text:
Personal Security And Crime Prevention
A community must do more than simply react to crime. Shoreline Community College has a reasonably safe and secure campus because of the commitment that has been made by the entire college community. Shoreline Community College provides the following services and programs to improve safety on campus and to educate the campus community about security issues.
- 1. Personal Safety Program:
The Department of Safety and Security provides a limited escort program particularly during the hours of darkness, for people walking on campus to the parking lot or bus stop. Students, faculty and staff are asked to walk with others when possible and to choose paths that are well lit. Call (206) 235-5861 if you are in need of a security escourt.
- 2. New Student Orientation:
Crime prevention materials are provided and questions are answered during new student orientation meetings.
- 3. Emergency Telephones:
Phones are located in eight prominent locations on campus. These emergency telephones dial directly to the Campus Security Office or the security officers' cell phone. If not available, students, faculty and staff must use one of the pay phones located on campus to call for help (Remember emergency calls to 911 are always free calls).
- 4. Electronic Monitoring Systems:
Fire and intrusion alarms are monitored 24 hours a day by a private company. The Department of Campus Safety and Security, local law enforcement and fire service receive notification from the monitoring company during any activation of an electronic system.
- 5. Operation Identification:
Students, faculty, and staff are strongly encouraged to mark their valuables with either a driver's license number or personal number for identification and to record the serial numbers if available.
- 6. Crime Prevention Materials:
Brochures and posters related to substance abuse, personal safety, seat belt use, motor vehicle and bicycle theft prevention, and office security are distributed campus wide.
- 7. Crime Prevention Presentations:
Presentations are available through the Department of Campus Safety and Security upon request.
- 8. Victim Assistance Referral Program:
Referrals to various agencies that assist victims of crime are made through the Department of Campus Safety and Security, the Vice President for Student Services Office, and the Women's Center.
- 9. Crime Alert:
Campus community members are notified of any violent incident or crime against property occurring on campus, which may pose a threat to their personal safety and security. The Crime Alert Bulletins are posted in prominent areas at the affected locations and by circulating the information to the college employees through inner campus and electronic mail.
- 10. Crime Prevention Tips:
Fliers on specific crime prevention topics are posted at strategic locations on all campuses, delivered to college employees through inter campus mail and sent to the student


text:
When Battlefield: Bad Company 2 riffed on rival Modern Warfare 2's "Mapathy" promo last week, it could be seen as a playful poke. This, however - a comprehensive parody of October's infamous "F.A.G.S." video - is a straight-up nutshot.
For those not familiar with C.C. Sabathia or why he would be in this video, his team, the New York Yankees, triumphed in the World Series over the Philadelphia Phillies, whose ace Cole Hamels is a noted Modern Warfare enthusiast and appeared in the "Fight Against Grenade Spam" PSA about a week before his team was defeated.
Hamels, you may remember, pretended to raise awareness of the social ill of grenade spamming in last year's Internet-only viral video. But the obvious acronym made by the name of his cause got Infinity Ward in a bit of a mess, and the video was removed about 48 hours after Infinity Ward placed it on YouTube. Let's also note the contrived "F.R.A.G.S." acronym, with the R (for "Really") italicized in the title card. That is what many (including one of Kotaku's own commenters) said Infinity Ward should have done to both keep their trailer's edge flavor while avoiding the sour tinge of homophobia.
So, let's see: Make fun of a direct competitor's game. Make fun of an embarrassing situation for them. Punk their celebrity endorser. Check, check and check, mate.
If Electronic Arts is willing to go get a major league baseball all-star - and EA doesn't make a baseball game, so it's not like they had a relationship already - to clown Activision and Infinity Ward, what's next? Will they fire DICE's co-founders?
[thanks to Jay for noticing and sending this along]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|"Steel Demon"
|Birth Date:
|Placentia, Calif.
|High School:
|Esperanza HS
Selix was red-shirted in both 2009 and 2010... Placed first at the 2009 Cal Poly Invite with a time of 11:21... Eighth at the 2009 Big West Conference (11:13)... Ran the 2011 5k Lagoon Invitational with a time of 18:09... Placed fourth at the Big West Conference in 2011 with a time of 10:43... She was also a 2011 NCAA first round qualifier... She also competed in the 2008 Big West Championship meet.
High School
Was a member of the Ezperanza squad that took second in the State Meet in 2007...Was All-Sunset League in 2007...Also named to the All-State third team in 2007...Named to the All-Orange County team in 2008...Is on the top ten lists at Esperanza in the 800m (fifth, 2:14.67), 1600m (sixth, 5:03), and 3200m (fourth, 11:04).
Daughter of Emma Selix... Majoring in biology and hopes to practice sports medicine... Her most memorable sports moment was the 2007 State Meet... Her favorite sports teams are the Angels... Favorite athletes are Danielle Domenichelli and Scott Smith... She enjoys books by the author Teeny Adams... Her favorite movies include: Inglorious Bastards, Home Alone, and A Christmas Story... Enjoys surfing, listening to music, and eating delicious foods.
Collegiate Career Bests
5k- 18:09 (Lagoon Invitational, 9/3/11)
6k- 21:14.90 (UC Riverside Invitationl, 9/17/11)


text:
About Mateo Jose
Prohibition and Muslims
And why is it in the news everyday? Quite annoying.
Paper and ink? Believe it or not they already have 3D printers (stereo lithography) that can print objects with moving parts. I've seen fully-functional crescent wrenches printed.
Dude, I bought my first 2D printer over 20 years ago. Get with the times.
Try again.
Good point. Someday in the not-too-distant future, people will have electronic implants in their brains. These processors will be more powerful than any smart phone of today.
At that point in time, I suppose any crime committed would fall under the CFAA.
Agreed. I'm really tired of people complaining about their privacy being violated online. If you don't want anyone to see your tweets or photos on Facebook...DON'T POST THEM! Ever! Even if you have a private account.. things can happen. Remember that one day (two years ago) when everyone on Facebook lost their privacy settings? Hmmm?
Well for starters, "Egypt" is the English word for that country. And...Egyptians call the country "مصر" in Arabic. Who even knows what the Chinese call it or how they write it. But yes, perhaps misspelling the name would help for any Engrish-speaking Chinese.
A-MAZ-ING what is happening in the world today. Who knew that the Internet and Twitter would cause such upheavals? It is even more fascinating that these despotic leaders don't want their own people communicating with each other. From an oppressive leader's POV I can understand it, though! XD
Yes. He is an adult film star.
I would suggest a Ham radio network. With repeaters, you could reach all the way to Canada. There, the "Resistance" could dictate your tweets directly to the Internet. Let's hope that the feds don't employ any type of frequency jamming!


text:
Continental Divide of the Americas
The Continental Divide of the Americas (also known as the Continental Gulf of Division, the Great Divide, or merely the Continental Divide) is the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas. The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan, and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from (1) those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean (including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea), and (2) along the northernmost reaches of the Divide, those river systems that drain into the Arctic Ocean.
Though there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas, the Great Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions.
The Continental Divide of the Americas begins at Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, the westernmost point on the mainland of the Americas. The Divide crosses northern Alaska into the Yukon, then zig-zags south into British Columbia via the Cassiar Mountains and Omineca Mountains and northern Nechako Plateau to Summit Lake, north of the city of Prince George and just south of the community of McLeod Lake. From there the Divide traverses the McGregor Plateau to the spine of the Rockies, following the crest of the Canadian Rockies southeast to the 120th meridian west, from there forming the boundary between southern British Columbia and southern Alberta.
The Divide crosses into the United States in northwestern Montana, at the boundary between Waterton Lakes National Park and Glacier National Park. In Canada, it forms the western boundary of Waterton Lakes National Park, and in the US bisects Glacier National Park. Further south, the Divide forms the backbone of the Rocky Mountain Front (Front Range) in the Bob Marshall Wilderness, heads south towards Helena and Butte, then west past the namesake community of Divide, Montana through the Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness to the Bitterroot Range, where it forms the eastern third of the state boundary between Idaho and Montana. The Divide crosses into Wyoming within Yellowstone National Park and continues southeast into Colorado where it reaches its highest point in North America at the summit of Grays Peak at 4,352 m (14,278 feet)[citation needed] . It crosses US Hwy 160 in southern Colorado at Wolf Creek Pass, where a line symbolizes the division. The Divide then proceeds south into western New Mexico, passing along the western boundary of the endorheic Plains of San Agustin. Although the Divide represents the height of land between watersheds, it does not always follow the highest ranges/peaks within each state or province.
In Mexico, it passes through Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, México, the Federal District, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. In Central America, it continues through southern Guatemala, southwestern Honduras, western Nicaragua, western/southwestern Costa Rica, and southern Panama. The divide reaches its lowest point in Central America at the Isthmus of Rivas at 47 m (154 feet) in Nicaragua.
