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1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 12, No. 2, pp June 15, 1916 CALIFORNIA PLACE NAMES OF INDIAN ORIGIN BY A. L. KROEBER The origin of many place-names in California which are of Indian derivation is very imperfectly known, and has often been thoroughly misunderstood. There is no subject of information in which rumor and uncritical tradition hold fuller sway than in this field. The best literature dealing with the topic-and it is one of widespread interest -contains more errors than truths. The present compilation, in spite of probably embodying numerous misunderstandings and offering only doubt or ignorance on other points, is at least an attempt to approach the inquiry critically. It is based on fifteen years of acquaintance, from the anthropological side, with most of the Indian tribes of the state. In the course of the studies made in this period, geographical and linguistic data were accumulated, which, while not gathered for the present purpose, serve to illuminate, even though often only negatively, the origin and meaning of many place-names adopted or reputed to have been taken from the natives. Authorities have been cited where they were available and known. If they are not given in more cases, it is because unpublished notes of the writer are in all such instances the source of information. The present state of knowledge as to place-names derived from the Indians is illustrated by the following example. There are nine counties in California, Colusa, Modoc, Mono, Napa, Shasta, Tehama, Tuolumne, Yolo, and Yuba, whose names are demonstrably or almost demonstrably of Indian origin, and two others, Inyo and Siskiyou, that presumably are also Indian. Of these eleven, Maslin in his officially authorized list, cited below, gives two, Mono and Yuba, as being Spanish; he adds Solano and Marin, of which the first is certainly and
2 32 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 the latter probably Spanish, as being Indian; and the only etymologies which he mentions-those for Modoe, Napa, Shasta, Tuolumne, and Yolo-are all either positively erroneous or unverified. The lists by other authors, which include the names of less widely known localities, are as a rule even more unreliable. The prevalent inclination has been to base explanations of place-names of Indian origin not on knowledge, or where certainty is unattainable on an effort at investigation, but on vague though positively stated conjectures of what such names might have meant, or on naive fancies of what would have been picturesque and romantic designations if the unromantic Indian had used them. It is therefore a genuine pleasure to mention one notable and recent exception, the Spanish and Indian Place Names of California of Nellie Van de Grift Sanchez, a really valuable work which unites honest endeavor and historical discrimination with taste and pleasing presentation. 1 To avoid an array of foot-notes, most references have been cited in the text in a simplified form, which will be clear upon consultation of the following list. MASLIN: Prentiss Maslin. I have not seen this work, printed for or by the State of California, in the original. It may be more accessible to most readers as reprinted as an appendix to John S. McGroarty's California, 1911, pages 311 and following. As the names follow one another in alphabetical order, page references are unnecessary. GANNETT: Henry Gannett, "'The Origin of Certain Place-Names in the United States.'' U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 197, As this is also an alphabetic list, page references have again been omitted. BAILEY: G. E. Bailey, "'History and Origin of California Names and Places,'" in several instalments (the pages indicated in the table of contents for the volume are in part erroneous), in volume 44 of the Overland Monthly, San Francisco, July to December, The Indian section is arranged alphabetically and begins on page 564. POWERS: Stephen Powers, "'Tribes of California,'" being Contributions to North American Ethnology, volume 3, Washington, MERRIAM: C. Hart Merriam, "'Distribution and Classification of the Mewan Stock of California," American Anthropologist, new series, volume 9, pages , BARRETT, Pomo: S. A. Barrett, "'The Ethno-geography of the Porno and Neighboring Indians,'' being pages 1 to 332 of volume 6 of the present series of publications. Page citations follow the title, in references in the present text made to this and the following works. BARRETT, MIWOK: S. A. Barrett, "The Geography and Dialects of the Miwok Indians,'" pages 333 to 368 of volume 6 of the same series of publications. 1 San Francisco, A. M. Robertson, 1914.
3 1916] Kroeber: California Place Names of Indian Origin 33 KROEBER, MIWOK: A. L. Kroeber, "'On the Evidences of the Occupation of Certain Regions by the Miwok Indians," pages 369 to 380 of the same volume as the last. KROEBER, SHOSHONEAN: The same, ''Shoshonean Dialects of California,'' volume 4, pages 65 to 165, also of the present series. KROEBER, CAHUILLA: The same, "'Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians,'" pages 29 to 68 of volume 8 of the present series. Several important original sources, such as Hugo Reid in the Los Angeles Star of 1852, and Alexander Taylor in the California Farmer of 1860 following, are referred to or partly extracted, so far as Indian place-names are concerned, in the above works. The number of California place-names taken from the several California Indian languages varies greatly. In general, Spanish occupation has been more favorable than American settlement to preservation of native designations of localities. The distribution of positively and probably identified names, according to their source from the various families of speech, is as follows: Shoshonean Chumash MiWok Wintun Yurok Yuman Pomo Yokuts Costanoan Maidu Yuki Athabasean Salinan Shastan Washo Lutuami Wivot Karok, Chimariko, Yana, and Esselen have furnished no terms to modern California geography. Such obviously imported names of Indian origin as Cherokee, Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Tioga, Sequoya, and Maricopa, have not been discussed in the present account THE NAMES Acalanes, a land grant in Contra Costa County, in the vicinity of the present town of Lafayette, is probably named from a Costanoan Indian village of the vicinity, Akalan or something similar, which the Spaniards dignified into the Acalanes "tribe." The ending occurs on many Costanoan village names: Sacla-n, Olho-n, Bolbo-n, Mutsu-n, etc. Aguanga, in Riverside County, has no connection with Spanish agua, "water," but is a place or village name of the Shoshonean
4 34 Universtty of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 Luisefio Indians. The meaning is not known, but the word is derived from the place-name proper, Awa, plus the Indian locative case ending -nga (Kroeber, Shoshoenean, 147). Ahpah creek, entering the Klamath River from the south just above Blue Creek, in Humboldt County, is named from its Yurok designation, O'po. Ahwahnee, in Madera County, is situated forty miles from the original Awani, which was the Southern Miwok name of the largest village in Yosemite Valley and therefore of the valley itself. The Indian name of American Ahwahnee was Wasama (Merriam, 346, and Barrett, Miwok, 343). It is of interest, though perhaps of no bearing in the present connection, that a similar name, Awaniwi, appears among the far-distant but related Coast Miwok Indians of Marin County as the appelation of a former village in the northern part of the city of San Rafael. Algomah, in Siskiyou County, is of unknown origin, and suggests coinage, or borrowing from the Eastern place-name Algoma, also coined, given by Gannett. Algootoon, which does not appear on most maps, is given by Bailey as another name of Lakeview, Riverside County, and as derived from Algoot, the Saboba (i.e., Luisefio) hero who killed "Taquitch" (see Tahquitz). The name Algut sounds Luisefio, but does not appear in the Sparkman Luisefio dictionary in possession of the University of California. It is probably a Spanish spelling of Alwut, "raven," who is one of the most important traditional and religious heroes of the Luisefio, and into whom Tukupar, "Sky," turned himself when he went to visit Takwish on Mount San Jacinto preparatory to killing him. 2 This etymology, however, does not account for the last syllable of "Algootoon. " Were it not that guesses are already more numerous in these matters than knowledge, the writer would be tempted to hazard the suggestion of a possible American corruption from Spanish algodon, "cotton." Aloma mountain, in Ventura County, has an unidentified name. Anacapa, the name of the island off Ventura County, is absurdly given by Bailey, page 360, as Spanish for " Cape Ann. " The Chumash original is Anyapah, recorded by Vancouver as Enneeapah, misspelled Enecapah by the map engraver, and then Spanicized into Anacapa (Sanchez, 351, fide George Davidson). 2 Journ. Am. Folk Lore, XIX, 318, 1906
