lighting candles, delicious food and a celebration lasting eight days? Let's try to understand.
What does "Hanukkah" mean
The word "Hanukkah" in Hebrew consists of two parts. The first, "khan", literally means "they have reached rest". The second, "ka" - a combination of letters, the numerical value of which is twenty-five. It correlates with the military and spiritual victory of the Jews over the Greeks, which happened on the 25th of the month of Kislev (according to the Jewish calendar) in 164 BC.
The name of the holiday "Hanukkah" is derived from the word "lahanot", meaning "dedication" ("sanctification"). On this day, the altar was again consecrated in the Jerusalem temple, which exactly 3 years before this day defiled the idolaters. Nowadays Hanukkah is also called the "Festival of Lights".
History of Hanukkah
Traditionally, Hanukkah is celebrated for eight days. It begins with the 25th day of Kislev, which usually falls on November or December. The event, from which the history of the Hanukkah festival begins, occurred at the time of Alexander the Great (Macedonian), when the territory of present-day Israel was part of Syria, which was in turn the province of the Greek Empire. For a long time Jews and Greeks found a common language. Law-abiding Jews obeyed the rules established by the conquerors, and the successors of Macedonians treated other religions rather tolerantly. However, everything changed when Antiochus IV Epifan appeared on the Syrian throne.
With fire and sword he tried to impose Hellenic religion on the subject peoples. Under pain of death, the Jews were forbidden to circumcise, study the Torah, observe the laws of Shabbat. In the Temple of Jerusalem, at the behest of the king, the altar of Zeus, the chief god of the Hellenistic pantheon, was built.
As a result, a rebellion broke out in Modin, a small settlement near Jerusalem. He was headed by one of the elders of the settlement, Jew Matthew, and after his death, which happened a year later, the rebels continued to lead his son, Judah Maccabee.
In total, the struggle of the Jews for liberation from the Syrian oppression continued for twenty-five years. However, three years after the outbreak of the uprising, Maccabeus managed to liberate Jerusalem. First of all, the winners began to tidy up the defiled church. The idols were thrown out, the broken altar was restored, and instead of the golden menorah (temple lamp) that was stolen, the usual iron was temporarily placed.
However, when it was time to light a menorah in front of the altar, it turned out that all the oil that was in the temple was desecrated. Only one tiny pitcher remained clean, which would be enough for only one day of burning. And to make a new oil it would take eight days ...
And yet the menorah was lit. When this happened, a miracle happened: the light incomprehensibly burned for eight days! The temple was consecrated anew. And now in honor of this event every year there is a celebration of Hanukkah.
What is Chanukiah?
Now that we have become familiar with the historical meaning of the Hanukkah holiday, what is "hanukiya" will also be easy to guess. This is the name of the traditional stand for Hanukkah candles, symbolizing the fortitude of the spirit and the victory of good over evil.
Chanukiah is formed by eight lamps. They symbolize the miracle that occurred during the victory of the Maccabeus over the Greeks. In ancient times it was started to hang it on the street, to the left of the entrance door. However, later, due to the danger of fires, chanukiah was ordered to light inside the houses, placing it on the windowsill - so that the candlelight would remind neighbors and casual passers-by about the Hanukkah holiday.
These lamps are made of any material: tin, marble, brass, porcelain, iron. Those who are richer can afford chanukiahs of gold or silver. Their dimensions are also different: from the very impressive ones, which on the first day Hanukkah are usually lit from government buildings, to modest and small ones, which, as a rule, burn in these days in all Jewish homes.
The order of ignition of lights
In accordance with the custom, the most widespread, the order of the lighting of festive candles these days has its own strict regulations.
On the very first night, the most extreme candle on the right is usually lit. On the second night, another candle is added to the stand, to the left of the one put yesterday. First, they light a new, added candle, then move to the right. This order is repeated every night: first add a single candle, then ignite all alternately, starting with it, from left to right.
How to light a candle
It should also be aware of the tradition of the Hanukkah holiday, what is shamash. This is a special service candle, which is either separated from the other eight candles, or located above them. From shamash every evening, all the main candles are lit, which are located on the same level and a short distance from each other.
According to tradition, the light of these eight candles should serve solely as a reminder of the miracle from which the history of Hanukkah began. They can not be used for any other purposes. Because these candles should be lit from shamash, and not one from the other.
Chanukah: the tradition of lighting lights
Chanukah candles are supposed to be lit in the house where they live permanently, and in that room where they usually take food. The lamp (chanukiah) is installed in a prominent place in the room.
