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Effusions of the Serous Cavities
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2 Effusions of the Serous Cavities Annika Dejmek Professor/Consultant in Cytopathology Clinical Pathology; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Malmö, Lund University 5th EFCS Tutorial Trondheim 2012
3 Pleura Peritoneum Pericardium The serous cavities The visceral space is normally 5-10 microm wide and holds a minimal amount of fluid. An effusion is any abnormal accumulation of fluid
4 There are two types of effusions Transudates increased hydrostatic pressureand/or decreased colloid osmotic pressure low protein content clear sparse cellularity Causes: Heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, etc Seldom sent for cytological examination Exudates always inflammation, tissue damage, increased capillary permeability high protein content may be blood-stained, cloudy, yellow, chylous Causes: Malignancy, infection (pneumonia, pancreatitis, etc), systemic disease, trauma, medication, radiation therapy, heart surgery, embolism, lung infarction, etc
5 Effusions of the serous cavities What makes serous effusions different from other exfoliative cytology? They are always pathological There is no place for normal cytology in effusion cytology diagnosis
6 Ambitions of cytological diagnosis in effusions As exact as possible Explain the cause of the effusion A clinically relevant conclusion The ambition for effusion cytology should be as high as for fine needle aspirates
7 What can be diagnosed? Metastatic disease Adenocarcinoma Origin? Other metastatic tumour Type? Classification? Lymphoma
8 What can be diagnosed? Mesothelial cells Benign proliferation Mesothelioma Other primary tumours of the serosa (rare) Specific benign diagnoses in some cases empyema, rheumatoid arthritis, etc
9 And apart from diagnosis Prognosis Although an effusion is a late stage cancer manifestation survival time may vary considerably Prediction of therapy response
10 What modalities should be used? Macroscopic appearance Microscopic morphology Ancillary methods Static immunocytochemistry Flow cytometry FISH, CISH DNA analysis amplification status, mutation status
11 The importance of using all available information Get clinical information! Clinical information of paramount importance If the infomation on the referral sheet is not sufficient - call the clinician and ask! Dont forget previous specimens! Always compare with previous cytologic and/or histologic specimens if available
12 Check subsequent histology! Use histology as quality control BUT remember: discrepancies dont always mean that cytology was wrong The correlate to the cytological finding must always be identified in the corresponding histologic specimen If you have good reasons to believe in your diagnosis, stick to it
13 Why is this so important? It improves the accuracy of your diagnosis It helps you avoid mistake It makes you keep learning..
14 The macroscopic appearance! Amount? Appearance Blood stained? Colour? (light or dark yellow) Viscous, foamy? Cloudy? Milky? Purulent?
15 Look and shake!
16 Microcopic morphology
17 The mesothelial cell a challenge in effusions The serous cavities are lined with a single layer of mesothelial cells Mesothelial cells are of mesenchymal origin but often display epithelial features Various amounts of mesothelial cells are usually shed into effusions regardless of their causes Mesothelial cells are not to be trusted morphologically - reactive cells may be highly atypical with high mitotic activity
18 The basic problem in effusion cytology Benign proliferative mesothelial cells? Mesothelioma Adenocarcinoma (and other metastatic tumours, especially if poorly differentiated)
19 The differentiation between mesothelioma, benign mesothelial hyperplasia, and adenocarcinma metastasis may be extremely difficult
20 Mesothelioma Mesothelial hyperplasia Adenocarcinoma (lung) Mesothelioma
21 Unspecific reactive effusions Regular mesothelial cells Mixture of von macrophages, lymphocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils
22 Hyperplastistic, atypical mesothelial cells Uremi Chronic liver disease Peritonitis Chronic heart failure Pleuritis after pulmonary infarction and embolus Trauma
23 Proliferative mesothelial cells Pleural effusion from a patient with a small cell lung carcinoma. No cancer cells in effusion.
24 Avoid atypia in effusions Try to characterise the cells further Epithelial-like cells Mesothelial cells Alien cells Benign proliferation Mesothelioma Metastatic tumour growth CAVE superficial benign ovarian tumours
25 Avoid no malignant cells Mesothelial proliferations and mesotheliomas cannot always be differentiated morphologically Mesotheliomas can shed cells into effusions that dont have malignant features but they can nevertheless be diagnostic with ancillary techniques More specific diagnoses can be made in effusions Often misunderstood by clinicians
26 Mesothelioma A rare tumour Originates from plutipotent submesothelial cell Divided into epithelial, mesenchymal and biphasic types Grows diffusely in the serous cavities 80% occur in the pleural cavity Prognosis dismal Predominating etiology: asbestos Incidence increases in spite of ban on asbestos Mesothelioma cells shed into effusions show epithelial features
27 Fibrous, epithelial, and biphasic mesotheliomas
28 Effusions in mesothelioma I Most malignant mesotheliomas give rise to an effusion and most effusions contain malignant cells The malignant cells may not show obvious malignant features Some mesotheliomas cause an effusion with predominance of lymphocytes and macrophages, and few or no diagnostic cells Thus, don t rule out mesothelioma if there is a clinical suspicion
29 Effusions in mesothelioma II Don t forget mesothelioma in cases of relapsing unilateral effusions without explanation Clinical information? Imaging techniques? Exposure to asbestos? Use hyaloronane analysis liberally!
30 Adenocarcinoma The most common malignancy in effusions Often the primary tumour is not known Morphology may give some hints regarding primary organ Papillary clusters, psammoma bodies intracytoplasmic vacuoles, cell balls, clusters with peripheral palissading, background necrosis, etc But adenocarcinomas in effusions may look pretty much the same regardless of origin! Use immunocytochemistry to narrow down the alternatives!
31 Serous papillary carcinoma of ovary
32 Breast carcinoma Papillary clusters, dense cell balls
33 Squamous carcinoma Squamous carcinoma cells seldom found in effusions Late stage lung cancer Often dispersed cells, no distinct kearatinisation Squamous metaplasia in pleural cavity broncho-pulmonary fistula Never report squamous atypia in effusions
34 Squamous carcinoma
35 Lymphocytic proliferations Reactive populations are often monotonous T-cells Diff diagnosis lymphocytic lymphoma! Use immunocytochemistry generously Static Flow cytometry
36 Lymphatic proliferations in effusions Tuberculosis no giant cells if no granulomas in the serosa! Viral infections Lung carcinoma Autoimmune diseases Chemotherapy Radiation therapy
37 Lymphoma diagnosis in effusions Never lymphoma diagnosis/suspicion based on morphology only When in doubt flow cytometry or static immunocytochemistry
38 Ancillary techniques Immunocytochemistry is often needed to arrive att a correct diagnosis and should be used liberally in effusions A mesothelioma diagnosis requires immunocytochemical confirmation
39 Special aspects of immunocytochemistry on effusions Effusions pose problems different from those found in specimens containing a pure cell population In a mixed population it may be difficult to be sure in which type of cells the reactivity is seen Often weak unspecific cytoplasmic reactivity in macrophages
40 Special aspects of immunocytochemistry on effusions II Immunoreactivity usually does not differentiate between benign and malignant mesothelial cells (exceptions: desmin and EMA) Antibodies that prove mesothelial origin unsuitable to detect a few adenocarcinoma cells hidden among benign mesothelial cells in effusions
41 Interpretation of immunocytochemistry Results from the literature usually based on histology Fixation, preparation techniqe, staining method and protocol affect the result Clone important
42 A myriad of antibodied have been tested, recommended or disregarded.so what shall we do?? Remember that a new antibody is of no value if it does not add information regardless of its specificity and sensitivity Get familiar a small panel of antibodies
43 Antibody selection in effusions A limited panel is sufficient to differentiate between Mesothelial proliferations Mesothelioma Metastatic adenocarcinoma CEA, BerEp4, EMA, CK5, desmin, TTF-1 Add organ- and tissue specific antibodies to narrow down diagnostic alternatives in adenoarcinomas (primary site) and in poorly differentiaded malignant tumours
44 EMA in the differentiation between adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma Mesothelioma Adenocarcinoma EMA EMA with membranous distribution EMA with cytoplasmic distribution
45 Serous papillary ovary carcinoma CA 125 Sialyl CEA HBME 1
46 Squamous carcinoma CK 14 CAM5.2
47 Benign lymphocytes in effusions CD 3 CD20 Ki 67 Vårmötet 2003 Foresta Stockholm Annika Dejmek
48 Hyaluronan analysis I HPLC-based method Specificity and sensitivity suitable for clinical practice Ca 10 ml of the supernatant after centrifugation >75 g uron acid/l specific for mesothelioma Sensitivity 60%
49 Hyaluronan analysis II Adds information in cases when immunocytochemistry does not give conclusive information Hyaluronane/mesothelin ratio (evaluation in progress)
50 Take home messages - summary Don t forget the macroscopic appearance Compare with previous cytology specimens Use ancillary techniques liberally Get clinical information Check subsequent histology but dont forget that cytology may be right if there is a discrepancy Stick to your diagnosis if you feel sure that it is well founded Be cautious with mesothelial cells Avoid no malignant cells and atypia because you can do better than that!!!
51 Final remark Effusion cytology is difficult, challenging, exciting and rewarding Thank you for your attention see you again in a while!
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text:
St. Pius X Daycare History:
In 1971 the Parish decided to establish a new ministry that would aid working parents by adding, Kindergarten and a Daycare Center. The first Director of the Daycare Center was Sr. Mary Mercy an Ursuline Sister. The Daycare was located in the west wing of the school building. In 1989, the Kindergarten Program was taken over by the Owensboro Catholic Consolidated School System.
When Sr. Mary Mercy retired in 1978, Ms. Juanita Fogle became Director and served in that capacity until June, 2003. Micki Brantley Howard became Director in May 2005 until August 2015.
St. Pius X Daycare Presently:
Brook Mattingly is the current Director of St. Pius X Daycare Center she was previously the Assistant Director since 2008. Jen Howard is the current Assistant Director. The Day Care Center provides services to infants-preschool age children. The Daycare Center added a summer program for school age children May of 2016. The Day Care Center has an outstanding reputation as a Christian based, quality Childcare Center that strives to meet the needs of parents and children.
Inquiries for Daycare services and tours to learn more about our in class curriculum can be made by contacting the Daycare at 270-684-7456. Days and hours of operation are Monday – Friday, 6:30 A.M. – 5:30 P.M.
Day Care Advisory Council: The Day Care Advisory Council was formed in 2003. Additional volunteers with an interest in this ministry are needed. Nine individuals will serve as the Advisory Council with each serving a three year term. Advisory Council members are appointed by the Pastor.
Contact Person:
Brook Mattingly, Day Care Director (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Additional volunteers with an interest in this ministry, may complete the forms below and submit to Brook Mattingly.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Nelly & Ivailo's Brave New World
Name: Nelly, Ivailo, and Theo
Location: Brookline, Massachusetts
Size: 991 square feet
Years lived in: 3 years
When childhood sweethearts Nelly and Ivailo left their home in Bulgaria to pursue a new life in Boston, they had no idea what adventures awaited them. Ten years, two careers, and one child later, they found themselves knee-deep in one of the less-celebrated aspects of the American dream — the gut renovation.
With backgrounds in finance and web development, neither had any training or experience in interior design. But that didn't stop these intrepid home owners from realizing their pad's full potential. With discipline, determination, and occasional help from a carpenter friend, they worked tirelessly for several months transforming their dated, cookie-cutter condo into a hip urban hangout that combines European style with American ingenuity and Yankee thriftiness.
Evidence of creative home hackery abounds in this tidy, efficient space — from the floating shelf-turned-vanity in the narrow hallway to the movable top on the kitchen island to the wardrobes cobbled together from spare parts found in the "as-is" section at IKEA. Their most innovative solution, however, is the small alcove room, which added a much-needed second bedroom without sacrificing the sense of openness they were trying to achieve. Floating the partition walls away from the edges lets light into the windowless enclosure while stairs to the platform bed create a gentle separation from the living room.
Sheltered from the street by a row of evergreen shrubs, Nelly and Ivailo's Coolidge Corner oasis is the perfect spot to sip champagne and enjoy a bit of Eastern European hospitality. Nazdrave!
Apartment Therapy Survey:
Our style: Modern, contemporary, loft-like, simple
Inspiration: We looked online at a lot of photos. We love the modern Italian look, which is very sleek and unfussy.
Favorite Element: The bedroom enclosure is definitely our favorite element. We also like the cabinets around the fridge and the walk-in closet, which was narrow and useless before.
Biggest Challenge: Living in the space while renovating it was a huge challenge. We had to remove all the dust and debris and clean the whole space every day before our son came home. Another challenge, — which we still haven't solved — is figuring out how to transition from different ceiling heights between the kitchen and living room.
What Friends Say: Everyone seems to like it. People are surprised to see so much light in a North-facing condo on the ground floor.
Biggest Embarrassment: All the unfinished parts! There are some rough edges. We are always noticing little things that could be finished better.
Proudest DIY: Cutting down all the cabinets to fit perfectly was a big project. We also raised them off the floor to maintain the feeling of openness.
Biggest Indulgence: The construction. Most of the furniture and finishes were really affordable. Even the floor is a laminate we found at a big box store. It's stylish, but virtually indestructible!
Best advice: You need to be disciplined to do a project like this on your own. Be prepared to experience some tension and conflict with your partner! Also, try to balance what will appeal to future buyers vs. what you like. For example, the floor color we chose is not the most marketable, but we love how it brightens up the space.
Dream source: Bo Concept, Anthropologie, Adesso
Resources of Note:
- • Dining room table, chairs, wall cabinets, and coffee table from IKEA
• Sofa from LaFlat
• Club chair from City Schemes
• Rugs from West Elm
• Giraffe, candles, and candlesticks from Anthropologie
- • Cabinets, island, shelves, and wardrobes from IKEA
• Refrigerator by LG
• Carpet tiles from CB2
- • Child's room furniture and accessories from IKEA
• Zebra blanket from Urban Outfitters
• Lighting from IKEA and Home Depot
Thanks, Nelly and Ivailo!
Images: Ronee Saroff
• HOUSE TOUR ARCHIVE Check out past house tours here
• Interested in sharing your home with Apartment Therapy? Contact the editors through our House Tour Submission Form.