5 1916] Eroeber: California Place Names of Indian Origin 35 Anapamu, the name of a street in Santa Barbara city, is said locally to be of Indian origin' and has a good Chumash ring. Aptos, in Santa Cruz County, is given by Bailey as the name of a "tribe." If this is a fact, the village was Costanoan; but the derivation from Spanish apto seems not impossible. Arcata, in Humboldt County, is said by Gannett to mean "sunny spot" in Indian. Such a place-name would be very unusual in any California Indian language, nor does the sound suggest a word in the Wiyot language, which is the idiom spoken in the vicinity. Aukam, in Eldorado County, is, if Indian, which seems doubtful, of Northern Miwok origin. Ausaymas, a land grant in Santa Clara and San Benito counties, is obviously named after the Ausaymas or Ansaymas Indians mentioned in Arroyo de la Cuesta's Phrase Book of the Mutsun Language as speaking a dialect somewhat different from that of the Mutsunes. Evidently Ausayma and Mutsun were both Costanoan villages near Mission San Juan Bautista. Avawatz mountains, north of Ludlow in San Bernardino County, have a name that sounds like good Shoshonean. Southern Paiute or Serrano tribes lived in the neighborhood. Azusa, or Asuza, in Los Angeles County, was a Gabrielino Shoshonean village, Asuksa-gna in Gabrielino 4 or Ashuksha-vit in the neighboring Serrano' dialect. According to a correspondent,' the word means "skunk hill." Bally, or Bully, mountain, in Shasta County near the Trinity line, has its name from Wintun boli (o like English "'aw'"),"'spirit.'" See Bully Choop and Yallo Bally. There is also a Bully Hill in Shasta County between the Pit and McCloud rivers. Beegum and Beegum Butte, in Tehama County, are names of unidentified origin. Bohemotash mountain, in Shasta County, bears a northern Wintun name. Bohem is "large," but the second part of the word is not known. 3 J. P. Harrington, American Anthropologist, n. s. xiii, 725, Hugo Reid, originally in the Los Angeles Star, quoted by A. Taylor, California Farmer, XIV, 1861, and by Hoffman, Bulletin Essex Institute, xvii, Present series, viii, 39, Mr. C. C. Baker of Azusa, quoting Mr. W. A. Dalton, whose godfather was Hugo Reid: Azunesabit, "skunk hill," the skunks being of the small or polecat variety, and the name applied by the Indians to the hill, east of the present town, where the ranch house of the grant stood. As -bit is the regular locative ending in Serrano, the literal meaning was probably "'skunk place'" rather than "'hill. "
6 36 Unicersily of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 Bolbonies, or more fully Arroyo de las Nueces y Bolbones, a grant in Contra Costa County, probably derives its name from a village whose inhabitants were called Volvon, Bolbon, and Bulbones by the Spaniards. See Bancroft, Native Races, I, 453. Bolinas, in Marin County, is said by Sanchez, 228, 355, to be probably an alteration of Los Baulines, a grant name, based in all likelihood on an Indian geographical designation. This seems reasonable. The division involved would be the Coast Miwok, and the native word probably Wauli-n. Bully COhoop, or Bally Chup, mountain, between Shasta and Trinity counties, is apparently from Wintun boli, "spirit." The meaning of chup is not known. See Bally and Yallo Bally. Buriburi, a land grant in San Mateo County, is a name of unknown source. The grant is near San Bruno, so that the Costanoan Indians on it would have been attached to Mission Dolores in San Francisco. Urebure occurs as the name of one of the many rancherias formerly existing in the vicinity of Mission Dolores. 7 Cahto, in Mendocino County, is in Athabascan territory and has come to be used, in the form Kato, for an Athabascan tribe or division, but is a Pomo word, meaning " lake. " 1 8 The Bailey definition of ''quicksand,'" from cah, " water, ' and to, "'mush,'" is unproved; although ka and to separately have this meaning in Pomo, and the etymology is repeated in the meaning cited in Barrett (Pomo, 262), for Bida-to, "mush-stream" (also, it is said, on account of the presence of quicksand), the Northern Pomo name of a Coast Yuki village at the mouth of Ten Mile River in the same part of Mendocino County. Cahto Creek in southeastern Humboldt County is probably the same name as Cahto in northern Mendocino. Cahuenga pass and peak, in Los Angeles County, are undoubtedly named from some Gabrielino Shoshonean word, as shown by the locative ending -nga. Cah/villa, often written Coahuila, but always pronounced "Kawia" and never "Kwawila," is the name of a Shoshonean tribe, or rather dialect group, located in San Gorgonio Pass, the Colorado desert, and the vicinity of the present Cahuilla reservation in Riverside County. The name, ever since Reid, an excellent authority, has been said to mean "master," but the author has never found an Indian to cor- 7 Bancroft, Native Races, I, Goddard, present series, v, 67, 1909; Powers, 150.
7 1916] Kroeber: California Place Names of Indian Origin 37 roborate this interpretation, or to admit the word as being anything else than Spanish. There is no connection with Kaweah. Calleguas, in Ventura County, is derived from Chumash Kayiwlish, "my head," the name of a rancheria. Calpella, in Mendocino County, according to Barrett, Pomo, 143, is named after Kalpela, the chief of the former Northern Pomo village.of Chomehadila, situated "on the mesa just south of the town of Calpella." Kalpela 's name 9 "was given to his people, and was applied by the whites in a general way to all of the Indians living in Redwood Valley.... The late Mr. A. E. Sherwood is authority for the statement that 'Cal-pa-lau' signifies 'mussel or shellfish bearer,' "-whence Bailey's notice is apparently derived. "'Mussel" is kwal, hat, in Northern Pomo. Camulos, in Ventura County, is named from an Indian village Kamulus or Kamulas.' 0 This territory has usually been considered Chumash, but was more likely Shoshonean; it is, however, probable that Kamulas was its Chumash name; at any rate, the etymology in Chumash is my-mutits, mutls being an edible fruit. Capay, a land grant in Glenn and Tehama counties, and another in Yolo County, the latter surviving in modern nomenclature as Capay Valley, are named from Southern Wintun (Patwin) kapai, "stream." Carquinez straits, in San Francisco Bay, are named from a Southern Wintun "tribe" or village, Carquin or Karkin. Caslamayomi, a land grant in Sonoma County, seems Indian, especially on account of its ending, -yomi or -yorne, which means "place" both in Southern Pomo and Coast Miwok. Castac Lake, in Tejon Pass in Kern County, and Castac Creek in Los Angeles County, are named from a Shoshonean village, situated near the mouth of the stream, and called by the neighboring Chumash Kashietk (the iix unrounded), "my eyes" (dual), or "our eye." A frequented Indian trail led from the village up the stream to the lake and thence into the San Joaquin Valley-whence probably the application of the name to the two localities. The Shoshonean Kitanemuk or Serrano of the vicinity of the lake call this Auvapya, and the Yokuts of the San Joaquin Valley Sasau. Both words mean "at the eye." The Castac grant extended from Castac Lake north into the San Joaquin Valley. 9 Recited in Kroeber, Shoshonean, Handbook of American Indians, Bur. Am. Ethn. Bull. 30, part i, 649.
