text:
I have sold a property at 3912 Milford Road in West Kelowna.
Excellent affordable retirement property with lots of parking and superb location! Situated on the flats in Lakeview Heights nearby million dollar waterfront homes, orchards, wineries and parks, this one level 3 bed/ 2 bath home is located on a flat lot and has fantastic potential! And did I mention a couple of minutes walking to the beach? Featuring car port, A/C, gas fireplace, private side patio, mature landscaping, newer laminate/tile flooring and hot water tank. Call Tracey Boorman at 250-864-6606 or 1-800-367-3339 for more information or to view today!


text:
This module currently only break chinese text into single character
(Chinese word), it will not break up any alphabet.
WWW: https://metacpan.org/release/Lingua-ZH-Segment
make generate-plist
To install the port: cd /usr/ports/chinese/p5-Lingua-ZH-Segment/ && make install cleanTo add the package: pkg install p5-Lingua-ZH-Segment
cd /usr/ports/chinese/p5-Lingua-ZH-Segment/ && make install clean
pkg install p5-Lingua-ZH-Segment
PKGNAME: p5-Lingua-ZH-Segment
SHA256 (Lingua-ZH-Segment-0.02.tar.gz) = f24ea5155df38200d5526200acf16ab7ad4a59dd8441817bd165d831a6c50223
SIZE (Lingua-ZH-Segment-0.02.tar.gz) = 8236
NOTE: FreshPorts displays only information on required and default dependencies. Optional dependencies are not covered.
No options to configure
Number of commits found: 16
Update WWW
search.cpan.org is shutting down.
It will redirect to metacpan.org after June 25, 2018.
With hat: perl
MASTER_SITES cleanup.
- Replace ${MASTER_SITE_FOO} with FOO.
- Merge MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR into MASTER_SITES when possible. (This means 99.9%
of the time.)
- Remove occurrences of MASTER_SITE_LOCAL when no subdirectory was present and
no hint of what it should be was present.
- Fix some logic.
- And generally, make things more simple and easy to understand.
While there, add magic values to the FESTIVAL, GENTOO, GIMP, GNUPG, QT and
SAMBA macros.
Also, replace some EXTRACT_SUFX occurences with USES=tar:*.
Checked by: make fetch-urlall-list
With hat: portmgr
Sponsored by: Absolight
Some OCD cleanups on some of the perl@ ports.
- Remove dependencies in core
- Put testing depends in TEST_DEPENDS
- Remove unnecessary bsd.port.options.mk inclusions
- Remove checks for Perl versions that no longer exist in the ports tree
- Sort plists, some of which were so jumbled that I have to assume
the plist was randomized before committing
A lot of the plist changes in this commit are moving PERL5_MAN3 after
SITE_PERL. It's repo churn now, but it makes updating the ports later
far easier.
Change the way Perl modules are installed, update the default Perl to 5.18.
Before, we had:
site_perl : lib/perl5/site_perl/5.18
site_perl/perl_arch : lib/perl5/site_perl/5.18/mach
perl_man3 : lib/perl5/5.18/man/man3
Now we have:
site_perl : lib/perl5/site_perl
site_arch : lib/perl5/site_perl/mach/5.18
perl_man3 : lib/perl5/site_perl/man/man3
Modules without any .so will be installed at the same place regardless of the
Cleanup plist
Support stage.
Add NO_STAGE all over the place in preparation for the staging support (cat:
- Use single space after WWW:
- Convert to new perl framework
- Trim Makefile header
- Remove MAKE_JOBS_SAFE=yes, it's the default.
- Assign clsung's p5- ports to perl@
Approved by: clsung via IRC
- Change PERL_CONFIGURE to "yes" for all values between 5.8.1+ and 5.8.9+
Suggested by: az
With hat: perl
- Get Rid MD5 support
- only 13% of the p5- ports embed @comment $FreeBSD$:
so standarize and remove it
With Hat: perl@
Welcome bsd.perl.mk. Add support for constructs such as USE_PERL5=5.8.0+.
Drop support for antique perl.
Work done by: gabor
Sponsored by: Google Summer of Code 2007
Hat: portmgr
- Update to 0.02
PR: ports/115844
Submitted by: Gea-Suan Lin <gslin_AT_gslin dot org>
This module currently only break chinese text into single character
(Chinese word), it will not break up any alphabet.
WWW: http://search.cpan.org/dist/Lingua-ZH-Segment/
PR: ports/113475
Submitted by: Gea-Suan Lin <gslin at gslin.org>
Servers and bandwidth provided byNew York Internet, SuperNews, and RootBSD
14 vulnerabilities affecting 198 ports have been reported in the past 14 days
* - modified, not new
All vulnerabilities
Last updated:2018-12-15 15:04:36

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Monday, January 4, 2010
Hello Roy
Anyone who might need a great guide in Speyside should give our friend Roy a call. He hosted us a few times now and really made the trip to Scotland amazing. See his site at : http://www.aboutspeyside.com/
Without Roy, we would never have seen this...
Posted by Jeremy Fand
No comments:
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Nouméa no͞omāä´ [key], town (1992 est. pop. 75,000), chief port and capital of the French overseas territory of New Caledonia , on New Caledonia island, South Pacific. Local industry, dominated by the nearby Doniambo nickel smelter, include cementworks, foods and beverages, agricultural processing, and apparel production. It was the site of a U.S. airfield in World War II. Nouméa is the seat of the SPC (formerly the South Pacific Commission), an international body formed in 1947 to promote the economic and social welfare of Pacific island people. On the town's outskirts is the Tjibaou Cultural Center, designed by Renzo Piano. The town was a French penal colony from 1864 to 1897.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Pacific Islands Political Geography
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text:
Benjamin Frankin said "by failing to prepare you are preparing to fail". This quote can also be applied in the kitchen. All cooks, professional and those at home, need to be prepared for any kitchen situation.
Don't panic home cooks - we guarantee gastronomic success with our wide range of food prep goodies, from chopping boards to pots and pans...
Copyright © ForCooks 2014
ForCooks Limited. Registered office 7-8 Burdon Drive, North West Industrial Estate, Peterlee, Co. Durham SR8 2JH, Registered in England.
Company registration number 9876543VAT no. GB123456789


text:
I know this is now being posted, but I had been working on this long before. School just gets in our way sometimes. Regardless, I present to you my 2011 preview of the SEC, or basically how I think things will shape up. I am not an expert, because those do not exist in the college football world, and I am little bias. But these are my honest feeling on how I feel things will end up. Please let me know what you think, and how wrong I am.
SEC East
1. South Carolina
2. Florida
3. Tennessee
4. Georgia
5. Kentucky
6. Vanderbilt
SEC West
1. Alabama
3. Arkansas
4. Mississippi State
5. Auburn
6. Ole Miss
The East
Needless to say the power in the SEC has shifted from the East to the West in recent years. Don't let it fool you though, this is still a tough a division and have the potential to have some good teams. It is hard to pick against the 2010 champions, the South Carolina Gamecocks. Lead by their drunk quarterback in Stephen Garcia, I feel they have the ingredients to have a decent season. With Alshon Jeffery and Lattimore this offense has a lot of weapons. Then on the defense with the addition of super star Jadeveon Clowney, they should be able to keep the team in games.
I think Florida will be another team to watch in the East. Under new head coach Will Muschamp and a lot of talent, how will the 2011 Gators do? I can see them rallying off 10 wins with a bowl game, but also only winning 8 at the same time. They have to play Alabama, LSU, and the gamecocks. Not to mention a FSU team that is on the rise, this years schedule is no cake walk.
For the rest of the East, you'll see a lot of the same. The usual mediocrity from Kentucky and Vandy, and just disappointment from Georgia under Richt. I do think though you will see improvement from a team I hate. That is right the Vols under Dooley I think are for a better year. He seems to be the kind of change that school needed, and will have them where they need to be in a few years.
The West
Potentially the most difficult division in college football is the SEC West. Four top 25 teams, including two top four teams. This division is nothing short of legit. I picked the Alabama Crimson Tide to be the winners for a few reasons. The defense is absolutely nasty, the front seven is tops in the country. Ask Michigan State how good they are and hard they hit. Nick Saban is without a doubt I believe the best coach in the country right now, he has led the Tide the past 3 years to a 36-5 record while claiming 2 division titles, a SEC championship, and a National Championship. Alabama returns play makers like Trent Richardson, Marquis Maze, and Darius Hanks. Not to mention some of the most talented freshmen and sophomores you will see all season. It is hard to pick against the Tide I think, if they stay healthy they may very well be your national title winners.
After that there are two teams I think can still the division from Alabama if they play like the can. LSU and Arkansas are those two teams. LSU is about as talented as 'Bama on defense, and Arkansas has the offense to put points on the board. Each of theses schools though have somethings holding them back. For LSU, Les Miles. The loss of Jordan Jefferson to me also may be a bigger blessing than most realize. Really, I mean that is a major setback and I don't feel like I need to go into it any further. Arkansas has been notorious for having a poor defense. When they plan an Alabama who is very good on both sides of the ball, it is difficult for them. Especially when Alabama is a team that pounds the ball and eats clock, and they don't have a defense for it. I could see one of these teams going 11-1 and the other 10-2. They could very well beat Bama, and have a chance at a title themselves. Nobody should take these teams lightly.
Now some of you are saying, wait you're not on the Mississippi State bandwagon? I can simply say I am not. I think they are an up and coming program, but I am not ready to give them the West yet. Everyone likes to talk about that impressive 8 win season last year. What people tend to leave out is they went 3-5 in the conference, I am sorry to me that is not an elite team in the SEC.
For the other two teams in the West, well it may not be a great year. Auburn under Chizik has yet to show us a defense worth talking about. Plus losing the nations best player in the country does not help. Many would argue without out Cam last year Auburn is a 9-3, 8-4 team. Well we will never know, but we will see how they fair without him this year. I see them as a 7-5 type of team this year who could end up with 8 wins, but could only wind up with 6. Auburn could surprise us all again, but this is very young team and lost a lot of people and leadership.
Ole Miss is so bad I refuse to discuss them.
Coaches on the Hot Seat
1. Mark Richt (Georgia)
2. Houston Nutt (Ole Miss)
Those are the only two coaches I really think may lose their job after this year. If Les totally imploded he very well could, other than that you are looking at some very good and successful coaches.
The season is finally here, and it will be interesting to see how I fair in my predictions! Here's to another great college football year!


