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At 2:49 p.m. on April 15, two crude bombs, fashioned out of pressure cookers and ball bearings, exploded 13 seconds apart at the Boston Marathon, killing three and severely injuring nearly 180. We grieve for the families of the dead and wounded.
It was a horrible wakeup call for the U.S., which had not seen a terrorist attack on American soil for over a decade, though that is not to say that terrorists haven't tried to perpetrate mass murder here in that time.
The Boston bombings served as a terrible reminder that we live in a very dangerous world –– and all of us must keep our guard up to help prevent another terrorist attack.
Security experts speak of the Boston Marathon as a "soft" target, meaning that it attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators, all standing in the open, largely unguarded. Police cannot comb the crowds in search of terrorists. Checkpoints would be a logistical nightmare.
The answer, says the Federal Bureau of Investigation, is for all of us to do our part at such events. In a sense, we are all deputized in the war on terror. As the saying goes, "If you see something, say something."
The FBI lists telltale signs that a terrorist might be in our midst, including:
Surveillance: anyone video recording or monitoring activities, taking notes, using cameras, maps and binoculars near key facilities and events.
Suspicious questioning: anyone attempting to gain information in person, by phone, mail or email about a key facility or people who work there.
Security tests: any attempts to penetrate or test security procedures at a key facility or event.
Supplies acquisition: anyone attempting to improperly acquire explosives, weapons, ammunition, dangerous chemicals, uniforms, badges, flight manuals, access cards or identification badges for a key facility or event, or to legally obtain items under suspicious circumstances that could be used in a terrorist attack.
Suspicious persons: anyone who does not appear to belong in a workplace, neighborhood or business near a key facility or event.
Dry runs: any behavior that appears to be preparation for a terrorist act, such as mapping out routes, playing out scenarios with other people, monitoring key facilities or events, and timing traffic lights or traffic patterns.
Deploying assets: abandoned vehicles, stockpiling of suspicious materials or persons being deployed near a key facility or event.
If you have seen or heard of any of the above, by all means, call local authorities or the FBI. To offer a tip to the FBI, go to tips.fbi.gov. To provide information on select major cases, call the bureau's Major Case Contact Center at (800) 225-5324.


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The start of the electronics journey of improving the tone on your bass. Best Bass Gear carries a large assortment of pickups for many different basses with multiple string configurations to choose from.
Further enhance the tone shaping capabilities on your bass. A preamp can offer further tone shaping of two bands of equalization with treble and bass, three bands of equalization with treble, bass and midrange, or even four bands to offer further tonal expansion. Best Bass Gear carries a large variety of preamp solutions for your bass guitar.
Improve the quality of the hardware on your existing bass or fresh build. Bridge replacements offer better aesthetics over stock hardware along with the added benefit of further control of variables like intonation, string action height, and string spacing. Best Bass Gear stocks a wide selection of bridges in a variety of different string spacings, finishes, string configurations and manufacturers..
Tuning machines offer a nice custom touch when used with an upgrade or a fresh start of years of future stability with tuning on new builds. Multiple key style and finishes is available for a unique touch to any bass. Best Bass Gear is proud to stock tuning keys from Hipshot & Gotoh.
Detuners provide a unique way to drop tune your bass guitar from a single step up to two full steps with the convenience of only a flick of a lever! Available as single detuners or as a set with tuning keys and a detuner for the lowest string. We offer a variety of styles and finishes to upgrade your existing tuning key to a detuner or start a fresh build.


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Smyrna Town Council approved a motion at their Feb. 19 meeting to reinstate the town's Compensation Committee.
Mayor Pat Stombaugh and Councilman Anthony DeFeo were not at the meeting to vote.
Councilman Bob Johnson said the purpose of reenacting the committee is for the committee to look at the compensation of council.
"We're not saying anything will come out of it," Johnson said. "We just want the committee set back up."
Town Council members currently make $25 per regular or special council meeting.
Councilman Jeff Flairty raised several concerns with the motion; Flairty wasn't at the meeting but called in to participate.
First Flairty questioned the motion, which originally was to appoint five residents – Robert Newnam, Temple Carter, George Wright, Robin Bruner, and Jim Veit – because he didn't understand why council was appointing members when they hadn't even formed the committee.
Councilwoman Valerie White said that the committee was formed several years ago and that several council members asked to reinstate it.
Eventually the original motion was withdrawn but a new motion was made to reinstate the committee.
Flairty said there would be two reasons to pass the motion, because either council believes they aren't getting the right people on council because members aren't compensated enough, or current members believe they should be paid more.
"I have serious issues with that," Flairty said. "I don't think we should be the ones requesting a pay raise for ourselves."
Johnson said the point of the committee is to have a barometer to see what the committee thinks of council.
Council passed the motion, but couldn't approve the appointments of the members due to a statute in the charter that requires members be on at least three standing committees, with one member on the Finance Committee.
Town to put lights on South Carter Road
Town Manager Dave Hugg informed council that Carter Road from Sunnyside Road to Route 13 will be receiving LED lights thanks to Rep. Bill Carson, who has agreed to cover the cost of the $25,000 project out of his state funds.
Hugg said town crews have been instructed to install the 20 lights required to properly light that portion of Carter Road.
Election Board sworn in
Council swore in the members of the Election Board. The members are Richard A. Ruben, Marian Bower, Naomi Wayman, Patricia Musto, Beryl Cook, Kathy Clough, and Mary Lou Kaltenbaugh.
Rotary Club road closure approval
Council gave approval for the Smyrna-Clayton Rotary Club to close Market Street Saturday, May 11 from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. for the club's car show.
Council votes down Little League sponsorship
Council decided against sponsoring a Smyrna-Clayton Little League team this year.
Johnson said that the Finance Committee recommends waiting until the all-star travel team starts and supporting the team then.
White asked if the amount would be the same as originally requested, but Johnson said it could be more. White then said that sponsoring one team could lead to other organizations asking the town for money in forms of sponsorship.
"As we sit here and say we have to be financially responsible, I think we should take that into consideration," White said.
Johnson said the all-star season doesn't start until roughly June so council has plenty of time to discuss the topic.
Email Jennifer Dailey at email@example.com.


text:
Roma defender Antonio Rudiger has palmed off questions over his future – amid talk of a £20m bid from Chelsea.
New Blues boss Antonio Conte is a huge admirer of the centre-back, 23, and he will put him high on his list of transfer targets when he takes charge at Stamford Bridge after Italy's Euro 2016 campaign.
Rudiger is currently on international duty with Germany and insists his focus is solely on Euro 2016 rather than where he will be playing next season.
"I know nothing about my future right now," he told Sportitalia.
"At the moment I am only focusing on the European Championship with Germany."
Chelsea target Antonio Rudiger plays down talk of Roma exit: 'I know nothing. I am only focused on Euro 2016'
Posted by FootballRoar 1022 days ago


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Shrine Circus
- Cost:
- Ticket Prices Vary
- Sioux Falls Arena
- 1201 N West Ave, Sioux Falls, SD 57104 United States
- Phone
- 605-336-1117
Additional Information
Grade school age children admitted free with a coupon. Coupons are available at the Shrine Office at 14th and Phillips Ave., as well as at these sponsors: both Sioux Falls Campbell Supply stores, all area Sunshine stores, all Sioux Falls Gas Stops.
Tickets are available for purchase at the Shrine Center April 18-24.
Starting April 25, ticket sales move to the Sioux Falls Arena Box Office. For Shrine Center and Box Office hours, and for more information, visit the Shrine Circus Web site.
George Carden Circus International is owned and produced by George Carden. He is the fifth generation in show business and has been in the circus business all of his life. He has acquired knowledge of all aspects of the operation from front to back. George's accomplishments in circus lighting, special effects and production are extraordinary. He is one of the largest producers of the Circus in North America. The Circus travels over 40,000 miles each year in the United States and Canada. The season lasts 42 weeks, during which part of the time the Circus has two units on the road. Both of his sons work elephants in the Circus.
George Carden Circus International offers the finest in family entertainment. They present a beautiful three-ring production which is fascinating to children of all ages.


text:
United States of America
- The Basics
- Currency
- Travel Health
- Public Holidays
- Useful Contacts
- Airports
- Visa & Passport
- New Jersey Shore
United States of America Passport & Visa Requirements
Visa Agencies
Avoid the stress and queues, get a visa agency to arrange your visa.
Travel Visa Pro, San Francisco, USA. (866) 964-5158 or www.TravelVisaPro.com
Travel Visa Pro in UK: +44 (0) 20 3743 3155 or www.travelvisapro.co.uk.
Note: Passport and visa requirements are liable to change at short notice. Travellers are advised to check their entry requirements with their embassy or consulate.
Become our New Jersey Travel Expert
We are looking for contributors for our New Jersey travel guide. If you are a local, a regular traveller to New Jersey or a travel professional with time to contribute and answer occasional forum questions, please contact us.


