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Smoking and Halacha
The question of how smoking is viewed through the lens of halacha is not a new one. In fact, there is abundant halachic literature dating back to seventeenth and eighteenth centuries related to the permissibility of smoking. Far from discussing the health issues later associated with this habit, the poskim of the time actually address whether or not one may smoke on Tisha B'Av or other fast days[1] and whether non-kosher ingredients contained in a cigarette are of halachic concern[2]. There is even discussion whether or not smoking requires a bracha beforehand[3]! But the main area where we find smoking discussed is by the Halachos of Yom Tov, where poskim debate whether smoking on Yom Tov is permitted, prohibited, or actually fulfilling a Mitzvah.
It is well known that on Yom Tov, as opposed to Shabbos, we are allowed to light a fire, provided that it is only kindled by transferring from a preexisting flame, and not by creating a new flame. The Gemara (Beitzah 22b - 23a) discusses whether placing incense on coals, and its by-product, the smoke it causes, are permitted on Yom Tov, due to the kindling and extinguishing issues involved[4]. Many Acharonim drew a parallel from the Gemara's scenario to what must have been a burning issue of the day (and still is): smoking cigarettes on Yom Tov.
The Magen Avraham, as well as the Elya Rabba, Korban Nesanel, Chavos Yair, and Chayei Adam, all maintain that smoking is not a 'davar sheshaveh lachol nefesh', 'something that is equally enjoyed by all', a necessary provision to allow dispensation for a Melacha on Yom Tov[5]. Therefore, they all rule that smoking on Yom Tov is prohibited[6].
However, several other poskim, including the Darchei Noam, and the Chida[7], disagree with their assessment, averring that smoking does indeed fit this criterion, for several reasons:
- They deem smoking to be in the category of 'ochel nefesh', (generally used to describe acts related to food preparation) which is permitted on Yom Tov regardless of whether or not it is enjoyed by all[8].
- Since the vast majority of people enjoy smoking, it is still considered a 'davar sheshaveh lachol nefesh'.
The famed Pnei Yehoshua, Rav Yaakov Yehoshua Falk zt"l, Rav Yaakov Emden zt"l, and Rav Yonason Eibeshutz zt"l,[9] all raise an additional point to allow smoking on Yom Tov. Astonishingly, they extol the health benefits of smoking! They write that smoking aids digestion, whets the appetite, and improves the body's general wellbeing. Therefore, they conclude, that even if some do not actually enjoy smoking, it is nevertheless still considered 'shaveh lachol nefesh'. Rav Yaakov Emden adds that his father, the renowned Chacham Tzvi, restarted smoking on Yom Tov, because otherwise he felt that was not properly fulfilling the Mitzva of Oneg Yom Tov! This is quite understandable, as many Rabbonim of the time viewed smoking in a positive light, and quote the Talmidim of the Baal Shem Tov as even comparing smoking to the Ketores[10]!
Although many poskim argued on all of these points, including the Beis Meir and Zera Emes, other later authorities, including the Pri Megadim, Ben Ish Chai, and Aruch Hashulchan, concurred wholeheartedly[11]. In fact, the Mishna Berura cites a summary of this discussion with no clear-cut psak, and concludes simply that 'one may not object to those who smoke on Yom Tov', with a provision to be careful regarding extinguishing the cigarette.
However, in the words of Rav Moshe Sternbuch shlit"a and Rav Asher Weiss shlit"a[12], nowadays the real question is not whether or not smoking is permitted on Yom Tov; it is whether or not smoking is permitted at all!
In 1964, the United States Surgeon General released his initial report stating the health risks associated with smoking. Since then, there have been thousands of scientific studies and reports detailing the hazards of smoking. The Center for Disease Control estimates that one out of every five deaths in America each year is caused by smoking. Other reports estimate that 15% of smokers eventually die of lung cancer. Compounded with the elevated risk of emphysema, stroke, coronary disease, and circulatory disorders, studies indicate that smokers face a much higher mortality rate, an almost 67% chance of dying due to an illness directly attributed to their smoking[13].
Now that we are aware of the true "health benefits" of smoking, the question is whether or not there remains a hetter to engage in this socially acceptable self destructive behavior.
The Gadol HaDor, Rav Moshe Feinstein zt"l, in a brief, albeit pivotal, teshuva dated several months after the Surgeon General's initial report[14], wrote that although it is certainly appropriate to abstain from smoking, nevertheless, one cannot say that smoking is outright assur, as there are many people who smoke. Therefore, smokers fit into the category of 'shomer pesaim Hashem', 'Hashem watches over fools'[15]. Rav Moshe adds that especially since many Gedolim smoked, it is impossible to say that such an act is truly forbidden[16]. This responsum seems to be the primary justification for many a smoker.
Several other contemporary authorities wrote similarly, explaining that although it may not be proper to smoke, it still is not truly prohibited by halacha. Yet, subsequently, and as the knowledge of the health risks associated with smoking became more widespread and universally acknowledged, and the number of smokers started dropping, many of these poskim changed their psak to reflect the emerging reality, using extremely harsh terms to decry smoking, with many authorities outright forbidding it[17].
These contemporary authorities include Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv zt"l, the Tzitz Eliezer zt"l, Rav Ben Tzion Abba Shaul zt"l, and Rav Ovadia Yosef zt"l[18], who, contrary to their earlier psakim, in their later rulings all came out strongly against smoking. Other poskim, including Rav Aharon Kotler zt"l, Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach zt"l, the Debreciner Rav zt"l, Rav Shmuel HaLevi Wosner shlit"a, Rav Chaim Kanievsky shlit"a, Rav Moshe Sternbuch shlit"a, the Rivevos Efraim zt"l, and Rav Asher Weiss shlit"a, wrote unequivocally about the dangers of smoking and how it is not permitted, with some even referring to smoking as 'suicidal'[19].
In fact, many Gedolim, including Rav Elyashiv zt"l, Rav Aharon Yehuda Leib Steinman shlit"a, Rav Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz zt"l, Rav Moshe Shmuel Shapiro zt"l, Rav Nissim Karelitz shlit"a, and Rav Shmuel Auerbach shlit"a, recently (Av 2004) signed a Kol Koreh against smoking, even imploring those who do smoke to do everything in their power to stop[20].
Although it is known that many Gedolim smoked (and do smoke), it is highly probable that they started before the risks were known, and now simply cannot quit, due to their nicotine addiction. If they would be able to do so, they certainly would[21]. In fact, it is exactly the battle against addiction required to quit smoking that Rav Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler zt"l embodied in his classic Michtav M'Eliyahu to define the battles against the Yetzer HaRa, and it took someone of his incredible stature several years to finally be able to quit[22].
Anecdotally, it is told that Rav Yaakov Kamenetsky zt"l, as well as this author's Rosh Yeshiva, Rav Leib Bakst zt"l of Detroit, quit cold turkey after doctors personally explained the health risks of smoking to them. Even mv"r Rav Yaakov Blau zt"l (of the Eida Chareidis), a tremendous Gaon and quintessential old time Yerushalmi (heavy smoker), and the Dejer Rebbe of Miami, Rav Yehuda Paneth zt"l, both attempted to cut down in their later years. Additionally, it is recorded that Dayan Yisrael Yaakov Fischer zt"l, who permitted smoking year round (including Yom Tov), at the end of his life, when he was dying of lung cancer, gathered ten men together to publicize in his name that smoking is truly unequivocally assur and he wanted to be 'mezakeh the rabbim' with this psak[23].
In fact, even Rav Moshe himself, in subsequent teshuvos dated 1981[24], took a much stronger stance against smoking due to the health risks involved. Although he still would not call smoking outright assur, he nonetheless rules that due to the dangers of second-hand smoke, it is forbidden to smoke where it will bother others (a psak later echoed by many other authorities[25]), and concludes with an exhortation that everyone, especially Bnei Torah, should not begin to smoke due to the chashash sakana, adding that it is assur to 'get addicted'. Recently, his son, Rav Dovid Feinstein shlit"a, was quoted as saying that with the current knowledge of the harm smoking causes, it is pashut that had his father, Rav Moshe, still been alive today, he would have prohibited smoking outright, as his dispensation was based only on the 'fact' that smoking endangered only a small percentage of smokers[26]!
It may be interesting to note that many Bnei Yeshiva, who would never dream of relying on Rav Moshe's famous hetter regarding Chalav Stam, paradoxically, seemingly have no qualms relying on his hetter for 'lighting up', even though the wording of his halachic dispensation is quite similar.
Over a hundred years ago, the Chofetz Chaim[27] expressed his dismay that 'weak' people smoked, even though the doctors of the time clearly informed them of the grave health risks involved. He strongly condemned smoking where it was found to be injurious to health.
Additionally, the Rambam writes that one should distance himself from any activity that can cause his body harm; one who does not, but rather places himself in sakana, deserves 'makkos'. This is seconded by the Shulchan Aruch, and referred to as transgressing an Issur De'oraysa by the Levush, and even outright 'apikorsus' by the Be'er HaGolah. Furthermore, while addressing the requirement of avoiding dangerous activities due to the Talmudic dictum of 'chamira sakanta m'issura', (matters of danger are to be treated more stringently than prohibitions; Gemara Chullin 10a), the Rema stresses that we should be further concerned with a possible danger (safek) above and beyond a possible prohibition[28]. All of the above would certainly apply to smoking.
Although with many apparently suffering from 'ostrich syndrome', and others claiming to follow the Pnei Yehoshua since he predated the Surgeon General by several centuries[29], nowadays, with medical science conclusively proving the dangers of smoking, and with so many prominent authorities having issued rulings forbidding it, one who embarks on a smoking 'career' does not seem to actually have the staunch halachic backing he might assume he does. 'V'Nishmartem Me'od L'Nafshoseichem'[30] does not apply exclusively to others.
This article is not meant to be a comprehensive guide; it is merely a brief summary of the main halachic issues involved with smoking.
This article was written L'iluy Nishmas the Ohr Somayach Rosh HaYeshiva - Rav Chonoh Menachem Mendel ben R' Yechezkel Shraga and l'zechus Shira Yaffa bas Rochel Miriam v'chol yotzei chalatzeha for a yeshua sheleimah!
For any questions, comments or for the full Mareh Mekomos / sources, please email the author: email@example.com.
Rabbi Yehuda Spitz serves as the Sho'el U' Meishiv and Rosh Chabura of the Ohr Lagolah Halacha Kollel at Yeshivas Ohr Somayach in Yerushalayim.
[1] See Shiyurei Kenesses HaGedolah (Orach Chaim 567, Haghos on Beis Yosef 3, and Orach Chaim 551, Haghos on Beis Yosef 21; he writes that he even put a violator in Cherem for smoking on Tisha B'Av!), Mor U'Ketzia (end 210, s.v. su), Sha'arei Teshuva (559, 4), Mishna Berura (556, 8), and Shu"t Yechaveh Da'as (vol. 5, 39).
[2] See Pri Chodosh (Yoreh Deah 108, 23), Mor U'Ketzia (end 210 s.v. aval), Shaarei Teshuva (Orach Chaim 210, 9), Leket HaKemach (beg. Hilchos Tisha B'Av), Shu"t Masos Moshe (Yoreh De'ah, 4), Pischei Teshuva (Yorah Deah 108, 3), and Darchei Teshuva (ad loc. 89).
[3] See Magen Avraham (Orach Chaim 210, 9), Ba'er Heitiv (ad loc. 9), Shaarei Teshuva (ad loc. 9), Shu"t Halachos Ketanos (vol. 1, 101), Eshel Avraham (Butchach; Orach Chaim 216), Ba'er Heitiv (ad loc. 13 and Orach Chaim 210, 9), Mor U'Ketziah (210, from s.v. b'MG"A), Machazik Bracha (Orach Chaim 210, 8), Magen Giborim (Orach Chaim 210, Elef HaMagen 12), Shu"t Ksav Sofer (O.C. 24), Taamei HaMinhagim (Inyanei Brachos 214 - 215, pg. 102), and Mishna Berura (210, 17).
[4] For the halacha l'maaseh in this case see Tur and Shulchan Aruch and main commentaries (Orach Chaim 511, 4).
[5] See Gemara Kesuvos (7a) and Beis Yosef (Orach Chaim 511, 4).
[6] Magen Avraham (514, 4), Elya Rabba (ad loc. 3), Korban Nesanel (Beitzah Ch. 2, 22, 10), Mekor Chaim (Orach Chaim 514, ad loc.), and Chayei Adam (vol. 2, 95, 13). There are other reasons for prohibiting as well. The Kenesses HaGedolah (cited by the Magen Avraham) prohibits smoking on Yom Tov due to Mechabeh, extinguishing, and the Pri Megadim (Orach Chaim 511, M.Z. 2; see also Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 98, 32) raises the issue of Mocheik, erasing, if the letters on cigarette get burned. For an opposing viewpoint to this issue, see Shemiras Shabbos K'Hilchasa (Ch. 13, footnote 34) and Shu"t Ohr L'Tzion (vol. 3, Ch. 20, footnote 2).
[7] Shu"t Darchei Noam (Orach Chaim 9) and Birkei Yosef (Orach Chaim 511, 2). See also Haghos Rav Baruch Frankel (ad loc.), who opines that with the high prevalence of smoking in his time, perhaps the Magen Avraham would have changed his mind.
[8] This is actually understandable, as the poskim of the time referred to smoking as 'shtiyas tutin', drinking tobacco. See, for example, what the Ben Ish Chai (Year 1, Parshas Vayikra 5) writes regarding the rights of Talmidei Chachamim to smoke in shul, as he considered it drinking. This is also why many ruled against smoking on ordinary fast days, even though nowadays it would seem implausible to consider smoking an act of eating or drinking.
[9] Pnei Yehoshua (Shabbos 39b s.v. amnam), Mor U'Ketziah (Orach Chaim 511, at length), Bina L'Ittim on the Rambam (Hilchos Yom Tov Ch. 4, 6). This hetter for 'briyus', health, is based on the words of the Mordechai (Beitzah Ch. 2, 680) and Tosafos (Shabbos 39b s.v. u'B"H mattirin), who allow one to 'sweat' on Yom Tov (ostensibly to enter a sauna or 'shvitz'); as due to its health benefits it is considered 'shaveh lachol nefesh'. Interestingly, the Chayei Adam (vol. 2, 95, Nishmas Avraham 2 s.v. v'tzarich iyun) although prohibiting smoking on Yom Tov (as mentioned previously) and rejecting full dispensation to allow it due to its health benefits, nevertheless does seem to accept that smoking might have some medical benefit. He allows a 'choleh she'ain bo sakana' to smoke on Yom Tov, and only via the aid of a non-Jew, as he classifies smoking as 'tzorchei choleh she'aino l'taanug'.
[10] See for example Taamei HaMinhagim (Inyanei Brachos 214 - 215, pg. 102). However, he concludes with a story about the Av Beis Din of Belz, who after realizing that in the amount of time in took him to set up and smoke his pipe he could learn a Daf of Gemara, quit smoking immediately. A similar assessment is given by the Chofetz Chaim in his sefer Zechor L'Miriam (Ch. 23, s.v. v'hinei nimtzaim), where among the reasons he decries smoking for (and aside from health reasons) is the sheer amount of bittul zman and bittul Torah it engenders.
[11] Beis Meir (Yorah De'ah 197), Shu"t Zera Emas (93), Pri Megadim (Orach Chaim 511, M.Z. 2 and E.A. ad loc. 9), Shu"t Rav Pe'alim (vol. 2, Orach Chaim 59), and Aruch Hashulchan (Orach Chaim 511, 11). A summary of the main issues involved and machlokes haposkim whether smoking on Yom Tov is permitted is presented by the Ba'er Heitiv (Orach Chaim 554, 1), Sha'arei Teshuva (Orach Chaim 551, 5), and Biur Halacha (ad loc. 4 s.v. ain). See also Shu"t Ksav Sofer (Orach Chaim end 66), Shu"t Shoel U'Meishiv (Mahadura Tinyana vol. 2, 8 s.v. v'hinei), Sdei Chemed (Asifas Dinim, Ma'areches Yom Tov 1, 4), and Shemiras Shabbos K'Hilchasa (new print; Ch. 13, 7). See footnote 20.
[12] See Shu"t Teshuvos V'Hanhagos (vol. 4, 115) and Shu"t Minchas Asher (vol. 1, 35 and 36; at length). They (as well as several other poskim mentioned in this article) maintain that the main issur is the addiction and not necessarily each individual cigarette, yet, each individual cigarette brings one one step closer to addiction, and is therefore prohibited; similar to what Rav Moshe Feinstein wrote regarding smoking marijuana and taking drugs in Shu"t Igros Moshe (Yoreh De'ah vol. 3, 35). The Chofetz Chaim (Lekutei Amarim Ch. 13 and Zechor L'Miriam Ch. 23 s.v. v'hinei yadaati) writes that he screamed at smokers who were harming their health, "Who let you get addicted?'. Rav Moshe himself, in a later teshuva (Shu"t Igros Moshe, Choshen Mishpat vol. 2, 76), wrote that even regarding regular cigarettes it is assur to 'get addicted'.
[13] According to the most recent studies smoking kills two thirds of smokers. See Medical Daily, Oct 11, 2013: Cigarettes Even More Dangerous Than Once Thought: 67% Of Smoking Deaths Linked Directly To Habit: http://www.medicaldaily.com/cigarettes-even-more-dangerous-once-thought-67-smoking-deaths-linked-directly-habit-259631; The Lancet, Volume 381, Issue 9861, Pages 133 – 141: The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61720-6/abstract; BMJ 2004;328:1519: bmj.com/content/328/7455/1519 – p. 1524 – "This indicates that about two thirds of the persistent cigarette smokers born in the 1920s would eventually be killed by their habit". Thanks are due to R' Zvi Herzig for pointing out these references.
[14] Shu"t Igros Moshe (Yoreh De'ah vol. 2, 49).
[15] Tehillim (116, 6). See Gemara Shabbos 129b, Yevamos 12b, 72a & 100b, Kesuvos 39a, Sanhedrin 110b, Avodah Zara 30b, and Nida 31a & 45a. This dictum is invoked by the Gemara to explain how certain dangerous activities that have become common practice were not outright forbidden.
[16] This fact is very important. It is well known that Rav Moshe was against prohibiting any action that could possibly cast aspersions on previous generations. See article titled: 'Bubby Didn't Eat Bugs!' http://new.ohr.edu/this_week/insights_into_halacha/5032.
[17] The first written responsum outright prohibiting smoking nowadays due to medical concerns was in Shu"t Asei Lecha Rav (vol. 2, 1; see also vol. 6, 58, where he prohibits purchasing cigarettes for others, even parents!) by Rav Chaim Dovid HaLevi, Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv, in the 1970's. As the knowledge of the health risks associated with smoking became more widespread and universally acknowledged, and the number of smokers started dropping, many more poskim began ruling stringently as well.
[18] Compare, for example, the wording of the teshuvos in Kovetz Teshuvos (vol. 1, 219; from 1981) and the later recent Kol Koreh (from Av 2004) which Rav Elyashiv signed, as well as his Ha'aros B'Maseches Kesuvos (7a) and Shu"t VaYishma Moshe (vol. 1, pg. 436). According to the Jerusalem Center for Research - Medicine and Halacha (headed by Rabbi Yaakov Weiner), Rav Elyashiv later even prohibited advertising for cigarettes! Compare Shu"t Tzitz Eliezer vol. 1 (20, Ch. 3; from 1945) to vol. 15 (39; from 1983, and vol. 17, 21) where he explicitly prohibits smoking. Regarding Rav Ben Tzion Abba Shaul, compare Shu"t Ohr L'Tzion (vol. 3, Ch. 20, footnote 2) to his later Ohr L'Tzion - Chochma U'Mussar (pg. 221; as well as the editor's note to his previous teshuva). Regarding Rav Ovadia, one can see the evolution of his psak from Shu"t Yabea Omer (vol. 5, Orach Chaim 39; from 1969) to Shu"t Yechaveh Daas (vol. 5, 39, and footnote 2; from 1983) to Halichos Olam (vol. 1, pg. 265 - 266, 4; from 1998) where he quite explicitly assurs it.
[19] Rav Aharon Kotler's shitta is attested to in a signed letter by his talmid, Rav Yechiel Perr, Rosh Yeshivas Derech Ayson of Far Rockaway; Shu"t Minchas Shlomo (vol. 2, 58, 6), Shu"t Ba'er Moshe (vol. 6, 160, 9), Shu"t Shevet HaLevi (vol. 10, 295), She'elas Rav (pg. 92), Shu"t Teshuvos V'Hanhagos (vol. 1, 159, and 316, and stronger in vol. 3, 354, and outright assur in vol. 4, 115); Shu"t Rivevos Efraim (vol. 3, 487, and stronger in vol. 8, 586); and Shu"t Minchas Asher (ibid.). Apparently, these poskim were not impressed by commonly floated smokers' sevaros as "most of these statistics were referring to non-Jews; this proves nothing about Yidden", or "statistics were referring to 7 day a week smokers, not 6 day a week smokers". Interestingly, the posek most smokers associate with these apparently illogical claims is the Chasam Sofer. Yet, anyone who actually read the words of the great Chasam Sofer inside (Chiddushim to Gemara Shabbos 86b s.v. v'im) would realize that the exact opposite is true. He writes that although he is hesitant to rely exclusively upon the findings of non-Jewish doctors regarding leniency with actual issurim, as their expertise is mainly pertaining to non-Jewish patients, on the other hand, regarding issues of 'Pikuach Nefesh', and even only a safek, he concludes that one should rely upon them. And the examples he gives are issurim chamurim – Chilul Shabbos and eating on Yom Kippur – that if a non-Jewish doctor would tell one to do, he must obey. Accordingly, smoking would certainly fit in this category of when one must listen to his doctor, even if non-Jewish. Thanks are due to Rabbi Mordechai Koster (in his Gilyon Gevuros Akiva, Parshas Va'eschanan 5774) for pointing out this important source. Another interesting source this author has heard for permitting smoking is the shittah of the Aruch LaNer (Shu"t Binyan Tzion 137) who maintains that when a potential sakana is not immediate, but would only occur some time later, one may be lenient, as then the dictum of 'Shomer Pesa'im Hashem' is invoked. However, this does not fit with most authorities' understandings of this Klal (see footnote 26), and Rav Chaim Ozer Grodzenski (Shu"t Achiezer vol. 1, 23, 2, in the brackets) strongly argued on his logic, concluding that "b'emes kasheh lishkol b'mishkal sevaros mechudashos b'makom sakana".
[20] It is well known that Rav Yaakov Kamenetsky zt"l (see for example the biographical B'Mechitzas Rabbeinu pg. 268, and Artscroll's biography 'Reb Yaakov' pg. 318), his son Rav Shmuel Kamenetsky shlit"a, and his talmid Rav Yisroel Belsky shlit"a, all prohibit smoking. Similar to the above mentioned Kol Koreh, many American Rabbanim, including the Vaad Halacha of the RCA, signed an Anti-Smoking proclamation in Tammuz, 2006.
[21] See Shu"t Ba'er Moshe (ibid.) and Shu"t Shevet HaKehasi (vol. 1, 332).
[22] Michtav M'Eliyahu (vol. 1, pg. 79 s.v. v'yoser and footnote, ppg. 111 - 112, and pg. 225 s.v. im).
[23] This author has heard this story about Dayan Fischer zt"l several times and is found in Rav Moshe Sternbuch's Likutei Teshuvos V'Hanhagos on Shavuos (pg. 362, s.v. v'hamachmir, in the parenthesis, discussing "Talmid Chacham Gadol Echad zt"l"). It has also been added to the newer versions of Shu"t Teshuvos V'Hanhagos (vol. 1, 316), in the parenthesis at the end of the Teshuva).
[24] Shu"t Igros Moshe (Choshen Mishpat vol. 2, 18 & 76). He also writes that a father, even one already addicted to cigarettes, should not allow his children to start smoking! See also Shu"t Igros Moshe (Orach Chaim vol. 5, 34) where he concludes regarding smoking on Yom Tov that although not assur, still a 'ba'al nefesh yachmir'. Others who originally held it was muttar on Yom Tov include the Tzitz Eliezer, Rav Ben Tzion Abba Shaul, and Rav Ovadia Yosef. Yet, they later retracted, changing their psak, and prohibited it (see footnote 14). Many other contemporary poskim forbade smoking on Yom Tov outright, including Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv (ibid.), Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Shu"t Minchas Shlomo, Tinyana 60, 29) Rav Moshe Sternbuch (ibid; he wrote that although m'sevara an addicted smoker might have what to rely upon for Yom Tov, nevertheless, smoking is assur year round, period), Rav Asher Weiss (ibid.) and the Sha'arim Metzuyanim B'Halacha (98, 19). They maintain that the hetterim of previous generations no longer apply. Now that the true health "benefits" of smoking are known, and many people are cutting down, trying to quit, or not starting in the first place, smoking can no longer be considered 'l'briyus', and also loses its classification of 'shaveh lachol nefesh'. A related story is told about Rav Mordechai Winkler zt"l, the famed Levushei Mordechai (as cited in Shu"t Minchas Asher ibid.). Although noted for always smoking on Yom Tov, he quit cold turkey (at least for Yom Tov) after having a dream that he found a hetter allowing him to smoke even on Shabbos!
[25] See Shu"t Shevet HaLevi (ibid.), Shu"t Teshuvos V'Hanhagos (ibid.), Shu"t Tzitz Eliezer (vol. 15, 39, 5 - 9 and vol. 17, 22), Shu"t Shevet HaKehasi (ibid.), and Shu"t Ohr L'Tzion (vol. 2, Ch. 45, 56).
[26] See Kovetz L'Torah V'Hora'ah (5772, pg. 67), in an article by Rav Baruch Moskowitz, author of Shu"t V'Dibarta Bam (Piskei Rav Dovid Feinstein) and Rav Yitzchok Frankel's Kuntress Yad Dodi (Piskei Rav Dovid Feinstein; pg. 305, Choshen Mishpat #65). This would certainly seem to hold true according to Rav Chaim Ozer Grodzenski's zt"ls understanding of the hetter of 'Shomer Pesa'im Hashem'. He explains (Shu"t Achiezer vol. 1, 23, 2; a similar assessment is given by the Tzitz Eliezer, Shu"t vol. 15, 39, 1 s.v. le'ohr) that one may only rely on said hetter when there is no clear and present danger, when the sakana is only a "chashash rachok umiut she'aono motzui,delo chayshee Rabbannan lehai,ve'al zeh yeish lismoch meshume 'Shomer Pesa'im Hashem". The Tzitz Eliezer adds that since smoking is deemed enough of a health risk that in every civilized country cigarettes are only sold with a warning printed on the package that it damages health, smoking can no longer be classified as 'Shomer Pesa'im Hashem'. Accordingly, in our day and age, one would definitely not be able to rely on this hetter to smoke. Additionally, even according to Rav Elchonon Wasserman Hy"d's understanding of this Klal, it seems tenuous at best to smoke. He explains (Kovetz Shiurim vol. 1, Kesuvos 136) that the hetter means that one does not have to refrain from regular daily living, i.e. performing everyday activities, ('minhag derech eretz' in his own words), as then he is considered guarded from Heaven. However, when referring to an action that is within his ability to refrain from, he is no longer numbered among the 'guarded fools'. Moreover, if one does not take the necessary precautions, he is 'mischayev b'nafsho' and loses all Heavenly protection. Since smoking's true health risks have become increasingly manifest, and is now a practice indulged in by far fewer than even several decades previous, it seems highly doubtful that Rav Elchonon would consider smoking 'minhag derech eretz' nowadays.
[27] In his Lekutei Amarim (Ch. 13; cited by the Tzitz Eliezer and Rav Ovadia Yosef in their respective teshuvos) and Zechor L'Miriam (Ch. 23 s.v. v'hinei).
[28] Rambam (Hilchos De'os Ch. 4, 1 and Hilchos Rotzeach V'Shmiras Nefesh Ch. 11, 5), Shulchan Aruch (Choshen Mishpat 427, 10), Levush (ad loc.), Be'er HaGolah (ad loc. 'os tzaddi'), and Beis Yosef and Rema (Yoreh De'ah 116, 5).
[29] See Gilyon Birchas Binyomin (13 Tishrei 5772 - "Showers on Yom Tov").
[30] Devarim (Parshas Va'eschanan Ch. 5, verse 15). After completing this article, this author has found out that there are several recent excellent sefarim devoted exclusively to the topic of smoking in halacha, including "Pe'er Tachas Eifar" and "Chaim L'lo Ishan".
Disclaimer: This is not a comprehensive guide, rather a brief summary to raise awareness of the issues. In any real case one should ask a competent Halachic authority.
L'iluy Nishmas the Rosh HaYeshiva - Rav Chonoh Menachem Mendel ben R' Yechezkel Shraga, Rav Yaakov Yeshaya ben R' Boruch Yehuda, and l'zchus for Shira Yaffa bas Rochel Miriam and her children for a yeshua teikef u'miyad!


