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ARRA Signed
ARRA Outreach
Address to Congress
FY 2010 Budget
Practice Guide: Reading
Quote to Note
Upcoming Events
ARRA Signed
On February 17, in Denver, President Obama signed into law the $787 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). "What I am signing is a balanced plan with a mix of tax cuts and investments," he said. "It is a plan that's been put together without earmarks or the usual pork barrel spending. And, it is a plan that will be implemented with an unprecedented level of transparency and accountability." Specifically, he continued, "We're making the largest investment in education in our nation's history" (see more below). "It's an investment that will create jobs building 21st Century classrooms and libraries and labs for millions of children across America. It will provide funds to train a new generation of math and science teachers, while giving aid to states and school districts to stop teachers from being laid off and education programs from being cut." More generally, he concluded, "Our American story is notand has never beenabout things coming easy. It is about rising to the moment when the moment is hard, converting crisis into opportunity, and seeing to it that we emerge from whatever trials we face stronger than we were before."
Back in Washington, D.C., Secretary Duncan echoed many of the President's remarks, calling the ARRA a "historic opportunity to create jobs and advance education reform." Then, two days later (February 19), he visited Explore Charter School in Brooklyn, New York. "States are hurting, and schools across America are facing catastrophic cuts," he noted. "We need to invest this money quickly, thoughtfully, and transparently to protect kids, create jobs, and drive reforms." Anticipating as many as 14,000 teacher layoffs next school year, New York City officials said the ARRA, with cooperation from the state, could avert "most" of those cuts.
The ARRA contains more than $100 billion in direct education funding for the next two fiscal years and $39 billion in bonding authority and tax credits, including:
- $13 billion for Title I, Part A grants to states ($10 billion) and school improvement grants ($3 billion);
- $12.2 billion for special education grants to states ($11.3 billion), preschool grants ($400 million), and grants for infants and families ($500 million);
- $650 million for education technology grants;
- $300 million for teacher quality, with $200 million for the Teacher Incentive Fund and $100 million for Teacher Quality Partnership Grants;
- $70 million for the education of homeless children and youth;
- $17.1 billion (both discretionary and mandatory funding) to increase the maximum Pell Grant by $500, to $5,350 in 2009;
- $200 million for the Work-Study Program;
- $60 million to help the Department administer surging student financial aid programs while navigating the evolving student loan environment;
- $680 million for state vocational rehabilitation grants to states and independent living grants;
- $250 million for statewide data systems;
- $100 million for Impact Aid school construction;
- $2.1 billion for Head Start ($1 billion) and Early Head Start ($1.1 billion) and $2 billion for child care development grants, through the Department of Health and Human Services;
- $53.6 billion for the State Fiscal Stabilization Fund, of which the Secretary will reserve $4.35 billion for state incentive grants (awarding states that most aggressively pursue higher standards, quality assessments, robust data systems, and teacher quality initiatives) and $650 million for an innovation fund (awarding school districts and consortia of districts and non-profits with strong records of improving student achievement). Of the remaining funds, at least 81.8% ($39.75 billion) is committed to support K-12 and higher education (distributed through existing formulas), and up to 18.2% ($8.85 billion) is slated for public safety and other government services (which may involve education, such as K-12 and higher education facility renovation and modernization);
- $25.2 billion in bonding authority for states and districts to issue bonds over the next 10 years for K-12 facility renovation and modernization, to be retired through a combination of local, state, and federal funds; and
- $13.8 billion to boost the tuition tax credit from $1,800 to $2,500 (for families earning up to $180,000).
More Information. (Note: Currently, the web site offers a press release, a general fact sheet, and links to budget information, including preliminary state-by-state allocations for many formula-based ARRA programs and district-by-district allocations for the Title I program. It also offers a "video statement" by Secretary Arne Duncan. Additional information on the ARRA will be posted on the site as it becomes available.)
ARRA Outreach
Over the last week, to kick-start ARRA implementation, President Obama, Vice President Biden, and Secretary Duncan hosted mayors, governors, and Chief State School Officers for frank discussions on the act. First, on February 20, they hosted 85 mayors in the East Room of the White House. "You're on the front line in our communities," the President asserted. "You know what happens when folks get laid off... And, as your services stretch, your classrooms get crowded, and your streets grow less safe, your budgets shrink. You cannot deficit spend, so you face impossible choices.... And that's why the recovery plan we put into action this week is so important." Then, on February 23, they hosted most of the nation's governors. "You are innovators, and much of the work that you've done has already made a lasting impact and change in people's lives," the President stated. "You shouldn't be succeeding despite Washington. You should be succeeding with a hand from Washington, and that's what we intend to give you in this administration. In return, we'll expect a lot from you as the hard work of making the recovery plan's promise a reality begins." Finally, on February 25, Vice President Biden, Dr. Jill Biden, and Secretary Duncan hosted the nation's Chief State School Officers, pledging collaboration and partnership in pursuing both recovery and reform.
Note: The next "Education News Parents Can Use" broadcast, elaborating on the ARRA, is scheduled for March 17 (8:00 p.m. ET).
The Recovery.gov web site is now live. The mission of this site is three-fold: education (explain the ARRA), transparency (show how, when, and where ARRA money is spent), and accountability (supply data that will allow citizens to evaluate the act's progressand submit feedback). There are already projectionsbased on ARRA languageof the effect on jobs state-by-state. Also online is a memorandum by Peter Orszag, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, detailing to agencies what is expected of them and offering advice for how to meet high standards. Again, further information will be posted on the site as it becomes available.
Address to Congress
Shifting his attention from reviving the economy in the short-term to restoring the economy in the long-term, President Obama highlighted education as one of three areas (along with energy and health care) "absolutely critical to our economic future" during a February 24 address to a joint session of Congress. Below are relevant excerpts:
"In a global economy, where the most valuable skill you can sell is your knowledge, a good education is no longer just a pathway to opportunityit is a pre-requisite. Right now, three-quarters of the fastest-growing occupations require more than a high school diploma, and yet just over half of our citizens have that level of education. We have one of the highest high school dropout rates of any industrialized nation. And half of the students who begin college never finish. This is a prescription for economic decline, because we know the countries that out-teach us today will out-compete us tomorrow. That is why it will be the goal of this administration to ensure that every child has access to a complete, competitive educationfrom the day they are born to the day they begin a career."
"Already, we have made a historic investment in education through the economy recovery plan.... But, we know that our schools don't just need more resources. They need more reform. That is why this budget creates new incentives for teacher performance: pathways for advancement and rewards for success. We will invest in innovative programs that are already helping schools meet high standards and close achievement gaps. And, we will expand our commitment to charter schools."
"It's our responsibility as lawmakers and educators to make this system work. But, it's the responsibility of every citizen to participate in it. And so tonight, I ask every American to commit to at least one year or more of higher education or career training. This can be community college or a four-year school; vocational training or an apprenticeship. But, whatever the training may be, every American will need to get more than a diploma. And dropping out of high school is no longer an option. It's not just quitting on yourself, it's quitting on your countryand this country needs and values the talents of every American. That is why we will provide the support necessary for you to complete college and meet a brand new goal: by 2020, America will once again have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world."
FY 2010 Budget
Yesterday (February 26), in a conference call with the media, Secretary Duncan spotlighted a number of higher education provisions in the Department's proposed Fiscal Year 2010 budget request that would dramatically expand student financial aid while making it simpler, more reliable, and more efficient. "We need to invest in our economic future and enable our kids to compete in today's global environment," he said. "The new funding announced today represents a significant expansion of our federal student aid programs, providing more dollars to allow more students to attend more schools." The provisions would:
Guarantee funding for the federal Pell Grant program and ensure that grant amounts would keep pace with inflation. By making funding mandatory, the Pell Grant program would no longer be subject to the discretionary budget process, would eliminate uncertainty in funding from year to year, and would ensure that the grants reflect cost of living increases. Beginning in 2010-11, the Pell Grant maximum would be indexed to the consumer price index, plus 1%, ensuring that Pell Grant awards would meet their original objective to cover a substantial percentage of college costs.
Make college loans reliable, stable, and efficient, eliminating the uncertainty families have experienced due to the turmoil of the financial markets. New student and parent loans would be furnished directly from the federal government through the same electronic system colleges use for Pell Grants. Taxpayers would save more than $4 billion a year in reduced entitlement subsidies, and the funds could be reinvested in more aid to students seeking a higher education.
Restructure and expand the federal Perkins Loan program to ensure that all institutions can take part in the program. The revised program would offer $6 billion in loans every year, a significant increase from the current $1 billion in funding. Funds would reward schools that provide more need-based aid to students and that maintain reasonable student costs relative to other schools in their sector.
Other sections of the FY 2010 budget request focus on early childhood programs, stronger standards and assessments, more effective teaching and school leadership, scaling up success, and helping students finish college.
Practice Guide: Reading
A new practice guide from the What Works Clearinghouse, "Assisting Students with Reading: Response to Intervention (RtI) and Multi-Tier Intervention in the Primary Grades," offers five specific recommendations to help educators identify struggling readers and implement evidence-based strategies to promote their reading achievement. Teachers and other specialists can utilize these strategies to implement RtI and multi-tier intervention frameworks and methods at the classroom or school level. The suggestions cover how to screen students for reading problems, design a multi-tier intervention program, adjust instruction to help struggling readers, and monitor student progress.
