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This article is a collaboration between MedPage Today® and:
Although the cardiovascular mortality rate has fallen in recent decades, the number of people living with cardiovascular disease is likely to continue trending upward, which could have serious public health implications, new projections showed.
That's because the population is growing older, people are living longer with heart disease due to improved treatments, and rates of obesity and diabetes continue to climb, according to Ankur Pandya, PhD, of Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City, and colleagues.
"Given an aging population, an obesity epidemic, and declining mortality from the disease, the U.S. should expect to see a sharp rise in the healthcare costs, disability, and reductions in quality of life associated with increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease," they wrote online in Health Affairs, adding that the problem could be worsened by an expected shortage of primary care physicians.
There has been good news on the cardiovascular front in recent years, with falling rates of smoking, improved treatment rates, and decreases in blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Cardiovascular mortality has dropped, as well, declining from a rate of 517 per 100,000 in 1981 to 244 per 100,000 in 2008.
But it's not all positive. Average body mass index (BMI) has increased over the long term (though there are some indications that it is leveling off), the diabetes rate has increased, and the population has grown older on average. And cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and driver of healthcare costs in the U.S.
To evaluate the expected net impact of these positive and negative trends in the future, Pandya and colleagues combined information from several waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1973 to 2010, the U.S. census, and studies of treatment effects on various risk factors.
After accounting for age, the Framingham 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease for people ages 25 to 85 was expected to decline over time, from a projected 12.1% among men and 6% in women in 2015 to 11.6% and 5.8%, respectively, in 2030.
Prevalence of cardiovascular disease, however, was projected to increase steadily through 2030, regardless of adjustment for age. That trend was seen in various different scenarios based around the rate of cardiovascular disease mortality, rates of various risk factors, compliance with therapies, and saturated fat consumption.
"Our findings suggest that substantial reductions in incidence are crucial: otherwise, improvements in mortality from cardiovascular disease (along with aging and obesity trends) will lead to a troubling increase in prevalence," the authors wrote.
Three areas would likely have the biggest impact in terms of prevention: obesity, blood pressure, and cholesterol.
If BMI stayed at the 2010 level, for example, an estimated 1.6 million fewer people would have cardiovascular disease in 2030. And if projected increases in blood pressure and cholesterol could be avoided, an estimated 1.3 million fewer people would have cardiovascular disease in 2030.
"In addition to planning how to meet anticipated provider workforce needs, policies targeted toward treatment of high blood pressure and cholesterol and reductions in obesity will be necessary to curb the imminent spike in prevalence of cardiovascular disease," they wrote.
From the American Heart Association:
- Forecasting the Future of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in the United States
- AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2013 Update
Pandya did not make any disclosures. One of the study authors reported support from a grant to the Harvard School of Public health from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
- Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and Dorothy Caputo, MA, BSN, RN, Nurse Planner
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Tuesday, April 14, 2015
Arts for Act: Steve Pennisi, Megan Davis & Kevin Cote at The Art...
Arts for Act: Steve Pennisi, Megan Davis & Kevin Cote at The Art...: Join Arts for ACT Gallery, located at 2265 First Street in downtown Fort Myers on Friday, May 1, from 6 to 10 pm for the opening reception ...
Steve Pennisi, Megan Davis & Kevin Cote at The Arts for ACT Gallery - May 1
Join Arts for ACT Gallery, located at 2265 First Street in downtown Fort Myers on Friday, May 1, from 6 to 10 pm for the opening reception and art walk for our May featured artists: Steve Pennisi in the main gallery "Both Sides of the Paint". Showing off the main gallery: Linocuts, Woodcuts, and Collographs Print Artist, Megan Davis, and Abstract Artist, Kevin Cote.
In the Main Gallery – Steve Pennisi
Born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, resided in coastal Maine for 30 years, Steve Pennisi now lives in Southwest Florida.
University of Michigan, 1975-1979
University of Michigan, School of Art 1977-1979
Work History
Founded Pennisi & Company (Advertising & Design)
Currently, Steve is working as full time artist.
Artist Statement: My practice grew out of my desire to "own something" as an artist. In my earlier work, which included realism, abstract and abstract expressionism, I was frustrated knowing where the painting would end up. The rest of the process was just a matter of moving to the inevitable conclusion. I wanted to find a way to stay open and be continually surprised and engaged. I discovered my technique one day when the corner of dry paint on my waxed paper disposable palette peeled up. When I peeled it off I was amazed at what I found on the hidden side of the paint. It revealed underlying gestural patterns previously hidden from the artist. It had a life and spontaneity that I had never seen before…something that felt human but freed of any doubt or hesitation. I found that I could paint on this clear cellophane typically used for gift wrapping, and when I glued it to the canvas the film would peel off, essentially creating printing plates. Having been a commercial printer for many years made this approach second nature. I could lay a piece of clear film on the wet paint and capture that image too. This ability to use "both sides of the paint" gave me a freedom and expanded palette that continues to excite me with possibilities everyday. The paint vacillates between pure physical paint - Jackson Pollock like splashes and splatters - to pure photographic Ansel Adams-like halftone effects that can only happen chemically, to create these paintings. All the effects are created by how I pour and pull the paint. I use a myriad of tools such as squeegees, metal strips, cans of air, water and alcohol to affect the hidden side of the paint. Initially I have limited myself to Black and White initially as I learn to control the elements and possibilities. The plastic nature enables a certain distancing from the preserved, disembodied mark, allowing me to contemplate and build the painting without losing any of the initial energy. Much of the process is just looking..like finding animals in the clouds and Jesus in the toast, but ultimately taps into my unconscious narratives. I stop when the result reaches a complexity that I could not have planned in advance but somehow communicates something important to me. Having lived by the ocean in Maine for 30 years, the ocean theme runs through many of my works. The painting is a collaboration with the material properties of the acrylic paints, my tools and unconscious. It requires me to be an editor in order to control each piece even if I could not predict the effect of each piece of paint beforehand. Prior to discovering this technique, I always knew where a piece would end up. Now I must trust, push and cajole to end up with more of a poetic approximation.
Video on my technique: Painting with "both sides of the paint" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iTgGNh92pA
In the White Gallery – Abstract Works by Kevin Côté
Kevin is originally from Buffalo, New York and is currently a student at Florida Southwestern State College studying Architectural Drafting. Color and Technique come together to create windows into the inner workings of Kevin Cote's beliefs and feelings on art, which has been an experiment from the beginning and over the last year is starting to take shape into something he feel happy with and wants to share. Kevin works show control of perspective and the viewer finds these works beautiful, complex and aesthetically and physiologically pleasing.
