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Cub Scout Chess
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{{CSAS_Webelos_option|Belt Loop|Scholar}}
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Revision as of 18:08, January 20, 2009
with cross-references for related Cub Scout Tiger, Wolf, Bear, and Webelos requirements.
|The Cub Scout Chess Belt Loop is an option for the Webelos Scholar activity badge.
| Chess
Belt Loop and Pin
Chess Academics Belt Loop
Cub Scout Chess requirements
Belt Loop Requirements
Complete these three requirements:
Academics Pin Requirements
Earn the Chess belt loop, and complete 5 of the following requirements:
View the change list (history) of these requirements. The text of these requirements may be locked. In that case, they can only be edited by an administrator.
Please note any errors found in the above requirements on this article's Talk Page.
Template:Cub Scout Academics and Sports notes
- Earning the Cub Scout Chess Belt Loop while a Webelos Scout is requirement 8 of the Webelos Scholar Activity Badge.
Requirement resources
Template:Cub Scout Academics and Sports Requirement resources
Related awards
- Achievement 10g could be met by completing Cub Scout Chess Belt Loop requirement 3 or Cub Scout Chess Pin requirement 5
- Achievements 15b. and 15c. could be met by completing Cub Scout Chess Belt Loop requirement 3 or Cub Scout Chess Pin requirement 5
- Scholar Activity Badge requirement 8 (earn the Cub Scout Chess Belt Loop while a Webelos Scout)
- Hobby Awards
|Hobby-related awards
See also
This program was discontinued in May, 2015.
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text:
Our Mark the Mayor should be
Views: 275
Replies to This Discussion
Dang! Pretty damn close. You gonna be that come Wednesday?
yeah put out the 40 bucks for the costume. gonna make my daughter happy.
Man, it looks even better here!
© 2019 Created by Mark / The Mayor. Powered by

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|These are the dresses now available in my etsy shop! My friend and professional photographer, Vanessa, offered her studio to do a photo shoot last week. It was a lot of fun and my models, who also happen to be my friends, did an excellent job!! I am so proud of them and I'm happy to offer these vintage dresses in my shop. Modeling this mod 1960's dress is my gorgeous, sexy, friend Sandra. I love the silhouette of this dress on her figure...
|This is my gorgeous friend Jenni who is petite and adorable which is just what I needed for the dresses that she modeled. How fortunate was I to have had all 10 dresses we shot that day, fit both of them? Um, very!!
|Vanessa of Vanessa Bowling Photography helping style our model, Jenni, wearing a vintage nautical dress...coming soon!!


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All that glitters: The first ERS/Envisat interferogram
With its casinos and neon lights, Las Vegas may be the Glitter Capital of the world, but two ESA radar images of the city have come together in another kind of glitter showcase.
In an ESA first, radar images from the Envisat and ERS-2 satellites were processed by researchers at the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) and combined to produce a topographic analysis of the area in and around the US city.
The analysis matched data acquired in 1999 by the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) onboard ERS-2 with imagery acquired last year by Envisat's Advanced SAR to produce the accompanying interferogram. Although it might look like something hung on a university student's wall, an interferogram is actually an image generated by analysing the differences between two radar signals taken over the same area on Earth.
This one shows an area of approximately 30 x 35 km around Las Vegas. The city is visible in the centre of the image as an area of bright colours, with the city's major thoroughfares appearing as straight dark lines. The image was produced by the Oberpfaffenhofen Remote Sensing Technology Institute of the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) under an ESA project to study the uses of joint ERS and Envisat data.
Each colour cycle in the image, from blue to red to yellow, represents an elevation change of 8.4 metres. The effect produces bands of colours showing the topography of the city and surrounding area.
Originally thought impossible
Producing an interferogram with data from these two satellites was not thought initially to be feasible. Although creating interferograms from SAR images is not new, they usually are generated from images acquired by the same or compatible radars.
What makes this interferogram stand out, according to Nico Adam, the DLR scientist who headed the effort, is that the SARs on ERS-2 and Envisat operate at slightly different frequencies, enough to complicate the joint processing of data from the ERS and Envisat sensors.
"This is the first time that the mixing of Envisat and ERS data is performed because it requires specific geometric conditions which have been met for this demonstration," Adam said.
The result highlights the ingenuity of European scientists and provides evidence that new ideas for future satellites can be found by doing with the existing ones what was thought to be impossible.
"The practical demonstration of the radar cross-interferometry was of scientific and operational interest," Adam added. "It guarantees the continuity in the monitoring of the Earth's surface. Long time-span data series can be analysed; hence, very slow geophysical effects can be monitored and unnoticed effects can be explained even after years."
ERS-1 was launched in 1991 and operated up to 1999. ERS-2 was orbited in 1995 and is still in operation. Envisat was launched last year carrying a suite of 10 sensors to monitor various aspects of the Earth's environment.
The interferometric use of ERS and Envisat imagery will be the central topic to be discussed later this year at the Fringe 2003 Workshop, 2-5 December, at ESA's ESRIN facility outside of Rome. All scientific investigators carrying research and applications development in interferometry using ESA data are expected to be in attendance.