The Divide continues into South America, where it follows the peaks of the Andes Mountains, traversing western Colombia, central Ecuador, western and southwestern Peru, and eastern Chile (essentially conforming to the Chile-Bolivia and Chile-Argentina boundaries), southward to the southern end of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
In North America, another, mainly non-mountainous divide, the Laurentian Divide (or Northern Divide), further separates the Hudson Bay-Arctic Ocean drainage region from the Atlantic watershed region. Secondary divides separate the watersheds that flow into the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River (ultimately into the Atlantic) from watersheds that flow to the Atlantic via the Missouri-Mississippi complex. Another secondary divide follows the Appalachian chain, which separates those streams and rivers that flow directly into the Atlantic Ocean from those that exit via the Mississippi River.
Triple points
Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park, Montana, is the point where two of the principal continental divides in North America converge, the Great Divide and the Northern or Laurentian Divide. From this point, waters flow to the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Mexico, and the Arctic Ocean via Hudson Bay. Most geographers, geologists, meteorologists, and oceanographers consider this point the hydrological apex of North America.[citation needed] This is not the only place on earth where two oceanic divides meet, i.e., where waters from a single point area feed into three different oceans.[citation needed] This status of Triple Divide Peak is the main reason behind the designation of Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park as the "Crown of the Continent" of North America.[1] Sources differ, however, on whether Hudson Bay is part of the Atlantic or Arctic Ocean. Hudson Bay's waters flow predominantly to the Atlantic and do not directly contribute to the Arctic Ocean.[2]
Another triple divide or triple point occurs in Canada at an unimportant-looking hump on the border between Alberta and British Columbia, called Snow Dome because the Columbia Icefield completely covers the summit with ice and snow. At 3,456 metres (11,300 ft), Snow Dome is over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) higher than Triple Divide Peak. Its modest appearance is partly because of its broad and gently rounded summit, and partly because there are 8 other peaks nearby on the Columbia Icefield which are higher than it is.[3] The exact location of the triple point is somewhat indeterminate because the Columbia Icefield and the snow on top of it shift from year to year. The snow that falls on it (about 10 metres (33 ft) per year) doesn't really flow downhill as water, it creeps downhill in the form of glacial ice.
Ice flowing away from Snow Dome down the Athabasca Glacier goes to the Arctic Ocean, via the Athabasca and Mackenzie Rivers. Ice flowing west goes to the Pacific Ocean via Bryce Creek and the Bush and Columbia Rivers. Ice flowing down the Saskatchewan Glacier goes via the North Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, and Nelson Rivers into Hudson Bay.[4] Some people believe Snow Dome to be the hydrological apex of North America because they consider Hudson Bay an extension of the Atlantic Ocean,.[5] Despite the fact that many people think of it as being an Arctic water body, Hudson Bay lies entirely south of the Arctic Circle. The channels to the north of it are almost completely cut off by Baffin Island, so nearly all of the water that enters it flows out east via Hudson Strait into the North Atlantic Ocean rather than north into the Arctic Ocean.The result is that nearly all of the ice flowing off Snow Dome down the Saskatchewan Glacier eventually ends up as water in the Atlantic Ocean[6] .[7]
In fact, there are such triple divide points wherever any two continental divides meet. North America can be considered to have five major drainage systems: into the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, plus Hudson Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Within this system there are four continental divides and three triple points, the two mentioned previously and a third near Hibbing, Minnesota where the Northern Divide intersects the Saint Lawrence Seaway divide.[8] Since there is no true consensus on what a continental divide is, there is no real agreement on where the triple points are.[9] However, the main Continental Divide described in this article is a far more distinctive geological feature than the others and its two main triple points are much more prominent.
Hiking trail
The Continental Divide Trail (CDT) follows the Divide through the U.S. from the Mexican border to the Canadian border. The trail itself is a corridor of pathways - i.e. dedicated footpaths or back roads, either on or near the Continental Divide. A less-developed Canadian extension called the Great Divide Trail continues through five national parks and six provincial parks, ending at Kakwa Lake in east-central British Columbia.[10]
Many endorheic regions in North America complicate the simple view of east or west, "ocean-bound" water flow. Several endorheic basins appear to straddle the Continental Divide, including the Great Divide Basin in Wyoming, the Plains of San Agustin in New Mexico, the Guzmán Basin in New Mexico and Chihuahua, Mexico, and the Bolsón de Mapimí in Mexico. However, such a basin can be conceptually assigned to one side of the Divide or the other by its lowest perimeter pass; in other words, the proper assignment can be made by determining how the drainage would occur if the basin were to overflow. In line with this, USGS topographic maps show a unique path for the Divide even when a basin is adjacent.
Another kind of exception occurs when a stream falling onto the Divide splits and flows in both directions, or a lake straddling the divide overflows in both directions. Examples of these are, respectively, North Two Ocean Creek and Isa Lake, both located on the Continental Divide in Wyoming. The Panama Canal has this same feature, being man-made. Both the Chagres and Gatun rivers flow into Gatun Lake, which empties to both oceans.
Numerous small lakes along the Divide in the Rocky Mountains between Alberta and British Columbia flow into both provinces and thus into both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. An example is the "Committee Punch Bowl", a small lake named by Sir George Simpson, governor of the Hudson Bay Company, while touring his vast Canadian fur-trading empire in 1825. According to historical sources, "The small circular basin of water at the summit, twenty yards in diameter, is dignified with the name of the 'Committee's Punch Bowl' in honour of which the Governor treated them (his fur traders) to a bottle of wine as they had 'neither time nor convenience to make a bowl of punch, although a glass of it would have been acceptable.'" The reference is to the governing committee of the Hudson's Bay Company in London, England.[11]
The Alpine Club of Canada's Abbot Pass Hut sits directly astride the Divide in Abbot Pass on the boundary between Banff National Park and Yoho National Park, and thus rainwater falling on the eastern half of the roof flows via Lake Louise into Hudson Bay, while rain falling on the western half flows via Lake O'Hara into the Pacific Ocean. Ski Resort Sunshine Village crosses the Divide, causing confusion about which province skiers should pay taxes to, Alberta or British Columbia. British Columbia has a 7% provincial sales tax which Alberta does not have.
See also
- Continental divide
- Eastern Continental Divide
- Great Divide Trail
- Great Divide Mountain Bike Route
- Laurentia
- Laurentian Divide (Northern Divide)
- List of railroad crossings of the North American continental divide
- ↑ "State of Flathead Lake". University of Montana Flathead Lake Biological Station. Retrieved 2015-09-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lewis, Edward Lyn; Jones, E. Peter; et al., eds. (2000). The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Springer. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7923-6439-9. Retrieved 26 November 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Birrel, Dave (2007). "Snow Dome". Peaks of the Canadian Rockes. PeakFinder (Rocky Mountain Books). Retrieved 2007-12-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Snow Dome-South Slope, British Columbia". Peakbagger. Retrieved 2015-09-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Sanford, Robert W. (2010). Our World's Heritage: Creating a Culture Worthy of Place in Canada's Western Mountain Parks. Athabasca University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-897425-57-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Timmer, Henry (2006). "Snow Dome - The Hydrological Apex of North America". Snow Dome. climbwild.net. Retrieved 2007-12-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Timmer, Henry. "The Columbia Icefield". climbwild.net. Retrieved 2014-07-30.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ monica driscollian rivers atlas (2006). "Minnesota Rivers Map". Minnesota State Map Collection. Geology.com. Retrieved 2007-12-29.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Gonzalez, Mark A. (2002). "Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America" (PDF). NGDS Newsletter. North Dakota Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-12-29.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lynx, Dustin (2000). Hiking Canada's Great Divide Trail. Rocky Mountain Books. ISBN 0-921102-79-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ GeoBC (2013). "Committee Punch Bowl". http://www2.gov.bc.ca/. Copyright © 2013, Province of British Columbia. Retrieved 2014-09-29. External link in
|website=(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
External links
Find more about
Continental Divide
at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Definitions from Wiktionary
|Media from Commons
|News stories from Wikinews
|Quotations from Wikiquote
|Source texts from Wikisource
|Textbooks from Wikibooks
|Learning resources from Wikiversity
- A detailed map of watersheds in North America
- A detailed overview of isolated wetlands from the USFWS
- Detailed article, maps, and boundary data from The National Atlas of the United States
- Parting of the Waters: a creek that flows to two oceans
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Continental Divide (New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana)
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Continental Divide (Alaska)
- CS1 errors: external links
- Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015
- Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012
- Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012
- Geography of North America
- Water divides
- Great Divide of North America
- Drainage basins of North America
- Landforms of the United States


text:
No. 93,560
1. A reasonable inference of guilt may be established by circumstantial evidence; Kansas case law is clear that a conviction for even the gravest offense may be sustained on circumstantial evidence.
2. Circumstantial evidence tends to prove a fact in issue by proving other events or circumstances which afford a basis for a reasonable inference by the jury of the occurrence of the fact in issue.
3. Even if all of the evidence might support another theory of events, an appellate court's function is to determine whether a basis of evidence exists to support the jury's determination of guilt.
4. Despite some evidence casting doubt on the credibility of key witnesses, we simply do not reweigh such evidence or redetermine the credibility of witnesses.