Off the Main Gallery – Megan Davis
Megan Davis is a native to Naples, Florida. She has both an art and a psychology degree, and would like to eventually become an art therapist. Davis, now 25, is currently teaching art and pursuing her Professional Educator's Certificate. Artist statement: My body of work consists of various types of prints and paintings. As an individual schooled both in art and psychology, I find the two practices walk hand in hand, especially in surrealism. How an individual's brain perceives art is based on a series of processes in which the image is torn down to its basic components, such as color and angles, for recognition of its individual parts in a bottom-up approach, and a series processes that try to match the overall experience to a previous experience in a top-down approach. This means that when someone looks at a piece of art, they see not only what the artist has created, but brought their own life experiences to flavor their perception of the art. I create art with this concept in mind, trying to leave each piece with an ambiguous sense, and allowing for further exploration by the viewer to draw their own conclusion. I consider the viewers' interpretation of the art as equally correct as my intentions in the work.
I create both prints and paintings. My prints consist of linocuts, woodcuts, and collographs, all printed with Akua ink. Some of the pieces are printed on a press, allowing for a crisp, clean look, while others, the woodcuts in particular, are printed by hand, allowing for the natural textures of the paper and woodgrain to play a bigger part in the piece. My painting are done with acrylic, and while I love the excitement of brush strokes and flowing color, you'll notice this body of work is primarily made up of prints due to my love of the zen-like marrying of technical work and spontaneity printmaking.
These exhibits continue through June 1, 2015.
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Last but not Least
Just Checking In
Aside from the costume search I have also been looking at several Christmas outfits, Baptism Gowns, dresses for upcoming fundraiser, and Birthday suites. These are just a few of the events that will be taking place in our household over the next several months. Among many others. We are all staying so busy and loving being a family. I never knew how much love a little girl could bring to my life. Now I know and I love every minute of it!
I explained to Edie and Mr. Punkin Head that he will be going home soon after the Trick or Treaters. Edie and I sat with him Sunday night and counted his suckers. Edie would pull them out one by one. Every now and then trying to get a taste on one. She would pull them out, I would count, we would put them back in and do it all over. We did this until she fell asleep. Just for Edie I may keep him out a few extra days, weeks or months After all - out of the 100 toys she has to play with the things she finds most interesting are Mr. Punkin Head and Ziggy's pink poodle toy. Go figure!
Boo Fest
Edie did so many new things these past few days. She sat in the shopping cart for the first time as well as in a big girl highchair while out for dinner over the weekend. She did great! I have realized that I have to remind myself that Edie is growing, and fast. She loves being a big girl and sitting alone. The clothes that I look at everyday and have said to myself several times "there is no way she can wear that - it is way too big". Well guess what - it is not! Some are even too small already. My baby is growing up right before my eyes and I still see her as that 8lb little angel we brought home 9 months ago! One thing that we did realize today is that her Halloween costume really is way too big. Edie had big plans to be a snail. But after taking it for a test drive this afternoon everything about it is too big not to mention she hated it and cried the whole time we had it on her. So we will try the Snail Costume next year and look for something that is a better fit.
Our neighborhood hosted the 2nd Annual Boo Festival on Sunday. They had a space bounce, a space bounce maze, a space bounce slide, several games, face painting, hot dogs, snow cones and a race car train ride. And it was all FREE!! Scott also set up a tent for a m.i.l.k event where he also gave away free Home Organizer CD's. These are pretty cool. It is a software that you upload to store your families pictures and information with a digital ID. You can do a digital inventory of your homes possessions. There is an electronic animal recovery system and an home organizer file for all of your home documents. Pretty neat!
The best part of the weekend (for me anyway) was the two times that Edie cried for me. This has never happened before. Edie is usually quite content. Once she was playing and started crying out of nowhere while I was out of the room. The other time I had gone upstairs and Scott said she crawled to the bottom of the steps and started to cry. Scott picked her up both times to console her but she did not stop crying until her mommy held her. I have to say it felt good. I know you mom's out there know what I am talking about. Of course I do not want Edie to ever cry - but it is nice to know that she is finally starting to feel that same bond towards me that I have had for her since January 14th, 2008. I love our little Ladybug so much. She is such a joy in our lives.
Nine Months
40th percentile on the Non-Downs chart!
75th percentile on the Downs chart!
18 lbs 3oz
27 1/4 inches long
and...an Angel
She is doing so well. Dr. Cortopassi is so pleased with her progress. She had three shots today and cried just a little. She could not have done any better. She continues to amaze us. Edie can now drink from a straw and is still working on using a cup. We have been given the green light to start giving her finely chopped meats and bananas. And we can now eliminate one of her bottles and just do a little snack instead. So we will start this new plan in motion.
After we returned from the Dr. Edie helped me with dinner by sitting on the kitchen floor and pulling out all of the plastic bowls and lids from the cabinet. She played by herself for quite some time banging the bowls on the floor and chewing on a basting brush and our plastic measuring spoons. During ARCs visit today we were advised to buy Edie more challenging toys and to encourage her to explore things around the house. Edie loves toys and she gets bored with the same old thing. So I am excited to see what we can find and what we can get into around here!
Punkin Head
Buddy Walk 2008
We attended in the PADS Buddy Walk Sunday with our friends and family Amanda and Harry and their two daughters Reece (pictured above) and Riley (pictured w/Edie below). Summer, Mindy, Gigi, Giddo and Nan. The weather was great and we had a good time. Edie was totally pooped by the end and fell fast asleep in my arms.
We were new to this event so we mostly observed. Scott and I decided early on that we would focus on fundraising for The Bell Center for the 3 years that Edie attends and afterwards we will focus our attention on fundraising for PADS, therefore we did not have a team for this Buddy Walk. PADS is an organization we will be involved in for the rest or our lives. We have made many great friends through PADS. I am sure we will grow closer to many of them for the years to come. Thank you to Amanda and family, Summer, Nan and the Shunnarah's for joining us in supporting this wonderful organization!
If you would like to learn more about PADS please visit the link on this Blog.
Pumpkin Dress
Roll Tide!
We enjoyed a great Bama game this weekend with several of our good friends while Edie stayed with Nan and Pawpaw. This is my friend Ashley Caldwell - mother of Edie's friend Charlie. The game was close which made it very exciting to watch. I forgot how much I like live football games. We tailgated with several other couples and had a great time catching up.
Mr. Postman
In case you missed it the 1st time
Just in case you did not see this picture the first time I wanted to share again. We had it up for a short while before I changed the page layout. This is Edie at the Disney store at the Galleria. She had a ball in the sea of stuffed animals!