text:
|2007-03-16, 01:54
|Link #1
Mr. Prince
Join Date: May 2003
Location: Scottsdale, Arizona
Age: 35
Why is Naruto not airing in HD yet?
One Piece made the move awhile ago, and the quality is absoultely wonderful, it actually spiols me. Now I thought Naruto had higher ratings then OP and am assuming that it makes a wealthy amount of money. So other then the reason of budget why hasen't this show made the move to HD yet? Are their any plans for it in the near future? I thought that when Naruto S. aired it would have been the perfect opportunity but I guess not. It's kind of frustrating actually.
Same goes for Bleach.
|2007-03-16, 10:26
|Link #4
Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Texas
Naruto doesn't air in HD because money isn't put into it for HD or it just isn't made in HD.
Ergo Proxy and the sort actually aired in HD on certain channels. It was one of the popular HD anime of last year, was it?
And Fansubbers released a regular avi and an HD ..because they made a regular off a non-hd raw..for the size mentality people...and HD for people who'll manage the space and would want to see the anime that aired in HD.
|2007-03-16, 12:01
|Link #6
Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Texas
High-Definition...which is higher resolution....meaning more pixels...meaning more detail and coloring(i suppose). So for anime it's basically High-Quality Anime.
Also usually in 16:9 or some high mod16 resolution like 1280x720 or 1900x1280 was it?
|2007-03-16, 14:45
|Link #7
Combating Spoiler Scum
Join Date: Nov 2003
Age: 35
This is a puzzle to me as well. Naruto is one of the few animes I watch that ISN'T in widescreen format. Since I have a widescreen monitor, this is an anomaly that I lament (well, as much as one can lament a format difference). Still, for such a high-profile anime, this seems quite odd.
|2007-03-17, 06:05
|Link #9
Join Date: Jan 2004
Location: もう東京ではない
Age: 37
Naruto's target audiance is too young to care, I'm pretty sure that One Piece has an older demographic. Besides, they're on different networks, I'm not even sure if TV Tokyo has HD broadcasts. (Not that I would notice on the cheap ass tv in my room. )
|2007-03-17, 18:56
|Link #11
Senior Member
But i don't think that's the main point, see how there's a variety of less popular series airing in HD even after midnight..so yeah, blame Tv tokyo.
|Thread Tools


