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Imam al-Hasan b. 'Ali al-Mujtaba (a)(Redirected from Imam al-Hasan (a))
- "Imam al-Hasan (a)" and "al-Hasan b. 'Ali (a)" redirect here. For the 11th Imam of the Shia, see Imam al-Hasan b. 'Ali al-'Askari (a).
|Al-Hasan b. 'Ali al-Mujtaba
2nd Imam of the Shia
|5th Caliph of Rashidun Caliphs
al-Baqi', grave of Imam al-Hasan (a)
|Abu Muhammad
|Ramadan 15, 3/March 1, 625
|From Ramadan 21, 40/January 28, 661(for 10 years)
|661 – 661 (6 Months)
|Safar 28, 50/March 27, 670 in Medina
|Cause of Martyrdom
|by poisoning
|Burial Place
Al-Baqi' cemetery,
|'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)
|Al-Husayn b. 'Ali (a)
|'Ali b. Abi Talib (a)
|Fatima bt. Muhammad (a)
|Al-Husayn, 'Abbas, Muhammad,...
|Lady Zaynab (a)
|Khawla, Umm Bashir, Umm Ishaq, Ja'da
|al-Qasim, Zayd, 'Abd Allah, Talha, al-Hasan, ...
|Banu l-Hasan
al-Mujtaba (the chosen),
al-Sibt (grandson),
Sayyid Shabab Ahl al-Janna (master of the youth of paradise),
al-Zaki (the pure),
al-Taqi (the pious),
al-Sayyid (the master)
'Ali, al-Hasan, al-Husayn, al-Sajjad, al-Baqir, al-Sadiq, al-Kazim, al-Rida, al-Jawad, al-Hadi, al-'Askari, al-Mahdi
Al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (a) (Arabic: الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب) (b. 3/625 - d. 50/670), son of Imam Ali (a) and Lady Fatima (a), is the second Imam and caliph of the Shi'as and became caliph and Imam at the age of 37. He accepted a peace treaty with Mu'awiya in 41/661. His caliphate lasted six months and three days. He went to Medina after the peace treaty, and stayed there until he was martyred ten years later. He was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi' cemetery.
He accepted the peace treaty with Mu'awiya because of his responsibility of Imamate and preserving the unity of Muslims. His decisions show his solemn and tolerant personality. His caliphate and peace treaty with Mu'awiya were among the most important events in his life and in early Islamic history. It demonstrated an example of unity at that time and as a moral and religious teaching, it greatly regulated Muslims and especially Shi'as throughout their history in their approach towards fundamental concepts like sovereignty, war and peace.
Al-Hasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the first son of Imam Ali (a) and Lady Fatima (a) and the first grandson of the Prophet (s).[1] He was a Hashimi from the tribe of Quraysh.[2]
|Family tree of Ahl al-Bayt (a)
According to the famous viewpoint, Imam al-Hasan (a) was born in Medina in the night or the day of Ramadan 15, 3/March 1, 625.[3] However, some say that his birth was in 2/624.[4] The Holy Prophet (s) recited adhan in his ear and slaughtered a sheep as aqiqa on seventh day after his birth.
Naming, Kunya, and Epithets
It has been narrated that at the time of his birth, God told Gabriel to go to the Prophet (s), greet and congratulate him and say, "Surely, to you, 'Ali is the position of Aaron to Moses; therefore, name the baby after Aaron's son." Gabriel did so and told the Prophet (s), "God has ordered that you name the baby after Aaron's son." The Prophet (s) asked, "What was the name of Aaron's son?" Gabriel answered, "Shubbar". The Prophet (s) told Gabriel, "But my language is Arabic." And Gabriel said, "Then name him al-Hasan." And so, the Prophet (s) named him al-Hasan.[5]
His Kunya is Abu Muhammad. Al-Mujataba, al-Zaki, al-Taqi, Karim Ahl al-Bayt (lit.: the munificent of Ahl al-Bayt) are some of his most famous epithets. The Prophet (s) used to call him al-Sayyid.[6]
Wives and Children
Historical sources differ with regards to the number of Imam al-Hasan's marriages and divorces, and their information cannot be accepted. In fact, bringing up this issue is often because of sectarian and political divides. Moreover, some researchers and scholars have mentioned indications of errors in the references and content of these narrations and the information given is ambiguous and does not even mention the names of his wives.[7] The only name which is clear is the name of Ja'da, the daughter of Ash'ath b. Qays, who poisoned Imam al-Hasan (a) and caused his death. Regardless of the ambiguity surrounding the names of his wives, there is a consistency in the names of his children and thus, their mothers can also be identified as such:
- Ja'da, the daughter of al-Ash'ath b. Qays,