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Transitional form
A transitional form is a living or fossilized organism that is believed to be an evolutionary link between two distinct groups (also referred to as intermediates or missing links). This is suggested when the organism possesses characteristics that uniquely belong to different taxa, or when fossils exhibit traits that are considered primitive in comparison to living varieties.[1] For example, the Tiktaalik is thought by evolutionists to be an intermediate between fish and reptiles because it has fleshy fins, and thus one believes that the fins enabled it to evolve from shallow waters to life on land.
When we examine living populations, there is a clear distinction between various plants and animals, which has allowed us to classify them into taxonomic groups. Since evolution via random mutations must occur at an extremely slow and gradual rate, we should find a continuous series of intermediate fossils that illustrate the transition from one type of organism to another if this theory is valid. The sheer absence of these transitional forms is the most reiterated empirical evidence against evolution. In this arena quotes from honest evolutionists are numerous decrying the state of the fossil record. For example David B. Kitts of the School of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Oklahoma wrote: "Evolution requires intermediate forms between species and paleontology does not provide them…".[2]
The evolutionist Michael Denton also acknowledges this irrefutable problem.
|The fact that so many of the founders of modern biology, those who discovered all the basic facts of comparative morphology upon which modern evolutionary biology is based, held nature to be fundamentally a discontinuum of isolated and unique types unbridged by transitional varieties, a position absolutely at odds with evolutionary ideas, is obviously very difficult to reconcile with the popular notion that all the facts of biology irrefutably support an evolutionary interpretation.[3]
To nearly all of the great biologists and naturalists of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Darwin's theory failed to explain the discontinuity of species. Instead a typological model was adhered to, which recognized that organisms exist as distinct types.[4] To explain the absence of transitional forms, an uncharacterized macroevolution process was proposed as being responsible for the rapid saltation (evolutionary jumps) responsible for the gaps between taxa, with the traditional micro process operating to produce the slow and gradual change responsible for groups of similar species.
Absence of fossil forms
There are over one hundred million identified and catalogued fossils currently in the world's museums.[5] If all life on Earth has descended from a single common ancestor then there should be countless "transitional forms" in the fossil record that show the gradual transformation of organisms. Compared to the number of living and fossil organisms, transitional forms are conspicuously absent and often referred to simply as "missing links".
Evolutionist Michael Denton stated:
|It is still, as it was in Darwin's day, overwhelmingly true that the first representatives of all the major classes of organisms known to biology are already highly characteristic of their class when they make their initial appearance in the fossil record. This phenomenon is particularly obvious in the case of the invertebrate fossil record. At its first appearance in the ancient paleozoic seas, invertebrate life was already divided into practically all the major groups with which we are familiar today.[6]
If Biblical young earth creationism is true then this precisely what should be found. The creationist view predicts the presence of distinct kinds of animal with no transitionals between; or at best a handful of disputed forms. Evolutionists have spent over 140 years trying to find transitional fossils and nothing approaching a conclusive form has ever been found - only a handful of doubtful examples exist.[7][8]
Noted anthropologist Edmund Ronald Leach stated:
|Missing links in the sequence of fossil evidence were a worry to Darwin. He felt sure they would eventually turn up, but they are still missing and seem likely to remain so.[9]
David Raup, who was the curator of geology at the museum holding the world's largest fossil collection (the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago), observed: "[Darwin] was embarrassed by the fossil record because it didn't look the way he predicted it would.... Well, we are now about 120 years after Darwin, and knowledge of the fossil record has been greatly expanded. We now have a quarter of a million fossil species but the situation hasn't changed much.... [W]e have even fewer examples of evolutionary transition than we had in Darwin's time." (David M. Raup, "Conflicts Between Darwin and Paleontology," Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin 50 (January 1979): 22-23, 24-25)
One of the most famous proponents of evolution was the late Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. But Gould admitted, "The extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record persists as the trade secret of paleontology. We fancy ourselves as the only true students of life's history, yet to preserve our favored account of evolution by natural selection, we view our data as so bad that we never see the very process we profess to study.[10] In a 1977 paper titled "The Return of Hopeful Monsters", Gould wrote: "All paleontologists know that the fossil record contains precious little in the way of intermediate forms; transitions between major groups are characteristically abrupt."[11]
The senior paleontologist at the British Museum of Natural History, Dr. Colin Patterson, put it this way: "Gould and the American Museum people are hard to contradict when they say there are no transitional fossils."[12]
Evolutionist views
Evolutionists present several transition series. They are based on a comparison of selected parts, while often ignoring bigger differences. Sometimes the various types are represented only by fragmented fossil evidence. Often they will use what are called cousins when they can not find a fossil in the right place to be able to call it an ancestor. The gaps recognized by evolutionists are often at critical parts in the fossil record. Jonathan Sarfati comments:
|"Many of the alleged transitional forms are based on fragmentary remains, which are therefore open to several interpretations, based on one's axioms. Evolutionary bias means that such remains are often likely to be interpreted as transitional, as with Gingerich, and is also prevalent in ape-man claims. But when more bones are discovered, then the fossils nearly always fit one type or another, and are no longer plausible as transitional. It's also notable that alleged intermediate forms are often trumpeted in the media, while retractions are usually muted or unpublicized."[13]
Often the designation of a new genus or species is based on only one individual or at most only a few individuals. In such cases they may represent a small number of degenerative mutants, rather than an entire genus or species. This would greatly reduce the number of individuals implied by the fossil record.
Darwin's Concerns
Charles Darwin himself stated that evolutionary theory required the existence of "transitional forms." Darwin wrote: "So that the number of intermediate and transitional links, between all living and extinct species, must have been inconceivably great. But assuredly, if this theory be true, such have lived upon the earth." [14]
The lack of transitional forms was one of the four prominent weaknesses to his theory that Darwin puzzled over in "On the Origin of Species," and indeed devoted an entire chapter of the book (IV: On the Imperfection of the Fossil Record)[15] to what he acknowledged was a serious danger to his theory:
|"In the four succeeding chapters, the most apparent and gravest difficulties on the theory will be given: namely, first, the difficulties of transitions, or in understanding how a simple being or a simple organ can be changed and perfected into a highly developed being or elaborately constructed organ; secondly, the subject of Instinct, or the mental powers of animals; thirdly, Hybridism, or the infertility of species and the fertility of varieties when intercrossed; and fourthly, the imperfection of the Geological Record." (p. 6)[16]
| "Long before having arrived at this part of my work, a crowd of difficulties will have occurred to the reader. Some of them are so grave that to this day I can never reflect on them without being staggered; but, to the best of my judgment, the greater number are only apparent, and those that are real are not, I think, fatal to my theory.
These difficulties and objections may be classed under the following heads:—
Firstly, why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?
Secondly, is it possible that an animal having, for instance, the structure and habits of a bat, could have been formed by the modification of some animal with wholly different habits? Can we believe that natural selection could produce, on the one hand, organs of trifling importance, such as the tail of a giraffe, which serves as a fly-flapper, and, on the other hand, organs of such wonderful structure, as the eye, of which we hardly as yet fully understand the inimitable perfection?
Thirdly, can instincts be acquired and modified through natural selection? What shall we say to so marvellous an instinct as that which leads the bee to make cells, which have practically anticipated the discoveries of profound mathematicians?
Fourthly, how can we account for species, when crossed, being sterile and producing sterile offspring, whereas, when varieties are crossed, their fertility is unimpaired?"(pp. 171-172)[17]
Further, Darwin wrote: "Why then is not every geological formation and every strata full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely-graduated organic chain; and this perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection which can be urged against my theory." [18] Darwin thought the lack of transitional links in his time was because
|only a small portion of the surface of the earth has been geologically explored and no part with sufficient care...".[19]
Darwin's theory of evolution required that transitional forms exist. As Charles Darwin became older, however, he became increasingly concerned about this lack of evidence in regards to the fossil record. Darwin wrote,
|When we descend to details, we cannot prove that a single species has changed; nor can we prove that the supposed changes are beneficial, which is the groundwork of the theory.[20]
Disputed Existence
{{line-height|1|Some evolutionists aver that transitional forms exist, but that is certainly not the consensus. The eminent Pierre Grasse, editor of the 28 volume Traite de Zoologie, one-time president of the Academie des Science attacked modern evolution theory on the grounds that it assumed to know much more than it did. Stephen Jay Gould in an often quoted statement calls the lack of transitional forms the "trade secret" in paleontology. It should be noted that this statement was made not in an effort to support creationism, but rather an explanation of why he felt the need to design a different theory to accommodate this absence.
The California University evolutionist biologist James W. Valentine makes this confession in What Darwin Began:
|The fossil record is of little use in providing direct evidence of the pathways of descent of the phyla or of invertebrate classes. Each phylum with a fossil record had already evolved its characteristic body plan when it first appeared, so far as we can tell from the fossil remains, and no phylum is connected to any other via intermediate fossil types. Indeed, none of the invertebrate classes can be connected with another class by series of intermediates.[21]
Colin Patterson, senior paleontologist at the British Museum of Natural History, wrote to a reader in 1979 the following passage:
|I fully agree with your commentary on the lack of evolutionary transitions in my book. If I knew of any, fossil or living, I would have certainly included them. I will lay it on the line, there is not one such fossil for which one could make a watertight argument.
It is claimed that Patterson asked the assemblage of paleontologists at a 1998 conference whether anyone knew of a genuine transitional form, receiving no answer but silence. This report is only partially substantiated.
Punctuated Equilibrium
- Main Article: Punctuated equilibrium
The lack of support from the fossil record and the dearth of transitional forms composing a reasonably minimum continuum is something recognized by some evolutionists themselves. Evolutionists have dealt with this concern in two divergent ways. Some have decided that evolution is simply a postulate which must be believed due to lack of reasonable alternatives.