So much has happened since my last blog. We have raised over $1000.00 for "Team Ladybug"!! Edie's blog has been visited over 2200 times since it first began in May!! I turned 32!! And Edie is saying "da-da"!! Scott and I went to the Dave Ramsey Live seminar (glad to know we are on the right track - sad to know according to Dave I must give up my pedicures). We later had dinner and went bowling. The score was 387 to 415 after 3 games and guess who had 415? Me! That's right Edie - Mommy beat Daddy in bowling! It is not very often that I win at an event that requires athletic ability unless you count cheer leading (b/c it certainly was not softball in high school). So I am happy to gloat.
I left this morning for Vail, CO. This will be a short trip so leaving was not quite as hard this time. I do have to tell you though that when I went up to kiss Edie goodbye it was pitch black in her room. I reached in her crib to try and find her head and when I reached in Edie greeted me with her tiny hand. She had it straight up in the air and it was the first thing I touched. I held it for a few moments before kissing her on the cheek. I wanted so bad to pick her up and hug her before I left.
I can not wait to see her Friday morning. Each time I get home late after a trip and she has already fallen asleep it is like Christmas eve when I was little (who am I kidding - even now). I can not sleep the night before and I wake early to wait for Edie to wake up so I can hold her and play. I can not wait for Friday morning!!
Ziggy can't believe it!
Ziggy almost (well did) faint when she looked at the fundraiser page and saw how many of you out there love Edie so much! I reassured her that you all love her too. I am just as amazed as Ziggy at how many of our friends and family have been so generous. We never imagined this link would have reached over 1000 in less than one week! We are so grateful to everyone who has given so far and we look forward to seeing how well "Team Ladybug" does at the race! Thank you everyone! I can not wait for the party - which by the way we have been blessed to have the Cajun Steamer offer to cater the event! Yummy!!
First Anual Ladybug Fundraiser
We hope you can join us for the fundraiser. We are looking forward to it as we will have live music, good food, and a silent auction. So far we have received gifts for the auction from North Shelby Animal Clinic, Wrapsody, Dance Etc., The University of AL, Bromberg's, Ballentrae Golf Club, Summer Classics, Smart Skin Med Spa, Total Fitness Consultants, Marriott Grand Hotel Point Clear, a SanDestin trip, a Smith Lake trip, Golds Gym, and Michael's Restaurant. We are still working on some others. We are so excited to say the least!
If you do not receive a "Save the Date" card please post a comment and let me know as we may have the wrong address. And if you live out of town but would like to make a special trip for a very special event we would love to see you!
Meet the families BBQ
We ended the weekend playing in the stuffed animals at the Disney store and meeting our dear friends Ashley and Eric Caldwell and their son Charlie at the "Meet the Families BBQ" at The Bell Center. Jim n Nix sponsored a BBQ dinner for all of The Bell Center families and the runners for the marathon in February. Eric is running for Edie on her relay team. Team Ladybug!!!
Mommy, Daddy, Baby and Ziggy too!
We also enjoyed the nice weather this weekend playing in the back yard. Can you tell Edie loves her daddy!


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June 15, 2008
CANO TAKES A SEAT (GEORGE A. KING III, June 15, 2008, NY Post)
In a conversation with hitting coach Kevin Long, Don Mattingly mentioned the weight of a $30 million contract might be at the root of Robinson Cano's recent struggles. [...]
While Long suggested Cano might benefit from sitting today and tomorrow being dark so he has three days to flush his mind, Girardi said he was taking it day to day.
Cano had driven in one run since May 25, had one hit in 15 at-bats with runners in scoring position and was batting .188 (12-for-64) overall in the clutch.
It's a peculiar thing but the recent landscape of baseball is littered with 2b who looked good briefly or posted a couple good years and then faded fast. Perhaps it's just as simple as the fact guys mostly don't end up at the position in the first place if they aren't limited in some significant ways. Posted by Orrin Judd at June 15, 2008 12:05 PM
I hear ya on the 2B guys who fizzle but out here in the Pacific Northwest there is a 1B who is the most overpaid and underproductive guy in the majors. His name, Richie Sexson. This guy made $13 mil. last year (hit .205) and $15 mil. this year (hitting .212).Posted by: pchuck at June 15, 2008 12:55 PM
Jose Lopez was supposed to be a superstar by now.Posted by: oj at June 15, 2008 1:32 PM
Kent's the recent exception, but only kinda as he was supposed to be not very good.Posted by: Benny at June 15, 2008 4:44 PM
Cano is overeager and he can't wait on pitches. He pops up like it's whack-a-mole.Posted by: Matt Murphy at June 15, 2008 6:39 PM
Kent plays like he is, he just grinds.Posted by: oj at June 15, 2008 8:08 PM


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59 minutes with traffic
By Josh W on Monday, July 4 2011, 23:42 - People - Permalink
Evansville's fireworks display began this evening at 9:01. It concluded at 9:30. Traffic seemed to return to reasonable, non-congested, levels on all downtown streets around 10:30.
In the intervening 59 minutes, I was able to make it to six problem areas, including both ends of the official detour. I have several observations to make, in brief:
- Drivers are unfamiliar with downtown.
- Drivers did not plan ahead when selecting parking.
- Traffic cops and drivers don't speak the same language.
Consider: At minute 33, there were cars lined up for blocks along 2nd Street at Main in both directions. This despite at least eight officers directing traffic at various intersections on 2nd. A large part of the problem appeared to be drivers who were trying to go west on a 1-way, turn, and go east on the next street. The police were not allowing turns at many already-congested intersections, causing some frustration on both sides. Exacerbating the situation were drivers who stopped their cars in the middle of the street either to ask the officer what his signals meant or to argue.
The other two observations I had went hand in hand. Drivers either did not plan their escapes, or did not know what choices to make to do so. Consider how far able-bodied people can walk in 30 minutes. (1 mile seems OK here) It is less than a mile from any point on the river to the new arena, which has access to a number of streets to get out of downtown.
What were the major problem spots I saw? Basically all of 2nd St., Division St. between Mary and Fulton, and First Ave. at John St. were all congested for a long time. Shorter-term bottlenecks took place on all the "tree" streets -- Chestnut, Sycamore, Cherry, and the like as folks tried to align themselves in a direction to get out of town.
WEHT promoted a story on their late news to this idea. I didn't watch their late news because I was doing the reporting for this blog. WEHT's angle was supposedly that this was a test for how events would unfold at the new arena when it opens in a few months. I'm not sure I agree with this premise because the two classes of events are in different locations with different infrastructure in place. However, it does seem to me that, at least until the visitors to downtown become more familiar with the layout of the streets, arena events will take a long time to disperse.