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Popular Stonington borough restaurant Skipper's Dock closing
Stonington - Skipper's Dock, the iconic borough restaurant that features spectacular sunset views and a French-inspired seafood menu, will close Oct. 27 and be replaced next year by a new eatery run by a Hudson, N.Y., couple.
Skipper's owner Ainslie Turner said she was informed earlier this year by building owner Bill Griffin, who also owns the adjacent Inn at Stonington, that her lease would not be renewed for 2014.
On Monday afternoon, as customers ate on the outdoor deck overlooking Stonington Harbor, Turner said she has been spending a lot of time answering their questions about the closing.
"It's been very emotional for us. People have been making me cry every day," she said. "I've made so many friends here."
Her son Alex, who has been the bar manager for the past 13 years and grew up on the property when Ainslie and her late husband, Jerry, owned a previous incarnation of Skipper's as well as the equally iconic Harbor View restaurant, said preparing for the upcoming closing has been difficult.
"We have some uncertainty in our future. You get tired of answering the questions," he said.
Alex said that it's the customers and his co-workers, which he described as one big, sometimes dysfunctional family, that made Skipper's special for him.
"That's the thing I'll miss the most," he said.
Turner and her restaurants are synonymous with the borough, according to Kathy Calnen, president of the Borough Merchants Association.
"For many people, Skipper's Dock is the borough," she said.
Calnen said that every year on the first warm day in March, she can count on cars rolling into the borough to enjoy an afternoon at Skipper's.
"People come here and fashion their day around Skipper's Dock. It's really provided an economic anchor in the town," she said. "The Stonington business community will miss Skipper's Dock."
Ainslie Turner's restaurant history in Stonington goes back 45 years to a day in 1969 just after she married Jerry, a Mystic native.
They had just moved to the borough, and Jerry decided to leave his job at the Washington Trust bank and buy the Harbor View restaurant.
Ainslie, who came from a cooking family in Andover, Mass., became the chef, and the young couple with no restaurant experience were on their way.
But two years later, they began to feel the restaurant business was not for them. They closed for the month of November and headed to the Brittany region of France. There, they discovered dishes such as coquilles St. Jacques and bouillabaisse that they could incorporate into the Harbor View seafood menu. They returned to Stonington energized about their restaurant.
Harbor View heydays
The best days for the Harbor View, though, were still to come.
In 1980, the Turners bought the house next door, attached it to the restaurant and turned it into the Harbor View bar, which served a bistro menu, something new to the region. In addition to the French-inspired food, waitresses wore black dresses and white aprons, and dishes were prepared tableside.
The Harbor View soon became the place to go and be seen in the borough. In 1986, the Turners decided to buy Skipper's Dock just behind the Harbor View. They came up with the name from a defunct Noank restaurant where they had dated, and which opened in 1929. They ran both businesses until 1990, when they sold them to some West Hartford investors who later defaulted on their mortgage with the Turners
The Harbor View was destroyed by a 1997 fire and rebuilt as The Inn at Stonington. It was also that year that the Turners took over the former Sailor Ed's building off Route 1 and turned it into the Quiambaug House. Turner said the sprawling complex was just too big to be successful, and they closed it a few years later.
Then, in 2000, Griffin offered them the opportunity to run Skipper's Dock again, and they eagerly accepted. They brought back not only some of the old Harbor View/Skipper's menu items but also some of the old decorations and signs.
"It took off like a shot. People were thrilled to see us back down here," Ainslie recalled.
In January 2002, Jerry Turner died of pancreatic cancer. But Ainslie continued running the eatery the couple had made famous.
On Monday afternoon, Paula Heckman of Branford was eating at Skipper's, something she said she has done every few weeks for the last 15 years.
"This is such a wonderful place, and they are such wonderful people," she said. "It's just sad."
For nostalgic customers wanting a piece of Skipper's, an auction of items in the restaurant is scheduled for Nov. 7.
New owners ahead
Griffin said he has formed a partnership with Jeffrey Gimmel and Nina Bachinsky-Gimmel, who run an award-winning restaurant called Swoon Kitchenbar in Hudson, N.Y. Jeffrey Gimmel was a 2012 semifinalist for Best Chef in the Northeast in the prestigious James Beard awards.
Griffin said he met the couple when they stayed at his inn. They will renovate the Skipper's building and open the new year-round restaurant in April 2014. He described the menu as "New American."
Griffin declined to discuss why he changed restaurant operators.
Borough Warden Jeff Callahan said he and his wife coincidentally ate at Swoon Kitchenbar last week while visiting upstate New York. At the time, he was unaware the Gimmels were planning to open an eatery in the Skipper's location.
"If the restaurant they are opening here is anything like that, it will be a great plan," he said.
Ainslie, meanwhile, said she has been looking for a new restaurant location in the area for the past six months. Although she had not yet found one, she is confident she will.
"I'm not ready to put away my set of knives and go away. I love the hospitality business. I love the people," she said. "I assure you that next Columbus Day weekend, I'll be somewhere clearing tables."
Calnen, of the Borough Merchants Association, won't be surprised if that's the case.
"She's been the master of reinvention over the years," she said of Ainslie Turner. "She always comes back."
High school referee Tony Gigliotti and NBA referee Josh Tiven
Kellyanne Conway dismisses husband's concerns that Trump's mental health is deteriorating


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The Misericordia University Teacher Education Department recently honored a group of regional educators including one from Wallenpaupack Area School District, for excellence in education at a reception held to celebrate American Education Week.
Mary L. Gilson, a teacher at Wallenpaupack Area High School was presented an Excellence in Teaching award and recognized for her work with Misericordia student teachers on assignment in the classroom.
Misericordia University student Andrew Casanova, a math and secondary education major from Hawley, nominated Gilson for her award.
In his remarks, he thanked her for being a high school math teacher who supported and fostered his dream of becoming a mathematics teacher, and one who he could go to for help during his college years. "Growing up, I struggled with math but always had a love for it. Knowing my struggles, she always found ways to go above and beyond to keep me from ever becoming discouraged, even after I stopped being her student," Casanova said. "That is what a true teacher is, one who never stops teaching and helping their students, past or present, achieve success."
Patricia McCann, RSM, Ed.D., associate professor of teacher education at Misericordia University, served as coordinator of the event.
The Misericordia University College of Professional Studies and Social Sciences and the Teacher Education Department sponsor undergraduate majors in three areas of specialization. The early childhood/special education program leads to two state certifications in pre-kindergarten to fourth grade and special education. A newly designed middle level education program prepares students for teaching fourth through eighth grades with a selection of five content concentrations including math/science, math/English, math/social studies, science/English, and science/social studies. MU also offers five areas of secondary education preparation for teaching seventh through 12th grades, including biology, chemistry, English, history (citizenship), and mathematics. All of the university's teacher education programs are approved by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and the Pennsylvania Department of Education.
For more information about Misericordia University, please log on to
www.misericordia.edu or call (570) 674-6400.


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Sophia Sawyer, comforts her son Isaiah January 27, 2010 at their home in Sacramento, Calif. The Sawyer family receives $540/month in CalWORKs assistance from the state of California. Dennis is currently unable to work while recovering from cancer, and Sophia hasn't been able to find work. Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger has proposed eliminating the CalWORKs program in an effort to balance the state's budget. CREDIT: Max Whittaker for The Wall Street Journal.CABUDGET
» View Max Whittaker
Page Link:


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A May 19 wedding is being planned by Catherine Cabrera of Manassas, Va., and Kevin Hixon of Renfrew.
The bride-to-be is the daughter of Bill and Lee Ann Cabrera of Manassas, Va. Parents of the prospective bridegroom are Danny and Becky Hixon of Refrew.
The bride-elect is a 2008 graduate of Osbourn High School in Manassas and a 2012 graduate of Grove City College.
She is employed by AmCad in Herndon, Va.
Her fiance graduated in 2007 from Seneca Valley High School and in 2011 from Grove City College.
He is employed by Green and Bridges in Carnegie.


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I'm writing to praise Redbank ballplayers and their coaches.
On April 11, my husband and I stopped for dinner at the Ponderosa restaurant near the Clearview Mall. We saw the Redbank bus there, but didn't think what we could walk into.
The players were lined from the cash register to the door. We stood there for a minute and wondered whether the wait for us to be seated would be too long.
A coach asked if it was only the two of us, and when we said yes, he said to his players: "Boys, step aside and let them through."
There wasn't one negative remark from the team — not one.
We thanked them.
When they all got through the line, they sat and ate. They weren't loud and did not act up.
The coaches can be proud of these young men. And the school can be proud of these coaches.
What a treat to know our kids can make us proud.