Others, such as Stephen Jay Gould, have claimed that evolution does not take place in small gradual steps. Rather, he and others believe that evolution may take place in small populations for short bursts of time before a plateau is reached. This means that transitional forms would be few in number because they only exists in small populations for small lengths of time. Gould has used the absence of transitionals in support of his own evolutionary theory of "punctuated equilibrium", and as evidence against the "gradualism" that Charles Darwin expected.[22] Not surprisingly, many critics of evolution view "punctuated equilibrium" as simply an excuse for the absence of fossil evidence.[23][24]
The theory of punctuated equilibrium is discussed in great detail at Talk.Origins[25]; it became a major rival to Neo-Darwinism in the latter part of the 20th century.
Reputed transitionals
- Main Article: Archaeopteryx
One of the more famous alleged transitional fossils claimed by evolutionists is Archaeopteryx. Dr. Alan Feduccia, a world authority on birds and an evolutionist himself, has stated the following regarding Archaeopteryx:
|Paleontologists have tried to turn Archaeopteryx into an earth-bound, feathered dinosaur. But it's not. It is a bird, a perching bird. And no amount of 'paleobabble' is going to change that. [26]
Creationist scientists have a number of arguments against Archaeopteryx being a transitional fossil find.[26][27][28][29]
- Main Article: Tiktaalik
A second famous alleged transitional fossil claimed by evolutionists is Tiktaalik. Creationists have a number of arguments regarding the fossil find of Tiktaalik not being a transitional find.[30][31]
Ape men
- Main Article: Human evolution
- Main Article: Recent controversy in hominid ancestry
A number of recently discovered species, which were supposed to be linear descendants of one another, were determined to actually coexist, and thus couldn't have evolved from one another. Homo erectus and Homo habilis both coexisted, Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) and Australopithecus ramidus (Ardi) also both coexisted, and some brand new fossils were found to coexist with modern humans and Neanderthals, like Homo floresiensis ('Hobbit Man') and the Denisovans. Jonathan Sarfati reports on Marvin Lubenow's research that was published in Bones of Contention:
|Marvin Lubenow shows that the various alleged 'apemen' do not form a smooth sequence in evolutionary 'ages,' but overlap considerably. For example, the timespan of Homo sapiens fossils contains the timespan of the fossils of Homo erectus, supposedly our ancestor. Also, when the various fossils are analyzed in depth, they turn out not to be transitional or even mosaic. The morphology overlaps too—the analysis of a number of characteristics indicates that Homo ergaster, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis as well as H. heidelbergensis, were most likely 'racial' variants of modern man, while H. habilis and another specimen called H. rudolfensis were just types of australopithecines. In fact, H. habilis is now regarded as an invalid name, probably caused by assigning fragments of australopithecines and H. erectus fossils into this 'taxonomic waste bin.'[13]
According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, current dating of Australopiths, Ar. kaddaba and Ar. ramidus coexisted; A. afarensis, K. platyops, A. bahrelgazali, and A. africanus all coexisted; P. aethiopicus, A. africanus, A. garhi, H. habilis, and H. rudolfensis all coexisted; and A. sediba, P. boisei, H. rudolfensis, and H. habilis all coexisted as well.[33] A large number of hominins therefore coexisted and thus are 'offshoots' which could not have evolved from one another, resulting in a messy 'bush'. Rather than a nice orderly tree progression, they're living at the same times. Instead of having descended from one another, scientists now use the term offshoots, since as famous paleontologist Meave Leakey has noted, "Their co-existence makes it unlikely that Homo erectus evolved from Homo habilis.".[34]
|A new discovery suggests that Homo erectus may not have evolved from Homo habilis—and that the two may have been contemporaries. The phrase 'family bush' doesn't trip off the tongue the way 'family tree' does, but anyone talking about human evolution had better get used to it. For years, scientists who study human origins have known that the simple model in which one human ancestor evolved into another in a nice, linear fashion is a myth. Instead, starting 4 million years ago, half a dozen species in the genus Australopithecus lived in Africa at the same time. Only one is our direct ancestor; the others were evolutionary dead ends, failed experiments. But experts thought that once the Homo lineage debuted about 2.5 million years ago in East Africa with Homo habilis, things settled down, with habilis evolving into Homo erectus who evolved into Homo sapiens—us—like biblical begats. Two fossils discovered in Kenya suggest that evolution was a lot messier than that. (Newsweek 2007)[35]
A number of new hominids have been discovered that are causing additional trouble for evolutionary theory. Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, and Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) now make for our three oldest hominin fossils. Trouble is, they are way too human-like, showing far more early complexity and similarity to modern humans, including evidence of early bipedalism, than was supposed to exist so far back in the human lineage. The discovery of such early bipedalism then led to the claim that A. afarensis (Lucy) and A. sediba also walked upright.[Reference needed] The prevailing theory that humans share a common ancestor with chimpanzees is also in question due to recent research which revealed that the majority of Australopithecines and Habilines are more closely aligned with orangutans. This leaves humans without a plausible ancestor.[36]In addition, a chimp was discovered in 2005 that revealed that chimps lived east of the Rift Valley, which would play a role in the eventual abandonment of the famous Savannah Hypothesis that humans evolved without chimps because of leaving the African jungles for the savannahs (since chimps also left).[Reference needed]
|Another discovery by Dr. Leakey challenged the prevailing view that the family tree had a more or less single trunk rising from ape roots to a pinnacle occupied by Homo sapiens. Yet here was evidence that the new species Kenyanthropus platyops co-existed with Lucy's afarensis kin. The family tree now looks more like a bush with many branches. 'Just because there's only one human species around now doesn't mean it was always that way,' Dr. Grine said... Two even earlier specimens are even harder to interpret. One found in Kenya by a French team has been dated to six million years and named Orrorin tugenensis. The teeth and bone pieces are few, though the discoverers think a thigh fragment suggests that the individual was a biped — a walker on two legs. Another French group then uncovered 6.7-million-year-old fossils in Chad. Named Sahelanthropus tchadensis, the sole specimen includes only a few teeth, a jawbone and a crushed cranium... Other challenges arise from human evolution in more recent epochs. Just who were the 'little people' found a few years ago in a cave on the island of Flores in Indonesia? The Australian and Indonesian discoverers concluded that one partial skeleton and other bones belonged to a now-extinct separate human species, Homo floresiensis, which lived as recently as 18,000 years ago. (New York Times 2007) [37]
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- ↑ "Transitional Forms." Understanding Evolution. University of California Museum of Paleontology.
- ↑ Kitts DB, cited at "15 Answers to John Rennie and Scientific American's Nonsense, Argument 13," Thompson B and Harrub B, eds. Apologetics Press, n.d. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Denton, Michael. Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, 3rd rev. ed. Adler & Adler. 1986 (ISBN 978-0917561528), p. 100.
- ↑ Denton, op. cit., p. 99.
- ↑ "Scientists Speak About Fossils." Creation-Evolution Encyclopedia, Pathlights. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Denton, op. cit., p. 162
- ↑ "Get Answers: Fossils." Answers in Genesis, n.d. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ "Fossils Questions and Answers." Creation Ministries International, n.d. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Leach E. "Still Missing After All These Years." Evolution is Dead!, 2008 Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Gould SJ, cited at "15 Answers to John Rennie and Scientific American's Nonsense, Argument 5," Thompson B and Harrub B, eds. Apologetics Press, n.d. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Batten D. "Punctuated equilibrium: come of age?" TJ 8(2):131-137, August 1994. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ "Those fossils are a problem." Creation 14(4):44-45, September 1992. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Sarfati, Jonathan. Refuting Evolution 2 Chapter 8 - Argument: The fossil record supports evolution. Greenforest AR: Master Books, 2002. (p136-137)
- ↑ Foard JM. "Fossils: History Written in Stone." The Darwin Papers, 1(5), 1996. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Darwin, C.R. On the Origin of Species, 1st ed. London 1859, p. 280.
- ↑ Darwin, C.R. On the Origin of Species, 1st ed. London 1859, p. 6.
- ↑ Darwin, C.R. On the Origin of Species, 1st ed. London 1859, pp. 171-172.
- ↑ "Natural Discontinuities and the Fossil Record." Veritas Forum, University of California at Santa Barbara, n.d. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Darwin C. "Chapter X: On the Imperfection of the Fossil Record." The Origin of Species, hosted at The Complete Works of Charles Darwin. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Darwin, C. The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 1, p. 120. Cited at "References and Notes: Distinct Types," In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for the Creation and the Flood by Walt Brown, 2008. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ What Darwin Began: Modern Darwinism and Non-Darwinist Perspectives, L.R. Godfrey, Ed., Allyn & Bacon Inc. 1985 p. 263.
- ↑ Gould, S.J. & Eldredge, N. (1972). "Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism." In Schopf, Thomas, J.M. (ed.). Models in Paleobiology. Freeman, Cooper and Company, San Francisco, pp. 82-115.
- ↑ Batten, D. (1994, August). "Punctuated equilibrium: Come of age?" In Journal of Creation, 8(2):131-137.
- ↑ Scott, Heidi (2007). "Stephen Jay Gould and the Rhetoric of Evolutionary Theory". Rhetoric Review 26 (2): 120–141.
- ↑ "Punctuated Equilibria." Talk.Origins, n.d. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Sarfati J. "Archaeopteryx (unlike Archaeoraptor) is NOT a hoax—it is a true bird, not a 'missing link'." Answers in Genesis, 24 March 2000. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Wieland C. "Archaeopteryx." Ex Nihilo 1(1):12-16, June 1978. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Gish D. "As a Transitional Form Archaeopteryx Won't Fly." Institute for Creation Research, Impact 321, September 1989. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Sarfati J. "Chapter 4: Bird Evolution?" In Refuting Evolution. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Sarfati J. "Tiktaalik roseae—a fishy 'missing link'." Creation Ministries International, April 15, 2006. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Sherwin F. "Tiktaalik: Our Ancestor?" Institute for Creation Research, Impact 2962, April 2006. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ↑ Lubenow, Marvin. Bones of Contention: A Creationist Assessment of Human Fossils. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1992. p. 336
- ↑ "Australopithecus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44115/Australopithecus>.
- ↑ Urquhart, James (2007, August 8).Finds Test Human Origins Theory. BBC News.
- ↑ Begley, Sharon L. (2007, August 7).The Human Family Shrub?. Newsweek.
- ↑ Humans related to orangutans, not chimps PhysOrg.com, June 18, 2009.
- ↑ Wilford, John (2007, June 26). The Human Family Tree Has Become a Bush With Many Branches. New York Times.
External links
- Evolution: The Changing Scene by Duane Gish ICR Impact #136
- Vertebrates: animals with backbones by Gary Parker. Chapter 3: The fossil evidence from the book Creation: Facts of Life.
- The links are missing by Jonathan Sarfati. Chapter 3 from the book Refuting Evolution.
- The Transitional Form Dilemma by Harun Yahya
- That quote!—about the missing transitional fossils: Embarrassed evolutionists try to 'muddy the waters' by Gary Bates, Creation 29(1):12–15, December 2006
- Fossil Frauds The Darwin Papers by James Foard
See Also