- Khawla, the daughter of Manzur b. Ziyad al-Firazi,
- Umm Bashir, the daughter of 'Aqaba b. Amr al-Khazraji,
- Umm Ishaq, the daughter of Talha b. 'Ubayd Allah al-Taymi,
- Hafsa, the daughter of 'Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Bakr
- Hind, the daughter of Suhayl b. 'Amr,
- Nafila or Ramla, who was a concubine.[8]
Imam al-Hasan (a) had 15 children (eight boys and seven girls),
- Zayd and his two sisters, Umm al-Hasan and Umm al-Husayn. Their mother was Umm Bashir daughter of Abu Mas'ud 'Uqba b. Amr,
- Al-Hasan whose mother was Khawla bt. Manzur,
- 'Amr and his two brothers al-Qasim and 'Abd Allah whose mother was a concubine,
- 'Abd al-Rahman whose mother was a concubine,
- Al-Husayn, known as al-Athram, his brother Talha and their sister Fatima whose mother was Umm Ishaq, the daughter of Talha b. 'Ubayd Allah al-Taymi,
- Umm 'Abd Allah, Fatima, Umm Salama and Ruqayya who were from different mothers.[9]
Al-'Allama al-Majlisi mentioned Abu Bakr among the children of Imam al-Hasan (a). Al-Shaykh al-Tabrisi mentioned nine sons and seven daughters for Imam al-Hasan (a). Ibn al-Jawzi, Ibn Hisham and al-Waqidi listed fifteen sons and eight daughters for Imam (a) and mentioned their names.
According to reports, from among the daughters of Imam (a), Umm al-Husayn married to 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr, Umm 'Abd Allah married to Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Umm Salama married to 'Amr b. Mundhir b. al-Zubayr.
Of the sons of Imam al-Hasan (a), four of them, al-Hasan al-Muthanna, Zayd, 'Umar, and al-Husayn al-Athram could have children. The lineages of al-Husayn al-Athram and 'Umar were lost soon and only the lineage of al-Hasan al-Muthanna and Zayd continued. The children of Imam al-Hasan (a) are called Sadat al-Hasani. They had many social and political movements during history. They made uprisings in the second/eighth and third/ninth centuries and established several governments in different places in Islamic countries, some of which are still in power. In some places, this line of Sadat is known as Ashraf. Tabataba'i, Mudarris, Hakim, Shajariyan, and Gulistana families are branches of Sadat al-Hasani.
In the Time of the Prophet (s)
There is little information about Imam Hasan's (a) childhood and adolescence.[10] Imam al-Hasan (a) spent less than eight years of his life at the time of the Prophet (s).[11] Hence his name is listed as the last category of the companions.[12] Reports of the great affection of the Prophet (s) to him and his brother Imam al-Husayn (a) are in most Shiite and Sunni sources.
He (a) was also with the Prophet (s) in many events after Migration to Medina, such as the event of Mubahala. According to Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili, he (a) was present in the Pledge of al-Ridwan and pledged to the prophet (s). Imam al-Hasan (a) was one of the people addressed by the Prophet (s) in the hadith al-Kisa' and referred to in the al-Tathir verse in the Qur'an which are among the important proofs for his infallibility. He (a) and his brother al-Husayn (a) were present upon the deathbed of the Prophet (s) when he (s) passed away.
In Shia and Sunni sources, there are notable hadiths about the position of al-Hasan (a) in the eyes of the Prophet (s). Bura' b. 'Azib says, "I saw the Prophet (s) while al-Hasan was on his shoulders and the Prophet (s) was saying, "O God, I love him! May You love him too!"[13] In another hadith, it is reported that while the Prophet (s) had placed al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a) on his lap, he said, "These are sons of my daughter. O God! I love them; so May You love them too! And love those who love them!"[14]
Elsewhere, the Prophet (s) has said of Imam al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a) that, "al-Hasan and al-Husayn are two leaders of the youths in paradise.";[15] "These two sons of mine are two fragrant flowers in this world"; "al-Hasan and al-Husayn (or these two children of mine) are Imams, whether they rise up or sit (make peace)."[16]; "If intellect could be represented in human form, it would be al-Hasan."[17]
At the Time of the Three Caliphs
"The beginning of reason is nice behavior with people and through reason, one can achieve both this world and hereafter. One who does not have reason, has lost both this world and hereafter."
