text:
In one particularly touching "Silver Linings Playbook" scene, the Oscar-nominated Robert De Niro cries while trying to connect with his mentally ill son, played by Bradley Cooper. But De Niro shed real tears in an unusually emotional talk show appearance with Cooper and director David O. Russell.
Russell, whose 18-year-old son suffers from bipolar disorder, told Katie Couric that he held the film close to his heart, in the hopes of doing justice to his son's illness.
When Couric asked De Niro if he felt "responsible" for a role the director was "personally invested in," De Niro stammered, fighting back tears.
"I don't like to get emotional," De Niro told Couric, reaching for a tissue. "But I know what [Russell] goes through."
Russell added that De Niro had also choked up during a meeting to discuss the film.
"I thought he was having hay fever, and I realized he was having an emotional reaction," said Russell.
"I sat there and watched Robert De Niro cry for 10 minutes and I said, 'Wow, he's really connecting with this material and this would be a beautiful thing if it could work out, because I think his heart would be there,' and it is there."
The exchange begins at around minute 5:00 in the video below:
Jennifer Lawrence, who stars alongside De Niro and Cooper in the film, mentioned Russell's son in her Screen Actors Guild Award acceptance speech.
"You made a movie for your son," she said. "So that he wouldn't feel alone and so that he could feel understood."


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Moore's law
Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and CEO of Intel, whose 1965 paper described a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit,[2] and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade.[3] In 1975,[4] looking forward to the next decade,[5] he revised the forecast to doubling every two years;[6][7][8] the period is often quoted as 18 months because of a prediction by Intel executive David House (being a combination of the effect of more transistors and the transistors being faster).[9]
Moore's prediction proved accurate for several decades and has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development.[10] Advancements in digital electronics are strongly linked to Moore's law: quality-adjusted microprocessor prices,[11] memory capacity, sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras.[12] Digital electronics has contributed to world economic growth in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.[13] Moore's law describes a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth.[14][15][16][17]
Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend and not a physical or natural law. Although the rate held steady from 1975 until around 2012, the rate was faster during the first decade. In general, it is not logically sound to extrapolate from the historical growth rate into the indefinite future. For example, the 2010 update to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors predicted that growth would slow around 2013,[18] and in 2015 Gordon Moore foresaw that the rate of progress would reach saturation: "I see Moore's law dying here in the next decade or so."[19]
Intel stated in 2015 that the pace of advancement has slowed, starting at the 22 nm feature width around 2012, and continuing at 14 nm.[20] Brian Krzanich, the former CEO of Intel, announced, "Our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two."[21] Intel also stated in 2017 that hyperscaling would be able to continue the trend of Moore's law and offset the increased cadence by aggressively scaling beyond the typical doubling of transistors.[22] Krzanich cited Moore's 1975 revision as a precedent for the current deceleration, which results from technical challenges and is "a natural part of the history of Moore's law".[23][24][25]
In 1959, Douglas Engelbart discussed the projected downscaling of integrated circuit size in the article "Microelectronics, and the Art of Similitude".[26][27] Engelbart presented his ideas at the 1960 International Solid-State Circuits Conference, where Moore was present in the audience.[28]
For the thirty-fifth anniversary issue of Electronics magazine, which was published on April 19, 1965, Gordon E. Moore, who was working as the director of research and development at Fairchild Semiconductor at the time, was asked to predict what was going to happen in the semiconductor components industry over the next ten years, his response was a brief article entitled, "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits".[29] Within his editorial, he speculated that by 1975 it would be possible to contain as many as 65,000 components on a single quarter-inch semiconductor.
The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year. Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase. Over the longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain, although there is no reason to believe it will not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years.
His reasoning was a log-linear relationship between device complexity (higher circuit density at reduced cost) and time.[30][31]
At the 1975 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, Moore revised the forecast rate.[6][32] Semiconductor complexity would continue to double annually until about 1980 after which it would decrease to a rate of doubling approximately every two years,[32] he outlined several contributing factors for this exponential behavior:[30][31]
- die sizes were increasing at an exponential rate and as defective densities decreased, chip manufacturers could work with larger areas without losing reduction yields;
- simultaneous evolution to finer minimum dimensions;
- and what Moore called "circuit and device cleverness".