Also: Speaking of reading, the National Education Association's Read Across America calls for every child, in every community, to celebrate reading on March 2, the birthday of beloved children's author Dr. Seuss.
Quote to Note
"[Our] education policies will open the doors of opportunity for our children. But, it is up to us to ensure they walk through them. In the end, there is no program or policy that can substitute for a mother or father who will attend parent/teacher conferences, or help with homework after dinner, or turn off the TV, put away the video games, and read to their child. I speak to you not just as a President but as a father, when I say that responsibility for our children's education must begin at home."
|President Barack Obama (2/24/09), from his address to Congress
Upcoming Events
Nominations are being accepted for the 2009 Harold W. McGraw, Jr. Prize in Education. This year's award will recognize three individuals who address the connection of education and innovation in one of three broad categories: PK-12-focused school and community programs, teacher training and professional development, and policy at all levels of government. The deadline for nominations (which can be completed online) is March 20. Recipients will be honored at a dinner in New York City this fall and will each receive $25,000.
March 13-16, the Department will exhibit at the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development's Annual Conference, titled "Learning Beyond Boundaries," in Orlando, Florida. If you are attending this event, please stop by the Department's booth.
Credits, Subscribe & Unsubscribe
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HIGH POINT, N.C. – The 2012 presidential campaign now has its X factor.
At 42, Paul Ryan is the first national candidate clearly on the GenX side of the generational line, closer in age to teen Olympic gymnast Gabby Douglas than he is to 69-year-old Joe Biden, the man Ryan wants to replace as vice president.
Republican candidate Mitt Romney's choice of the Wisconsin congressman as his running mate complicates for both parties a cross-generational argument that has largely been swinging between 20-something Millennials and seniors older than 65.
And it has sharpened the 2012 debate over the way Americans retire, get health care and care for the disadvantaged — and who pays for it. Substantively and symbolically, Ryan does this in a way that perhaps no other politician could have.
"Every generation faces its test," Ryan said at a rally here Sunday. "This is our generation's test. And when a country is facing a test like this, it's when a country so desperately needs leadership."
Romney said at the same rally that in 14 years in the House of Representatives, Ryan has realized there are "honest differences between honest people."
"He went there to change minds, to find people across the aisle that he could work with," Romney said. "He has a plan, for instance, for Medicare to make sure we can save Medicare."
Democrats, however, say Ryan's plan is to ultimately do away with Medicare (explain this). This swift back-and-forth just since Saturday's announcement illustrates how the choice of Ryan has turned the 2012 election from a referendum on an incumbent president, Barack Obama, running in tough economic times, into a choice between two very different ideas about the size, role and expectations of government in the 21st century.
The outcome of this election still hinges heavily on seniors, who in polls have marginally supported Romney and tend to have the highest turnout in elections, and on the Millennials, those generally younger than 30 who in 2008 overwhelmingly favored Obama. Polls show that they still heavily support the president, but young voter turnout tends to be unreliable.
The GenXers born in between — a group Obama narrowly won over John McCain in 2008 — now have their first clear member on a national ticket. Sarah Palin, born in 1964, was on a line of disagreement about where Boomers end and Xers begin. In 2008, voters ages 30-49, which generally correlates with the broad definition of Xers, amounted to 39 percent of the vote.
Ryan represents a new breed of politician willing to rewrite New Deal and Great Society promises. He favors limited-government solutions that might go beyond even those of Ronald Reagan, whom Ryan often quotes but was too young to ever vote for. His plan to cut federal spending by $5.3 trillion over the next decade and to gradually convert Medicare to a government subsidized program instead of a government-run one have long made him both a darling of the right and a target of the left.
Democrats argue that the Ryan plan will hurt the GOP ticket in states with a heavy concentration of seniors, particularly electorally vital Florida.
Ryan, asked about those predictions in an interview with "60 Minutes" Sunday night, invoked his mother — and his generation.
"My mom is a Medicare senior in Florida," he said. "Our point is we need to preserve their benefits, because government made promises to them that they've organized their retirements around. In order to make sure we can do that, you must reform it for those of us who are younger."
Many Democrats publicly say they are salivating over this new target; indeed, efforts to paint Ryan as a callous extremist who favors the rich over the poor and the old began within minutes of him being named to the ticket.
David Axelrod, Obama's senior adviser, on Sunday called Ryan's plan a "Trojan Horse" that "is going to drive the cost of health care up" and destroy Medicare.
Ryan's Credentials
Ryan is neither the youngest, nor the most obscure, Republican vice presidential candidate of recent vintage. Those labels belong to Dan Quayle and Palin, the 1988 and 2008 nominees, respectively, whose addition to the tickets of George H. W. Bush and John McCain created story lines about their lack of substance that both nominees would come to regret.
Obama and his Democratic allies are attacking Ryan from the opposite angle: as the young wonk gone bad, the architect and apostle of Republican destructive policies. But Romney hopes that the Xer at his side will personify an unwillingness to pass the nation's dangerous debt and deficit problems onto future generations.
Critics say Ryan does nothing to attract Millennials while raising doubts among seniors.
"Even though older members of the press corps will call him youthful, (Ryan) holds no attraction for the 20-somethings in this election," said Morley Winograd, who worked in the Clinton administration and who has, with Mike Hais, co-authored two books on Millennials. He said Ryan is part of a "reactive" GenX demographic that "fell in love with the Reagan presidency and (have) been trying to whittle down government ever since."
Millennials, by contrast, are a "civic" generation who believe government can solve problems, Winograd said in explaining why he thinks Ryan will have little appeal.
What about seniors? "Every one of them is on Social Security and Medicare, and so Ryan and Romney go out of their way to point out their plans for reforming those programs won't touch what the seniors already have," Winograd says. "Are (seniors) ready to start that inter-generational warfare by siding with the Gen Xer Ryan's ideas?"
Sam Spencer, president of the Young Democrats of North Carolina who worked on Biden's presidential campaign in 2008, said Ryan's opposition to abortion, plans to cut education loans and other issues will make young voters "more turned off by Paul Ryan's policies than they are turned on by his age."
But younger Americans who like the choice say Ryan's age and reputation as a policy powerhouse give Republicans a fresh plea for voters their age who are having trouble finding jobs and are becoming aware of the debt being heaped on their generation.
Ryan has worked to grow the number of young leaders in the House as a co-founder of the Young Guns Program — a group of mostly 30- and 40-something Republicans, some of whom have embraced the Tea Party movement.
"He is not that far away from us generationally, in terms of major national politicians, in terms of the way he looks and talks and relates," said Max Eden, 23, a 2011 graduate of Yale who volunteered for Obama in 2008.
'A Leader' on Fiscal Policy
But Eden became disillusioned in a "summer of discontent" in 2010 when he saw classmates unable to get jobs. He now works for a Republican congressional candidate in Arkansas after unsuccessfully leading a student draft to get Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels, a Republican budget hawk, to run for president.
Paraphrasing economic historian Niall Ferguson, Eden said that "any young person who is at least mildly interested in our fiscal situation would have to be a Tea Partier. Paul Ryan symbolizes that," Eden said. "He has become, intellectually, a leader on this issue." He said Ryan "is one of the few people who have been able to take the fiscally conservative argument and put it into a two-minute Facebook video, and for that reason alone I am thrilled with this choice."
Jay Zeidman, a co-chair of Maverick PAC, a Republican political action committee aimed at young professionals, said his group has seen an increase in Web traffic and sign-ups since Romney announced his selection. The 29-year-old said Ryan not only appeals to young voters because he's young and energetic, but because he has the ability to start the conversation about entitlement reforms with a new generation of voters.
"He translates why it will matter to us," Zeidman said.
Brad Dayspring, a senior adviser to the YG Action Fund, a conservative super PAC, said Ryan's appeal is both style and substance.
"He's the guy you'd see walking around the House, his ear buds in, listening to Led Zeppelin one minute — and then the next he is grilling Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner on a complex budget issue," Dayspring said.
Ryan's introduction brought out enthusiastic crowds at Romney weekend events in Virginia, North Carolina and Wisconsin, countering recent criticisms that Romney's campaign had lacked focus and been hurt by the candidate's blunders.
The campaign estimated 8,000 showed up for a Saturday rally in Manassas, Va., in a pivotal area of what will be a critical swing state in November. People waited in line for hours, stood on chairs and climbed atop portable toilets to see Romney and Ryan.
'The Next Generation'
In a Sunday rally in Waukesha, Wis., Mary Biland, 55, a homemaker from Racine, arrived wearing American flag sunglasses, an American flag necklace, and a T-shirt emblazoned, "I like being conservative." She said Ryan "represents the next generation in the Republican Party and what America needs to be."
In choosing Ryan, Romney, 65, passed over more established Baby Boomers such as Ohio Sen. Rob Portman and former Minnesota governor Tim Pawlenty, both appealing in Midwestern swing states.
Ryan comes from the same region as those two, and emphasized his Middle America background in the first two days on the trail, and how it helped shape him after his father died when he was a teenager.
"Janesville, Wis., is where I was born and raised, and I never really left it," he said in Norfolk, Va. "It's our home now."
Ryan is 6-foot-2, lean, with a clip of Wisconsin in his voice. He has been described as a workout fiend, and his energy and age — along with a young family — would automatically enhance the generational themes that imbue every campaign.
But his 27-year age gap with Biden will be striking when they debate in October. In Biden, the Democrats have a senior citizen messenger who can carry the attacks on Ryan and Romney to his own age cohort. By contrast, Ryan gives Republicans a youthful messenger who comes from a generation that will bear many of the costs of today's decisions.
—Contributing: Kevin McCoy in New York; Ben Jones of Gannett in Wisconsin.
This story first appeared in USA Today.