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Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Policy Support FLOSSPOLS
- Daniela Townsend
- 3 years ago
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1 Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Policy Support FLOSSPOLS Deliverable D 16 (cover page) Gender: Integrated Report of Findings UCAM, University of Cambridge Contacts: Bernhard Krieger James Leach Document Version: Final Due date: February 15, 2006 Submission date: March 1, 2006 Document history: Draft version (workshop): February 3, 2006 (Month 23) Final version Due date: February 15, 2006 (Month 24) Final version Submission date: March 1, 2005 (Month 24) Written by: Checked by Dawn Nafus, UCAM James Leach, UCAM Bernhard Krieger UCAM Marilyn Strathern, UCAM Rishab Ghosh; MERIT Rüdiger Glott, MERIT Project Officer: Tiziana Arcarese, DG INFSO, European Commission Contract number: FP6-IST Contract start date: March 1, End date: February 28, Cambridge, March 2006
2 2 Table of Contents 2 List of Figures 3 1 Executive Summary Aims of the Study Key Findings Key Recommendations 7 2 Introduction to F/LOSS 9 3 Method of Study Ethnographic and Quantitative Methods The Advantages to Selected Methods Limits of the Methods 14 4 Discussion of Findings 16 5 Discussion in Relation to Relevant Literature 48 6 Discussion of Recommendations General Discussion of Recommendations Specific Proposed Actions Concluding Remarks 65 7 Recent Changes and Significant Developments for Gender Issues in F/LOSS 66 8 Appendices Glossary of Terms Case Studies of Diversity Contributing to Successful Technology Development Further Resources for Software Development Methodologies 73 9 Bibliography 74
3 3 List of Figures Figure 1: Survey response to the question: For whom is it easier to get acknowledgement for work in the F/LOSS community? (female respondents) Figure 2: Survey response to the question: For whom is it easier to get acknowledgement for work in the F/LOSS community? (male respondents) Figure 3: Survey respondents to the question: Regarding the FLOSS community as a whole, have you ever observed discriminatory behaviour against women? Figure 4: Survey respondents to the question: Regarding your collaboration with others during your FLOSS activities, have you ever observed or experienced discriminatory behaviour against women? Figure 5: Survey respondents to the questions: From which age onwards did you use a computer? and When did you have your first computer of your own? Figure 6: Female survey respondents to the question: Have you ever been asked for a date by a F/LOSS participant? Figure 7: Survey respondents to the question: In online contexts women often get more attention as a woman rather than a F/LOSS participant. Figure 8: Survey respondents to the question: In offline contexts women often get more attention as a women rather than a F/LOSS participant. Figure 9: Survey respondents to the question: What is the highest level of education you have completed?
4 4 1. Executive Summary 1.1 Aims of the Study We proposed to study the role of gender in free/libre/open source software (F/LOSS) communities because an earlier EC study (Ghosh et al 2002, 2005) revealed a significant discrepancy in the proportion of men to women. It showed that just about 1.5% of F/LOSS community members were female at that time, compared with 28% in proprietary software (NSF 2004). We set out to find reasons behind this bias and make recommendations for actions that might improve the ratio of women to men. As F/LOSS constitutes an increasingly significant arena of technological advancement and economic development, it has become an important public policy question. Through an ethnographic study consisting of empirical surveys, participant observation and qualitative interviews, we aimed to provide the world s first comprehensive study of gender in F/LOSS and develop policies to maintain the EU s leading role in this field. On the surface, it appears that few people within the community feel this gender disproportion is desirable: our survey showed that 66% of men and 85% of women agreed that more female participants would be better for the whole F/LOSS community. This led us to pay particular attention to the social dynamics within F/LOSS that keep it so thoroughly male dominated, at the same time as the majority of participants express a preference for a more balanced community. 1.2 Key Findings Listed below are the factors significant in excluding women from F/LOSS communities. These factors are nearly all underwritten by a central cultural dynamic within F/LOSS. F/LOSS participants, as in most scientific cultures, view technology as an autonomous field, separate from people. This means that anything they interpret as social is easily dismissed as artificial social conditioning. Because this conditioning is considered more or less arbitrary, in their view it is supposed to be
5 5 easily cast aside by individuals choosing to ignore it. F/LOSS also has a deeply voluntarist ethos which values notions of individual autonomy and volition. As a result participants largely do not believe that gender has anything to do with their own individual actions. The situation is thereby perpetuated in spite of the expressed desire for change Women are actively (if unconsciously) excluded rather than passively disinterested. The effect lies within F/LOSS cultural and social arrangements. The exclusion happens among people who often do not mean to appear, and who do not interpret their own actions, as hostile to women. The effect is an outcome of the importance given to the individual as the sole carrier of agency F/LOSS communities actively perpetuate a hacker ethic, which situates itself outside the mainstream sociality, but equates women with that mainstream. Women are treated as either alien Other or (in online contexts) are assumed to be male and thus made invisible. Women are seen as innately more able to organise, communicate and negotiate among F/LOSS projects as well as with the outside world. Thereby they become carriers of sociality that is seen in a contrast to the 'technical' realm ascribed to men. Additionally F/LOSS women receive a high level of attention due to their gender which decreases their feeling of acceptance as community members as well as their willingness to further engage with the community F/LOSS rewards the producing code rather than the producing software. It thereby puts most emphasis on a particular skill set. Other activities such as interface design or documentation are understood as less 'technical' and therefore less prestigious. This has consequences both for the lower valuation of activities in which F/LOSS women often engage as well as for the software itself which often is still oriented more towards the developer rather than the user F/LOSS production and infrastructure is designed and built assuming contributors have a long history with computers, but women tend to engage later in their lives with computers. In order to join women have a larger amount of
6 6 catching up work to do, which they must do in an environment that almost exclusively values independent discovery Inflammatory talk and aggressive posturing ( flaming ) is accepted within many F/LOSS projects as a key means of developing reputation. Whereas more established F/LOSS members engage less in flame wars, people still establishing their reputation often use them as a platform to make themselves visible. This is often off-putting for newcomers and less experienced contributors who are not yet familiar with the community, its norms, or its real hierarchy. The effect is particularly pronounced in the case of women, who in most cases have a shorter history in computing and therefore less confidence in defending themselves on technical grounds. Flaming thus exacerbates the confidence difficulties women tend to have as a result of lower levels of previous computing experiences The reliance on long hours of intensive computing in writing successful code means that men, who in general assume that time outside of waged labour is theirs, are freer to participate than women, who normally still assume a disproportionate amount of domestic responsibilities. Female F/LOSS participants, however, seem to be able to allocate a disproportionate larger share of their leisure time for their F/LOSS activities. This gives an indication that women who are not able to spend as much time on voluntary activities have difficulties to integrate into the community.