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Nexus Port Profiles
Real short one today. This post is about Nexus port profiles. Port profiles are great for ensuring consistency across port configurations. They allow us to configure a template which is inherited by a group of ports. There are three types of port-profiles: Ethernet, Interface-VLAN (SVI) and Port-Channel. In my example, we'll be configuring several ports as "VM Server" ports. Some may be asking why one would choose these over the simple "interface range" command. In my opinion, port profiles are more strict. The range command configures any range of ports where a port profile configures ALL ports which inherit it. Any new configuration added to the profile is pushed to the inheriting ports as well.
Here's an example:
n5k-1(config)# port-profile type ethernet VM n5k-1(config-port-prof)# switchport access vlan 225 n5k-1(config-port-prof)# spanning-tree port type edge n5k-1(config-port-prof)# spanning-tree bpduguard enable n5k-1(config-port-prof)# state enabled
Pretty basic. We create an "ethernet" port profile named VM and assign some config to it. The command "state enabled" makes this profile usable, without this command we wouldn't be able to inherit the profile on a port.
Here is how we assign the config to a group of ports:
n5k-1(config)# int e1/22 - 25 n5k-1(config-if-range)# inherit port-profile VM
We select a range of ports and tell them to inherit the VM profile. That's all.
Now we will do some verification:
n5k-1(config-port-prof)# sh port-profile port-profile VM type: Ethernet description: status: enabled max-ports: 512 inherit: config attributes: switchport access vlan 225 spanning-tree port type edge spanning-tree bpduguard enable evaluated config attributes: switchport access vlan 225 spanning-tree port type edge spanning-tree bpduguard enable assigned interfaces: Ethernet1/22 Ethernet1/23 Ethernet1/24 Ethernet1/25
This command tells us everything. We see our that the profile is enabled, the config it's using and what ports are inheriting it.
Here's another way to find profile information:
n5k-1(config-port-prof)# sh run port-profile port-profile type ethernet VM switchport access vlan 225 spanning-tree port type edge spanning-tree bpduguard enable state enabled interface Ethernet1/22 inherit port-profile VM interface Ethernet1/23 inherit port-profile VM interface Ethernet1/24 inherit port-profile VM interface Ethernet1/25 inherit port-profile VM
That's it. Pretty simple to understand and configure, but also very useful.
Colby Glass has been in IT since 2002. He is currently a Systems Engineer (presales) with a Cisco Gold partner and holds the CCNP R/S, CCNP DC, CCDP, CCIP, JNCIA-ER.
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|This entry was posted by Colby on March 14, 2012 at 7:09 am, and is filed under Tutorials. Follow any responses to this post through RSS 2.0. You can leave a response or trackback from your own site.
Thanks for the info! can you tell me more about what happens to the ports when you modify the port profile? i.e. lets say you modify the VM portprofile to say add 'no cdp enable'. Do you have to re-inherit it on these ports?
Or say you decide to add a new access VLAN and want to modify two of these ports in your group to the new vlan. I would assume you create a new port profile (say VM2)and inherit those current ports to the new one?
And lastly, what if you just delete your port profile. Will it delete those currently running interface commands? I just dont want similar results to poorly understood VTP in an enterprise.
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CCIE Data Center
about 7 years ago - 6 comments
It's official, the CCIE DC has been announced. Here's the meat of the announcement:
"Cisco announced today that a new expert-level certification for data center professionals will be available starting September 2012. This expert-level certification validates a candidate's expert knowledge of implementing and troubleshooting complex data center networks. The program offers candidates the knowledge and skills required to design, implement, operate, monitor, and troubleshoot complex data center networks. Products tested in this certification include Cisco Catalyst 3750, MDS 9222i, Nexus 7709(sic), 5548, 2232, 1000v and Cisco Unified Computing System (UCS), and Cisco Application Control Engine Appliance."
This is a very interesting certification. It's definitely crossing the line between a Data Center engineer and a Network Engineer. I think I might give it a shot. I have almost zero knowledge of UCS and Storage, but I think I could learn it. Working with everything on the blueprint is almost my dream job.
Post your thoughts in the comments, especially if you're considering attaining this cert.
Here's the blueprint:
Cisco Data Center Infrastructure – NXOS
- Implement NXOS L2 functionality
Implement VLANs and PVLANs
Implement Spanning-Tree Protocols
Implement Port-Channels
Implement Unidirectional Link Detection (UDLD)
Implement Fabric Extension via the Nexus family
- Implement NXOS L3 functionality
Implement Basic EIGRP in Data Center Environment
Implement Basic OSPF in Data Center Environment
Implement BFD for Dynamic Routing protocols
Implement ECMP
Implement FabricPath
- Implement Basic NXOS Security Features
Implement AAA Services
Implement SNMPv3
Configure IP ACLs, MAC ACLs and VLAN ACLs
Configure Port Security
Configure DHCP Snooping
Configure Dynamic ARP Inspection
Configure IP Source Guard
Configure Cisco TrustSec
- Implement NXOS High Availability Features
Implement First-Hop Routing Protocols
Implement Graceful Restart
Implement nonstop forwarding
Implement Port-channels
Implement vPC and VPC+
Implement Overlay Transport Protocol (OTV)
- Implement NXOS Management
Implement SPAN and ERSPAN
Implement NetFlow
Implement Smart Call Home
Manage System Files
Implement NTP, PTP
Configure and Verify DCNM Functionality
- NXOS Troubleshooting
Utilize SPAN, ERSPAN and EthAnalyzer to troubleshoot a Cisco Nexus problem
Utilize NetFlow to troubleshoot a Cisco Nexus problem
Given an OTV problem, identify the problem and potential fix
Given a VDC problem, identify the problem and potential fix
Given a vPC problem, identify the problem and potential fix
Given an Layer 2 problem, identify the problem and potential fix
Given an Layer 3 problem, identify the problem and potential fix
Given a multicast problem, identify the problem and potential fix
Given a FabricPath problem, identify the problem and potential fix
Given a Unified Fabric problem, identify the problem and potential fix
Cisco Storage Networking
- Implement Fiber Channel Protocols Features
Implement Port Channel, ISL and Trunking
Implement VSANs
Implement Basic and Enhanced Zoning
Implement FC Domain Parameters
Implement Fiber Channel Security Features
Implement Proper Oversubscription in an FC environment
- Implement IP Storage Based Solution
Implement IP Features including high availability
Implement iSCSI including advanced features
Implement SAN Extension tuner
Implement FCIP and Security Features
Implement iSCSI security features
Validate proper configuration of IP Storage based solutions
- Implement NXOS Unified Fabric Features
Implement basic FC in NXOS environment
Implement Fiber channel over Ethernet (FCoE)
Implement NPV and NPIV features
Implement Unified Fabric Switch different modes of operation
Implement QoS Features
Implement FCoE NPV features
Implement multihop FCoE
Validate Configurations and Troubleshoot problems and failures using Command Line, show and debug commands.
Cisco Data Center Virtualization
- Manage Data Center Virtualization with Nexus1000v
Implement QoS, Traffic Flow and IGMP Snooping
Implement Network monitoring on Nexus 1000v
Implement n1kv portchannels
Troubleshoot Nexus 1000V in a virtual environment
Configure VLANs
Configure PortProfiles
- Implement Nexus1000v Security Features
DHCP Snooping
Dynamic ARP Inspection
IP Source Guard
Port Security
Access Control Lists
Private VLANs
Configuring Private VLANs
Cisco Unified Computing
- Implement LAN Connectivity in a Unified Computing Environment
Configure different Port types
Implement Ethernet end Host Mode
Implement VLANs and Port Channels.
Implement Pinning and PIN Groups
Implement Disjoint Layer 2
- Implement SAN Connectivity in a Unified Computing Environment
Implement FC ports for SAN Connectivity
Implement VSANs
Implement FC Port Channels
Implement FC Trunking and SAN pinning
- Implement Unified Computing Server Resources
Create and Implement Service Profiles
Create and Implement Policies
Create and Implement Server Resource Pools
Implement Updating and Initial Templates
Implement Boot From remote storage
Implement Fabric Failover
- Implement UCS Management tasks
Implement Unified Computing Management Hierarchy using ORG and RBAC
Configure RBAC Groups
Configure Remote RBAC Configuration
Configure Roles and Privileges
Create and Configure Users
Implement Backup and restore procedures in a unified computing environment
Implement system wide policies
- Unified Computing Troubleshooting and Maintenance
Manage High Availability in a Unified Computing environment
Configure Monitoring and analysis of system events
Implement External Management Protocols
Collect Statistical Information
Firmware management
Collect TAC specific information
Implement Server recovery tasks
Cisco Application Networking Services – ANS
- Implement Data Center application high availability and load balancing
Implement standard ACE features for load balancing
Configuring Server Load Balancing Algorithm
Configure different SLB deployment modes
Implement Health Monitoring
Configure Sticky Connections
Implement Server load balancing in HA mode
Colby Glass has been in IT since 2002. He is currently a Systems Engineer (presales) with a Cisco Gold partner and holds the CCNP R/S, CCNP DC, CCDP, CCIP, JNCIA-ER.
Nexus Configuration Syncronization
about 7 years ago - 4 comments
Hi guys, I'm back for my annual post.:/
I've been working with a good amount of Nexus gear lately. Today we'll configure Configuration Synchronization offered on the Nexus 5K platform. This feature allows one to create a switch profile on a vPC member and push the profile's configuration to the peer. This is crucial as vPC configurations need to match exactly on both peers. If configurations don't match, the channel could be suspended. Here's our topology:
We're using an Enhanced vPC (EvPC) here (supported in 5.1(3)N1(1) and up) topology – the FEXes are dual-homed and connected to the 5Ks via vPC and we're also running a vPC to the host. Config Sync is almost a necessity here. We're using 169.254.0.0/30 for the IPs Peer Keepalive links (stole this practice from Chris Marget. It's important to note that CFS (Cisco Fabric Services – this is the magic that makes config sync work) communicates over the Managment 0/peer-keepalive interface.
This is the base config which is entered on both peers:
N5k-1(config)# cfs ipv4 distribute N5k-1(config)# conf sync N5k-1(config-sync)# switch-profile 5k-Profile Switch-Profile started, Profile ID is 1 N5k-1(config-sync-sp)# sync-peers destination 169.254.0.2 N5k-2(config)# cfs ipv4 distribute N5k-2(config)# conf sync N5k-2(config-sync)# switch-profile 5k-Profile Switch-Profile started, Profile ID is 1 N5k-2(config-sync-sp)# sync-peers destination 169.254.0.1
We've enabled CFS and created the 5k-Profile on both peers. We also had to tell the switches to sync with each other. Again, this will be done over the management/keepalive interface.
The following should be entered on the peer you're using as the configuration point. I've chosen 5k-1 here:
N5k-1(config-sync-sp)# int e101/1/1, e102/1/1 N5k-1(config-sync-sp-if-range)# channel-group 50 mode active N5k-1(config-sync-sp-if-range)# interface po50 N5k-1(config-sync-sp-if)# description Server-1 N5k-1(config-sync-sp-if)# switchport mode access N5k-1(config-sync-sp-if)# switchport access vlan 100 N5k-1(config-sync-sp-if)# vpc 50 N5k-1(config-sync-sp-if)# verify Verification successful... N5k-1(config-sync-sp-if)# commit Proceeding to apply configuration. This might take a while depending on amount of configuration in buffer. Please avoid other configuration changes during this time. Commit Successful
Here we've picked a range of ports and joined them to a port-channel. Then we enter the port-channel and configure our settings – notice that we've made this "vpc 50″. Before committing we run the "verify" command. This command should run through the config and ensure that it can be applied to both peers. Finally we commit the changes. The switch pauses for a bit and then tells us we've succeeded. A couple notes on this. I've seen the switch return a successful verification but still fail on the commit. This is typically due to pre-existing commands that will cause the range or port-channel config to fail. The other note is if you do fail your commit, you can run a "show switch-profile
Now we will do some verification:
N5k-2# sh run int e101/1/1 interface Ethernet101/1/1 switchport access vlan 100 channel-group 50 mode active N5k-2# sh run int e102/1/1 interface Ethernet102/1/1 switchport access vlan 100 channel-group 50 mode active N5k-2# sh run int po50 interface port-channel50 description Server-1 switchport access vlan 100 vpc 50
Everything looks good on the 5k-2 ports. We can see the configuration came through as expected. Keep in mind that if a port is configured using a profile you will not be able to configure it manually; all additions/changes need to be made through the profile.
That's the basics for config sync. You can do quite a bit with this and it is definitely helpful in vPC environments. I made this post mostly because I was unable to find this information posted in a way I liked. Hopefully this is helpful to some.
Disclaimer: This is a new feature to me. It's working well in the lab, but please let me know if I have anything wrong or there is a better way to accomplish something.
Colby Glass has been in IT since 2002. He is currently a Systems Engineer (presales) with a Cisco Gold partner and holds the CCNP R/S, CCNP DC, CCDP, CCIP, JNCIA-ER.
OSPF Quiz
about 7 years ago - 6 comments
I had an interesting conversation the other day regarding OSPF. I don't want to give too much away, so here we go. This is the topology:
Assume interfaces have correct bandwidth statements and no cost commands have been added. R1 and R2 are redistributing the 192.168.1.0/24 prefix as E2 with a cost of 100.
Which path does R4 take to the 192.168.1.0/24 network? Does it load balance? Explain.
I started a thread on Networking-Forum on this as well. Post your answer here in the comments or over there.
Update: Here's another question. What happens if we change it to:
Everything is the same except R2 is now redistributing as E1. Which path and why?
Colby Glass has been in IT since 2002. He is currently a Systems Engineer (presales) with a Cisco Gold partner and holds the CCNP R/S, CCNP DC, CCDP, CCIP, JNCIA-ER.
ASA Bridge Groups
about 7 years ago - 2 comments
Hello everyone. I know I've been neglecting this blog for too long. Can't promise that things are going to change, but I have a good post for today.
I was recently exposed to some new technology while working with a customer. I had to learn it pretty quickly. This post is about a new feature in the Cisco ASA 8.4 code called Bridge Groups. This is essentially the addition of BVI interfaces, which have existed in IOS forever. This feature is useful when running an ASA transparently, but not physically inline. Running a firewall physically inline works well, but it can limit you to the number of available interfaces you have on each firewall. Adding physical interfaces to a firewall is expensive. This feature also saves you from using a context per firewalled VLAN on your ASA. Here we'll use a 3750 for physical connectivity and use BVIs to force traffic through the firewall. Here is the physical topology:
I'm trying to convey quite a bit of information with this diagram. We have a layer 3 switch as the "core" and an ASA 5505 trunked to it. We have two hosts, PC1 and Server which are in VLAN 50 and VLAN 25, respectively. VLAN 26 is only for management of the ASA. VLAN 50 (and 2050) is where we'll focus for this post. I'm going to start with the config here as I think it will make more sense when I try to explain.
3750 Config:
vlan 25 name Servers vlan 50 name L2_Firewalled_Vlan50 vlan 2050 name L3_Firewalled_Vlan50 interface GigabitEthernet1/0/5 description ASA Inside switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport trunk allowed vlan 26,50 switchport mode trunk spanning-tree portfast interface GigabitEthernet1/0/7 description ASA Outside switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport trunk allowed vlan 2050 switchport mode trunk spanning-tree portfast interface Vlan25 description Servers-Media ip address 192.168.25.1 255.255.255.0 interface Vlan2050 ip address 192.168.50.1 255.255.255.0
This config is pretty basic. We have created some VLANs, configured some trunks and SVIs, etc. The key thing to notice here is that there is no L3 for VLAN 50, the L3 for PC1 exists in VLAN 2050.
ASA Config:
firewall transparent interface Ethernet0/1 switchport trunk allowed vlan 26,50 switchport mode trunk interface Ethernet0/2 switchport trunk allowed vlan 2050 switchport mode trunk interface Vlan26 nameif management bridge-group 2 security-level 100 interface BVI2 ip address 192.168.26.5 255.255.255.0 interface Vlan50 nameif inside bridge-group 1 security-level 100 interface Vlan2050 nameif outside bridge-group 1 security-level 0 interface BVI1 ip address 126.96.36.199 255.255.255.0 access-list inside-in extended permit ip any any access-group inside-in in interface inside route management 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.26.1
This is where the magic happens. First, we configure the firewall in transparent mode, then we configure out interfaces and allow the necessary VLANs, 50 and 26 (management) on the e0/1, which is the "inside" interface, and 2050 on e0/2, which is the "outside" interface. We then configure VLAN 26 for management and add it to bridge group 2, which has an IP and default route configured at the bottom, again, this is for management only. Then we configure VLANs 50 and 2050 with 50 as inside and 2050 as outside. Both VLANs are in bridge group 1. In my testing it appears that the BVI interface REQUIRES an IP address to pass traffic, but which IP you pick seems irrelevant, so I've used 220.127.116.11/24 here. Finally we have our inside-in access-list allowing any to any and we've applied it to the inside interface inbound.
Hopefully this is beginning to make sense. Essentially, all PC1 traffic destined outside of its subnet will traverse the firewall. When PC1 initiates traffic outside of its subnet, it will ARP for its gateway, which will begin on VLAN 50, then be bridged through the firewall to VLAN 2050. The 3750 will reply on 2050 which will be sent back to 50. All L3 traffic should flow this way. I've tried to make a diagram to show the flow:
Let's do some testing:
C:\Users\PC1>telnet 192.168.25.10 22 SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.2 Protocol mismatch. Connection to host lost. C:\Users\PC1>
Here we see that SSH is open from PC1 to Server.
Now let's break that connectivity:
ASA(config)# access-list inside-in extended deny tcp any host 192.168.25.10 eq ssh ASA(config)# no access-list inside-in extended permit ip any any ASA(config)# access-list inside-in extended permit ip any any ASA(config)# sh run access-list inside-in access-list inside-in extended deny tcp any host 192.168.25.10 eq ssh access-list inside-in extended permit ip any any
We added a deny statement for anything originating from the inside destined to TCP port 22 on Server and we allow everything else. We have verified that the ACL is correct.
Let's test again:
C:\Users\PC1>telnet 192.168.25.10 22 Connecting To 192.168.25.10...Could not open connection to the host, on port 22: Connect failed C:\Users\PC1>
The results are rather anti-climactic. The session just does not work.
It looks a bit more interesting on the ASA:
ASA# sh logg %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src inside:192.168.50.100/49198 dst outside:192.168.25.10/22 by access-group "inside-in" %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src inside:192.168.50.100/49198 dst outside:192.168.25.10/22 by access-group "inside-in" %ASA-4-106023: Deny tcp src inside:192.168.50.100/49198 dst outside:192.168.25.10/22 by access-group "inside-in"
We see the session being denied on the ASA as expected.
That's about it for this one. We can now run our transparent firewalls through an intermediate switch and we're also able to run multiple VLANs through a transparent firewall without using up contexts. All we need to do to allow more VLANs to be firewalled is create the L2/L3 on the switch, add the VLANs to the trunks and configure the ASA with the appropriate SVIs and bridge groups (and ACLs). Hope this was useful.
Disclaimer: This is a very new feature to me. It's working well in the lab, but please let me know if I have anything wrong or there is a better way to accomplish something.
Colby Glass has been in IT since 2002. He is currently a Systems Engineer (presales) with a Cisco Gold partner and holds the CCNP R/S, CCNP DC, CCDP, CCIP, JNCIA-ER.
Free CCNA Practice Questions
about 8 years ago - No comments
Steve over at Networking Forum came up with another great idea. He's offering free CCNA practice questions. He's asked the members to assist with providing the questions and answers. So far, there are about 30 questions posted, with more to come. They're all multiple choice, but we've included some drag and drop type questions and some troubleshooting/simulation type questions as well (as much as we could while keeping them multiple choice). I'll post a couple sample question below.
Colby Glass has been in IT since 2002. He is currently a Systems Engineer (presales) with a Cisco Gold partner and holds the CCNP R/S, CCNP DC, CCDP, CCIP, JNCIA-ER.
2960s Can Route
about 8 years ago - 13 comments
I've been meaning to post this for some time. Awhile back there was a thread on Networking Forum where someone mentioned that 2960s can route now. The 2960 is now a layer 3 switch. I was skeptical, but then I was pointed to this link. I was very, very surprised. I'm not sure why Cisco decided to add this functionality to the 2960s, but I'm definitely grateful. As of 12.2(55)SE, 2960s are layer 3 switches (with some limitations which I'll cover later). This knowledge came in handy shortly after reading that thread. I was working on a circuit upgrade for a remote side at my previous company. The circuit was ordered incorrectly and I ended up in need of a layer 3 switch ASAP. The tech we'd sent was leaving the next day, so there was no time to ship him anything. Luckily, we had some 2960s on site.
Configuring 2960s to route is pretty simple. The Switch Database Management template (SDM) needs to be changed to "lanbase-routing". A reboot is (always) needed after changing the SDM template. After reboot, it's just like enabling routing on any other L3 switch with the command "ip routing" from global config.
First we'll change the SDM template:
SwitchA(config)#sdm prefer lanbase-routing Changes to the running SDM preferences have been stored, but cannot take effect until the next reload. Use 'show sdm prefer' to see what SDM preference is currently active. SwitchA(config)#^Z SwitchA#reload System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: y Proceed with reload? [confirm]
After changing the SDM template, we are reminded that we'll need to reboot and also given a command to verify the change after the next boot.
Now we verify:
SwitchA#show sdm prefer The current template is "lanbase-routing" template. The selected template optimizes the resources in the switch to support this level of features for 8 routed interfaces and 255 VLANs. number of unicast mac addresses: 4K number of IPv4 IGMP groups + multicast routes: 0.25K number of IPv4 unicast routes: 4.25K number of directly-connected IPv4 hosts: 4K number of indirect IPv4 routes: 0.25K number of IPv4 policy based routing aces: 0 number of IPv4/MAC qos aces: 0.125k number of IPv4/MAC security aces: 0.375k
The change was successful and we're given the details about this SDM template.
Now seems like a good time to touch on the limitations of the layer 3 capabilities on 2960s. As we see in the output above, we're limited to 8 routed interfaces. These will be SVIs. At this point, the 2960s don't support routed physical interfaces ("no switchport"). Another important note is that we're only allowed 16 static routes and there is no dynamic routing capability.
Now we'll enable IP routing and configure a couple SVIs:
SwitchA#conf t SwitchA(config)#ip routing SwitchA(config)# SwitchA(config)#int vlan 15 SwitchA(config-if)#ip add 192.168.15.1 255.255.255.0 SwitchA(config-if)# SwitchA(config-if)#int vlan 25 SwitchA(config-if)#ip add 192.168.25.1 255.255.255.0 SwitchA(config)#^Z SwitchA#sh ip route ... C 192.168.15.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan15 C 192.168.25.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan25
Even now, I'm still amazed that we can do this with a 2960. As expected, it's working. We have two SVIs and we can see the routing table reflect this.
As you can all see, I'm still pretty wowed. There are many scenarios where layer 3 2960s could be useful.
Colby Glass has been in IT since 2002. He is currently a Systems Engineer (presales) with a Cisco Gold partner and holds the CCNP R/S, CCNP DC, CCDP, CCIP, JNCIA-ER.
Connecting Voice Gateways/CME to the PSTN
about 8 years ago - No comments
Today we'll go over the process to connect an IOS voice gateway/CME (Call Manager Express) to the PSTN. I set this up last night and thought it would be a good post. I'll briefly touch on using a SIP trunk as backup/failover too.
I've been running a SIP trunk to Flowroute for quite awhile, but I just recently got a "landline" from my ISP because they're doing a promotion where it's basically free. I'm keeping my SIP trunk, but I'll be using it as backup since all US calling through the ISP is free. I'm using a 2811 with an NM-HD-2V and a VIC2-4FXO.
First we'll verify that the card is recognized and working:
EDGE#sEDGE#sh voice port summ IN OUT PORT CH SIG-TYPE ADMIN OPER STATUS STATUS EC =============== == ============ ===== ==== ======== ======== == 1/1/0 -- fxo-ls up dorm idle on-hook y 1/1/1 -- fxo-ls up dorm idle on-hook y 1/1/2 -- fxo-ls up dorm idle on-hook y 1/1/3 -- fxo-ls up dorm idle on-hook y
Everything looks good there, the router is recognizing the card and its ports. 1/1/0 is connected to the ISP's MTA.
Now we'll configure the dial peers:
dial-peer voice 1 pots preference 1 destination-pattern 1[2-9].[1-9]....... incoming called-number .T port 1/1/0 forward-digits all ! dial-peer voice 2 pots preference 1 destination-pattern 1800....... incoming called-number .T port 1/1/0 forward-digits all ! dial-peer voice 3 pots preference 1 destination-pattern 911 incoming called-number .T port 1/1/0 forward-digits all
We've configured three dial peers here. First note that the dial peer type is "pots", this is used when the destination is an analog port (like FXO). Next you see the "preference" command, lower is better, making these peers more preferred than my SIP peers (with a preference of 2). The "destination-pattern" command is matching the dialed string, sort of like a static route. For the first dial peer, We're matching 11 digits including the 1, area code (digits 2 through 9, wildcard which matches 0 through 9, and then digits 1 through 9), then seven wildcards matching 0 through 9. This is my convoluted way of blocking 900 numbers. For the incoming call, we're matching any digits. The "port" command tells the router where to send the call when it matches the patter, port 1/1/0 here. Then we tell the router to forward all digits. This is important because it will strip the explicitly defined digits, which we don't want here, we want all digits sent to the PSTN.
Next we'll configure incoming calling, using Private-line Automatic Ringdown (PLAR):
voice-port 1/1/0 connection plar 5001 caller-id enable
Not much to that one. We go into the port config and use the "connection plar " command. PLAR tells the router to automatically forward to an extension when the line goes off-hook. So when this port gets an incoming call from the PSTN (which takes it off-hook), it will instantly forward it to extension 5001. We've also used the "caller-id enable", which is pretty self-explanatory; it enables incoming caller-id on this FXO port.