subset: commoncrawl


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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that for any two quantum observables which do not commute, the product of the standard deviations of the measurements of those observables must be greater than or equal to a positive constant, related to Planck's constant ().
The most common example is of a particle's momentum and its position . Mathematically it is represented with this equation:
This means that we can never measure both the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously with arbitrary precision. The more precisely we wish to measure one observable, the less precisely we can measure the other at that time.
Contrary to popular belief, this is not merely a measurement issue. While it is often stated that it is not possible to know the precise position and momentum of a particle at the same time, this is misleading; this statement implies that the particle has precisely defined position and momentum, but that information is unavailable to us. In fact, the Uncertainty Principle tells us that a particle cannot have precisely defined position or momentum.
A similar example is time and energy, the product of which also has a lower limit. Quantum fluctuations are a result of this, where for short time, there is enough energy in "empty space" to create a pair of particle and antiparticle, such as electron and positron. Although this appears to be a strange or extreme process, it is the only one to explain some properties of black holes. Laser physics with ultrashort laser pulses is another field, where the limit in the product of time and energy plays an important role.
It can be shown that for two operators, and , that do not commute that there exists and uncertainty principle:
For position and momentum, the relevant operators are and , and it can be shown that . This leads to the result above.


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Pucón (Mapudungun: "entrance to the cordillera") is a Chilean city and commune administered by the municipality of Pucón. It is located in the Province of Cautín, Araucanía Region, 100 km to the southeast of Temuco and 780 km to the south of Santiago.
Pucón's location by a lake and volcano, along with its relatively stable climate, especially in summer,
make it a popular destination for tourists. It offers a variety of sports and adventure/recreational activities for tourists, including water skiing,snow skiing, backpacking, white water rafting and kayaking, horse back riding, natural hot springs, zip line rides, and guided ascents of Villarrica volcano.


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Pebbles has come out with a new mini book concept called the O'Flip!
The book is post bound and has adhesive strips in the binding that a 4×6 photo or other paper item adheres to, thus becoming the album's pages.
A clear acrylic cover gives the albums some bulk and strength and protects the contents.
The books are available in 25 pages (msrp $6.99) or 53 pages (MSRP $8.99). The 53 page length is designed for use as a "photo a week" album, with an extra page for the cover.


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Here's the Skinny on NBC's Olympic Latte Secret
Network's Private Coffee Bar Stirs Envy Inside Restricted Java Zone
SOCHI, Russia—After 10 days in Russia's sparse Olympic frontier, Sonari Glinton glimpsed a beautiful green siren: the Starbucks mermaid on a crisp white coffee cup.
Was she a mirage?
Starbucks isn't an Olympic sponsor and is therefore forbidden to have an official presence here. The nearest Starbucks is about 350 miles away by car in a little-known...


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Plan and share activities for IYC 2011
Want to submit your own activity or comment?
In order to do so you need to be part of the IYC network. Please log in or sign up now.
Join the IYC Network
In this section, your ideas for IYC2011 can start to become reality. Here, you can submit activities for consideration and, after a short review, they will be listed below and any related events will populate the IYC calendar. Activities listed here have a clearly defined theme and describe how, when, and where they will take place.
If you are not quite ready to submit a plan, keep working at it and come back soon. And remember, you can always browse and search this forum to find out what others are planning and even add your own comments to the discussion.
Currently viewing all activities tagged with competition in topics - See all activities
Capturing Chemistry Peter Crowley | added on Nov 19, 2010 | Ireland In Summer 2011 NUI Galway will exhibit artworks about Chemistry. We would like you to submit an artwork, which draws attention to chemistry in the everyday world.
Project work of students before IYC2011 Jackie Cheng | added on Nov 15, 2010 | Hong Kong The captioned activities aims to arouse the interest of students towards IYC2011 and collect students work for exhibition in IYC2011
|celebrating chemistry, chemistry education, educational materials, hands-on activities, competition
|students, teachers, educational institutions, secondary schools, secondary school students, high schools
You Be The Chemist Challenge Laurel Brent | added on Nov 09, 2010 | United States The YBTC Challenge is a fun and innovative academic competition that grade 5-8 students in learning about important chemistry concepts, discoveries, and chemical safety. Challenge competitions are exciting events that take place across the country, encouraging the collaboration of community organizations, schools, and and the
A Series of Chemistry Popularization Workshops Brijesh Pare | added on Nov 03, 2010 | India For Indian Middle, High and Secondary level school students and Teachers. Organizations of chemistry popularization workshops by quizzing the students of Indian school of class 7th to class 12th and Teachers. In India we propose to conduct 10 such workshops during IYC - 2011
|workshops, hands-on activities, art, sustainable and green chemistry, competition
|students, educators, professors, teachers, secondary schools, educational institutes, high schools, middle schools, higher secondary schools
ChemBio Finland 2011 Tony Ahlqvist | added on Oct 19, 2010 | Finland Professional event in chemistry and biotechnology held biannually. ChemBio offers free of charge seminars, presentations and trade fair for those working within the industry around the Baltic Sea region and students of chemistry and biotechnology.


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When thinking about brands in sectors with a need for sustainable practices, telecom providers do not immediately come to mind. However, this sector uses so much energy that a change towards renewables would be a major improvement. This energy dependency is mostly caused by the data centres that allow internet and telephone communications. Apart from […]
Tag Archives: Lebara
Calling upon telecom providers to become more sustainable
15/02/2017 – 15:51
By Ype van Woersem | Posted in Telecom | Also tagged 1&1, Electricity, Hollandsnieuwe, O2, Ortel, Ortel Mobile, renewable energy, Simyo, T-Mobile, Tele2, Telecom providers, Telfort, Vodafone, XS4ALL, Ziggo | Comments Off on Calling upon telecom providers to become more sustainable


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Boxed set of Lowenfeld mosaics, London, England, 1960-1975
Seen at the top is a boxed set of Lowenfeld Mosaics. It consists of plastic tiles in five different geometric shapes and six primary colours. It is a later version of the sets first designed in the 1930s by psychologist Margaret Lowenfeld (1890-1973). Lowenfeld was a paediatrician who became a pioneer of child psychology and psychotherapy. She recognised language is often unsatisfactory and even impossible as an expressive medium for children. She also recognised play is essential to their development. She developed non-verbal techniques to enable often traumatised children to convey experiences. Her mosaics were a powerful diagnostic and therapeutic instrument. They did not affiliate with any flag or country. This meant they could be used internationally or with individuals whose English was not their first language. The mosaic set was supplied by Badger Tests Company Limited.
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Sorry, there were no companies found matching your request. Please visit our search page to locate the company star page that you have requested.
Accurate Roofing and Siding Unlimited, LLC
Lawrence Township, NJ
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We commit to both consumers and businesses to deliver comprehensively researched and accurately reported customer service information nationwide for the building and construction services and real estate industries. For companies with superior customer satisfaction performance, as revealed by our research, we provide services to aid them in promoting their businesses and managing their reputation. Our evaluation system combines data collected from nominations, online and other customer reviews, surveys, blogs, social networks, business-rating services, and other honors and accolades — all expressing the voice of the customer for a fair and balanced report.