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How To Buy An Online Franchise For a Form Filling Business
Imagine being able to earn massive profits from someone else's hard work, sweat and developed business? Being a franchise owner is like having a business cheat sheet in a sense. You get to profit Without experience, without any real work or investments and without having to create a thing! The business has done everything from creating the business name, logo, website, customer base, products, delivery, paychecks and you as a franchise owner get a piece of that pie simply by bringing people to your pre -built web page! You don't even have to build it, the company provides it to you prebuilt already. You get your own personal business name and all you have to do is bring people to your site.
What Is The Business and what do people buy?
People buy job packages that range all the way up to $250. Each franchise owner will earn 50% of any job package purchased through their webpage. All you have to do is post free ads on the web. Franchisees are provided with an additional bonus job package where they will be paid for each ad posted in addition to earning half of any sale generated through their website.
more details – Internetpros.biz
How Much Can I Earn As A Franchise Owner?
Franchise owners have no limit to what they can earn. There are some franchisees earning up to $10,000 per month from generated sales alone.
What Do I Get As A Franchise Owner?
You will be provided with your own webpage designed by the company. You will have your details added to the site and you will be able to choose your own business name. You will get a basic home typist job package with your own login in which you will be issued monthly assignments that pay per form you fill.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Live any honestly self reflective life and you'll have this thought:
"I'm full of shit."
Occasionally paired with this thought:
"I hope no one else notices."
I know I do. More often than I'd like actually.
So where is all this coming from? Clay brought it up when we met up for brunch on my roadtrip.
"People are full of shit." That's what he said.
I laughed. I knew it was true.
Look at it this way. There is this epic joke that one day people are going to catch on to. That I've really no clue as to how to live and have just been ranting and raving lunatic things. That's how I'm certain it looks. We're on the edge – our unconventional lifestyles, vagabonding, freedom businesses, liberation manifestos, working for no man… we teeter very close to lunacy (not that I mind).
So we've got to push the joke past the limits. You've got to believe your own joke.
Really, that's it. Being the real deal is doing it even when you don't believe yourself. You've got a mission, the hard facts of life, and the road before you. If the words that come out of your mouth feel fake – fake it. Sometimes to be the real deal we have to act it, like David Duchovny.
That's right. You've got to be so full of it that you can fool yourself into believing it's possible. That's your game. It isn't just positive affirmations and productivity tools it's about action in the face of self doubt.
Once you've got that. You've got it.
As long as you're the only person to catch on – good – the longer you can get away with it.
Cause, really, we're all full of shit.
Flickr photo courtesy of danny.hammontree.
Also, this post in no way has been endorsed by David Duchovny – even though I think it should be.