Shortly after 1975, Caltech professor Carver Mead popularized the term "Moore's law".[33][34]
Despite a popular misconception, Moore is adamant that he did not predict a doubling "every 18 months". Rather, David House, an Intel colleague, had factored in the increasing performance of transistors to conclude that integrated circuits would double in performance every 18 months.[35]
Moore's law came to be widely accepted as a goal for the industry, and it was cited by competitive semiconductor manufacturers as they strove to increase processing power. Moore viewed his eponymous law as surprising and optimistic: "Moore's law is a violation of Murphy's law. Everything gets better and better."[36] The observation was even seen as a self-fulfilling prophecy.[10][37] However, the rate of improvement in physical dimensions known as Dennard scaling has slowed in recent years; and the industry shifted in about 2016 from using semiconductor scaling as a driver to more of a focus on meeting the needs of major computing applications.[10][38]
In April 2005, Intel offered US$10,000 to purchase a copy of the original Electronics issue in which Moore's article appeared.[39] An engineer living in the United Kingdom was the first to find a copy and offer it to Intel.[40]
Moore's second law[edit]
As the cost of computer power to the consumer falls, the cost for producers to fulfill Moore's law follows an opposite trend: R&D, manufacturing, and test costs have increased steadily with each new generation of chips. Rising manufacturing costs are an important consideration for the sustaining of Moore's law;[41] this had led to the formulation of Moore's second law, also called Rock's law, which is that the capital cost of a semiconductor fab also increases exponentially over time.[42][43]
Major enabling factors[edit]
Numerous innovations by scientists and engineers have sustained Moore's law since the beginning of the integrated circuit (IC) era; some of the key innovations are listed below, as examples of breakthroughs that have advanced integrated circuit technology by more than seven orders of magnitude in less than five decades:
- The foremost contribution, which is the raison d'être for Moore's law, is the invention of the integrated circuit, credited contemporaneously to Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments[44] and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.[45]
- The invention of the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process by Frank Wanlass in 1963,[46] and a number of advances in CMOS technology by many workers in the semiconductor field since the work of Wanlass, have enabled the extremely dense and high-performance ICs that the industry makes today.
- The invention of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) technology by Robert Dennard at IBM in 1967[47] made it possible to fabricate single-transistor memory cells, and the invention of flash memory by Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba in the 1980s[48][49][50] led to low-cost, high-capacity memory in diverse electronic products.
- The invention of chemically-amplified photoresist by Hiroshi Ito, C. Grant Willson and J. M. J. Fréchet at IBM c. 1980[51][52][53] that was 5-10 times more sensitive to ultraviolet light.[54] IBM introduced chemically amplified photoresist for DRAM production in the mid-1980s.[55][56]
- The invention of deep UV excimer laser photolithography by Kanti Jain[57] at IBM c.1980[58][59][60] has enabled the smallest features in ICs to shrink from 800 nanometers in 1990 to as low as 10 nanometers in 2016.[61] Prior to this, excimer lasers had been mainly used as research devices since their development in the 1970s.[62][63] From a broader scientific perspective, the invention of excimer laser lithography has been highlighted as one of the major milestones in the 50-year history of the laser.[64][65]
- The interconnect innovations of the late 1990s, including chemical-mechanical polishing or chemical mechanical planarization (CMP), trench isolation, and copper interconnects—although not directly a factor in creating smaller transistors—have enabled improved wafer yield, additional layers of metal wires, closer spacing of devices, and lower electrical resistance.[66][67][68]
Computer industry technology road maps predicted in 2001 that Moore's law would continue for several generations of semiconductor chips. Depending on the doubling time used in the calculations, this could mean up to a hundredfold increase in transistor count per chip within a decade; the semiconductor industry technology roadmap used a three-year doubling time for microprocessors, leading to a tenfold increase in a decade.[69] Intel was reported in 2005 as stating that the downsizing of silicon chips with good economics could continue during the following decade,[note 1] and in 2008 as predicting the trend through 2029.[70]
Recent trends[edit]
This section needs to be updated.June 2019)(
One of the key challenges of engineering future nanoscale transistors is the design of gates; as device dimension shrinks, controlling the current flow in the thin channel becomes more difficult. Compared to FinFETs, which have gate dielectric on three sides of the channel, gate-all-around structure has even better gate control.
- In 2010, researchers at the Tyndall National Institute in Cork, Ireland announced a junctionless transistor. A control gate wrapped around a silicon nanowire can control the passage of electrons without the use of junctions or doping, they claim these may be produced at 10-nanometer scale using existing fabrication techniques.[71]
- In 2011, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh announced the development of a single-electron transistor, 1.5 nanometers in diameter, made out of oxide based materials. Three "wires" converge on a central "island" that can house one or two electrons. Electrons tunnel from one wire to another through the island. Conditions on the third wire result in distinct conductive properties including the ability of the transistor to act as a solid state memory.[72] Nanowire transistors could spur the creation of microscopic computers.[73][74][75]
- In 2012, a research team at the University of New South Wales announced the development of the first working transistor consisting of a single atom placed precisely in a silicon crystal (not just picked from a large sample of random transistors).[76] Moore's law predicted this milestone to be reached for ICs in the lab by 2020.
- In 2015, IBM demonstrated 7 nm node chips with silicon-germanium transistors produced using EUVL. The company believes this transistor density would be four times that of current 14 nm chips.[77]
Revolutionary technology advances may help sustain Moore's law through improved performance with or without reduced feature size.
- In 2008, researchers at HP Labs announced a working memristor, a fourth basic passive circuit element whose existence only had been theorized previously. The memristor's unique properties permit the creation of smaller and better-performing electronic devices.[78]
- In 2014, bioengineers at Stanford University developed a circuit modeled on the human brain. Sixteen "Neurocore" chips simulate one million neurons and billions of synaptic connections, claimed to be 9,000 times faster as well as more energy efficient than a typical PC.[79]
- In 2015, Intel and Micron announced 3D XPoint, a non-volatile memory claimed to be significantly faster with similar density compared to NAND. Production scheduled to begin in 2016 was delayed until the second half of 2017.[80][81][82]
While physical limits to transistor scaling such as source-to-drain leakage, limited gate metals, and limited options for channel material have been reached, new avenues for continued scaling are open; the most promising of these approaches rely on using the spin state of electron spintronics, tunnel junctions, and advanced confinement of channel materials via nano-wire geometry. A comprehensive list of available device choices shows that a wide range of device options is open for continuing Moore's law into the next few decades.[83] Spin-based logic and memory options are being developed actively in industrial labs,[84] as well as academic labs.[85]
Alternative materials research[edit]
The vast majority of current transistors on ICs are composed principally of doped silicon and its alloys; as silicon is fabricated into single nanometer transistors, short-channel effects adversely change desired material properties of silicon as a functional transistor. Below are several non-silicon substitutes in the fabrication of small nanometer transistors.