That's all for this one. This could be the first(ish) of many voice-related posts. I'll be moving through the voice exams (hopefully quickly) in the next few months and if there is interest, I can try to do some posts on things I'm learning/studying. Real voice (CUCM) can be tough blog about because it's mostly GUI based, which requires (lots of) screenshots. Making 11ty screenshots for every post could get old quick. Post in the comments if you'd like to see voice topics, and if you have anything specific you'd like to read about.
Disclaimer: I am, by no means, a voice guy (yet?), so if you see any errors please let me know in the comments. I can say that this works, but I wouldn't doubt if it's not the "best" way.
Colby Glass has been in IT since 2002. He is currently a Systems Engineer (presales) with a Cisco Gold partner and holds the CCNP R/S, CCNP DC, CCDP, CCIP, JNCIA-ER.
show ip ospf rib
about 8 years ago - 7 comments
Another quick one. Today I'm going to cover a simple, but very useful OSPF command: "show ip ospf rib". This command is similar to "show ip route ospf", but goes a bit deeper.
If you've ever done a routing protocol migration, you know how important it can be to see each protocol's full routing table. Much of the time AD makes this difficult. Administrative Distance (AD) is the believability of a routing protocol on a Cisco device. The default AD values are:
Route Source
Default Distance
|Connected Interface
|Static Route
|EIGRP Summary
|Internal EIGRP
|External EIGRP
Lower is better. If a router has identical routes from RIP and OSPF, the OSPF routes will be added to the table. If it's EIGRP versus OSPF, EIGRP will win.
Company ATN Solutions is migrating from EIGRP to OSPF. They've chosen to run both protocols simultaneously, while leaving the AD values at the default. This will allow both protocols to co-exist without affecting the routing domain. EIGRP routes will stay in the table due to EIGRP's lower AD. I'm not going through the migrations steps or really any detail related to how this would be performed, just using this to demonstrate the command.
During this migration, we'll need to verify that all existing EIGRP prefixes are also being learned by OSPF (we'll use process number 200). If we were masochists, we could look at the LSDB to determine this, but that's not really ideal. So we'll use the "show ip ospf 200 rib". First we'll look at the existing RIB:
EDGE#sh ip route eigrp D 192.168.15.0/24 [90/28416] via 192.168.13.1, 00:00:12, FastEthernet0/0 D 192.168.25.0/24 [90/28416] via 192.168.13.1, 00:00:09, FastEthernet0/0 D 192.168.111.0/24 [90/28416] via 192.168.13.1, 00:00:04, FastEthernet0/0 D 192.168.10.0/24 [90/28416] via 192.168.13.1, 00:00:46, FastEthernet0/0 D 192.168.11.0/24 [90/28416] via 192.168.13.1, 00:00:19, FastEthernet0/0 EDGE#sh ip route ospf EDGE#
We see five EIGRP routes and nothing for OSPF.
Now let's try out the command:
EDGE#sh ip ospf 200 rib OSPF local RIB for Process 200 Codes: * - Best, > - Installed in global RIB * 192.168.10.0/24, Intra, cost 2, area 0 via 192.168.13.1, FastEthernet0/0 * 192.168.11.0/24, Intra, cost 2, area 0 via 192.168.13.1, FastEthernet0/0 * 192.168.15.0/24, Intra, cost 2, area 0 via 192.168.13.1, FastEthernet0/0 * 192.168.25.0/24, Intra, cost 2, area 0 via 192.168.13.1, FastEthernet0/0 * 192.168.111.0/24, Intra, cost 2, area 0 via 192.168.13.1, FastEthernet0/0
And there it is. We see that OSPF is learning the same prefixes as EIGRP. The output is similar to "show ip bgp" in that * = Best, and > = Installed. We could now, theoretically, feel comfortable in taking the next step on our migration path, maybe raising EIGRP's AD to make OSPF more preferred.
That's all for today. Another quick post to make up for my hiatus. Post any questions in the comments.
Colby Glass has been in IT since 2002. He is currently a Systems Engineer (presales) with a Cisco Gold partner and holds the CCNP R/S, CCNP DC, CCDP, CCIP, JNCIA-ER.
Firewall Object Groups
about 8 years ago - No comments
Dropping in to do a quick post today. Sorry for the ridiculous lack of content lately. I've been busy with finding/changing jobs and new responsibilites and all that.
Today I'm going to cover "object groups" on ASAs. I was never a big fan of these, which I realized had a lot to do with using them behind others, not actually writing them myself. It takes awhile (for me, at least) to wrap your head around what the person before you was trying to accomplish. This is what put me off object groups. Though, I discovered that if I write them myself, I love them, lol. They can be hugely useful. They're even available in IOS now (as of 12.4(20)T). Here's an example of when they'd be used:
We need to allow several hosts (192.168.1.100-105) to access a group of servers (192.168.2.10-15) on multiple ports (21, 22, 25, 80, 443). Without object groups, this would produce a pretty lenghty ACL. First I'll do the object group config, then I'll show what it would look like with normal ACL entries.
object-group network OG_Hosts description host addresses network-object host 192.168.1.100 network-object host 192.168.1.101 network-object host 192.168.1.102 network-object host 192.168.1.103 network-object host 192.168.1.104 network-object host 192.168.1.105 ! object-group network OG_Servers description server addresses network-object host 192.168.2.10 network-object host 192.168.2.11 network-object host 192.168.2.12 network-object host 192.168.2.13 network-object host 192.168.2.14 network-object host 192.168.2.15 ! object-group service OG_Hosts-To-Server-Ports service-object icmp echo service-object icmp echo-reply service-object tcp eq 21 service-object tcp eq 22 service-object tcp eq 25 service-object tcp eq 80 service-object tcp eq 443
Pretty simple. We create some object groups matching IPs for the hosts and servers, then we match ICMP traffic and various TCP ports. Notice that there are two object group types used here, the first is "network". This type allows us to specify IPs and subnets. The second type is "service". This type allows us to match different ports and protocols.
Now let's put it together in an ACL:
access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers extended permit object-group OG_Hosts-To-Server-Ports object-group OG_Hosts object-group OG_Servers
Amazingly, we only need one line. We've configured an ACL line with three object groups. Notice that the ports actually come first, which threw me a bit when I first saw object groups in actions. Other than that, everything is relatively normal. We need to specify "object-group" before each one, and as usual, it's source, then destination.
Now let's look at part of the "show access-list" output. This will show us what the firewall sees and matches, and also what we were saved from typing manually:
Firewall# sh access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers; 252 elements access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit object-group OG_Hosts-To-Server-Ports object-group OG_Hosts object-group OG_Servers 0xc08e86b0 access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.100 host 192.168.2.10 echo (hitcnt=0) 0xb9c5e5bf access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.101 host 192.168.2.10 echo (hitcnt=0) 0x946345e5 access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.102 host 192.168.2.10 echo (hitcnt=0) 0xc233a45f access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.103 host 192.168.2.10 echo (hitcnt=0) 0x509dadab access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.104 host 192.168.2.10 echo (hitcnt=0) 0xfa1dbbd2 access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.105 host 192.168.2.10 echo (hitcnt=0) 0xedc7eaea access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.100 host 192.168.2.10 echo-reply (hitcnt=0) 0x77938723 access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.101 host 192.168.2.10 echo-reply (hitcnt=0) 0x809068d5 access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.102 host 192.168.2.10 echo-reply (hitcnt=0) 0x1730c200 access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.103 host 192.168.2.10 echo-reply (hitcnt=0) 0xc555b262 access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.104 host 192.168.2.10 echo-reply (hitcnt=0) 0xdd2ca47f access-list ACL_Hosts-To-Servers line 1 extended permit icmp host 192.168.1.105 host 192.168.2.10 echo-reply (hitcnt=0) 0xb5d1bc04
I'm not pasting all 252 lines, that would just be a waste of space. You get the idea though, the firewall is showing us what our single ACE actually does. All those rules come from our one line. That's the power of object groups.
Just a short one today. Again, sorry for the lack of posts. Hopefully I can get back to posting regularly. I hope this all made sense. If you have any questions, please post in the comments.
Colby Glass has been in IT since 2002. He is currently a Systems Engineer (presales) with a Cisco Gold partner and holds the CCNP R/S, CCNP DC, CCDP, CCIP, JNCIA-ER.
Testing link/circuit speed using Iperf
about 8 years ago - 9 comments
Hi all!
It's Jared from CCNPJourney.com. Colby had asked me a couple weeks ago if I would be interested in posting some articles on his blog as he's been fairly busy lately, and of course I said yes. So I thought for my introductory post on the blog I would do a brief write-up on how to use Iperf!
For starters here's a little bit of info on Iperf. Iperf is a tool that many system/network admins use to measure the bandwidth on a network, as well as the quality of the path on that network. It is capable of generating traffic using TCP and UDP. The TCP and UDP tests are useful for performing the following kinds of tests:
- Latency (response time or RTT): can be measured with the Ping utility.
- Jitter: can be measured with an Iperf UDP test.
- Datagram loss: can again, be measured with an Iperf UDP test.
- Bandwidth tests are done using the Iperf TCP tests.
Iperf also allows you to run simultaneous tests, and bi-directional. Developers in the community have also created a GUI for Iperf called Jperf, which is a Java based GUI that allows you to save settings, and more easily make changes to your settings. For information on Iperf head on over to the Wiki page, or their page over at SourceForge.
Now lets get down to business…
Lets start out by downloading Iperf. In this example I will be using the Windows version of Iperf, but feel free to use what you choose, it's all the same switches regardless of the OS). You will need Iperf on a machine you wish to use for the "client" role, and one for the server".
Once you have put the files on each machine we can begin. Start out by opening a command prompt and then navigating to the folder you have Iperf stored in. You will then enter the commands below, on the server and client respectively to begin your first basic Iperf test!
Enter the command "iperf.exe -s", without the quotes, to start Iperf in server mode (indicated by "-s").??
The screenshot above shows what you will be presented with after you've started Iperf in server mode. It shows you the port that was automatically chosen (which can be manually changed), as well as the TCP window size, which again is chosen by default based on the OS, but can be changed.
To start Iperf in client mode (using no arguments) enter the command "iperf.exe -c x.x.x.x", where "x.x.x.x" equals the IP address of your Iperf server in the above step.
In the screenshot above you can see the final results of a basic Iperf test. Again presenting you with the TCP Window size and port that were chosen by default. You will also see the resulting bandwidth calculation as well as the amount of data transferred during the test.
Option Usage
Here's a look at the output from entering the "iperf.exe -h" command.
Usage: iperf [-s|-c host] [options] iperf [-h|--help] [-v|--version] Client/Server: -f, --format [kmKM] format to report: Kbits, Mbits, KBytes, MBytes -i, --interval # seconds between periodic bandwidth reports -l, --len #[KM] length of buffer to read or write (default 8 KB) -m, --print_mss print TCP maximum segment size (MTU - TCP/IP header) -o, --output <filename> output the report or error message to this specified file -p, --port # server port to listen on/connect to -u, --udp use UDP rather than TCP -w, --window #[KM] TCP window size (socket buffer size) -B, --bind <host> bind to <host>, an interface or multicast address -C, --compatibility for use with older versions does not sent extra msgs -M, --mss # set TCP maximum segment size (MTU - 40 bytes) -N, --nodelay set TCP no delay, disabling Nagle's Algorithm -V, --IPv6Version Set the domain to IPv6 Server specific: -s, --server run in server mode -D, --daemon run the server as a daemon -R, --remove remove service in win32 Client specific: -b, --bandwidth #[KM] for UDP, bandwidth to send at in bits/sec (default 1 Mbit/sec, implies -u) -c, --client <host> run in client mode, connecting to <host> -d, --dualtest Do a bidirectional test simultaneously -n, --num #[KM] number of bytes to transmit (instead of -t) -r, --tradeoff Do a bidirectional test individually -t, --time # time in seconds to transmit for (default 10 secs) -F, --fileinput <name> input the data to be transmitted from a file -I, --stdin input the data to be transmitted from stdin -L, --listenport # port to recieve bidirectional tests back on -P, --parallel # number of parallel client threads to run -T, --ttl # time-to-live, for multicast (default 1) Miscellaneous: -h, --help print this message and quit -v, --version print version information and quit [KM] Indicates options that support a K or M suffix for kilo- or mega- The TCP window size option can be set by the environment variable TCP_WINDOW_SIZE. Most other options can be set by an environment variable IPERF_<long option name>, such as IPERF_BANDWIDTH.
That about sums up this post on Iperf. It's really a very basic program that can help a lot in day to day troubleshooting. I plan to make another post on how to use Jperf as well, so keep an eye out for that!
Hope you enjoyed!
Jared Miller has been in IT since he started school in 2007. He is currently an Information Systems Analyst at a local hospital and holds the CCNA certification and is beginning to study for the CCNA Voice and CCNP exams, in that order.