text:
order by popularity | order by alphabet
Related Information for Microdisney Microdisney was an Irish musical duo formed in 1980 by Cathal Coughlan (keyboards, vocals) and Sean O'Hagan (guitar).Like many bands, who might otherwise have gone unrecognised, they were given a wider audience by BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel.They recorded for Virgin and Rough Trade. Albums included the early compilation "We Hate You South African Bastards!" (later renamed "Love Your Enemies"), "Everybody Is Fantastic", "The Clock Comes Down The Stairs&.. read more


text:
EV SSL Secured
We're currently performing general maintenance of our European based shared hosting nodes. Users may experience temporary website downtime during the maintenance period. All the services will be recovered back to normal once the intervention is complete. During the maintenance we're planning to upgrade all the servers hardware and network infrastructure. In addition some of the node IPs can be replaced. Customers using our nameservers won't be affected by this change as the new IP addresses will be updated automatically.
The expected time to complete the upgrade is between 4 and 8 hours.


text:
Miley Cyrus Eyebrows On Gay Porn Stars?Friday, November 22nd, 2013
Hmm Miley.. I do love ya, and this newest eyebrow thing is a-ok with me.. I actually love the way this looks, some people can pull it off (helllllo Whoopi) and I don't think it looks **that** bad on her, shaved brows are one thing but bleached so there's just a hint? It works.
What doesn't work are some of my favorite porn stars with no eyebrows. It's amazing that removing something so small makes such a huge difference, they morph from hot studs to weird alien Neanderthals and just lookin' at some of these creeps me out!
So, who wears it best? My vote goes to Jake Bass. With the neck tattoo and stretched lobes, no eye brows isn't that far of a stretch. The worst? Poor Jimmy Durano.. He's one of my all time favorite porn stars but with no eyebrows, super cringe-worthy!


text:
Janet Bradshaw Clark, over 40 year Downey resident, passed away on March 5, 2015 at the age of 79, after suffering complications from a stroke. "Mrs. Clark" as she was known by the community, was an elementary school teacher at Gallatin Elementary for 39 years and had a passion for reading, art, and music. She would run into former students in the community and they would always comment on "music time" in her classroom and how much they enjoyed it. Those close also had the privilege of her annual birthday serenades on piano, accompanied by the howling of her dog Jerry in the background. Truly a memorable experience! She helped produce many musicals and plays at Gallatin with the Christmas musical being her favorite. She enjoyed the school parades and carnivals and would dress up for all the occasions and volunteer many hours to make sure the event was a success for the students. (Photo above was taken at one of these events.)
Janet was an advocate for education and would attend all the DUSD School Board meetings. When she retired, the school board named a "seat" in her honor by placing a personalized name plaque on her favorite chair. The family is looking into continuing her devotion to education by starting a scholarship in her name.
She was an avid knitter, sharing the love of this hobby with her mother Clara. Janet is most known for her personalized Santa Christmas stockings that have been ordered by generations of families and people all over the globe. The hours that went into knitting the stockings were a labor of love that reached thousands of recipients, including Rod Steward and Pat Benatar, over the last 50 years. She would also make baby blankets and booties and distribute them to the local hospitals.
Her love of children shined through in her own family. Janet devoted her life to her two children, son Eric (Ricky) – who preceded her in death last May, and her daughter Jennifer, also a teacher in Downey. The pride in her family extended to her son-in-law John, and 3 grandsons Jake (16), Joey (13), and Jimmy (11) who she taught to read and write growing up. She loved watching them play baseball, her favorite sport, and passed her love of the game to the entire family, including her skills at scorekeeping taught to daughter Jennifer, who is now an official scorekeeper at the little league games.
Janet will be forever missed, but the legacy of her lifetime will live on.
Services held privately.
Published: March 19, 2015 - Volume 13 - Issue 49


text:
Tripp Lite TLM825SA Protect It! Safety Surge Suppressor - 3900 Joules, 8 Outlets, Yellow, 25-Foot CordItem#:� YYS2-4257705 �|�Model#:�TLM825SA
Currently Out Of Stock!
You May Consider This Alternative
Tripp Lite TLM825SA Protect It! Safety Surge Suppr Product Details
Tripplite TLM825SA Rugged Surge Protector
This Tripp Lite surge suppressor is designed to provide safe, reliable surge protection in harsh environments. A high 3900 joule rating can protect connected equipment against even the strongest surges. 8 outlets protect connected equipment against damaging surges, spikes and line noise. Convenient transformer outlets accommodate multiple transformers without blocking other outlets. A 25 ft. grounded cord with integrated cord clip reaches distant outlets. A lighted on/off switch with integrated circuit breaker provides power control over connected equipment. Breaker protects against dangerous system overload. Protected LED confirms that connected equipment is being protected. 4 safety covers shield unused outlets from debris and accidental contact. A rugged metal case stands up to the harshest environments. Built-in cord wrap with hang holes provides convenient cord management. Integrated keyhole slots on bottom panel provide convenient wall/desk mounting. Tripp Lite will repair or replace any connected equipment damaged by surges, including direct lightning strikes, up to $100,000 and for life! As an added safety feature, the surge suppressor's bright yellow color alerts you and others that power cords and tools are in use.
- 8 outlets (including transformer outlets and 4 safety covers)
- 25 ft. extra-long cord
- 3900 joule rating
- Cord wrap with hang holes
- Rugged metal case
What's Included
Related Items
Manufactured by: Tripp Lite
Warranty provided by: Tripp Lite
UPC No: 037332140067
Mfg Part No: TLM825SA
Box Size:
( Length:0, Width:0, Depth:0)
Shipping Weight: 5.1000 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information
- Tripp Lite logos are registered trademarks of Tripp Lite. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


text:
Finally, for the last card, I used more DSP from the Sale-A-Bration set, Sycamore Street, some Summer Starfruit and Soft Suede Cardstock and topped it off with a little Soft Suede Polka dot Grossgrain Ribbon.
Don't forget to leave some comments this week, for a chance to win the Feeling Sentimental Set from the Sale-A-Bration Catty, I will announce the winner this Sunday.
What are you thinking about these Sale-A-Bration Freebies? Can you see yourself playing with them too?
Spend $100 at my online store before 1 Feb and you can get 2 Free sets of your choice from the Sale-A-Bration Catty. (You will be prompted by the site for the first one and the second one will be mailed to you directly from me)
Hugs!! Angi


text:
|Home | About | Contact | Vitamins for Schizophrenia
I am feeling great now. Right now I just took 1 g of vitamin C and 1 g of niacin so that helps me feel good. But also today I signed some work contracts so my TA work is officially started and this was the first week I ran labs at school. We are broke now and I am behind on reporting income and I have an assignment due tomorrow and a proposal to hand in next week but those problems are manageable and I have no work scheduled for a few days after I give another lab later this afternoon. I was busy yesterday working and volunteering. I got really mad when I had no lunch yesterday but had two dinners last night so things were balanced. I had to wake up this morning early with only 6 hours sleep but got to my class and have still near the end of the month now missed no classes. I have been out of the house for long streaches of time so neglecting my home duties a bit. Meanwhile my wife has been pushing me to get her book reviewed and a reviewer has stepped forward in the consumer community and sounds very positive and wants to help us sell the book of poems. So there is some very positive news for both of us today even with our budget approaching a disaster. I may appeal to someone for financial help given that my math pay will be late. Another thing I feel good about is meeting people and getting along with them such as supervisors at work, fellow disability activists, other scholars and school workers, and also neighbours. I am feeling great and yes the week isn't over yet but today is a good day.Posted by petert at September 23, 2004 01:47 PM