7 7 1.3 Key Recommendations Because of the central dynamic of individualism and dismissal of the social, we recommend that public policy action should emphasise the technological gains that could be made if F/LOSS had a larger and more diverse developer base. Based on this approach, we recommend the following (which are elaborated and given as detailed suggestions in the main body of the report (see Section 6):Provide tangible resources to help women devote time to their F/LOSS activities. This means both funding helping women to take part at specific F/LOSS events, as well as continuous support to enable women to take part in F/LOSS projects over a longer period of time Provide tangible resources to help women devote time to their F/LOSS activities. This means both funding helping women to take part at specific F/LOSS events, as well as continuous support to enable women to take part in F/LOSS projects over a longer period of time Foster the participation of girls in F/LOSS activities at an early age Provide support for the efforts to increase female participation that are already taking place within F/LOSS The European Commission, and EU Governments should use their commissioning role to encourage a greater variety of working methods in the production of software Modify the criteria for the selection of software products supported by the European Commission to ensure encouragement is given to those who positively include women in technical roles or offer other means of support for encouraging girls and women to enter computing Sponsor exchange programs or joint projects with parts of the world where coding is not axiomatically gendered as a male activity.
8 Create a greater understanding, through research and dissemination of projects where technological success was achieved because of diversity Encourage individuals in leadership positions to recognise that people are being actively put off, not just failing to choose to participate, and that this has a long term cost to F/LOSS development Foster a greater role for F/LOSS in European innovation policy, and specifically in university technology transfer activities.
9 9 2. Introduction to F/LOSS Free / libre / open source software (F/LOSS) groups and projects are self-declared communities which see themselves as providing a better alternative to the way in which software is traditionally produced and distributed. A central component of the F/LOSS ethos is that working openly and sharing the source code of software enables improvements to evolve more effectively, and that as a whole better software is produced. The free in free software is envisioned as part of a broader ethos of freedom of speech and volition rather than a reference to price. The key notion is Free as in free speech not as in free beer. French language here makes the distinction more accurately libre rather than gratis. Promoters of logiciel libre (free software) refer to ethics as necessary for participation. Indeed, the term open source tends to be used in more commercial contexts and free or libre in public advocacy modes. While some developers are less interested in these distinctions, they do share a rather consuming enthusiasm for the idea that coding is its own moral reward. F/LOSS is usually associated with its take on intellectual property rights, but it is also a system of production that has been variously likened to a gift economy (Raymond 1998), a guild system (Coleman 2001) a barter economy (Ghosh 1998) and kinship system (Zeitlyn 2003). It can be described as a flexible network of individuals who work in a state of co-ordinated independence. Stephen Weber describes it as: an emerging technological community that seemed to solve what I see as very tricky but basically familiar governance problems in a very unfamiliar and intriguing way. In the end I ve decided ( ) that the open source community has done something even more important. By experimenting with fundamental notions of what constituted property, this community has reframed and recast some of the most basic problems of governance (Weber 2004:vii). F/LOSS development involves a hybrid mix of institutions. Some firms make the development of open source software their business (e.g. MySQL AB), while others such as IBM opt for implementing and servicing F/LOSS products. Development projects within universities and research institutes such as the Institut Pasteur also
10 10 make software available under a F/LOSS licence. Traditionally, however, it has been individuals who contribute outside of their capacities as private or public sector employees or students. Although total numbers of participants are hard to come by, projects can range from one or two people to several thousands (e.g. in the case of Debian). As Krishnamurthy (2002) and Comino et al (2005) observe, only about 4% of projects have more than seven people working on them. However, at this point it is impossible to tell whether the majority of contributors are in fact concentrated in larger projects. It is probable that this is the case, as projects with larger numbers of developers are more likely to be downloaded (Krishnamurthy 2002), and usage is the most common entry point for becoming a contributor. Contributors are normally at some geographic distance from one another. Communication takes place largely online via Internet Relay Chat (IRC), mailing lists, blogs (often connected to large projects via RSS feeds) or websites (e.g. wikis). On the other hand there is also significant face to face activity within local Linux User Groups (LUGs), advocacy groups or people interested in a certain programming language. Furthermore there are large and small conferences across the globe where participants get together to further their projects.
11 11 3. Method of Study 3.1 Ethnographic and Quantitative Methods This report primarily relies on anthropological research carried out amongst F/LOSS participants in France and other parts of Europe in 2004 and For readers unfamiliar with ethnographic work we highlight here some of the salient points of ethnography as the epistemological vehicle through which we have made our evaluations. Although ethnography has been appropriated into other disciplines as shorthand for detailed observational work, in the original sense used here ethnography additionally implies both an interpretive epistemology and reflexivity. In this case Krieger conducted unstructured and semi-structured interviews, but also met participants in private homes, pubs, bars and restaurants, observed and participated in F/LOSS projects both electronically and face to face, was in touch with companies which used open source software in their business and attended conferences as well as free software advocacy events. These activities variously used French, German and English. Krieger also learned the basics of the technical terminology and languages so that he could better understand the communication within the community. We have closely followed Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth s ethical guidelines (1999) in this work. In addition, one of our key informants, Hanna Wallach, has actively participated in the analysis process. We also employed quantitative research methodology. We conducted a quantitative survey on gender among F/LOSS contributors. The survey was carried out online and encompassed 1541 participants 3.2 The Advantages to Selected Methods The close personal involvement of ethnographic research enables the researcher to
12 12 experience others points of view, and forces him or her to challenge assumptions embedded in both previous research and their own cultural expectations. Unlike the survey data, where claims to generality can be made via mathematical operations, generalising from ethnographic work is done via interpretation as in the humanities. The strength of ethnography is in identifying assumed positions and concepts, but it is important to emphasise that this does not mean that its significance is limited to the cases it studies. Instead, interpreting what the researcher observes and experiences involves drawing out the connections between the field site and the models produced by other researchers in other locations (see Strathern 1999). The ethnographic approach has helped us identify issues with EU-wide implications. We have interpreted our observations in the light of similar studies on gender and technology undertaken in other parts of the world and make reference to this corroborating evidence where appropriate. This interpolation has been especially important because F/LOSS is essentially a trans-national community. Although a lot of the offline parts of the fieldwork have been undertaken in France, parts of it were also conducted in other European countries (England, Wales, Germany and the Netherlands) as well as other countries (North America and India). The theoretical frameworks that we have interpreted our findings through come from research based all over Europe and North America. Indeed, all the research sites are suffused with all sorts of transnational connections. There is a tendency in EU research discourse to conceive of social borders as national borders. In the case of F/LOSS this is misguided, as it is a community that largely conceives of itself in global terms. Transnational / networked identities are vital; this report takes as given that the social world in which our informants act is suffused with this complexity. In addition, people move rapidly between projects and institutional arrangements, which makes forms of institutional locality inappropriate units of analysis when it comes to questions that permeate the whole community, such as gender. Therefore our analysis takes place at the level of a F/LOSS community discourse and practice. Women in F/LOSS are rare. At the beginning of the research most interaction with