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The Sports Xchange
By Jerry Beach, The Sports Xchange
UNIONDALE, N.Y. -- Six different Boston Bruins players scored Monday night, when the Bruins broke open a close game with three unanswered goals over a nine-minute span bridging the second and third periods on their way to a 6-3 win over the New York Islanders at Nassau Coliseum.
Left winger Loui Eriksson scored in the first period for Boston, center Brad Marchand, right winger Reilly Smith and center Carl Soderberg scored in the second and center Patrice Bergeron and defenseman Zdeno Chara scored in the third.
With their third straight win, the Bruins (33-15-3) broke a tie with Tampa Bay atop the Atlantic Division and avoided being swept by the Islanders in the season series for just the second time ever. New York went 4-0-0 against Boston in 2005-06.
Goaltender Chad Johnson made 34 saves for the Bruins.
Center Frans Nielsen and right wingers Michael Grabner and Kyle Okposo scored for the Islanders, who tied the game three times but could not take the lead. The Islanders (21-26-8) have lost three in a row and fell seven points out of a playoff spot by virtue of Carolina's win over Columbus.
Goaltender Kevin Poulin made 30 saves for the Islanders before he was pulled for Evgeni Nabokov, who was activated from the injured list earlier Monday. Defenseman Lubomir Visnovsky also returned to the Islanders Monday night after missing 46 games with a concussion suffered Oct. 19.
The Bruins dominated the opening minutes of the first period and took the lead when Eriksson, stationed to the right of the net, took a pass from left winger Daniel Paille and fired a shot past Poulin that bounced off the upper left corner of the net and into the net.
The Bruins outshot the Islanders 18-2 before defenseman Johnny Boychuck was whistled for interference 12:10 into the period. The subsequent power play woke up the Islanders, who got the final 10 shots of the period and tied the game with 4:31 left, when Nielsen intercepted the puck deep in the Bruins' zone and put back a rebound of his own shot seconds later.
The Islanders had five of the first six shots of the second, but the Bruins made their second shot count when Marchand fielded a pass from center Patrice Bergeron, caught Poulin leaning the other way and beat him in the left corner of the net for a goal 4:50 into the period.
A hustle play by Islanders defenseman Thomas Hickey led to the Islanders' tying goal less than four minutes later. During a scrum in the Bruins' zone, Hickey made a diving pass to Okposo, who fed Grabner from behind the net for the goal.
The Bruins needed just 4:01 to re-take the lead when Smith got wide open behind Islanders defenseman Matt Carkner and fired a point-blank shot past Poulin.
Grabner finally had some good fortune on a breakaway when the Islanders tied it again with 4:52 remaining. After Bruins defenseman Dougie Hamilton failed to grab a loose puck out of the air, Grabner picked it up at center ice and raced in toward Johnson.
But Grabner, who has been stymied numerous times this season on breakaways -- including by Johnson in the first period -- waited for Okposo to catch up and exchanged two passes with him before Okposo tucked the puck into the right corner.
Soderberg capped the wild back-and-forth period with 32.7 seconds left, when he took a clearing pass from left winger Milan Lucic in stride, sprinted past Hickey and maneuvered the puck past Poulin with one hand.
The Bruins extended the lead to 5-3 following a frantic flurry behind the Islanders' net 2:17 into the third. Islanders left winger Matt Martin almost poked the puck into the Islanders' net shortly before Marchand stole the puck from defenseman Brian Strait. Marchand passed to Bergeron, who took a shot as he was falling to the ice from a hit delivered by Visnovsky. Martin's attempt to block the shot failed as the puck sailed past Poulin.
Chara, who began his career with the Islanders in 1997 and spent four years with the team, notched his 500th career point a little less than six minutes later, when he fired a shot from the blue line past Poulin. That goal chased Poulin, who was replaced by Nabokov.
NOTES: To make room for D Lubomir Visnovsky and G Evgeni Nabokov on the active roster, the Islanders sent D Matt Donovan and G Anders Nilsson to their AHL affiliate in Bridgeport. ... The Islanders scratched LW Eric Boulton, D Travis Hamonic and D Radek Martinek. Hamonic, who has missed the last eight games with concussion symptoms, skated Monday morning. ... The Bruins scratched C Ryan Spooner D Adam McQuaid and D Zach Trotman. McQuaid has missed the last three games with a leg injury. ... C Chris Kelly, who has been out since suffering a broken ankle Dec. 7, is expected to return to the Bruins when they host Florida on Tuesday. ... G Chad Johnson has made eight of his 12 starts on the road this season for the Bruins, including six of his last seven.


text:
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text:
GOODYEAR, Ariz. -- Cincinnati Reds closer Aroldis Chapman, awake and alert Thursday morning after being hit in the face, suffered a mild concussion and is undergoing surgery Thursday to replace a broken bone above his left eye, and is expected to be sidelined six to eight weeks, Reds team physician Timothy Kremchek said.
Chapman will have a permanent titanium plate, and perhaps a bone graft, to repair the broken bone, but otherwise, Kremchek said that Chapman should be fine.
"Right now, he's a very lucky guy,'' Kremchek said. "He's awake and alert and knows what's going on. There's no other brain injuries. Hopefully, a couple of weeks he can start exercising, and start throwing. And hopefully, be back in six to eight weeks.
"The problem is you don't want to get him back to contact as a pitcher too soon.''
CHAPMAN STRUCK: Line drive forces closer to hospital
When asked if he would definitely pitch again this season, Kremchek didn't hesitate.
Reds outfielder on pitcher getting hit in head: "It's the most frightening thing I've ever been part of."
"Absolutely,'' he said.
Chapman does not appear to have any eye problems, or brain problem, Kremchek said.
"Obviously, it hit him in the right spot,'' Kremchek said. "There was nothing major or nothing vital getting injured. So hopefully, we get him on the road to recover.''
The Reds players and coaching staff visited with Chapman at the hospital, and he was joking Thursday morning with Reds catcher Brayan Pena.
"He said he should have thrown a slower fastball,'' Pena said. "He was laughing and joking.''
Chapman was hit in the face and carted off the field Wednesday night when he was struck by Kansas City Royals catcher Salvador Perez's line drive with to outs in the six inning. He immediately crumbled to the ground, flailing his legs, while lying face down. The umpiring crew immediately called off the rest of the game.
GALLERY: Cuban stars making an impact


text:
So in my last post, you had an idea of where I went in Daikanyama. What you didn't know was, I spent the bulk of my time in T-site. T-site houses several cafes/restaurants, the coolest pet-grooming shop I've ever seen, a Leica shop and Tsutaya.
Pet area
The Tsutaya in T-site is AMAZING. I spent like 5 hours there (get how fantastic it is now?). You are free to browse books and magazines, sit down on a comfy chair, listen/loan CDs and LPs (!).
There's a beautiful chill out cafe within Tsutaya which we chose to rest out tired legs.
T ordering our drinks and dessert from an iPad. Yep, that's how they do it.
I LOVE the concept and design of T-site!


text:
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4homeinspection.info uses the latest and best home inspection tools and technology in the industry for your home inspection. With tools such as high resolution Flir cameras with MSX technology and the latest high-grade moisture meters, it allows us to discover what other home inspectors are completely blind to. Without thermal imaging equipment, it is often impossible to catch latent moisture problems, overheating of electrical components, pest infestations, missing insulation, air leaks, and much more.
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text:
TimelordSimone wrote:This is why I get annoyed with people who dislike Fantasy because it's 'unrealistic' but then love Star Trek. Because apparently Star Trek is so grounded in reality.
People like that exist? I'm lucky enough not to have ever met one.
And we seem to have forgotten every single action movie that is not supposed to be science fiction. Cars don't explode, people taking gunfire are not projected backwards...
Also many manga and comics have trouble with the concept of momentum. No matter how powerful or strong you are, if you weight 80kg and receive a ten ton projectile flying at 500km/h, you will fly with it.
Also Michael Bay.


text: When two Wall Street brokers are killed in drug deals, Danny (Donnie Wahlberg) looks to question a wounded accomplice at the hospital but he is stopped by Linda, who won't let Danny see him until after surgery. But when the accomplice dies, Danny and Linda battle over the judgment call, on BLUE BLOODS. Photo: Craig Blankenhorn/©2013 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Pastor Tabatha Claytor was 12 the first time she went to a psychiatrist.
Growing up in the projects and exposed to verbal, physical and sexual abuse, she said, she was diagnosed with depression. Around her, aunts and friends had abusive relationships, and at 14, she had one of her own, she said.
Pastor Tabatha Claytor was 12 the first time she went to a psychiatrist.
Growing up in the projects and exposed to verbal, physical and sexual abuse, she said, she was diagnosed with depression. Around her, aunts and friends had abusive relationships, and at 14, she had one of her own, she said.
During college, she drank, partied and smoked and spiraled into a deeper depression. She couldn't hold a job and had constant anxiety attacks, she recalled on Sunday.
When she married Kenneth Claytor, the drugs, alcohol and parties didn't stop. They were $100,000 in debt with a failed marriage when three men preaching about God knocked on her door, she said.
That visit led the couple to start the Spirit of Faith congregation in Gainesville. They have supported missions, started two Christian education schools and host a weekly television broadcast called Faith Today.
"When I accepted Jesus into my life, for the first time I felt I was loved," she said.
Claytor and her husband, Pastor Kenneth Claytor, led more than 1,300 people in a congregation on Easter Sunday at the Spirit of Faith Christian Center. People from Ocala, Tampa, Orlando, Jacksonville and as far as Maryland came to the Phillips Center for Performing Arts at 11 a.m. for the church service.
After several musical acts, Kenneth Claytor began describing the death and resurrection of Jesus. He and his wife said the only solution to their problems had been God.
"God is not looking for your intellect, he's looking for your heart," he said. "Jesus has just sent you a Facebook friend request. What will your response be to his love?"
Claytor also said the congregation will have services at its eastside location at 1414 NE 23rd Ave., until it can build the new location it wants. Starting Sunday, the church will have two services to accommodate the more than 1,000 members of the congregation.
The city Plan Board approved a permit for the church to expand on the 20-acre Dove World Outreach Center property, located in the 3700 block of Northwest 58th Place. The down payment for the property is $300,000, of which the church has $140,000, but still needs donations to complete the rest, Claytor said.
"That church and the gentleman who ran it gave Gainesville very negative worldwide publicity," he said. "God wants us to go in there and bring a positive light to this community and touch the world."
Tonge Grant, 37, a member of the church, said she believes the pastor will have to do three or four services a day instead of two because of the size of the congregation.
"I'll going to miss all of us getting together at the same time, but I'm excited," she said. "This is just a bus stop on our way to getting the Dream Center."