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Small lightweight cars with FWD, AWD, RWD and turbo flavors with styling penned by renowned designer Giorgetto Giugiaro and handing tuned by Lotus. Wake up America, Isuzu cars died and we have its blood on our hands.
This wedge sliced design first saw the world in 1979, fast tracked for production in 1980. It looks damn good for a car hailing from 1979. It was called the Impulse in the U.S. and the Piazza everywhere else. It was RWD and Isuzu even went out of its way to give the U.S. a bigger 2.3L 4 banger standard over the 2.0L everyone else got. Sure it only had 110 hp with 127 lb ft of torque, but there's a solution to that...stick a turbo in it. The 4CZ1 had a 2.0L turbo cranking out 148 hp and 166 lb ft in its final form.
Lotus rolled up its sleeves with a shotgun at their backs. The corporate mega-giant GM owned Isuzu and Lotus (by takeover, forcing a buyout of Toyota's remaining shares in Lotus) and at this point in 1988, put Lotus to work tuning the cars Isuzu made.
The original Impulse lived a healthy life of 10 years..which is like a million car years, not accounting for wind direction. Time for a successor to take the mantle...A smaller FWD/AWD combo hitter.
The car had slick European styling, weighed 2411 lbs in base form or 2732 lbs in RS AWD variety. RWD went away courtesy of GM telling Isuzu to make the car using their R-body "world" platforms. Isuzu hailed to their American overlords and made it happen. The original FWD base was whored out simultaneously as a GEO in the same U.S. market for no apparent reason.
Isuzu said, "Screw it, I'm making meth" and rolled out the AWD RS. This welterweight had McPherson struts on all fours, with a rigid trailing arm front suspension and a multi-link rear. The Turbo 4XE1 made a hearty 160 hp/ 150 lb ft and only existed for a single year in 1991. Zero to sixty was a respectable 7.0 seconds and only 800 were produced.
Want a wagon trim? Isuzu's got you bro with their wagon back trim. I'd daily drive the living hell out of that!
GM's pillaging lust was insatiable at this point. They took the Isuzu engine and crammed it in its attempt to revive the Lotus Elan, with the Elan M100.
Isuzu was eventually asphyxiated by GM. GM has been calling the shots at Isuzu since 1985, never allowing it to realize its full potential as GM didn't want Isuzu cars to compete against their own line of compacts in the U.S. Ironically, Isuzu was the first car manufacturer of Japan and in 1993, Isuzu withdrew from the U.S. car market, as with any hopes of making cars ever again.
Isuzu was still being pilfered after death with their transmissions being used in Chevrolet Cavaliers, Berettas, Corsicas, and Sunfires. Isuzu eventually exclusively made SUVs and trucks at GM's command. By make trucks, I mean rebadge a GM Colorado, S10, and a GMC envoy.
Pretty sure that's an S-10 bro.
It wasn't until 2002 that Isuzu started fighting back to regain what's left of their company, by reducing GM's 49% stake to a mere 12% as they fight tooth and nail to buy out GM's shares.
2009 saw Isuzu completely pulling out of the U.S, trucks and all.
GM was in talks to continue their partnership for another 5 years, but they failed. Can you really blame Isuzu?
photo credits go to their respective owners