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The Carolina Panthers will open their preseason odyssey without the services of Charles Johnson -- and probably quarterback Cam Newton.
Coach Ron Rivera told reporters Thursday that the team's second-leading sack-master from a season ago will sit out Friday's game against the Buffalo Bills with a hamstring injury.
Johnson has missed practice all week with the setback, leaving Frank Alexander to start in his place against the EJ Manuel-led Bills.
"He's earned it," Rivera said of Alexander, while making it clear that Newton -- if he plays at all -- will do nothing more than hand the ball off before calling it a night.
However, NFL Media Insider Ian Rapoport reported Friday that, per a Panthers source, the team does not expect the fourth-year QB to suit up against the Bills -- an unsurprising development. (UPDATE: Newton was ruled out.)
Here's the rest of your injury news:
1. The Falcons announced that rookie linebacker Marquis Spruill will miss the entire season after tearing his ACL during Wednesday's practice. Losing their fifth-round pick only magnifies Atlanta's depth issues at linebacker after Sean Weatherspoon suffered a season-ending torn Achilles tendon in June.
2. Also for the Falcons, Pro Bowl wideout Julio Jones (foot) will not play Friday night against the Dolphins:
WR Julio Jones out for tonight's preseason game: http://t.co/RCDHIIR6U0 #MIAvsATL pic.twitter.com/zwfgW49evgâ Atlanta_
Falcons (@Atlanta_
August 8, 2014
3. No big surprise out of Houston, but coach Bill O'Brien confirmed that Arian Foster (undisclosed) and Andre Johnson (hamstring) won't play Saturday against the Arizona Cardinals. We're not concerned about either player's long-term status.
4. Staying with the Texans, pass rusher Jadeveon Clowney was back at practice on Thursday for the first time all week and told reporters that he planned to play against Arizona, per the Houston Chronicle. Clowney is listed as the team's starting weakside outside linebacker on Houston's unofficial depth chart, but O'Brien swatted down assumptions that the No. 1 overall pick was guaranteed to roll with the ones vs. the Cards:
"He'll start? Really? That's news to me. We'll see when the game starts." O'Brien on Clowney starting.â
Houston Texans (@Houston
August 7, 2014
5. More Texans injury news: cornerback Johnathan Joseph (toe) said he doesn't think he's playing in Saturday's preseason opener. He added there is no doubt he'll be ready for Week 1.
6. Making his way back from a torn ACL and LCL, Cardinals second-year safety Tyrann Mathieu hopes to be back on the practice field in "the next two to three weeks." Coach Bruce Arians has said all along, though, that he doesn't expect Honey Badger to suit up for live action before Arizona's Week 5 meeting with the Denver Broncos.
7. In Carolina, Rivera also announced that safety Roman Harper will miss the Bills matchup due to a toe injury.
8. Giants rookie receiver Odell Beckham continues to rehab from an injured hamstring. "I'm getting there. It's a process," Beckham said Thursday, per the New York Daily News. "Should be soon. I'm definitely getting close."
9. Eric Ebron did not practice again Thursday. The talkative rookie tight end has an undisclosed injury. His availability for Saturday's preseason game vs. the Cleveland Browns is in doubt.
10. Indianapolis Colts center Khaled Holmes left Thursday's preseason game against the New York Jets with an ankle injury. Early news back isn't positive -- The Indianapolis Star's Stephen Holder reports that Holmes' injury "appears to be a sprain, but one that will likely cost (him) time in the lineup," potentially missing a handful of weeks.
The latest Around The League Podcast answers every question about preseason action that you were too afraid to ask.