8 38 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 Catacula, in Napa County, is a name of unknown origin. The grant lay in Wintun or Wappo territory. Caymus grant in Napa County is named for the Yukian Wappo village of Kaimus, derivation unknown, formerly on the site of what is now Yountville (Barrett, Pomo, 268). Cayucos, in San Luis Obispo County, means "boats" or "skiffs" in South American Spanish, according to the dictionaries, while. Cayuca, a form of the name that also appears, denotes "head" in Cuban Spanish. Chagoopa plateau and creek, southwest of Mount Whitney, are in Tulare County. The meaning is unknown, but the name is almost certainly a Mono word. A familiar Shoshonean noun ending -pa appears, as also in Ivanpah, Hanaupah, Nopah. Chanchelulla mountain, in Trinity County, also appearing on maps as Chauchetulla and Chenche Lulla, seems to derive its name from a Wintun source, but the etymology is unknown. Chemehuevi valley and mountains, in eastern San Bernardino County, are named after the Chemehuevi tribe, an offshoot of the Southern Paiute. The meaning of their name is unknown, and its source is also not certain, although the Mohave appear to use it not only of the Chemehuevi but of all Paiute divisions, and may have originated the term. Chirniles, a land grant in Napa County, between Vacaville and Napa city, bears a name of unidentified but possibly Indian origin. Choenimne mountain, in Fresno County, derives its name from the Yokuts tribe of the Choinimni, who lived on Kings River near the mountain. Cholame, in San Luis Obispo County, is a name of Salinan Indian derivation. Cholam, more exactly Tc!ola'M,-also given as Tco'alamtram, "Cholam houses" or "Cholam village,"-was a rancheria near Mission San Miguel," 1 and therefore at the mouth of Estrella Creek, as the lower course of Cholame Creek is called. Choul mountain, in Santa Clara County, bears a name of unknown origin. Chowchilla River in the drainage of the San Joaquin was in its lower course the habitat of the Chauchila tribe of the Yokuts. This division bore a warlike reputation among neighboring groups, and its 11 Mason, present series, x, 107, The settlement known as Cholame is, however, on the Cholame grant, which is on Cholame Creek, toward Cholame Pass, and some distance easterly of San Miguel, so that the site of the aboriginal Cholam village cannot be regarded as certainly known.
9 1916] Kroeber: California Place Names of Indian Origin 39 name may be connected with the Yokuts verb taudja, "to kill," but this etymology is far from certain. Yokuts Indians have at times translated the tribal name as "murderers," but this may be an incorrect ex post facto etymology on their part. The Chauchila have been referred to as a Miwok division; but as the Miwok, in distinction from the Yokuts, had no true tribes, it is likely that the Miwok Chauchilas were so named by the Americans, or by English-speaking Indians, after the name of the stream near whose upper course they live. There are also Chowehilla Mountains in Mariposa County. Chualar, in Monterey County, is Spanish "place of chual," or Ch enopodium album. Cisco, in Placer County, is given by Bailey as of Indian origin, and meaning a kind of trout. The word will be found in any modern English dictionary as the name of a fresh-water fish. If originally Indian, it is not California Indian. It is also a family name. Cleone, in Mendocino County, is probably named from Kelio, the Northern Pomo name of one of their divisions or more probably a village." 2 Coachella, in Riverside County, is in Cahuilla territory, but it has not been learned that the name has an Indian source, though it is sometimes so stated. Coahuila, see Cahuilla. Collayomi, a land grant in Lake County, is no doubt named after the Coyayomi or Joyayomi "tribe" mentioned by Engelhardt. 1 3 This is probably a Coast or Lake Miwok name, as shown by the ending -yome, "place," though the same element occurs with a similar meaning in Southern Pomo. Barrett (Pomo, 316) identifies it hesitatingly with Shoyome, a Lake Miwok village on the south side of Puta Creek three and a half miles below Guenoc. Coloma, where gold was first discovered in California, in Eldorado County, is given by Powers, 315, as the name of a Nishinam (Southern Maidu) "'tribe" or village. Colusa County is named from the Patwin, that is, Southern Wintun, Koru, a village on the site of the present town of Colusa. The meaning of Koru is not known to the Indians, who declare it to be merely a place name. The r in this word is trilled, hence presents difficulty to Americans, which fact seems to account for its change into 1. The origin of the third syllable is not entirely clear. Colusa 12 Handbook of American Indians, Bur. Am. Ethn. Bull. 30, part i, Franciscans in California, 1897, p. 451.
10 40 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 was originally spelled Colusi or Coluse, as it is still vulgarly pronounced. It is possible that the ending is from a Spanish plural of the place name used as a tribal name, as so often happened; or Korusi may have been an Indian variant of Koru. Indian informants mention a belief locally current among Americans that Koru was the name of a chief of the rancheria, but emphatically deny this. It will be seen that a similar statement has been made concerning Yolo, and that this statement is also contradicted by the available Indian information. Comptche, in Mendocino County, is from an unknown source. There was a Pomo village Komacho in the region. Barrett, Pomo, 178. Concow, in Butte County, surviving also as the official and popular name of the Concow or Maidu Indians on Round Valley reservation, is from the Southwestern Maidu word Koyongkau. Powers, 283, gives the etymology from koyo, "plain" or "valley, and kau, "earth" or ''place. " Cortina Valley, in Colusa County, appears to be named for Kotina, a former Southern Wintun chief (Barrett, Pomo, 324), though whether his name was Indian, or an Indian corruption of Spanish Cortina, is not known. Cosmit reservation, in San Diego County, is called Kosmit also in the Dieguefio language, but the meaning is not known. Coso, a range and place in Inyo County, appear to be named after a Shoshonean Indian division, allied to the Panamint or part of them. It is, however, possible that Coso is originally a place name, from which the range derived its name, after which the whites and then the Indians came to speak of the Coso Mountain Indians or the Koso tribe. The ethnology of this region is very little known. Bailey says that Coso means "broken coal." Words beginning with ku- mean charcoal in several Shoshonean dialects of the vicinity. A locality or village, but hardly a tribe, might be given such a name by Indians. Cosumnies River is evidently named from an Indian village or tribe, as shown by the ending -umne or -amni, discussed under Tuolumne. The location indicates a Plains Miwok origin. Kawso (=Koso) is mentioned by Merriam, 348, as the name given by the Pawenan (part of the Southern Maidu) to the Mokozumne Plains Miwok division. Cosumne thus appears to be Koso plus -umni plus the Spanish or English plural -s; Mokozumne may be only a form of the same name; and the term denotes the people of a Plains Miwok
11 1916] Kroeber: California Place Namtes of Indian Origin 41 village or tribe. The derivation of Cosumnes from Miwok kosum, " salmon," given by Bailey and others, should also be mentioned, though unverified. Cotati, in Sonoma County, is named for Kotati, a Coast Miwok village just north of the present town (Barrett, Pormo, 311). The meaning of the word is unknown. Coyote, and Coyote Creek, in Santa Clara County. Gannett says: "The word, in the dialect of the Cushina and other tribes inhabiting the upper portions of Sacramento Valley, means a species of dog." This is untrue. The origin of the word is Aztec coyotl, whence Mexican Spanish and ultimately English coyote. Cuati, the name of a land grant in Los Angeles County, not to be confused with Quati in Santa Barbara County, is of unknown origin. Cucamonga, in San Bernardino County, is a Shoshonean place name, Kukomo-nga or Kukamo-nga in Gabrielino, Kukumu-nga-bit or Kukamo-na-t in Serrano (Kroeber, Shoshonean, 134, 142, Cal illa, 34, 39). Cuyarma River, between San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties, derives its name from a Chumash place-name Kuyam, of unknown significance. Cuyamaca Mountains, in San Diego County, were so called by the Dieguefio Indians. Ekwi-amak is " rain-above. " Elim, in Tehama County. The origin is unknown. If Indian, the name is of Wintun source. Guajome, in San Diego County, is from Luisefio Wakhaumai (Kroeber, Shoshonean, 147). Gualala River, in Sonoma and Mendocino counties, according to Barrett, Ponmo, 224, is probably from "Pomo wala'li or wa'lali, which in the Southern and Southwestern dialects is... a generic term signifying the meeting-place of the waters of any in-flowing stream with those of the stream into which it flows or with the ocean,'" in short, a river mouth. Any connection with Walhalla is imaginary. Guatay, a San Diego County reservation, is named from Diegueio kwatai, "'large.'" Guenoc, a land grant and town in Lake County, is a name of doubtful origin, according to Barrett, Porno, 317. Guejito, in San Diego County, is from an unknown source, probably Spanish, as indicated by the ending. Guijo is "gravel" in Spanish.