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3-Peat! Rams Capture Third Straight Title
Farmingdale State - 1, Bard - 0
Farmingdale, N.Y. - The Farmingdale State women's soccer team won their third consecutive Skyline Conference Championship this afternoon, defeating Bard 1-0 in the Skyline Finals. Freshman forward Jamie Smith (Holtsville, N.Y./Sachem East) scored on a corner kick that deflected off the inside of the far post late in the second half.
Farmingdale controlled the game throughout, holding a 21-2 shot advantage, while also leading in corner kicks 12-2.
Farmingdale State freshman forward Taylor Horgan (Long Beach, N.Y./Long Beach) was named Skyline Conference Championship Most Valuable Player for her outstanding performance in today's game.
Freshman goalkeeper Lena James (Atlanta, Ga./Henry W. Grady) had eight saves, allowing only the corner kick goal for the Raptors. Freshman Maggie Studsrud (Staten Island, N.Y./Susan E. Wagner) earned the victory in goal for the Rams.
Farmingdale received an automatic bid to the 2009 NCAA Division III National Championship Tournament. The Championship seedings and bracket will be released Monday, October 9th at 10:00am. The Rams enter the tournament with a 15-4-3 record, while Bard ends the season at 10-6-4.


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Supreme Court Rejects Appeal Over Law Banning Recording The Police
from the got-one-right deptYou may recall that we've been following the ongoing saga of a poorly-written piece of state legislation in Illinois, which would strip citizens of their First Amendment rights if they were to film law enforcement performing their duties. One gentleman was facing a possible 75 years in jail for five counts at up to 15 years each, until the 7th Circuit appeals court ruled that the law could not be enforced, because it very likely violated the First Amendment. Specifically, they sent it back to the lower court to rule on whether the law did, in fact, violate the First Amendment, along with fairly strong guidance that the lower court should probably toss out the law on those grounds. However, before the district court could review, the appeals court ruling was appealed to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court has now refused to hear the case, sending it back to the lower court, as the appeals court had originally intended.
The Supreme Court has rejected an appeal from the Cook County state's attorney to allow enforcement of a law prohibiting people from recording police officers on the job. The justices on Monday left in place a lower court ruling that found that the state's anti-eavesdropping law violates free speech rights when used against people who tape law enforcement officers.The ACLU had brought a suit to block the prosecution of their staff recording police in public spaces, a main focus of the organization. They also see the refusal by the Supreme Court to hear the case as a major win for the rights of citizens to keep law enforcement from abusing their power.
Harvey Grossman, legal director of the ACLU of Illinois, said the organization was "pleased that the Supreme Court has refused to take this appeal. . .The ACLU of Illinois continues to believe that in order to make the rights of free expression and petition effective, individuals and organizations must be able to freely gather and record information about the conduct of government and their agents – especially the police. The advent and widespread accessibility of new technologies make the recording and dissemination of pictures and sound inexpensive, efficient and easy to accomplish."As recording devices in public become more and more ubiquitous, hopefully law enforcement will cease to shy away from such public scrutiny. After all, in the long run, the ability for the public to check abuses by the authorities will only make those authorities better.
Filed Under: first amendment, free speech, illinois, recording, supreme court