text: Chayote is high in vitamin C. Look for unblemished skin with an ivory white to dark green color. Store in a dry cool place. The refrigerator is considered too cold. Chayote can be substituted for summer squashes in most recipes, however it is best peeled (if large) and the large seeds composted. The peel of young tender fruits is edible. Avoid wet, bruised or soft fruits. They can be enjoyed raw, sliced, used for dips, grated into salads, pureed or added to soups. The young root tubers are also eaten.


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Parents watch with proud satisfaction as their infant, just a few months old, begins to reach out into the world--tiny hands grasping at toys and gently twirling locks of their mother's hair. Just when they have begun to take a lively interest in the world, rolling-over, cooing, and smiling, the first illnesses strike.
The baby's runny nose develops into a fever, fussiness, and night-waking. Her previously placid demeanor suddenly changes to obvious discomfort--crying, clinging, refusing to leave her mother's arms. The pediatrician sees red eardrums and prescribes antibiotics. That first infection starts a seemingly endless battle against viral and bacterial illnesses that persists despite repeated treatment with a barrage of different antibiotics. Something is dreadfully wrong. Frequent visits to the pediatrician do nothing to prevent the continuous pattern of illness—antibiotic—illness.
Why do these illnesses begin when babies are three or four months old? What event triggers this frustrating scenario? What happens to babies at two to four months that could initiate this relentless course of symptoms? Perhaps maternal antibodies are beginning to wear out, making babies susceptible to these environmental microbes. But why don't these babies develop their own antibodies in response to the initial viral or bacterial infections? What prevents the immune system from mounting a vigorous response? And why does this pattern of illness with recurrent ear infections occur now, a pattern that seldom occurred prior to thirty years ago? What is weakening the immune function of today's infants?
The Cause of Chronic Illness
Ear infections have become the most common reason for visits to pediatricians. The incidence of asthma has steadily increased in the modern era. During the period 1980 through 1989 the prevalence rate of self-reported asthma in the United States increased 38 percent, and the death rate for asthma increased 46 percent. In the five years from 1985 through 1990, projected estimates for asthma's medical costs increased 53 percent. The total estimated cost of asthma rose from $4.5 billion to $6.2 billion, or 1 percent of all US health-care costs. This dramatic increase has been attributed to increased exposure to environmental pollutants, and to the toxic effect of asthma medications themselves. Could vaccines be weakening the immune system of our populations and causing recurrent infections and allergies at unprecedented levels?
The only event that all infants routinely encounter at two months of age is vaccination with at least five different vaccines (Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis-Polio-Haemophilus). They are repeated at four months. Could this simple fact explain the onset of the recurrent illnesses that plague so many infants? If vaccines stimulate antibody production to fight diseases, why would they weaken the immune system? Is there any evidence that vaccines do cause illness and immune system dysfunction?
One answer came in a careful study of illness patterns observed in babies before and after vaccination, published in Clinical Pediatrics in 1988. If vaccines cause a weakened immune system, then we would expect to see a higher incidence of illness following vaccination. In that study conducted in Israel, the incidence of acute illnesses in the 30 day period following DTP vaccine was compared to the incidence in the same children for the 30 day period prior to vaccine. The three-day period immediately following vaccine was excluded because children frequently develop fever as a direct response to vaccine toxins. A total of 82 healthy infants received DTP, and their symptoms were reported by parents and observed by a pediatrician at weekly intervals. Those babies experienced a dramatic increase in fever, diarrhea, and cough in the month following DTP vaccine compared to their health before the shot.


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Huntington Basketball
Upward Stars provides unique programs designed to adapt and expand with each athlete as they develop in their personal athletic journey. Browse our programs and find the one that best fits you! Each program incorporates intense practice sessions, high-level coaching, character lessons, and a service project.
Camps / Clinics
Our Developmental Programs are for athletes of any skill level and experience. These programs build and enhance an athletic foundation that will prepare each athlete for long-term success. There is a high focus on fundamentals, individual skill training, and motor skill enhancement. We recommend each athlete participate in a Developmental program before participating on a Travel Team.
Travel programs are ideal for athletes who have a strong technique and motor skill foundation and experience playing at higher levels of competition. These programs focus on implementing what was learned during practice into on-court success. Each team will be challenged to improve through intense practices, games, and tournaments.


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The client.policy file is the J2SE policy file used by the application client. Each application client has a client.policy file. The default policy file limits the permissions of Java EE deployed application clients to the minimal set of permissions required for these applications to operate correctly. If an application client requires more than this default set of permissions, edit the client.policy file to add the custom permissions that your application client needs. Use the J2SE standard policy tool or any text editor to edit this file.
For more information on using the J2SE policy tool, see http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/security/tour2/index.html.
For more information about the permissions you can set in the client.policy file, see http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/security/permissions.html.


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Apricots are laxative, due to their fiber and pectin content, nutritive and considered alkaline. Apricots are neutral, sweet and sour. They make an excellent midsummer fruit, moistening the lungs, and providing the body with yin fluids. Apricots are antioxidant. They have been used to treat acne, anemia, asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, constipation, hypertension, toxemia, and tuberculosis. Apricots are rich in fiber, beta carotene, vitamin C, copper, iron, magnesium, potassium, silicon, and cobalt. They contain a trace amount of lycopene, which is being researched as a cancer preventative.
Avoid dried apricots treated with sulfur dioxide as a preservative, which can cause allergic reactions in some people. Excess use of apricots may cause diarrhea and should be used in moderation during pregnancy.
Apricots are most delicious when orange in color, without green; otherwise they will be sour and immature. Enjoy them plain, breakfast, a lunchbox snack, or added to smoothies and fruit juices. Soak dried apricots overnight and reserve the water and enjoy for breakfast as "Stewed fruit." Apricot seed contains laetrile and has been used in alternative cancer therapies, however large amounts may be toxic. Apricot seed is also pressed into oil, excellent for skin. Apricot pulp is used as a facial to soften and reduce the appearance of wrinkles.


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The new office is headed up by Vestas director of European affairs, Emmanuelle Raoult and will coordinate Vestas' lobbying efforts within the EU. Prior to taking up the new role, Raoult was a PR director for Vestas in Paris.
In a statement, Vestas said all of its EU lobbying activities needed to be approved and coordinated by the EU Representative Office.
Speaking about the move, Vestas SVP Peter Brun said: "Vestas Government Relations has been actively engaged in EU affairs for several years since the creation of the department in 2005.
"But the opening of the new Representative Office is a recognition of the enhanced role Vestas can hold in advocacy and lobbying activities with EU stakeholders by establishing a permanent presence in Brussels."
Raoult said: "The office will represent Vestas in all EU-related policy affairs, and be a partner to all Vestas' stakeholders to assist in the advancement of a renewable-energy future in Europe."