text:
by Tony Hain, Cisco Systems
When I interact with people from all around the world discussing IPv6, there continue to be questions about the projected lifetime for IPv4. This article presents consumption rate and lifetime projections based on publicly available
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA) data. In addition, there is discussion about why the widely quoted alternative projection may be flawed, thus leading everyone to believe we have much more time than we might.
The chart in Figure 1 shows the distribution of all 256 IANA /8 allocation units in IPv4 [1] as of July 1, 2005. The Central registry represents the allocations made prior to the formation of the
Regional Internet Registries
(RIRs). ARIN (North America) [2], RIPE NCC (Europe) [3], APNIC (Asia/Pacific) [4], LACNIC (Latin America) [5], and AfriNIC (Africa) [6] are the organizations managing registrations for each of their respective regions. RFC 3330 [7] discusses the state of the Defined and Multicast address blocks. The Experimental block (also known as
Class E
—RFC 1700 [8]) was reserved, and many widely deployed IPv4 stacks considered its use to be a configuration error. The bottom bar shows the remaining useful global IPv4 pool. To be clear, when the IANA pool is exhausted there will still be space in each of the RIR pools, but by current policy [9] that space is expected to be only enough to last each RIR between 12 and 18 months.
[10] is often quoted as the definitive reference for IPv4 consumption. This report presents a viewpoint consistent with that author's long-standing position that we do not need to change from IPv4 to IPv6 anytime soon, thus showing an extended lifetime for IPv4.
The approach used in the potaroo report is to take the simple exponential fit to the allocation data since 1995. As discussed later in this article, this approach includes the effects of the policy shift to
Classless Interdomain Routing
(CIDR) and subsequent digestion of prior allocations, the lull in IANA allocations to the RIRs for two full years, as well as the fact that the model used does not generate a particularly close fit to the actual run rate over the 10-year period.
Although this author agrees that over very long timeframes (20–50 years) there will be substantial variations in the consumption rate for any number of reasons, the opportunity for events that would reduce the recent rate in the timeframe of the remaining IANA IPv4 pool is not evident. That said, there are numerous things that could increase the consumption rate and exhaust the pool even sooner than this projection.
The graph in Figure 2 shows the raw per-month IANA allocations since 1995. In raw form it is difficult to discern the trend, or develop an expectation about the overall lifetime of the remaining pool.
Taking a closer look at Figure 3, smoothing the data with a 24-month sliding window (averaging over 12 months back and 12 months forward) exposes the underlying reality that the combined rate and quantity of /8 allocations has been steadily accelerating since 2000 (the graphs for 12-, 18-, and 24-month sliding windows show the same fundamental trend). Though a few of the allocations may arguably have been "one-time" events, those are lost as statistically insignificant in the extended and continuing overall growth rate.
Taken by itself, the most recent allocation rate (22 /8s over the 18 months leading up to July 1, 2005) suggests that the remaining pool of 64 /8s will be exhausted in about 5 years, even if growth abruptly flattens out to hold around 1 /8 per month. Unfortunately at this point there is no reason to believe the allocation rates will slow or that they will turn downward again. All the gain of CIDR absorbing the pre-1995 allocations has already been incorporated, and there is no obvious economic bubble that might burst to lower demand within the time window of the remaining pool.
To the contrary, the following URL shows potential demand (to bring developing countries up to just 20-percent connectivity, which is half of what the existing Internet world enjoys today) that will swamp the remaining pool, even in the face of much stricter allocation policies. So this view of the sustained trend in allocation growth rate suggests that the lifetime of the remaining central IPv4 pool is 4 years +/-1.
This suggests that using the past 10-year IANA data is likely to skew the projection toward a much longer period than the recent allocation data would support. Although a longer lifetime projection helps to avoid short-term panic, it can mislead people into believing there is substantial time to worry about this later, resulting in a much bigger problem when reality blindsides everyone sooner than they expected.
As in any statistical endeavor there are many ways to evaluate the data. The various projections in Figures 5 and 6 show different mathematical models applied to the same raw data. Depending on the model chosen, the nonlinear historical trends in Figure 6 covering the last 5- and 10-year data show that the remaining 64 /8s will be allocated somewhere between 2009 and 2016, with no change in policy or demand (though as discussed previously there are already reasons to err toward 5-yearbased nonlinear models).
Adding to that, policy is continually changing. ARIN, for example, has recently clarified its policy allowing organizations that demonstrate they have exceeded the capacity of the private space defined in RFC 1918 to acquire IPv4 address blocks from the remaining public pool, even when it is clear these allocations will never be announced to the global Internet. The other regions already have similar policies or are likely to follow suit because the most vocal members of the RIR community have adamantly commented against expanding the private IPv4 range. This policy approach coupled with persistent demand means the actual run rate is going to continue increasing as the large organizations begin consuming public space where they had been using private to support their network growth. For example, one large enterprise has steady growth over 1 percent per month, which currently requires an efficiently managed /12 per year for its expanding network. The enterprise is less than a year from exhausting all the space provided in RFC 1918, so it was very interested in the ARIN policy that allows the enterprise to continue growing through public space. Additionally, multiple commercial service providers expect to reach the capacity of the 1918 space within 12 to 18 months, just supporting management addresses on their existing devices. This does not take into consideration their pending deployment of new services, which they expect will use several new IPv4 addresses per device with marketing targets measured in multiple millions of units.
The graph in Figure 7 hints at the likely outcome as word spreads about the perception of policy liberalization and the demonstrable exhaustion of the remaining global IPv4 pool landing within the
(ROI) period for new equipment. It is based on the same raw historical data as the frequently quoted long-term projection on potaroo's Figure 2.4, but the more aggressive fit on the most recent data set describes a significantly higher consumption rate and shorter lifetime for the remaining pool.
The graph in Figure 8 provides the exhaustion perspective, showing the entire address pool from the publication of IP Version 4 [11] (note that data prior to 1995 is accurate as to where it was allocated, but with very coarse granularity as to exactly when). The projection curve is based on the IANA allocations from January 2000 onward.
Only time will tell which projection is correct, but it will already take a fairly significant stalling event to slow consumption and put the actual allocation curve back on the extended track in potaroo's Figure 2.4.
Reserved Space
There are occasionally arguments that the 16 /8s reserved in the experimental space could be used. Although this is likely to be possible for some IP stack implementations, for others it is not. At a minimum, some quick tests show that Windows 95 through Windows 2003 Server systems consider that block to be a configuration error and refuse to accept it. The operational ability to restrict the space to a select stack implementation is limited, and the amount of space there does not really help even if deployment and operations were trivial. Assuming the sustained growth trend in allocations continues, by the time the remaining 64 /8s in the IANA pool are finished the rate would be approaching 3 /8 allocations per month, so the entirety of the old Class E space would amount to about 6 months of run rate.
Reclaiming Allocations
Another debate occasionally resurfaces about reclaiming some of the early allocations to further extend the lifetime of IPv4. Hopefully this article has shown that the ROI for that approach is going to be extremely low. Discussions around the Internet community show there is an expectation that it will take several years of substantive negotiation (in multiple court systems around the globe) to retrieve any /8s. Then following that effort and expense, the likelihood of even getting back more than a few /8 blocks is very low. Following the allocation growth trend, after several years of litigation the result is likely to be just a few months of additional resource added to the pool—and possibly not even a whole month. All this assumes IANA does not completely run out before getting any back, because running out would result in pentup demand that could immediately exhaust any returns.
Network Address Translation
(NAT) and CIDR did their jobs and bought the 10 years needed to get IPv6 standards and products developed. Now is the time to recognize the end to sustainable growth of the IPv4-based Internet has arrived and that it is time to move on. IPv6 is ready as the successor, so the gating issue is attitude. When CIOs make firm decisions to deploy IPv6, the process is fairly straightforward. Staff will need to be trained, management tools will need to be enhanced, routers and operating systems will need to be updated, and IPv6-enabled versions of applications will need to be deployed. All these steps will take time—in many cases multiple years. The point of this article has been to show that the recent consumption rates of IPv4 will not be sustainable from the central pool beyond this decade, so organizations would be wise to start the process of planning for an IPv6 deployment now. Those who delay may find that the IANA pool for IPv4 has run dry before they have completed their move to IPv6. Although that may not be a problem for most, organizations that need to acquire additional IPv4 space to continue growing during the transition could be out of luck.
[12] Geoff Huston, "The Myth of IPv6,"
The Internet Protocol Journal
, Volume 6, No. 2, June 2003.
[13] Geoff Huston, "
The Internet Protocol Journal
, Volume 6, No. 4, December 2003.
Another Perspective
Ed.: We asked Geoff Huston to provide some feedback on this article and he responded with the following:
Dear Editor,
There are, of course, many ways to undertake predictions, and over the millennia humanity has explored a wide diversity of them. In every case the challenge is to make predictions that end up being closely correlated to the unfolding story, and of course hindsight is always the harshest judge of such predictions.
Tony's work takes a different base point for making the projection from earlier work that I did in this area. Tony looks at the rate of allocation from the IANA to the RIRs, and bases his predictions on the trends visible in that time series of data. By contrast, I used the assumption that assigned addresses are destined for use in the public IPv4 Internet, and I used the trends visible in the amount of advertised address space as the basis for the predictions of consumption.
One of the more interesting data artifacts is the first-order differential of the rate at which the span of addresses announced in the IPv4 public Internet has increased over time. One interpretation of this data is that there are two phases of recent activity: prior to March 2003 and post-March 2003. Prior to March 2003 the longer-term address growth rate was the equivalent of some 3.5 /8 blocks per year.
Post-March 2003 we see a different consumption growth rate, fluctuating between 5 and 8 /8s per year, with a mean value of some 7.5 /8s per year. There is no strongly obvious longer-term compound growth rate visible in this view of the data. Given some 64 /8s remaining in the IANA pool as of July 2005 and a base consumption rate of a mean of 7.5 /8s per year, the simple division yields 8.5 years, or 2014 as the time of forecast exhaustion of the IANA address pool. At that point the RIRs will be holding about 25 /8 blocks in their unallocated pools, and a further two years of allocations could be made from these pools.
So I would offer the view that the post-2003 data offers a perspective of exhaustion of the unallocated address pools in 2016, with the caveat that such a prediction assumes that the current address demand levels will continue, the actions of industry players are invariant, and the current address allocation policies will continue as they are at present.
Of course these three caveats represent relatively major assumptions about the future—and are perhaps unlikely to happen. It is likely that there will be changes in all these factors in the coming years, and these will obviously impact these predictive models.
To summarize, I observe that these different predictive approaches yield slightly different outcomes, but not beyond any reasonable error margin for predictions of this nature. Sometime in the forthcoming 5 to 10 years the current address distribution policy framework for IPv4 will no longer be sustainable for the current industry address consumption model because of effective exhaustion of the unallocated address pool.
