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Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
- Trevor Cooper
- 3 years ago
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1 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems 1 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems Editors: Professor Eilish Gilvarry, Dr Paul McArdle, Anne O Herlihy, Dr KAH Mirza, Dr Dickon Bevington and Dr Norman Malcolm June 2012 Publication number CCQI 127
2 Contents These standards are linked to the Quality Network for Community CAMHS (QNCC). See quality,accreditationaudit/communitycamhs.aspx For best practice standards on information, consent and confidentiality and rights and safeguards relevant to young people please refer to the QNCC standards. (These standards will apply to most young people accessing support and care from a range of services not just CAMHS.) Forewords 3 Introduction 4 How the standards were developed 8 How to read these standards (including options for implementation) 10 Key terms and definitions employed 12 Figure 1 Care pathways young people may follow 14 Practice standards Identification and brief assessment (incl. advice and brief intervention for over 15s) 16 CG1 Substance misuse screen or assessment instruments 20 CG2 Interviewing young people clinical guidance Comprehensive assessment Integrated care planning Integrated care and interventions 29 CG3 Individual therapies summary of the evidence base 36 CG4 Treating co-morbidity summary of the evidence base Planned completion and transfer of care 38 Appendices Appendix 1: Defining what constitutes problematic substance use is crucial (by Dr KAH Mirza) 41 Appendix 2: Bibliography and references 44 Appendix 3: Acknowledgements 50 Appendix 4: Summary of key points raised at the final consultation 51 Appendix 5: Glossary 52 2 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
3 Forewords We are delighted to introduce this set of practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems and other co-existing difficulties. The standards were written to support the response these young people receive from a wide range of practitioners, workers, professionals and services. The standards bring together guidance based on the available evidence and emphasise the need for a sensitive, non-judgemental and collaborative approach to identifying risk, assessing all needs, and offering help and support. The importance of developing trusting relationships, involving young people s family or carers, and working with practitioners who are already engaged with the young person is promoted and highlighted throughout. The standards were developed in consultation with stakeholders across health, education, social and voluntary sectors. They were also informed by our consultations with the young advisors for the CAMHS standards developed at the Royal College of Psychiatrists College for Quality Improvement (CCQI). We would like to thank all those who contributed to developing the standards. We hope that the response these young people receive and the care they are offered will improve as a result of providing clear guidance on agreed best practice. Professor Sue Bailey President of the Royal College of Psychiatrists DrugScope welcomes the publication of these practice standards for young people. As the national membership organisation for substance misuse services, with a particular role in supporting and representing the voluntary and community sector (VCS), we work with many organisations who support young people affected by drug or alcohol problems. We know that these services are effective in protecting often highly vulnerable young people from harm and turning lives around, with enormous benefits for families and communities too. A recent survey for the Department for Education by Frontier Economics concluded that every 1 invested in young people s treatment saves 5 to 8 in picking up the pieces later on. If we are to build on the strides forward that have been made in recent years to engage with young people affected by drug and alcohol problems, then it is vital that our practice is informed by the emerging evidence base, the knowledge and experience of people working on the frontline and the voices of young service users themselves (and where appropriate their families and carers). These practice standards have a critical part to play in promoting evidence based approaches in this challenging and rewarding area for health and social interventions. I am particularly pleased to see the strong focus on multi-agency approaches that recognise that complexity is common and stress the importance of working across professional silos and cultures. DrugScope is currently working on behalf of its members to highlight both the opportunities and risks that are presented by some fundamental policy changes that will impact on services and interventions for young people affected by drug and alcohol problems in the next few years. Responsibility for commissioning services will transfer to local authorities during a period of austerity when there is considerable pressure on local budgets. DrugScope members are already reporting cuts in young people s services in some local areas of as much as 50%. At the same time, the transition of responsibility for services to public health could create real opportunities to make links to other issues affecting young people, such as sexual health, promotion of community safety and local initiatives to tackle social exclusion. Whatever the outcome of these changes, it is fair to say that it has never been more important to ensure that public money invested in young people s services is well spent and that we are able to demonstrate that they are delivering the outcomes sought by local commissioners, communities and elected politicians. These practice standards have a vital role to play in supporting the development of procedures, interventions and services that are both efficient and effective. I do hope that they will become a key reference resource for everyone working with young people affected by substance misuse problems, and will be used to inform workforce development, strategic planning and development and delivery of treatment and care. Martin Barnes Chief Executive DrugScope 3 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
4 Introduction By Dr Paul McArdle from the Royal College of Psychiatrists and Dr Marcus Roberts from DrugScope Most young people do not use illicit drugs or binge drink, and among those who do only a minority will develop serious problems. For some, however, substance misuse may be damaging to the developing brain, interfere in the normal challenges of development, exacerbate other life and developmental problems, and further impoverish the life chances of already vulnerable groups of young people. This is a major problem for the UK, which has amongst the highest rates of young people s cannabis use and binge drinking in Europe with some 13,000 hospital admissions linked to young people s drinking each year (Home Office, Drug Strategy, 2010). The association of substance misuse (particularly alcohol) with crime and anti-social behaviour is often highlighted. The indirect impact on violence, accidents and suicides is responsible for considerable injury and occasionally death among an otherwise conventionally health group. The impact on mental health and well-being and social functioning and integration is also significant. In attempting to understand and attend to the needs of these young people, the Drug Strategy (2010) stresses the range of vulnerabilities which must be addressed, by collaborative work across local health, social care, family services, housing, youth justice, education and employment services, including transitional arrangements to adult services (Home Office, Drug Strategy, 2010). In a report on UK child health services, Kennedy (2010) endorses such a whole systems perspective. He observes that providing high-quality services for children and young people requires the NHS to work collaboratively with many other public sector agencies Kennedy (2010) aims for personalised care that reflects individuals health and care needs, supports carers and encourages strong joint arrangements and local partnerships. Clearly, all of this requires a properly formulated and shared understanding of each young person s needs (Mirza & Mirza, 2008), as well as a properly coordinated and sustained intervention thereafter. These issues are addressed by these practice standards. Drug and alcohol use among young people: types and trends Annual schools survey The NHS Information