5. Upon conviction in a criminal action, the defendant is liable for the costs of both the prosecution and defense of the case.
6. It is beyond the district court's discretion to award costs and expenses that were unrelated to prosecuting the crimes of conviction. The defendant cannot be responsible for prosecution costs related only to charges that resulted in an acquittal.
7. A sentencing court assessing fees to reimburse the Board of Indigents' Defense Services under K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 22-4513 must consider on the record at the time of assessment the financial resources of the defendant and the nature of the burden that payment of the fees will impose.
Appeal from Ellis District Court; THOMAS L. TOEPFER, judge. Opinion filed October 13, 2006. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.
Reid T. Nelson, capital and conflicts appellate defender, and Sandra Carr, of Topeka, for appellant.
Thomas J. Drees, county attorney, and Phill Kline, attorney general, for appellee.
Before GREENE, P.J., CAPLINGER and BUSER, JJ.
GREENE, J.: Jaime Raul Lopez III appeals his conviction of aggravated battery, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and the district court's assessment of costs, expenses, and attorney fees. We affirm his conviction but reverse and remand for further proceedings on the award of costs and attorney fees.
Factual and Procedural Background
For his role in a general melee involving 12 to 15 individuals at an apartment complex near Fort Hays State University in the early morning hours of November 13, 2003, Lopez was charged with the second-degree murder of Clint Johnson and the aggravated battery of Jason Penka. He was also charged with intimidating two witnesses to these events, Steven Vincent and Christopher Ross.
The detailed facts regarding the melee are extremely convoluted, but the dispute began with racial slurs directed toward Lopez and others, and then escalated to a general community fight involving attacks and retreats over several hours and at various locations within the apartment complex, with various weapons used by various individuals and varying groups of individuals, many of whom were never conclusively identified.
According to the State, Lopez attacked Johnson after he was already down as a result of violent attacks by others, and Lopez attacked Penka with a knife during a chase, rendering a puncture wound to Penka's back. After the incidents of November 13, 2003, the State claimed Lopez asked two witnesses to relate stories to the authorities that were not truthful.
Numerous persons were charged with various aspects of the melee, but all pled except Lopez. His trial lasted 7 days, included the testimony of 33 witnesses, and consumed over 1,300 pages of transcript. The jury acquitted Lopez of the murder charge, but convicted him of the aggravated battery and both counts of intimidating a witness. Lopez appeals.
Was There Sufficient Evidence to Support the Aggravated Battery Conviction?
Lopez first argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction of aggravated battery; he emphasizes that no one testified that they saw him stab Penka and that Penka was completely unaware of any such attack until the next morning when the wound was discovered.
When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged in a criminal case, the standard of review is whether, after review of all the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the appellate court is convinced that a rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Calvin, 279 Kan. 193, 198, 105 P.3d 710 (2005).
We begin by endorsing well-established rules for analyzing the jury's conviction. A reasonable inference of guilt may be established by circumstantial evidence; Kansas case law is clear that a conviction for even the gravest offense may be sustained on circumstantial evidence. State v. Dixon, 279 Kan. 563, 621, 112 P.3d 883 (2005). Circumstantial evidence tends to prove a fact in issue by proving other events or circumstances which afford a basis for a reasonable inference by the jury of the occurrence of the fact in issue. State v. Evans, 275 Kan. 95, 105, 62 P.3d 220 (2003); see State v. Boone, 277 Kan. 208, 217, 83 P.3d 195 (2004).
We have sifted through the trial testimony and conclude that, when viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence supporting the conviction can be summarized as follows: (1) the initial racial slurs directed toward Lopez were made by Penka, thus providing some evidence of motive; (2) Lopez is the only individual with a knife seen by any witness to the entirety of the events that evening; (3) two witnesses identified Lopez as having a steak knife; (4) one of these witnesses relates the story in a fashion that permits an inference that Lopez had the knife during the chase of Penka; (5) Lopez was seen in the lead of the group that chased Penka into his apartment; (6) a steak knife with the handle broken off was found the next day near Penka's apartment, and lab tests matched Penka's blood to the blood found on the knife; (7) the only other time Penka was attacked during the melee, there were no knives seen by any witness; and (8) Penka received his small puncture wound in the back at some time during the melee, although he remained unaware that he had been stabbed until the next day.
From this evidence, the jury could form a reasonable inference that Lopez punctured Penka's back–without Penka's awareness of the wound–during the chase of Penka into his apartment. Even if all of the evidence might support another theory of events, our function is to determine whether a basis of evidence exists to support the jury's determination of guilt. Boone, 277 Kan. at 218. Moreover, despite some evidence casting doubt on the credibility of key witnesses, we simply do not reweigh such evidence or redetermine the credibility of witnesses. State v. Mays, 277 Kan. 359, 363, 85 P.3d 1208 (2004).
We conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support Lopez' conviction of aggravated battery of Penka.
Did the District Court Err in Awarding the State All Costs and $2,108 in Witness Expenses?
Lopez next challenges the district court's award of costs and expenses. The award consisted of two major components: (1) $1,108.12 "through the clerk of court" for court costs including preliminary hearing witness fees and mileage, jury trial witness fees, and docket fees; and (2) $2,108.32 for a portion of the travel expenses for trial witnesses, including flight tickets, lodging, or mileage for Thaddeus Brown, David Garcia, Lauren Hargitt, Jason Penka, Nikki Hopkins, Michael Penka, Eric Cerovsky, Steve Vincent, and Cody Zimmerman. Lopez argues on appeal that a significant portion of these costs and expenses are not related to his convictions, but rather were incurred in connection with a charge for which he was acquitted.
To the extent that this issue requires statutory interpretation, we exercise unlimited review. See State v. Goeller, 276 Kan. 578, 584, 77 P.3d 1272 (2003). To the extent that the district court has discretion in an award for costs and expenses, we review for an abuse of discretion. See State v. Phelps, 28 Kan. App. 2d 690, 697, 20 P.3d 731, rev. denied 271 Kan. 1041 (2001).
It is well settled in Kansas that upon conviction in a criminal action the defendant is liable for the costs of both the prosecution and defense of the case. K.S.A. 22-3801; State v. Shannon, 194 Kan. 258, 263, 398 P.2d 344, cert. denied 382 U.S. 881 (1965). Kansas courts have held that statutes requiring a convicted defendant to pay court costs were not intended to penalize the defendant, but to allocate the expenses incurred in prosecution. State v. Dean, 12 Kan. App. 2d 321, 323, 743 P.2d 98, rev. denied 242 Kan. 904 (1987). In the only case addressing costs where the conviction(s) were fewer than all the charges, this court has held that the docket fee assessed must be based upon the crime of conviction, not the crime of which the defendant was charged. State v. Waufle, 9 Kan. App. 2d 68, 77-78, 673 P.2d 109 (1983).
K.S.A. 22-3801(a) governs the liability for court costs: "If the defendant in a criminal case is convicted, the court costs shall be taxed against the defendant." K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 28-172a sets the amount of the docket fee and authorizes other expenses to be assessed as court costs. The pertinent provision states: "All other fees and expenses to be assessed as additional court costs shall be approved by the court, unless specifically fixed by statute. Additional fees shall include, but are not limited to, . . . witness fees . . . ." K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 28-172a(d). Witness travel expenses are not specifically authorized to be assessed, but their assessment is also not expressly prohibited.
Whether these statutes authorize the award of costs and expenses (other than docket fees) that are unrelated to the defendant's ultimate conviction is a question of first impression in Kansas. Other courts, however, have generally concluded that expenses of the government's witnesses who testified about charges that resulted in acquittal cannot be assessed against the defendant as court costs. See United States v. Miller, 223 F. 183, 184-85 (S.D. Ga. 1915) (defendant cannot be charged with costs of witness whose testimony related only to counts resulting in acquittal); United States v. Palmer, 809 F.2d 1504, 1508-09 (11th Cir. 1987) (defendant who is not convicted on all charges cannot be assessed with the prosecution costs of the charges which resulted in acquittal or discharge); United States v. Fowler, 794 F.2d 1446, 1450 (9th Cir. 1986), cert. denied 479 U.S. 1094 (1987) (26 U.S.C. § 7206 [2000] authorizes recovery of costs associated with successful prosecution, not those associated exclusively with the unsuccessful prosecution); United States v. DeBrouse, 652 F.2d 383, 391 (4th Cir. 1981) (28 U.S.C. § 1918 [2000] authorizes ordering defendant to pay prosecution costs when convicted, but does not contemplate assessing expenses on charges of which defendant was acquitted); United States v. Troiani, 595 F. Supp. 186, 187 (N.D. Ill. 1984) (defendant convicted on fewer than all counts cannot be taxed with costs of counts on which acquitted or discharged); Commonwealth v. Smith, 239 Pa. Super. 440, 444-45, 361 A.2d 881 (1976) (defendant cannot be assessed costs attributable to charge resulting in acquittal); State v. Faulkner, 75 Wyo. 104, 119-20, 292 P.2d 1045 (1956) (finding statutory authority to tax defendant only for prosecution costs on offenses resulting in conviction, not acquittal).