text: This is a neat site I just stumbled across as I was doing some searching for droid stuff. I just got my first droid (Samsung Moment) a couple weeks ago. I have been waiting for it since Sprint announced that the were getting new droid phones during the Super Bowl Last year! I won't ever get an iAnything, but I have the need to be online away from home. I love my Droid!


text:
Today I'm going to talk about Lesbians/Bisexuals/Gays ..
First what gets into my mind, How can the same sex loves the same identical sex? Haven't you thought about it?
" WHY did god create FEMALE and MALE in everything? " in Humans, Plants, Animals.
" WHY did he write in the Qura'an : "لقد جعلناكم من ذكر و أنتى " .
You are who you are with no mistake. If he created you as a girl, you shall stay a girl, If he Created you as a boy, You shall stay a boy.
Some males and females have this disease which allows them to choose either to be female/male or perhaps be both, they have a reason BUT if you are created normal... no need to change god's creation.
Earth is not Heaven/Paradise :), Earth is an Exam Paper.. You get tested through out your life and once you die .. this is when the word "yalaitny.. (I Wish..)" comes out.
Parents, You should also take a role in your Daughter/Son's life. You have to know everything she/he is doing and who's she/he hanging out with and if that girl/boy is good or bad to hang out with.
You should realise if you daughter/son is not him/her-self by their looks, way they dress, action and speech etc.
Some parents are TOO careless to know what has been going through their daughter/son's life and this is a very BIG mistake their doing because at the end god is going to ask you about your children and is going to blame you for your lack of carness towards your children.
Some girls/boys turn into lesbians/Bisexuals/Gays because they feel that no one cares and why bother stay the same? I Know lots of girls that have turned into tomboys because their parents are divorced and no one takes care of her, But at the end .. even though your parents are divorced etc. YOU should know whats right or wrong.
قوم لوط are people who loved their gender (Meaning: Girl♥Girl , Boy♥Boy)- God eclipsed the land they lived on and guess what? Their land still exist in this world which is called "The Dead Sea", God even said when you pass by The Dead Sea you have to تتعوذون و تذكرون ربكم.
Believe it or not - Until today, Their still being tortured and basically their suffering.
#Fact : I myself , Have alot of lesbians in my List .. But my Goal is to make them into a better person and improve their life by being straight.
-You know what annoys me the most? When she wants to show others that shes in-love with this boya/Banoota, She keeps broadcasting things such as "I Miss *flana bnt flan* wainch 7bebe?" and continues changing her Personal message saying that she misses her etc.
I Asked one of these lesbians why has she turned from straight to a lesbian? her answer was: " I Was once straight and my boyfriend kept cheating on me, so one of my friends told me to give up on guys and start dating girls - which I found disgusting at first but then I just loved it! " - How pathetic is that? That is not an excuse to start dating girls.
Think about YOUR religon and the End of the World , Not your life now :) .
Thank you and hope you respect what I have wrote and hope ALL boyat/Banootat/Gays
respect what I said and think about it.
Any Comments should be written below and any discussion will be discussed in the comments box.
Thank you.


text:
Helen M Walters
This month's story is full of contrasts. And it is the way the author has highlighted these contrasts that brings the story to life, interweaving with its plot and reinforcing its theme. As always, you will benefit most from this masterclass if you read the story for yourself, at http://writ.rs/nov17wm
Her First Ball by Katherine Mansfield is quite a straightforward story at first glance. A young girl attends her first ball, accompanied by her slightly older cousins. She dances with various men and learns a bit about life and how the world works. What makes it compelling is the way Katherine Mansfield has illustrated the contrasting elements of the story so vividly.