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6:00 pm
Christina "Feel Great Feast" Eating well is not grim or deprived, but delicious and satisfying. if you know how to coax the flavors from each and every fresh ingredient. And when you eat whole, unprocessed, seasonal food, you feel. D
6:30 pm
The Jazzy Vegetarian "Elegant and Easy" Host Laura Theodore, prepares her elegant and easy party menu featuring "Savory Mushroom Stroganoff" served over delicate rotini pasta. On the side, simple "Broccoli with Lemon Sauce" compliments beautifully. "Walnut, Beet, and Tofu Salad' starts off the meal with flair. D
7:00 pm
Christina "Cook Your Way to Health" Is it possible? Can we cook to create joy? Well, if junk food makes us feel bloated and lethargic, depressed and fat, it only makes sense that healthy natural food would make us feel happy, contented and vital. And just thinking about hot fudge sundaes should take the sting out of healthy eating. D
7:30 pm
The Jazzy Vegetarian "Just Desserts" Host Laura Theodore prepares scrumptious sweet desserts featuring "Double-Chocolate Cake with Chocolate Ganache Icing," the perfect indulgence to please any chocolate fan. Then "Luscious Little Carrot Cupcakes" are a 'two-in-one' baked treat that serve as a flavorsome breakfast muffin too. "Almondy Oatmeal Cookies with Raisins and Chocolate Chips" are a delightfully crisp and satisfying cookie confection. D
8:00 pm
Christina "Lighten Up....It's Only Your Health" If men's waists exceed 40 inches and women exceed 35, they are in trouble with their risk of heart-related illnesses rising with each expanding inch. Plus guts hanging over your belt just ain't pretty. And you're missing out on what's going on with your toes! Foods that can slim your waist and improve your health can be delicious when you're scrambling chickpeas. D
8:30 pm
The Jazzy Vegetarian "5-Ingredients Or Less" Host Laura Theodore prepares quick recipes that require only 5-ingredients or less! "Easy Black Bean Casserole" is served with a crunchy and sweet "Carrot and Maple-Walnut Salad." For starters, tantalizing "Tortilla Oven 'Fried' Mushrooms" take the stage. Need a quick dessert or snack? "No-Cook Peanut Butter Cookies" fill the bill for a sweet and crunchy bite!. D
9:00 pm
America's Test Kitchen from Cook's Illustrated "A Moroccan Feast" Test cook Julia Collin Davison shows host Christopher Kimball how to make a Moroccan-style Chicken Tagine at home with foolproof Couscous that's better than any store-bought brand. Then, gadget guru Lisa McManus reveals her pick for the best compost bucket. Later, test cook Bryan Roof uncovers the secrets to making your own preserved lemons. D
9:30 pm
Simply Ming "Andrew Zimmern & Cooking Veggies for Kids" Does your kid turn up his nose when certain green foods cross his sight line? Vegetables can make some kids turn and run for the hills before they even give them a chance. On this episode of SIMPLY MING, Ming joins forces with a man who specializes in close encounters with icky foods to help make "weird" vegetables more appealing to kids. Andrew Zimmern, Mr. Bizzare Foods himself, joins Ming to cook two new dishes your kids will devour: Turkey Spring Rolls with Hoisin-Lime Dipping Sauce with Bacon Brussel Sprouts and Mixed Vegetables and Tofu with a Miso Sabayon. D
10:00 pm
Joanne Weir's Cooking Confidence "Simply Elegant" Joanne greets her student Sarina with a bruschetta salad and it is quickly apparent Sarina is the perfect student for dishes that are simple enough for a weeknight, yet elegant enough for Saturday night. They recreate the vinaigrette from the salad, discover how easy it is to cook clams, and finish with a warm blueberry maple compote melting over vanilla ice cream. Recipes: Bruschetta Salad with Prosciutto di San Daniele and Greens, Clams with Chorizo and Orange, and Vanilla Ice Cream with Blueberry Maple Syrup Compote. D
10:30 pm
Rick Steves' Europe "Vienna and the Danube" Rick takes in the city's wealth of elegant gardens, great art and fine music. He travels along the Danube River and hikes through the Baroque Melk Abbey.G
11:00 pm
In Search of the Novel "Who Owns The Novel?" This workshop probes the living nature of the novel by illustrating how each reader makes a novel his or her own. It shows how the interpretation of a novel can change, depending on the reader's culture, class, generation, gender, and personality. D