One day, when Imam al-Hasan (a) was a child, he came to the mosque when Abu Bakr was giving a lecture on the pulpit. Imam al-Hasan (a) called Abu Bakr angrily and said, "Come down from my father's (a) pulpit!" Abu Bakr answered, "By God, you are right! This is your father's pulpit, not my father's!"[18]
Imam al-Hasan (a) and Imam al-Husayn (a) did not participate in the battles leading to the conquest of Iran by Muslims.[19] However, some historical reports have mentioned Imam al-Hasan's (a) participation in some wars.[20]
When a council was formed to choose the caliph after 'Umar, which eventually led to the choosing of 'Uthman as the third caliph, 'Umar asked Imam al-Hasan (a) to attend as a witness in that council. This shows his social status as one of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) and also his position among the Ansar (Helpers) and Muhajirun (the Immigrants).[21]
When 'Uthman banished Abu Dhar to Rabadha, he ordered that no one should see him off and or speak to him. 'Uthman ordered Marwan b. Hakam to banish Abu Dhar from Medina. Thus, when leaving Medina, no one dared to see Abu Dhar off. However, Imam Ali (a), his brother, 'Aqil, Imam al-Hasan (a), Imam al-Husayn (a) and Ammar b. Yasir came to bid Abu Dhar farewell, and see him off.[22]
It is mentioned in historical sources that when people were rebelling against the third caliph, Imam 'Ali (a) tried to protect 'Uthman from being killed by angry rebels in order to preserve Islam. As such, he sent his sons to Uthman's house in order to ensure his safety. However, standing against the rebels was so difficult that 'Uthman was eventually killed. All of this being said, it is important to mention that there are many disagreements in the details of the event.[23]
At the Time of Imam 'Ali's (a) Caliphate
Imam al-Hasan (a) and Imam al-Husayn (a) participated in the battles of Jamal, Siffin and Nahrawan.[24]
In the Battle of Jamal
- See also: Battle of Jamal
When Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, the governor of Kufa, did not cooperate with Imam Ali (a)'s delegation in order to stand against those who waged the Battle of Jamal, Imam 'Ali (a) sent 'Ammar b. Yasir and Imam al-Hasan (a) with a letter to Kufa. Imam al-Hasan (a) delivered a sermon in the Mosque of Kufa and managed to convince about 10,000 people to join and stand against the army of Nakithun.[25]
Also, before the Battle of Jamal, Imam al-Hasan (a) delivered a sermon and Imam 'Ali (a) sent him to lead the right wing of the army.[26] Some say that Imam 'Ali (a) gave a spear to Muhammad al-Hanafiyya and told him, "Take this spear and kill the Jamal (Aisha's camel, which many people had died defending)". Muhammad went and failed in the task due to the volley of arrows. Then, Imam al-Hasan (a) took the spear and killed the camel.[27]
In the Battle of Siffin
- See also: Battle of Siffin
In the Battle of Siffin, when Imam 'Ali (a) saw Imam al-Hasan's (a) fight, he ordered him and Imam al-Husayn (a) to draw back so that they could stay safe. Imam 'Ali (a) also commanded his army to help in this regard, and said: "Stop my sons from fighting, because I am worried about their lives and I fear that the progeny of the Prophet (s) may discontinue."[28] During the war, when Mu'awiya saw Imam al-Hasan's (a) fight, he wanted to bribe him to stop him from fighting. So, he sent 'Ubayd Allah b. 'Umar, the youngest son of the second caliph to bribe Imam al-Hasan (a) and offer to make him a caliph. 'Ubayd Allah approached Imam al-Hasan (a) and told him, "I want to tell you something." So, Imam al-Hasan (a) stopped fighting and went to him. 'Ubayd Allah told Imam al-Hasan (a) about Mu'awiya's offer, to which Imam al-Hasan (a) told him angrily, "I see you will be killed tomorrow or the day after. Satan has deceived you and beautified your actions [so that you would come and tell me this] so that the day will come when the women of Syria will mourn over your body. Soon, God will kill you and your body will be dragged on the ground on your face." 'Ubayd Allah came back to the tents. Upon seeing him, Mu'awiya figured out what al-Hasan's response was and said, "He (Imam al-Hasan (a)) is the son of that father ('Ali (a))"[29]
To prevent sedition after the event of the arbitration (Hakamiyya), Imam 'Ali (a) asked Imam al-Hasan (a) to give a sermon in order to explain the reality of the situation for people and Imam al-Hasan (a) did so.[30]
Letter no. 31 of Nahj al-Balagha is the famous will of Imam 'Ali (a) to Imam al-Hasan (a), which was written on the way back from the Battle of Siffin.