One proposed material is indium gallium arsenide, or InGaAs. Compared to their silicon and germanium counterparts, InGaAs transistors are more promising for future high-speed, low-power logic applications; because of intrinsic characteristics of III-V compound semiconductors, quantum well and tunnel effect transistors based on InGaAs have been proposed as alternatives to more traditional MOSFET designs.
- In 2009, Intel announced the development of 80-nanometer InGaAs quantum well transistors. Quantum well devices contain a material sandwiched between two layers of material with a wider band gap. Despite being double the size of leading pure silicon transistors at the time, the company reported that they performed equally as well while consuming less power.[86]
- In 2011, researchers at Intel demonstrated 3-D tri-gate InGaAs transistors with improved leakage characteristics compared to traditional planar designs. The company claims that their design achieved the best electrostatics of any III-V compound semiconductor transistor.[87] At the 2015 International Solid-State Circuits Conference, Intel mentioned the use of III-V compounds based on such an architecture for their 7 nanometer node.[88][89]
- In 2011, researchers at the University of Texas at Austin developed an InGaAs tunneling field-effect transistors capable of higher operating currents than previous designs. The first III-V TFET designs were demonstrated in 2009 by a joint team from Cornell University and Pennsylvania State University.[90][91]
- In 2012, a team in MIT's Microsystems Technology Laboratories developed a 22 nm transistor based on InGaAs which, at the time, was the smallest non-silicon transistor ever built. The team used techniques currently used in silicon device fabrication and aims for better electrical performance and a reduction to 10-nanometer scale.[92]
Research is also showing how biological micro-cells are capable of impressive computational power[clarification needed] while being energy efficient.[93]
Various forms of graphene are being studied for graphene electronics, eg. Graphene nanoribbon transistors have shown great promise since its appearance in publications in 2008. (Bulk graphene has a band gap of zero and thus cannot be used in transistors because of its constant conductivity, an inability to turn off. The zigzag edges of the nanoribbons introduce localized energy states in the conduction and valence bands and thus a bandgap that enables switching when fabricated as a transistor; as an example, a typical GNR of width of 10 nm has a desirable bandgap energy of 0.4eV.[94][95]) More research will need to be performed, however, on sub 50 nm graphene layers, as its resistivity value increases and thus electron mobility decreases.[94]
Driving the future via an application focus[edit]
Most semiconductor industry forecasters, including Gordon Moore,[96] expect Moore's law will end by around 2025.[97][98][99]
In April 2005, Gordon Moore stated in an interview that the projection cannot be sustained indefinitely: "It can't continue forever; the nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens." He also noted that transistors eventually would reach the limits of miniaturization at atomic levels:
In terms of size [of transistors] you can see that we're approaching the size of atoms which is a fundamental barrier, but it'll be two or three generations before we get that far—but that's as far out as we've ever been able to see. We have another 10 to 20 years before we reach a fundamental limit. By then they'll be able to make bigger chips and have transistor budgets in the billions.[100]
In 2016 the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, after using Moore's Law to drive the industry since 1998, produced its final roadmap, it no longer centered its research and development plan on Moore's law. Instead, it outlined what might be called the More than Moore strategy in which the needs of applications drive chip development, rather than a focus on semiconductor scaling. Application drivers range from smartphones to AI to data centers.[98]
A new initiative for a more generalized roadmapping was started through IEEE's initiative Rebooting Computing, named the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS).[101]
Technological change is a combination of more and of better technology. A 2011 study in the journal Science showed that the peak of the rate of change of the world's capacity to compute information was in 1998, when the world's technological capacity to compute information on general-purpose computers grew at 88% per year.[102] Since then, technological change clearly has slowed. In recent times, every new year allowed humans to carry out roughly 60% more computation than possibly could have been executed by all existing general-purpose computers in the year before;[102] this still is exponential, but shows that the rate of technological change varies over time.[103]
The primary driving force of economic growth is the growth of productivity,[16] and Moore's law factors into productivity. Moore (1995) expected that "the rate of technological progress is going to be controlled from financial realities";[104] the reverse could and did occur around the late-1990s, however, with economists reporting that "Productivity growth is the key economic indicator of innovation."[17]
An acceleration in the rate of semiconductor progress contributed to a surge in U.S. productivity growth,[105][106][107] which reached 3.4% per year in 1997–2004, outpacing the 1.6% per year during both 1972–1996 and 2005–2013.[108] As economist Richard G. Anderson notes, "Numerous studies have traced the cause of the productivity acceleration to technological innovations in the production of semiconductors that sharply reduced the prices of such components and of the products that contain them (as well as expanding the capabilities of such products)."[109]
An alternative source of improved performance is in microarchitecture techniques exploiting the growth of available transistor count. Out-of-order execution and on-chip caching and prefetching reduce the memory latency bottleneck at the expense of using more transistors and increasing the processor complexity; these increases are described empirically by Pollack's Rule, which states that performance increases due to microarchitecture techniques approximate the square root of the complexity (number of transistors or the area) of a processor.