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Search results for: Maruthi Cars
Maruthi Cars
New Cars in UK (Rating: 5) , Votes:Buy a Car offer a huge range of new cars at cheap discount prices for motorists in the UK. Choose from our selection of small family cars, estates, hatchbacks,coupes, sports cars all available from all the main car manufacturers;Ford, Honda, Hyundai, Mercedes,vauxhall, Volkswagen, VW, Porshe, BMW, Seat.http://www.buyacar.co.uk
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Car Trader in Switzerland (Rating: 49) , Votes:Business website of a Swiss car trader. Buys and sells cars of any make for export.http://www.autokamela.chCategory: Directory/Europe/Switzerland
Carbase - Used Cars Bristol (Rating: 1) , Votes:Carbase.biz has 500 used cars for sale in Weston-super-Mare and the Bristol area. From Vauxhall's to Audi's we also offer a range of flexible finance deals, visit us today for more details!http://www.carbase.biz/
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Carbiz Rent a Car (Rating: 4) , Votes:Our company provides rent a car services in Bucharest Romania. We rent cars also in Bucharest Otopeni and Baneasa airports.http://www.carbiz.roCategory: Directory/Europe/Romania
RC Helicopters, RC Cars, RC Airplanes & More (Rating: 2) , Votes:Browse our huge selection of Remote Control Helicopter Models. We carry both nitro and electric RC airplanes, RC boats, RC buggies, RC cars, RC Helicopters, Remote Control Helicopters, RC Tanks and more. Our remote control toys are great for adults and kids alike - from the novice to the expert, we're sure you'll find an RC Toy that you like.http://www.xenonproject.com/Category: Directory/Shopping/Gifts
Honda Bangplee & Suvarnabhumi (Rating: 52) , Votes:Honda car dealership in bangplee and suvarnabhumi from Thailand. We are showroom and car service center that offers the newest models of honda cars together with experienced car technicians who maintain and repair cars to optimum performance. Also have photo gallery and brief company profile in English.http://www.hondajoy.comCategory: Directory/Asia/Thailand
All About Ford (Rating: 7) , Votes:UK based Ford dealer offers new and used Ford model cars to consumers nationwide. Includes stock listing, dealer locator, and photos.http://www.allaboutford.co.uk/
Car Dealership Near Boonville, Missouri - Bryant Motors (Rating: 0) , Votes:Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, Ram cars and trucks near Boonville; Best auto dealership in Central Missouri. Biggest selection of new/used cars for sale.https://www.bryantmotors.com/boonville-auto-dealer.html
The Car People UK - Used Car Dealers (Rating: 1) , Votes:Used car dealers in Manchester, Wakefield & Sheffield. Choose from a wide selection of nearly new & used cars for sale.http://www.thecarpeople.co.uk/
Beach Ford - Ford, Lincoln, Mercury Auto Sales (Rating: 3) , Votes:Offers new Ford, Lincoln and Mercury cars, trucks, vans and all makes of used cars and trucks for sale in Virginia Beach, Virginia.http://www.beachford.com
Overseas Car Shipping Company (Rating: 3) , Votes:FirstBase Freight is an international car shipping companies in the UK. Look no further to transport cars, boats, trucks, SUV's or Motorbikes directly to 5000+ worldwide ports and depots. UK Car Shipping. Worldwide Vehicle Shipping. We have been shipping Cars from the UK, USA and Worldwide destinationshttp://www.firstbasefreight.com
Toyota Rent a Car (Rating: 0) , Votes:Find Toyota Rental Cars, Trucks, SUVs, Hybrids and Scion vehicles with ease.http://www.toyota.com/rental/
Japanese Used Car Exporter & Auto Auction Agent (Rating: 7) , Votes:KarsJapan Co., Ltd. is an exporter of japanese used car based in Kanagawa-prefecture, Japan. We are member and authorized agents of major used car auction house in Japan. Our auction system enables you access to over 150, 000 vehicles every week from 85 major auction houses. You can search and bid your favorite cars from enormous variety of cars available. Also we take care of all the paperwork for export including de-registration, custom clearance and shipping arrangement.http://www.karsjapan.com
Shop for toys, gifts, games & gadgets online (Rating: 13) , Votes:Gift ideas, unusual gadgets, and rc toys for the boys (and girls!) in your life. If its remote controlled, you will find it here: cars, ships, blimps, hovercraft, airplanes, tanks, helicopters, submarhttp://www.otherlandtoys.co.ukCategory: Directory/Shopping/Kids & Teens
Car Rentals in Romania - Toyota (Rating: 4) , Votes:In Front Cars is the only car rental company in Romania specialized in renting Toyota cars. By choosing a Toyota, clients will benefit from a free-of-charge mobile phone, a SIM card with conversation minutes included and free-of-charge accident insurance and luggage theft insurance. Moreover, the clients can opt for the rental of gadgets which can make the travel easier: GPS, radar detector or child safety seat.http://www.rentromania.ro
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Car Hire UK (Rating: 3) , Votes:Logan Car Hire. We have cars at over 500 airports in the world and you will want to book your car hire with someone that has experience at all these locations, use Logan, The Airport Car Hire Experts.http://www.logancarhire.com
Creative Design, Beautiful Art & Luxury Lifestyle (Rating: 19) , Votes:Beautiful Life - popular online magazine about various designs ranging from web design to luxury stuff, wonderful paintings, unique yachts and super cars. The site is daily updated and has more 1,000,000 pageviews per month.http://www.beautifullife.infoCategory: Directory/Arts & Humanities/Design
Scamp Travel Trailers (Rating: 1) , Votes:Very lightweight travel trailers designed for easy towing by small cars and trucks. The aerodynamic camper design assures high fuel efficiency.http://www.scamptrailers.com/Category: Directory/Recreation & Sports/Outdoors
Car Rental Portugal (Rating: 0) , Votes:We offer cars for hire and rental cars in Faro Airport in Algarve Portugal. Car Hire Portugal offers you the perfect car rental in the Algarve.http://www.car-rental-portugal.co.uk/Category: Directory/Europe/Portugal
Local Business Search (Rating: 5) , Votes:Free Local Business directory. Advertising and promotions.http://www.mycall.mobi
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Car Rentals (Rating: 4) , Votes:Save on car rentals at Travelocity. With great deals from the leading car rental companies, whether you're traveling in the U.S. or abroad, you'll always get the ride you want.http://www.travelocity.com/Cars
Evans Halshaw - UK Automotive Retailer (Rating: 0) , Votes:UK automotive retailer of new and used cars, including Ford, Vauxhall and Nissan.http://www.evanshalshaw.com/
Jaguar PA (Rating: 2) , Votes:Welcome to Reedman Toll Jaguar. We Serve Langhorne and the Greater Pennsylvania area. We have a full online inventory of new and used Jaguar cars.http://www.reedmantolljaguar.com/index.htm
Car Rentals (Rating: 4) , Votes:An independent car rental agency. Reserve online in over 1000 cities and airports.http://www.carrentalexpress.com
Northumbria Number Plates (Rating: 64) , Votes:Private number plates and car registrations and personal registrations for uk cars and motorcycleshttp://www.northumbrianumbers.com
Servicing Stop Ford (Rating: 0) , Votes:Dedicated website for Ford cars from Servicing Stop - the nationwide car servicing company.http://servicingstopford.co.uk
Iowa Jeep dealers (Rating: 6) , Votes:Dewey Tube is an entertaining, interactive site that host both Dewey Ford and Dewey Jeep. Check out the website for an inventory of all our new and used cars.http://www.deweytube.com/
OC Car Dealers (Rating: 0) , Votes:Toyota and Nissan Dealers in Orange County CA offering new and pre-owned vehicle sales, service and parts. Website features online inventory listing and service booking center.http://www.occardealers.com/
Car Hire UK, Europe & Worldwide (Rating: 0) , Votes:Is the comparison search engine for luxury and budget car hire. If you need a hire car for business trips or holiday rentals, one search with us will go and compare prices of up to 50 car hire companies in seconds.http://www.carrentals.co.uk
Related searches:
Webotopia provides a business directory designed to promote Maruthi Cars companies, products and services whilst helping it's users find the Maruthi Cars information they need. Webotopia business directory, with the help of it's dedicated support specialists and reviewers, enables delivery of Maruthi Cars quality content, excellent customer support as well as value added services such as content publishing and press releases for it's users.