13 13 women in the community took place online, either on IRC or via . Mixing quantitative and qualitative methods has proved to be a robust way of approaching social science problems, as each raises issues the other necessarily overlooks (Anderson and Tracey 2002). As with Anderson and Tracey s work, we mixed methods iteratively. The research topic was identified through previous quantitative work (Ghosh et al 2002). The early stages of ethnographic fieldwork suggested potential topics for further quantitative investigation, the results of which prompted us to re-interpret certain qualitative findings. Because surveys are limited in the kinds of phenomena they can address, the quantitative work acts as a supplement in this project rather than as a validator. Much of the literature on gender and technology argues for getting past dualities of masculinity and femininity (see section 5). For this study, getting past dualities also meant looking beyond that which is understood as gender, and to examine more broadly the social and cultural aspects of F/LOSS. The conditions of gendering are the same for people before they choose to enter F/LOSS, and these are well understood (see Sorensen 2002, Ahuja 2002, Dryburgh 2000, Spilker & Sorensen 2000 for reviews). Whatever it is that produces the strong male dominance within F/LOSS is likely to be related to its community dynamics. For this reason we have also drawn on the anthropology of personhood and morality. Most studies about gender and technology do not explore these other issues; here we argue that while femininity, masculinity and technology are in fact co-produced, it is also vital to understand the terms on which these productions are made salient. We have found that concepts of personhood and personal agency make gender important in culturally-specific ways (see section 4.1). Similarly, we found that most of the gender and technology scholarship tends to not address or take seriously indigenous explanations of gender difference, as if the people under study did not have their own understandings of how social relations work. Indeed in one study Wilson (2003) bemoaned how female computer science students were delusionally complicit in their own disadvantage without exploring what is at stake in the supposed complicity. We feel this is related to the relative
14 14 inattention given to notions of personal agency, which in the instance of F/LOSS at least both shapes gender differences and limits the kinds of public policy solutions available. 3.3 Limits of the Methods F/LOSS women proved challenging to identify, as they are few in number but also because some of them assume gender-neutral or masculine online identities. This hindered somewhat both qualitative and quantitative work. It was even more difficult to identify participants who had left F/LOSS. We were also limited by the range of projects we studied qualitatively. This was not a project study per se, such as the numerous studies of F/LOSS projects (e.g. Hemetsberger and Reinhardt, 2004, Garzarelli and Galoppini 2003, Ratto 2003). The justification for this is as follows. We worked with individuals involved in a range of projects, some smaller, some larger. Current research shows that people engage in several projects at any one time. Contributors have different roles depending on which project they are contributing to. Furthermore projects are not necessarily independent from each other in terms of code either. Code is reused in different projects. Furthermore projects often necessarily collaborate with other projects so that boundaries are not always clear (e.g. see the Free Desktop projects in which contributors to all major Linux desktops are taking part). Most of our key informants work either in several projects in parallel or did so in past. One of our key informants who became an unofficial research assistant is a Debian Women activist. Although we have enough familiarity with a wide range of activities to know what is particular to Debian and what exists across F/LOSS, nevertheless this background is bound to have had an influence. Another limitation was that there was no psychological expertise on the team. In the analysis period we came to understand that for many in the F/LOSS community, gender disparity could be explained by the recognition that F/LOSS may contain a
15 15 disproportion of people on the autistic spectrum. It is currently also commonly understood that there is a disproportionate number of males to females who are on this spectrum. The active disassociation with the social we understand as a socially constructed way of performing a particular kind of masculine and individualist identity. However, it is entirely possible that for a minority this dissociation goes beyond issues of social identity given that autism has been correlated with males in mathematical and engineering fields in higher education (Baron-Cohen et al 1997). 1 Although we accept that, from a medical anthropology point of view, such psychological diagnoses themselves sometimes constitute cultural practices of pathologising that which is considered socially unacceptable, we have no evidence that could dismiss an autism link out of hand. Addressing the potential ramifications of this is beyond our expertise. However, the consistency that characterizes a hostile environment for women in F/LOSS suggests a cultural configuration that extends well beyond possible links with something called autism. Therefore we do not feel this limitation constitutes an outright hindrance to this study. 1 While some scholarship on autism points to an explanation similar to the ideas of F/LOSS participants we heard, there is disagreement among experts as to the influence of social factors on the phenomenon.
16 16 4. Discussion of Findings 4.1 Women are actively (if unconsciously) excluded rather than passively disinterested. The effect lies within F/LOSS cultural and social arrangements. The exclusion happens among people who often do not mean to appear, and who do not interpret their own actions, as hostile to women. The effect is an outcome of the importance given to the individual as the sole carrier of agency. One of the documents newcomers to F/LOSS encounter is a Portrait of J. Random Hacker, written by one of the most vocal F/LOSS members, Eric Raymond. A section addresses gender: Hackerdom is still predominantly male. However, the percentage of women is clearly higher than the low-single-digit range typical for technical professions, and female hackers are generally respected and dealt with as equals. When asked, hackers often ascribe their culture's gender- and color-blindness to a positive effect of text-only network channels, and this is doubtless a powerful influence. Also, the ties many hackers have to AI research and SF literature may have helped them to develop an idea of personhood that is inclusive rather than exclusive -- after all, if one's imagination readily grants full human rights to future AI programs, robots, dolphins, and extraterrestrial aliens, mere color and gender can't seem very important any more. Our quantitative research shows that Raymond is wrong on the numbers. The disproportionate dominance of men in the F/LOSS survey (Ghosh et al 2002), where hacker identities are by far more pervasive, was the reason for the study (see Aims of Research). When F/LOSS members discuss the absence of women, a popular explanation is that they are simply not interested. While there are social reasons why women tend not to show an interest (which will be explicated in the course of the report see especially section 5), the link between early enthusiasm for technology use and the decision to enter technological professions is not an automatic one. Current trends indicate that while consumer usage is on the whole widening (Shade