For years, processor makers delivered increases in clock rates and instruction-level parallelism, so that single-threaded code executed faster on newer processors with no modification.[110] Now, to manage CPU power dissipation, processor makers favor multi-core chip designs, and software has to be written in a multi-threaded manner to take full advantage of the hardware. Many multi-threaded development paradigms introduce overhead, and will not see a linear increase in speed vs number of processors; this is particularly true while accessing shared or dependent resources, due to lock contention. This effect becomes more noticeable as the number of processors increases. There are cases where a roughly 45% increase in processor transistors has translated to roughly 10–20% increase in processing power.[111]
On the other hand, processor manufacturers are taking advantage of the 'extra space' that the transistor shrinkage provides to add specialized processing units to deal with features such as graphics, video, and cryptography. For one example, Intel's Parallel JavaScript extension not only adds support for multiple cores, but also for the other non-general processing features of their chips, as part of the migration in client side scripting toward HTML5.[112]
A negative implication of Moore's law is obsolescence, that is, as technologies continue to rapidly "improve", these improvements may be significant enough to render predecessor technologies obsolete rapidly. In situations in which security and survivability of hardware or data are paramount, or in which resources are limited, rapid obsolescence may pose obstacles to smooth or continued operations.[113]
Because of the toxic materials used in the production of modern computers, obsolescence, if not properly managed, may lead to harmful environmental impacts. On the other hand, obsolescence may sometimes be desirable to a company which can profit immensely from the regular purchase of what is often expensive new equipment instead of retaining one device for a longer period of time; those in the industry are well aware of this, and may utilize planned obsolescence as a method of increasing profits.[114]
Moore's law has affected the performance of other technologies significantly: Michael S. Malone wrote of a Moore's War following the apparent success of shock and awe in the early days of the Iraq War. Progress in the development of guided weapons depends on electronic technology.[115] Improvements in circuit density and low-power operation associated with Moore's law also have contributed to the development of technologies including mobile telephones[116] and 3-D printing.[117]
Other formulations and similar observations[edit]
Several measures of digital technology are improving at exponential rates related to Moore's law, including the size, cost, density, and speed of components. Moore wrote only about the density of components, "a component being a transistor, resistor, diode or capacitor",[104] at minimum cost.
Transistors per integrated circuit – The most popular formulation is of the doubling of the number of transistors on integrated circuits every two years. At the end of the 1970s, Moore's law became known as the limit for the number of transistors on the most complex chips; the graph at the top shows this trend holds true today.
- As of 2017, the commercially available processor possessing the highest number of transistors is the 48 core Centriq with over 18 billion transistors.[118]
Density at minimum cost per transistor – This is the formulation given in Moore's 1965 paper.[3] It is not just about the density of transistors that can be achieved, but about the density of transistors at which the cost per transistor is the lowest;[119] as more transistors are put on a chip, the cost to make each transistor decreases, but the chance that the chip will not work due to a defect increases. In 1965, Moore examined the density of transistors at which cost is minimized, and observed that, as transistors were made smaller through advances in photolithography, this number would increase at "a rate of roughly a factor of two per year".[3]
Dennard scaling – This suggests that power requirements are proportional to area (both voltage and current being proportional to length) for transistors. Combined with Moore's law, performance per watt would grow at roughly the same rate as transistor density, doubling every 1–2 years. According to Dennard scaling transistor dimensions are scaled by 30% (0.7x) every technology generation, thus reducing their area by 50%. This reduces the delay by 30% (0.7x) and therefore increases operating frequency by about 40% (1.4x). Finally, to keep electric field constant, voltage is reduced by 30%, reducing energy by 65% and power (at 1.4x frequency) by 50%.[note 2] Therefore, in every technology generation transistor density doubles, circuit becomes 40% faster, while power consumption (with twice the number of transistors) stays the same.[120]
The exponential processor transistor growth predicted by Moore does not always translate into exponentially greater practical CPU performance. Since around 2005–2007, Dennard scaling appears to have broken down, so even though Moore's law continued for several years after that, it has not yielded dividends in improved performance;[121][122] the primary reason cited for the breakdown is that at small sizes, current leakage poses greater challenges, and also causes the chip to heat up, which creates a threat of thermal runaway and therefore, further increases energy costs.[121][122]
The breakdown of Dennard scaling prompted a switch among some chip manufacturers to a greater focus on multicore processors, but the gains offered by switching to more cores are lower than the gains that would be achieved had Dennard scaling continued.[123][124] In another departure from Dennard scaling, Intel microprocessors adopted a non-planar tri-gate FinFET at 22 nm in 2012 that is faster and consumes less power than a conventional planar transistor.[125]
Quality adjusted price of IT equipment – The price of information technology (IT), computers and peripheral equipment, adjusted for quality and inflation, declined 16% per year on average over the five decades from 1959 to 2009. [126][127] The pace accelerated, however, to 23% per year in 1995–1999 triggered by faster IT innovation,[17] and later, slowed to 2% per year in 2010–2013.[126][128]