12 42 Uniiversity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 Guesisosi, a land grant in Yolo County, on Cache Creek a few miles above Woodland, in territory originally belonging to the Patwin or Southern Wintun. The name is unidentified. Guilicos or Los Guilicos grant, in Sonoma County, is from Wilikos, the Coast Miwok name of a former Wappo village at the head of Sonoma Creek (Barrett, Pomo, 269). There was also a Southern Pomo village, named Wilok, about three miles northeast of Santa Rosa (Barrett, Pommo, 222). Guyapipe reservation, in San Diego County, is named ewi-apaip or awi-apaip, "'rock lie on,'" in the Diegueiio dialect. Haiwee Creek, in Inyo County. Unidentified. Hanaupah Canyon, in the Panamint range, in Inyo County. Unidentified. The form of the name, however, including the suffix -pa, as well as the situation of the locality, make an ultimate Shoshonean source likely. Hemet, in Riverside County, appears not to have been identified, although the word sounds as if it might be Luiseijo Shoshonean. Hetch Hetchy Valley, in the famous canyon on Tuolumne River, is named from a Central Miwok word denoting a kind of grass or plant with edible seeds abounding in the valley. Merriam, 345, gives Hetchhetch-e as a Miwok village in the valley. Hettenchow, or Kettenchow, or Kettenshaw, a peak and valley in Trinity County, are, according to Powers, 117, named from Wintun ketten or hetten, "cammas," and chow, "valley," whereas Hetten Pum means "cammas earth." Por is Wintun for "land," and there seems little reason to doubt that hetten denotes camas, or at least some kind of edible root. Homoa, near San Bernardino, is from Shoshonean Serrano Homhoa-bit (Kroeber, Shoshonean, 134). Honcut, in Butte County, and Honcut Creek between Butte and Yuba counties, probably named after a land grant in Yuba County, take their designation from a Maidu village near the mouth of the creek. Powers, 282. Hoopa, in Humboldt County, is the Yurok name of the valley as a whole, Hupa, or better Hupo, though the "o" is so open that its quality is well given by English "aw." It is not the name of the "tribe," for the Yurok called the Hoopa Indians Hupo-la after the locality. Hoppow Creek, an affluent of the Klamath, in Del Norte County, is named after the Yurok village Ho'opeu.
13 1916] Kroeber: California Place Names of Indian Origin 43 Horse Linto Creek, in Humboldt County, is a settler's rendering of Haslinding,' 4 the Hupa name of the village at the mouth of the stream. Hosselkus valley, in Plumas County, has an unidentified name; if Indian, it would be Maidu. Huasna, in San Luis Obispo County, is given as a Chumash village by Alexander Taylor.'5 Hueneme, in Ventura County, is originally a Chumashan place name, Wene'me or Wene'mu. Huichica, a land grant in Sonoma and Napa counties, is named from Huchi, a Coast Miwok village which stood near the plaza of the city of Sonoma. The etymology is unknown (Barrett, Pomo, 312). Hunto, the name of a mountain in Yosemite National Park, is from an Indian word for eye, according to Sanchez, 379. Huntu is "eye" in Southern Sierra Miwok, the native dialect of the vicinity. Hyampom, on the south fork of the Trinity River, in Trinity County, is evidently Northern Wintun, in which pomr is " land " or " place. " Powers, 231, gives Haienpum as a place on the Hay Fork of Trinity River and as meaning "high hill," but por clearly has the meaning of "'down,' ''earth," or "land" rather than of "elevation" in Wintun. Iaqua Buttes, and Iaqua, in Humboldt County, seem to be named from Aiekwi or Aiekwe or Ayokwe, the form of native greeting, as well as of salutation at parting, common to several of the languages of Humboldt County, and still frequently used instead of "good day" between Indians and whites. Igo, in Shasta County, is of unknown origin. Inaja, more properly Thaja, an Indian reservation in San Diego County, is named from Dieguefto Indian Any-aha, "my water." Inyo County is said to be named after an Indian tribe. No such division or village appears to have been recorded, and although the word sounds Shoshonean, and the derivation seems probable, it must be regarded as uncertain. Ivanpah, in San Bernardino County, is in Chemehuevi, that is, Southern Paiute, territory, and the name contains only sounds that occur in that language. Bailey says it is from ivan, "dove," and pah, water," which the writer is unable either to admit or refute. 14 Goddard, present series i, 12, 1903: Xaslindifi. 1o California Farmer, October 18, 1861.
14 r - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4v4 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 Jalarna, in Santa Barbara County, is named from a Chumash village Halam.' 6 Jamach a or Jamacho, in San Diego County, is from Dieguefto Indian Hamacha, the place being named after a small wild squash plant. Jamul, in San Diego County, has its name from Diegueflo ha-mul (from altha, "water"), meaning "foan'" or "lather." Jolon, in Monterey County, is an aboriginal site of the so-called Salinan Indians, and is still inhabited by them. The origin of the name, however, is uncertain, and the meaning undetermined. 1 7 Jonive, a grant in Sonoma County, has a name of unknown origin. The sound v is not Indian, in this vicinity; but might be Spanish orthography for b. Juristac, a land grant in San Benito County, is named from a Costanoan place-word, as indicated by the locative case -tak. See also Ulistac. Jtrttpa, in San Bernardino County, is Serrano or Gabrielino Shoshonean Hurupa or Hurumpa, meaning unknown (Kroeber, ShoshIoneait, 134, (Cahuilla, 39). Kaweah River is named after a Yokuts tribe called Kawia, or probably, more exactly, Gd'wia. They lived on or near the river where it emerges from the foothills into the plains. The name has no known connection with the almost identically pronounced Southern California term Cahuilla. Kai-ai-au-wa Peak, near Yosemite, in Mariposa County, is in Southtrin Miwok territory, but the origin and meaning of the name are trot known. Ke-ka-wa-kia, or Kekawa, creek, an affluent of Eel River, in Southwestern Trinity County, bears a name of unknown but presumably Indian origin. Kenoktai, Coo ockti, Kanaktai, the name of a prominent peak in Lake County also known as Uncle Sam Mountain, is derived from the Southeastern Pomo name Knoktai, from knto, "mountain," and htatai, "woman" (Barrett, Pomo, 183). Keiishaw Spring, in Shasta County, between Chanchelulla and Beegum Mountains, is in Wintun territory. The word sounds Wintun. Compare Hettenchow or Kettenchow. 16 Alexander Taylor, California Farmer, October 18, 1861, corroborates the existence of the village, but his lalamma is only a misspelling of Spanish Jalamna. 17 See Mason, "'The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians," in the present series, x, , 1912.