text:
Sales Ended
Event description
Dive into the key elements of hand-guided machine embroidery. Experience the rawness of what it would have felt like in the 1800s when this beautiful machine first came to. Learn a few basic designs and become familiarized with this revered machine, all guided by the brilliant light touch of your hand and knee.
What to expect from this workshop:
-- Learn how to operate an embroidery machine.
-- Create a basic shape or design in your choice of thread color.
Prerequisite: None


text:
Interest, penalties and surcharge: surcharge: advising and warning the taxpayer
This guidance applies to 2009-10 and earlier. Different rules apply to 2010-11 and later tax years. Guidance regarding tax years 2010-11 onwards can be found under SAM61200 onwards.
Warning leaflets
In December, if a return has still not been received, one of the following reminders will be issued alerting the taxpayer to their obligation to file a return and make payment by the due date
- SA309A - SA Online Tax Return and Payment Reminder will be issued where no taxpayer statement is issued to the taxpayer. The SA309A is a personalised warning to individuals and trusts about penalties, interest and surcharges and will include a payslip
- SA309C - SA Payment Reminder' warning the taxpayer to make payment by the due date otherwise interest and surcharges may be applied. A payslip is included
- SA309E - SA Tax Return and Payment Reminder will be issued to those taxpayers for whom no return has been logged and who are unable to file their return online for technical or operational reasons so have until 31 January to file a paper return
In February, if a liability is outstanding, the SA359 SA Final Demand strongly worded payment reminder will be issued advising the taxpayer that they have missed the deadline for paying their tax and the consequences of not paying on time. It also advises of the benefits of making payment online and includes a printed payslip on the reverse.
Explanation leaflets
Enclosed with the SA324 (notice of Surcharge for late payment of tax) will be
- Form SA353 - Your surcharge for late payment of tax
This leaflet gives advice on appeals against fixed automatic penalties and includes the form SA324A Notice of Appeal.


text:
Hanukkah, COL-1700
Outside message:
It's Hanukkah! That magical time of year when we teach our children the finer points of gambling.
The nitty-gritty:
• 4.25" x 5.5"
• Blank inside
• Premium textured paper (FSC Certified)
• Paired with a kraft envelope
• Packaged in a clear protective sleeve
• Made in Minneapolis, U.S.A.