Imam al-Hasan (a) attained the position of Imamate on the eve of Friday, 21st of Ramadan 40/January 28, 661 when 'Ali (a) was martyred by Ibn Muljam al-Muradi. Thereafter, the Muslims of Kufa gave allegiance to him. He appointed governors and commanders and 'Abd Allah b. 'Abbas was appointed as the governor of Basra.[31]
Proofs for Imamate
The following hadith from the Prophet (s) is an assertion of the Imamate of al-Hasan (a) and al-Husayn (a), "These two sons of mine are Imams, [whether they are] rising or sitting [making peace]".[32]
Imam 'Ali (a) told Imam al-Hasan (a) his will and then asked Imam al-Husayn (a), Muhammad al-Hanafiyya, his other children, noblemen of the Shi'a, and his family to bear witness to his will. Then, he entrusted Imam al-Hasan (a) with his Quran and his sword and told him, "My son! The Noble Prophet (s) ordered me to appoint you as my vicegerent and to entrust you with my Quran and sword in the same way that the Prophet (s) appointed me as his vicegerent and entrusted me with his Quran and sword and ordered me to tell you that when you see the signs of death in you, you should entrust your brother al-Husayn (a) with these [trusts]."[33]
The Short Period of Caliphate
Imam al-Hasan was a Caliphate of Muslims since Ramadan 21, 40/January 28, 661, for 6 or 8 months. Appealing to a hadith attributed to the Prophet (s), Sunni Muslims takes him as the last caliph from among the Rashidun Caliphs. His caliphate began after the allegiance of people of Iraq and support of people from neighboring lands. People of Syria (al-Sham) opposed his caliphate under the leadership of Mu'awiya. Mu'awiya and armies from Syria went to a war with Iraq. The war was cultivated in a peace in which the position of caliphate was left to Mu'awiya, the first Umayyad caliphate.
Allegiance of Muslims and Oppositions by People of Syria
According to Shiite and Sunni sources, after the martyrdom of Amir al-Mu'minin in 40/661, people pledged their allegiance to al-Hasan b. 'Ali (a). According to al-Baladhuri (d. 279/892), after the burial of Imam 'Ali (a), 'Ubayad Allah b. 'Abbas went to people and gave the news of the Imam's martyrdom, telling them: "he has left a well-deserved and patient successor. You can pledge your allegiance to him if you would like to." According to al-Irshad, in the morning of Friday, Ramadan 21, al-Hasan b. 'Ali gave a speech in the mosque, in which he enumerated the virtues and merits of his father, emphasized on his own connection to the Prophet (s), pointed to his own merits, and appealed to verses of the Qur'an concerning the special place of Ahl al-Bayt. After the speech, 'Abd Allah b. 'Abbas stood up and told people: "pledge your allegiance to the son of your Prophet and the successor of your Imam." And people pledged their allegiance to him. According to sources, the number of people who pledged allegiance to him amounted to over 40,000. On al-Tabari's account, Qays b. Sa'd al-'Ubada, a commander of Imam Ali's army, was the first person to pledge allegiance to him.
According to Husayn Muhammad Ja'fari in his book, Tashayyu' dar masir-i tarikh (Shiism in the course of history), many companions of the Prophet (s) who had resided in Kufa after the construction of the city or had moved to the city in the period of Imam 'Ali's caliphate pledged their allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a) or otherwise accepted his caliphate. Ja'fari relies on certain pieces of evidence to show that people of Mecca and Medina also agreed with the caliphate of al-Hasan b. 'Ali, and people of Iraq considered him as the only candidate for the position. According to Ja'fari, people of Yemen and Fars (Persia) had also implicitly endorsed his caliphate, or at least, they showed no opposition thereto.
According to some sources, certain conditions were proposed at the time of allegiance. For example, the book, al-Imama wa l-siyasa, reports that al-Hasan b. 'Ali told people, "will you pledge your allegiance on the condition that you obey me, and you fight whomever I fight, and you make peace with whomever I make peace?" Upon hearing these words, some people became hesitant. Thus, they went to al-Husayn b. 'Ali to make their allegiance to him, but he said, "I refuge to God from letting you make allegiance to me as long as al-Hasan is still alive." They went back and made allegiance with al-Hasan b. 'Ali. Al-Tabari (d. 310/923) says that when Qays b. Sa'd pledged his allegiance to him, he stated the condition that he acts upon the Book of God and the Tradition of the Prophet and to fight those who permit the shedding of the bloods of Muslims. However, al-Imam al-Hasan only accepted the Book of God and the Tradition of the Prophet, suggesting that every other condition should derive from these two. Some people concluded from these reports that Imam al-Hasan (a) was a pacifist, war averse person, and his practice was different from that of his father and brother.