17 , Sorensen 2002), this is not successfully bringing more women into the pipeline of ICT careers generally, as well as F/LOSS activities in particular. The proportion of women in ICT professions, both academic and commercial, is actually going down (National Science Foundation 2004, Sorensen 2002), which suggests to us that the more significant factor is the hostile environment women face once they do get into ICT work roles. It is not that technical jobs fail to appeal to women from an early age. So few women in F/LOSS relative to other models of software production suggests that F/LOSS somehow exacerbates a hostile environment. The ethical value system of the community is based upon what participants refer to as freedom understood in the notion of each individual s possibility to choose. They thereby refer to the individual as the decisive carrier of agency. The community very much values the notion that anyone can start tinkering (with software) and that participation is volitional. This starts with the users of F/LOSS who are given the choice of applications, provided with a maximum amount of configurability and equipped with the freedom of modification. The notion of choice becomes even more important when it comes to the producers of the software. Anybody is free to join and participate in a project or to start a new project out of an existing project s source code. Indeed with a social structure that relies heavily on voluntary labour there are no formal sanctions against those determined to participate in their own way. From our informants perspective the problem is not one of opportunities but one of choice. As a consequence most F/LOSS participants think that it is the women who decide by their own free volition not to contribute. There is a strong desire to believe that gender has nothing to do with the choices people make because it threatens this notion of individual autonomy. This desire is not entirely limited to F/LOSS. In Nafus s study of a UK software firm (forthcoming), there was a near complete gendered division of labour. The (male) developers sat on one side of the room while the (female) testers sat on another, yet so important was the notion of individual choice that the whole office maintained that this was mere coincidence. The overall agreement within the realm of F/LOSS production is that the best technical solution determines the further development steps within F/LOSS production. Therefore it is the people who have proven their abilities and who are
18 18 believed to be able to provide these best technical solutions who determine F/LOSS projects. Participants often refer to this form of political organisation as meritocracy. According to them it is a fair and equal way of coming to decisions since everybody has the means to provide the best solution: source code, mailing list archives and documentation of the technical tools needed to create software. Although many women do talk about the subtle ways that men made it difficult for just anyone to contribute, from women s perspectives too the meritocratic ideal was not something they wanted to change. 2 But the men particularly felt that there was already equality of opportunity. However women and men within F/LOSS do fundamentally differ in the way in which they participate. Both our qualitative as well as our quantitative research points to the fact that men tend to pick up the more prestigious technical tasks. Men are overrepresented in activities such as coding, testing, as well as reading and writing bug reports. All these activities are closely related to the production of source code. On the other hand women are more likely to engage in the less technical aspects of F/LOSS production. They engage more in documenting, providing graphics and sounds, moderating mailing lists and organising workshops. In most projects these activities are considered to be less crucial and are, therefore, less prestigious (see. 4.2). As a consequence women feel that their work is less acknowledged than that of men. Almost 2/3 of all female participants think that it is easier for men to get acknowledgement for their F/LOSS contributions. 2 Indeed one of our female informants working in the software industry sees this meritocratic model as a possibility to overcome a common barrier in the corporate business world which she described as a glass ceiling.
19 19 33 For men For women Nobody cares whether you are a man or a woman Figure 1: Survey response to the question: For whom is it easier to get acknowledgement for work in the F/LOSS community? (female respondents) Interestingly more than 4/5 of the male respondents think that gender does not play a role For men For women Nobody cares whether you are a man or a woman 81.2 Figure 2: Survey response to the question: For whom is it easier to get acknowledgement for work in the F/LOSS community? (male respondents) Participants of the F/LOSS community (male and female) do see there is a gender difference in the types of activity that people engage in. However they attribute this difference to individual choice and thereby make gender invisible. Women s support activists have found that attempts to raise awareness about the issues facing women are taken as ungrounded accusations, and the response within the community is usually that community members simply lack experience with
20 20 women. It is social incompetence, not deliberate exclusion. But over-riding this perception is the more powerful thought that in the end, technical skill is the crucial factor for inclusion, and thus the community is gender-blind in its significant practices. Some people both men and women interpret the mere mention of gender as somehow reiterating the artificial differences between the sexes. This, for example, is taken from a F/LOSS blog posting: I think the whole idea of Debian Women is flawed. All it does is give / reiterate to people the idea that women are somehow different to men when it comes to computers and should be treated differently. 3 And from the same blog Instead of saying Linux geeks should be nicer to newbies, [the article] says Guys should be nicer to women. No to ask for different treatment for different genders is SEXIST, and when the stated goal is to minimize sexism, it becomes counter-productive. Having made analysis of copious material collected during the study, we interpret these kind of (common) statements as follows. The logic goes something like this: if difference in technical competence is not biologically based (women can be as good as men at coding), then F/LOSS members interpret it gender in this context as mere social conditioning, which for them constitutes grounds to dismiss it as not only arbitrary, but easily overcome through sheer individual volition. That is, women becoming technically competent and thereby disproving the biological basis for difference is the answer, and this is based on individual decisions by those women to devote themselves as men have had to. 3 We would like to clearly mention that despite an initial period of doubt, discussion and reluctance from some Debian developers, the Debian Women project now gets support from some of its very senior male members. Participants in the project consider this support as crucial for the success of Debian Women to bring more female contributors into Debian.
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text:
A remake of the 1970s X-rated Alice in Wonderland musical will be made as a tribute to the late filmmaker Ken Russell.
The film, which was penned by Russell and the original writer Bill Osco, will go ahead in his memory, according to The Hollywood Reporter.
Russell was due to direct the film before his death in November at the age of 84.
Russell's wife Elize Tribble will participate in the production of the movie with Renaissance Media Entertainment and "assist the team in bringing forward the production" of the musical remake.
Renaissance Media founder Stuart Young said that Russell brought "an incredible creative intensity and passion to Alice" during their six-month collaboration.
"We want to make a film that keeps true to Ken's unique perspective for the project," Young added.
Osco's original erotic retelling of the classic Lewis Carroll children's book was released in 1976 and has since become a cult classic. The film cost $500,000 to make, and went on to gross over $100 million.
A director is currently being sought. Shooting is expected to begin on Alice in Wonderland in 2012.
> Ken Russell 1927-2011: Life in pictures
> Ken Russell 1927-2011: Obituary
> Ken Russell: 5 essential films from the controversial director - video


text:
Views: 675, Replies: 9 » Jump to the end
Apr 2, 2010 4:30 PM CST
|I know that these need to be transplanted when fairly small. Can you define "fairly small" for me please? Mine are just barely starting to get first true leaves. The variety is an oriental type, "Checkers" if that makes any difference. Thanks!
| Quote | Post #20574 (1)
Apr 2, 2010 7:34 PM CST
|last year I transplanted mine when they were a few inches big... and a couple of sets of leaves... it was after frost here so maybe a month after they germinated... I only lost a few... but I was real careful when pulling them apart
Coleus Forum~~Seed Forum~~Northeast Forum
Click here to visit my Zazzle Store~~ Happy Birthday Wishes
| Quote | Post #20575 (2)
Apr 2, 2010 8:38 PM CST
|Thanks, Allison--this was a variety that was quite special to me, so I did not sow heavily. I only have about 12 seedlings spread evenly over a gallon-milk jug. I will keep a close eye on them as they continue to grow. We are not even close to our frost date, but some other poppies I sowed last year are growing vigorously. I'm very new at trying to grow poppies, so am trying to do this right the first time.
| Quote | Post #20576 (3)
Apr 2, 2010 9:20 PM CST
|well I keep thinking about the frost date thing... my poppies in the ground are growing already... maybe it doesn't matter with them... hopefully someone with more experience will chime in... last year was my first time with them
Coleus Forum~~Seed Forum~~Northeast Forum
Click here to visit my Zazzle Store~~ Happy Birthday Wishes
| Quote | Post #20577 (4)
Apr 3, 2010 8:42 AM CST
|I planted them out early, long before last frost. They didn't even mind a deep freeze. It's the heat that kills them, so best to plant before the weather is too hot. I planted mine when tiny, too, maybe 2 true leaves. I just planted in hunks.