Begin to light Hanukkah lamps, usually in the evening after sunset (according to other information, after the appearance of the first stars in the sky). If for some reason it was not possible at this time, it is allowed to light the lights and say the words of blessing until all members of the family are awake. Anyone who did not have time to do this before dawn, to turn on lights this day should not.
On the last holiday evening all eight candles are lit. As a rule, they are supposed to burn for half an hour after the appearance of the stars. Thus, in those houses where candles were lit immediately after the sun has set, they will shine for a minimum of fifty minutes.
At a time when it is supposed to light Hanukkah lights, it is forbidden to eat, drink or engage in anything.
It is not customary for candles to be lit by women-they are only present when their husband or father lights them, and they answer "Amen!" In response to the words of the blessing that he utters.
The boys are beginning to be attached to the mystery of lighting the Hanukkah lights, usually from the time when they are able to independently light a candle and say a blessing.
Traditional treat for Chanukah
A plentiful treat, accompanied by traditional songs and stories about the miracles performed in those days by the Most High for the ancestors, that's what Hanukah is. For Jews, this holiday is considered cheerful and joyful, therefore it is forbidden to fast or mourn the deceased these days.
In days of Hanukkah it is necessary to prepare traditional dishes. This latkes - potato pancakes, as well as sweet donuts with jam or jam (sufganiya). The way they are cooked - frying in vegetable oil - is also called to recall the miracle on which the history of Hanukkah is based.
In addition, these days eat milk dishes - primarily, made from cheese. As a sauce, sour cream is most often used.
The customs of celebrating Chanukah
In recent decades, more and more people around the world are learning about what Hanukkah is. The Jews had a tradition of lighting huge chanukiahs in the city squares, and tourists who visited Israel on the days when this holiday is celebrated, also have the opportunity to join the ancient customs.
It is interesting that in the days of Hanukkah it is not forbidden to work. However, women, following the ancient custom, as a rule, do not work, while the festive lamps are burning.
During all eight days of the holiday, special prayers are to be inserted in each of the prayers, and during the morning prayer aloud from the Torah is read aloud.
In the days of Hanukkah, Israeli schools are on vacation. Traditionally, on the night of the fourth or fifth day of the holiday, parents often give children toys or money that they can spend on their own. However, some of these funds are supposed to be donated to charity.
Playing a spinning top
There is another curious custom that Hanukkah is famous for. What is a "dreidl", or "svivon", must be known to every Jewish child. This is a special tetrahedral top, in which it is customary to play these days. They play this game, as a rule, on small coins from "Hanukkah money", and also - on sweets, apples or nuts.
In Israel, each vertex of this top has one Hebrew letter written: "nun" (meaning "carried" - "miracle"), "gimmel" ("gadol" - "great"), "hey" ("haya" was ") and" drink "(" on "-" here "). On the tops, played by the children of the Jewish diaspora, the last letter is replaced by "shin", which means "sham" - "there", that is, on Israeli soil.
According to the legend, in those days when the training of the Torah threatened with death, Jewish children came to classes with such tops, and in the event of the appearance of spies or enemies, they started playing with enthusiasm, as if they were here for this. Nowadays this game has remained just an exciting match, serving at the same time as a reminder of the past, as well as many other customs of the Jewish people.

subset: commoncrawl


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Lynette Mirie is a creative writer currently working on a Middle Grade novel. She is a member of the SCBWI. Through the years, Lynette has expressed herself artistically through needlecraft, painting and photography. But writing tops the list of favorites for this former hippie who considers herself a Jill of all trades and master of none.
Life contains enough drama and conflict without adding to it, so Lynette tries not to take herself too seriously. Still, she works hard to meet goals by planning ahead and taking them one step at a time. Distractions play the role of antagonist in the process ("ooh shiny!" and "let's play Jewel Quest"). But in the end she gets things done.


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I love Yankee Hotel Foxtrot but haven't got round to the other albums.
Which stuff is good/worth listening to?
Uncle Tupelo!
Forget Wilco and start at the very beginning! In fact, don't forget Wilco, just listen to them after listening to Uncle Tupelo.
That's seven albums to get through before I even get back to YHF.
I'll give some Uncle Tupelo a listen though.
Summerteeth, YHF and A Ghost Is Born form the essential Wilco trilogy
There's plenty of great stuff beyond them, but I'd suggest check around the other two albums from that trio before anything else.icecreammachine and colinzealuk this'd this
second Uncle Tupelo
Still Feel Gone and March 16-20, 1992 are amazing albums
In Wilcoland, Being There, Summerteeth, Mermaid Avenue #1 and A Ghost is Born are all top. Really though they're all worth listening to except maybe AM.