Centre conducts an annual survey to monitor smoking, drinking and drug use among secondary school pupils aged ( pubs/sdd10fullreport). The 2010 survey reported 18% of pupils to have ever used drugs, 12% in the last year and 7% in the last month; the corresponding proportions for 2001 were 29%, 20% and 12%. Cannabis was the most commonly used drug at 8.3% for the last year (down from 13.4% in 2001). Use of volatile substances is the second most common at 3.8%. There has been a decline in the proportion of pupils who say it is OK for someone of their age to drink alcohol once a week, from 46% in 2003 to 32% in 2010, and the proportion who thought it was OK to get drunk fell in this period from 20% to 11%. Nevertheless, almost half (45%) had drunk alcohol and 13% in the last week. The percentage increases with age, from 10% of 11 year olds to 77% of 15 year olds. Last week use has fallen from a peak of 26% in 2001 to 18% in 2009 and The mean amount of alcohol consumed by pupils who drank in the last week was 12.9 units, but the skewed data showed a long tail of heavier drinkers. British Crime Survey The British Crime Survey (BCS) is an annual self-report study that provides perhaps the best insight into trends and patterns of drug use in Britain among those aged 16 and above. The BCS reports that one in five 16 to 24 year olds used any illicit drug in the past year. By far the most commonly used illicit drug in this age group was cannabis (17.1%), followed by powder cocaine (4.4%) and ecstasy (3.8%). Use of opiates was below 1% for the 16 to 24 year old age group, with use of heroin at 0.1% (although still about 5,400 young people), and use of crack cocaine at 0.3%. However, although drug use overall may be declining, 16 to 19 year olds had the highest use of any drug for any age group in , with last year use at 23%, compared to 18.4% for 20 to 24 year olds. Two further issues include the salience of poly-drug use (EMCDDA, 2009) and the emergence of new synthetic drugs (including so-called legal highs ) about which there is limited knowledge or research in rapidly adapting and evolving drug markets. For example, the National Treatment Agency s Substance Misuse among Young People: reported a sharp increase in the number of young people presenting for specialist treatment primarily for amphetamine use between and (from 256 to 639), but concludes that this is probably because it now includes mephedrone. While mephedrone was included in the latest BCS survey, new psycho-active substances (NPS) are not necessarily included in survey questions and comparatively little is known about their harms. 4 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
5 Introduction (continued) Treatment for young people in specialist drug and alcohol services The number of under-18s accessing specialist services for drug and alcohol misuse in was 21,955, rising from 17,001 in to 23,905 in and 24,053 in and now falling. This excludes young substance users attending other services such as child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) for which there are no data. It is not clear what accounts for trends in treatment participation, which will also be affected by availability and the behaviour of key referral agencies. Nature of problems The NTA report Substance misuse among young people states that alcohol and cannabis remain by far the main substances in specialist drug and alcohol services for young people, accounting for 90% of the treatment population, compared to 4% being treated primarily for Class A drugs. The notion of problematic drug or alcohol use is different for young people than adults. This is partly because they are younger what might seem to be normal adolescent experimentation in a 17 year old could be grounds for intervention in a 12 year old. Crucially, drug and alcohol use among young people is often problematic because of its relationships with other problems in the young person s life. Indeed, the NTA s Substance Misuse among Young People explains that drug and alcohol misuse among teenagers is usually a symptom rather than a cause of their vulnerability, and compounds other problems in their lives such as family breakdown, inadequate housing, offending, truancy, anti-social behaviour, poor educational attainment and mental health concerns such as self-harm. Mental health data reflect this; in a large US treatment trial, 60% had been abused, 41% had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 20% had depression, and 14% post-traumatic stress disorder (Dennis et al, 2004). Especially among the youngest, such co-occurring disorders, or co-morbidity, contribute to or tend to drive relapse (Liddle et al, 2004) so that much of the psychosocial harm attributed to drug use among young people reflects the impact of co-morbid conditions; drug use is often a marker that should draw attention to the underlying conditions and circumstances (Macleod, 2004). What interventions for whom Given the heterogeneity of drug and alcohol use in young people, it is not easy to decide what constitutes problematic use. Not all young people who experiment with substances develop problem substance misuse. It goes without saying that all young people should receive universal prevention (drug education etc). However it is difficult to define who should receive targeted interventions or more comprehensive, multi-agency interventions. Children are not small adults and the adult definitions of substance misuse are inadequate in capturing the developmental aspects of substance misuse in young people. (See table 1 in appendix 1 for a detailed discussion). What works and what is delivered The NTA s Exploring the evidence (2009) highlights the importance of ensuring that services and interventions are designed to engage and retain young people and respond to their needs. For example, treatment providers should aim to make their services interesting and responsive to young people s needs; gaining the confidence of the young person by being respectful, trustworthy and emotionally warm, taking into account the young person s views and encouraging them to allow parents and carers to participate in the development of treatment and care plans. It is inconclusive, however, with regard to recommending one type of intervention above another. In part, this is because of the findings of the Cannabis Youth Treatment study (CYT), the largest intervention trial to date (Dennis et al, 2004). All the interventions evaluated in the CYT were associated with improvement although only 20% of the young people treated were abstinent at 12 months. In a more recent Dutch trial (Hendriks, van der Schee, & Blanken, 2011) treating a more heavily using population of young people, approximately 50% showed a response (defined as 30% less use than at baseline). Nevertheless, supplementary analysis indicated that the two CYT interventions with family treatment, multidimensional family therapy (MDFT) and the adolescent community reinforcement approach (ACRA), resulted in further improvements post-intervention ( li/downloads/dennis_et_al_cyt_mf_ appendix.pdf). In addition, compared to interventions without a family component, two studies have now shown that those that engage with families (both MDFT) are more effective with more severe cases (Henderson, Dakof, Greenbaum, & Liddle, 2010; Hendriks, van der Schee, & Blanken, 2011), possibly in part because they achieve considerably greater treatment attendance (Hendriks, van der Schee, & Blanken, 2011). Both of these studies evaluated MDFT versus cognitive behavioural therapy. When two different brands of family therapy have been compared (Slesnick & Prestopnick, 2009), no significant differences emerged and there were no differences between ACRA and MDFT in the CYT. A cautious interpretation is that no specific brand of family work demonstrates clear superiority, but family work, not currently standard 5 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