text:
ISRN Communications and Networking
Volume 2012, Article ID 720286, 12 pages
A Transmission Power Self-Optimization Technique for Wireless Sensor Networks
1Signals & Systems for Computing Group (SiSC), Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
2DCCE, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
3PGEAS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
4Unidad Reguladora de Servicios de Comunicaciones (URSEC), Universidad ORT, 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
5Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Industrial (INTI), C1001AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
6Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Lima 32, Peru
Received 7 November 2011; Accepted 19 December 2011
Academic Editor: F. Vasques
Copyright © 2012 F. Lavratti et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are generally used to monitor hazardous events in inaccessible areas. Thus, on one hand, it is preferable to assure the adoption of the minimum transmission power in order to extend as much as possible the WSNs lifetime. On the other hand, it is crucial to guarantee that the transmitted data is correctly received by the other nodes. Thus, trading off power optimization and reliability insurance has become one of the most important concerns when dealing with modern systems based on WSN. In this context, we present a transmission power self-optimization (TPSO) technique for WSNs. The TPSO technique consists of an algorithm able to guarantee the connectivity as well as an equally high quality of service (QoS), concentrating on the WSNs efficiency (Ef), while optimizing the transmission power necessary for data communication. Thus, the main idea behind the proposed approach is to trade off WSNs Ef against energy consumption in an environment with inherent noise. Experimental results with different types of noise and electromagnetic interference (EMI) have been explored in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the TPSO technique.
1. Introduction
Recent advancements in wireless communication and electronic technology have made possible the development of small, low-cost, low-power, and multifunctional sensor nodes [1, 2]. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of communication nodes, which contain sensing, data processing, and communication components as well as power supply, typically a battery. In more detail, these nodes are able to collect different types of data and to communicate with each other. Nowadays, WSNs have been increasingly deployed for both civil and military applications which typically work in harsh environments. Considering sensor nodes, resources like processor, memory, and battery are generally restricted, since their replacement is considered prohibitive due to the hazardous and inaccessible places where they are supposed to operate [3]. In this scenario, where nodes are likely to operate on limited battery life, power conservation can be considered one of the most important issues [4]. Transmitting at unnecessary high power not only reduces the lifetime of the WSNs nodes but also introduces excessive interference. Thus, transmitting at the lowest possible power while preserving the network connectivity and reliability has become crucial points related to WSNs [4, 5]. In this paper, Ef is defined as the number of received messages by the master node (MN) in relation to the estimated number of sent messages by the slave nodes (SNs).
It is important to point out that communication reliability in WSNs can be degraded by different interference sources, such as WLAN, Bluetooth, or any other device that shares the 2.4 GHz bandwidth. In addition to this bandwidth, the always increasing population of AM/FM radio devices is also responsible for increasing the environment noise hostility [6]. This evokes some concerns about the robustness of sensor network communications and can limit the wide adoption of WSN technology by the industry.
In this paper, we present a transmission power self-optimization (TPSO) technique able to adjust individually the transmission power of each sensor node that composes the WSN, in order to guarantee a predefined efficiency (Ef) for the network [7, 8]. The TPSO technique aims at guaranteeing the lowest possible transmission power while maintaining the connectivity of the WSN as well as the reliability of the transmitted data. Thus, the main idea behind the self-optimization algorithm is to assure the trade-off between WSNs Ef and data transmission energy consumption. The proposed approach trades off the longest WSNs lifetime against the highest possible efficiency, and vice versa. To do so, this work presents a complete evaluation of the TPSO technique's effectiveness in different scenarios that exploit three types of noise considered inherent to the environment: (1) it exploits the distance variation between network nodes, (2) it exploits conducted EMI noise affecting the WSN, and (3) it exploits radiated EMI noise affecting the WSN. The effectiveness of the proposed technique has been evaluated using a suitable developed case study composed of eight SNs that communicate with one MN in a star-topology network. The main goals of this paper are.(1)To provide experimental results showing the impact of the previously mentioned sources of noise on the WSNs communication. In more detail, to demonstrate that the distance variation between the nodes composing the WSN as well as the conducted and irradiated EMI do degrade the WSNs Ef. Consequently, the presence of any of these types of noise or any combination of them increases the necessity to communicate using a higher transmission power level in order to maintain the connectivity of the WSN as well as the WSNs Ef under expected values.(2)To demonstrate the effectiveness of the TPSO technique, by showing that it can guarantee the targeted WSNs Ef in a time-variant noise environment, while decreasing the energy necessary for data transmission between nodes.
The obtained results during the experiments quantified the impact of the previously mentioned interference sources in WSNs and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. In this sense, the experimental results show that the TPSO technique significantly reduces the energy consumption with respect to the data transmission, while maintaining the targeted WSNs Ef.
This paper has been organized as follows. Section 2 summarizes the background related to WSN concerns. Section 3 presents the TPSO technique, detailing the communication model as well as the self-optimization algorithm. Section 4 presents the case study adopted for experiments. This section also details the three different scenarios used for noise injection on the WSN and summarizes the obtained results. Finally, Section 5 draws the conclusions.
2. Background
Nowadays, the adoption of WSNs in several civil and military scenarios has become a highly viable solution when aiming at the transmission of collected data in inaccessible places. However, the sensor nodes are usually powered by battery and consequently its preservation in order to increase the WSNs lifetime is considered crucial. Thus, the fact that WSNs are applied in locations where the access is difficult and replacing the battery would often not be feasible defines the goal of long battery life as essential to such networks [3]. Moreover, the reliability of the data collected, processed, and delivered has to be assured. As a result, high reliability and low energy consumption have become important issues when dealing with WSNs. In this context, several techniques have been proposed in order to deal with the previously mentioned concerns.
Concerning reliability, WSNs are required to collect, process, and deliver information interacting with the environment where they are placed. Thus, due to uncontrolled environment inherent noise, it does not surprise that WSNs frequently show low connectivity levels demonstrating poor quality of service (QoS) [9]. One strategy to cope with the QoS requirements is to adopt data fusion techniques. In dense networks, they are used in order to increase the sensor's reading dependability to achieve a more accurate estimation of the environment and finally to assure a longer network lifetime [3]. In these approaches, sensed scalars are sent to master nodes (MNs) which themselves fuse the data with the objective to extract useful information from a set of readings.
Another factor that interferes with the QoS is the increasing number of nodes that compose WSNs. This fact leads to a high complexity of the systems and the impossibility of human administration. Facing these problems, the development of computing systems that do not need human intervention to operate correctly has emerged. Thus, systems with so-called self-management characteristics, computer systems that are able to manage themselves based on high-level objectives given by the administrators before the beginning of the WSNs operation have been developed to cope with the increasing complexity [10]. The approach described in this work is considered to regulate the transmission power level and, therefore, manage a part of the administration itself.
Due to the fact that all sensor nodes composing the network are battery powered, the above, mentioned reliability concerns are desired to be developed with strategies that also aim at the minimization of the transmission power. In other words, power conservation strategies can help to prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes and consequently of the WSN as a whole. Higher transmission power enhances the connectivity among the entire network and improves its capacity, but leads to faster exhaustion of the batteries. Indeed, transmitting at unnecessary high power not only reduces the lifetime of the WSN but also introduces excessive interference. It is in the network designer's best interest to have each node transmit at the lowest possible power while preserving network connectivity. It is a desirable characteristic, but it is difficult to modify the transmission power after the system's deployment. However, transmitting at low transmission power can compromise the connectivity and consequently the reliability of the transmitted data. As a result, the development of such systems has to deal with a trade-off between the WSNs lifetime and its reliability. In other words, a high transmission power would guarantee a high reliable system but lead to shorter system lifetime. A low transmission power is able to make the component's battery last for a longer period, but the system may not work properly or without a satisfying reliability.
Finally, the reliability and the energy consumption represent decisive factors for the choice of the transmission power of the WSN. Indeed, different factors can affect the definition of the optimal transmission power. The number and the distances between the sensor nodes deployed can interfere drastically in the obtained reliability of the network. In more detail, an increased density of the network deployed requires a lower transmission power.
Thus, as a result of the previously mentioned concerns, choosing the optimal transmission power has become an important issue for WSNs. In [4], a suitable criterion for a optimal transmission power has been introduced. One of the goals of forming a network is to have connectivity, in other words, each node should be able to communicate with the other ones. The connectivity level of the ad hoc wireless network depends on the transmission power of the nodes. If the transmission power is too small, the network might be disconnected. However, transmitting at excessively high power is inefficient due to mutual interferences in the shared radio channel and the decreased battery lifetime. Thus, it is intuitively clear that the optimal transmission power is the minimum power sufficient to guarantee the network's connectivity. Ideally, the transmission power of a node should be adjusted on a link-by-link basis to achieve the maximum possible power savings [4]. Nonetheless, due to the absence of a central controller in a pure ad hoc network with flat architecture, performing power control on a link-by-link basis is a complicated task. A more feasible solution for the implementation of the WSN is to have all the nodes use the same transmission power.
To conclude, it is important to highlight that none of the above-mentioned approaches is able to adjust the transmission power level of the operating WSN. By choosing the transmission power level before inserting the nodes into an unpredictable environment, these techniques are not able to guarantee the trade-off between QoS and battery life.
3. The Proposed Technique
The transmission power self-optimization (TPSO) technique basically deals with the trade-off between WSNs Ef and energy consumption. In what follows, we will describe the communication model adopted and the self-optimization algorithm.
3.1. Communication Model
The adopted model considers one master node (MN), also called base station, and Slave nodes (SNs) according to Figure 1. In more detail, the data collected by the SNs is sent to the MN that performs data fusion. All the SNs reach the master using just one hop.
In this work, the concept of session monitoring is adopted. A session is composed of session time (ST) rounds with the length . Therefore, S is composed of . The round concept is used to synchronize nodes, and it also represents the periodicity of the data fusion task [3].
Regarding the MN, it performs the data fusion considering only the messages that arrived on time. In this particular work, the MN only fuses data that arrived within the same session. Thus, the number of required messages, the round time, (RT) and the session time (ST) parameters are sent by the MN at the beginning of each session, forming the so-called checkpoint [3]. Moreover, the MN computes the performance metrics during the checkpoint round in order to adjust the WSN.
In the communication model adopted in this work, we considered the efficiency (Ef) metric. In more detail, Ef is measured considering the number of received messages by the MN before finishing the session in execution in relation to the estimated number of sent messages by the SNs. Thus, Ef is calculated according to the following equation: where is the number of rounds, Mr is the number of received messages, and is the estimative of the sent messages by the SNs. In more detail, is given by (2) where represents the number of required messages by the MN and De is the SN's density in the considered WSN. Thus, this metric indicates how many messages are used during data fusion task:
3.2. The Transmission Power Self-Optimization Technique
The TPSO technique is based on a simple and decentralized algorithm that runs on the application layer of the WSN [7, 8]. The main idea behind the TPSO technique is to adjust the transmission power taking into consideration the entire WSNs Ef. To do so, the TPSO technique uses the Ef associated to each SN to compute the WSNs Ef. In more detail, the MN is responsible to compute the WSNs Ef as well as the Ef associated to each SN and to send the specific Ef to each SN. Finally, the SNs are in charge of adjusting their own transmission power levels based on their Ef by performing the TPSO algorithm. Figure 2 depicts the block diagram of the self-optimization algorithm.
Observing the block diagram shown in Figure 2, it is possible to note that the transmission power is adjusted by comparing the actual_Ef, computed at the end of each session, and the target_Ef, set at the beginning of the communication. In more detail, the actual_Ef is computed using the data collected during the ST, that is, while the set of messages that composes the considered session are sent. Regarding the target_Ef, it is important to note that the value set at the beginning of the communication has a tolerance of 5%, which means setting a target_Ef of 90%, this value oscillates from 85% to 95%. Moreover, it is important to highlight that the sensor nodes have a predefined minimum and maximum transmission power, which cannot be exchanged or overwritten by the algorithm. Thus, the TPSO technique increases or decreases the transmission power step-by-step passing through all the transmission power levels available for each node. Finally, the self-optimization algorithm is performed by the SNs that compose the WSN and it can be adopted in WSNs that do not provide any type of transmission power optimization.
Figure 3 shows the conceptual idea of the TPSO technique related to the temporal execution of the self-optimization algorithm. Observing Figure 3, it is possible to see between two consecutive sessions that the adjustment of the transmission power is performed during the so-called optimization time. In detail, the MN computes the Ef associated to each SN during the optimization time and sends these values to them. The algorithm running on the SN then adjusts the transmission power level according to the actual_Ef when it is necessary.
4. Experimental Results
This section evaluates the effectiveness of the TPSO technique using different types of interference mechanisms. The experiments have been performed considering three different scenarios divided as follows: Scenario 1 evaluates the impact of the distance variation between the MN and SNs on the communication efficiency. Scenario 2 exploits the use of conducted EMI to generate power supply disturbances (PSDs) able to degrade the WSNs communication. Finally, Scenario 3 uses irradiated EMI based on AM/FM or WiFi noise to affect the WSN. Thus, the main goals of these experiments have been twofold: (1) to demonstrate the impact of the different types of interference on the WSNs Ef and (2) to demonstrate the effectiveness of the TPSO technique in order to maintain the target_Ef when different types of interferences affect the WSN.
4.1. Case Study
In order to demonstrate the TPSO technique's effectiveness with respect to the three scenarios mentioned above, we developed a case study composed of nine sensor nodes as shown in Figure 4.
Observing Figure 4, it is possible to see that the case study adopted is composed of one master node (MN) and eight slave nodes (SNs) performing the following tasks.(i)Master node (MN): it starts the communication with the SNs and performs the fusion of the received data. It is also in charge of computing the Ef of each SN and sending them the parameters necessary to perform the transmission power optimization.(ii)Slave node (SN): it sends data messages to the MN and executes the TPSO algorithm in order to optimize the transmission power based on the parameters sent by the MN.
It is important to point out that both MN and SNs are XBee PRO modules, which use the IEEE 802.15.4 networking protocol for fast point-to-multipoint or peer-to-peer networking [11]. The IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard that specifies the lower two layers of the wireless communication protocol: the physical layer (PHY) and the media access control (MAC). Indeed, the IEEE 802.15.4 supports the unique needs of low-cost, low-power, and low-rate WSN. The PHY layer can operate with 250 Kbps of maximum transmission rate. Regarding the MAC, it supports two types of operating modes: beaconless mode, a nonslotted carrier sense multiple access collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and beacon mode, where beacons are sent periodically by a PAN coordinator [12]. In the latter case, nodes are synchronized by a superframe structure. Finally, the XBee PRO modules can be configured to operate using five different transmission power levels that range from 0 to 4. Table 1 summarizes the transmission power levels of the XBee PRO module and their respective communication power in dBm. Observing this table, it is possible to see that the minimum transmission power level corresponds to 10 dBm and the maximum to 18 dBm.