The rate of quality-adjusted microprocessor price improvement likewise varies, and is not linear on a log scale. Microprocessor price improvement accelerated during the late 1990s, reaching 60% per year (halving every nine months) versus the typical 30% improvement rate (halving every two years) during the years earlier and later.[129][130] Laptop microprocessors in particular improved 25–35% per year in 2004–2010, and slowed to 15–25% per year in 2010–2013.[131]
The number of transistors per chip cannot explain quality-adjusted microprocessor prices fully.[129][132][133] Moore's 1995 paper does not limit Moore's law to strict linearity or to transistor count, "The definition of 'Moore's Law' has come to refer to almost anything related to the semiconductor industry that when plotted on semi-log paper approximates a straight line. I hesitate to review its origins and by doing so restrict its definition."[104]
Hard disk drive areal density – A similar observation (sometimes called Kryder's law) was made in 2005 for hard disk drive areal density.[134] Several decades of rapid progress in areal density advancement slowed significantly around 2010, because of noise related to smaller grain size of the disk media, thermal stability, and writability using available magnetic fields.[135][136]
Fiber-optic capacity – The number of bits per second that can be sent down an optical fiber increases exponentially, faster than Moore's law. Keck's law, in honor of Donald Keck.[137]
Network capacity – According to Gerry/Gerald Butters,[138][139] the former head of Lucent's Optical Networking Group at Bell Labs, there is another version, called Butters' Law of Photonics,[140] a formulation that deliberately parallels Moore's law. Butters' law says that the amount of data coming out of an optical fiber is doubling every nine months.[141] Thus, the cost of transmitting a bit over an optical network decreases by half every nine months; the availability of wavelength-division multiplexing (sometimes called WDM) increased the capacity that could be placed on a single fiber by as much as a factor of 100. Optical networking and dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) is rapidly bringing down the cost of networking, and further progress seems assured; as a result, the wholesale price of data traffic collapsed in the dot-com bubble. Nielsen's Law says that the bandwidth available to users increases by 50% annually.[142]
Pixels per dollar – Similarly, Barry Hendy of Kodak Australia has plotted pixels per dollar as a basic measure of value for a digital camera, demonstrating the historical linearity (on a log scale) of this market and the opportunity to predict the future trend of digital camera price, LCD and LED screens, and resolution.[143][144][145]
The great Moore's law compensator (TGMLC), also known as Wirth's law – generally is referred to as software bloat and is the principle that successive generations of computer software increase in size and complexity, thereby offsetting the performance gains predicted by Moore's law. In a 2008 article in InfoWorld, Randall C. Kennedy,[146] formerly of Intel, introduces this term using successive versions of Microsoft Office between the year 2000 and 2007 as his premise. Despite the gains in computational performance during this time period according to Moore's law, Office 2007 performed the same task at half the speed on a prototypical year 2007 computer as compared to Office 2000 on a year 2000 computer.
Library expansion – was calculated in 1945 by Fremont Rider to double in capacity every 16 years, if sufficient space were made available.[147] He advocated replacing bulky, decaying printed works with miniaturized microform analog photographs, which could be duplicated on-demand for library patrons or other institutions, he did not foresee the digital technology that would follow decades later to replace analog microform with digital imaging, storage, and transmission media. Automated, potentially lossless digital technologies allowed vast increases in the rapidity of information growth in an era that now sometimes is called the Information Age.
Carlson curve – is a term coined by The Economist[148] to describe the biotechnological equivalent of Moore's law, and is named after author Rob Carlson.[149] Carlson accurately predicted that the doubling time of DNA sequencing technologies (measured by cost and performance) would be at least as fast as Moore's law.[150] Carlson Curves illustrate the rapid (in some cases hyperexponential) decreases in cost, and increases in performance, of a variety of technologies, including DNA sequencing, DNA synthesis, and a range of physical and computational tools used in protein expression and in determining protein structures.
Eroom's law – is a pharmaceutical drug development observation which was deliberately written as Moore's Law spelled backwards in order to contrast it with the exponential advancements of other forms of technology (such as transistors) over time. It states that the cost of developing a new drug roughly doubles every nine years.
Experience curve effects says that each doubling of the cumulative production of virtually any product or service is accompanied by an approximate constant percentage reduction in the unit cost. The acknowledged first documented qualitative description of this dates from 1885.[151][152] A power curve was used to describe this phenomenon in a 1936 discussion of the cost of airplanes.[153]
See also[edit]
- 5 nm The Quantum Tunneling Wall
- Accelerating change
- Amdahl's law
- Bell's law
- Beyond CMOS
- Dennard scaling
- Engelbart's law
- Empirical relationship
- Ephemeralization
- Eroom's law
- Grosch's law
- Gustafson's law
- Haitz's law – analog to Moore's law for LEDs
- Intel Tick-Tock
- Koomey's law
- Landauer's principle
- List of eponymous laws
- Metcalfe's law
- Microprocessor chronology
- Quantum computing
- Quantum tunneling
- Reversible computing
- Swanson's law
- Zimmerman's law
- ^ a b Moore, Gordon E. (1965-04-19). "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits". Electronics. Retrieved 2016-07-01.