6 Introduction (continued) practice in the UK substance misuse field (National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, 2010), adds value to intervention. In their supplementary analysis of the CYT, Dennis et al (2004) also detected a generic dosage effect ; irrespective of treatment modality, more treatment was associated with improved outcome. Trials evaluating more complex interventions targeting adolescent co-morbidity are few (Thurstone, 2010). However, a study of depressed adolescent users showed that drug use reduced only among those whose depression was successfully treated, and this was more likely with a combination treatment of antidepressant medication and therapy (Riggs, 2007). Further, studies of the treatment of substance misusing adults have shown that retention in treatment (Pinto et al, 2011) and the addition of further intervention following relapse (Scott & Dennis, 2009), predict better outcomes. A follow-up study of a large sample of clinic attendees, most of whom began their drug careers in late adolescence (Scott, 2011), showed that prevention of death required adequate initial treatment, on-going monitoring and better linkage to recovery support services and mutual aid groups that help sustain recovery This is analogous to systematic review findings supporting the efficacy of intensive case management among the adult mentally ill (Dieterich, 2010). Indeed, reflecting on the limitations of the adolescent evidence base, Winters and Kaminer (2011) suggested viewing treatment, as a process that requires management and monitoring flexible and tailored to the needs of the patient (Kaminer, 2011). Such a chronic disease perspective also implies care plans, teamwork, utilisation of the full range of potential evidence-based interventions (for the co-morbid conditions, depression, PTSD and so on) including active follow-up to detect and treat relapse or exacerbations (Wagner, 2000; Allotey, 2011; Eaton, 2011). It also implies that the co-morbidity is identified in the first place. Strikingly absent from all this evidence is the potent impact of schools, colleges, training facilities, hostels, youth justice and some of the wider support activities within the voluntary sector. It is clear that the evidence base provides a guide but not a comprehensive one. However, experience would say that when these agencies work harmoniously together quite powerful alterations in life style and well-being are possible. Young people and young adults Young people s treatment services are for under-18s, and the term young people generally refers to this age group (as does relevant legislation and guidance). This raises issues about the care and treatment of young people moving into adulthood, particularly as the needs of those in their late teens and early 20s are often closer to under-18s than to adults with alcohol or drug problems, and more services are working with people across this age bracket. The Social Exclusion Unit report Transitions: young adults with complex needs (2005) had a focus on 16 to 25 year olds with complex needs, and concluded that the transition from childhood to adulthood was increasingly difficult for young people. It concluded in 2005 that the ways in which young people become adults has become more complicated and diverse but policies have generally failed to keep up with such changes. The age structuring on which many policies are based is often complex, inconsistent and working against the principle of resources following need. The policy context a changing landscape Significant changes are ahead in the way that services and interventions for young people affected by drug and alcohol problems are developed, commissioned and delivered. Reforms in the Health and Social Care Act (2012) and the Healthy Lives, Healthy People White Paper (Department of Health, 2010) will have a particular impact, but other policy innovations could also be significant, including the introduction of elected Police and Crime Commissioners and the Troubled Families Initiative. From April 2013, the NTA will be abolished and its functions absorbed into the new public health services, which will have a wide range of responsibilities including obesity, public mental health services, sexual health services, promotion of community safety and local initiatives to tackle social exclusion. This will potentially create opportunities to plan and commission services for young people in a joined up way that effectively addresses inter-related issues. Directors of Public Health employed by local authorities will assume lead responsibility for commissioning drug and alcohol services, working closely with Directors of Children s Services and other local stakeholders. Health and Wellbeing Boards will be established in every upper tier local authority area with a responsibility for conducting a Joint Strategic Needs Assessment (JSNA) and producing a joint Health and Wellbeing Strategy (HWS). The statutory members of the Health and Wellbeing Board comprise local elected councillors, Directors of Public Health, Clinical Commissioning Groups, Directors of Adult Services, Directors of Children s Services and Healthwatch, as well as representation for the NHS Commissioning Board. There is also discretion to include 6 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
7 Introduction (continued) other members, such as criminal justice or voluntary and community sector representation. Children s services will play a critical role, with the Drug Strategy (2010) stating that Directors of Public Health and Directors of Children s Services will be empowered to take an integrated and co-ordinated approach to determine how best to use their resources to prevent and tackle drug and alcohol misuse, including flexibility to pool and align budgets through the Public Health Grant and an Early Intervention Grant. Other recent initiatives encourage local commissioners to pool budgets to develop integrated services, including the Troubled Families programme. It is too early to predict the impact of these policy changes on interventions and services for young people affected by drug and alcohol problems. It is clear, however, that there will be very significant changes in the way services are planned and commissioned in the coming years, during a time when there will be severe budgetary pressures. The commitment to localism may also result in significantly greater divergence in priorities and provision for young people in different local authority areas. Implications for practice In keeping with the policy documents and the research to date, and following extensive consultation, this document is proposing a style of intervention that aims at investing in the psychosocial development and well-being of young people to give them the best chance of a normal life through: s engagement of the young person, and their family where possible, through outreach if necessary s skilled initial analysis of their difficulties, including mental disorders and developmental problems such as learning disability, and life circumstance s engaging local systems so that they work together s coordinated, well led interventions that mobilise the resources of local communities as required, including safeguarding, education, training, mental health and accommodation s active follow-up to detect further episodes of support or intervention s prioritising and delivering the training and support of staff Before you read the standards, please read appendix 1 which: s sets out to define problematic substance misuse s presents a pragmatic table of the stages of substance use and suggested interventions (see table 1) s presents a case vignette to illustrate each stage described in table 1 7 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
8 How the standards were developed The Centre for Quality Improvement (CCQI) at the Royal College of Psychiatrists works with child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) professionals and young people to develop and implement standards of best practice. Because of our work in this area, the Department of Health asked us to develop standards to guide and support the screening, assessment and treatment of young people with substance misuse problems and complex needs. Our aim was to develop practice standards that, if followed, would be likely to result in high quality screening, assessment and treatment for these young people. We also aimed to develop standards that could be used by staff or professionals and services across all the sectors and agencies involved in the care of young people with substance misuse problems. This first edition of the practice standards and criteria was developed following a review of the literature and a staged process of consultation. Stage 1 Reviewing the literature We started by reviewing key documents that might contain material to inform the best practice criteria. These included: 1 Guidance from the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) relevant for young people aged 18 years or under (e.g. Drug Misuse, 2007 and 2008; Alcohol, 2010 and 2011; Self-harm, 2004), and systematic reviews; 2 Policy and statutory obligations (e.g. Drug Strategy, 2010; National Treatment Agency (NTA) publications; Kennedy Report, 