Consistent with these authorities, we hold that it is beyond the district court's discretion to award costs and expenses that were unrelated to prosecuting the crimes of conviction. Although it may be difficult to ascertain with precision, we believe the district court should determine which costs and expenses were necessary to prove the crimes of conviction, and we remand for this purpose. This approach has been approved by other state and federal courts. See, e.g., Palmer, 809 F.2d at 1509; Smith, 239 Pa. Super. at 445. In the event that the district court is unable to make this determination, some attempt must be made to fairly apportion costs, such as pro rata among all charges. See Faulkner, 75 Wyo. at 119-20.
In any event, we contemplate that the district court on remand will make requisite findings and conclusions in order to provide meaningful appellate review of this issue, if necessary.
Did the District Court Err in Ordering Lopez to Reimburse BIDS for his Attorney Fees?
Finally, Lopez challenges the district court's order that he reimburse BIDS for the entirety of his attorney fees. Noting that the court failed to consider Lopez' ability to pay at the time of assessment, the State concedes that this issue is now controlled by recent Supreme Court authority.
In State v. Robinson, 281 Kan. 538, Syl. ¶ 1, 132 P.3d 934 (2006), the Kansas Supreme Court held: "A sentencing court assessing fees to reimburse the Board of Indigents' Defense Services under K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 22-4513 must consider on the record at the time of assessment the financial resources of the defendant and the nature of the burden that payment of the fees will impose." Following Robinson, the district court's order must be reversed and the matter remanded with directions for the district court to comply with K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 22-4513 as construed by Robinson regarding the assessment of attorney fees.
In summary, we affirm Lopez' convictions, but we reverse the district court's award of costs, expenses, and attorney fees and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.


text:
Bernard N. Meisner
Scientific Services Division
National Weather Service Southern Region
Storm Track Guidance Models
HURRAN | CLIPER | NHC98 | BAM | LBAR | GHM (GFDL) | GFS (formerly AVN) | NOGAPS | GUNS, GUNA and CONU Ensembles
Relative Skill of the Statistical | Numerical Guidance Models
Storm Intensity Guidance Models
Relative Skill of the Intensity Guidance Models
Forecast Verification
Storm Surge Guidance Model
Additional References
Meteorologists at the National Hurricane Center (NHC) have a variety of prediction models available to provide guidance for their forecasts of tropical cyclone tracks and intensity. The intent of this paper is to provide a brief overview of each of the models. Forecasters may find this information helpful when considering NHC discussions which mention the performance of individual models. A primary reference is provided after the summary of each model for readers who desire more information. NOTE: All thumbnail graphics in this Web document are linked to larger version of the graphics. Just click the thumbnail to view the larger version.
As noted by Neumann (1979), models for the prediction of tropical cyclone motion and intensity may be classified as either statistical or dynamical. Statistical models rely on what has happened-the climatology of past storms, for example. Dynamical models can be classified as either barotropic or baroclinic. Statistical-dynamical models are an intermediate class that incorporate numerically forecast data into a statistical prediction framework, similar to the Model Output Statistics used to provide guidance for specific parameters such as temperature and probability of precipitation.
The HURRAN climatological model was developed at the National Hurricane Center in 1969. By identifying previous storms with characteristics in common with a current storm, HURRAN attempted to determine the most likely track of the current storm.
The technique first searched the database containing the tracks of all Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes for analogs to the current storm. The analogs were those storms with similar location, speed and direction of motion, that occured at about the same time of year . The tracks of the analog storms were shifted to pass through the location of the current storm . Finally, probability ellipses were calculated based on the adjusted tracks of the analog storms .
The HURRAN model predicted the tracks of "well-behaved" storms (those south of 25oN, before recurvature) well. Since HURRAN lacked any synoptic input it did not perform well in predicting tracks of storms just before or after their recurvature. While it provided useful information to the hurricane specialists at the time, the skill of HURRAN is so poor that the model no longer used by the National Hurricane Center.
Reference: Hope, John R. and Charles J. Neumann, 1970: An operational technqiue for relating the movements of existing tropical cyclones to past tracks. Monthly Weather Review, 98(12), Dec. 1970, pp 925-933.
CLIPER/CLIPER5 - A Combination of Climatology and Persistence
CLIPER is a statistical track prediction model based on climatology and persistence. It consists of a set of equations that separately predict future zonal (east-west) and meridional (north-south) movements of a tropical cyclone at 12-hr intervals out to 72 hrs. Equations were developed in 2001 to extend the CLIPER forecasts to Day 5 (120 hours) in preparation for the release of official forecasts out to Day 5 in 2003. The predictors include the current and previous 12-hr position, the current and 12-hr previous storm motion, the day of the year, and the maximum surface wind. The initial motion of the storm (persistence) is the most important predictor for this model.
The original CLIPER equations were developed based on historical storm track data for all storms in the North Atlantic Ocean, Carribean Sea and Gulf of Mexico that persisted for at least five days during the period 1931-1970.
Here are some examples of CLIPER's forecasts:
Storm "A," Hurricane Edith (1971), has a well-behaved track toward the west-northwest and was well forecast by CLIPER. Storm "B," Hurricane Ginger (1971) tracked to the southwest; however, CLIPER forecast a northwest track. Storm "C," a stationary storm, is gradually forecast to accelerate to the northeast by CLIPER. The two forecast tracks of Storm "D" show how CLIPER forecasts more intense storms to move northward more rapidly than weaker storms. Storm "E," a storm initially moving towards the southeast, is forecast by CLIPER to return to a more typical northwest track.
The skill of more complex forecast models is often compared to that of CLIPER. Any model that cannot demonstrate significant skill over CLIPER's combination of climatology and persistence is discarded. CLIPER can also account for relatively easy or difficult seasons. A candidate prediction model, tested during a difficult year, with somewhat large absolute track errors, might be retained for future use if its errors relative to CLIPER were small.
Here is a plot of CLIPER's skill for the 1996-2002 Atlantic hurricane seasons: Note that CLIPER's errors for the 2000 season were much less at most verification times than those for the other years, indicating that the 2000 season was a relatively easy one compared to the others.
In preparation for the official release in 2003 of the Day 4 and Day 5 forecasts by the National Hurricane Center, CLIPER was substantially updated to CLIPER5. The new version of the model is based on data from 1956-1995, the prediction equations for all verifying times were changed, and new predictors were added. CLIPER5 has much smaller forecast biases, but similar forecast errors, than the original CLIPER.
Aberson, S. D., 1998: Five-day tropical cyclone track forecasts in the North Atlantic basin. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 1005�1015.
Neumann, C. J., 1972: An alternate to the HURRAN tropical cyclone forecast system. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS SR-62, 22 pp.
NHC98 - A Statistical-Dynamical Hurricane Track Prediction Model
The NHC98 model is the latest in a series of mixed statistical-dynamic track prediction models. Earlier versions included the statistical models NHC67 and NHC72, and the statistical-dynamical models NHC73, NHC83 and NHC90.
In NHC98, storms are stratified based on their latitude and their current motion, with different equations used for westward and eastward-moving storms. This stratification is used to account for the observation that storms within the easterlies tend to move to the right of the steering flow, while storms within the westerlies tend to move to the left of the steering flow.
South Zone equations are used for storms south of 15oN, and for storms between 15oN and 25oN that are moving to the west or northwest. North Zone equations are used for storms north of 25oN, and for storms between 15oN and 25oN that are moving to the north or northeast.
The NHC98 model produces a forecast track that is a combination of three independent track estimates. The first estimated track is that produced by CLIPER.
The second estimated track is predicted using observed deep layer mean geopotential heights from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS). Similar to CLIPER, the storm motion is separated into two components. One set of equations is used to predict the along-track movement of the storm at 12-hr intervals out to 120 hr. Another set of equations is used to predict the across-track movement of the storms. Deep-layer mean geopotential heights at two or three locations in the vicinity of the storm are used to represent the mean flow in which the storm is imbedded. Separate equations are used for each time period, but the geopotential height predictors are consistent from one time period to the next in order to avoid abrupt shifts in the predicted storm locations. These two diagrams show the grid points used for the first four time periods for the along track and cross track equations for the South Zone equations. The grids points used in the equations were determined by overlaying the grid shown on historic storm tracks and correlating the deep-layer mean heights at each grid point with the actual storm motion. The grid points that best correlated with storm motion are included in the prediction equations.
The third estimated track is computed similar to the second, except forecast deep-layer mean geopotential heights from the NCEP GFS are used to produce the forecast track. This sample shows the grid points used for the 36 hr, North Zone equations. (Starting with the NHC98 version, the circulation of the tropical cyclone is removed from the numerical analysis before the deep layer mean geopotential heights are determined.)
NHC98 combines the three track estimates (that from CLIPER, that based on the current geopotential height analysis, and that based on the forecast geopotential heights) into an optimum track forecast.