15 1916] Kroeber: California Place Names of Indian Origin 45 Kibesillali, in Mendocino County, suggests a derivation from Pomo kabe, "rock," sila, "flat." No such Pomo name is known in the vicinity of Kibesillah, but Barrett, Pomo, 230, mentions kabe-sila-wina, "rock-flat-upon," as a former village of the Southwestern Pomo at Salt Point. Kimshew and Little Kimshew creeks, in Butte County, are near Nimshew, and their name, like the latter, is presumably also of Maidu Indian origin. Klamath. This well-known name of a large river, lakes; former California county, present post-office in the same state, and flourishing city in Oregon, is of obscure origin. The Klamath Indians of Oregon, a sister tribe of the more famous Modoc, still live on the upper drainage of the river. They call themselves Maklaks, "people." The Chinook of the Columbia River called the tribe Tlamatl.' 5 From this word the early American forms of the name, Tlameth and Clamet, seem to be derived, whence in turn the more recent Klamath. English speaking people regularly change aboriginal surd 1 or tl into kl at the beginning of words, because, although tl in little is as familiar as kl in pickle, tl does not occur initially in English, whereas kl is common (clear, clean, clever, click, close), and it is well known that the untrained ear hears only what the tongue is accustomed to produce. The same phonetic law has produced Klickitat, and Klingit for Tlingit. It is, however, not certain that Chinook Tlamatl is a rendering of Maklaks. De Mofras,1 9 earlier than Hale, speaks of the Klamacs. This form is nearer both to original Maklaks and to modern Klamath than is Tlamatl. It is possible that Klamacs and Klamath are a corruption, by metathesis of consonants, directly from Maklaks. Klamathon, in Siskiyou County. This name is apparently coined from Klamath. Koip Peak, between Mono and Tuolumne counties, is probably, like near-by Kuna Peak, named from a Mono Indian word. Koipa is 'mountain sheep" in the closely related Northern Paiute dialect. Kosk, and Kosk Creek, in Shasta County, are in Achomawi or Pit River Indian territory, and the word sounds as if it might have been taken from that language. Kuna Peak, between Tuolumne and Mono counties, is probably named from the Shoshonean word k-uan, usually meaning "fire," but appearing in the Mono dialect of the vicinity with the signification of "fire-wood. " 18 Hale, U. S. Expl. Exped., VI, II, 335.
16 46 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 Lac, a grant in Sonoma County. Unidentified. Lasseck Peak, in Humboldt County, is said to be named after a chief Lasseck or Lassik. The Athabascan Indians of Van Duzen, Larrabee, and Dobbin creeks, and the head of Mad River, have also generally been called Lassik after his name. Lebec, in Kern County, has an unidentified name. Locoallomi or Locallomi grant, in Pope Valley in Napa County, seems to be named from Lakahyome (Barrett, Poomo, 273), the Lake Miwok name of a Wappo rancheria which these Indians themselves called Loknoma, and which stood three-fourths of a mile northeast of Middletown in Lake County. The Locollomillo (pronounce Lokoyomio) Indians were said by Alexander Taylor 2 0 to be near the Guenocks' rancheria which in turn lay between Clear Lake and Napa. The meaning of Lakahyome is not known, except that -yome occurs as an ending on many Lake Miwok village names with the signification of " place. " Loconoma Valley, in which Middletown, Lake County, is situated, is named from a former Wappo village, near Middletown, called Loknoma, from lok, "wild goose," and noma, "village." See Locoallomi. Loleta, in Humboldt County, is given by Gannett as meaning "a pleasant place " in Indian. This meaning does not appear probable, and the word has not a Wiyot ring. It is more likely the Spanish woman's name Lolita. Lompoc, in Santa Barbara County, like Huasna, is mentioned by Alexander Taylor 21 as having been the name of a Chumash village. Lospe Mountain, near Guadalupe in Santa Barbara County, was in Chumash Indian territory, and the word, though unidentified, might with perfect propriety have been taken from one of the Chumash idioms. Malibu, one of the three names of the Topanga-Malibu-Sequit land grant in Los Angeles County, seems to go back for its source to the appelation of a Chumashan or Gabrielino Shoshonean village, called Maliwu in Chumash, which lay on the east side of the mouth of Malibu Creek. Mallacomes, two land grants also called Moristul (which see), one in Sonoma, the other in Napa and Sonoma counties, are named from Maiyakma, a former Yukian Wappo village a mile south of the present Calistoga. Barrett, Pomo, 269. The meaning is not known. 20 In the California Farmer of March 30, California Farmer, October 18, 1861.
17 1916] Kroeber: California Place Names of Indian Origin 47 Bailey's etymology of may-a-camass, "camass eaters," is imaginary, since camas is a Northern and not a Californian Indian word. and "eat" is not mai in Wappo or any neighboring language. Maria County. The "official" derivation is from chief Marin of the Lecatuit or Likatuit or Lekahtewutko "tribe," a division or more probably a village of the Coast Miwok. This is probably true, but it is unlikely that Marin was the Indian name of this man. In his native language the sound "r" does not occur. Maslin goes on to say that after being subdued, "'Marin" was baptized Marinero, "'mariner'" and became a ferryman on San Francisco Bay. It is altogether more probable that he first followed this occupation, was then called " Marinero, " and that Marin is an abbreviation or corruption of this Spanish name. Matajuai, in San Diego County, is Diegueflo Amat-ahwai, "earthwhite, " so named from white earth or scum, used as paint, being found at the spot. The variant Matagual is only a misprint. Matilija, in Ventura County, is from Ma'tilha, or, according to H. W. Henshaw, Matilaha, a Chumash place name. Mattole River, in Humboldt County. The Wiyot of Humboldt Bay call the Athabascan Indians of this vicinity Medol, but it is not known if the name is original with them. Maturango Peak, in Inyo County. Uncertain, but more probably Spanish or corrupted Spanish than Indian. Mentone, in San Bernardino County, is given by Bailey as "Indian" for "chin." Menton is Spanish for this part of the body; but it is more likely that the place is named after the one in the French Riviera. Mettahl, a school district in Humboldt County, is named from the Yurok village of Meta on the south side of the Klamath River. Moco Canyon, in Eldorado County. This name is not Indian, but means muck, mucus, or slag in Spanish. Modoc County is named after the Modoc Indians, a tribe closely allied in speech to the Klamath or "Klamath Lakes" adjoining them on the north. Maslin gives the meaning of the word as "the head of the river," but in a note cites General Howard as stating that Modoc is a "corruption" of Maklaks and means "people." As the late veteran Indian linguist A. S. Gatschet more than twenty years ago compiled and published an elaborate and careful dictionary of the Klamath language, 22 from which the Modoc differs scarcely even as a dialect, so that all the facts bearing on the question have long 22 Contributions to North American Ethnology, 11, Washington, 1890.