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Hello everyone and welcome to 2016! It has been a while between blog posts, but what can I say, life has been busy!
Mr Kale and I spent our Christmas break with my family in Melbourne. In August I started a new job working full time for a university, which closes down completely between Christmas Eve and the start of January, so we were able to visit for ten days without me taking any leave. [Read more…]


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This is My Story
Hello! Welcome to my CanadianMoms website. I am so excited to share all the different ways essential oils have helped me and my family to lead a healthier lifestyle! Click below to read all about my journey to health using essential oils.
Learn About Essential OilsEssential oils are more than nice scents; these powerful plant extracts are your path to effective and natural wellness. Check out my oil starter guide to learn more about the benefits of using essential oils.
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Home - Perfect Circle: Engine Components
Perfect Circle File-Fit Performance Moly Piston Ring Set - 4.145" Bore
Piston Rings, 4.145 in Bore, File Fit, 1/16 x 1/16 x 3/16 in Thick, Standard Tension, Plasma Moly, 8 Cylinder, Kit.
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Shipping: Ships from Michigan.
Was: $121.99
Sale: $111.48
Save: 9%
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Perfect Circle(R) performance rings are the most extensive and technically advanced high performance rings in the industry. Driven by today's requirements for reduced oil consumption, lower friction, higher power output, and longer life, Perfect Circle is out front with the latest technology. Off the shelf sets, individual rings and custom finished rings are all available from Perfect Circle. The second compression ring on a piston contributes significantly to engine performance, particularly in racing applications. Unfortunately engine builders often overlook the importance of this ring when selecting a compression ring. Reverse torsional twist second rings have been the industry standard for many years, but offer only a limited performance advantage. If back pressure buildup from combustion gases leaking past the top ring is not controlled, it can cause the top ring to float, breaking the combustion seal and reducing power. This is why Perfect Circle(R) has introduced a new design in rings called the Tapered Hook Groove (THG) rings. These rings provide slightly better oil control than a reverse twist, taper-face ring, but most importantly, the new second ring acts as a check valve to relieve excessive combustion pressure build-up under the top ring, thus, stabilizing it and reducing the possibility of compression gases being trapped between the top and second ring.Pit Stop USA offers Perfect Circle File-Fit Performance Moly Piston Ring Set - 4.145" Bore 315-0032.025 at low everyday prices. Be sure to check out all of our products from Perfect Circle including Perfect Circle Plasma-Moly File Fit Piston Rings.
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Feature Article #1
Introducing Embedded Youtube Plugin
This project was in the back burner. In January, I had decided that I would release one Plugin every month to the public for free. It has been long overdue, until now. This week, I had my programmer friend work on a Plugin idea, that I thought of 2 weeks back.
Feature Article #2
A Simplified Guide to Niche Marketing
This article is an attempt to answer the question "How to setup a Niche marketing website?" I received from one of the Blogrepreneur readers through Yahoo IM. I am not going to explain what Niche marketing is. What I am going to do is give you a clearcut blueprint to start, establish and hopefully profit from your own niche marketing sites. By the way, the business of Niche Marketing is also called Virtual Real Estate.
Feature Article #3
Sunday Blogbits – My Favorite Blogs
I have quite a few blogs subscribed to in my Google Reader account. I thought I should share some of them with you in this issue of Sunday Blogbits. They are all very informative and waste no time in gibberish. Make sure you subscribe to the blogs of your interest. There sure is a goldmine here.
Feature Article #4
Sunday Blogbits – The Tumor Man
A weary Sunday for me. My son is ill and so is wife. She injured her back last week. The doctors have advised her to rest. I have been busy balancing between work and family.Pretty tough job.
Make sure you read to the last. I have something for you at the end. You shouldn't miss it.
Feature Article #5
Sunday Blogbits – Performance Report and more
Blogrepreneur has entered its 3rd month. January was a pretty slow month, mainly due to my busy schedule and the accident I met with, in the late second half of the month. Nevertheless, there were a couple of interesting developments worth taking note of.
About this Site
Welcome to Blogrepreneur.com. This blog offers articles and tips on blogging for a living. Blogrepreneur is geared at new and upcoming bloggers who are still learning the building blocks of this industry. This blog is also for those who are already blogging, but who believe in a continuous learning process to stay abreast of new developments in the industry and to be ahead of the competition.


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S.C. lawmaker admits positive response to racist email on voter ID bill
A South Carolina lawmaker and the author of a voter ID law considered discriminatory by the Justice Department testified in federal court Tuesday that, while crafting the bill, he had responded favorably to a racist email in support of the measure.
State Rep. Alan Clemmons acknowledged his reaction in the second day of arguments before a three-judge panel of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia over whether the law violates the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
The Justice Department blocked the 2011 voter ID law, which would force South Carolina residents to show one of five forms of photo identification in order to vote: a driver's license, a DMV-issued photo ID, a passport, military ID, or a voter registration card with photo issued by the local elections office. The Voting Rights Act requires federal review of all election laws passed in states with a history of discriminating against black voters.
The Justice Department has asserted that South Carolina's law would disproportionately burden African-Americans, who it says are less likely than whites to have or be able to get the types of ID the law requires. In response, South Carolina is suing Attorney General Eric Holder. Lawyers for groups including the NAACP and the American Civil Liberties Union have joined the trial to rebut South Carolina's claims that its law is colorblind.
Garrard Beeney, who represented the civil rights groups, presented emails sent to and from Clemmons' personal account between 2009 and 2011, when he was working on the law. One, from a man named Ed Koziol, used racially charged rhetoric to denounce the idea that poor, black voters might lack transportation or other resources necessary to obtain photo ID. If the legislature offered a reward for identification cards, "it would be like a swarm of bees going after a watermelon," Koziol wrote.
Beeney asked Clemmons how he had replied to this email. Clemmons hesitated a moment before answering, "It was a poorly considered response when I said, 'Amen, Ed, thank you for your support.'"
Beeney also contended that Clemmons, a Republican, wrote the law to suppress Democratic votes. Blacks in South Carolina typically vote Democratic. Beeney asked Clemmons whether he remembered distributing packets of peanuts with cards that read "Stop Obama's nutty agenda and support voter ID."
Clemmons said he did not, though Beeney said he had testified in June that he did.
South Carolina's lawyers sought to prove that the ID law represented a compromise between Democrats and Republicans.
Lt. Gov. Glenn McConnell, who was the top-ranked member of the state Senate until earlier this year, testified that the law emerged after a series of conference committees and negotiations spanning multiple legislative sessions. When he had the opportunity to appoint senators to the conference committees that worked on the bill, he picked both Democrats and Republicans, he said.
"If you want something, to get it you need to find out what other people want and then ride together in the same car," said McConnell, a Republican.
But under questioning from Beeney, McConnell said he believed the law would have been more in compliance with the Voting Rights Act if it had included provisions to make voting easier, such as an early voting period. The Senate passed a voter ID bill that included such provisions, but Clemmons and other members of the House opposed it and would not compromise, McConnell said.
McConnell also testified that he agreed to remove the early voting provision from the bill because Clemmons told him the House would pass a separate early voting bill. But the House never sent the Senate an early voting bill, and when the Senate sent one to the House, it died in committee.
Testimony from Marci Andino, South Carolina's elections director, suggested that even if South Carolina's law goes into effect by the Nov. 6 general election, it may have a limited impact.
Voters may cast a ballot without a photo ID if they sign an affidavit attesting that they had a reasonable impediment to obtaining the ID. "Reasonable" is at the voter's discretion, Andino said. If 100,000 people come to the polls in November with affidavits and say they did not have time to obtain a photo ID, their votes will be counted.
"Err on the side of the voter," Andino said. "If there's any doubt, then the voter should be permitted to vote."


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So basically what I mean is, if the Jabba figure or throne or anything suffered because of the Oola figure, I'd have ditched Oola I guess. So yeah, I'm hopeful nothing got cut from the set due to her.
I'm guessing in the $50-$60 range.
Rod Roddey (RIP) eat your heart out.
I hear what you're saying JACKOFTRADZE, I did the same thing with mine...
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When the scientists in Photograph 51 discover the DNA double helix structure, they are overcome with its beauty. We challenge you to share the beauty in your world through Instagram. When you do, you'll be entered to win an amazing prize package. Contest runs through March 10, 2013.
Here's how to enter:
In the photo comment, tag your photo with @seattlerep and #SRTPhotograph51 and you're entered to win!
The winner will receive the following prizes:
An iPhone camera lens attachment
Digital photo frame
4 tickets to the Pacific Science Center
$25 gift certificate to Lunchbox Laboratory
Instagram Gallery