Rasul Ja'fariyan believes that these conditions did not mean that al-Hasan b. 'Ali did not intend to go to war since early on. Instead, his main goal was to protect his authority as the leader of the society to freely make decisions, and his subsequent actions show that he insisted upon war. According to Abu l-Faraj Isfahani, one of the first measures taken by al-Hasan b. 'Ali (a) after his ascension to caliphate was a one-hundred percent increase of the wages of warriors.
According to some reports, Imam al-Hasan (a) did not take any measure toward war or peace for about 50 days or more after the martyrdom of his father and the allegiance of people. The first measure of Imam (a) after allegiance was doubling the salary of soldiers.
War with Mu'awiya
"Think, because thinking is the life of the heart of a man who sees and is the key to doors of wisdom."
When informed of Imam 'Ali's (a) martyrdom and that people had given allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a), Mu'awiya sent two spies to Kufa and Basra in an attempt to incite the people against Imam al-Hasan (a). So, Imam al-Hasan (a) ordered the arrest and punishment of the two. Letters were exchanged between Imam al-Hasan (a) and Mu'awiya and in them, Imam al-Hasan (a) proved his right to the caliphate.[34]
Mu'awiya tried to mobilize his army and sent letters to his governors asking them to support him. He led his army towards Iraq and left Dahhak b. Qays al-Fihri in the capital as his temporary substitute. It is reported that 60,000 soldiers or more accompanied Mu'awiya.[35] When the army of Mu'awiya crossed Manbaj bridge over Euphrates, Imam al-Hasan (a) asked people of Kufa to prepare themselves for jihad and ordered Hujr b. 'Adi to mobilize people.
Imam (a) joined the army of Kufa in Sabat of Mada'in and in a sermon, called people to unity and said that reconciliation is better than disunity, rancor and enmity. People understood from his speech that Imam (a) wanted to make peace with Mu'awiya. Thus, some people accused him of disbelief and attacked his tent and many people left him. Also, Mu'awiya sent a letter to 'Ubayd Allah b. 'Abbas, the commander of the army of Iraq and pretended that Imam al-Hasan (a) asked him for peace and mentioned that if 'Ubayd Allah accepted to side with him immediately, he would give him government and great amount of money. So, 'Ubayd Allah who had thought that Imam (a) had asked for peace, sought his personal interests and accepted Mu'awiya's request and joined Mu'awiya at night with two third of his army. One of the consequences of this event was that some of the chiefs of Iraqi tribes wrote a letter to Mu'awiya and expressed their support for him. After this event, Mu'awiya wanted to bribe Qays b. Sa'd who had become the commander of Iraq's army but failed.
Peace Treaty
- Main article: Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)
Al-Baladhuri wrote that, "Mu'awiya sent a blank contract with his seal at the bottom for Imam al-Hasan (a) to write anything that he wished and thus he wrote, "In this peace treaty, al-Hasan b. 'Ali (a) establishes peace with Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan and leaves the government of the Muslims to him with the following conditions:
- He observes the Book of God, the conduct of the Prophet (s) and the conduct of the righteous caliphs.
- He appoints no one as the caliph after himself; and after him, the caliph should be elected by a council of Muslims.
- Lives, property and children of people should be safe everywhere.
- Mu'awiya should not implicitly or explicitly plot against al-Hasan b. 'Ali or threaten any of his companions.
'Abd Allah b. Harith and 'Amr b. Salama bear witness upon this peace treaty."[36]
With the conditions made by Imam al-Hasan (a), the peace treaty was signed in 41/661.[37] However, even though Mu'awiya signed off on them, he denied all of the conditions in his first sermon in Kufa, where the two armies were supposed to meet. He claimed that Imam al-Hasan (a) was asking for peace and insulted Imam 'Ali (a). Imam al-Husayn (a) wanted to respond to his insults, but Imam al-Hasan (a) prohibited him from doing so. Then, Imam al-Hasan (a) delivered a sermon and explained everything with regards to the peace treaty and how Mu'awiya had asked for peace. He responded to the insults to his father in a very eloquent way and noted the honour and legacy that his family held as opposed to Mu'awiya's.[38]This made Mu'awiya very angry.[39]
In different sources, different dates have been mentioned for the peace treaty, including Rabi' I of 41/July 661 and Jumada II/October of the same year. In al-Tanbih wa al-ishraf, al-Mas'udi considered Rabi' I correct and more famous.