NHC98 is run four times per day. The primary synoptic time NHC98 forecasts (0000 and 1200 UTC) are based on the previous (1800 and 0600 UTC) runs of the NCEP Global Forecast System. A special version, NHC98-LATE, is run at the primary synoptic times using forecasts from the current GFS model run and is available several hours after NHC98.
Reference: Neumann, C. J. and C. J. McAdie, 1991: A revised National Hurricane Center NHC83 Model (NHC90). NOAA Tech. Memo. NWSNHC-44,35 pp.
BAM - The Beta and Advection Model
The Beta and Advection Model is a baroclinic-dynamical track prediction model. It produces a forecast track by following a trajectory in the vertically averaged horizontal wind starting at the current storm location out to 120 hours. The trajectory is corrected to account for the variation of the Coriolis force with latitude, the so-called Beta effect. (Beta is the Greek letter frequently used in meteorological equations to represent the change in the Coriolis parameter with latitude.)
The figure shows how the conservation of absolute vorticity results in the formation of anticyclonic relative vorticity in the northeast quadrant of the storm, and the formation of cyclonic relative vorticity in the southwest quadrant of the storm: . The result adds a component of motion to the northwest to the storm's trajectory.
Three versions of the BAM model are run with shallow (850-700 mb), medium (850-400 mb), and deep (850-200 mb) layers. All three versions of the model are run operationally four times per day.
Reference: Marks, D. G., 1992: The beta and advection model for hurricane track forecasting. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS NMC- 70, 89 pp.
LBAR - A Nested Barotropic Hurricane Track Forecast Model
LBAR is a dynamical track prediction model. LBAR is the NHC's implementation of the GFDL VICBAR model. (VICBAR stands for Vic Ooyama's Barotropic model.) The model is initialized with deep layer mean winds and geopotential heights from a mass-weighted average of the 850, 700, 500, 400, 300 and 200 mb levels. Analyses are produced on three nested grids: (1) a fixed synoptic domain 27.5 S to 67.5 N, 10 E to 140 W; (2) a storm environment 50 degree latitude-longitude box centered on the current storm location; and (3) a vortex domain circle of 7.4 degree (about 800 km) radius centered on the current storm location.
The synoptic scale analysis is obtained directly from the NCEP global spectral model analysis. The storm environment domain analysis is produced with a two-dimensional spectral application of finite element representation, using all available data (rawindsondes, cloud drift winds, aircraft observations, etc.), with the NCEP global model analysis used as a low level background field. The vortex domain analysis consists of synthetic observations representing storm circulation and current storm motion. The vortex is prescribed to be the same size and intensity in all directions (axisymmetric), with winds increasing linearly from the center to the radius of maximum winds. Wind speeds beyond the radius of maximum winds are prescribed to decrease exponetially to the edge of the storm. In the event of multiple tropical cyclones, synthetic vorticies are included for each storm.
The simplicity of barotropic models means they can be run quickly on inexpensive computers. In the LBAR prediction model, the shallow water equations are solved on a series of nested grid meshes on a Mercator projection. The inner meshes move to remain centered on the storm, while the outer mesh is fixed geographically. Time-dependent boundary conditions from the NCEP Global Forecast System model run are applied outward from a transition zone between 1500 and 2500 km. LBAR runs on a 6-hr forecast cycle and produces forecasts out to 120 hr.
Strengths: LBAR runs quickly (the hurricane specialists can view the output of the 1200 UTC LBAR run before they have to complete their 1500 UTC package). LBAR performs best early in the hurricane season (before fronts penetrate into the subtropics) and on storms that move primarily westward and only move slowly northward. LBAR outperforms all the statistical track guidance models, and its skill in the 12-36 hr time frame is comparable to that of the more complex baroclinic models.
Weaknesses: LBAR does not perform well whenever there is significant vertical wind shear, or when there are multiple, interacting storms.
Reference: DeMaria, M. S., S. D. Aberson, K. V. Ooyama and S. J. Lord, 1992: A nested spectral model for hurricane track forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1628-1643.
Relative Skill of the Statistical Guidance Models
These graphs shows the relative skill of the statistical guidance models and LBAR for the 1996-1998 Atlantic seasons, the 2000 season, the 2001 season, the 2002 season, the 2003 season, the 2004 season and the 2005 season .
Note that the statistical models have errors about 20-40% less than those of CLIPER/CLIPER5 and that the skill of the BAM and LBAR models varies widely from year to year.
GHM - The GFDL Multiply-Nested Moveable Mesh Hurricane Model
The GHM is a dynamical baroclinic track prediction model. The model also produces experimental forecasts of hurricane intensity, precipitation, and wind swath maps that show the distribution of predicted maximum surface and boundary layer winds. The GHM was developed by NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton University. The GHM is a triply nested, moveable mesh primitive equation model formulated in latitude, longitude, with the terrain following sigma vertical coordinates.
The grid configuration of the GHM was most recently modified prior to the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Under the restored three-nest grid configuration the innermost grid covers five degrees in latitude and longitude with a grid spacing of 1/12 of a degree (about nine kilometers). The middle grid covers 11 degrees with a grid spacing of 1/6 degree. The outermost grid extends over nearly a fifth of the globe (75o in latitude and longitude. In 2003 the vertical resolution was increased from 18 to 42 vertical levels, and the track skill improved substantially for all verification times.
The storm is centered in the middle of the finest grid at the start of an integration. Lateral boundary conditions are obtained from the NCEP Global Forecast System. There is two-way interaction among the grids, i.e., features that form during an integration on the innermost grid are passed to the other grids, and vice-versa. The inner and middle grids move along with the storm. Multiple storms with a basin can be handled by a single run of the model by introducing separate moveable inner and middle grids for each storm.
Numerical experiments have shown that typical initial position errors have only minor effects on track forecast errors beyond 12 hr. However, errors in the initial storm motion have an effect on the forecast error out to 72 hr and beyond. The GHM model attempts to resolve those errors by replacing the poorly resolved vortex in the coarse resolution analysis of the NCEP model (too large, too weak, wrong location) with a more realistic vortex constructed to match the high resolution GHM model.
The specified vortex has structural consistency--there is a smooth connection of the environmental field from the storm area to the surrounding domain. The vortex resembles the corresponding real storm and is compatible with the grid resolution, computational schemes, and physics of the prediction model. The use of the specified vortex eliminates the initial adjustment and false spin-up of the model to the coarsely analyzed vortex in the NCEP global model and results in improved initial track prediction. Storm asymmetries are represented in the current version of the GHM model.
The GHM forecasts are available about five hours after the primary and intermediate synoptic times (0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC). To overcome this shortcoming, the Tropical Prediction Center has developed an interpolation technique to transpose the forecast from the previous run to the current storm position. This procedure is used for all the "late" models (i.e., those that depend on the GFS model for their lateral boundary conditions).
In 2001, the GHM model had the benefit of running from an updated and improved version of NCEP's global model (see below). In addition, the version of the GHM used for Atlantic basin storms was coupled with a version of the Princeton Ocean Model. The uncoupled version of the GHM model will still be used for Eastern Pacific storms. The GHM models for both basins use the recently-upgraded GFS model for their initial and boundary conditions.
The new, coupled version of the model allows the sea surface temperature to evolve throughout a forecast integration. The evolution of the sea surface temperature can have a strong impact on the intensity of a storm. Previous uncoupled versions of the hurricane model essentially left the sea surface temperature constant throughout the duration of a forecast. Results have indicated that the ocean coupling has a positive influence on the skill of intensity forecasts . The new coupled model should also have better skill in track forecasts
Reference: Bender, Morris A., Timothy P. Marchok and Robert E. Tuleya, 2002: Draft changes to the GFDL hurricane forecast system for 2002. NWS Technical Procedures Bulletin No. 492. NWS Office of Meteorology, Silver Spring, MD, 16 pp.
Tuleya, Robert, M. Bender, Y. Kurihara and S. Lord, 1995: The GFDL Multiply-Nested Moveable Mesh Hurricane System. NWS Technical Procedures Bulletin No. 424. NWS Office of Meteorology, Silver Spring, MD, 22 pp.
Kurihara, Yoshio, et al., 1995: Improvement in the GFLD Hurricane Prediction System. Monthly Weather Review, 123(9), Sept. 1995, pp 2791-2801.
GFS - NCEP's Global Forecast System
The numerical model used for NCEP's global data assimilation system and for the aviation (AVN) and medium-range forecasts (MRF) is the global spectral model, now known as the Global Forecast System (GFS). As one might guess from its name, the "aviation model" was not specifically developed to predict hurricane motion or intensity. Rather, one of the primary uses of the GFS is to produce forecasts for aviation guidance worldwide. The GFS model is run four times each day at the primary and intermediate synoptic times (0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC) with a wait of 2.75 hr for data arrival. Forecasts are made out to Day 16.