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Don't spend your money on a cheap one splash out £25 on a pure merino rapha one - best thing they make and will wick sweat much better than fleece. I've got 2 and wear & wash them all the time. BTW I'm no Rapha disciple
The Tivoli Seamless Collar forms part of Velobici's Paris-Brest-Paris range (or PBP for short). This epic quadrennial brevet from Paris to Brest, on the western shores of Brittany, and back, requires riders to complete the 1200km route in less than 90 hours. Invoking the name of such a prestigious event sets the bar high, and the Tivoli Collar unfortunately fails to live up to this expectation.
The Tivoli Collar's claim to fame is that it is knitted as one single piece, and therefore lacks any seams (hence the name, obviously!) that could cause irritation. In terms of fabrics, the Collar is composed from a mix of Thermo-cool (51%), Merino wool (42%), Nylon (4%) and Elastane (3%). Given these two facts, one would expect the Tivoli Collar to be very comfortable, but I found that it was anything but. The wool content whilst 'only' comprising 42%, still makes it very itchy to wear, at least on my skin, and I also found the hems caused me some irritation.
In terms of warmth, the Tivoli Collar again fails to live up to expectation as the relatively open weave makes it very draughty indeed. On chilly morning rides, I found myself reaching for a cheap fleece neck warmer instead of this much dearer offering from Velobici. One of the great things about neck warmers is their ability to be used under the helmet as well as around the neck making them extremely versatile. Unfortunately though, the Tivoli Collar's tapered shape means that it doesn't really fit on the head, further limiting its appeal.
And then there's the price. Granted, the one piece construction adds cost over sewing two ends together, but the end result isn't that comfortable anyway. The 'made in the UK' label goes some way towards explaining the extraordinary price, but it still fails to justify it in my opinion.
Expensive, and not all that warm or comfortable either. You'd be better off spending your money on a cheap fleece neck warmer.
If you're thinking of buying this product using a cashback deal why not use the road.cc Top Cashback page and get some top cashback while helping to support your favourite independent cycling website
road.cc test report
Make and model: Velobici PBP Tivoli Seamless Collar
Size tested: Black
Tell us what the product is for, and who it's aimed at. What do the manufacturers say about it? How does that compare to your own feelings about it?
Velobici say:
"This Lightweight neck collar is seamless to prevent any unnecessary rubbing around your neck. made from 51% Thermo Cool and 42% Merino wool this collar is insulating, moisture wicking and anti-bacterial. Shaped to fit comfortably, it can be worn all year round and looks cool on and off the bike."
Tell us some more about the technical aspects of the product?
- 42% Merino wool, 51% Thermo-cool, 4% Nylon, 3% Elastane.
- Moisture wicking.
- Insulating.
- Seamless.
The knitting is obviously well done with no loose threads or unevenness in the weave. The one piece construction is great in theory.
It's just not comfortable or warm.
To be honest I haven't worn it all that much but the quality of construction seems to indicate that it will last.
It's light, maybe too light.
The wool was itchy and the hems were irritating.
Performance just doesn't match up to the premium price.
Did you enjoy using the product? No.
Would you consider buying the product? No.
Would you recommend the product to a friend? No.
About the tester
Age: 20 Height: 190cm Weight: 70kg
I usually ride: Giant TCR Advanced 2 My best bike is: Canyon Ultimate CF7
I've been riding for: Under 5 years I ride: Every day I would class myself as: Expert
I regularly do the following types of riding: road racing, sportives, mtb,
For 5 years, racing was my life and I went all the way from a newbie bonking after 40 miles, to a full-timer plying my trade on the Belgian kermesse scene. Unfortunately, the pro dream wasn't meant to be and these days, you're more likely to find me bimbling about country lanes and sleeping in a bush on the side of the road.
6 comments
I've got a Rapha one too. I agree with TheHatter, it's a cracking piece of kit.


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Style: PAC I
Overall Length: 19"
Design Features: Shoulder Protection
Hood Specifications: Shoulder inserts for added shoulder protection
Head Layers of Material: 2
Outer Material: PBI
Inner Material: PBI
Bib Layers of Material: 0
*Please note: Any customization or modification not done by Majestic Fire Apparel will void the hood's warranty and void the NFPA compliance of the hood.
Refer to Spec Sheets - All "PAC" Series hoods are UL Certified to meet or exceed the current hood requirements of NFPA 1971
MAJESTIC FIRE APPAREL is able to customize your hood by adding your name, badge number, fire department name, logo. Please contact us for further information.
PLEASE NOTE: Any aftermarket customization or modification done to a Majestic Fire Apparel hood by any other company beyond MFA (the original manufacturer) will VOID the warranty and will also VOID the NFPA compliancy of the hood.
WARRANTY INFORMATION Your protective hood is warranted, by MFA, Inc., to be free from defects in material and workmanship for one year. This warranty does not cover normal wear or unusual exposures, including abrasive wearing of close-tolerance accessories-such as voice amplifiers. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to, implied warranties or marketability and/or fitness for a particular purpose. MFA, Inc. shall not be liable for incidental or consequential damages.


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AUSTIN — Kylie Doniak, the senior Texas soccer player who survived a life-threatening hit-and-run accident, has been named the Big 12's female sportsperson of the year.
Baylor Heisman trophy winner Robert Griffin III was named Big 12 male sportsperson of the year.
Doniak, a three-time academic all-conference honoree who who led the Longhorns in scoring as a senior last fall, was struck by a suspected drunk driver as she tried to cross an Austin street in February.
After spending weeks in intensive care and more than a month in a rehabilitation facility, she returned to her home in Chino Hills, Calif., where she continues to recover.


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London's Heathrow airport is only fifteen miles from central London, providing easy access for visitors to the capital to get into town. Located to the west of the city, the Heathrow area also opens up routes to Slough, Windsor and Twickenham.
With over 180 destinations in 90 different countries, Heathrow Airport plays hosts to millions of passengers each year.
Radisson Blu Edwardian Heathrow Hotel
Located adjacent to Heathrow Airport, the Radisson Blu Edwardian Heathrow Hotel is the perfect location if you're looking to stay in the area. The hotel benefits from both proximity to the airport and an ambience quite different to the traditional airport hotel.
A great base for international meetings, the Radisson Blu Edwardian Heathrow has 43 meeting or conference rooms catering for up to 700 guests.
Find out more about the Radisson Blu Edwardian Heathrow Hotel
Read our Guide to Heathrow for ideas on what to do during your stay.


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Development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and cost structures. This report also states import/export, supply and consumption figures as well as cost, price, revenue and gross margin by regions (United States, EU, China and Japan), and other regions can be added.
"Deepresearchreports.com gives information on 2017 Market Research Report on Global Nano Drone Industry Intelligence Study to the Electronics Business Research Group of its Store."
Global Nano Drone Industry is a Professional and in-depth market research on the current state of the Global and China Nano Drone industry. The Global Nano Drone market analysis is provided for the international markets including development trends, competitive landscape analysis, and key regions development status.
Complete report on '2017 Market Research Report on Global Nano Drone Industry' spread across 152 pages, profiling 15 companies and figures is now available @ www.deepresearchreports.com/contact…ame=200081 .
The report provides a basic overview of the industry, including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. The Nano Drone market analysis is provided for the international market, including development history, competitive landscape analysis, and major regions' development status.,
#Analysis of 2017 Major Industries: - Parrot S.A., 3D Robotics, Inc., SZ Dajiang Innovations Technology Co., Ltd, PrecisionHawk USA, Inc., Trimble Navigation Limited, AeroVironment, Inc., Ascending Technologies GmbH, TRACE Intelligent Systems, CyPhy Works Inc., MAVinci GmbH, Ehang Inc., Aeryon Labs Inc., Yuneec International Co. Ltd., XAIRCRAFT Technology Co. Ltd. and Aerial Group B.V. Profiles Overview.
The Global Nano Drone Industry focuses on global major leading industry players with information such as company profiles, product picture and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenue and contact information. Upstream raw materials, equipment and downstream consumer analysis is also carried out.
What's more, the Nano Drone industry development trends and marketing channels are analyzed. Finally, the feasibility of new investment projects is assessed, and overall research conclusions are offered.
In a word, the report provides major statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
A dedicated chapter on the development trend of Nano Drone market for 2017-2021 in this report covers data and information on capacity and production overview, production, market share analysis, sales overview, supply, sales, and shortage, import, export and consumption as well as cost, price, revenue and gross margin of Nano Drone.
Major Points Covered in Table of Contents [TOC]
1 Industry Overview
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Nano Drone
3 Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis
4 Production Analysis of Nano Drone by Regions, Technology, and Applications
5 Sales and Revenue Analysis of Nano Drone by Regions
6 Analyses of Nano Drone Production, Supply, Sales and Market Status 2010-2017
7 Analysis of Nano Drone Industry Key Manufacturers
8 Price and Gross Margin Analysis
9 Marketing Traders or Distributor Analysis of Nano Drone
10 Development Trend of Nano Drone Industry 2017-2020
11 Industry Chain Suppliers of Nano Drone with Contact Information
12 New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis of Nano Drone
13 Conclusion of the Global Nano Drone Industry 2017 Market Research Report
List of Tables and Figures
Access this Report @ www.deepresearchreports.com/contact…ame=200081
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Category: Market Research Publishers and RetailersCompany about: Focusing primarily on China markets and secondarily on the global markets, DeepResearchReports.com offers research reports for industries that, at top level, cover communication, consumer electronics, car electronics, computer net, energy and chemical markets. Drilling down, segments and sectors like apparel, automotive, automotive & transportation, aviation, biotechnology, chemicals, computer equipment, computer networking


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Rugged Ridge HID Off-Road lighting takes off-road lighting to the next level. Rugged Ridge mated the brilliance of High Intensity Discharge (HID) bulbs with the rugged construction of traditional halogen off-road lights. The result is more efficient and powerful beam with better capability of illuminating the night sky. HID lights are 2-1/2 times more powerful than halogen lights and draw 60% less current than a standard 100 watt fog light.
Constructed with heavy-duty, ABS composite housings, Rugged Ridge lights feature water-proof connections, internal ballasts, and a reinforced multi-directional mounting base. Sold individually, each Rugged Ridge HID light includes an impact-resistant cover.
Studies have demonstrated drivers react faster and more accurately to obstacles with HID lighting rather than halogen. With an average HID bulb life at 2000 hours compared to the normal 500 to 1000 hours for halogen units, the Rugged Ridge HID lights are a great addition to any vehicle.


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English is one of the oldest and most prestigious majors at Mount Saint Mary College. The English major seeks to enhance the student's understanding of language and literature across the ages.
English encompasses the aesthetic, the social, and the cultural uses of written language. The English major prepares students for careers in professional fields such as publishing, journalism, law, and education, but also for graduate studies in English.
English majors may:
The College offers English majors a literature or a writing concentration. In their junior year, students may apply for acceptance to the graduate program in publishing with Pace University, which leads to a Bachelor of Arts in English and an Master of Science in Publishing from Pace. Both degree programs can be completed within five years.
English majors may also complete a five-year English and education program for a bachelor's degree in English, a master's in education, and New York certification in Adolescence Education, with or without dual certification in special education.
The English major requires 39 credits (24 required credits, 15 elective credits). Prerequisites to the major include the successful completion of ENG 1010 and ENG 1020, as well as a GPA of 2.0 or better in ENG 2040, Introduction to Literary Studies. A GPA of 2.0 in the major is required.
The Division of Arts and Letters oversees the Writing concentration, a four-class, 12-credit program designed to allow students from any major to gain focused writing instruction.
The Writing concentration explores various forms of professional writing through course work in journalism, technical writing, publishing, and creative writing.
Students will take two required courses: Writing for the Professional and Copyediting. Students will then be able to choose two additional courses from this designated list, or substitute an approved 3-credit writing internship.
Successful completion of the concentration will include a capstone ePortfolio drawn from the student's writing experience and compiled under the guidance of a faculty mentor.
This concentration is open to all majors and students. At 12 credits, this concentration can fit within many programs' allotments of free electives.
Read more about the Mount's writing concentration, here.
Magazines, newspapers, publishing houses in New York and New Jersey.
The English major is a gateway to graduate school in English, law, and other fields, as well as many careers, including publishing, library science, teaching, and school administration, journalism, public relations, advertising, and editorial work.
Graduates have pursued degrees at Columbia University, New York University, State University at New Paltz, University of Virginia, CUNY, etc.
Faye Denisar
Administrative Assistant