text:
Judicial Ethics Advisory Committee
Opinion Number: 2010-13
Date of Issue: May 13, 2010
Whether a judge may speak at a "recovery rally" organized by high school students, concerning the judiciary's role in the increased number of foreclosure cases being filed as a part of the current economic downturn.
ANSWER: Yes.
Whether a judge may speak at such rally if the President of the United States also speaks at the same event.
ANSWER: Yes.
The inquiring judge states that the students at a local high school have invited the judge to speak at a "recovery rally" to be held at the school. The overall purpose of the rally is to assist in uniting the community, local business owners, and the government to support one another in order to assist in the economic recovery. Financial experts, business owners and local officials have been invited to speak. The President of the United States has been invited and the students have a good faith basis to believe that, because the President is to be in the area on the date of the rally, he might attend.
The inquiring judge has been invited to speak on the issue of foreclosures of real property and the steps that are being taken in the judicial systems, for example mediation, to deal with the large number of foreclosure cases that are being filed.
The inquiring judge indicates that the judge will emphasize in the speech that the judicial system is required to treat all litigants fairly in accordance with the law, whether the litigant be a property owner or a lender.
The inquiring judge is concerned that, if the President speaks, the public might construe the judge's appearance on the same podium as support for the President or the political party of which he is a member.
The Florida Code of Judicial Conduct, Canon 4B, provides that "A judge is encouraged to speak, write, lecture, teach, and participate in quasi-judicial activities concerning the law, the legal system, the administration of justice, and the role of the judiciary as an independent branch within our system of government, subject to the requirements of this Code."
This Committee has issued many opinions approving of judges' speaking to a variety of non-partisan groups. See, Fla. JEAC Op. 06-30, and opinions cited therein.
No provision of the Code would prohibit the judge's appearance at the school function, whether or not the President also spoke. The inquiring judge is justifiably concerned that appearing on the same podium with the President, or with any high-profile member of either of the political branches of government, might give the impression that the judge supported the politician with whom the judge appeared.
However, the value of the inquiring judge's speaking (whether or not the President appears) is illustrated by the question, in which the judge indicates an intention to remind the students of the judiciary's role in the fair administration of justice, which requires judges to administer the law fairly to all litigants, including both property owners and lenders. In other words, the students will be reminded that judges are required to apply the law, regardless of the economic conditions faced by a community and regardless of any personal sympathies which a judge may have toward the plight of a litigant.
The inquiring judge, just as at all speeches, must ensure that the judge's comments do not violate any other provision of the Code. If the President attends, the inquiring judge may need to take additional steps to ensure that this speech makes clear that the judge is not there to advocate a position, either for or against anything the President or any other speaker may say, but instead to explain the role of the judiciary in foreclosure cases.
Judges are not simply permitted by the Code to give such speeches concerning the judicial process, but are encouraged to do so, in order to educate the public concerning the role of the independent judiciary in our state and nation. The fact that a judge may be on the same program with a politician does not negate the rationale of this provision of the Code, but indeed reinforces its importance. A judge speaking on the same program with a politician will remind the audience of the different roles which the speakers play in our system of government.
Fla. Code Jud. Conduct, Canon 4B
Fla. JEAC Op. 06-30
The Judicial Ethics Advisory Committee is expressly charged with rendering advisory opinions interpreting the application of the Code of Judicial Conduct to specific circumstances confronting or affecting a judge or judicial candidate.
Its opinions are advisory to the inquiring party, to the Judicial Qualifications Commission and the judiciary at large. Conduct that is consistent with an advisory opinion issued by the Committee may be evidence of good faith on the part of the judge, but the Judicial Qualifications Commission is not bound by the interpretive opinions by the Committee. See Petition of the Committee on Standards of Conduct Governing Judges, 698 So. 2d 834 (Fla. 1997). However, in reviewing the recommendations of the Judicial Qualifications Commission for discipline, the Florida Supreme Court will consider conduct in accordance with a Committee opinion as evidence of good faith. See Id.
The opinions of this Committee express no view on whether any proposed conduct of an inquiring judge is consistent with the substantive law which governs any proceeding over which the inquiring judge may preside. This Committee only has authority to interpret the Code of Judicial Conduct, and therefore its opinions deal only with the issue of whether the proposed conduct violates a provision of that Code.
For further information, contact: Judge T. Michael Jones, Chair, Judicial Ethics Advisory Committee, 190 Governmental Center, M.C. Blanchard Judicial Building, Pensacola, Florida 32502.
Participating Members:
Judge Roberto Arias, Judge Robert T. Benton, Dean Bunch, Esquire, Judge Lisa Davidson, Judge Kerry I. Evander, Judge Jonathan D. Gerber, Judge T. Michael Jones, Patricia E. Lowry, Esquire, Judge José Rodriguez, Judge C. McFerrin Smith III, Judge Richard R. Townsend, Judge Dorothy Vaccaro.
Copies furnished to:
Justice Peggy Quince
Thomas D. Hall, Clerk of Supreme Court
All Committee Members
Executive Director of the J.Q.C.
Office of the State Courts Administrator
Inquiring Judge (Name of inquiring judge deleted from this copy)


text:
This evidence was taken at a meeting of the working group on 19 November 2003. It has been written up by the secretariat and approved by Dr. Burgess
After introductions around the table, Dr Burgess defined nanotechnology as manufacturing at the convergence of physics, chemistry and biology. He saw the nanotechnology as potentially having the following advantages: lower through life management costs, less waste, rapid prototyping, quicker take-up of new capability, faster response to changing threats.
Although the interest in nanotechnology is primarily in its effect on wealth creation, it could be of advantage to planetary resources. In terms of threats, advanced capability could be made more readily available to adversaries at lower cost. Also, it presented the threat of development of new chemical and biological weapons. At the same time, nanotechnology is not needed to create a terrorist incident – one need look no further than smallpox. .
Dr Burgess was asked to what extent he thought nanotechnology is really new. He said that much of nanotechnology is relabelling of science in established disciplines such as chemistry. However, it is also a good label by which to recognize that certain aspects of science and technology have come together. Dr Burgess thought that nanotechnology was not a disruptive technology, but part of an evolutionary trend towards understanding and controlling matter at a smaller and smaller scale.
When asked about MOD funding of nanotechnology, Dr Burgess pointed out that 98%, if not 99%, of R&D relevant to defence is funded from elsewhere. Whilst 50 years ago the microelectronics industry was funded largely by MOD, this is not true of the situation nowadays. The MOD buys capacity, not technology. Dr Burgess said that the MoD budget is £1million, two thirds of which is into the Interdisciplinary Research Centres, the rest into direct military-relevant funding. The MOD has limited resources and therefore access to networks such as the IRCs is vital, and enables the MOD to continue its 'watching brief' on nanotechnology.
In terms of MOD investment in nanotechnology, it needed focus on power, explosives, self-repairing materials, improved weapons, superior information systems, all leading to less collateral damage. Medical applications that were of interest were vaccines, wound repair, skin protection, drug antidotes and 'lab on a chip' chemical and biological agent sensors.
In terms of use of nanomaterials in defence, nanoparticles are used in 120mm tank rounds, and nanotubes form part of radar absorbing and antistatic materials, and as reinforcement in polymer composites.
Dr Burgess was asked about the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the USA, which he thought was a good idea, bringing a wide range of research together. The UK hopes to collaborate with the institute at some point, as many of the issues faced by the military in both countries are the same, for example, the ability for a soldier to operate on the battlefield for days – at present the batteries required to power equipment for such a length of time are too heavy.
Dr Burgess was asked about the large investment in nanotechnologies by the Department of Defence in the USA. Dr Burgess though that they were not misguided in putting a large amount of money into nanotechnology. Although they have a larger budget than the MOD, they are less well-organised.
In terms of the potential for nanotechnology to be dual-use, Dr Burgess said that the MOD needed to keep an eye on the rate of progress in nanotechnology to identify military applications and possible misuses.
Dr Burgess was asked if the MOD would commercialise its research. He said that Qinetiq receives 80% of MOD funding, and aims to industrialise its research. Dstl – the defence science and technology laboratory - need to industrialise where this is appropriate for the benefit of the country.
Dr Burgess highlighted that, whilst nanotechnology is an exciting set of technological developments, it is only one contributory factor in state defence. Appropriate infrastructure and good communications are of major importance. Specific nanotechnologies will be particularly important to MoD, rather than for example general chemicals that are not military-specific.
The question of regulation was raised. Using the example of nanocomposites, Dr Burgess said that he did not believe nanotechnologies should be subjected to a stricter regime that the typical regulations for particles of a similar small size. As for disposal, nanomaterials may have different properties and these should be taken into account when designing regimes for disposal.