When looking at this prediction from the perspective of the service provider enterprise, the prediction can be re-expressed as a problem relating to investment lifecycles. The ISP industry and the enterprise sector have already made considerable investments in IPv4-based infrastructure in equipment, infrastructure, and operational capability, and we are seeing some considerable reluctance to add to this with additional investment into IPv6 capability at this time. The direction of the use of various forms of NAT-based approaches and increasing use of application layer gateways in the public and enterprise environments can be seen as an effort to extend the lifetime of the existing infrastructure investment. In a volume-based market with relatively low revenue margins, this position certainly has some sound rationale from a business management perspective. But I agree with Tony here that such business approaches are ultimately short-term in nature, because they do not allow IPv4 to encompass indefinite further decades of Internet growth in a silicon-dense world.
However, in terms of understanding the next few years of a process of industry transition of protocol infrastructure into IPv6 deployment, perhaps the real issues here are more centered on competitive business factors and sector investment profiles than they are about detailed introspection of trends within various number series.
The numbers all indicate that this is not a matter that can be deferred indefinitely. Tony's call for some timely attention to the need to commence investment in IPv6-based service infrastructure is one that I hope the industry is listening to attentively.
—Geoff Huston
A Virtual Roundtable
: Let's open this discussion on the point of measurement methods. We invited John Klensin and Fred Baker to join Geoff and Tony in the discussion at our virtual round table. (We often all see each other at IETF meetings, but there is seldom enough time to gather everyone around a real table, hence this discussion took place with a few rounds of e-mail).
: As I said in my response letter, Tony's work takes a different base point for making the projection from the earlier work that I did in this area. My work has focused on the trends from the addresses used in the public IPv4 Internet, and then deriving projections on consumption based on this data. It assumes that the influencing factor for address consumption is the use of addresses in the public IPv4 Internet.
: As Geoff noted, he and I have discussed over time that we are looking at different parts of the data set and coming to different conclusions. One specific point that distorts the approaches is the time delay between IANA allocation to the RIRs and the appearance of that space for public use. In particular, his comment about 5 to 8 /8s per year is based on the delayed public use data that will eventually catch up with the fact that IANA has allocated 13 /8s just since the beginning of 2005. If the allocation rates had close to linear growth, the delay would not be a big factor. Another point of distortion is the potential for some of the allocations to never show up as publicly routed.
: So when do we actually run out?
: There are many specific milestones that will pass in sequence. The unallocated address pool held by IANA will exhaust first, and then the RIR pools of unallocated data will drain. At that point there is no stream of "new" addresses to fuel further growth, and that is probably a reasonable point in time to say that we have "run out." Assuming that the current business influential factors and allocation policies remain in place, then the projection models from recent data indicate that this "run-out" date is around 2016, or some 11 years from now. Of course these are unlikely assumptions as the prospect of exhaustion draws nearer, and there may be a "last-minute rush" of address allocation requests from the service provider industry that could draw in that projected "run-out" date. Such additional consumption pressures are difficult to factor in to trend-based predictive models, of course. It is also conceivable that the industry could shift its attention almost entirely to IPv6-based protocol infrastructure in the coming years, in which case the "run-out" projection for IPv4 would extend out further in time simply because of the translation of the consumption activity to the IPv6 address pool.
: As I noted early on in my article, there will still be pool available at each of the RIRs when the IANA pool that I focused on is exhausted. In the past I have said we would never completely run out because nobody could afford that last address, but in light of the accelerating consumption of IPv4 coupled with the less-than-aggressive deployment of IPv6, I can see how the pool might actually run dry.
: In practical terms, the point at which one has "run out" of address space is not tied to being the last applicant to the RIRs for an address pool. I have suggested that point will never arise: the RIRs (and, to the extent to which the
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
[ICANN] can make decisions, the IANA), will continually recalibrate policies to prevent "running out." Of course the inevitable consequence of those recalibrations is that, although one does not need to worry about approaching an RIR and being told "no space left," the combination of monetary, justification, and general aggravation costs is such that one does not even want to contemplate being the applicant for the next-to-last available block. That reasoning says that looking at the date on which near exhaustion is reached is relatively uninteresting. The more important question is when one enters the end game for IPv4 space because, as soon as the end game begins, the space is essentially exhausted.
I suggest that the criterion for entrance into the end game is not measured statistically but by looking at the point at which one needs to start designing networks and subnets, not in a way that is optimal from a network architecture or network management and growth standpoint, but in order to conserve address space and/or to avoid extended discussions with applicable RIRs (or one's ISP that deals with the RIR). From that point of view, we have already run out, and probably ran out a couple of years ago. Every time someone who has multiple machines is pointed to private address space because of a presumed shortage, it is an indication that we have already run out of space. Every time China manages to make a successful political point—regardless of the country's actual internal dynamics and economics—about its inability to get addresses for its population, it is an indication that we have already run out of address space. Every time an ISP decides to use private space to manage its backbone, it is an indication that we have already run out of address space.
: I have made the same point, from a point of view of economics. In essence, when a commodity is common and demand is low, there are calls to squander it because it costs nothing—something one hears a lot of in the IPv6 community. When supply and demand are comparable, a market develops, and I need to tell you that I certainly pay for the IPv4 addresses at
house. When demand outstrips supply, we enter a regulated market of some kind, and our current allocation policies certainly reflect a regulated market. The step after a regulated market is a black market, and it is not too hard to find that either.
: Actually, in our present situation, there is an intermediate step before things deteriorate completely into a black market. Although it is unlikely that any significant fraction of the early IPv4 academic, research, or commercial allocations could be recovered and reused, there are governmental allocations that might be recovered under significant political pressures. Unfortunately, in addition to politicizing the allocation process much more than we have seen so far, such moves might push the present users of those allocations toward NATs in ways that would make the ultimate transition to IPv6 more difficult while not gaining very much additional time for the IPv4 space.
: Political pressure or not, simple logistics argues against this. Given the rate of growth in consumption, any reclaimed government space would be consumed in substantially less time than it would take to rebuild their network and release it. Even a small network sitting on a /16 would take at least a year to release that much space, and at the current spot on the escalating curve that /16 represents around 2 hours of IANA run rate. Getting back a whole /8 would logistically take several years, and then at that point on the curve the result would be about a week of run rate. If several of these government organizations have a mesh of direct interactions and head down the same path, the resulting overlap in the private address space would require creating a complex NAT system worthy of a Nobel Prize. Reclamation is a nice bar-room debate topic, but the return on investment is extremely low. If an organization were to consider rebuilding its network to release an IPv4 allocation, it would make much more sense for that organization to rebuild it as IPv6 than to move publicly addressed nodes behind a NAT.
: It would be strongly preferred by all, I would suggest, that the "black market" option be avoided. If the consequence of the exhaustion of the unallocated pool of IPv4 addresses is the trading of alreadyallocated IPv4 addresses, then a responsible way for the industry to support that scenario is to encourage such a market to operate with the support of some form of "clear title" that could legitimate trading transactions. Without structure and stability in a trading market, the value of the trade is meaningless, and in this case the potential for chaos in the network itself is undeniable.
: We are in fact starting to see networks designed to be IPv6-only or IPv6-dominant (the latter being a network that might use IPv4 internally but offer only IPv6 services to some or all of its customers) in China, Japan, and other places. The economic argument is the one these operators are primarily giving—they state that they see a roadmap to the number of addresses that they need in IPv6, while in IPv4 they are significantly constrained. This sounds to me a lot like John's comments about network design, but the other way—rather than designing their networks to what they perceive as IPv4 addressing policy limitations, they are choosing a path that they perceive as giving them options.
We also see evidence of networks designing themselves to the limits of address allocation in IPv4, usually using multiple layers of NATs. For quite a while, for example, China Unicom used multiple layers of NAT in order to work around what the company felt was a deficiency in its ability to get IPv4 addresses from its national registry. As I understand it, the company has changed its strategy to include getting IPv4 address allocations directly from APNIC, and at the same time to deploy an IPv6 network in parallel to move away from IPv4 dependence.
: There is another factor at work in this. Transitions are never free. If we are going to design and build out a substantially new network, we are rapidly reaching the point—some would say that we have reached it already—at which it is cheaper to design and build that network for IPv6, making whatever arrangements are needed at its interconnection points with IPv4 networks, than to build in IPv4 and face a transition later. As those decisions are increasingly made, it may both reduce pressure on new IPv4 allocations and create free pools of IPv4 space that could be recovered and reused. For example, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has announced a fairly aggressive schedule for moving to IPv6. If they meet that schedule and were then willing to free up the IPv4 space that they would presumably no longer be using, it would free up the equivalent of several /8s. While I agree with Tony that this hypothetical case would be unlikely to make any significant difference in the long run, it illustrates another difficulty with trying to make assertions about what is happening by statistical projections alone.
: It is frequently stated that North America is immune to the address exhaustion problem.
: Well despite persistent rumors and press statements to that effect, ARIN continues to consume about 30 percent of the annual allocation from IANA. If the past allocations were sufficient to stave off global exhaustion, why the continued consumption? In any case, when the central pool is exhausted the North American region will be in the same situation as everyone else—unable to expand or acquire new IPv4 addresses.
: We are seeing growth in Internet-based services in all regions of the industry, including North America. And network growth needs to be fueled by network addresses. We are seeing a combination of a continued demand for further addresses, and the use of various forms of network configurations that attempt to make the most efficient use of already-allocated addresses. There is little data to suggest that any region, including that of North America, is in a position of immunity from these growth-related factors.
Ole: There is widespread opinion that NAT will solve the problems for a long time to come.
: The ISP industry certainly has made considerable investments there, and many millions of end users today use the Internet behind NAT devices. Given the size of this investment and the factors of inertia in large-scale service markets, it is reasonable to predict that NATs will be around for quite some time. But NATs add cost to network services. If we are talking about a network that is restricted to servicing the communications needs of people, then this is a relatively high-value activity, and the additional costs of the deployment of NATs are being absorbed within the cost base of the network service economy. And for such human activity-based services this may well continue for some time, given the existing levels of industry investment in service infrastructure that includes the use of NATs. Certainly any new application that is adopted by the Internet user population needs to work across a wide variety of NAT configurations. From this perspective it is likely that IPv4 and NATs will continue to be part of the Internet landscape for a long time to come.