The GFS is a baroclinic-dynamical model. Like the GHM, the model is a primitive equation model which predicts winds, temperature, surface pressure, humidity, and precipitation. The prediction equations include the divergence and vorticity equations, the hydrostatic equation, the thermodynamic equation, a mass continuity equation, and a conservation equation for water vapor.
The GFS differs from the GFDL Hurricane Model (GHM) model in that it has a global domain, and the fields within the model are represented by a set of mathematical (sine and cosine) functions rather than values at discreet grid points. The forecast equations are solved for the coefficients of the mathematical functions.
The GFS currently is configured to handle 382 triagular waves across the globe (comparable resolution to a grid point model with a grid spacing of 37 km) and has 64 vertical levels. For integrations between 7 1/2 and 16 days the horizontal resolution is reduced to 190 triangular waves.
In July, 2000, a numerical scheme was implemented to change how tropical cyclone vorticies are initialized in the global spectral model (Technical Procedure Bulletin). In the past, bogus observations based on the National Hurricane Center's estimates of storm location, intensity and size were input to the model's analysis scheme. This has been replaced by a procedure that relocates the vortex in the "first guess" field (the forecast from the previous run of the model) to the correct location.
The relocation procedure takes the model guess field and moves the hurricane vortex to the correct location before the model's analysis is completed. The steps can be briefly summarized as:
The vortex is not relocated if the center of the hurricane is over a major land mass or if the topography in the filtered domain is greater than 500 m in elevation. When the procedure was tested in retrospect on the 1999 hurricane season forecasts, the average track forecasts improved by approximately 30% over that of the operational AVN model. The skill of the AVN track forecasts during the 2000 Atlantic season were significantly better than those of previous years.
In May, 2001, momentum mixing was included in GFS model's cumulus parameterization scheme. Tests showed this reduces tropical storm false alarm forecasts. Additional changes made to the model at that time were expected to improve the skill in tropical circulation forecasts at all time ranges.
In July, 2006, the vertical coordinate of the GFS was changed from terrain following sigma to a hybrid sigma-pressure coordinate system. The hybrid coordinate is being adopting by modeling centers around the globe and provides improved performance in upper troposphere and stratosphere. Retrospective runs made of some 2005 hurricanes suggest the forecast track skill will not change, while forecast strength may be better than before for hurricanes. Reference: Kanamitsu, M., 1989: Description of the NMC global data assimilation and forecast system. Wea. Forecasting, 4, 335-342.
NOGAPS - The Navy's Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System
The NOGAPS model was not designed specifically to predict the motion of tropical cyclones. Rather it is the Navy's operational global atmospheric prediction system. The NOGAPS model is run four times daily every day of the year, producing forecasts out to 144 hours.
In 2002 the resolution of the NOGAPS model was increased from T150L24 to T239L30 (239 waves, which is about 55 km horizontal resolution with 30 vertical levels). In September 2003, the NOGAPS optimal interpolation data assimilation system was upgraded to the NRL Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System, a three-dimension variational system. Additionally, in November 2003, NOGAPS implemented the use of terrain fields from USGS Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation database and changed the gravity wave drag scheme. The result of these changes has been an average increase in verification scores and fewer bad forecasts. The accompanying table provides a summary and relevant references for the NOGAPS model.
The NOGAPS model initializes the tropical cyclone using synthetic soundings based on the National Hurricane Center's estimates of storm location and intensity. These soundings are automatically inserted into the model in the vicinity of the tropical storm. The artificial atmospheric soundings are constructed at the storm center and at radii of two, four and six degrees from the storm The winds are derived from a specified vortex which has a radius of maximum winds of 50 km. Due to the horizontal spatial resolution of the NOGAPS model the maximum wind speeds inserted into the model are 60-80% of those observed.
The GUNS, GUNA and CONU Ensembles - An Average of the GFDL, UKMET Office, NOGAPS, GFS Models
GUNS. James Goerss of the Naval Research Laboratory in Monterey, California, demonstrated that a simple consensus of the GFDL, UKMET and NOGAPS models was about 20% more accurate at 24, 48 and 72 hrs than the best of individual models. The National Hurricane Center confirmed his results and dubbed the ensemble "GUNS," using the initials of the three models.
Consensus forecasts, on average, are often more accurate than the forecasts from individual models, and the spread of an ensemble has potential use as a measure of confidence in the forecast. The following two diagrams show the track guidance and verification for two time periods during the lifetime of Hurricane Georges (1998). The first diagram shows the track guidance available at 1800 UTC on September 22nd. The spread of the guidance tracks was relatively small and the 72 hr forecast of the GUNS ensemble (the center of the cyan triangle) was very close to the actual storm track (indicated by the large red dot).
The second diagram shows the track guidance available about four days later, at 1200 UTC on September 26th. In contrast to the first diagram, the spread of the guidance tracks was relatively large and the 72 hr forecast of the GUNS ensemble (the center of the cyan triangle) was far from the actual storm track (indicated by the large red dot).
GUNA. Once the "Aviation" run of the NCEP's global spectral model (now called the GFS - Global Forecast System) was improved in 1998 it became one of the best track guidance models. As a result, Jim Goerss added the Aviation model to the GUNS ensemble, renaming it GUNA for GFDL, UKMET, NOGAPS and AVN.
CONU. More recently Jim has created an ensemble called "CONU" (pronounced "CON-you"). This "consensus" ensemble is computed when track forecasts from at least two of the five models (the NCEP GFS and GFDL models, the Navy's version of the GFDL model and NOGAPS, and the UK Met office model) are available. The CONU tries to take advantage of the ensemble forecasts even if one or a few of the members is not available. The skill of CONU is comparable to that of the GUNA ensemble.
Reference: Goerss, James S., 2000: Tropical cyclone track forecasts using an ensemble of dynamical models, Mon. Wea. Rev., April 2000, pp 1187-1193
Relative Skill of the Numerical Guidance Models
These graphs shows the relative skill of the numerical guidance models for the 2000 Atlantic season, the 2001 Atlantic season, the 2002 Atlantic season. the 2003 Atlantic season, the 2004 Atlantic season, and the 2005 Atlantic season. . (The charts for 2001 and later years include data out to 120 hours since in 2001 the Tropical Prediction Center began testing their techniques prior to the release of official Day 4 and Day 5 forecasts in 2003.) Note that, except for the GUNA ensemble, the skills for the earliest time periods are comparable to, or even less than, those of the statistical models. However, the skill of the numerical models greatly exceeds those of the statistical models at the longer lead times.
The National Hurricane Center now produces an experimental storm intensity graphic. The Wind Speed Probability Table shows the probability that the maximum one-minute wind speed of the tropical cyclone will be within any of eight intensity ranges during the next 72 hours. It is based on the outcomes of similar NHC wind speed forecasts during the period 1988-1997. The data base excludes unnamed tropical depressions. NA indicates data are not available. TF indicates too few (< 10) similar forecasts during 1988-1997 to yield reliable results. Note this product refers to the entire storm, without regard to any particular geographic location.
In 2006 the NHC began operational distribution of wind speed probability graphics. Note these products refer to particular geographic locations. As noted on the NHC Web site:
"These graphics are based on the official National Hurricane Center track, intensity, and wind radii forecasts, and on NHC forecast error statistics for those forecast variables during recent years. Each graphic provides cumulative probabilities that wind speeds of at least storm force (34 knots), gale force (50 knots) or hurricane force (64 knots) will occur during cumulative time periods at each specific point on the map. The cumulative periods begin at the start of the forecast period and extend through the entire five day forecast period at cumulative 12-hour intervals.
"The previously provided strike probability product (discontinued after 2005) conveyed the chances of a "close" approach of the center of the cyclone. However, these new probability products are about the weather. That is, these cumulative wind speed probabilities provide the chances that wind speeds of at least 74 mph will occur at individual locations. The cumulative probabilities can answer the question, "What are the chances that sustained winds of tropical storm or hurricane force will occur at any specific location?" This can also help one answer the question, "Do I need to take certain actions to prepare?" A companion product, the wind speed probability text product, will also be issued and updated with each advisory package. That product is recommended to more easily assess when winds of each threshold are most likely to start at any specific location, helping to answer the question, "How long do I have to prepare?" Overall, these probabilities provide users with information that can enhance their ability to make preparedness decisions specific to their own situations.
"It is important for users to realize that wind speed probabilities that might seem relatively small at their location might still be quite significant, since they indicate that there is a chance that a damaging or even extreme event could occur that warrants preparations to protect lives and property."
Links to wind speed table and probability graphics for any current storms may be found on the NHC Web page, and our NWS Southern Region Tropical Weather Web page.
Statistical Hurricane Intensity Forecast (SHIFOR) Model
As is evident by its name, SHIFOR is a statistical intensity prediction model. Similar to the CLIPER track guidance model, the SHIFOR model uses several climatological and persistence parameters to predict the future intensity of the storm at 12-hr periods out to 72 hr. The predictor variables include: (1) Julian day; (2) current storm intensity; (3) intensity change during past 12 hr; (4) initial storm latitude and longitude; and (5) zonal (east-west) and meridional (north-south) component of the storm motion. The original SHIFOR equations were developed using data from all historic storms during the period 1900-1972 that were at least 30 nautical miles from land. The new SHIFOR5 equations are based on the historic tropical cyclones from 1967-1999 that, at a minimum, intensified into tropical storms.