text:
The Five Year Anniversary of Hurricane Katrina
By Jamey Perkins
I was recently in New Orleans. It was the second time I had been there since the hurricane happened.
My first time in New Orleans was about 8 years ago. My wife and I were in the area to visit my in-laws that were camping in the nearby town of Slidell. We really liked the area, and were very impressed with some of the local traditions. It seemed to us that, even aside from the well know Mardi gras event, the whole area kept a somewhat festive attitude. My father in-law even said "The people around here look for any reason at all to have a parade."
The food was nothing short of spectacular, and the shopping in the area was designed to bring out the child in any adult. I had my first Po' boy sandwich on that trip and I also was tempted to try the popular crawfish cuisines, but the Indiana country boy in me said "no".
My second time in New Orleans was three years ago. Having been less than just two years after the hurricane, the results of the devastation were still very evident. There was still mud left over from the flood waters. Condemned buildings, still waiting on insurance claim settlements, were still standing all over the city and surrounding areas. A few businesses were open and seemed to be thriving, but many were closed up. Even if you had never heard of Katrina, you could not help but know that something disastrous had recently happened.
I remember my wife noting that there appeared to be an extremely high amount of homeless people in the city. Poverty seemed to be the norm, rather than the exception. The streets were home to countless construction and demolition vehicles, and the semi-trucks were making continuous trips in with building supplies.
In the aftermath of the storm, many people moved away from New Orleans. Much of the normal housing and commerce revenue had been lost with this outflow of population, and the city struggled to rebuild its economy. My wife and I had discussions over the rebuilding process. We wondered how they would ever make a complete reform. To us, it seemed unrealistic for the area to make a full comeback. I mean, why anyone would move back there after such devastation is something that confused me. Why rebuild a home in an area that could very easily be destroyed during any upcoming hurricane season.
A City Returning to Normal
Earlier this summer my wife and I, along with my parents, made a trip down to Slidell and the New Orleans area. We were scoping out possible campgrounds that we could use as a destination for an upcoming trip in our RV. While in route, it dawned on me that the question I had pondered only a couple of years before, could be asked of me now. "Why go there, if the area is in ruin and a storm could pass through with such destruction?" It was then that I had an answer for my own questions.
New Orleans is a place of festivity. It is a place of a carnival atmosphere, and a place to celebrate any time of year. It is a place that even the residents enjoy life and giving up just because of a little ole' storm is certainly something that does not fit the profile.
As we drove through New Orleans on this trip, I was stunned by what I saw. It was the same city I had remembered from my trip 8 years earlier. As we drove down Bourbon Street, we could listen to the jumble of music coming from numerous Blues bars on the street. Small shops had their doors wide open and awaiting new customers. Novelty shops selling beads, and even traditional voodoo items were open and seemed to be doing quite well.
As we drove through the city, the smells of the local restaurants came through our car windows to entice us to come inside for lunch. We stopped at a local favorite for some soft-shell crab, and I got to introduce my father to a Po'boy. My wife and my mother made us stop for Beignets to take back to the hotel with us. Well, maybe they did not have to "make" us stop. After all, you really can't go to New Orleans without having one.
Home is Definitely Where Your Heart Is
Leaving New Orleans made me realize something. People have been fighting and giving up their lives to protect their "home" since the beginning of time. Home is something that is as near and dear to us as our own family. There isn't a person alive that does not have a strong connection to the place they call "home."
Experts had been making predictions of the results from a direct hit by a hurricane in New Orleans for years. The devastation and loss of life that occurred was no surprise. A coastal city that is built below sea level could not expect any other outcome. Yet, those that call New Orleans home stayed. Those same people are still there, and have rebuilt their home. New Orleans is now back to its old self, and still serves as home to some of the most resilient people in America.
As I was leaving New Orleans on this last trip there, I could see the city in my rear view mirror. I could see the skyline, the traffic, and the businesses that people love. Although I was heading back to my own home in Indiana, I knew I would return to New Orleans again someday.
After all that has happened, New Orleans is now something more than just a place to visit. Just as Ground Zero in New York City, New Orleans is a symbol for Americans. It is a symbol of the same things our fore fathers fought for years ago. It represents "home", and nothing will ever force an American to give up their home.
On this fifth anniversary of hurricane Katrina, Americans should stop to remember what we stand for: Freedom, Liberty, and the right to allow our hearts to determine our home.


text:
Welcome to Ontario Centres of Excellence's online media room. Here you can find new and archived news releases, background information, bios, logos, photos, video and more. Keep up with OCE news by signing up for our News Release RSS feed.
For any additional information, contact Andrew Robertson (contact info to the right).
April 28, 2017
TORONTO, APRIL 28, 2017 – Twenty budding entrepreneurs will pitch live at Discovery for up to $3,000 in start-up funds and entrepreneurial mentorship through the Ontario Summer Company program and other awards in the Young Entrepreneurs, Make Your Pitch competition.
Now in its fifth year, the competition invites aspiring high-school entrepreneurs from across Ontario to pitch their business ideas in a two-minute video. The annual competition is presented by Ontario Centres of Excellence (OCE) and the Ministry of Economic Development and Growth (MEDG).
"We are pleased to continue our partnership with Ontario Centres of Excellence to inspire future innovators through the Young Entrepreneurs, Make Your Pitch program," says Brad Duguid, Minister of Economic Development and Growth. "It's a great way to introduce our young people to entrepreneurship and help them to consider it as a viable career option so that they can become the next generation of job creators."
The 20 finalists, listed in the backgrounder below, were chosen from over 200 video submissions through a combination of public and expert voting. On May 15, finalists will pitch their business ideas at Discovery to a live audience and panel of expert judges, with the opportunity to respond to judges' questions. The competition will be moderated by Abdullah Snobar, Executive Director of the DMZ at Ryerson University. Six winners will receive reserved entry in the Ontario Summer Company program and other awards.
This year's judging panel is comprised of some of Ontario's most successful young entrepreneurs and members of the business community, including:
Prior to Discovery, the finalists will be honing their pitching skills and receive entrepreneurial mentorship and networking advice at a one-day boot camp at the OneEleven accelerator in Toronto on May 14.
"We are always impressed by the calibre of entries to the Young Entrepreneurs, Make Your Pitch competition, which demonstrate the exceptional creativity, business intuition and entrepreneurial spirit of Ontario's high-school students," says Dr. Tom Corr, OCE's President and CEO. "It's incredibly rewarding to once again inspire and support the next generation of entrepreneurs through this initiative."
Named Canada's Best Trade Show in 2010, 2011, and 2016, and celebrating 12 years of bold, new ideas, OCE's Discovery is Canada's premier innovation showcase. It brings together the best and brightest minds in industry, academia, investment and government to showcase leading-edge technologies, best practices and research in the areas of energy, fintech, cleantech, the environment, advanced health, digital media, information and communication technologies and advanced manufacturing. The annual conference and showcase attracts more than 3,500 attendees and 500 exhibitors.
For more information on the Young Entrepreneurs, Make Your Pitch 2017 finalists, their two-minute video pitch videos can be viewed at www.makeyourpitch.ca.
For more on Discovery, please visit www.ocediscovery.com.
BACKGROUNDER – Young Entrepreneurs, Make Your Pitch Finalists
The 2017 Young Entrepreneurs, Make Your Pitch finalists are:
Media Contact:
Andrew Robertson
Manager, Media Relations
t: 416.861.1092 x 1092 firstname.lastname@example.com


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We buy, sell, trade, consign, and service vintage and modern amps, synthesizers, instruments, pro audio gear, and the occasional drum set. We carry a boatload of pedals. We do not service home or car audio equipment, or products by Line 6, Blackstar, Bugera, or Behringer.
We proudly stock locally made pedals from Blackout Effectors and Endangered Audio Research. As far as non-local, we carry Strymon, Chase Bliss Audio, Wren & Cuff, Alexander Pedals, Disaster Area Designs, Saturnworks, Voodoo Labs, Smallsound/Bigsound, Greer Amps, Caroline Guitar Co., Catalinbread, and KLON.
Meet the Crew
Brian Landrum: The head technician and co-owner. Used to own Grey Eagle, fixes the things, and rocks with the best. Sometimes you'll see him behind the kit with The Payday Knights, or the Parting Gifts.
Charles Gately: Retail guy and co-owner. Sells you the things, always around to give advice (good or bad). Plays with local group, Doc Aquatic.