That was in 2006. Never planted them after that because they were BIG plants, died when weather got hot, and I had to yank them leaving big holes in the garden beds.
I tried a few California poppies last year, they took the heat very well (though it wasn't a hot summer). I have some volunteers that have been out there since fall and they didn't mind freezing winter weather at all.
Just plant out soon as you can reasonably handle them.
| Quote | Post #20578 (5)
Apr 3, 2010 8:45 AM CST
|experience has spoken!!!... thanks
Coleus Forum~~Seed Forum~~Northeast Forum
Click here to visit my Zazzle Store~~ Happy Birthday Wishes
| Quote | Post #20579 (6)
Apr 3, 2010 1:26 PM CST
|Glad I read this. I was going to wait too long.
| Quote | Post #20580 (7)
Apr 3, 2010 6:16 PM CST
|here are mine, taken yesterday.
they will probably go out Monday or Tuesday.
Terese --Leesburg, FL & Lake Delton, Wi
| Quote | Post #20581 (8)
Apr 3, 2010 6:56 PM CST
|Looking good!
| Quote | Post #20582 (9)
Apr 23, 2010 8:56 AM CST
|When I transplanted my poppies a few weeks ago I watered them with Fish E and they didn't miss a beat. I didn't even lose one seedling and within a week they had doubled in size! Some of the seedlings I seperated and some where in hunks, they are all doing well.
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text:
After six months of keeping it top secret, IT'S OFFICIAL! Hippocampus (Book One of the Atlantis Revolution) is being translated into the Bahasa Indonesian language by PT Bentang Pustaka. PT Bentang Pustaka is an imprint of Mizan, one of Indonesia's largest publishers. Mizan is responsible for translating such best-selling books/series as The Heroes of Olympus, The Maze Runner, Divergent, The Fallen Series, The Invention of Hugo Cabret, Steve Jobs The Exclusive Biography, and many more. Hippocampus will be available in the Bahasa Indonesian language in paperback and eBook formats.
This is of course a very exciting step in my writing career. I am now officially published by a major foreign publisher and my book will be translated into another language. It's so cool to be able to say that Hippocampus will be available in 2 languages. I'm hoping that more foreign publishers will follow and I'll be able to add to the language list. I want Hippocampus to be available to as many readers as possible and this is a huge step in the right direction.
The English version of Hippocampus will be available in ebook form and paperback (only at Lulu.com) in April 2012. The Indonesian publication date is to be determined but is expected in late 2013 or early 2014.


text:
Here's a tale of illegal pill dealing from 1921 in Denver, though frankly it could be from any Thursday afternoon walking through Civic Center Park or parts of the 16th Street Mall today.
See also: 1949: Crossword Puzzle's Solution is Hash From Hemp
The story comes by way of the Carbonate Chronicle out of Leadville, but it details a young man openly "auctioning" off pills on the streets of downtown Denver.
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Sound familiar?
Yup. Not much changes.
Denver, Feb. 27 -- Andrew Grosso, 21, years old, auctioned narcotic drugs on the Denver downtown streets with great success until a federal officer happened along, according to a complaint preferred against him by the police here.
'Step right up, gentlemen, and get your medicine. Five dollars a throw, with an extra capsule thrown in with each sale. Step right up --"
It was at this point Harry V. Williamson, head of the narcotic squad, said he decided to [tuka?] $5 worth of Grosso's stock after witnessing a number of purchases. Grosso decided to quit business all of a sudden, according to the officer who testified he found to cases of capsules filled with morphine in the youth's pockets. Grosso was held pending the next session of the federal grand jury.
Okay, so this technically is a non-marijuana related story. But police back then were wasting their time busting cannabis users, growers and dealers just as much as they are today while the real drug danger to society - opiates and opiate addiction -- runs rampant.


text:
The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank
i hv to make dairy entry of each chapter of term 1 where i can find
got summer homework
got summer homework
I'm not sure what you mean by term one. Gradesaver has complete summaries and and analysis for each section of the novel, you could start there. If you have something more specific, feel free to ask.


text:
Sheets has also added "filter views" to let you "quickly name, save and share different views of your data." Calculations have been made easier, as well, with function help guiding you as you type and highlighting errors. Additionally, "with the improved conditional formatting, you can add rules to change the colors and styles of cells in your spreadsheet based on custom formulas."
Most importantly, you can now work offline, editing spreadsheets when you are on the go and may not have a connection. When you log back into an Internet connection, your document will automatically sync.


text:
Update: Today it was revealed by Baltsneakershow that the 'OVO' Air Jordan 12's in white have a possible release date slated for July 30th. Seeing as though Drake's anticipated 2016 OVO fest is taking place July 29th through August 1st, the tentative date for his sneakers aren't too farfetched. Be sure to hit the follow button above to stay updated with images and release info of the Air Jordan 12 'OVO.'
According to po2345, the Air Jordan 12 x OVO in white is set to release this summer around the same time as Drake's OVO fest. Jordan Brand nor the 6god have confirmed an official release for the 12's, but after dropping both 10's in white and black this year and last, it might make sense to drop another one 'Back to Back.' Stick to SneakerWatch as we get more updates on this release.
Drake caused quite the frenzy when he brought out a pair of the "OVO" Air Jordans.
Today, we get an official look at the Drake x OVO Air Jordan Collection which features the Air Jordan 10 & 12. Both silhouettes come in an all-black or all-white colorway with sting ray leather featured on the outside toebox of the Air Jordan 12 and around the tongue and mid-upper on the Air Jordan 10. The 10's also feature a goldspeckle within the transluscent sole.
Make sure you check out the full gallery above and stay tuned to SneakerWatch for more detailed info in the near future.
Images: OVO / HeatCheck / Barney Wang