18 4S Unirersfly of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 since been of authentic record, this word furnishes a memorable example of the free rein which it has been customary to give to current tradition, vulgar rumor, and unsubstantiated opinion, in the matter of Indian names. Modoc is the Klamath and Modoc word for "south" or "southern," written by Gatschet moatok, in another grammatical form moatokni, applied by the Klamath to their southern kinsmen the Modoe, though never, in such application, without the addition of a word like maklaks, "people" (see Klamath). In a word, "Modoc" means "south," and nothing more or less. Mohave, or Mojave, originally written Jamajab by the Spanish explorer Garcks, from Hamakhava (k and h separate sounds), the name for themselves of an important tribe, of Yuman lineage, in the bottom lands of the Colorado River in the region where California, Arizona, and Nevada now meet. Outside of their own territory, the name was first applied to the Mohave River to the west, from an erroneous impression that this drained into the Colorado in the habitat of the Mohave. From the river, the desert in which it is lost took its designation, and from this the town in its western reaches. All the localities to which the name Mohave now adheres were in Shoshonean and not in Mohave territory. The meaning of the name Hamakhava is not known to the Mohave of today, and analysis of their language has so far failed to reveal an etymology. A. S. Gatschet appears to be responsible for the explanation "three mountains," adopted by Bailey, Gannett, and others. This derivation is positively erroneous. " Three " is h amok in Molhave, and "mountain," avi, so that the vowels differ from those of Ilainakhava; moreover the rules of composition in the language demand the inverse order, Avi-hamok. This is a place name actually found in the Mohave dialect, but denotes a locality near Tehachapi Pass. Mokeclumne River is named from Indian Mokelumni, "people of Mokel," a Plains Miwok village near Loekford on this stream, according to Barrett, Mii'ok, 340, and Merriam, 350. The ending -umni occurs also in Tuolunmne and Cosumnes. Movache Peak, in Tulare County, is named from the Monachi Indians, usually called Mono, which word see. Monto County and Lake are named after a wide-spread division of Shoshonean Indians on both slopes of the Southern Sierra Nevada. In speech and presumably in origin they are closely allied to the Northern Painte of Nevada and Oregon and the Bannock of Idaho. By their Yokuts neighbors they are called Monachi. The ending -chi
19 1916] Kroeber: California Place Names of Indian Origitn 49 occurs otherwise in Yokuts and Miwok as a suffix on names of tribes or divisions: Yaudanchi, Wimilchi, Heuchi, Pitkachi, Wakichi, Dalinchi, Apiachi, Pohonichi, perhaps also Tachi, Wobonuch, and Endimbich. The stem therefore appears to be Mona. To the Spaniards, who knew the Miwok and Yokuts earlier than they knew the Monachi, this stem might easily suggest mon1o, "monkey." This is the interpretation usually given, as by Maslin, but it seems to be secondary. Bailey also says that Mono is a tribal name, but his explanation of "good-looking" is unfounded. The Yokuts themselves give a secondary interpretation of Monachi, which is interesting as an example of folk etymology, but very improbable. Monei, monoi, or monoyi means "'flies" in Yokuts speech. The Monos, as mountain dwellers in the higher Sierra, climbed skillfully about steep cliffs and rocks until from a distance they looked like flies on a vertical surface: hence their designation, the Indians say. But Indian tribal names of known origin do not follow such lines of thought. It appears that Monachi, like most of the names of the Yokuts for their own or other tribes, no longer possesses a determinable meaning. Moorek, a school district in Humboldt County, is named from Mureku or Murekw, a Yurok village on the north side of the Klamath River. Moosa, in San Diego County, is a name of unknown origin. Moristul, or Muristul, the name of two land grants in Sonoma and in Napa and Sonoma counties, also called Mallacomes (which see), is from Mutistul, a Wappo village formerly four and a half miles west of Calistoga in the mountains. The derivation is from mutti, "north," and thl.' "large valley." Barrett, Pomo, 271. Mo0on go, the name of a valley, a creek, and an Indian reservation near Banning, Riverside County, is Serrano Shoshonean for a native village in Morongo Valley or on Mission Creek. Kroeber, Cahuilla, 35 Mitah, a peak between Tulare and Inyo counties. Unidentified, but the location of the mountain and the sound of the word indicate a Shoshonean origin, probably Mono. Mugu, a point and lagoon in Ventura County, is Chumash Indian miuwtu, "beach,'" used as a specific village or place name. Mitsalacon, a land grant near Cloverdale, Sonoma County, is probably of Pomo origin. Powers, 183, says of the Indians he calls the Misalla Magun: "This branch of the [Pomo] nation was named after a famous chief they once had. A Gallinomero [Southern Pomo] told
20 50 Universtty of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 me the name was a corruption of mi-sal'-la-a'-ko, which denotes 'long snake.' Another form for the name is Mu-sal-la-kln'." Miuscupiabe, near San Bernardino, was in Serrano Shoshonean territory, and is the Serrano name of the place or vicinity, Muskupia being the stem, and -bit, appearing also as -pet and -nit, a locative suffix. Cited by Kroeber, Shoshonean, 134. Najalayegua, a land grant in Santa Barbara County, is evidently named after a Chumash village, called Majalayghua by Alexander Taylor. 2 2 This is no doubt a misspelled form of Najalayegua, but was probably given to Taylor as an aboriginal site and name by Indian informants. Napa County and City are said by Maslin and others to be named from an Indian word meaning "fish." Bailey gives a derivation from an Indian "'tribe,'" while Gannett says the word means "'house" in Indian. No Indian village called Napa has ever been located in the region. As regards the meaning "fish," "harpoon-point" is perhaps to be substituted, since Barrett, Pomo, 293, says that no such word as Napa has been found in the Wintun, Wappo, or Miwok languages, which are the ones that would come in question, but that the word is used in several of the Pomo dialects, some of which were spoken not far away, as the name of the detachable points of the native fish harpoon, although there is no distinct evidence that this is the origin of the name Napa. Natoma, in Sacramento County, passes current as meaning "clear water," but this appears the creation of an American mind. The word seems derived from Maidu nato or noto, "north" (or, according to some translations, "'east"-probably the true meaning is "'up stream"), and was presumably a village name. See Powers, 317. Neeiach, in Los Angeles County, is of unknown origin, but the place is in Shoshonean territory and the word sounds as if it might be from some Shoshonean dialect. Nimshew, in Butte County, is named from Maidu ntem sen (or sewi), "'large stream." Powers, 283. Nipomo, in San Luis Obispo County, is named from a Chumash village. 24 Nojoqui, probably more correctly Nojogui, since Nojohui is also found, in Santa Barbara County, seems to go back to a Chumash Indian Onohwi. 23 California Farmer, April 24, Schumacher in Smithsonian Report for 1874, 342, 1875.
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text:
Trade Price: £23.99 £29.99 ex. VAT (£28.79 inc. VAT)
Look out for MASSIVE SAVINGS across Hair, Beauty, Nails, Electricals and more!
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- 2100W professional hairdryer
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In StockDelivery Lead Time: Available for next day delivery
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This high power professional 2100W dryer features a long-life AC motor with an extra powerful, penetrating airflow for high-speed drying - perfect for busy salons. Advanced ionic conditioning releases over 50%* more frizz-controlling ions to neutralise static charge, smoothing the scales on the hair cuticle for visibly smoother and extra shiny results.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
I remember going home with 2 girls. Woke up with 4.
i had to take my roommates dildo out of her suitcase so I could use it
the suitcase or the dildo?
I slept with some guy because he drew a dinosaur on my arm
You kept making up "snapple facts" every time you opened a beer.
Woke up with a retainer in my boxers and about ten chicks passed out around me. now I feel like something out of Cinderella, trying to find whose teeth fit in the glass retainer.
i told him my stretch marks were scars from a jellyfish sting........he totally bought it
get to allyx's house asap
Ok is everything ok
Yeah, theres just lesbians
omg yes on my way
I was just given a safe word. It's going it be an interesting night.
i finally found my car by the hideout. it was parked in an employee only parking space with a torn up piece of paper in the back window with the word employee scribbled on it.
Don't judge me. He's really sexy for a 17 year old. We made nasty in the womens bathroom at the beach. Don't worry. I wore sandals in there.
None of that is ok.
This girl just introduced herself as Queefer Sutherland. She's on a roller derby team. What. The. Fuck.
the bar told me i would have to take an hour break so they could wash the shot glasses
Drug-sniffing dog walked past me and my suitcase in the train station. My opinion: they need a new dog
Who would have guessed that ordering a vodka lemonade at Roscoe's was code for I want a hand job


text: Electro-optic manufacturer !%Photonis USA%! has announced that it will provide hybrid photodiodes and their power supply units to the Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass experiment. Conducted by the Cosmic Ray Physics Group from the University of Maryland in College Park, the experiment involves a series of long-duration balloon flights that provide exposure to and measurement of cosmic ray energies to understand their origins. The photodiodes will be used on a calorimeter readout system to measure the energies of ionized cosmic particles.


text:
Welcome to Center St Auto Sales. We are a full service Connecticut used car dealer located in Manchester serving the towns of Greater Hartford, Central CT, Western Massachusetts, Vernon CT, East Hartford CT, Wethersfield CT, Hartford CT, Ellington CT, Tolland CT, Coventry CT, Hebron CT, West Hartford CT, Newington CT, Windsor Locks CT, East Hampton CT, Cromwelll CT, Storrs CT and Somers CT. We take pride in the quality used inventory that we carry that include Acura, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Dodge, Honda, Infiniti, Jeep, Lexus, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan, Ram and Volkswagen. The cars, SUVs, minivans, trucks and pickups we carry are inspected and often may be eligible for the many extended service contracts & warranties we offer. More»
Our finance department has relations with most banks and lending institutions in CT and will help you get a car loan at affordable payments. We provide sub-prime financing too and in most cases your credit history may not be a problem as you might think! At Center St Auto Sales, we believe you can get financed with good, bad or no credit history at all.