Figure 5 shows the printed circuit board (PCB) of a wireless sensor (MN or SN). This board was designed by the Computing Signals and Systems Group (SiSC) of the Catholic University (PUCRS) and was used during all the experiments. It is basically built around two major components: the XBee PRO module and the ARM 7 microprocessor, which runs the self-optimization algorithm.
4.2. Scenario 1
Scenario 1 aims to analyze the impact of distance variation between SNs and the MN on the WSNs Ef as well as to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in order to maintain a target_Ef by automatically increasing the transmission power of SNs when necessary. Thus, first of all, the case study described previously has been analyzed in an environment exposed to real noise where one of the SNs has been moved from an initial position with respect to the MN to a different final position further away from the MN. In more detail, the distance between one of the SNs and the MN has been increased step-by-step and the behavior of the WSN has been analyzed in terms of Ef and energy consumption of the WSN. In this scenario, an "experiment" was defined as a set of 72 sessions, each one composed of 20 messages. The session time has been configured to be of 10 s and the optimization time to be 0.5s.
Figure 6 depicts results for one SN moving far away from the MN considering six steps of the distance variation. In this sense, Figure 6 analyzes the WSNs Ef considering distances of 50, 100, 120, 150, 200, and 250 meters with respect to the original position of the SN. For each previously mentioned distance, we considered the five different transmission power levels for the XBee PRO module ranging from 0 to 4.
Observing Figure 6, we can see that the WSNs Ef decreases when the distance between the MN and the SN increases demonstrating the negative impact of the increasing distance on the WSNs Ef.
For the following graphs, we considered Scenario 1 as described earlier. In more detail, the distances assumed values from 0 to 250 meters, the target_Ef was set to 90% and the transmission power level was fixed to 0 or to 4. It is important to highlight that setting target_Ef to 90% means that a tolerance of 5% is allowed. Figures 7 and 8 depict the results obtained by setting the transmission power level to 0. Figure 7 compares the energy consumed as a function of distance comparing the fixed 0-level transmission power with the one associated to the TPSO technique. Figure 8 compares the WSNs Ef while using a fixed 0-level transmission power and while adopting the TPSO algorithm.
The average Ef of the WSN using the 0-level fixed transmission power was measured to be 49.59%, while using the TPSO algorithm such value increased to 62.81%. This corresponds to an increase of 13.21%. At the same time, the power consumption of the proposed technique is about 285% higher than the power consumed by the WSN to transmit at fixed 0-level. Therefore, observing Figures 7 and 8, one can conclude that the TPSO achieves a higher Ef consuming more power. For applications where efficiency is a key-requirement and must be guaranteed even consuming more energy, the proposed TPSO technique is a good alternative.
It should also be observed that neither of the two configurations achieved the aimed efficiency level of 90%. This is attributed to the fact that when the distance between the MN and the SN increased beyond 150 meters, there was almost no connectivity between them. Therefore, even transmitting at the highest power level , the TPSO is not able to compensate the impact of the distance (even though the communication efficiency is higher with TPSO technique than without it). This is a typical case of transmission power saturation. Thus, the high energy consumption increase of the WSN with the TPSO technique can be attributed to the fact that the maximum transmission power is maintained until the end of the experiment, even if the WSNs Ef could not be further improved due to the high distance between MN and SN.
Figures 9 and 10 are similar to Figures 7 and 8, except for the fact that instead of using the lowest transmission level , Figures 9 and 10 depict results for the highest transmission level . Figure 9 compares the energy consumption associated to WSN using the proposed technique and WSN using the transmission power fixed to level . Figure 10 demonstrates the WSNs Ef while adopting the proposed algorithm and while using the fixed transmission power level.
The results depicted in Figures 9 and 10 clearly demonstrate the efficiency of the TPSO technique. When the distance between the SN and MN increases, it is possible to observe that the energy consumption increases in order to maintain the target WSNs . It is worth noting that the energy consumption is associated with the transmission power level adopted during the communication between the MN and SNs. In more detail, the WSNs Ef with the fixed transmission power level 4 is 65.68% whereas the TPSO yields 62.81%, or of 2.87% less than the one using the maximum transmission power level. In addition, it should be noted that the energy consumption of the proposed approach is 38.87% lower when compared to the fixed transmission power level 4. Thus, one can conclude that the TPSO technique saves more than a third in energy while loosing less than 3% of efficiency to communicate.
4.3. Scenario 2
Scenario 2 exploits the use of power supply disturbances (PSD) in order to generate conducted EMI on the WSN. During this phase, we used suitable developed equipment able to generate PSD according to the IEC 61000-4-29 standard [13]. This IEC standard defines rules for immunity testing to voltage dips, short interruptions, and voltage variations on d.c. input power port of integrated circuits and systems. Due to the large possible range, the voltage dips' percentage that can be assumed during the experiments, an initial experiment has been performed in order to find the maximum variation supported by the WSN nodes. The results obtained showed that the WSN nodes are able to maintain the connectivity between MN and SN up to the limit of 16% of voltage dip with respect to nominal Vdd of 3.3 V. During the experiments, the PSD's frequency has been set to 500 Hz.
Finally, it is important to point out that an experiment is defined as a set of 50 sessions, each one composed of the same 10 messages. These 10 messages are sent during each session by the SNs to the MN. Indeed, the session time has been configured to be of 10 s and the optimization time to be of 0.5s. Figure 11 depicts the equipment used to generate noise in the form of voltage dips at the Vdd input pins of the nodes composing the WSN. This waveform was captured with an oscilloscope. It is important to underline that no noise was injected during the first 25 sessions, whereas voltage dips have been injected during the execution of the sessions 25 to 49.
Figure 12 shows the impact of the PSD on the WSNs . Observing this figure, it is possible to conclude that increasing the percentage of voltage dip decreases significantly the WSNs Ef.
The results obtained with respect to PSD in Scenario 2 have been summarized in Figures 13–16. Figure 13 compares the energy consumption and Figure 14 compares the Ef of WSNs with and without the TPSO technique. The WSN without the proposed self-optimization algorithm has been set to ensure communication between nodes using the fixed minimum transmission power level, level 0 in Table 1, and the WSN with TPSO assumed the target Ef = 90%. Observing these figures, it is possible to conclude that the average WSNs Ef guaranteed by the WSN with and without the TPSO technique was of 85% and 84%, respectively. Note that the energy consumed by the WSN with the TPSO technique was higher than the one consumed by the WSN communicating at the minimum transmission power level. This can be justified by the fact that the WSN with the proposed approach increases the transmission power level in order to guarantee the target_Ef of 90%. It can also be observed in Figure 14 that with voltage dips set to maximum allowed value of 16%, the noise is so strong that a saturation of the transmission power can be observed from session 28 onwards. Here even the transmission power level set to its maximum is not able to raise the WSNs Ef above a level of about 70%.
Now looking at Figure 15, the graph is showing the comparison of the energy consumption of a WSN with the transmission power level fixed to the maximum value and an WSN with the proposed technique applied. The graph of Figure 16 shows the comparison of the same two WSN in respect to their Ef. In media, the Ef of the maximum transmission level WSN is of 86% and the WSN using the proposed approach is reaching 85.5%. Thus, we can conclude that the TPSO technique is practically maintaining the same reliability, while it is saving more than 55% of energy consumption.
4.4. Scenario 3
The main goal of the experiments performed in Scenario 3 was to demonstrate the impact of irradiated EMI on the WSNs Ef. The experiments have been performed using an anechoic chamber and an antenna which irradiates noise over the WSN. Figure 17 depicts the EMI environment adopted where it is possible to see the antenna and the WSN placed on the table inside the anechoic chamber according to the case study's diagram presented in Figure 4. In more detail, the WSN has been exposed to two different types of irradiated EMI. The first type concerns AM/FM noise that has been irradiated over the WSN according to the following characteristics:(i)carrier frequency of 2.4093 GHz (channel 11 of 802.15.4),(ii)AM/FM simultaneous modulation,(iii)signal bandwidth: 40 kHz,(iv)AM modulated signal frequency: 20 kHz,(v)power generator from −20 dBm to −10 dBm.
The second type of noise is WiFi signal irradiated over the WSN with a power level of dBm. The noise was transmitted through channel 1 of the WiFi frequency spectrum. Figure 18 depicts the frequency spectrum used by the XBee PRO module to communicate and the one of WiFi noise. Observing this figure, it is possible to see the superposition of the two spectrums.
In the following, experiments aiming to evaluate the TPSO technique's efficiency in the presence of noise have been performed. It is worth noting that noise was applied only during the second half of the 50 sessions that compose an experiment. In more detail, during the sessions numbered 0 to 24 the noise generator was switched off, and during the sessions numbered 25 to 49 the noise generator was switched on and applied different levels of AM/FM noise as well as WiFi.
5. Experiments Using AM/FM Noise
Figure 19 shows the impact of the AM/FM noise of −10d BM on the WSNs Ef. In more detail, each point in the graph represents a specific XBee PRO module transmission power level from 0 to 4 during the 50 sessions (axis ) against the WSNs average Ef (axis ). For instance, when the XBee PRO modules are transmitting with level 0 (10 dBm), the whole WSN consumed 6.33 mW.s, which resulted in a WSN efficiency of 36.80% without EMI. Similarly, the efficiency rises to 93.96% for the WSN operating in a noise-free environment.
The WSNs average Ef mentioned above has been calculated as arithmetic average of the values of the WSNs Ef during the 50 performed sessions. Regarding the WSNs energy consumption value, it has been obtained throughout the sum of the energy consumed during the 50 sessions. Thus, considering the transmission power level 0, it is possible to see that the noise drastically affects the WSNs Ef, since the average has been reduced from about 93.96% to 36.8% when exposed to EMI. Indeed, we can observe that the reduction of the WSNs Ef is smaller when the WSN is configured to transmit at the transmission power level 4 (18 dBm, which represents the maximum transmission power level that the WSN can adopt). In this case, the reduction of the WSNs Ef has been from 93.72% to 67.00%.
In order to better illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed self-optimization algorithm, Figures 20 and 21 depict the WSNs Ef and the WSNs total energy consumption considering the following characteristics: the WSN has been set to communicate the transmission power level fixed to 4 and the WSN adopting the TPSO algorithm has been configured to target 90% of WSNs Ef. In this case, the effectiveness of the TPSO technique is clearly visible since the self-optimization algorithm is able to guarantee the WSN' Ef as defined by the target_Ef (90%) while reducing the energy consumption by 55.6%. In other words, the TPSO algorithm increases the transmission power level in order to compensate for the decrease of the WSNs Ef as response to the high AM/FM noise applied on the system (starting from session 25), so that to assure the target_Ef. In this scenario, the WSN' Ef for transmission power level 4 is 94.6% (with an average energy consumption per session equal to 631 uW.s), whereas for the TPSO technique, the WSN' Ef rendered 93.2% (with an average consumption of 279.7 uW.s).
Figures 22 and 23 show that the self-optimization algorithm increases transmission power level (starting from session 25) in order to guarantee the WSNs Ef at 90%. Thereby, it is demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed technique. These figures depict the WSNs Ef and energy consumption between the WSN configured to transmit with the minimum transmission power level and the WSN implemented with the proposed approach. Observing such figures, it is possible to conclude that WSNs Ef associated to the network with the TPSO approach achieves an Ef of 93.2% while the WSN without the self-optimization algorithm reaches an Ef of 84%. Indeed, the higher WSNs Ef seen in Figure 23 has been achieved with an increase of about 170% of energy consumption.
6. Experiments Using WiFi Noise
Figures 24–27 demonstrate how the WSNs efficiency changes in the presence of WiFi noise. Figure 24 compares the energy consumed by a WSN in two different moments: configured to transmit at the lowest power level available in the XBee PRO modules; and with the WSN making use of the TPSO technique.
Figure 25 depicts the Ef of the WSN at two moments, one with the transmission power level fixed to 0, and one based on the TPSO technique. The WSN with the fixed transmission level reaches an average Ef of 46.4%, while the network based on the TPSO technique achieves 86.6%. In order to reach higher communication efficiency for the WSN, the TPSO technique switches to higher transmission power levels to cope with the introduced noise. This yields a 253% more energy consumed.
In Figures 26 and 27, we observe the results of the energy consumption and the efficiency of a WSN with a transmission power fixed to the maximum level in comparison with a network adopting the TPSO approach. In more detail, Figure 26 shows the power consumed by the WSN to communicate, while Figure 27 shows the WSNs Ef.
Observing Figure 26, we can clearly observe that the proposed approach reduces the transmission power level during the noise-free period (between sessions 0 and 25) and, thereby, dramatically reduces the overall WSN energy consumption. In detail, the technique is able to reduce the energy consumption by 46.12% along with the execution of the 50 sessions. The obtained results depicted in Figure 27 show that the average Ef drops from 92% to 89% when comparing the fixed transmission power level with the TPSO technique. Therefore, the proposed approach is able to reduce the power consumption to almost a half while reducing the WSNs Ef by only 3%. Indeed, it is important to underline that the WSNs Ef is still in between the tolerance interval predefined for these experiments, which is 5% higher or 5% lower than the WSNs target_Ef.
7. Final Considerations
In this paper, we present a transmission power self-optimization technique that aims at guaranteeing a given WSNs Ef while trying to reduce the energy consumption required to transmit data between nodes. Thus, the main idea behind the proposed algorithm is to optimize energy consumption when the environment inherent noise is low and to guarantee the connectivity and reliability of the transmitted data when the noise is high. In more detail, the self-optimization algorithm uses the information computed by the MN to adjust the transmission power level associated to each SN. Consequently, the self-optimization algorithm assures the compromise between WSNs Ef and energy consumption. In this scenario, the adoption of the TPSO technique increases the lifetime of WSNs in noisy environments without affecting their QoS.
Experimental results demonstrated the convenience of using the self-optimization algorithm instead of setting a fixed transmission power level available in the XBee PRO modules. When a WSN without the TPSO technique is considered, the transmission power is set at the beginning of the communication and remains the same during its entire network lifetime. This characteristic can be negative considering a WSN in a real environment where the inherent noise is not constant.
Due to the fact that the inherent environment noise is completely variable and random, the TPSO technique will always guarantee the lowest possible transmission power during the communication, while ensuring the target_Ef when it is feasible. In this sense, if the noise is too high, the self-optimization algorithm will try to increase the transmission power level until reaching the targeted Ef or the transmission power's saturation. Reversely, if the noise is low, the TPSO technique adjusts the transmission power to the lowest possible level that guarantees the WSNs target_Ef. For battery-powered systems, the use of the proposed technique is very rewarding and, sometimes, the unique possible solution to ensure network's lifetime beyond minimum boundaries.
This work has been partially supported by the Brazilian National Science Foundation (CNPq) under contract number 490547/2007–2009.
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In Darkness
Trevor Inghram
Owner of Tacoma Riley's Bar and Grill
Earth-born Entrepreneur – Trevor was born back on Earth and knows a bit about travelling the stars and making it on his own. He doesn't think much of corporate lackeys, but he does respect the government… if not always the law.
Cybernetic Arm Prosthetic – Trevor has a cybernetic left arm which while powerful, is a primitive model prone to malfunctions and clumsiness. He can frequently be overheard cursing at it vehemently.
Tacoma Riley's Is My Home And My Fortress – Trevor has tremendous financial and emotional investment in the establishment he owns and runs. He doesn't tolerate troublesome patrons, and would defend it with his last breath.
Brewmaster – Trevor knows alcohol well. He knows how to make it, and he knows how to drink it (sometimes to excess), and he has strong opinions about both.
Born in the North Atlantic Alliance on Earth, Trevor's family and friends were killed when his hometown was accidentally exposed to an deadly industrial nanovirus – he lost his left arm in the incident, which has now been replaced with a cybernetic prosthetic.
Trevor took a job with the Vesta Corporation after his recovery, and requested assignment off-world. He ended up working as a miner for almost a decade on Kyriake. Eventually, between his savings and the out-of-court settlement with the company responsible for his accident, he had enough money to rent some space at the VCS-07 facility and open up Tacoma Riley's Bar and Grill, which quickly became one of the most successful privately owned enterprises on the base.