After the Peace Treaty
After the peace treaty, Imam al-Hasan (a) went to Medina and became the scientific, religious, social and political leader there. He took positions against Mu'awiya and his companions in Medina and Damascus and had debates with them. These have been mentioned and discussed in al-Tabrisi's al-Ihtijaj.[40]
After Imam al-Hasan (a) signed the treaty with Mu'awiya to protect the lives of Muslims and avoid any harms to their religion, the most difficult part of his life started. Criticism of people, observing political relations, and losing many of old companions and their martyrdom were among the hardships of this period for Imam (a).
Even with the apparent solitude of Imam al-Hasan (a), this period of his life was one of his most influential yet difficult periods of his life; because, on the one hand, he (a) was the Imam of Shia and on the other hand, changes in his relations with Mu'awiya made it difficult for him to sort out the affairs of Shia.
After the peace treaty, Imam (a) gave a sermon and pointed to this issue that Mu'awiya challenged him over his rights and explained the reasons for his peace which was to protect the lives of people and avoid bloodshed. After the treaty, Mu'awiya too gave a sermon at his first presence in Kufa. He broke his promises, saying that Imam (a) had asked for peace and cursed Imam Ali (a). Then, Imam al-Hasan (a) explained about the peace treaty in a sermon and the proposal of Mu'awiya for it and answered to Mu'awiya's disrespect to his father.
Knowing the position of Imam (a), Mu'awiya respected it in appearance; for example, when Ziyad b. Abih was the governor of Kufa, a companion of Imam (a) was annoyed and Imam (a) wrote to him and prohibited him of any misbehavior. When Ziyad gave a disrespectful answer to Imam (a), Imam (a) sent him a historical answer and also forwarded the issue to Mu'awiya and Mu'awiya accepted the request of Imam (a) and also seriously admonished Ziyad.
Mu'awiya's planning for Yazid to take the power was among Imam's (a) most important criticisms to Mu'awiya; asking why a thoughtless drunkard should sit on the throne. Of course, there are so many examples of Imam's (a) enjoining to the good and prohibiting the evil against Mu'awiya, that in some cases, he (a) called the caliph to follow the Book [the Qur'an] and tradition of the Prophet (s).
Considering Mu'awiya's disregard toward criticisms of Imam (a) and refusal of his requests, Imam (a) believed that until after Mu'awiya, no retaliatory action was prudent and emphasized on this. When leaving Kufa for Medina, Imam (a) asked his companions to keep themselves ready for an appropriate time.
When some people of Hawazin tribe wanted to make an uprising under the banner of Saturad b. 'Alfa, Mu'awiya was preparing for the battle and asked Imam (a) to approve his action and considered his presence with himself necessary. But, Imam (a) made a smart move, mentioned a word of Imam Ali (a) on distinguishing those who made mistake from disbelievers and emphasized on it and refused Mu'awiya's request. Thus, he (a) refused to go under the flag of Mu'awiya leaving their relationships unharmed.
It is mentioned in reports that regardless of his apparently justified behavior in public, Mu'awiya had secretly ordered to put Shia under surveillance and curse at Imam Ali (a) on the pulpits. He also appointed a person such as Ziyad as the governor of Kufa to follow this strategy.
When the companions of Imam (a), some of whom were the companions of the Prophet (s), saw the actions of Mu'awiya and Ziyad b. Abih, criticized them and were always harassed by the government. What happened to 'Amr b. Hamiq al-Khuza'i in the last decades of his life was a clear example of such harassments. Because of his criticisms of Mu'awiya, 'Amr was chased up, captured, and martyred in the prison of Kufa.
When Imam al-Hasan (a) was informed about the martyrdom of 'Amr, wrote a letter to Mu'awiya and severely reprimanded him. Another example of breaking promises by Mu'awiya is his behavior toward Hujr b. 'Adi and his companions who made serious criticisms about him. He ordered to capture them in Kufa and send to Damascus and finally martyred them. Rashid al-Hajari, a pious companion of Imam Ali (a) can be added to this list, who was martyred.
In general, the last part of Imam al-Hasan's (a) life which included some journeys to Hijaz and Damascus, was a difficult period and Imam (a) passed through it using his wisdom and forbearance; and in practice, he (a) prepared the situation for the Imamate of his brother al-Husayn (a).
According to most of the Shi'a and Sunni sources, Imam al-Hasan (a) was martyred by poisoned food.[41] However, some non-Shi'a sources hold that he died a natural death because of illness.