text: A fuel spill from a Shell gas station closed the intersection at West 30th and North Illinois streets for about six hours Sunday afternoon and evening. An employee experienced problems while changing filters in a gasoline pump and as many as 500 gallons of fuel poured from the pump before it could be stopped. The Marion County Public Health Department and the Department of Public Works were called in to make sure fuel didn't enter the sewer system.


text:
834114 King Highway #114
Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007
John D'Ambrogio312.334.8389
834114 King Highway #114 Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007
$14 / sq. ft.14 USD
Square Footage805
Property TypeOffice / Tech
Downtown office space of 805 square feet. Space has two private offices, storage room and reception area. Free surface parking available. Nicely appointed office suite with upgraded tenant finishes. Ready for immediate occupancy.
Full Features
Lot Size: 0 acres
Built: 1989
Parking Spaces: 50
Cooling System: Central
Stories: 1.00
Roof: Comp Shingle
Potential Use: Office
Zoning: M-1
Additional Information: Security System
Rentable Square Feet: 805
Office Square Feet: 805
Taxes & Assessments
Taxes: $0
Listing Office: A L Summerfield & Associates LLC
Disclaimer: The data relating to real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Broker Reciprocity Program of SWMRIC, LLC. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than @properties are marked with the Broker Reciprocity thumbnail logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers.
No information found for KalamazooLearn More
Nearby Public Transportation
No Nearby Public Transportation Found


text:
Sometimes I wish it was the other way around, then again, it is mostly old men looking at us. And if I imagine them touching, with the same intensity they sometimes stare at us, I am glad they only want to look.
Here in ulan baatar things are different. There are not only old men staring at us, trying to read our souls but a lot of beautiful women. Well not exactly staring at us but catching a quick glance at the two guys with the huge bicycles (which look a little like we are collecting trash with all the empty bottles and things we just strapped on top because by now they are too lazy to stow them away properly) sitting by a fountain ,looking lost and like they were ripped out of their natural habitat.
I am not sure if I want to know, if there is something like pity in their quick glances or just the curiosity towards something, that doesnt belong by that fountain. (I mean everybody would look at a slightly damaged peacock in the steppe or a donkey painted in bright colours with a lazy eye. Lazy eye and damaged, because we have yellow-pink front wheels right now.)
Maybe they want to talk to them but are not exactly sure how they would react. (I for my part would not try to talk to that colourful donkey, it might bite or just look at you; and who would want to be seen talking to a strange donkey sitting by a fountain!?)
My favourite answer to the question at hand is, that they find these strange guys somehow appealing, view them as a possible adventure and secretly want to get on that bike and ride with them into the sunset.
They could also just be looking for the source of that strange smell and then be kind enough not to stare.
The soul-reading old men might have the same thoughts as the beautiful women. I dont know and it is kind of pointless the write about it at this place.
What I do know, is that I prefer the quick glances to the soul-reading stares. Not because i dont like being stared at, but because I like to steal quick glances myself. At whom, I will not tell.
By the way, tomorrow we will be going to the "miss mongolia" show.
Like two old men.
Looking, not touching.
Vier Laufräder, zwei Mann, eine Idee: Radtour in die Mongolei... "und wenn wir schon mal da sind, dann fahren wir doch gleich nach Peking" (Moritz)
Samstag, 20. September 2014
Look, don't touch
Sometimes I wish it was the other way around, then again, it is mostly old men looking at us. And if I imagine them touching, with the same intensity they sometimes stare at us, I am glad they only want to look.


text:
Dedicated force test kits contain all necessary accessories and attachments required to perform specific tests, all packaged within a single, portable carry-case.
Designed to maintain safety in the workplace, this manual handling kit tests pushing, pulling, lifting, and turning forces associated with job tasks.
Developed in partnership with medical professionals, the Myometer enables strength assessment of the Constant Score allowing consultants and surgeons to routinely check and monitor patients. Displaying Constant Score calculations the Myometer measures isometric muscle strength and performs the following calculations directly relevant to the Constant Score;
The Mecmesin Shotcrete Penetrometer is a complete portable system for testing the compressive strength of the initial stage of young sprayed concrete to BS EN 14488-2 (Method A).
For over 40 years, Mecmesin has been designing and manufacturing force test measurement products. We offer a fully comprehensive service ensuring you feel confident using the product and it provides you with reliable, accurate performance for years to come. Visit our Support & Services section for more details.


text:
Get Involved
Our weekly updates help you stay informed and involved on energy issues in Washington that affect our national economy and your city.
Follow Us on Social Media
Bookmark our Affiliates
The American Petroleum Institute (API) is the only national trade association that represents all aspects of America's oil and natural gas industry.
From modern technological advances to life-saving medical devices to everyday cosmetics, there are countless examples of how natural gas and oil help consumers Power Past Impossible every single day.
Vote4Energy.org is a voter education project of the American Petroleum Institute (API). Vote4Energy does not endorse or support any specific candidate or party, but rather aims to provide voters with relevant information to help them better evaluate public policies and candidates through the prism of American energy.
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text:
When Jon Brittain's Rotterdam became the first ever transgender-themed play to win an Olivier Award, Anna Martine Freeman was surprised to say the least.
"I just wasn't ready. I was like, 'No, no, this isn't right – what?' I think I said 'what?' about five times! Someone said 'shit' and it echoed around the Royal Albert Hall. We were all so in shock."
Google the clip of the Rotterdam team being interviewed afterwards and you'll see euphoric disbelief written all over their gleaming faces. "I'm still like, was it a dream? Did that really happen?" says Anna.


text:
Obama's 13 Impeachable Offenses – Lawless in the Whitehouse
Article 2, Sec. 3 of the Constitution charges the President "shall take care that the Laws be faithfully executed." It doesn't say that he "should" execute the laws of the United States; it uses the imperative "shall."
Nor, does the Constitution say that the President can pick and choose to enforce some of the laws, or just the ones he likes.
Nor, does the Constitution give the President the authority to create new laws. Article 1, Sec. 1 is clear on that point; "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives."
But for Barack Obama the limits of the Constitution matter very little; particularly so the separation of powers that the Founders crafted as a check-and-balance against an unhealthy concentration of power in one branch of the government. In fact, Obama has publicly derided the Constitution as a "charter of negative liberties" and pledged to work to "break free from the essential constraints placed by the Founding Fathers."
In a recent column Charles Krauthammer addressed the issue of a President who "writes his own laws." Krauthammer affixes the title befitting of the President's lawless nature: "Caudillo in Chief." After a litany of grievances as examples document his assertions, Krauthammer concludes:
Such gross executive usurpation disdains the Constitution. It mocks the separation of powers. And most consequentially, it introduces a fatal instability into law itself. If the law is not what is plainly written, but is whatever the president and his agents decide, what's left of the law?
What's the point of the whole legislative process — of crafting various provisions through give-and-take negotiation — if you cannot rely on the fixity of the final product, on the assurance that the provisions bargained for by both sides will be carried out?
Consider immigration reform. The essence of any deal would be legalization in return for strict border enforcement. If some such legislative compromise is struck, what confidence can anyone have in it — if the president can unilaterally alter what he signs?
Yet this president is not only untroubled by what he's doing, but open and rather proud. As he tells cheering crowds on his never-ending campaign-style tours: I am going to do X — and I'm not going to wait for Congress.
That's caudillo talk. That's banana republic stuff. In this country, the president is required to win the consent of Congress first.
At stake is not some constitutional curlicue. At stake is whether the laws are the law. And whether presidents get to write their own.