Various combinations of the primary parameters were also offered to the multiple regression procedure. In order to maintain continuity, parameters that were selected for inclusion in the prediction equation at one particular forecast time were given preference in the selection for the subsequent forecast time.
Between five and eight predictor terms are included in each equation; most of which are second order products of the seven primary predictors listed above. The most important terms are the current intensity, the 12 hr intensity change, the Julian day and the current storm position. Unlike CLIPER, different predictors may appear in the equations for each lead time. Equations based on storms from throughout the Atlantic, Carribean and Gulf of Mexico are used, since they out-performed those stratified by basin.
Reference: Jarvinen, B. R., and C. J. Neumann, 1979: Statistical forecasts of tropical cyclone intensity. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS NHC-1 0, 22 pp.
Knaff, John A., Mark DeMaria, Charles R. Sampson and James M. Gross, 2003: Statistical, five-day tropical cyclone intensity forecasts derived from climatology and persistence. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 80-92.
Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) Model
The SHIPS model is a statistical-dynamic intensity prediction model. This model was developed using standard multiple regression techniques with climatological, persistence, and numerical model forecasts as predictors. Estimates of future storm intensity are made for 12-hr periods out to 120 hr.
The SHIPS equations were initially developed using data from 49 storms during the period 1982-1992 that were at least 30 nautical miles from land. (The collection of synoptic data for LBAR began in 1989, as did the archive of operational intensity forecasts. Data for selected storms during 1982-88 were available and included in the SHIPS developmental data set.) The SHIPS equations are typically updated each year.
Major changes have been the development of DSHIPS (Decay SHIPS) in 2000 to account for the decay of storms over land, the extension of the forecasts to Day 5 in 2001, the replacement of the simple dry-adiabitic prediction model in 2001 with output from the operational global model (the GFS) for the evaluation of the environmental predictors, and the inclusion of satellite-derived parameters (specifically, cloud top temperatures and oceanic heat content) in 2004.
Unlike earlier versions, the most recent versions of SHIPS have significant skill over climatology, at least out to Day 3.
The primary predictors are:
Research has shown that the sea surface temperature (SST) alone does not provide a good indication of whether a storm will intensify. (See, for example the SST/Intensity relationships of recent Atlantic tropical cyclones.) However, SST does provide an upper limit to storm intensity. In SHIPS, the Maximum Possible Storm Intensity (MPI) is related to the SST by the equation:
Since the SHIPS equations were developed using data from storms that were over water, the SHIPS intensity forecasts are not valid for storms near the coast. In 2000 a new version of the model, called Decay SHIP (DSHP), was introduced. The DSHP is identical to the SHIPS model except, if the cyclone is forecast to cross land, the intensity is reduced accordingly. The DSHIPS model had the smallest errors at all forecast periods during the 2000 Atlantic season.
References: DeMaria, M. and J. Kaplan, 1999: An updated statistical hurricane intensity prediction scheme (SHIPS) for the Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific Basins. Wea. Forecasting, 14, 326-337.
DeMaria, M. et al., 2005: Futher improvements to the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS). Wea. Forecasting, 20, 531-543.
Relative Skill of the Intensity Guidance Models
These graphs shows the skill of the intensity guidance models for the past two seasons | Note that the skill for intensity is typically much less than that for storm track, and has not improved substantially in recent years.
The NWS/NCEP Environmental Modeling Center has produced maps of the spatial variation of the forecast track and intensity errors for Atlantic Storms for the year 1995-1999. Error maps are available for the official forecasts and most forecast models for each of the standard forecast times.
The error plots indicate:
When hurricane warnings contain the range of expected peak storm surge heights within the hurricane-warning area, the surge information is often based on the SLOSH model. The dynamical SLOSH model computes the water height over a geographical area or basin. Computations have been run for a number of basins covering most of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the U.S. and the offshore islands
The typical SLOSH grid contains over 500 points located on lines extending radially from a common basin center. The distance between grid points ranges from 0.5 km near the center (where surge water heights are of more interest), to 7.7 km in the deep water at the edge of the grid. Bathymetric and topographic map data are used to determine a water depth or terrain height for each grid point.
The model consists of a set of equations derived from the Newtonian equations of motion and the continuity equation applied to a rotating fluid with a free surface. The equations are integrated from the sea floor to the sea surface. The coastline is represented as a physical boundary within the model domain. Subgrid-scale water features (cuts, chokes, sills and channels), and vertical obstructions (levees, roads, spoil banks, etc.) can be parameterized within the model. Astronomical tides, rainfall, river flow, and wind-driven waves have not been incorporated into the model.
The primary use of the SLOSH model is to define flood-prone areas for evacuation planning. The flood areas are determined by compositing the model surge values from 200-300 hypothetical hurricanes. Separate composite flood maps are produced for each of the five Saffir-Simpson hurricane categories.
Some sample SLOSH maps are available for East-Central Florida and Alabama. A sample animation of a SLOSH model run for Hurricane Hugo is available on the Techniques Development Laboratories Web site.
The SLOSH model can also be run using forecast track and intensity data for an actual storm as it makes landfall. The model is highly responsive to the point of landfall, however. For such operational predictions, the SLOSH model has only limited utility. However, since the North and South Carolina WFOs indicated real-time SLOSH output allowed them to provide more specific storm surge forecasts to their customers during Hurricane Floyd (1999), the Hurricane Floyd Service Assessment includes a recommendation that the NWS Techniques Development Laboratory provide real-time SLOSH output to WFOs when a hurricane is within 12 hours of landfall.
Reference: Jarvinen B. J. and C. J. Neumann, 1985: An evaluation of the SLOSH storm surge model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 1408-1411.
Acknowledgment. Special thanks to Jiann-Gwo Jiing, Richard Pasch, James Franklin, Naomi Surgi and the staff of NCEP�s Tropical Prediction Center for information and materials used in this presentation.
Additional References
Neumann, C. J., 1979: A guide to Atlantic and Eastern Pacific models for the prediction of tropical cyclone motion. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS NHC-1 1, 26pp.
Sheets, R. C., 1990: The National Hurricane Center -- past, present and future. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 185-232.


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LONDON (Reuters) - EU nations that lie outside the euro zone plan largely to fall in behind the European Central Bank when they check the health of their banks, helping them to avoid a "two tier" outcome in stress tests next year.
Many supervisors in this diverse group of 11 countries told Reuters they will align their reviews closely with the ECB's assessment of major banks within the currency bloc, a tactic that analysts say should dispel any suspicions that their national tests lack rigour.
In the coming year, the European Union will stage a series of exercises to test the ability of its lenders to withstand a future crisis without resorting to taxpayer-funded bailouts, including in the non-euro zone corners that stretch from Britain to Bulgaria.
These are billed as the most rigorous assessments the banks have ever had, designed to remove doubts about their health after botched EU stress tests in 2010 and 2011 which failed to reveal major problems at some lenders.
The ECB will conduct "asset quality reviews" (AQRs) of the euro zone's 128 largest lenders before it takes over supervising them from national authorities. The AQR will become those banks' starting point in stress tests which the European Banking Authority (EBA) will coordinate in all 28 EU countries, subjecting them to scenarios such as a stock market crash or abrupt change in interest rates.
These exercises risk claiming some non-euro zone banks as collateral damage if there is any perception among investors that results verified by the ECB carry more weight that those produced by supervisors in countries outside the euro zone.
But this prospect now looks remote in many of the 11 countries which are mostly in central and eastern Europe but also include Sweden and Denmark, as well as Britain.
A number of authorities said they are taking steps to mimic major parts of the ECB's exercise, and several said they might hire external consultants to validate their data.
"We would be eager to take part in the EU-wide asset quality review, as the co-ordinated effort would ensure comparability of results," a spokesman for Poland's Financial Supervisory Authority said. "Otherwise, there will be a needless split of the EU banking sector into two parts."
A number of banks may need to raise more capital to fill gaps revealed by the tests, and investors would probably shy away from a lender if they feared the exercise had failed to reveal all problems on their balance sheets.
However, investors and banks analysts told Reuters any differences in the assessments are unlikely to be significant enough to dent investment in banks outside the euro zone - where about a quarter of the EU's 43.5 trillion euros of banking assets are held in standalone banks and domestic groups that largely come under the local regulators.
The AQR is the ECB's first throw of the dice since it was tasked with leading the single supervisory mechanism under a broader European banking union that also aims to harmonise how failing EU banks deal with creditors and are wound up.
The main object is to avoid a repeat of the banking crisis that began in 2008, led to taxpayer-funded bailouts of 275 billion euros across the euro zone alone, and was characterised by disparate responses in different EU member states.