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Academicsera – 295th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research & Practice(ICMRP) will be held on 30th- 31st August, 2018 at Bali , Indonesia. ICMRP is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Science Technology and Management to a common forum. All the registered papers will be published by the World Research Library and will be submitted for review for indexing by Google Scholar etc.
Here Conferences and Programs are announced to keep update our clients and to bookmark their dates. However, Registrations are not allowed before 12 months of the conference.


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"Losing a loved one really can break your heart," reported the Daily Mail.
Several other news sources also reported that a study suggests people are 21 times more likely to have a heart attack within a day of being bereaved. In the days that follow, the risk drops to approximately six times higher than normal, and then declines during the following month.
During the study, researchers interviewed 1,985 people who had recently had a heart attack and asked them about whether they had been bereaved in the period immediately before their heart attack. They also asked about bereavement one to six months before their heart attack, which they used to compare the risk of having a heart attack during a period when they had not experienced a loss. They found that compared to this earlier period, the risk of having a heart attack increased 21-fold in the 24 hours after a bereavement.
Most people will experience bereavement infrequently, and the risk of a bereavement-related heart attack is likely to be much lower than one brought on by other heart attack triggers. However, this study highlights that in the first week after losing someone close, people may have an increased risk of a heart attack. Further research is warranted to see whether additional care or advice during this period could reduce this risk.
Where did the story come from?
The study was carried out by researchers from Harvard University and was funded by the US National Institutes of Health. The study was published in the peer-reviewed medical journal Circulation.
The newspapers generally covered the research appropriately.
What kind of research was this?
This case-crossover study looked at whether intense grief over a recent death may trigger a heart attack. The research looked at deaths of spouses, but also of "significant relationships" such as relatives and close friends.
The research examined the presence or absence of bereavement immediately before people had a heart attack. To do so, the researchers surveyed people who had had a heart attack on whether they had lost someone close to them before their heart attack. This was compared with the presence or absence of bereavement during a period when the individual did not have a heart attack (the control period). They determined the risk of a heart attack during various points in the 30 days immediately after bereavement.
It has long been suggested that it is possible to "die from a broken heart", and the researchers said that although most people adjust to the loss of a loved one, it has been observed that there is an increased risk of dying in the early weeks and months after a bereavement. This study was particularly interested in whether stress caused by bereavement could affect the likelihood of a heart attack. The researchers thought that grief may affect the heart as it may be associated with psychological symptoms of depression, anxiety and anger, and that such stress may have physical effects on the heart.
What did the research involve?
This study used a slightly unusual design, which is often used to investigate how a transient exposure, in this case the death of a significant person in the patient's life, is associated with heart attack. In this type of study (a form of case-controlstudy), the researchers compared the rates of bereavement in a group of people immediately before a heart attack with the rates in the period six months before the heart attack. In this way, each patient served as their own control.
The study assessed 1,985 people aged 61.6 years old on average, 1,395 of whom were men and 590 women. Between 1989 and 1994, researchers interviewed people attending 22 hospitals and 23 tertiary care centres after a heart attack. All were interviewed within 4 days of their heart attack. They were then followed until December 2007.
The interview asked the participants about standard demographic factors, potential triggers of their heart attack in the past year, and risk factors for heart attacks. In addition, the patients were asked: "During the past year did you hear news of the death of a friend, relative, or someone who was very significant in your life?" If a patient answered "yes", they were asked to identify the time of occurrence of the death, to describe the relationship to the person who had died and to rate how meaningful this death was to them, choosing between slightly, moderately or extremely.
In their analysis, the researchers looked at the incidence rate of bereavement within 1 day, 2 to 3 days, 3 to 7 days and 7 to 30 days before the heart attack and compared this to a control period of 1 to 6 months before the patient's heart attack.
What were the basic results?
Out of the 1985 patients, 270 (13.6%) reported the death of at least one significant person to them in the 6 months before their heart attack. Of these:
- 19 people reported the death of a significant person in the 24 hours before the onset of their heart attack
- 7 people reported the death of a significant person 24–48 hours before their heart attack
- 5 people reported the death of a significant person 48–72 hours before their heart attack
- 21 people reported the death of a significant person 4–7 days before their heart attack
Of the people who had a heart attack in the day after the loss of a significant person, 63% said their relationship was moderately or extremely meaningful.
The researchers found that relative to a patient's risk during the control period, their risk of a heart attack was 21 times greater in the 24 hours after they learned of the death of a significant person. This increased risk then declined steadily with each subsequent day, to a six-fold increased risk by the end of the first week.
How did the researchers interpret the results?
The researchers said that the risk of a heart attack was greatly elevated in the first 24 hours after the death of a significant person, and progressively declined over time. They suggested that bereavement may be associated with depression, reduced sleep time, reduced appetite, higher levels of stress hormones and lower levels of proteins influencing heart function. They also said that bereavement may lead to people not taking their medication. However, they also stated that because the largest effects were seen the day after bereavement, it is unlikely that this was due to a missed dose of a drug.
This study looked at whether there was an association between a recent bereavement and risk of a heart attack in 1,985 older people. The study had an unusual design. Researchers asked individuals about their bereavement status shortly before a heart attack, and compared this to their status several months before. The researchers calculated that in the 24 hours after a bereavement, the participants had a 21-fold increase in the risk of having a heart attack. The risk then steadily declined after this time.
A key point to consider when viewing these results is that the study looked at the circumstances of people who had had a heart attack, and not the absolute risk of having a heart attack in a group of people who had been bereaved. Therefore, it cannot directly tell us how likely it is that a bereaved person will go on to have a heart attack, a statistic that might be useful when planning ways to care for the recently bereaved.
Also, the research cannot pinpoint the potential mechanisms that might bring on a heart attack after a bereavement. For example, we cannot tell whether it is due to biological causes, such as the release of hormones, or behavioural ones such missing medication. Among the potential reasons the researchers gave were changes in physical activity and stopping or forgetting heart-protective medication, such as aspirin.
The researchers also point out that bereavement of a significant person is likely to be an infrequent event in most people's lives, and in this study only 270 people had experienced bereavement among the 1,985 interviewed. Among these, only 19 people had had their heart attack within 24 hours of bereavement.
Some other points to note are:
- As the researchers interviewed people within four days of having their heart attack, the patients may have been looking for reasons to explain their heart attack. Therefore, they may have been more likely to highlight a bereavement immediately before their heart attack than one during the control period.
- The researchers said that bereavement is rarer than other triggers of a heart attack, such as physical activity or episodes of anger. This means that the absolute lifetime risk of a heart attack associated with bereavement could potentially be extremely low.
In general, this research supports the currently held view that losing a loved one can "break your heart". However, it does not say much about the mechanism of how this might happen and, crucially, how to avoid the physical effects that may follow a bereavement.
- Mostofsky E, Maclure M, Sherwood JB et al. Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction after Death of a Significant Person in One's Life: The Determinants of MI Onset Study. Circulation, January 10 2012
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