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Selena Gomez & Justin Bieber: Her Family Freaked Out That They'll Elope
After Selena was spot wearing a ring on her left hand on March 26, we all started to question if she and Justin were ready to tie the knot. Now, HollywoodLife.com can tell you exclusively that her family's worried she'll 'do something crazy' like elope!
Selena Gomez better not be tying the knot with Justin Bieber any time soon — her parents will flip out! When speaking at the We Day conference in Oakland, Cali., she sported a ring on her left hand, and it we learned exclusively it was a gift from Justin!
Justin Bieber & Selena Gomez May Elope?
"The ring was a gift from Justin, it's not an engagement ring, but they are back on and very serious," a source close to the "Come & Get It" singer told HollywoodLife.com exclusively. "Her family is extremely worried that she'll do something crazy like elope with him. Selena is totally wrapped back up in Justin, it's the same pattern happening all over again."
While Selena did say in her speech that her mother is the most important person in her life, she focused on talking about being herself and the importance of not giving in to what other people want.
So, will she care that her family disapproves?
Justin has a "huge influence on her," and according to our source, has told her that everyone's against her, trying to bring them down.
Selena Telling Her Family 'They're All Overracting'
Her family knows that she cares about Justin but are actually nervous that she'll begin partying again "to keep up with him."
"She's telling everyone that she's fine, that they're all overreacting but that's not making anyone feel better about this," the insider added. "The problem is no one wants to alienate her. She's an adult now, it's not like her parents can tell her what to do, so it's a very delicate situation. No one in her circle is happy that she's back together with Justin, they've even talked about staging some sort of intervention to get her away from him but at this point that would only push her closer to him. Until he screws up again there's not much that anyone can do."
What do you think, HollywoodLifers? Do Selena's family have a reason to be worried? Should Selena and Justin elope? Let me know!
— Emily Longeretta
Follow @EmilyLongeretta


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MLB trade rumors: Red Sox to pursue Mark Trumbo?
The Boston Red Sox might be interested in trading for slugging 1B Mark Trumbo of the Los Angeles Angels, The Boston Globe reports.
|Hot Stove League links
|SN ranks the 25 best free agents
|Best: P| OF | IF | C
|Sporting News All-Stars: NL | AL
|Must-see gallery: Most beloved players
The Red Sox would like to re-sign Mike Napoli, who hit .259/.360/.482 with 23 home runs and 92 RBIs for Boston in 2013, according to the newspaper. But failing that, dealing for the 27-year-old Trumbo could be Plan B. He is five years younger than Napoli and is not eligible for free agency until after the 2017 season.
Trumbo has emerged as one of the AL's top power hitters, hitting 95 home runs over the last three seasons. He finished fourth in the league with 34 dingers while driving in 100 runs in 2013. But he hit just .234 with a .294 on-base percentage.
The Angels, in need of pitching, are willing to deal Trumbo, according to multiple reports. And the Red Sox might be willing to let 26-year-old lefty Felix Doburont go. He finished 11-6 with a 4.32 ERA and 1.429 WHIP.
Another possible Angels target could be 3B Will Middlebrooks, who struggled at the plate in 2013 (.227/.271/.425 with 17 homers).


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What to do when whale watching is cancelled in Kaikoura
In Kaikoura there is plenty to see and do when the ocean is rough and marine activities are put on hold.
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When working with nature you never really know what to expect from one day to the next. We can be having beautiful spring weather one day and the next it can be like winter all over again! Bearing this in mind there are times when the sea conditions are too rough for us to go whale watching as safety and comfort of our passengers and staff are paramount.
However there is plenty still to see and do in Kaikoura when the ocean is rough and marine activities are put on hold, such as:
Kaikoura Marine Centre & Aquarium – Situated at the end of the New Wharf the Marine Centre & Aquarium offer a look into the unique creatures Kaikoura's rock pools and ocean plays host to. There is a Tank Room with a touch tank, carpet sharks, seahorses, an octopus, crayfish, kina, sea stars and many different kinds of fish to look at. There is also plenty of information to take in; you definitely walk away with lots of new knowledge after a visit to the Aquarium.
Fyffe House – Fyffe House is a link to Kaikoura's whaling past and the oldest surviving building in Kaikoura. The house was founded in 1842 by a whaler named Robert Fyffe; this house is unusual in that it was built on whale vertebrae which were used as the piles which it still stands upon today. The house is open daily to the public and full of rich history and information and something not to be missed while in Kaikoura.
Kaikoura Museum – There is no better place to visit than the Kaikoura Museum if you are interested in the history of the District. There are Maori artefacts, whaling, fishing, farming, saw milling information and exhibits. There are also marine fossils, geology examples, photographs, archives and all the memorabilia that makes Kaikoura what it is today.
Llama Trekking & Kaikoura Farm Park – Always wanted to get up close to a Llama? Here is your chance, you along with your guide and other son the tour you get familiar with the Llama's and then take them on a trek along the river bed or the beach front, along the way seeing the beautiful views and learning about the area.
The Kaikoura Farm Park has 100+ animals for you to meet, greet, cuddle and hand feed, in a UNIQUE, traditional, free-range roaming, hands-on experience.
Glenstrae 4WD Motorbike Tours – This is an exciting 4WD bike experience and guided ATV tour not to be missed. You go through beautiful hill country farmland and experience native bush and bird song. No experience is required, full tuition is given. There are memorable views of the Kaikoura coastline, rugged reefs, beaches and NZ fur seals to take in during the experience!
Kaikoura Maori Tours – This tour is designed to give insight in to the history of Kaikoura, Maori people and culture, as well as an understanding of their values and spiritual connection to the environment. The award winning half day tour is scheduled all year round and all other tours are on request by prior arrangement. Well worth the experience and something you will remember for a long time!
There is plenty more to see and do while in Kaikoura for more information during your time here the team at the Kaikoura I-Site are always there to help steer you in the right direction…
Artículo de
Whale Watch Kaikoura Ltd
Whale Watch is New Zealand's only vessel-based whale watching company offering visitors an exciting up-close encounter with the world's largest toothed predator the Giant Sperm Whale in their natural environment at all times of the year.


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There's definitely a time and a place for skin-tight Lycra, but for riding around recreationally, pedaling to the gym or down the shops, it can feel a little bit, well, skin-tight! The Long Sleeve Active Top from Zoca is designed to be a more general fitness top, for all sorts of activities, rather than an out and out cycling top, but still technical enough to be suitable for vigorous pedaling if you want.
The first thing I noticed was the style of this top. Yes, that IS important, and especially in a more casually-styled garment.
The gathered drawstring hip detail, the overall cut and small things like the shape at the shoulders all go together to make this top look a bit more stylish than the average casual sports top. It looks a bit more feminine.
It's got technical features too though, and not just the soft silky moisture wicking fabric. There's a strip of reflective tape down the full length of the back, a small zipped pocket at the top of one arm and even long integral handwarmers in the sleeves that can be tucked away when not in use (you'd probably not use them on the bike, but they might be, ahem, handy off it).
It was pleasant to wear, with nice fabric and a good fit. The sleeves were good and snug, and although the body is loose in fit, there was no feeling of baggy excess fabric thanks to the gathered hem and drawcord. The fabric wicked moisture quickly and effectively, but it's on the warm side for summer wear.
You'll be glad of it for spring and autumn use, or even with another layer for winter. The short front zip also makes it less well-suited to warmer conditions, giving a touch less ventilation than I'd have liked.
This could quite quickly become my go to casual cycling top or gym wear.
A relaxed looking but stylish top that's also sufficiently technical for most activities.
If you're thinking of buying this product using a cashback deal why not use the road.cc Top Cashback page and get some top cashback while helping to support your favourite independent cycling website
road.cc test report
Make and model: Zoca Active Long Sleeve Active Top
Size tested: Medium, Rosehip
Tell us what the product is for, and who it's aimed at. What do the manufacturers say about it? How does that compare to your own feelings about it?
Aimed at being apporpriate for all sorts of activities in all conditions.
Better suited to spring, autumn and even winter, but a good all-rounder.
Tell us some more about the technical aspects of the product?
Aquamove fabric
95% polyamide
5% elastane
1 small zipped pocket in arm
Integral handwarmers
Zip neck
Reflective strip down back
Drawstring hem.
Available in sizes XS-XL (Med = 12 ish)
Machine washable at 30
Good quality fabric and well made.
Extremely comfortable next to skin. Wicked moisture effectively.
Fabric not overly prone to catching, but can accumulate odours as only washable at 30.
Good weight for a 3 season long sleeved casual styled top.
Very comfortable indeed. Both on and off the bike.
Not the cheapest, but a very good price for such a versatile top.
Tell us how the product performed overall when used for its designed purpose
Performed very well.
Tell us what you particularly liked about the product
Style, versatility, details, fabric.
Tell us what you particularly disliked about the product
Would have liked very slightly longer front zip for extra ventilation.
Did you enjoy using the product? Yes.
Would you consider buying the product? I already have.
Would you recommend the product to a friend? Definitely.
Anything further to say about the product in conclusion?
Stylish and versatile long sleeved top for all sorts of activities.
About the tester
Age: 37 Height: 1.65m Weight: 67kg
I usually ride: My best bike is:
I've been riding for: 10-20 years I ride: Most days I would class myself as: Experienced
I regularly do the following types of riding: commuting, touring, general fitness riding, mtb,
Lara has been riding bikes for longer than she'd care to admit, and writing about them nearly as long. Since 2009 she has been working as part of the road.cc review team whilst championing women's cycling on the side, most notably via two years as editor of the, sadly now defunct, UK's first and only women's cycling mag, erm, Women's Cycling.
Believing fervently that cycling will save the world, she wishes that more people would just ride a bike and be pleasant to each other.
She will ride anything with two wheels, occasionally likes to go fast, definitely likes to go far and is always up for a bit of exploring somewhere new and exciting.