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I've been back in Australia for nearly two weeks now, spending some quiet time with family and friends, shopping and just wandering around the neighborhood. Japan never seems all that different until I leave, and suddenly everything is so big and spacious. There are people from so many different cultures walking around and they're pretty much all speaking a language I can understand, with a lot more front than the typical Japanese. It's not an unpleasant short of culture shock, coming back home, but it does take some getting used to.
After two weeks without Japanese food I'm hankering for a good nabe on one of these rainy nights, but it might have to wait as I get my mum to run through her repertoire of childhood favorites. What could be better on a winter evening than apple and rhubarb crumble hot from the oven with vanilla ice cream? Not much.
Now that I've got my computer and internet set up properly this coming week should clear the backlog of posts from my last few weeks in Japan and bring the first installment of my adventures with Australian Japanese food. Will it be delicious and authentic? Or will I like it as much as I liked pasta with mentaiko? Only time will tell....


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Test and sample images related to scanning of films, including slides and negatives.
110 Slide Test w/o ICE
110 Slide Test w/ ICE
Test slide scanned with a Nikon Coolscan V ED with Digital ICE4 dust and scratch removal off.
Test slide scanned with a Nikon Coolscan V ED with Digital ICE4 dust and scratch removal on.
Example of the Epson Scan automatically cropping images too small when it detects areas of darkness.
Sample photo of Sarah and I as exported from Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Beta 4.
One of my dad's Air National Guard 110 slides which I scanned.
Detail of the texture on a Kodachrome slide from 1977.
A Kodachrome 110 slide, exposed and processed in 1977.
110 Slide in Hanimex 110 Slide Adapter so that the slide can be inserted in the Nikon Coolscan V ED.
A strip of 3M Branded ISO400 35mm film exposed and developed in 1996.
My Staticmaster Ionizing Brush used for cleaning films.
Nikon Coolscan V ED with the slide holder (MA-21) fitted and the 35mm film loader (SA-21) next to it.
Example of 110 slide scanned with Epson Perfection 3170 PHOTO.
Example of 110 slide scanned with Nikon Coolscan V ED.


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After reading about the popular American Christmas tipple, eggnog, for years, I finally took the plunge and made some last weekend. We loved it, and I'm probably making another batch tonight for tomorrow's Christmas Eve dinner, and then another one for the New Year's Eve party. The recipe below is based on Melissa's and Elise's recipes, and make an excellent Christmas-time drink.
(Eggnogi jõulujook)
1 litre (serves about 6)
4 large eggyolks
100 g caster sugar
500 ml milk (2 cups)
1 vanilla pod
1 cinnamon stick
250 ml whipping cream
2 Tbsp bourbon whisky
2 Tbsp dark rum
In a large bowl, whisk egg yolks until frothy, then slowly beat in the sugar, whisking until fluffy.
Combine milk, cinnamon stick and vanilla pod (halved lengthwise) in a thick-bottomed saucepan. Slowly heat mixture on medium heat until it is steaming hot. Do not boil! (If you're not in a hurry, then remove the saucepan from the heat and let infuse for 30 minutes. Slowly reheat again before proceeding).
Temper the eggs by slowly adding ladlefuls of hot milk mixture into the eggs, whisking constantly. Pour the mixture back into the saucepan.
Cook on medium heat, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon, until it begins to thicken slightly, and coats the back of the spoon (candy thermometer should show 71C). Do not allow the mixture to boil, or the heat will curdle the egg yolks!
Remove from heat and immediately stir in the lukewarm cream (this will bring the temperature down and keep it from curdling).
Remove the vanilla pod and cinnamon stick. Cool until lukewarm, then stir in the bourbon and rum.
Chill before serving. NB! Grate some nutmeg on each serving!!