- ^ The trend begins with the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958. See the graph on the bottom of page 3 of Moore's original presentation of the idea.[1]
- ^ a b c Moore, Gordon E. (1965). "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits" (PDF). Electronics Magazine. p. 4. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
- ^ Moore, Gordon. "Progress In Digital Integrated Electronics" (PDF). Retrieved July 15, 2015.
- ^ Krzanich, Brian (July 15, 2015). "Edited Transcript of INTC earnings conference call". Retrieved July 16, 2015.
Just last quarter, we celebrated the 50th anniversary of Moore's Law. In 1965 when Gordon's paper was first published, he predicted a doubling of transistor density every year for at least the next 10 years, his prediction proved to be right. In 1975, looking ahead to the next 10 years, he updated his estimate to a doubling every 24 months.
- ^ a b Takahashi, Dean (April 18, 2005). "Forty years of Moore's law". Seattle Times. San Jose, CA. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
A decade later, he revised what had become known as Moore's Law: The number of transistors on a chip would double every two years.
- ^ Moore, Gordon (2006). "Chapter 7: Moore's law at 40" (PDF). In Brock, David (ed.). Understanding Moore's Law: Four Decades of Innovation. Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 67–84. ISBN 978-0-941901-41-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ "Over 6 Decades of Continued Transistor Shrinkage, Innovation" (Press release). Santa Clara, California: Intel Corporation. Intel Corporation. 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
1965: Moore's Law is born when Gordon Moore predicts that the number of transistors on a chip will double roughly every year (a decade later, revised to every 2 years)
- ^ "Moore's Law to roll on for another decade". Retrieved 2011-11-27.
Moore also affirmed he never said transistor count would double every 18 months, as is commonly said. Initially, he said transistors on a chip would double every year, he then recalibrated it to every two years in 1975. David House, an Intel executive at the time, noted that the changes would cause computer performance to double every 18 months.
- ^ a b c Disco, Cornelius; van der Meulen, Barend (1998). Getting new technologies together. New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-3-11-015630-0. OCLC 39391108. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
- ^ Byrne, David M.; Oliner, Stephen D.; Sichel, Daniel E. (March 2013). Is the Information Technology Revolution Over? (PDF). Finance and Economics Discussion Series Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs Federal Reserve Board. Washington, D.C.: Federal Reserve Board Finance and Economics Discussion Series (FEDS). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-06-09.
technical progress in the semiconductor industry has continued to proceed at a rapid pace ... Advances in semiconductor technology have driven down the constant-quality prices of MPUs and other chips at a rapid rate over the past several decades.
- ^ Myhrvold, Nathan (June 7, 2006). "Moore's Law Corollary: Pixel Power". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Rauch, Jonathan (January 2001). "The New Old Economy: Oil, Computers, and the Reinvention of the Earth". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ^ Keyes, Robert W. (September 2006). "The Impact of Moore's Law". Solid State Circuits Newsletter. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ^ Liddle, David E. (September 2006). "The Wider Impact of Moore's Law". Solid State Circuits Newsletter. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ^ a b Kendrick, John W. (1961). Productivity Trends in the United States. Princeton University Press for NBER. p. 3.
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Year-over-year exponential computer performance scaling has ended. Complicating this is the coming disruption of the "technology escalator" underlying the industry: Moore's law.
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Further reading[edit]
- Moore's Law: The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley's Quiet Revolutionary. Arnold Thackray, David C. Brock, and Rachel Jones. New York: Basic Books, (May) 2015.
- Understanding Moore's Law: Four Decades of Innovation. Edited by David C. Brock. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2006. ISBN 0-941901-41-6. OCLC 66463488.
External links[edit]
|Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: The Information Age
- Intel press kit – released for Moore's Law's 40th anniversary, with a 1965 sketch by Moore
- The Lives and Death of Moore's Law – by Ilkka Tuomi; a detailed study on Moore's Law and its historical evolution and its criticism by Kurzweil
- No Technology has been more disruptive... Slide show of microchip growth
- Intel (IA-32) CPU speeds 1994–2005 – speed increases in recent years have seemed to slow down with regard to percentage increase per year (available in PDF or PNG format)
- International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS)
- Gordon Moore His Law and Integrated Circuit, Dream 2047 October 2006
- A C|net FAQ about Moore's Law at Archive.today (archived 2013-01-02)
- ASML's 'Our Stories', Gordon Moore about Moore's Law, ASML Holding

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Tuesday, May 8, 2007
And we keep going. The supplement to Big Rock Candy Mountain's Top 100 Drinking Songs.
We decided we needed a theme song here at Barstool Mountain. And a Patron Saint. The theme song was easy. Look at the title of the blog.
The Patron Saint, well, we had to think about it a bit. Winston Churchill leapt to mind initially. There were some obvious choices amongst the musicians: George Jones, Shane MacGowan, Merle Haggard, Tom Waits, Mark Eitzel, Johnny Paycheck, Wynonie Harris, etc. We thought about some actors: Richard Burton, Errol Flynn, W.C. Fields, Richard Harris, Oliver Reed. Authors seemed to be an easy target: James Joyce, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Dylan Thomas, Jim Thompson, Frederick Exley. Hell, the list goes on.