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The auto maker's technical leader in plastics research says the hulls were chosen to reinforce the plastic used on the '14 model's wiring harness because there was an abundance of the material that the rice farmers didn't know what to do with.
F-150 already utilizes recycled cotton and carpeting.
Ford continues its pursuit of sustainable materials to use in its vehicles with the '14 F-150 pickup, which will feature a wiring harness containing plastic reinforced with rice hulls, a byproduct of rice grain.
The hulls, sourced from farms in Arkansas, will replace a talc-based reinforcement in a polypropylene composite developed by Ford and Whitmore Lake, MI-based supplier RheTech.
Debbie Mielewski, Ford technical leader-plastics research, says rice hulls were chosen to reinforce the plastic used on the wiring harness because there was an abundance of them that the rice farmers didn't know what to do with.
"This is the first automotive application of the rice-hull material," she tells WardsAuto. "It's replacing talc, which is a silicate material mined from the earth. It's not particularly high-end, a kind of filler, but we're using something that is in excess and a waste product."
Mielewski says research revealed the hulls are very similar in performance to talc and meet every one of Ford's performance and durability requirements. "That's one of our mantras here, (the sustainable material) must perform and be as durable as the material it replaces."
Other materials currently used by Ford include recycled cotton, carpeting, tires, plastic bottles, post-industrial plastics and soybeans.
In a volume vehicle such as the F-150, the amount of sustainable material adds up. For example, Ford estimates it uses about 10 million lbs. (4.5 million kg) of recycled cotton in its F-Series trucks annually.
Although the rice hulls are slated for use in the wiring harness, they likely will migrate to other areas of the F-150, as well as other Ford vehicles, in the future.
Mielewski says that has happened with previous sustainable materials such as soy-based foam, which first was used in the seats of the '08 Mustang. Today, it's found in nearly every Ford product, and has exhibited the same durability of the oil-based foam it replaced.
No real costs savings are realized by using sustainable materials in small quantities, but the savings improve when materials are spread across Ford's vehicle lineup in larger volumes, as is the case with the soy-based foam, Mielewski says.
Sustainable materials also weigh less than the materials they replace, making them a vital element in Ford's desire to drive weight out of its vehicles to meet looming government fuel-economy mandates.
"The natural fibers are lighter than glass, so you can get anywhere from 15% up to 30% weight reduction," Mielewski says. "That's been a big motivator, along with doing the right thing (for the environment). Eventually, we'll be limited on materials that are not sustainable, so why not make progress now where it makes sense?"
Mielewski, who has been conducting sustainable-material research at Ford for 12 years, says finding the next material for automotive use is a painstaking task. Through a trial-and-error process, her team tests anything that could serve as a suitable replacement for existing materials. However, those efforts sometimes are met with failure.
"We are looking for materials that are byproducts of agriculture or waste products, things that are in excess," she says. "We start mixing (the materials) into various polymers and giving them a shot to see if they have the right properties. Sometimes they perform differently, and sometimes they have an advantage."


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Kelsey Grammer's publicist has fired back at reports suggesting the actor and his wife Kayte Walsh broke the law and failed to secure their 4-month-old baby in a child's car seat before leaving a Los Angeles airport on Tuesday.
In footage obtained by TMZ.com, former flight attendant Walsh seated herself in the chauffeur-driven car and placed baby daughter Faith on her lap, violating California law that states any child under 8 years old must be "secured in a child restraint that meets federal motor vehicle safety standards."
No child seat was visible as the car was driven away from the terminal.
But Grammer's representative, Stan Rosenfield, has denied the pair acted improperly, insisting his client placed a car seat in the vehicle and seated the baby securely before leaving airport grounds.
Last month, Grammer was criticized for taking his baby to a Halloween party at the Playboy Mansion. He defended his actions, insisting he and his wife didn't have a "trusted" babysitter.


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Boston Bruins vs. Toronto Maple LeafsNHL.com @NHLdotcom
GAME: Boston Bruins (28-14-11-6) at Toronto Maple Leafs (32-15-9-3).
TIME: Tuesday, 7:30 p.m. EST.
The Toronto Maple Leafs may have to make due without leading goal scorer Gary Roberts when they take on the visiting Boston Bruins in a key Northeast Division matchup.
Roberts, who has 22 goals, sat out Toronto's 8-4 win over Pittsburgh on Monday because of a pulled leg muscle. His status for Tuesday's game is uncertain.
Prior to sustaining the injury, Roberts had goals in five of seven games. He also had three of the Leafs' 10 power-play goals in their previous five games.
Owen Nolan made up for Roberts' absence on Monday, scoring two goals and setting up two others as the Maple Leafs leapfrogged Ottawa into first place in the Northeast.
The Senators gained a temporary one-point lead in the division with their 4-1 win over the New York Rangers on Monday afternoon.
"Sure, the points were there, but I've worked hard some nights and had no points whatsoever," said Nolan, who was two points off his career high. "It was nice to get rewarded for it and it was a big two points for us."
Toronto's No. 3 goalie, Mikael Tellqvist, made 22 saves in the win. Tellqvist, who had not won since early November, played because Ed Belfour sat out with a stiff back for the fifth time in six games and backup Trevor Kidd was given the night off after allowing 13 goals in his previous four games.
Maple Leafs defenseman Drake Berehowsky, acquired from Pittsburgh on Wednesday, struggled in his Toronto debut, getting called for three penalties - two of which led to goals for the Penguins.
Boston is coming off a 2-1 overtime loss to Chicago on Saturday, just its second loss in its last nine (6-0-1-2). The last time the Bruins lost in regulation was on Jan. 24 against Florida.
Boston is 2-2-0-2 on its current seven-game road trip.
The Bruins have struggled on the power play of late, failing on their last six chances with the man advantage after converting on eight of their previous 27 opportunities (29.6 percent).
"The only thing I can see on our power play is that maybe we don't have the desperation," Bruins defenseman Sean O'Donnell said. "You have to pretend that maybe this is the last power play you're going to get. It's coming down to 20 games left now. You want to hit the playoffs with your power play clicking and your confidence high."
P.J. Axelsson scored Boston's lone goal Saturday. Axelsson has two goals, including the winner at Buffalo on Feb. 5, and three assists in the last four games.


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Commercial, Products, Services
By By Chris Sheppard, Associate Editor | May 2, 2012
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Eurocopter's in-development successor to the AS365/EC155 Dauphin—the X4—took another step toward entering service in 2017, with the selection of Pratt & Whitney Canada (P&WC) as a powerplant option, along with Turbomeca's TM800. The PW210E will power the next-generation airframe, which Eurocopter CEO Lutz Bertling has said would "completely change the way of flying."
At the Paris Air Show in June 2011, Bertling announced that the launch of the X4 program, but did not reveal many details about the helicopter, although an artist's rendering of the cockpit was released by equipment and engine manufacturer, Safran. Another piece of the X4 puzzle has come into place with the announcement of the 1,000-shp class PW210E. FAA certified the PW210S at the end of last year for the Sikorsky S-76D and the PW210A is currently the engine of choice for the AgustaWestland AW169. The X4 is expected to compete with the AW169 and S-76D.
According to Richard Dussault, vice president of marketing for Pratt & Whitney Canada, the PW210E "will retain the heritage of the PW210 family" while allowing for some "physical changes to the engines" to meet X4 specifications. The PW210 is "a highly integrated engine with its FADEC control system, so many of the requirements are about engine/aircraft integration," Dussault said. In addition to the mechanical integration of the engine, P&WC will adjust for control system requirements and engine control avionics.
As part of this new installation, P&WC will pursue a complete re-certification program for the PW210E, along with block tests. Some information will come from the results of earlier PW210A and S testing, Dussault added. There will be "three significant tests" the PW210E will face: a block test, initial maintenance interval testing and integration testing of the control systems. Due to the high-tech nature of the engine, integration testing of the control systems will feature heavily during this period.
P&WC will do some testing in-house at its Longueuil, Quebec facility, which contains an engine test cell. "We will also support the program in being able to do some altitude testing of the engine in a facility we operate in Ottawa at the National Research Council," Dussault explained. Ground testing that simulates the altitude conditions that engines could encounter during flight and verifying engine response for various phases of flight, is a pre-requisite for flight-testing, he added.
The PW210E will undergo altitude testing first, followed by helicopter testing. At that point, the test program shifts over to Eurocopter. "We will assemble the first prototype engine of the 210E, built to Eurocopter specifications, and we will test it in our test cell." While there is no determined production volume for the PW210E, Dussault points to the PW200 line of engines as a guideline. "We produce upwards of 300 engines per year. A successful program, as we launch more and more variants, will be capable of ramping up and meeting those sort of production volumes."
During Heli-Expo in February, Turbomeca CEO Olivier Andries said that the 1,100-hp TM800—a development engine the company launched in 2011—will power the X4. He didn't offer much more details about the TM800 other than to say the 800-kW engine "will bring lower operating costs" versus current-generation engines. Turbomeca is a subsidiary of Safran Group.
"Like for all new developments we are doing," Bertling said on Tuesday, "there will be a two-engine strategy. In the end, a competitive situation is good for the customer. Most of our customers would like to have the choice."Related: Engine News


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If your ear is looking for some action, you've come to the right place. Maria Tash's collection is an almost limitless bounty of ear adornment. Studs in all shapes and sizes, drop earrings and hoops of all varieties. Plain gold or covered in stones or diamonds, you will have no trouble creating a story for your ear that is as unique and individual as you are. Maria Tash's interest in jewelry began at a young age after attending a design class with her mother. This affinity did not fully bloom into a career until some years later. While studying in London, she discovered her appreciation for the art of body piercing and a love of Indian and Pakistani designs, most notably nostril and ear jewelry. Today, she is considered an authority in the field of body piercing and has discussed the many facets of the industry in various television and print media outlets, including MTV, The Today Show, ABC News, The View, Vogue, The Village Voice, and The Daily News.
Showing 9 of 54 Items
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Marissa Lingen writes on the highly disturbing but very very common theme of explaining harassment and abuse as inevitable results of people with autism spectrum conditions participating in geek or online communities:
Somebody conflated predatory sexual harassment with lack of social skills, and both of them with "Asberger's," by which one can only assume they mean Asperger's syndrome/autism spectrum disorders.
People who have poor social skills, whether because of a neurological condition or because they were raised badly or because they have disdained to learn them or whatever other reason–those people make their social gaffes in full view of large groups. Their colleagues are never surprised to find that they have been saying inappropriate things to a particular group of people for years, because they have poor enough social skills that they don't get that they're screwing up. So they don't hide it. These are the folks who will be sitting with you in the consuite and blurt out a remark, about two notches too loud, about the size of your breasts. And if you are a kind person and feel that they might learn, you can gently say something about that not being a very appropriate thing to say.
But someone who waits until they are with someone they perceive to be in a position of less power to make their remarks? Someone who makes sure that there are no witnesses who will have the authority to censure them? Someone who makes a consistent pattern of aiming their behavior at people who will have a difficult time making the bad behavior known or a reason not to do so? That is not someone who lacks social skills. That's someone who is using their social skills fairly precisely.
(Via Russell Coker.)


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