text:
What also doesn't make sense with Wikipedia is that the only one that won't work is the English section.
This happened a while after I downloaded Google Chrome, but I'm not sure if that is the problem, because Wikipedia and google don't seem to work on Internet Explorer or Fire Fox.
Also, I've tried deleting and reinstalling both Internet Explorer and Firefox, and I've completely deleted Google chrome.


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Rescue Mediums S01E11: Kentville
Missing person and murder. The home's occupants have seen manifestations on their walls and in glass doors and have actually taken a photograph of what appears to be a ghostly soldier standing outside their home. But a far more significant spirit visits the Rescue Mediums. The spirit of Rhonda Wilson who went missing from her […]


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Home » Adriana Karembeu » Adriana Karembeu Profile
Tuesday, June 5, 2007
Adriana Karembeu Profile
She was born to a Slovak mother and Czech father in Brezno, a small town of central Slovakia (then part of Czechoslovakia). Having originally studied medicine in Prague, Adriana gave up her studies to become a model. On December 22, 1998, she married French football player Christian Karembeu and took his name. She was also one of the models for Wonderbra and was very popular in Europe for her Wonderbra billboards. She lives permanently in Paris, but she has also lived in various cities in Europe such as Athens and Madrid.
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First-time users will need to load the Adobe Acrobat Reader on their computers to read the articles in the Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest. If you need assistance, see your Systems Administrator.
Page icons are located in the left-hand margin of each article. Each icon is a replica of a page in the article. Click on any section of a page icon to navigate to that page or figure within the article. To view the icons, select the "view thumbnails" icon in Acrobat.
Recognition for the Digest
K. Moorjani
Guest Editors' Introduction
C. L. B. Reed and J. J. Suter
Emerging Technologies with Commercial Potential
L. A. Peregrino
Section A. Highly Integrated Electronics
Section B. Spacecraft Miniaturization
Section C. Spacecraft Communications
Section D. Advanced Spacecraft Architectures
Section E. Instrument-Enabling Technologies
Section F. Mission Autonomy
Section G. Model-Driven Implementation
Microsatellites: An Enabling Technology for Government and Commercial Aerospace Applications
A. L. Lew, B. Q. Le, P. D. Schwartz, M. E. Fraeman, R. F. Conde, and L. E. Mosher
Autonomous Navigation and Crosslink Communications Systems for Space Applications
A. A. Chacos, P. A. Stadter, and W. S. Devereux
Evaluating and Implementing Commercial Processes for Producing Reliable, Cost-Effective Miniaturized Space Electronics
S. X. Ling, B. Q. Le, and A. L. Lew
Unattended Satellite Contacts
G. E. Baer and S. E. Gemeny
Transferring APL Technology to Industry
K. M. Gray
Syntonics LLC: APL-Developed Technology Makes Its Commercial Debut
J. J. Suter, L. J. Crawford, B. G. Montgomery, and W. E. Swann
Balancing a Business Operations Model for R&D Services to Both Government and Industry: Technology Transfer for Space Applications
C. L. B. Reed and R. E. Nimmo
The Dilemma of Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century
S. Turner
Samuel N. Foner (19202000)
K. Moorjani
Publications, Presentations, Colloquia, Patents
The Cover: For over 40 years,the APL Space Department has been developing spacecraft and instruments for NASA and DoD. As a rest, the Laboratory has nurtured technologies that have a high state of maturity and can often be considered ready for technology transfer. The Technology Transfer for Space Applications Initiative focuses on the development of new spacecraft as demonstrated by the microsat concept shown on the cover, which can address the critical challenges facing the miniaturization of future spacecraft. (Cover design by Kenneth R. Moscati.)
Inside front cover information:
Editorial Board
Publishing Information