We finally decided that we could ask for no better Patron than Saint Dino himself. Dean Martin was the essence of cool. While Frank raged and Sammy joked, Dean was as smooth as honey, the personification of the Space Age Bachelor Pad man of leisure. There are rumours that Dino preferred to sit in his hotel room and watch Westerns rather than cavort with the ladies. No matter. Folks have even gone so far as to suggest that there was apple juice in his tumbler and club soda in his martini glass. No matter. It's the persona that matters. And don't forget the voice. A lazy perfection of tossed-off devil-may-care delivery. We love Dean, and welcome his as the Patron Saint of Barstool Mountain.
Here's more of the list.
221. Guinness (Crawling Chaos)
222. Double Crossing Whiskey (Stick McGhee)
223. Bartender's Blues (Johnny Bond)
224. Corn Whiskey (Jimmy Witherspoon)
225. Drunk, That's All (Laverne Ray)
226. Gary's Song (American Music Club)
227. The Pub With No Beer (Traditional)
228. Must've Been Drunk (George Jones and Merle Haggard)
229. Straight Tequila Night (John Anderson)
230. Whiskey, Women, and Loaded Dice (Joe Liggins and the Honeydrippers)
231. Drink Up and Be Somebody (Merle Haggard)
232. Good Liquor Gonna Carry Me Down (Big Bill Broonzy)
233. Cold Gin (KISS)
234. Aged and Mellow Blues (Little Esther)
235. If I'm Gonna Sink (Johnny Paycheck)
236. Juiced (Billy Love)
237. Drunken Barrel House Blues (Memphis Minnie)
238. Beer For Breakfast (The Replacements)
239. Cherry Wine (Charlie Feathers)
240. Too Many Bubbles (Jay Chevalier)
Posted by Brian K Reese at 8:00 AM
3 comments:
- Scurvy said...
A perfect patron saint! Excellent choice. Cheers!
- May 8, 2007 at 2:50 PM
I agree. A perfect patron saint. This guy puts the legend of Hugh Heffner to shame, simply because he surrounded himself with large-breasted smiling babes while he boozed (or pretended to). Hugh was too smooth, and while Dean was smooth, it all seemed to come more naturally to him.
- May 8, 2007 at 6:25 PM
- Beth said...
Nice to see AMC make an appearance. Will there be any more, I wonder?
- May 10, 2007 at 4:13 AM
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text: « back to directory print Elizabeth Fajans Associate Professor of Legal Writing 250 Joralemon Street Brooklyn, NY 11201 (718) 780-7989 | Email | CV Areas of Expertise Language and the LawLegal Writing Education B.A., Sarah Lawrence College M.A., Ph.D., Rutgers University Biography Courses Publications Noteworthy Elizabeth Fajans is the Law School's writing specialist. Her book co-authored with Professor Walter, Writing and Analysis in the Law, is in its sixth edition and is a widely used first-year legal writing text for law students. She is also the author or co-author of other books about writing in the legal field. Her scholarly interests and lectures have focused on rhetoric and the law. Her article "Against the Tyranny of Paraphrase: Talking Back to Texts" in the Cornell Law Review was co-authored the with Professor Falk and was the first call for critical reading pedagogy in law school. Fajans was awarded the 2010 recipient of the AALS section award for Legal Writing, Research, and Analysis for significant lifetime contributions to the field of legal writing. Professor Fajans is an Edward V. Sparer Public Interest Law Fellowship Committee Member and is affiliated with the Center for Law, Language & Cognition. She is on the editorial board of the Legal Writing Institute monograph series and has been on the Board of the Legal Writing Institute and on the editorial board of the Journal of Legal Writing. She is also a representative to the Association of Legal Writing Directors. Prior to joining the faculty in 1984, she taught at Fairleigh Dickinson University and Rutgers University. Related Links: Faculty News Curriculum


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About the Hawk's Nest Incident--Background for Muriel Rukeyser's The Book of the Dead
Ashley Lucas and Ariadne Paxton
The Hawk's Nest Incident is the story of one of this country's worst industrial disasters. The disaster took place in Gauley Bridge, West Virginia. The incident revolves around the contraction of silicosis while constructing a new hydroelectric power plant. Silicosis is a disease that infects the lungs and gradually causes the cells to digest themselves. The most common symptom exhibited by infected persons was shortness of breath. Silicosis was contracted through inhaling rock dust that contained silica dust. Blasting away at the rock in order to build a tunnel produced the dust.
In 1927 the proposal to build the hydroelectric plant on the New River was brought up. This hydroelectric project was conceived to help boost West Virginia's economy. Construction began under the Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation. Union Carbide then formed the New Kanahwa Power Company. This new undertaking included the building of several structures; two power stations, two dams, and two tunnels. The total investment totaled approximately $9,000,000.00. The Rinehart and Dennis Company of Charlottesville, VA was contracted to begin construction. Rinehart and Dennis worked under the Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation engineers, thus giving U.C.C.C. tight control over the project. Workers came from all over the Southeast. The majority of these new employees were African-American. One procedure used to build the tunnel was called "mucking." This was the process by which the broken rock was removed from the tunnel. The removal of the broken rock aided the dispersal of dust that might have been contaminated with silica dust. This dust might have infected several hundred men. The rock was then carried out of the tunnel via "dinkeys"(or small locomotives).