Supervisors in the non-euro zone countries must perform national AQRs, which will include assessments of whether banks have properly valued assets on their balance sheets - unlike during the crisis when highly rated assets such as sub prime mortgage bonds turned out to be worthless.
Banking systems in the 11 countries are as diverse as their geographies. Non-performing loans, where borrowers are in significant arrears on their repayments, range from 17 percent of the total in Hungary - the second highest in the EU - to 0.9 percent in Sweden - the joint lowest.
Supervisors in Lithuania, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Croatia and Latvia - which is due to adopt the euro on January 1 - told Reuters their AQRs would use the same definitions as the ECB for non-performing loans and forbearance, when banks give borrowers more time to catch up on overdue repayments.
KBW bank analyst Ronny Rehn described this as "one the first milestones" for how non-euro zone regulators would conform with the ECB review.
Britain has yet to say publicly whether it will use the EBA definitions for its tests, a spokeswoman for the Bank of England told Reuters. But Britain, which had to bail out some of its biggest banks during the crisis, has already conducted stress tests on major lenders and is generally at least as rigorous as euro zone authorities in assessing its banks.
A source familiar with the international discussions on harmonising definitions of non-performing loans and forbearance said he expected Britain would adopt them. "I don't see any reason why they wouldn't," he said. "They weren't exactly exercised about it over the course of the negotiations."
Supervisory authorities in Romania, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic declined to comment or failed to respond to Reuters requests for comment on their approach.
KBW's Rehn said national decisions on whether to adopt EBA definitions would be a first point of judgment. "If a country says 'I'm not happy using this definition' there might be some suspicion that their tests might not be as rigorous," he said.
However, he noted the Czech Republic conducted stress tests every quarter with "fairly harsh assumptions". Most Czech banks were owned by parents based in the euro zone which will have to comply with the EBA definitions at group level, he said.
"Czech regulators will likely have to play ball. I think this applies to all central and eastern European countries really - Romania, Bulgaria and even Hungary in my view."
Pockets of discontent remain and some lenders may not be ready to provide all the information that supervisors require.
In Hungary, the central bank said its banks would not be able to "meet the entire range" of the data needed for the stress tests, and would not use the EBA definitions until they become mandatory at the end of 2014.
One senior EU supervisor, who asked for his nationality not to be disclosed, said he saw no connection between the plans of the ECB and of his own non-euro zone authority.
Even the most reluctant countries may escape punishment from investors for any discrepancies in the stress tests.
"If we want some kind of comparison between euro zone and non-euro zone, we'll simply do that assessment ourselves," said Robin Creswell, managing partner at fixed income manager Payden, which has $85 billion under management.
Others would be more concerned with the differing states of the economies in which the banks operate, said John Ventre, head of multi-manager at Old Mutual Global Investors.
He pointed to the risk of deflation in the euro zone, whereas emerging markets outside the currency union commonly have higher inflation rates.
"Constrained credit growth means that there is a risk that a nascent euro zone recovery stalls quickly," he said, noting that more inflationary economies support balance sheets and encourage lending on profitable terms. "And there is nothing worse for a bank than deflation because it means that debts grow rather than shrink in real terms."
His sentiments were echoed by Reg Watson, an equity analyst at Standard Life Investments. "Depending on which non-euro zone country you are talking about, these countries have very differing growth rates," said Watson. "The decision to invest is more likely to swayed by macro factors than the regulatory environment that they are subject to."
For Elisabeth Rudman, team leader for the European Financial Institutions Group at ratings agency DBRS, marginal extra credibility that will be attached to the ECB countries' results is dwarfed by concerns about the exercise as a whole.
"The political environment (including a decision on how to approach the recapitalisation of banks that are solvent but do not meet the stress test threshold) will inevitably dominate the perception of the stress test," she said.
(This story has been coorrected to fix the reference in the 9th paragraph to 'spokesman' from 'spokeswoman')
Additional reporting by Sandor Peto in Budapest, Teis Jensen in Copenhagen, Zoran Radosavljevic and Igor Ilic in Zagreb, Johan Ahlander in Stockholm, Marcin Goettig in Warsaw, Jan Lopatka in Prague, Tsvetelia Tsolova in Sofia and Sinead Cruise in London; editing by David Stamp


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The NYPD is investigating an early morning shooting that left one person dead and two others hospitalized.
Police found the victims around 2 a.m. Tuesday in front of 3320 Barker Ave. in the Bronx after responding to a call of multiple people shot at that location.
They found a 20-year-old man with one gunshot wound to the neck. He was pronounced dead at the scene.
A 29-year-old man was found with one gunshot wound to the leg and a 30-year-old man had two gunshot wounds to the back. Both were in stable condition at Jacobi Medical Center.
There have been no arrests.
The investigation is continuing.


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The year is 1962. JFK is President and the Cold War has the nation gripped by fear - but a far more powerful and insidious enemy than communism is threatening America. Known only to a select few, a top-secret government unit called The Bureau begins investigating and concealing a series of mysterious attacks by an otherworldly enemy. As special agent William Carter, call the shots, pull the trigger and lead your squad in a gripping third-person tactical shooter set within a high-stakes, covert war to protect humanity. The Bureau's mission is clear - survive, adapt and overcome the enemy threat to protect the citizens from the truth.


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WASHINGTON – The doctors treating Alexandria police officer Peter Laboy say his survival is a miracle.
Laboy's chances of surviving his injuries after he was shot by a taxi driver on Feb. 27 were one in 1 million, said Dr. Janis Orlowski, the chief medical officer at MedStar Washington Hospital Center, where Laboy is being treated.
"You know I've been at this for 27 years so I have to tell you, this is one for the books," Orlowski said during a press conference Thursday afternoon called to give an update on the veteran officer's condition.
Doctors removed a portion of Laboy's skull to remove some of the bullet fragments embedded inside the skull. Other fragments remain and Laboy will require additional surgery, she said.
A team of 100 people worked to save Laboy and have helped to stabilize him, Orlowski said.
She called Laboy's most serious injury a "catastrophic gunshot wound to the temple." And just two weeks after the shooting in Old Town, the officer has opened his eyes, can wave his hand and recognizes his wife and children.
But Laboy faces a grueling recovery of six months to one year. And doctors don't know to what extent Laboy will recover from his injuries, Orlowski said.
Police have not said how many times Laboy was shot but said that the officer's most serious injury was the wound to his head.
Police say investigators still have no clear motive for the shooting. Kashif Bashir, of Woodbridge, has been charged in the shooting and has a scheduled court hearing in April.
Bashir had been driving a cab police wanted in connection with an earlier complaint. Just before he was shot, Laboy had radioed that he was looking for the cab.
Police Chief Earl Cook thanked the community for its support and read a statement of thanks from Laboy's wife, Suzi.
In the meantime, supporters and coworkers of Laboy continue their efforts to help with fundraisers and a blood donation drive.
The Alexandria Police Department will hold the blood drive from 8 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. Thursday, March 21, in the department's community room at 3600 Wheeler Ave. in Alexandria.
Interested donors are asked to schedule an appointment first with Inova Blood Donor Services by visiting inova.org/donateblood. Use the sponsor code "7980." Or call 1-866-256-6372.
On April 21, the Capital Area Law Enforcement Foundation is organizing a golfing fundraiser for Laboy. The event will be held from 5 to 8 p.m. at TopGolf at 6625 S. Van Dorn Street in Alexandria. They will donate 100 percent of the proceeds to the Laboy family.
The entry fee is a minimum $25 donation, which includes food and two drink tickets. A silent auction will also be held during the golf event.
WTOP's Darci Marchese contributed to this report. Follow @dmarchesewtop and @WTOP on Twitter.


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by Brian DeCandia, sports information graduate assistant
>>>Full Results
AUGUSTA, Ga. – Freshman Allison Lones (Kathleen, Ga.) snapped an eight-year-old school record in the 5K Saturday, as the Georgia College women's cross country team finished third at the ASU Tri-Meet, hosted by Augusta State University.
Lones set the pace for the Bobcats for the fourth time this season, finishing fifth overall in 19:13. This smashed the previous school record (19:44) held by Bethany Loushine since 2002. Junior Karissa Ekstrom (Alpharetta, Ga.) would have broken the school record if not for Lones but took ninth place, finishing in 19:40.
Freshman Andrea
Byrnes (Snelleville, Ga.) crossed the finish line at
20:21, taking 16th, while classmate Ashton
Passino (Alpharetta, Ga.) finished 19th with a time of
20:37. Sophomore Courtney Timmerman (Dearing, Ga.) finished
22nd just 10 seconds behind Passino.
Augusta State won the team title with 31 total points. UNC Pembroke took second with 36 points and Georgia College finished third with 63 points. Augusta's Holly Keeper won the individual title with a time of 18:20.
The Bobcats are back in action Nov. 6 at 9 a.m. at the Peach Belt Conference (PBC) Championships in Evans, Ga.
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, back-to-back winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at www.twitter.com/GCSUBobcats and www.facebook.com/gcbobcats for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information, and to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GC Athletics Hall of Fame.


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