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Blog » Idaho
my own private Idaho.
Atomic City
The world's first peacetime use of nuclear power occurred when the U.S. Government switched on Experimental Breeder Reactor #1 near Arco, Idaho, on December 20, 1951. It was only temporary, but it paved the way for commercial use of nuclear power. Today, the facility can be explored through a free, self-guided tour which includes a limbo bar, a rail slide, and all the usual stuff you'd find at a nuclear plant.
Number Hill
Along the hills of the world's first city powered by atomic energy, you'll find a peculiar set of numbers disorderly painted across the face of its most prominent hill. A tradition dating back to nearly a century, it all began when the 1920 senior class of Butte County High School decided to leave its mark. Each graduating class thereafter followed suit.


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Oceans have been rising up the political agenda over the past few years. Last week during Lisbon's Blue Week, over 70 ministers met to discuss the balance between new economic activities in our oceans and how best they be protected. At the same time EU Commissioner for Environment, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Karmenu Vella was in town to announce a new public consultation on ocean governance that will run until September. Further north in Bonn, the UNFCCC climate conference was working on the negotiating text for the COP21 Paris climate talks at the end of the year, including discussions on ocean acidification and greenhouse emissions from shipping.
But it is the G7 meeting in Bavaria that finishes today that best illustrates how high oceans have risen on the political agenda. At the insistence of Germany's Angela Merkel, ocean protection is on the agenda for the meeting of the leaders of the world's 7 major economies. In advance of it, the national science academies of the G7 countries published a report on the impact of human activities on marine systems with recommendations for future action. Seas At Risk and an alliance of other NGOs have also engaged with the process, and have produced a series of key recommendations on the issues discussed by the G7. We advocate post-2015 sustainable development goals with ambitious targets to conserve oceans, an international agreement to protect high seas biodiversity, the reduction of marine litter, and halting the deep-sea mining gold rush.
For Seas At Risk, of course, every day is Oceans Day! With this in mind, we have recently brought together many of the key NGO players in European marine environmental protection to create the Blue Manifesto, a series of key priorities for the European Commission to pursue during its mandate if we are to hope to get our seas in a healthy state, especially in the face of increasing exploitation of their resources.
The increasing push for 'Blue Growth', especially within the EU, where it is viewed as a key part of a European job creation drive, has not yet been met with an adequate and equal push for ocean protection in the face of all this potential economic activity. New areas of exploration, such as deep-sea mining, stand in stark opposition to developing EU commitments to create a more circular economy that uses recycling, innovative design and resource efficiency to avoid destructive extractive activities.
The Manifesto urges the Commission to make progress on 5 key marine environment areas, which we jointly believe are the key focus:
- Ensure Good Environmental Status by 2020 through a strong implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive;
- Complete an ecologically coherent network of well-managed marine protected areas by 2020;
- End overfishing and allow for the recovery of fish stocks, while minimising the impact of fishing on the wider marine environment;
- Ensure a sustainable blue economy that protects and maintains the diversity, productivity, resilience, and core functions of marine ecosystems; and
- Strengthen international fisheries and maritime governance.
Seas At Risk and our allies believe that the recent drive for less intervention under the guise of 'better regulation' poses a threat to the considerable achievements made by the EU and its member states to protect their coasts and seas to date. As new economic areas of exploitation open up (such as deep-sea mining and marine energy production) and other expand (such as aquaculture), we must redouble our efforts to ensure ocean ecosystems are protected for future generations.
You can follow the over 400 events organised for this year's World Ocean Day, or even list an event of your own on their website. You can see what Seas At Risk's member organisations will be doing on the day through their twitter pages, all available here.


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This is Olga Vogel's Typepad Profile.
Join Typepad and start following Olga Vogel's activity
Olga Vogel
Russia, Moscow
Recent Activity
Guess why I'm enjoying 5Faves so much? Because it lets me play a BBC channel and no one will call me a nerd. Okay, this time it's learning Japanese language - this stuff costs me about 6 hours a week (~2,5 hours of class and ~3,5 hours of self-education and... Continue reading
Posted May 7, 2014 at Spicy Life
Other posts with beautiful pics of sakura in bloom (I've visited our botanical garden this weekend) are coming. And now - behold! - the borsch. 'Cause MamaStork was interested in the recipe. In fact, borsch is not a typical dish of Russian cuisine (it's Ukranian). Although, almost all Russian housewives... Continue reading
Posted May 5, 2014 at Spicy Life
These 5Faves are about Middle Ages-related things that I love most. Yes, I know that there are probably not so many people who are keen on medieval period of human history, but still... For me, it all started in the university. My first university is a scholastic institution specialized on... Continue reading
Posted Apr 30, 2014 at Spicy Life
Monday morning started with an odd work case. Two guys from the testing department came to me quite early in the morning and told that someone sneaked in our office on Sunday. And I'm like: how could that be? No one except our employees has access to the door (it... Continue reading
Posted Apr 28, 2014 at Spicy Life
-1- One day before weekend. Yay! Besides that, calm times start - Granny is already enjoying herself in the health resort that we've chosen. Parents are heading to USA the next early morning. Everyone will have a bit of rest. Called Granny a couple of days ago - although she... Continue reading
Posted Apr 25, 2014 at Spicy Life
So it be - 7QT on Fridays, 5 Favourites on Thursdays. Never mind. I'm just trying to find my lost inspiration (if you see it somewhere, please let me know). Okay here I go! 1. Apple blossoms. These are just so lovely. Seen them on my walk through one of... Continue reading
Posted Apr 24, 2014 at Spicy Life
Hi everyone, Hope that you all had a highly transformative Holy Week. Happy Easter to you all. He is risen! For me, it was a hard week. To be honest, I even don't remember how I managed to do lots of preparations, work tasks and (that's important) how I stayed... Continue reading
Posted Apr 22, 2014 at Spicy Life
I always watch some brand new films after that they end to be brand new - it's always nice to do it calmly, at home, with a cup of tea. None of that usual calmness happened yesterday. I watched The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty. A perfect story of a... Continue reading
Posted Apr 15, 2014 at Spicy Life
-1- I have some knowledge to share with you today. All we pathetic procrastinators have someone to pray to. Brief story: there was a man, called Expeditus. We are not quite sure if it's a name or a name misread, or even a name of his profession. He is said... Continue reading
Posted Apr 11, 2014 at Spicy Life
To put it short, since last Friday I was looking (and feeling) like an egg separator. This one. This spring had a nasty effect on our office - almost everyone is ill or falling ill or recovering (and it is impossible to keep your good health when the flu plague... Continue reading
Posted Apr 9, 2014 at Spicy Life
-1- I'm glad to have such an amazing place to work. No, seriously. While others are doing carreer, I'm staying happily in here. For 5 years and a half, to be precise. And these are the profits: even a person who have done his studies in humanities and social studies,... Continue reading
Posted Apr 4, 2014 at Spicy Life
Yesterday I had a great experience of visiting the Sunday Mass led by Archbishop Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz, former Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Diocese of the Mother of God in Moscow, now the Metropolitan Archbishop of Minsk-Mahilyow. A great man of Church, he is. Not only because he did much for... Continue reading
Posted Mar 31, 2014 at Spicy Life
Today, I've started serious sports practice after a year (or probably even more) of hospitals, various relationship problems and complete weakness. Today, I'm celebrating a win. It's not so hard to do workouts. It's much more harder to start the whole thing over when you practically buried yourself. The ultimate... Continue reading
Posted Mar 27, 2014 at Spicy Life
There are all kinds of awesome people who make great spring cleaning lists, garage sales, garden improvements etc. As I'm an office girl, the spring cleaning madness starts here. We have a room that came directly from hell. The best way to describe it is... l guess, everyone has a... Continue reading
Posted Mar 26, 2014 at Spicy Life
Hello there! It seems that spring is coming eventually - we're happily having at least 6 degrees above zero each day now, and the snow is disappearing slowly. -1- By the way, don't believe anyone who says that there are no bears on Moscow streets. There is one on the... Continue reading
Posted Mar 26, 2014 at Spicy Life
Yesterday we've celebrated Mom's birthday. Mom's 51th birthday, you see. And here she is, a real beauty and one of the cleverest women I know. A woman who can look like a model, drive enormous cars, easily deal with home duties and under-age drug addict criminals, who probably wasn't a... Continue reading
Posted Mar 22, 2014 at Spicy Life
Even when you see some extra kilos on your scales, there's no reason to turn your lifestyle into an infernal struggle that makes you the most unpleasant person in the world. Believe me, I know what I say. One day, I decided to start a happy healthy life. In fact,... Continue reading
Posted Mar 21, 2014 at Spicy Life
-1- Wonder if any people in the office are surprised by seeing a toothbrush and a toothpaste tube on my table today. Probably not. They should be quite used to see something strange on this particular table...a certificate from gunshooting school saying I've accomplished a full course of Sig Sauer... Continue reading
Posted Mar 19, 2014 at Spicy Life
-1- Spring is not coming in Moscow. We've had several warm days (about 5 degrees above zero), everyone took out spring clothes happily, some seasonal sales started...and yesterday we enjoyed a snow storm. Today it still snows. That's the reason that I caught some naughty type of cold and stayed... Continue reading
Posted Mar 17, 2014 at Spicy Life
Speaking only your native language is not enough if it's not English by any chance. English can be enough. But not always. I've been learning English since I was 4, French since I was 10, Latin since I was 12, Italian since I was 17, Japanese since I was 19-20,... Continue reading
Posted Feb 24, 2014 at Spicy Life
I've started this Jen's challenge to write a post each day, so here it comes with Monday and starting my classes of Japanese. Unfortunately, I was born a Gemini. That means that I'm used to having lots of crazy projects in my life. Horse riding - okay, I will do... Continue reading
Posted Feb 24, 2014 at Spicy Life
All the year 2013 (and partly 2012) was a year of "family life" for me. I can't promise that it would be the very last posting about that year. Anyhow, things like that don't get forgotten fast. It all started like, you know, a really hopeful relationship that should have... Continue reading
Posted Feb 22, 2014 at Spicy Life
To begin with, I never was a super organised girl who keeps all her papers nice and neat, all her meetings scheduled and everything done just in time. In fact, I never wanted. Something in me just kept rejecting a planned way of life (and maybe it was some sort... Continue reading
Posted Feb 21, 2014 at Spicy Life