2010; National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services [Children s NSF], 2004); 3 Reviews and survey reports of current practices evaluated against NICE guidance, or identifying features of best practice, and what young people and their parents/carers want from services (e.g. Alcohol Concern, 2010; DrugScope, 2010; Addaction and Turning Point, 2005). The full list of the documents reviewed is listed in the bibliography in appendix 2. Stage 2 Academic advice and support Child and Adolescent Substance Misuse (CHASM) Group at the Royal College of Psychiatrists The CHASM group was consulted throughout the development of these standards. Members of the group formed part of the project team and advisory group, and helped to review the evidence base and developed the clinical standards and guidance notes presented in this first edition. Stage 3 Project advisory group An advisory group was established in January 2011 to inform the development of the standards and criteria. The group comprised 20 professionals who represented a range of stakeholder groups, namely: National Treatment Agency (NTA); Alcohol Concern; DrugScope; Turning Point; Addaction DAT service manager; Commissioner of young people s substance misuse services; Paediatrician from the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health; Department of Health; Department of Education; Youth Justice Board; CAMHS psychiatrists; psychologist and nurse from substance misuse services (see acknowledgements in appendix 3 for the list of members). Unfortunately we were not successful in recruiting young people and carers to this group. The group met for a second time in April 2011 to review the findings from the first workshop consultation (see below) and to agree on amendments to the draft set of standards before further consultation. 8 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
9 How the standards were developed (continued) Stage 4 Overlap with CAMHS standards for young people Our initial review of the literature and relevant documents, as well as our discussions on key areas to be covered by the standards, highlighted an overlap with areas covered in the other CAMHS standards developed by the CCQI (see Quality Network for Inpatient CAMHS [QNIC] and Quality Network for Community CAMHS [QNCC]). These are areas that are relevant for all young people, parents or carers and the services they come into contact with irrespective of their specific problems (e.g. standards on information, consent and confidentiality, being fully informed and involved in all decisions made about their care etc). Where this occurred we either referenced the relevant section of the CAMHS standards or adopted, and at times adapted, the CAMHS standards for the purpose of these practice standards. Where relevant the CAMHS standards are integrated with these standards and the accompanying clinical guidance on identifying, assessing and offering care and treatment to young people with substance misuse problems and other complex needs. It is worth noting that the CAMHS standards have undergone extensive consultation with stakeholders and young advisors, particularly the latest editions published in 2011 (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2011a and 2011b). Our consultation workshops with young people helped to identify areas that required better coverage in the standards, and helped to rephrase some criteria to enhance their meaning and relevance for young people. Key themes young people wished to emphasise included: s being kept informed at every stage clarity about the purpose of each contact and what is going to happen next (re: referral, assessment, treatment), and how the proposed treatment/s will help; s ensuring that no decision is made about them or their care without their full involvement - to be asked what they want and what they feel would help; s being offered treatment choices, to receive a copy of their care plan, and that staff ensure the agreed care plan is delivered; s ensuring that their rights with regard to consent and confidentiality are respected; s the need for continuity with who they see and not having to make contact with a number of different professionals; s not having to re-tell their story or repeat themselves to a number of different professionals; s being able to access and re-access help when they need it. These themes were considered throughout the development of these practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems. Stage 5 Stakeholder consultation We held two standards development workshops to review the draft standards and the consultation responses in order to reach a consensus on the standards and criteria for this first edition. Workshop 1 (April, 2011): the workshop was advertised through the discussion groups and networks established for CAMHS (FOCUS and QNCC) at the CCQI, and the professional networks of the advisory group members and their organisations. A total of 50 professionals expressed an interest in attending, and 36 were selected to ensure representation across the following groups: young people; parents or carers; staff from statutory and voluntary sector substance misuse services for young people; community CAMHS professionals; commissioners; policy and strategy professionals (see full list in appendix 3). The standards were then amended in consultation with the Advisory Group in April 2011 and the CHASM academic group. Key points raised related to definitions and the use of appropriate language that would help to engage a wide range of services, staff or professionals, and inform young people and parents or carers about what to expect. Workshop 2 (October, 2011): the amended standards were reviewed for a second time by delegates attending the Master Class in Adolescent Substance Misuse II: Complex problems and innovative solutions on 11 October The delegates represented a wide range of stakeholders (policy leads, commissioners, substance misuse treatment service managers and staff, CAMHS psychiatrists and other professionals) and were invited to review the standards and discuss them in a structured workshop. In appendix 4 we summarise the points they raised about how the standards could be improved and their potential use. 9 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
10 How to read these standards These standards were written for young people with substance misuse problems and other complex needs, their parents or carers, and a wide range of staff or professionals and services whose role it is to respond to their needs. The standards are organised to follow a young person s care path and increasing intensity of need. This means that not all sections will apply to everybody, but we would advise all readers to refer to the standards and guidance notes that specifically relate to engaging, assessing and offering treatment to young people, and their parents or carers. The standards are organised within the following sections: 1 Identification and brief assessment (including brief advice and intervention for over 15s) 2 Comprehensive assessment 3 Integrated care planning 4 Integrated care and intervention 5 Planned completion and transfer of care. For further guidance on a) information, consent and confidentiality, and b) rights and safeguarding specifically for young people, please refer to our CAMHS standards (see under resources on quality/qualityandaccreditation/ childandadolescent.aspx) Rating the standards for guidance The most difficult dilemma in developing any set of standards is the level of expectation they place upon professional practice and the quality of care provided. While we include standards that represent minimum requirements of care, the majority outline good practice that young people and carers should expect to receive from staff, professionals or services. The standards also include criteria indicating excellent practice that may be outside the control of the staff team, professional or service. While in the current climate of restricted resources these excellent practice criteria may be difficult to achieve, it is important that they are acknowledged so that they can serve as targets for improvement in the future. For this reason, the relative importance of the criteria that support the standards is indicated using the CCQI grading system, which is also used for other CCQI standards for child and adolescent mental health services. Consensus on the grading of the standards was gained from members of the project team and the CHASM group. Overleaf is an explanation of the grading system and definitions that apply to the standards, and the various terms used throughout this document. 10 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