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Grace Hopper's and Steven Mandell's Understanding Computers (1984) was also conceived from an outspoken didactic point of view with elaborate supplementary educational material gathered in the accompanying study guide for the student, a complete instructor resource package with transparency masters reducing administrative efforts for the lecturer, and a test bank of nearly 1,000 multiple choice questions. Additional media included a student oriented audio-cassette and interactive microcomputer software packages for laboratory sessions. The book itself covers most of the topics of Graham's book, but with more graphs and full colour pictures. It also includes an introduction to BASIC, and each chapter concludes with revision and discussion questions. Although there is a chapter devoted to computers in science, medicine, and research and design, no mention, however, of any humanities research is made. Also, the section on computers in the arts focuses on adjuvant capabilities in stage lighting, dance notation, word processing, and poetry emulation only.
These books became respectively the fourth and the third most frequently used textbooks in the teaching of computing to humanities students by 1987 (Rudman, 1987a). The champions were Computer Methods for Literary Research by Robert Oakman (1980); and A Guide to Computer Applications in the Humanities by Susan Hockey (1980).
Now, more than ever, I experience truth in Graham's analysis that:
Few products of technology are so important to the public and yet so poorly understood by them as is the computer. When people think of computers they are apt to think of the dire warnings they have heard concerning the dangers of computerized data banks, or perhaps of someone who received an erroneous computerized bill and had trouble getting it corrected. Relatively few people have any information as to what computers actually do or how they can be used for the benefit of humanity. (Graham, 1976, p. xi).
I called this blog The Mind Tool because of two reasons. First, it wants to provide information as to what computers can do for the benefit of the humanities in general and the discipline of textual editing in particular. Second, it serves as a mind tool to me, freeing my desk from scribbled on loose pieces of paper, post-it notes, notebooks, napkins, and beer maths. As such I hope to entertain both the technology-sceptics of traditional academe and the growing community of humanities computing professionals


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Erik Troan is the founder and chief technology officer for rPath.Erik at [email protected]
Running IT operations would be easy if nothing ever changed. Set it up once, lock the door, and go surfing. Maybe once in a while you'll replace a hard drive or power supply, but, on the whole, large systems will keep turning stable input into stable output.
Of course, there is no such thing as an unchanging environment. Applications change constantly, security vulnerabilities are discovered, hardware fails, load changes … the list is endless. All of this turns the role of IT ops into the role of change management. Some change has to happen (or some change has happened externally), and ops has to manage that change while keeping everything stable.
Three things are involved in change management: the old state, the change itself, and the new state. In order to truly understand what has changed and what is changing, you need to track and control two of the three (since the third is the result of the other two).
Tracking the new state is clearly a good idea; you ought to know what your systems look like right now. Once you can describe the new state, you can capture the old state as well; just make sure you record it before you apply the change. As long as you have a place to record all of these states, you've captured change.
Now take all of those states, give each a version number, and toss them into a single repository. All of your historical systems are explicitly described, and the changes from one to another are implicitly described. You can inspect, query and report on change in your operational environment. With just a touch of automatic provisioning, you can deploy changes from the repository into the operational environment to get controlled migrations. If something goes wrong, you can undo those changes.
All of this depends on an ability to describe (model) what systems should look like. This type of modeling is fundamental to getting change under management.
But the state of the practice in IT today is far different than what I've described. What software deployments should look like is rarely defined at all. What is running and what is changing are equally opaque. And how do you bring a system into compliance or reverse a change to bring it back to a previous state? These are things that are just plain hard to accomplish in IT today.
Of course, the problem only gets worse as scale compounds and change accelerates.Solving this problem -- bringing control to system management and change -- starts with deep system modeling and a version control repository. Once that is in place, dealing with change -- even at massive scale -- is consistent, predictable and economical.
Agree? Disagree? Post a Comment on your thoughts.


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Following on the heels of a weekly online column in the Santa Barbara Independent, KCSBeat, which has been running since late 2009, the editors at Santa Barbara's news-and-arts weekly have seen fit to make KCSB-FM the focus of this week's cover story, written by KCSB programmer Colin Marshall.
The article looks back at the history of Santa Barbara's only community radio station and looks ahead to our future, as KCSB stands on the cusp of its 50th year of existence! A sampling of KCSB programs is also highlighted in a sidebar section, while the article likewise acknowledges KCSB's Annual 2010 FUNd Drive: Celebrating Community Radio, which ends 'round midnight on Friday, November 12th, upon the conclusion of our Friday night punk-and-garage music show, "Face the Music."
Through Friday, November 12th, the official completion of our FUNd Drive campaign, KCSB-FM has raised over $21,000 in pledges to support our station's continued existence!
Listener-sponsors can call the station to donate at (805) 893-2424 or can donate online anytime. A minimum pledge of $25 for students and $50 for non-students entitles the donor to a selection of thank-you gifts (including the station's new KCSB 2010 t-shirt, CDs, DVDs, books, magazine subscriptions, gift certificates, and more).
Make all checks payable to AS/KCSB and address them to KCSB-FM, PO Box 12834, Santa Barbara, CA 93107-2834. Contributions are tax deductible to the extent allowed by law.