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"life is what happens to you while you're busy making other plans."// a. saunders
i have declared 2016 be the year i finally get the method of my madness organized.
to be neat is one thing – i can be, i have the ability to be; but to be organized is an entirely different, yet orderly, beast. on the surface of things it can seem that efficiency is ease, all thunderbirds are go – and they are, i can get things done, on time, and with much dependability.
don't you dare rifle through my drawers.
it's a nightmare in there – you won't find whatever it is you're looking for, i definitely can't – and you might lose your hand in there as well.
so, 2016. we're getting systemized. we're getting organized. join me?
➝ source : basic planner via marjolein delhaas
➝ source : hobonichi techo via 1101
➝ source : blacklist 2016 diary via bibelot & token
➝ source : dotted b/w 2016 planner via kikki-k


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Our Services
- ADA Inclusion Center
- Adult Sports & Enrichment
- Aquatics
- Boating
- Camps
- Community Gardening
- Cultural Arts Programs
- Discovery Centers
- Dog Play Areas
- Golf
- Joaquin Miller Park
- Lake Merritt
- Oakland City Stables
- Parks
- Recreation Centers and Facilities
- Rental Facilities
- Rotary Nature Center
- Sponsors & Partners
- Tennis
- Youth Sports
Our Upcoming Events
Athletic Fields
Frederick L. Morris III, Sports Coordinator
250 Frank Ogawa Plaza, Suite 3330
Oakland, CA 94612
Phone (510) 238-3496, Fax (510) 986-2823
Field Rental Information
The City of Oakland has 52 multi-use fields ranging from football to soccer. Fields are available for rent to accommodate various types of sports and activities from leagues to private parties and even group tournaments.
Rental Guidelines
- Field reservation applications must be submitted at least 14 days prior to the reservation date.
- Applications are reviewed by the Field Reservation Director and require approval before a permit is issued.
- A Certificate of Insurance is required for all field reservations.
- Field reservations are available for:
Spring (March ~ May)
Summer (June ~ August)
Fall (September ~ mid-November)
All fields are closed mid-November ~ February
- Office of Parks and Recreation programs have scheduling priority over all other field and tennis court uses.
Payment Information
- Payment in full is due at time the reservation is approved and least 14 days in advance of the event.
- Thirty (30) days or more in advance: payments may be made by check, money order, American Express, Debit Cards, Mastercard or Visa. Less than 30 days in advance: payment may only be made by American Express, Debit Cards, Mastercard or Visa only. *Debit Cards can only be accepted if they have the Visa or MasterCard symbols on the card.
Cancellation Fee
10 or more business days - Forfeit 50% of rental fee
Less than 10 business days - Forfeit 100% of rental fee
Fields: Certificate of Insurance is required for all events.
OPR Sports programs have priority over other users.
Special Events Permit: For groups of 49 people or more, permits cannot be issued for a facility, parks or for picnic use without verification of a Special Events Permit issued by the Oakland Police Department. Police have the authority to ask your group to disband if you can't produce a permit. Police Permit Info: (510) 777-8525.
Field Rental Application:
- Download Field Locations Listings
- Field Rental Fees (updated)
- Download the Field Reservations Rules Packet
- Download the Sports Field Reservation Application


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We were unable to find any products matching your requirements.
It's possible that you followed an out of date link.
If you are having trouble finding the product you are looking for try our sitemap or contact us.
Here at Lovarni you will find a large selection of stunning Diva Dresses which can be purchased online today. Diva dresses are filled with elegance, class and sophistication and like to showcase every ladies womanly figure. Offering a wide range of figure hugging styles to suit a variety of body shapes, Diva dresses are becoming a popular brand amongst women, including celebrities. Diva dresses are versatile and can be worn for day, evening or work wear. Diva knows that many women feel body conscious and is why they offer a varied selection of flattering styles to suit your confidence.
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Gradual Colonic Impaction of a Chicken Bone Associated with Inflammatory Pseudotumor Formation and Nonocclusive Colon Ischemia
Gradual Colonic Impaction of a Chicken Bone Associated with Inflammatory Pseudotumor Formation and Nonocclusive Colon Ischemia - Descarga este documento en PDF. Documentación en PDF para descargar gratis. Disponible también para leer online.
Case Reports in Radiology - Volume 2014 2014, Article ID 215465, 7 pages -
Case Report
Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiotherapy, Policlinico Tor Vergata PTV, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
Department of Experimental Science and Surgery, Policlinico Tor Vergata PTV, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
Received 26 October 2013; Accepted 2 January 2014; Published 11 February 2014
Academic Editors: B. J. Barron and V. Low
Copyright © 2014 Stefania Fosi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Foreign body FB ingestion is a common clinical problem and most FBs pass through the gastrointestinal tract without the need for intervention. A wide spectrum of clinical presentations may be possible and these can be either acute or chronic. We present a case of an 83-year-old woman featuring insidious abdominal discomfort who was hospitalized in our institution due to worsening symptoms. She underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography CT evaluation which showed the presence of a significant parietal thickening of the transverse and descending colon, a mesenteric loose tissue imbibition, venous engorgement, and no filling defect of visceral arteries, suggesting a condition of nonocclusive colon ischemia. A hyperdense FB was identified in the sigma and was associated with a small pseudotumoral mass. The patient underwent surgical exploration which confirmed the hypoperfusional state of the colon, showing the presence of a chicken bone perforating the sigma and lying in the context of a pseudotumoral mass. Our experience shows how contrast-enhanced CT is feasible and can be strongly recommended as a first-line imaging tool on suspicion of colon ischemia and also how it can easily identify the underlying cause, in our case a FB sealed perforation of the sigma with pseudotumoral mass formation.
Autor: Stefania Fosi, Simone Altobelli, Alessio Bindi, Massimo Villa, Flavio De Sanctis, Mauro Montuori, Edoardo Ricciardi, Piero
Fuente: https://www.hindawi.com/


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Special Ties 4Joe's days are filled in a most delightful way. No matter what jobs he has to take care of, his beautiful wife accompanies him. Today they will be outside in the garden, as there is the lawn to mow and several other jobs to be taken care of. She won't be much help today though, she's unable to lend a hand because he keeps her tightly bound and gagged. It does make a lot of additional work for Joe, as he insists on keeping an eye on her the entire time. As he goes from job to job, he has to un-tie, move her and tie her up again. She will have to undergo several bondage ties and Joe shows no mercy toward his wife at all. The more she moves around, the tighter the ropes get.Cast & Stars: Special Ties 4Stars: Joe, Julie
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- Original Title : Призрак
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