11 How to read these standards (continued) Section heading Standard: This describes the overarching aim or value of a particular group of criteria Criterion: a more specific statement explaining what needs to happen. Please note, for a staff member, professional or service to meet a standard they must meet the majority of criteria within it. This shaded column shows the grading of each standard and criterion: 1 Essential: These are minimum standards and criteria that are critical to care. Failure to meet these standards and criteria would result in a significant threat to patient safety, rights or dignity and/or would breach the law. 2 Expected: These are standards and criteria that a professional and/or team providing a good service would be expected to meet, and that young people and parents and carers should expect to receive. 3 Desirable: Criteria that indicate excellent practice and care. They may not be the direct responsibility of staff, professionals or services. 3.0 Integrated care plans 3.2 Young people s care plans are regularly updated and shared with relevant parties (QNCC 2.6) Care plans are reviewed at regular intervals and include discussions with the young person about whether the treatment is helping (QNCC 2.6.2) Depending on severity, risk assessments in relation to substance misuse and co-existing problems are reviewed at regular intervals (e.g. 3 to 6 months) Please note s Where there are notes underneath some criteria, Guidance provides additional guidance on good practice and Ref refers to the source that inspired or closely relates to the criterion. s The standards and criteria in this document exist to guide best practice and do not override the individual responsibility of a staff member or professional to make appropriate decisions on a case-by-case basis. A wide variety of community staff including practitioners, substance misuse workers, single professionals as well as multidisciplinary teams may use these standards. Staff may work in a clinic base or through schools, GP practices, specialist substance misuse treatment services, or other community or voluntary sector settings, or in the young person s home. Services are different depending on the young people they work with and the level of intervention and support they can offer and provide, including young people with co-occurring chronic or long-term needs (for example, learning disabilities and autistic spectrum disorders). Therefore, while these standards are designed to be as inclusive as possible, it may be that particular standards are not applicable to some staff, professionals or services that offer help and support for young people with substance misuse problems and health, education, and social care needs. Due to the variety of services it is not feasible to give an exhaustive list of possible exceptions. If you have any queries about the standards, please contact the project team through Anne O Herlihy at Options for implementation CAMHS: Within CCQI, these practice standards will be integrated into the QNCC quality improvement and accreditation programmes, and will be offered as a component of the QNCC review process (see ac.uk/quality/qualityandaccreditation/ childandadolescent/communitycamhsqncc /ourstandards.aspx). Other services: While we currently do not have an established implementation programme for other services that identify, assess and offer care and interventions for these young people, we would like to explore implementation options if sufficient interest is expressed. If you work in one of these services and would like to discuss how you could use these standards in your own service please contact the QNCC team on or Peter Thompson at 11 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
12 Key terms and definitions employed Staff: The term staff is employed throughout and refers to all practitioners, workers and professionals who work with young people and are in a position to: identify risk and access or offer help, support and treatment for substance misuse problems and other complexities. A number of standards specify professional and senior professional and these are defined as: Professionals: In this context they have a formal qualification at postgraduate or doctoral level that will include supervised face-to-face contact with clinical casework for instance a clinical psychologist, nurse, general practitioner, paediatrician, occupational therapist, psychotherapist, family therapist, doctor, and others. Senior professionals are those that have clinical responsibility for face-toface clinical work, but also supervisory responsibility for practitioners and junior professionals under their clinical supervision. Such individuals are expected to have additional training and work experience in their field, and are responsible for the quality of clinical work and the personal development of the staff. They are likely to be capable of being respected and listened to by key systems such as education and social care. Young people: This term is used to describe all age groups up to and including 18 years. Drawing a distinction between what should be offered to young people aged 15 or over and those under 15 years: This is based on the NICE guidance on alcohol prevention and screening (see website) and consensus among the clinicians and professionals who contributed to these standards. Other complex needs: Throughout the document we refer to young people with substance misuse problems and other complex needs. This term is used to represent all complexities that relate to health, education and social care needs (for example, safeguarding concerns and risks, substance misuse, mental health, physical health, educational difficulties or not being in school or on training schemes, family difficulties, and all other complexities). Parent or carer is used to identify and acknowledge those who hold parental responsibility but who may not be the biological parent. In terms of the pathways these young people may follow, universal, targeted and specialist services are defined as follows: Universal services and programmes: Available to all children and young people who do not seek help, and no one within the population is singled out for the intervention (Offord, 1994). Young people in any given geographical area can access help through their contact with staff in universal services (e.g. school staff and teachers, youth centre workers, social care staff, GPs, emergency services - A&E, paediatrics, police). In this context these services may include universal prevention and drug education programmes (formal and informal) or school-based (or youth/ Scout groups), PHSE (personal, health, social and education) programmes, basic drug information and signposting to services. Targeted services and programmes: For young people who are not necessarily seeking help but are identified as being at risk on the basis of characteristics they themselves have, or on the basis of the group to which they belong (Offord, 1994). Targeted early interventions are offered by staff working in non-specialist services such as young people s counselling services, services working with Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) for young people, youth offending teams, targeted youth support programmes (for example for those not in education, employment or training, or teenage pregnancy services). These may include: s drop-in sessions with young people in hostel accommodation or children s homes; s group sessions or psycho-education with groups identified by schools as being at risk or vulnerable for instance when young people in a school have developed a specific local culture of heavy or dangerous drug use; s drug education sessions with groups in youth offending services; s drop-in sessions in the above settings; 12 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