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This is the nail look I created for this club makeup look posted here. I've never done french tips before so I wasn't really sure what the heck I was doing. This was a little rushed, but I thought it turned out well considering I wasn't using french tip strips. I originally wanted to use a nude base but I didn't have the time, so I just went with a clear base coat, 3 red coats on the tips and then a top coat. Even though I let Ruby Pumps completely dry before applying the top coat, it picked up some red and transferred it onto the clear polish. :-(
natural light - no flash
with flash
I achieved this look with:
1 coat of Avon's NAIL EXPERTS Smooth Beginnings Base Coat
1 coat of Avon's NAIL EXPERTS Smooth Beginnings Base Coat
3 coats of China Glaze - Ruby Pumps (just on the tips)
1 coat of Avon's NAIL EXPERTS UV Gloss Guard Top Coat


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This is long, has quite a few links – and I'm going to call some skeptics out for being decidedly unskeptical…
The Religious Antagonists, Mike Lee, posted a new video on January 25th and the response has been mixed.
The short description is that he offers a homeless couple $20 to remove the word "God" from their sign.
Hemant Mehta, at Friendly Atheist, offered his thoughts.
Mike and I had a private e-mail exchange where I pointed out that I'm on the fence about this particular video.
I wrote:
"I'm somewhat torn. On the one hand there's a very important point made in that video. On the other hand, it seemed like a bit of a lose-lose. You're going to appear overly antagonistic as it's hard for a homeless couple to appear anything other than sympathetic especially when they have a kid and especially to the majority of Christians who would probably be cheering them on.
I've been thinking about it off and on all day – which is great – but I don't know who the target audience is and whether or not they'd give it the same thought. To someone like my parents, you just look like a dickish, agent-of-Satan who is harassing homeless Christians. I wouldn't be surprised if someone like the AFA used your video to drum up more donations.
That said, I wouldn't be surprised if they used many of my videos to drum up donations and my parents think I'm a dickish, agent-of-Satan…so we're in the same boat.
I'm still completely undecided on this. It'd be hypocritical of me to complain about Christian homeless ministries who offer food in exchange for a sermon while endorsing your actions. Right now, the only thing that might trump that issue is that you were making a point and aren't (as far as I know) starting a campaign with this as the default reaction to homeless people with religious messages on their signs.
The commentary certainly makes me favor the video a bit. The more I think about it, the more I'm leaning that direction…but this one is still far from settled, for me."
Mike responded and I asked him to sit in on a future episode of The Non-Prophets so that we could openly talk about all aspects of this, including the response.
And then, just a short while ago, Masala Skeptic from Skepchick posted her thoughts on the video and I had to wonder if she actually watched the video and thought about it for a few minutes before posting.
As I started reading the comments, hoping someone would point this out, what I saw amazed me. Several of these skeptics simply refused to watch the video and made up their mind based on Masala's comments.
So, I'll point out the problems with her commentary, in the hopes that discussions about this video (about which I am still undecided) might be a bit more thoughtful and relevant to the content.
– doesn't seem to understand that Mike flatly acknowledged he was being a jerk.
– discusses the video with no acknowledgement of the clarification and commentary that Mike added.
– doesn't seem to get the important meaning behind this (that religion encourages poor decision making – to the point that a starving family will turn down money)
– doesn't seem to realize that Mike never asked them to stop believing (she wrote: "Mike tries to get the couple to give up their faith in a higher power for the temptation of $20." Mike specifically states the opposite. Did she watch the video?)
– doesn't seem to realize that they acknowledged that they weren't putting their soul on the line. (She wrote: "An offer of $20 simply isn't going to make someone put his eternal soul on the line if that is what they believe is at stake."…when it was made clear in the video that this wasn't REMOTELY the case. Did she watch the video?)
– doesn't seem to realize that those people got the money and got to keep their "god" at the end of all of this
– doesn't seem to think that Mike would say that he believed in god for $20 – I would if it was obvious that I was just uttering words to get cash, rather than stating my honest beliefs. I suspect Mike would, as well. If I was homeless, I most definitely would.
– takes an irrelevant and silly shot at Mike's sweater
– completely misrepresents the video as if it were intended to be a "funny" video.
– pulls the passive-aggressive 'probably can't see the irony of thinking he's right' bullshit while explaining why Mike is wrong and she's right…
As I said, I'm still torn on the video and I'd like to see more discussion about it, but I'd rather discuss it with people who have actually seen the video and with people who are open to fairly and intelligently representing it. People who refuse to watch it, or watch part of it only to rely on other people's commentary for their unskeptical dismissal aren't helping the discussion. People who misrepresent the video definitely aren't helping the discussion.
The knee-jerk, "don't be a dick" crowd annoy me – mostly because they're hypocritically and blindly being dicks about not being dicks. (And almost exclusively on the subject of theism/atheism…)
Make no mistake – Mike is being a dick and he acknowledges it. Masala isn't.
I do like Masala's suggestion for alternate ways to handle this situation, but she doesn't seem to realize that Mike isn't advocating his method as the new de facto standard, it's a single incident constructed to highlight an issue. How can it not be an important issue?
So, what's your take on the video?


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Jewel Of The Nile X 12
Available to purchase at:
Firework Attributes:
Jewel Of The Nile X 12
UNBELIEVEABLE PRICE OF ONLY £6.99 PER CAKE ! Thats £10 off the RRP!
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UNBELIEVEABLE PRICE OF ONLY £6.99 PER CAKE ! Thats £10 off the RRP!
Galactic Fireworks bulk buy listing where you can buy at much less than our regular selling price as you are buying in bulk wholesale quantities. All items are available to anyone to buy and our normal shipping charges will apply. These items can be mixed with anything else that we sell as they are NOT just for other retailers to buy.


text:
For Wood or Metal Kerf Doors.
High Durability.
This Foam-Tite Weatherseal is a compression seal for kerf-fitted wood or
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millimeter) kerfs insert easily and hold securely without slipping.
Length: 82 in (2.1 m)


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If you're trying to live life rather than monitor U.S. auto sales data, we applaud your priorities. But it is worth pausing to note just how badly Japan's earthquake damaged Japanese automakers in the United States in May.
Sales at Toyota fell 33%, while Honda sales plunged 22.5% and Nissan's fell 9.1% - roughly reflecting how hard sales of each were hit by parts shortages in Japan. Those declines were so steep they created several weird comparisons. Hyundai and Kia combined came within 961 vehicles of outselling Toyota. Honda failed to put a vehicle in the top 10 models by sales for the first time in years if not decades.
And for one month, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler can reclaim the mantle of the "Big Three," which had until now been stored in a government warehouse next to the Ark of the Covenant. It's expected to return to its resting place within a few months.