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MIAMI — The race for Florida's first National Basketball Association franchise moved south Thursday as the Miami City Commission tentatively approved ordinances leading to construction of a $50 million, 15,000-seat arena complex on city-owned land in a blighted neighborhood near downtown.
The potential franchise ownership situation also took a major step as theatrical producer Zev Bufman announced plans to complete a lease for the arena by next week and to launch a season-ticket subscription drive. Bufman and former Philadelphia 76ers coach Billy Cunningham head the Miami group shooting for a franchise.


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Saturday, July 5, 2014
Style Choices that Can Hide Your Flaws
Whether we like to admit it or not, us, women have body flaws that we would like to stay hidden or correct through medical intervention. Unless we learn how to be confident in what has been endowed to us, our body insecurities will gnaw on us day in and day out. While going under the knife can rid us of those flaws, be it a crooked nose or a beer belly, permanently, there are actually less expensive ways to hide them.
One is to make fashion choices that can make us look stunning while keeping your body flaws hidden. This way, you'll feel more comfortable in your own skin without breaking the bank to change what you already have. To help you get started, here a few style choices you can make:
1. Statement Jewelry Pieces
If luscious red lips can draw eyes to your mouth and away from your freckles or any other facial imperfections, jewelry pieces can also call attention away from your body flaws. So if you want to hide that big scar on your shoulder or keep the eyes away from your bare face, wearing a statement necklace, particularly a sparkling one, can draw attention to your neck and down. Want to keep eyes away from your plain shirt? Put on a pair of eye-catching earrings so people will be drawn to your face than to your clothes.
2. Stylish Leggings
Hate the flab in your legs after taking a break from jogging? keep them hidden by wearing black tights. The dark color can give a slimming effect to your legs so they look slimmer and toned. The same can be done if you're feeling self-conscious about your legs. Just pull over a pair of stylish leggings, say a black cross-band tights, on to your legs and pair it with a cute top, and everybody will be busy examining and contemplating your unique style than paying attention to your legs.
3. Shiny Belts
As you may have guessed, belts are more than just an accessory to keep your skirt, shorts or pants in place. They can also be worn to add glamour to your outfit, no matter how simple or ordinary they may be. More than that, they can also be used hide the flaws in your waistline. This is especially true if you opt for a shiny, mirrored belt and wear it higher than your natural waistline. Doing so will draw eyes to the center of your body and create an illusion of a slim waist.
So you see? You don't have to spend thousands or millions to hide your flaws. Investing in stylish pieces is all you have to do to call attention to your best body assets and away from your imperfections.
49 comments:
Oh yes I'm totally for black tights! I hardly ever go out without them! :)ReplyDelete
GIVEAWAY on my blog here:
Amazing choises!:)Great pictures!:)ReplyDelete
Hi, i write from Poland, your blog is so amazing. And i go follow it.ReplyDelete
Check out my blog:
I love these tips, great advice hun! Thanks for your insightful comment :)ReplyDelete
just loved this post of yours, simple tips to hid e flawas.. i always wear a statemment necklace when i am not in mood to wear makeupReplyDelete
happy weekend
Nr. 2 is my go-to trick :-) great post Bisma!ReplyDelete
Coco et La vie en rose / Bloglovin / Facebook
yes great tricks!!! love reading themReplyDelete
btw do check out my new post
stay in touch
Nice tips.ReplyDelete
I want to invite you to my blog, i have a giveaway from dresslily ^-^
Yes! I love wearing floral leggings.ReplyDelete
The necklace is really wonderful. :)ReplyDelete
Fashion Happenss
Great tips...Thx for sharing..:-)ReplyDelete
Great post,I never thought about necklaces like that!ReplyDelete
FASHION with VALENTINA.
Great post, with lovely tips.ReplyDelete
Have a wonderful weekend Bisma.
Dusana :-)
Great post, Statement jewellery is a great way to hide flaws, xoxo.ReplyDelete
Superb necklace .. Keep in touch.ReplyDelete
bloglovin follower
Very cool ideas!!ReplyDelete
sono grandiosi questi consigli!!! brava hai avuto proprio una bella idea!!!ReplyDelete
Amiga look maravilhoso amei o maxReplyDelete
Blog: http://arrasandonobatomvermelho.blogspot.com.br
Canal de youtube: http://www.youtube.com/NekitaReis
I agree with you with statement necklace!ReplyDelete
Join my GIVEAWAY here ;)
Visit my blog: www.sarahrizaga.blogspot.com
great post!ReplyDelete
from helen at www.thelovecatsinc.com
Lovely tips Bisma!ReplyDelete
I love this post full of tips, I'm definitely going for the statement jewellery. This summer definitely. xxReplyDelete
love this post! i never thought about statement necklaces in that way, but it totally makes sense :)ReplyDelete
HI dearReplyDelete
Oh great, love the necklace
Great post! Thank you for the tips! :)ReplyDelete
Great tips and all things I enjoy wearing, too! :) T. http://tickledpinkwoman.blogspot.comReplyDelete
Thanks for the tips dear!ReplyDelete
OMG! This is just what I need to hide my own flaws.ReplyDelete
nice post!!!ReplyDelete
I just found your blog and I'd like to say, that is amazing! You have awesome design, beautiful photos and interesting posts!ReplyDelete
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Blue and Birds (click)
Mary Rigby
I love that necklace honey, it's amazing!ReplyDelete
Great post!ReplyDelete
Terrific ways to use jewelry and accessories to camouflage parts of the body that are not one's favorite areas.ReplyDelete
nice post! :) xoxoReplyDelete
such an amazing postReplyDelete
really helpfull for all the girls
sometimes its good to go beyond usual post
btw do check out my new post
Superb first necklace. Keep in touch.ReplyDelete
bloglovin follower
buona giornata!!! baciReplyDelete
Thanks for your comment... Hope you have a fantastic week ahead!ReplyDelete
Great tips! thanks for sharing!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 7, 2014 at 5:11 PM
Awesome!!! I have that necklace <3ReplyDelete
great post. i also have that necklace just silver.ReplyDelete
love the necklaceReplyDelete
Olá tudo bem com você?ReplyDelete
Hoje vim te convidar a conhecer meu novo espaço, o "Entre Elas", um espaço culinário com dicas, truques, segredinhos e claro receitas.
É um blog novo, pois tive de recomeçar, pois os outros dois espaços que tinha foram-se ... já estou seguindo seu blog com esse novo, apenas minha foto não aparece nos seguidores, mas é só conferir pelo nome My Silva..
Conto com sua presença ...
I love wearing statement necklaces !ReplyDeleteReplies
- AnonymousNovember 17, 2014 at 12:26 AM
Every girl should be! These chunky necklaces do add style on your simple outfits!Delete
Lookbook Store
The necklace looks nice . Love the necklace .ReplyDelete
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Thursday, June 17, 2010
TS808 Tubescreamer Owned By Stevie Ray Vaughan On eBay!
Folks, it's Holy Grail time again at eBay!
Up for your perusal is what the seller claims to be a genuine Ibanez TS808 Tubescreamer formerly owned by Stevie Ray Vaughan!
Tubescreamer connoisseurs will notice that this pedal is from 1980 with the 'registered trademark' above the Ibanez logo and the sought after JRC4558 chip in the circuit, coveted for its warm, 'brown sound'.
Interestingly, pedal mod guru Analogman's Tubescreamer history page also lists this pedal with serial number 111179 as belonging to Stevie Ray Vaughan and Cesar Diaz, Stevie's tech at the time.
(EBay Item #: 270592330548)
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Harvard in the 17th and 18th Centuries is an online guide to thousands of items—diaries, commonplace books, correspondence, legal documents, University records, drawings, maps, student notebooks, scientific observations, and lecture notes—that form the documentary history of Harvard and serve as one of the great social history collections on the evolving United States. Together, these materials provide insight into the material culture of colonial life, the legal and social concerns of citizens, the costs of goods and services, the books that influenced thought and education, and myriad other aspects of the material and intellectual life in New England.
From the cost of food and drink to the impact of the American Revolution, from a unique record of earthquakes in New England to smallpox outbreaks in Boston, Cambridge, and beyond, scholars with a wide range of interests will discover that the Harvard University Archives offers a wealth of 17th- and 18th-century resources. In addition to detailed records on these holdings, researchers will find that more than 13,000 pages from these holdings have been digitized and are available online.
Harvard in the 17th and 18th Centuries is made possible with generous support from Arcadia and from the Sidney Verba Fund.