13 Key terms and definitions employed (continued) s brief interventions (e.g. assessment, feedback, planning and informationgiving delivered by health care staff in emergency A&E departments are delivered to young people brought in with drug or alcohol related problems). Such interventions may be supervised by specialist drug and alcohol workers. Specialist services and programmes: Young people identified as likely to have complex, sometimes profound, and persistent needs are offered a comprehensive assessment and evidencebased interventions by professionals qualified to undertake the assessment and provide the intervention/s offered. These coordinate help across health, education, social care and youth offending, and work with children and young people with the highest level of need (www. dh.gov.uk/en/healthcare/mentalhealth/ CAMHS/index.htm). In this context professional staff are likely to be based in specialist substance misuse treatment services specifically designated for young people, or child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) based specialist substance misuse services - these may have a range of configurations but tend to include staff from CAMHS, adult addiction services, statutory agencies such as social services, GP practices with specialist skills and the voluntary sector. services for young people, which have a specialist assessment framework, the goal is to skilfully deliver a range of interventions from brief motivational interviewing through to complex multimodal packages. Note the NTA defines specialist substance misuse treatment services as a care planned medical, psychological or specialist harm reduction intervention aimed at alleviating current harm caused by a young person s substance misuse (NTA, 2008, page 45). A full glossary can be found in appendix 5. Figure 1 overleaf outlines the potential care paths young people at risk of substance misuse problems may follow according to the risks identified. There is broad consensus and official guidance that supports the value of close collaboration and a systemic framework across these agencies to support the quality of care provided to treat the whole range of substance related problems (Mirza et al, 2007). Coordinated by specialist substance misuse treatment 13 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
14 Figure 1 Care pathways young people may follow Identification by all staff working with young people in universal, targeted and specialist services (see definitions on pages 12 and 13). No concerns identified. No action required. Concerns identified Who? Young people viewed to be at risk of developing problematic use (see at risk groups and situations), who actively seek drugs. If aged 15 or over: Continue to question or offer a further assessment to explore substance misuse, safeguarding concerns, and other risks by a trained professional in order to assess their need for advice or an extended brief intervention or comprehensive assessment. Offer advice or extended brief intervention to those who are not dependent and who do not have any other complex needs and are doing well. For the majority of over 15s this is all that will be required. If under 15: Offer a comprehensive assessment by a trained professional or team. Comprehensive assessment by professionals specifically trained to assess: substance misuse and related risks, a young person s development and mental health, physical health, risks and safeguards, family history and functioning, and all other health, education and social care needs. Integrated care plan and intervention supported by professionals and services trained to treat the young person s identified needs. At risk groups s Looked after s Excluded from school, or who truant on a regular basis s Involved with the youth justice system s Involved with safeguarding agencies s Has a learning disability or developmental disorder (e.g. ADHD) or any other mental disorder s Family member known to misuse substances At risk situations s Being homeless s Involved in anti-social behaviours or crime s Involved in an accident or who repeatedly presents with a minor injury s Under the influence of a substance at school or other settings s When their behaviour raises concerns about risk s Regular attendance at a genito-urinary medicine clinic or repeatedly seeks emergency contraception Planned completion or transfer of care that includes an overlap of care during transition from one service to another and active follow-up to detect further need for support or an intervention. 14 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
15 Practice standards 1.0 Identification and brief assessment, including advice and brief intervention for over 15s CG1 Substance misuse screen or assessment instruments CG2 Interviewing young people clinical guidance 2.0 Comprehensive assessment 3.0 Integrated care planning 4.0 Integrated care and interventions CG3 Individual therapies summary of the evidence base CG4 Treating co-morbidity summary of the evidence base 5.0 Planned completion and transfer of care 15 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems 15
16 1.0 Identification and brief assessment, including advice and brief intervention for over 15s Target audience: All staff in contact with young people aged 18 or under (in universal, targeted, and specialist services) across health, social care, education, youth justice system, and the voluntary and community sector (NICE Alcohol, 2010; Alcohol Concern, 2010). This section aims to support the identification of young people not seeking treatment but who may be at risk of substance misuse problems (Adapted from NICE PH Alcohol, 2010, page 8). Staff or professionals working with children and young people should have the competences to: s identify those at risk s know when a more detailed assessment is required s be able to either conduct the assessment s quickly access an appropriately skilled professional to take the next steps. For all young people aged 18 or under: Identification should simply involve brief questioning about substance misuse (e.g. what was taken, how often, and in what context - see NICE Drug Misuse: Psychosocial Interventions, 2008). For young people under 15 years: If any concerns are identified (positive screen), young people are offered a comprehensive assessment to assess for health, education and social care needs (including substance misuse, mental health problems, physical health, family and other complexities). For young people aged 15 years or over: If concerns are identified, the young person s use is explored with more detailed questions (a brief assessment) and if appropriate they are offered advice and / or an extended brief intervention. If they screen positive for a substance use disorder and complex needs a comprehensive assessment is offered and arranged. 1.1 Young people thought to be at risk are identified and briefly questioned or assessed for substance misuse and other related risks Commissioners of children s services (including commissioners for substance misuse services for young people) work with providers to: 1.1.1a 2 produce a written strategy to identify young people at risk of substance misuse problems and other concerns (e.g. safeguarding issues, school non-attendance or failure, mental health problems) through an integrated system 1.1.1b 2 ensure universal and targeted services are commissioned and resourced to provide an integrated system of identification, with access to support from specialist services Guidance: See Alcohol Concern (2010) for examples c 2 ensure systems of identification are an integral part of the Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) training so that a broad range of staff have the skills to identify use and other risks, and know when to refer on 16 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
17 Identification and brief assessment, including advice and brief intervention for over 15s (continued) 1.1 Continued Local agencies and service providers ensure staff use a locally agreed brief and valid questionnaire to routinely identify young people who may be at risk (such as the CRAFFT recommended by NICE, 2010-see instruments listed under CG 1) The agreed questionnaire and supplementary questions enable staff to enquire about: whether a young person has used substances the type used and how it was taken (in what context) how frequently taken (incl. first and most recent time) presence of any other risks or concerns (e.g. mental health concerns safeguarding, use within family, sexual vulnerability) young person s view of use and impact on their lives (problems at home, school, with relationships) their willingness to access a further assessment or help Staff working with young people in universal and targeted services receive guidance and training from specialist services to ensure they know 1.1.4a 2 the indicators of substance use (at risk groups and situations-see figure 1) Guidance: <Click this link: Fig 1> See table 1 (Mirza and Mirza, 2008) in appendix b 2 to approach questioning with sensitivity as for 1.2.1c in a non-judgemental manner (linked to QNCC 1.3.1c) 1.1.4c 2 how to use the locally agreed brief questionnaire accurately and in a valid manner 1.1.4d how to respond to identified needs through defined care pathways Staff have access to a guide/flow-chart/information with contact details for specialist advice or to arrange a further assessment. For clinical guidance on interviewing young people <Click this link: CG 2> 17 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