But although this approach has the potential to service a portfolio of service markets for some time to come, it cannot service all forms of service markets—not in the future nor even today. It does not solve all the "problems" and certainly does not encompass all the opportunities that the Internet offers. The potential of IPv6 is one that includes an address span designed to match the full potential of the volume-driven silicon industry, both now and in a future that extends out for many decades to come. One likely scenario for IPv6 is in servicing a truly massive device-dense environment. This scenario encompasses far more than services that are primarily directed at human end users. And the associated service market will be more akin to that of a relatively undifferentiated commodity market, where simplicity and low cost are the dominant service provider discriminants. Because of their additional complexity and associated incremental cost, NATs are marginalized in such commodity markets directed at servicing device density, and it is there that the true leverage of the IPv6 address span becomes a major influential factor.
: As Geoff notes, NAT has been widely available and deployed globally over the same timeframe as the recent consumption. Yet the accelerating growth trend continues, consuming to the point where only 25 percent of the total IPv4 space remains available. Although NAT does slow the rate of public address consumption from what it might otherwise be, it creates more problems than it solves. Geoff also raises the economic investment in NAT to date, which is an interesting contrast to many complaints I hear about the cost of deploying IPv6. Most people who look at what it will take to deploy IPv6 in their network are very quick to dismiss this investment in the array of costs associated with NAT. Often they insist on a demonstration of value for the IPv6 investment while at the same time they refuse to allow consideration of removing their development, and ongoing operational support costs for IPv4 NAT.
Although I agree that in the interim overlap period the costs are additive, in the long term staying on the IPv4/NAT path those costs only compound, whereas on the IPv6 path they disappear. The duration of that overlap is somewhat self-controlled as a direct trade-off between the costs for running both protocols in parallel versus the costs associated with aggressively moving the end systems and applications to IPv6.
: Another area frequently discussed on various lists is that the U.S. DoD and Federal Government mandates for service availability in 2008 are just another instance of the
Government OSI Profile
(GOSIP) and that they too will disappear.
: What these discussions miss is that the situation is entirely different now. In the early 1990s the U.S. GOSIP effort was directed by a strong desire to consolidate the array of protocols in use at that time toward a common one. Other governments had similar efforts that led them collectively toward a suite that was developed with international governmental input. IPv4 was an alternative to the mandate with applications already supporting it, while the OSI protocols existed in some router products but did not have many applications available.
At this point the existing government networks are already consolidated, and there is no alternative. Yes, IPv6 still has fledgling application support, but the IPv4 pool is no longer a sustainable resource to draw on, and there is no other option. So the government networks either stop growing or, as the U.S. DoD and Government agencies have announced, they will move to IPv6. This implies preparing the application community to meet the impending reality.
: Although the strategic directions of one single—but relatively large—market player does have some bearing on the direction of the global market in Internet-based service provision, I do not see evidence that this will be sufficient to influence the entire market in any particular direction. This was certainly evident in the case of GOSIP some years ago, and continues to be an aspect of the market today. The global communications sector carries the impetus and burden of massive investment in infrastructure, process, technology, services, and consumer product portfolios. The sector has already undergone a revolutionary change with the advent of the Internet over the past decade. Doubtless there is considerable reluctance on the part of many sector players to continue to invest in further change in the protocol infrastructure of Internet-based services. On the other hand, the upheavals in the service provider sector have also eliminated much historical complacency about the stability of these markets and the adequacy of the associated service portfolio. It is reasonable to suggest that this sector is now very attentive to the prospect of expanded markets and new service opportunities that can take advantage of the existing infrastructure to create new revenue streams. So I think it is the current dynamics of the service provider sector and the potential for new service markets that would be the most persuasive factor for service providers to invest in an IPv6 protocol infrastructure.
: Closing thoughts?
: As I said at the end of my article, now is the time to recognize that we have reached the end of sustainable growth in IPv4. For most existing organizations that can foretell they have as much space as they will need for the next decade, this is not really an internal problem. Where these organizations will have a concern is when they deal with newcomers or others that have been forced into IPv6 because of exhaustion of the pool. Those organizations that foresee expansion and growth should evaluate Geoff's analysis as well as mine and weigh their plans against the risks of either or both of us being wrong.
In any case it only makes sense to start IPv6 capability discussions with the product vendors now. Product development cycles can be lengthy, and the only way for the vendor community to mesh with an organization's deployment plans is to have sufficient notice about those plans and timeframes. It would also be wise for the organization's network architects to start thinking about the impacts of an IPv6 deployment. Both protocol versions are packet-based and the names start with IP, but there are enough differences in the details that it is worth taking a fresh look to see what might be easier or cheaper than just blindly deploying IPv6 identically to the IPv4 deployment.
: The Internet continues to present challenges to the communications sector, and I would suggest that the underlying influential factor is the combination of the silicon and software industries that continue to fuel the demand side with fascinating, innovative, and compelling uses of communications that continue to surprise us with their continual restatement of the size of the domain in which we operate. We appear to be moving beyond servicing devices that are activated and influenced primarily by direct human activity, such as e-mail and Web use, and we are now looking at various command, control, and monitoring functions that embed themselves deeply in other devices and in other elements of our infrastructure. This encompasses larger concepts such as "smart buildings" and "smart traffic control," and they reach all the way down to the level of embedding into consumer devices and even identification tags. This is not a world that can readily be serviced by an IPv4 protocol infrastructure, and we are already seeing various levels of network indirection in both NATs and various forms of overlay networks to attempt to compress this new scale of basic network addressing demands into the IPv4 environment. This appears to be a complex, and therefore costly task. But the expectation here is that the service industry is heading toward a commodity utility function, where the essential attributes of the underlying network are simplicity and efficiency. These factors suggest that the market characteristics that arise from the propulsion of the silicon and software industries are inexorably tugging the communications service industry to embrace simple, scalable, and efficient networking technologies. It is in this space that the essential attribute of IPv6, that of the size of the address pool, has its most effective leverage. Here the "run out" of IPv4 will inevitably focus our common attention on how best to engage with future needs and roles. And in this perspective the IPv6 technology has a critical and central role.
: Tony, I think we need to assume that, when it comes down to translating the projections into an answer to the "when do we need to get serious about IPv6?" question, both you and Geoff are, to a considerable extent, wrong. Geoff's articles and projections have been interpreted by some people as containing a "there is no problem, we can continue with IPv4 until we all retire" message. Viewed from that direction, yours can be seen as "we cannot be quite
complacent." Instead, I think we should all be looking at going directly to IPv6 in newer network installations rather than concentrating on whether we can get enough IPv4 space for them. We also need to be examining—now, not a few years in some projected future—the applications and services for end networks and end users, not just backbone and ISP services and operations. One of my particular concerns is that we have enterprise and customer support people and protocols all over the world who are used to thinking about things in an IPv4 world, including the support advantages of "all NAT-based end networks look the same" architectures. The need to retrain them to think about things differently, and to design and build new tools for their use, may suggest a more time-consuming and expensive transition than changing over the networks themselves.
: What is clear to me from this discussion, Geoff's prior analysis, and Tony's analysis here, is that there is a timeline. We are
debating whether IPv4 address availability is limited or whether it can be "saved" by address allocation policy, nor are we debating the economic or technical impacts of more or less draconian allocation policies. We
debating what constitutes the end game, when and why that end game will become important, and whether perhaps we are already seeing the first steps of it. We are also not debating whether perhaps some new architecture would be preferred over the one in IPv6; if we had an alternative on the table today we could discuss that, but experience tells us that the proposals being considered by the
National Science Foundation
(NSF) and others are sufficiently "researchy" to not be ready for wide-scale deployment in the necessary timeframe.
As such, from my perspective, there is a present call to action.
What U.S. DoD and recent congressional hearings have recommended is in keeping with the IETF's recommendation and with the IPv6 address allocation strategies of the RIRs. The simplest transition strategy involves presently procuring equipment, operating systems, and applications that are IPv6-capable in preference to systems that are limited to IPv4. At some point in the future, perhaps in the 2008–2010 timeframe, we should plan to turn on IPv6 networking capabilities throughout our networks, and this means gaining experience with IPv6 on a smaller scale in 2005–2007 in our networks, in server applications, and in user systems. Turning down IPv4 capabilities, which is the endpoint of such a transition, is a business decision that does not need to be made hastily; we should presume that coexistence will be important for a decade, and probably more.
: Thank you, gentlemen!
TONY HAIN is currently the Senior Technical Leader, IPv6 technologies, with Cisco Systems. In addition to providing guidance to the various internal product teams, he was also co-chair of the IETF working group developing IPv6 transition tools. His IETF participation since 1987 includes a term on the Internet Architecture Board from 1997 to 2001. Named an
IPv6 Forum Fellow
in 2004, he is currently serving as Technology Director on the forum's North American IPv6 Task Force steering committee. Prior to joining Cisco in 2001, he spent 5 years at Microsoft, where his roles included Program Manager for IPv6 as well as Network Analyst for the CIO's office. Prior to Microsoft, he was the Associate Network Manager for the U.S. Department of Energy's Internet effort, ESnet. With this range of roles, spanning the space between the implementation technologists and senior management, he brings a real-world viewpoint to the deployment decision process. E-mail:
GEOFF HUSTON holds a B.Sc. and a M.Sc. from the Australian National University. He has been closely involved with the development of the Internet for the past decade, particularly within Australia, where he was responsible for the initial build of the Internet within the Australian academic and research sector, and has served his time with Telstra, where he was the Chief Scientist in the company's Internet area. Geoff is currently the Internet Research Scientist at the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC). He served as a member of the Internet Architecture Board from 1999 until 2005, and currently co-chairs the Site Multi-homing and Routing Operations IETF Working Groups. He is author of
The ISP Survival Guide
Internet Performance Survival Guide: QoS Strategies for Multiservice Networks
, ISBN 0471-378089, and co-author of
Quality of Service: Delivering QoS on the Internet and in Corporate Networks
, ISBN 0-471-24358-2, a collaboration with Paul Ferguson. All three books are published by John Wiley & Sons. E-mail:
JOHN KLENSIN is an independent consultant based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He has been involved in the design, development, and deployment of ARPANET and Internet applications, and occasionally lower-layer technologies, since the late 1960s and early 1970s. He has also been intermittently involved with Internet administrative and policy issues since the early 1980s. His current work primarily focuses on internationalization of the Internet on both technical and policy dimensions. E-mail:
FRED BAKER has worked in the data communications industry, building network elements such as switches and routers, since 1978. His involvement with Internet technology started in 1986, and with the IETF in 1989. He has contributed to the development of OSPF, QoS, PPP, SNMP MIBs, and a variety of other technologies. He has also held a variety of management positions, including chairing various working groups, participating in the IAB, and chairing the IETF. He currently serves on the Technical Advisory Board of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and as the Chairman of ISOC's Board of Trustees. E-mail:


text:
Although students Sarah Whittington and Stephen Worthington came to Penn State Law from vastly different geographical regions — Whittington from Philadelphia, Pa. and Worthington from Cedar City, Utah — they quickly discovered that they share a lot in common. Both studied history in college, Worthington at Utah State University and Whittington at Connecticut College. Both agree that education reform in the United States is necessary. And both came to Penn State Law planning to get involved with the student organization Law and Education Alliance at Penn State (LEAP).
Shortly after their arrival, however, Whittington and Worthington found out that LEAP was inactive. Determined to share their enthusiasm with other students interested in law and education, Whittington and Worthington successfully worked together to restart LEAP. Both students currently serve as officers for LEAP, Whittington as president and Worthington as treasurer.
Education law handles issues relating to K-12 education, higher education, charter schools, faculty tenure issues, free speech in the classroom, curriculum issues, and school reform, among other things. The goal of LEAP is to increase the awareness of educational law which is at the forefront of legal world.
Whittington, an alumna of Teach for America, spent six years teaching in rural Louisiana before coming to Penn State. "There needs to be policy advisement on education reform and people with an education background can add a lot the conversation," she said. "Louisiana was very interested in Race to the Top programs. The biggest problem I saw when serving on Louisiana's State Board of Education Committee was that a lot of people had ideas, but no practical application. That's where the gap is. Recognizing how we can make this work in the classroom is very important."
Also interested in education reform, Worthington is pursuing a joint degree in law and educational theory and policy with Penn State College of Education. "There is wide consensus in the U.S. that our education system is plagued with problems, but there is no consensus on how to address them. At this point, I don't have satisfying answers to those problems, but I want to find those answers," Worthington said. "I chose Penn State's joint-degree program in law and education policy so I could develop the expertise to analyze the problems, identify solutions, and then spend my career implementing those solutions. LEAP is an ideal vehicle for students with similar passions to share in that quest."
LEAP Activities
LEAP's slate was chocked full of activities during the past year. The organization partnered with the American Association of Justice, a national organization for trial lawyers, and hosted a book fundraiser where students donated old text books which were then distributed through the Worldwide Book Fund to high need community centers or low income areas. LEAP members also helped Bellefonte Area High School students prepare for mock trials. "We went through the trial prep piece by piece, helping them with opening statements, objections, and lines of questioning for cross examination," explained Whittington.
Events hosted by LEAP provide law students with opportunities to network with legal scholars and national leaders in education law. Speakers during the spring semester included Dr. Julie Mead, chair of Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who delivered a presentation on special education law, and Damon Sims, vice president of student affairs at Penn State, who discussed the benefits of legal training in higher education leadership and his own career path.
On March 14, LEAP helped staff an all-day, professional development event for school administrators and attorneys practicing school law. "Law and Education Day" concluded with a career panel where students had the opportunity to ask current practitioners about school law as a career.
Both students will be busy this summer with positions directly related to their specializations—Whittington will be working as a Teach for America summer school principal in the Mississippi Delta and Worthington will be working with the Pennsylvania Public School Employees' Retirement System in Harrisburg.
Future activities of LEAP include visiting local classrooms to teach civics lessons and partnering with the WorkLaw Society, another student organization, to host a panel discussion on teachers unions.