The editors at Investor's Business Daily picked up on the issue, too. Following is what they call "just a small sampling" of a "Lengthy Legacy of Lawlessness."
Aug. 14, 2013: The Obama administration delayed the provision in ObamaCare to cap out-of-pocket health care costs, picking and choosing parts of the law to enforce, which is to exceed its authority.
July 17, 2013: The 4th Circuit Court of Appeals joined the federal appeals courts in D.C. and Philadelphia in ruling President Obama's National Labor Relations Board recess appointments — who by law must be approved by Congress — were unconstitutional. Thus far, the president has ignored the ruling.
July 1, 2013: The Obama administration unilaterally decided to delay the employer mandate provision of ObamaCare for a year, which is to provide information to the feds about the extent of an applicant's insurance. Never mind that the law states the mandate must go into effect on Jan. 1, 2014 — they are now relying on the "honor system" from applicants to determine if they are qualified for subsidies.
June 25, 2013: The Supreme Court ruled in Shelby County v. Eric Holder that Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act is "unconstitutional" and that "the formula can no longer be used as a basis for subjecting jurisdiction to preclearance." Instead of complying with the ruling, Holder filed suit to order Texas to submit to preclearance, in defiance of Congress' authority to legislate and the Supreme Court's authority to rule on the constitutionality of the law.
June 15, 2012: The Obama administration announced it will stop deporting illegal immigrants under the age of 30 in a "deferred action" policy to circumvent immigration laws. This comes after Congress rejected a similar measure about a year ago. Since then, more than 500,000 illegals have received the deferment and only 20,000 have been rejected. As for the law-abiding applicants who have been waiting in line, well, that's Obama's idea of "lawfulness."
May 20, 2013: A Washington Post article revealed that Fox News reporter James Rosen was investigated by the DOJ, which subpoenaed his phone records and emails in direct contravention of the First Amendment under the pretense of a leak investigation.
May 13, 2013: AP reported the DOJ secretly collected phone records of AP reporters and editors, a move completely outside the realm of law. Even the AP — which up until then had been pretty submissive to the Obama agenda — was appalled by the breach.
May 10, 2013: The IRS revealed it targeted conservative groups applying for tax-exempt status beginning in March 2010, a direct targeting of political opponents through the tax laws. It's one of the crimes that led Congress to impeach President Nixon.
May 3, 2011: When asked when he first heard of Operation Fast and Furious, Attorney General Eric Holder falsely testified, "I'm not sure of the exact date, but I probably heard about Fast and Furious for the first time over the last few weeks." Head of the National Drug Intelligence Center Michael Walther told Holder about Fast and Furious in a July 2010 memo. Subsequent revelations showed he knew all along.
March 27, 2012: EPA issued final rules regulating greenhouse gas emissions on electric utilities that require power plants to use nonexisting carbon capture-and-control technology to meet new emission standards, in defiance of the Congress' rejection of cap-and-trade legislation.
April 23, 2012: The administration postponed Medicare Advantage cuts by calling them a "demonstration project" and used funds not approved by Congress to delay effects of those cuts before the election.
March 1, 2011: Attorney General Holder lied to Congress, saying "decisions made in the New Black Panther Party case were made by career attorneys in the department." Associate A.G. Thomas Perrelli, an Obama political appointee, overruled a unanimous recommendation for prosecution by DOJ attorneys.
Feb. 3, 2010: Judge Martin Feldman held the Obama administration in contempt for re-imposing an offshore drilling moratorium that was struck down by the courts.


text:
Alcohol can
affect our mood, making us feel happy, sad or
angry. We may behave unusually, offend our
friends or even put ourselves in danger.
Find out more in Freya's story.
Alcohol can make most people feel more relaxed and talkative.
Many people will have a drink to loosen up and unwind after
a tough day. However, these positive effects are only seen
when you drink small amounts.
Alcohol is a depressant. After the initial happy experience,
or after large amounts to drink, people often get depressed
and/or very upset.
Your mood before you start drinking can affect your behaviour.
If you are already feeling low or angry, alcohol can make
it worse. It can lead you to act violently and aggressively,
getting you into trouble.
Alcohol affects your short-term memory. It can prevent you
remembering facts - so you may experience 'black-outs'.
Too much alcohol affects your judgement and everyone around
you can appear more attractive. In this state you may do something
you will regret the next morning when those 'beer goggles'
wear off. You may also put yourself in danger as you are more
at risk from assault, rape and theft.
Alcohol is a sedative - it makes you feel sleepy. But when
the alcohol wears off the opposite occurs and you can have
trouble sleeping. Too much alcohol, too quickly can make you
pass out.


text:
25% off everything with ROBOT25. And we mean everything.
Fawn resting in a field of wildflowers.
Location: Ohio, USA
Beautiful T-shirts with different colors and styles are also available with this image:
Fawn & Wildflowers T-shirt
Calendars Too:
Calendar Gallery
animals brown daisies deer fawn green hiding nature resting wildflowers nature lover field white happy wild wildlife birthday lover nature photography william c gladish william gladish bill gladish
Lovely and precious capture…………………… :)))))
Thank You Rose :-)
Oh how adorable! Those flowers are such a great addition. I have searched for little guys like this every year in the spring, haven't been this lucky yet.
Hello Mariann,I wish you all the best to find a fawn this spring…thank you for the kind words and adding this image to your favorites :-)
wow amazing work
Thank You :-)
So precious !! This is an amazing shot x
Thank you and thanks for adding this image to your favorites.
So very sweet….great work!!
Hello Nina,Thank you and thanks for adding this image to your favorites :-)
beautiful shot!!
Hello Catherine,Thank you and thanks for adding this image to your favorites :-)
Hello Catherine,Thank you for adding me to your Watchlist :-)
Awww so cute :).
Hello Cheryl,Thank you for the kind words :-)
Wonderful capture William — i just love it thanks for sharing your work !!! TC Heather !!
Hello Heather,Thank you for your very kind words :-)
CONGRATULATIONS..you have been featured in Baby Animals group
Thank you Pete :-)
What a precious capture William! My heart would absolutely melt if I could witness this in person as well :) Congratulations on your feature!
Hello Renee,That's so nice of you to say…thank you :-)
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text:
Gorgeous lesbian princesses Alessandra and Athina are having extremely passionate sex kissing and fingering their pussies.
wonderful positoin
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text:
Welcome to DSquare Technologies
DSquare Technologies is focused on providing turnkey solution in the field of Enterprise Content Management. Our offering consists of:
- Consultancy
Consultancy on assessing needs and defining scope of ECM in your organization.
Consultancy on selecting and rolling out ECM / BPM in your organization on internationally acceptable best practices.
- Customization and Implementation of Content Management Solution
Customization and implementation of Open Source Digital Repository solution i.e. DSpace.
We offer add on modules on top of core DSpace platform, which make DSpace more comprehensive in terms of its usage.
- Digitization & Archiving services
Digitization services for making your repository content rich and consultancy on forming digitization policies for upcoming content.
Long term archiving of content using microfilming.


text:
A soft and comfortable addition to your bedding set, this blue fitted sheet is made from 100% cotton for a cosy night's sleep. It has a tight weave with 180 threads per square inch, making it softer to the touch. The sheet complements many other products in the Tesco bedding range and can be coordinated with your current duvet set.
Machine washable.


text:
Tucker Carlson | 'Tucker,' 2005
On air for: Almost three seasons. Cause of cancellation: While the primary reason was low ratings, Carlson stated that his network, MSNBC, had changed and "they didn't have a role for me." Most memorable moment: Carlson followed news overseas, broadcasting two episodes of the political debate show from London after the July 7, 2005, terrorist bombings. Where he is now: The conservative commentator moved on to co-host "Fox & Friends" and serves as editor-in-chief of the political news website the Daily Caller.
Jay Paul / For the Los Angeles Times
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