18 1.0 Identification and brief assessment, including advice and brief intervention for over 15s (continued) 1.2 Appropriately trained staff evaluate the needs of, and consider the next steps for, young people aged 15+ who are judged to be at risk Staff who question young people at risk are trained and supported by specialist services to: 1.2.1a 1 understand risk and the risk thresholds that indicate when further action is required 1.2.1b 2 access advice and support from specialist services 1.2.1c 1 approach the assessment with sensitivity, taking account of the young person s age, emotional maturity, level of understanding, their culture, faith and beliefs Guidance: See CG 2 for clinical guidance on interviewing young people. The way professionals engage with and question the young person at identification/screening has the potential to help the young person reflect on their use and their other problems and to access further help and a more detailed assessment. Ref: You re Welcome (2011; 5.1 & 5.2) 1.2.1d 2 encourage the young person to consider involving their parents or carers (where possible) or other responsible adults 1.2.1e 2 provide information on how the young person and their parents or carers can access help or advice whenever they require it 1.2.1f 1 understand and follow national guidelines and protocols for requesting a young person s consent Guidance: See NHMDU (2009); DH guidance ( Code of Practice to the Mental Health Act (chapter 36) g 1 understand and follow national guidelines and protocols for respecting a young person s rights to, and the limits of, confidentiality Guidance: See NTA (2003); You re Welcome Quality Criteria (2011; ); see QNCC standards on information, consent and confidentiality and rights and safeguards The questionnaire/s used are referenced next to questions about substance use in the Common Assessment Framework-CAF, Care Programme Approach-CPA, or other assessment procedures employed by local sectors and agencies. Guidance: NTA (2011b)-Drug treatment plan: section 2-Local CAF processes are supported to ensure substance misuse interventions are identified and referred on as required (also see NTA, 2007) Prior to an interview, the young person and their parent or carer (if appropriate) are informed about the purpose of the questions, and what will be offered if a problem is identified. 1.3 The questions used to identify and/or briefly assess risk are fit for purpose, appropriate to the setting, and acceptable to young people, parents or carers, and staff The questions asked are acceptable and accessible to young people and their parents or carers Staff report that the process of identification and further questioning is quick and practical to use within their practice and setting. 18 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
19 Identification and brief assessment, including advice and brief intervention for over 15s (continued) 1.4 Services that identify risk and offer a brief assessment record and monitor their activity and response to young people in need Services record and monitor the: consistent use of agreed risk thresholds for when further action is required number identified to be at risk and offered a brief assessment number of brief interventions offered and delivered number offered a comprehensive assessment and treatment intervention Advice and extended brief interventions for over 15s Target audience: Young people aged 15+ s who screen positive for substance use but not disorder or s where there are concerns about use but who are not dependent or s who present without complex or multiple needs (e.g. doing well at school, no major issues at home or with relationships, good level of functioning in most areas of life) are offered an extended brief intervention for hazardous or harmful alcohol or drug use (NICE Alcohol, 2011). In addition, all the staff and professionals who are trained to respond to the young person s needs. NICE Alcohol (2010) recommendation 6 is cautious about the use of advice or extended brief interventions with younger children. There is no evidence for the use of extended brief interventions for those under 15 years. (Also see Alcohol Concern, 2010: pages 13-16; Kaminer et al, 2008). A comprehensive assessment (see section 2) should be offered to those s under 15 years who screen positive for substance use or s those over 15 who screen positive for a substance use disorder or s who have complex needs 1.5 Young people aged 15+ who are not dependent but are judged to be at risk are offered age-appropriate advice and/or an extended brief intervention to discourage further use Young people are offered advice or a brief intervention by staff who are trained to use age-appropriate interventions that aim to increase motivation to change behaviour through reflective and non-judgemental feedback. Ref: NICE, Drug Misuse: Psychosocial Interventions, (2008, page 12). Stem Staff that offer advice or brief interventions receive regular training on: clinical techniques such as motivational interviewing for engaging with the young person, and their parent or carer (where possible), as part of the delivery of a brief intervention (See McCambridge et al, 2008) age-appropriate advice and self-help guidance Guidance: The precise components of a successful brief intervention with young people are unknown, but findings show that even taking a substance history and discussing briefly its findings may be helpful, opening to a wide range of clinicians the possibility of intervening (McArdle et al, 2011). See also Walton et al (2010) and Alcohol Concern (2010). 19 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
20 CG1 Substance misuse screen or assessment instruments Alcohol s AUDIT-C-Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Knight et al (2003) is used among 14 to 18 year olds but not in primary care settings; recommended by NICE for 16 and 17 year olds (NICE Alcohol, 2010, page 16) s SASQ-Single Alcohol Screening Questionnaire see Drug and alcohol s CRAFFT (Knight et al, 1999) Screens for alcohol and drugs and is developmentally appropriate for adolescents; it has proven validity and reliability-see page 68 of Knight et al (2003). The use of CRAFFT is recommended by NICE (2010) and is an acronym of the first letters of key words in the six screening questions. The questions should be asked exactly as written - see CRAFFT/index.php C Have you ever ridden in a CAR driven by someone (including yourself) who was high or had been using alcohol or drugs? R Do you ever use alcohol or drugs to RELAX, feel better about yourself, or fit in? A Do you ever use alcohol or drugs while you are by yourself, ALONE? F F T Do you ever FORGET things you did while using alcohol or drugs? Do your family or FRIENDS ever tell you that you should cut down in your drinking or drug use Have you gotten into TROUBLE while you were using alcohol or drugs? s SQIFA employed by YOTs ( is a short Mental Health Screening Questionnaire Interview for Adolescents that includes questions on substance misuse. It can be completed by all YOT staff, and if positive for risk a more detailed screening interview can be undertaken by health YOT staff. s MASQ-Maudsley Adolescent Substance Misuse Tool has face validity but reliability and construct validity is being tested at present and is being validated against the CRAFFT (personal communication with Dr KAH Mirza and Dr Paul McArdle in 2012). It is a self-rated scale that takes five minutes to complete and contains 5 questions each on drugs and alcohol, and 3 on cigarettes. It also assesses whether the young person seeks help or not. Any instruments used to further supplement information gained from initial questioning should have proven validity and reliability. Otherwise there may be a risk of too many false positive or negative assessments and of identifying the wrong people. For a review of assessment instruments see Perepletchikova et al (2008). 20 Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems
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text:
Republicans in Congress continue to make progress on a tax reform bill despite numerous headwinds. The House passed an amended version of its bill out of the Ways and Means Committee, and a day later the Senate Finance Committee released a sketch of its own tax bill, which it will begin debating next week.