According to reports, before his martyrdom, Imam (a) was poisoned several times, but survived.[42] In the case of the last poisoning that led to his martyrdom, al-Shaykh al-Mufid has said that Mu'awiya sent someone to Ju'da, daughter of Ash'ath b. Qays (Imam al-Hasan's (a) wife) telling her that, "I will give you 100 thousand dirhams and will make you the wife of my son, Yazid, only if you give poison to al-Hasan (a)." Ju'da poisoned Imam (a) and Mu'awiya gave her the money,[43] but did not make her the wife of Yazid. The name of Ju'da as the assassin of Hasan b. Ali (a) is also mentioned in Sunni sources. Madelung believes that the issue of the succession of Mu'awiya and his efforts to make Yazid his crown prince confirm the reports that Mu'awiya provoked Ju'da to poison Imam al-Hasan (a)[44]
Ibn Sa'd has attributed the martyrdom of Imam (a) to one of Imam's (a) servants.[45] Another report says that poisoning Imam (a) was done by Hind bt. Suhayl b. 'Amr, the other wife of Imam (a);[46]
|For his ziyarah text ziyarah text of Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a).
Al-Ya'qubi wrote, "Upon his demise, Imam al-Hasan (a) told his brother, al-Husayn (a), 'O brother! This is the third time I have been poisoned, but none of them was like this time and today I will die. So, when I die, bury me beside the Prophet (s) because no one deserves more than me to be close to the Prophet (s) unless this is prevented and in such a case, you should not allow any blood to be spilled."[47]
When the corpse of the Imam (a) was taken to the mausoleum of the Prophet (s), Marwan b. Hakam and one thousand of his soldiers went to the ceremony with armaments and prevented the corpse from being taken into the mausoleum.[48] According to Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani, Aisha was a complicit in Marwan's plan,[49] but according to another account, when Aisha saw what was happening, she prevented Imam al-Hasan's (a) corpse to be buried near the Prophet's (a) grave in order to stop possible unrests.[50] At last, Imam al-Husayn (a) buried his brother's corpse in al-Baqi' cemetery.[51]
Time of Martyrdom
According to the famous report, Imam al-Hasan's (a) martyrdom happened in 50/670.[52] Years 48, 49, 51, 57, 58 and 59 are also reported as the year of his martyrdom.
Most reports about the day Imam (a) was martyred refer to the last days of Safar[53] including 28th . The 7th of Safar[54] and even one of the days of Rabi' I[55] have also been mentioned as the day Imam (a) was martyred. According to al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Imam (a) was 48 years old upon martyrdom.[56]
However, according to different reports about the date of Imam's (a) martyrdom, there are different opinions about the age of Imam (a).[57]
Virtues and Attributes
- Main articles: Ahl al-Bayt (a), Ashab al-Kisa', Mubahala and Tathir verse
Imam al-Hasan (a) resembled the Prophet (s) in personality, manner and nobility.[58] It is narrated from the Prophet (s) that he told Imam al-Hasan (a), "O al-Hasan, you are like me in body (appearance) and morals (disposition and manners)."[59]
Imam al-Hasan (a) is one of the Ashab al-Kisa'.[60] Also, in the event of Mubahala, the Prophet (s) took al-Hasan (a), al-Husayn (a), 'Ali (a), and Fatima (a) according to God's order.[61] The Tathir verse is a great proof for the dignity and status of Imam al-Hasan (a) and the Ahl al-Bayt.[62]
Imam al-Hasan (a) went to Hajj 25 times and gave away a half of everything he had for the sake of God three times, such that once he gave away his shoes, keeping only slippers for himself.[63]
See also
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Al-Irshad, 1413 AH, vol. 2, p. 5
- ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 383.
- ↑ Al-Saykh al-Mufid. Al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 3
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Kulayni. Al-Kafi, vol. 2, p. 499
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, al-Amali, p. 134
- ↑ Al-Irbili, 'Ali b. 'Isa. Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 296
- ↑ See: 'Aqiqi Bakhshayishi, 'Abd al-rahim. Chahardah nur-i pak, vol. 4, p. 523 ff; Da'irat al-ma'arif buzurg Islami. vol. 20, p. 545
- ↑ See: al-Ya'qubi, Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 228; al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 20; Ibn Sufi, Al-Majdi, p. 19 ff
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 16
- ↑ Mahdawi Damghani, Hasan b. 'Ali, p. 34
- ↑ He was born in 3/625 (Kulayni, Kafi, Beirut: 1401 AH, vol. 1, p. 461), and the prophet (s) passed away in 11/632 (Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, 1418 AH, vol. 2, p. 208.)
- ↑ Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, 1418 AH, vol. 10, p. 369.