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TIP 97#: Apache2 in AIX
I was working for a client to upgrade the existing AS10g to Fusion 11g. As part of upgrade, Apache is upgraded to version >2. Interesting enough, starting Apache under port 1024 threw the following error although the regular permission change was applied.
[2012-05-15T10:27:53.6378-04:00] [OHS] [INCIDENT_ERROR:20] [OHS-9999] [mod_onsint.c] [host_id: comet.isc-seo.upenn.edu] [host
_addr: 220.127.116.11] [pid: 5308510] [tid: 1] [user: root] [VirtualHost: main] (22)Invalid argument: setgid: unable to set group id to Group 4294967295
This turned out to be due to the fact Apache under port 1024 can only be started as a named user/group other than nobody.In other words, checkout httpd.conf and make sure user and group is set first of all and it is set to anything but nobody.As I mentioned, Apache in AS10g can still be started without this setting but not anymore in Fusion11g!
I have not tested if this is the same case on other platforms, please feel free to chime in.
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Intent to Register Planning Guide
- Home
- » General Information
- » How To Guides
- » Intent to Register Planning Guide
Returning in September 2019?
You must complete the Intent to Register process by March 31st, 2019 to be permitted access to course selection during summer registration through Student Center.
Important: Mandatory for all returning students - Even if you are staying in your current program you should attend one of the information sessions offered during the program counselling period. Information about courses being offered, new program regulations, and how to plan for fall/winter registration will be offered. If you do not attend a session you may miss valuable information pertaining to your program.
The Intent to Register process is more than just completing your Intent to Register. There are a number of steps you should follow to properly prepare for the 2019/2020 Term.
Step 1: Academic Calendar
View the Academic Calendar, reading the sections of the calendar that apply to your intended program of study. Note: the Academic Calendar for the 2019-2020 Academic Year will be available in February 2019. Check that you have the prerequisites for your intended courses and no antirequisites. Plan your program and make note of any questions you have before your information session.
Step 2: Unofficial Transcript
Review your Unofficial Transcript to ensure you will have met the requirements of your intended program(s) of study, and print a copy to bring with you to your counselling or information session. Your Unofficial Transcript is available through Student Center navigate to the Academics section and under Documentation the 3rd link down is Web Academic Report.
When the page loads click the drop down Report Type and choose Web Academic Report and then choose View Report. Your record will open in a new window so ensure you don't have popup blockers for this site. You can then save it as a pdf or print it.
Step 3: Special Permissions
Obtain any special permissions that are required. Special permissions will not override constraints that restrict course access to students in specified programs.
Step 4: Program Counselling
Attend information sessions during the program counselling period if they are offered within your faculty. For information on your department/program's counselling sessions please visit your Faculty's website.
Step 5: Complete your Intent to Register
Most students will complete the Intent to Register process using the online service. For step by step help filling out your Intent to Register consult our ITR process instructions. For students unable to complete the Intent to Register process online, please see your Faculty for a paper form.
Online Intent to Register
Note: If you have completed the Intent to Register form online, you will receive an email confirmation of your choices to your Western Email account (@uwo.ca). Students who wish to make further changes to their online selections can continue to use this process until March 31st, 2019.
Paper Intent to Register
For instructions on how to complete the paper ITR form, view our video.


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12 February Celebrations + a Baby Day!
In The Poetry Friday Anthology for Celebrations, you'll find February poems about:
Lunar New Year
Black History Month
Super Bowl Sunday
Groundhog Day
Random Acts of Kindness Week
Valentine's Day
Presidents' Day
International Mother Language Day
World Thinking Day
National Engineers Week
International Polar Bear Day
and a Baby Day celebration!
February Highlights
Groundhog Day
In "Mr. Groundhog" from The Poetry Friday Anthology for Celebrations, Jane Yolen calls him "the forest's Weather Guy." Watch Punxsutawney Phil in action here!
Super Bowl Sunday
Super Bowl Sunday will happen on Sunday, February 7th in 2016. Learn more about it here. Who will you be rooting for? I'll be shouting and hooting and hollering for . . . the Potato Chips!
Lunar New Year
2015 is the Year of the Sheep; the Year of the Monkey starts on February 8, 2016. Linda Sue Park's poem "New Year Cheer" talks about the tradition of bowing. Learn more Korean New Year traditions in this video!
World Thinking Day
Celebrate World Thinking Day with the Girl Scouts and this video performance of "Thinking about World Thinking Day" by Michelle Heidenrich Barnes!