The modified House bill was notable for its course reversal regarding nonqualified deferred compensation benefits for executives. The House's initial version would have effectively eliminated executives' ability to postpone taxation of deferred compensation beyond the date the executive terminates employment, but the revised House bill removed that change in the tax law. The House bill cleared the Ways and Means Committee on a strict party line vote.
The Senate's tax bill differs from the House bill (discussed in last week's Update) in a number of key areas, but is similar in that it does not modify the tax-free nature of employer sponsored health or qualified retirement benefits – under potential threat due to the need to find ways to pay for other tax cuts. Additionally, the Senate bill, like the original House bill, accelerates taxation of deferred compensation for executives.
The Senate Finance Committee has not yet revealed legislative text, but its summary provides helpful information for curious benefit plan sponsors.
Significant for employer plan sponsors is that the Senate's proposal does not eliminate dependent care flexible spending accounts. The original House bill eliminated the ability of employers to sponsor these programs, which allow working parents to pay up to $5,000 of daycare expenses tax free.
Lockton comment: The House's revised tax bill still calls for the elimination of employer-sponsored dependent care assistance, but postpones the effective date to 2023, instead of 2018 as first proposed.
The Senate's bill also keeps the adoption tax credit, which was also eventually preserved in the House bill through a late amendment. Like the House's tax bill, the Senate's proposal makes moving expense reimbursements taxable and eliminates an employer's ability to deduct expenses for numerous fringe benefits, including transit benefits.
Lockton comment: See our Alert from Lockton Retirement Services, which describes numerous other provisions of the Senate's proposal, including how it would impact retirement plans like 401(k) and nonqualified deferred compensation plans.
Next week the Senate Finance Committee is expected to begin debating the Senate proposal, and the full House is expected to vote on the House's tax bill. Assuming a bill emerges from both bodies of Congress, the differences will have to be reconciled, and each chamber will need to vote again on the compromise bill.
Lockton comment: Numerous political hurdles remain, including sharp policy disagreements within the GOP caucus, but Republican lawmakers to whom we've spoken continue to be optimistic about passing a comprehensive tax package by the end of the year.
Scott Behrens, JD
Lockton Compliance Services
Not Legal Advice: Nothing in this Alert should be construed as legal advice. Lockton may not be considered your legal counsel and communications with Lockton's Compliance Services group are not privileged under the attorney-client privilege.View this alert

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The reality of scrambling to meet deadlines and constantly changing regulations is beginning to hit home for many compliance professionals, and is likely here to stay.
Credit unions will need to manage Military Lending Act (MLA) changes once more, this time for credit cards, and they also face major changes to comply with the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA).
The good news is both of these regulations have established effective dates and compliance requirements to follow.
The bigger challenge in 2017 will be dealing with regulations without effective dates or stipulated requirements, such as those identified as Unfair, Deceptive and Abusive Acts or Practices (UDAAP), especially as the future of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and its supervisory power continues to be hotly debated.
For now, the CFPB still exists. That means credit unions must continue to analyze and comply with CFPB enforcement orders and determine the risk that may exist with regulatory ambiguity, particularly with what constitutes an unfair, deceptive or abusive act or practice.
UDAAP has the least clear roadmap for determining what qualifies as unfair, deceptive or abusive, yet it carries the most risk for credit unions, even those not being examined by the CFPB.
The bureau's most recent enforcement actions give us some insight as to what it may identify as unfair, abusive or deceptive acts or practices.
Let's look at what we learned from the CFPB's most recent enforcement actions:
• MasterCard and UniRush. Make funds available to consumers as expected, and notify consumers when access and/or availability are disrupted.
Do not deny consumers access to their funds. Provide consumers with accurate information, in a timely manner, and with sufficient customer service availability.
• Prospect Mortgage LLC. Do not give kickbacks for mortgage business referrals, and do not try to disguise any such kickbacks as "marketing service agreements." Both may violate the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act and UDAAP.
• CitiMortgage Inc. and CitiFinancial Servicing. Consider requests for foreclosure relief as required under mortgage servicing regulations, and disclose the impact of deferred interest and postponing a payment due date to the consumer.
Do not send inaccurate information to credit reporting agencies or fail to investigate disputes.
• TCF National Bank. Do not trick customers into believing optional overdrafts are mandatory, and clearly disclose related fees.
These enforcement actions provide general guidance for UDAAP, such as:
1. Do what you say, say what you do.
2. Members should have access to their funds unless you tell them otherwise.
3. It is not about what you call something; it is about what you do and the actions you take.
There are plenty more lessons buried in these consent orders and enforcement actions, such as what not to name your boat (see the TCF National Bank order).
The critical task facing credit unions is taking time to analyze, determine risk, and comply even in the face of regulatory ambiguity.
ANDREA STRITZKE is the director of risk & compliance solutions for CUNA Mutual Group.
CUNA Mutual Group will be holding a Regulatory Roadmap webinar on March 22. Click here for more information.