The work schedule that was set included a six day work week with two ten-hour shifts per day. The workforce was composed unevenly of African-Americans and Caucasians. There were clearly more African-Americans employed by U.C.C.C. that were required to work in the tunnels than white workers. As a result, more African-Americans died as a result of silicosis. The discrimination did not end with the tunnel workers. The company provided its workers with housing. The housing was scarcely better than living in a shack, but the white workers were charged less rent for their accommodations than their African-American counterparts. While the employer thought that they were being considerate providing housing, there were not even close to enough beds for all of the workers and their families. The cost of living in the villages, much like the rent was determined by race. The process of working in the tunnel consisted of two three-hour shifts. Holes were drilled in the rock for several feet and then dynamite was inserted in the holes to blast out the remainder of the rock. After the explosion the debris would have to be cleared out. The clearing out of debris involved a lot of contact with the dust that contained silica. In addition to the dusty conditions, the use of gasoline powered equipment also polluted the already contaminated air. It has been reported that black workers were forced to clean out the tunnel after the blast that was by far the most dangerous part of the job. Length of employment rarely lasted over a year as a result of the dangerous working conditions. The records of medical services rendered to the workmen have never been fully recovered. Without medical records, it is very difficult to determine whether or not patients truly suffered from silicosis. Another obstacle in diagnosing these patients was that physicians of the time were not very familiar with silicosis as a disease. It resembled tuberculosis and was often misdiagnosed as such. It also appears that Union Carbide never took any steps to assess the risk of the workers being exposed to silica dust. The accounts of how unbearable the dust was vary. There are several accounts from workers saying that they emerged daily from the tunnels coated in dust from head to toe. There are also members of the community who likewise said that the workers were often so dust covered that they left footprints as they walked away from the mines back to their houses. The officials of the Union Carbide and Rinehart and Dennis disagree with this account and say that if there was any dust coverage on the workers, it was minimal.
In 1932 several lawsuits began to be filed on behalf some of the afflicted workers. Many of the local residents testified of behalf of the workers. The residents claimed that the workers were often coated with dust when they left the work site. Rinehart and Dennis used a single witness who happened to be the general manager of the project. He claimed that there was never any negligence on the part of the administration and that there was no known documented case of silicosis reported by one of his workers. He also said that he never heard his employees complain about the conditions while working in the tunnel. By the mid-1930ís the courts had ruled in favor of compensating the plaintiffs. The allocation of money was based on race and marital status, just as wages and housing had been earlier. A single black man would receive $400, while a married white man received $1000. In addition to these payments, the families of deceased workers received an extra $600. In 1935 the West Virginia House of Delegates passed a new state worker's compensation law which would compensate workers who were infected with silicosis. Despite this giant step forward in compensating workers for illness contracted on the job, there were many loopholes. These loopholes cleared the employer of responsibility for the disease and made eligibility for this law almost impossible for workers. Some of the clauses that made eligibility so difficult were clauses involving the length of employment someone had to endure before they could claim workman's compensation under this new law. The hearings that existed at this time did not do enough to relieve or compensate the victims and their families, despite the new legislation that was passed. A positive aspect of these hearings was that these hearings opened other people's eyes to the danger of working with silica dust and to the risks involved with working in tunnels and mines.
By the late 1930s most of the nation's leading newsmagazines such as Time and Newsweek were running articles about the Hawk's Nest Incident. The national exposure that silicosis was now receiving made other industrial projects aware of the danger that was imposed on their workers. In addition to the national exposure this industrial disaster was receiving in print, there was also a song written about the suffering of the men at Hawk's Nest. The famed blues musician, Pinewood Tom, wrote one particular song. This song was appropriately titled "Silicosis Is Killing Me."
An actual number of how many people died as a result of silicosis in Gauley Bridge has never been reached; however, the estimate has been set at around 700 deaths. There have been no authoritarian documents to tell us what exactly happened. The victims remain for the most part anonymous. There were no headstones for the graves that have been found. The numbers of how many died vary in different reports, just as the causes of these deaths were constantly debated. The agreement has always been reached right around 700. The one consistent factor is that proportionally more blacks than whites died in this great disaster. Black deaths were also underreported, thus skewing the number of deaths even further. Investigators tried to obtain more information about deaths at this time through a comparison of county records. This process proved futile since many records were only accessible through a certain date, thus, leaving several incomplete files. It was also difficult to find a "normal" death rate for the time to compare the death rates of these workers with. These records also did not account for the numbers of migrant workers who left the area after completing their work and possibly died from silicosis elsewhere. Cherniack also derived that there have been no statistical means by which the total amount of suffering and despair of these afflicted people could be measured.
The prospects for local men to work in the mines after working at Hawk's Nest were slim to none when the operators discovered that these men had been exposed to silica dust, which could be killing them. After the afflicted were compensated, Rinehart and Dennis never again competed for a major project. They seemed to disappear after all of the hearings. Union Carbide thought they had vindicated themselves by claiming no responsibility for silicosis. Up until at least 1940, silicosis remained absent from the list of diseases that could be claimed under the workman's compensation laws. There is no longer any indication of where the camps once stood on the construction site.
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