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Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness PSP Review
If you've not heard of the company Nippon Ichi Software, then they could be two reasons for that. The first one is that you never owned a Playstation 2 and the second one is that you aren't interested in strategy RPGs. Ever since the first Disgaea hit the market, Nippon Ichi have been making a name for themselves as the king of all things strategy RPG. After spawning a sequel and allowing fans to play more of their gaming catalogue, Nippon Ichi has decided to go back to the game that started the rise of Nippon Ichi in the west, with the release of Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness on the PSP.
The release of Disgaea on the PSP could go two ways for the fans. Firstly people who were hoping for a new saga in the story will be disappointed as the game is a port of the Playstation 2 game. The plus side of things though is that this is the best version of the game to date. It contains all the stuff that the Playstation 2 version had, but with extra content, multiplayer, new story and some polish to boot. Either way you look at it, it's an extremely worthwhile game to be added to the PSP catalogue that shouldn't be missed by any people who are interested in the genre.
One thing is clear when playing through Disgaea and that is the game doesn't take itself too seriously. I mean could you really take a game seriously that contains things like explode penguins that say "DOOD", a main character that is scared of girls with giant breasts and a group of wannabe heroes who just want to be like the power rangers.. nah didn't think so. The story of Disgaea starts with Laharl, the main character of the game, waking up from a two year nap to find that his dad, the great King Krichevskoy, has passed away (I warn you, those pretzels are dangerous!) Since the King died while Laharl was a sleep, the Netherworld has been fighting over who gets to take the rightful place to the throne. With Laharl now awake, he's not overly impressed that his title as the Overlord of the Netherworld is been disputed. Thus the crazy adventure with his evil plotting vassal Etna begins.
The game takes place over fourteen chapters, each featuring their own array of battles. Everything is accessible from the game's hub, which is Laharl's mighty netherworld castle. When you aren't battling you'll be spending most of your time here. It's the place where you heal, buy items, weapons and choose your next battle. Disgaea gives you the ability to replay any battle you've already beaten, great if you want to level up some of your characters. There's also other stuff featured, which will get on to in a bit.
Combat is deep and complex, yet you don't have to know every feature to be able to play the game, but it does help if you learn it. Disgaea, when it really comes down to it, is a game that will make hardcore strategy RPG players wet their pants with glee, it's that in-depth. Battles take place on an isometric viewed grid map where movement is measured on how many squares your characters can move. The player is able to release up to ten characters from the "base panel", which is where all your characters begin from. The game is turn based, no speed stats are involved, as the whole team moves in the same turn before switching over to the other side.
While it might seem like every other strategy RPG from that brief description of the battle system, it is for deeper than anything else available. Apart from being able to attack, defend, cast magic and use special powers, you can also throw your partners to move them past obstacles. For the special treat, throw those prinnies for a comical explosion on your enemies, whoever came up with the idea of suicide penguins is a genius! A good way to defeat your opposition is through combos. The way the system works is that you don't have to attack right after you have moved a unit. The game allows you to move your team strategically and if you manage to get a group of characters adjacent to each other, you'll set off a combo that will do extra damage to your opponent.
Finally the last major thing is the Geo symbol, a block that contains special stat that increases/decreases if placed on coloured squares on the battlefield. These can range from defence and attack increases, healing percentages and other more worthwhile effects. If you don't like the Geo symbol, just destroy it on a coloured grid, like some devilish overlord and watch it set off a chain reaction, damaging all those it touches, even those precious prinnies.
It's a sure thing that you'll be spending a lot of time fighting, but as mentioned before, you'll be in your castle for most of the game as well. The Castle contains a lot of stuff to do. Apart from buying weapons and items, a hospital is available to heal. The hospital is pretty generous because the more you use it, the more presents you receive from it. It's like it has its own little GAME reward scheme going on, making you an addict.
The Dark Assembly is a major aspect of the castle and one you'll be using often. Here you can propose for things to help you. If you want cheaper items or maybe more cash to spend on that high powered weapon, then just ask away and see if they vote in your favour. Senators have a rating on how they feel about you, if you think they won't vote then you can try blackmailing them, giving them an item they want just to get them on your side. If the worst comes to worst and they are still giving you that "Nay" then show them whose boss and kick the crap out of them like any great overlord would, just make sure you're a high enough level or it's bye bye Laharl.
Character creation is done through the Dark Assembly as well. Apart from the story characters that you gain throughout the game, you also unlock classes that appear in the Dark Assembly to create your own group of minions. Everything costs mana in the Dark Assembly, which is earned by defeating enemies. There are plenty of classes to choose from, each with its strength and weaknesses. The only downside is that these start at level 1, so you'll need to use that feature of replaying missions to level up your fellow minions. If you are fed up with that class, terminate him and then recreate him as something else, although he will be level 1, he does come with some skills and stats from his past life.
As if the game didn't feature enough stuff already. Disgaea goes one step further with items. In most RPGs you usually visit multiple stores and buy better weaponry, which increases throughout the game. Disgaea contains only one store to buy weapons and there are also multiple versions of the same weapon. For example one of your characters might use a sword. Looking in the shop you'll notice different types of swords you can use, copper, gold, and ones with fancy names you can never pronounce correctly. But when looking you'll see there are a few swords called copper swords, only closely inspecting will you notice that these weapons contain stats, which vary for every weapon. Just to make stuff even more extreme, they are rare and legend editions of the weapons as well. Oh and it doesn't finish there. Items also have levels too and going through the game's Item World you can make your weapon/armour/item level up to become even stronger. The Item World creates randomly generated dungeons from your item. If you are wanting to take on the higher level bosses then this is one thing you'll need to make use off, otherwise you don't really need to touch this area apart from one of the story chapters that explains it to you.
Everything mentioned so far was in the original Playstation 2 game, but Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness has been given some fresh content in form of the new Etna story mode. This is a "what if" scenario about Etna killing off Laharl at the start of the game. It features fresh dialogue and situations not seen before. It's certainly made for people who have played the game as it's more challenging than the original story mode. There are also nice surprises for people who have played some of the other Nippon Ichi games, namely Disgaea 2 and Makai Kingdom.
Multiplayer is included but only in local Ad-hoc form. It allows you to dual it out with a friend in a few game types. It also helps that if you are inexperienced that you can set out some Geo Panels to allow yourself, or the opposition a kind of handicap, just to make it that bit fair on the guy who's not got an army of killer. Players may also use the Ad-hoc to trade items with fellow friends, great if you are on a mission to find all those powerful items, since the game keeps a list of all the items you have in a collection portfolio.
Disgaea is a game that will last you a long time. The main story campaign will last you around 35-40 hours. That's only for the basic of basics. There are plenty of optional battles to explore and a game where the max level stops at 9999, you know there's got to be some extreme fights hidden in there. New game + is in there to allow you to carry over your army once you've finished the game, great for wanting to see a alternative ending. Oh and with the inclusion of Etna mode too, you've got a game that will last you way over the 100 hour mark. This game could keep you going on and on till you grow grey hair.
Nippon Ichi has managed to port the game to the PSP flawlessly and it actually looks better than the Playstation 2 equivalent. The smaller screen really helps how the sprites and 3-D battlegrounds look as they appear a lot smoother. The problem with the camera is still there though. It will only spin 90 degrees when you press the button to switch, so it can be annoying when a wall is blocking your view and you can't just manage to get the right view on it. It would have been nice to have a free rotating camera rather than the 90 degree featured, but it doesn't affect you that much in the battles, there's only a few maps that will obscure your view. The voice acting is brilliant, the only difference is Etna has been replaced by the actress who did her in Disgaea 2; it's not a bad thing as she is great at replicating all the lines in Disgaea. All of Etna's lines have been rerecorded for the PSP game. You can even switch over to Japanese voiceovers, which are included in this game.
Even after playing the original over four years ago, Disgaea still feels exceptional because no one else seems to be able to make a strategy RPG as absorbing as Nippon Ichi have managed to do. It's full of love and love that needs to be bought. It might be a little off-putting at first for people who have never touched a game like this before, but sticking with it will surely pay off as you find yourself pulled into a game full of laughter, wackiness and characters you'll come to adore. You'll be wondering where the hours have gone when your PSP battery is flashing for a recharge. As for people who played the hell out of the first one, this is the perfect version and is still worth your time, just for the new Etna mode and new bosses featured. Plus I'm sure that you wouldn't mind playing through the game again because you know how good it is already.
The best strategy RPG on the PSP, no contest. Buy it!


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Manchester United midfielder Henrikh Mkhitaryan has expressed his gratitude to Jurgen Klopp after working with the Liverpool boss at Borussia Dortmund.
In 2013,Jurgen Klopp signed Henrikh Mkhitaryan for £21.5m after the Armenian international had enjoyed a stellar spell with Shakhtar Donetsk and in three years at the Westfalenstadion, the playmaker netted 41 goals in 140 appearances in all competitions.
On Saturday, the duo will be on opposite sides as Liverpool host United at Anfield, but Mkhitaryan has not forgotten the impact that Klopp has had on his career.
The 28-year-old told German magazine 11 Freunde: "I had chosen Dortmund because I liked the way they play there. The players also liked me – and then there was the great coach, Jurgen Klopp. After I had talked to him, the decision had been made for me. I only wanted to go to Dortmund.
"When I came to Dortmund, Jurgen Klopp told me that I had to let go, and that it's not good to think about football all the time. I started to understand what he meant, and so slowly, this part of me has changed.
"I am thankful to Klopp. He worked on my personality and the psychological part. Klopp showed me the way. He supported me and told me I had to keep my head up because good things were coming. He helped me to become a better player."