One advantage of starting with Uncle Tupelo
Is hearing the evolution of the sound. If you want to stay with Wilco, I'd agree that Summerteeth and A Ghost is Born are probably their best albums after YHF. I like AM a lot, but I'm in a minority. Being There is classic depressive alt-country, Summerteeth is a genius pop album with dark undertones, Ghost is Born is similar to YHF, Sky Blue Sky is way more of a classic rock/country album (I don't much care for it), Wilco (The Album) has some good tunes but doesn't really work for me, and The Whole Love gets back to a more experimental sound with some long jams.
The three Mermaid Avenue albums are all worth listening to, but definitely at the more traditional end of the Wilco sound.
Based on love of YHF I'd go with AGIB and TWL to start, then Being There, Summerteeth, W(TA). Then the others if you like.
of it is worthwhile....a good cross-section, you might try Kicking Television, the double disc live album.silverfoxqpr, sunstroke_house, JaguarPirate, icecreammachine, and matthewslaughter this'd this
Another vote for 'A Ghost Is Born',
Essential stuff.icecreammachine and Loui_Tacceh this'd this
obligatory listing...
The Loose Fur records
where Tweedy teamed up with a pre-Wilco Glenn Kotche and Jim O'Rourke are pretty good too. Quite jam-y though.theintl this'd this
It looks like I'll be checking out A Ghost Is Born then.
And then some Uncle Tepulo and work my way through.
Thanks for the suggestions.
I recomend you start with the live record, Kicking Television.
The live versions of the A Ghost Is Born songs are vastly superior there. Then i would procede with Summerteeth and Being Thereicecreammachine this'd this
If you love YHF...
...then it's well worth checking out the 'I Am Trying To Break Your Heart' documentary which covers the making of the album with associated record label and band turmoil. It was on YouTube last time I checked.
I'd heard of it.
But not watched the whole thing.
Will check it out.
also check out the YHF demos
some great outtakes/alternative versions - Venus Stop The Train and Magazine Called Sunset are great
http://captainsdead.com/yankee-hotel-foxtrot-demos.htmlicecreammachine and Und_Gorgeous_Cars this'd this
Absolutely this.
Whenever people start a "Greatest songs that never made an album" thread I always mention Cars Can't Escape. The lyrics always put a lump in my throat.
Now listening to Kicking Television.
Thanks for the suggestions all.
They're my favourite band so obviously I'm going to bang on about this topic but
you'll struggle to find four albums back-to-back from any band as truly brilliant as Being There/ Summerteeth/ YHF/ A Ghost Is Born.
I also love their debut AM (though I'll be in the minority there) and the rest since A Ghost Is Born has some fantastic moments, check out album closer One Sunday Morning from their last album.
Also one of the best live bands around.
And, yes, Uncle Tupelo are incredible also.
God i feel so jealous of you discovering all this music for the first time.
Summerteeth for the first time!! FUCK!!!!!!!! :-Dicecreammachine this'd this
Thats a great feeling discovering a truly great band with a big back catalogue
One Sunday Morning is the greatest thing I've heard them do
Genuinely transcendental music
Did you see...
Just bought it.
It's pretty terrific...
...I had a boot but happy to pay for the official release. Tempted to check out some of the other Roadcase releases.
Take it you're familiar with the Owl & Bear website with its healthy assortment of bootlegs?
Very excited for all this Wilco.
Nels Cline is very quickly becoming a favourite guitarist.
For some Nels-era Wilco
watch their Ashes Of American Flags DVD. His guitar work on Impossible Germany is utterly magnificent.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7I79m7_kAnAbadmanreturns, icecreammachine, JaguarPirate, and sunstroke_house this'd this
Best video on YouTube
Watched this yesterday! Brilliant.
I also love his soloing on Ashes To American Flags (from the DVD)
There's a great video of his setup on Youtube somewhere too.
He has the coolest and weirdest gear.
my 10 year old Wilco - Rising early since 94 cockerill t-shirt is falling
apart. This makes me very sad. Such a good quality t-shirt.
Don't panic. They still sell em.Und_Gorgeous_Cars this'd this
Don't forget to check
the Mermaid Avenue records. Thats a collaboration between Wilco and Billy Bragg writing songs based on Woody Guthrie words. Some essential material there (One by One, Airline to heaven, California Stars.CharlieClown this'd this
I've made a Spotify playlist of Mermaid Avenue minus Billy Bragg
(I hate Billy Bragg). Let me dig it out.
I'm giving Summerteeth a listen.
Really enjoying it so far.