- ↑ Al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 2, p. 432; al-Suyuti, Tarikh al-khulafa, p. 206
- ↑ al-Suyuti, Tarikh al-khulafa, p. 207
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, al-Amali, p.333; al-Suyuti, Tarikh al-khulafa, p. 207
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, 'Ilal al-shara'i', vol. 1, p. 211; al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 27
- ↑ Al-Juwayni, Ibrahim b. Muhammad. Fara'id al-simatayn, vol. 2, p. 68
- ↑ Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-din. Tarikh al-khulafa, p. 80
- ↑ 'Amili, Sayyid Ja'far. Tahlili az zindigi Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba, p. 170
- ↑ Danishnama-yi buzurg Islami. vol. 20, p. 534
- ↑ Ibn Qutayba. Al-Imamat wa al-siasat, vol. 1, p. 30; Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, Yusuf. Al-Isti'ab, vol. 1, p. 391; see: Jawhari, Ahmad. Al-Saqifa wa fadak
- ↑ Al-Mas'udi, 'Ali b. al-Husayn.Muruj al-dhahab, vol. 1, p. 698
- ↑ Ibn Qutayba. Al-Imamat wa al-siasat, vol. 1, p. 40; Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya al-.Ansab al-ashraf, vol. 2, p. 216-217; Muqaddasi, Mutahhar b. Tahir al-. Al-Bad' wa al-tarikh, vol. 5, p. 206
- ↑ Al-Amin, Sayyid Muhsin. A'yan al-Shi'a, vol. 2, p. 370
- ↑ Ja'fariyan, Rasul. Hayat Fikri wa Siasi Imaman-i Shi'a, p. 124
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Al-Jamal, p. 327-328
- ↑ Al-Qurashi, Baqir Sharif. Mawsu'at sirat Ahl al-Bayt, vol. 10, p. 403
- ↑ Al-Qurashi, Baqir Sharif. Hayat-Imam al-Hasan, p. 219
- ↑ Al-Qurashi, Baqir Sharif. Hayat al-Imam Hasan, p. 218
- ↑ Al-Qurashi, Baqir Sharif. Hayat al-Imam Hasan, p. 245
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Al-Irshad, p. 350
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Al-Irshad, p. 290
- ↑ Al-Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qub. Al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 297
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Al-Irshad, p. 350
- ↑ Al-Qurashi, Baqir Sharif. Zindigani Imam al-Hasan, p. 334-335
- ↑ Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. Ansab al-ashraf, vol. 3, p. 41-42; Shahidi, Sayyid Ja'far. Tarikh-i tahlili-yi Islam, p. 162
- ↑ Khalifa b. Khayyat. Tarikh, p. 203
- ↑ Al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. Tarikh al-rusul wa al-muluk, p. 124-129; Harrani, Ibn Shu'ba al-. Tuhaf al-'uqul, p. 232 ff; Da'irat al-ma'arif buzurg Islami, vol. 20, p. 538
- ↑ Da'irat al-ma'arif buzurg Islami. vol. 20, p. 538
- ↑ Al-Tabrisi, Ahmad b. 'Ali. Al-Ihtijaj, vol. 2, p. 45-65
- ↑ Al-Isfahani. Maqatil al-Talibiyyin, p.80-81; al-Shaykh al-Mufid. al-Irshad, vol.2 p.15
- ↑ Al-Baladhuri. Ansab al-ashraf, vol.3 p.55; al-Isfahani. Maqatil al-talibiyyin, p.81
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Al-Irshad, vol.2 p.15
- ↑ Madelung. The succession to Muhammad, p.331
- ↑ Ibn Sa'd. Tabaqat al-kubra, vol.6 p.386
- ↑ Al-Baladhuri. Ansab al-ashraf, vol.3 p.55
- ↑ Al-Ya'qubi. Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol.2 p.154
- ↑ Al-Baladhuri. Ansab al-ashraf, vol.3 p.60
- ↑ Al-Isfahani. Maqatil al-talibiyyin, p.82
- ↑ Al-Baladhuri. Ansab al-ashraf, vol.3 p.61
- ↑ Al-Baladhuri. Ansab al-ashraf, vol.3 p.66
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Al-Irshad, vol.2 p.15
- ↑ Al-Kulayni. Al-Kafi, vol.1 p.461
- ↑ Al-Shahid al-Awwal. Al-Durus al-shar'iyya, vol.2 p.7
- ↑ See: Ibn Qutayba. Al-Ma'arif, p.212
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Al-Irshad, vol.2 p. 280-281
- ↑ See: Ibn 'Asakir. Tarikh madinat Dimashq, vol.13 p.298-300, 302
- ↑ Al-Irbili, 'Ali b. 'Isa. Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 290
- ↑ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir al-. Bihar al-anwar, vol. 43, p. 294
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Al-Khisal, vol. 2, p. 550; Shaykh al-Saduq al-. 'Uyun akhbar al-Rida, vol. 1, p. 55
- ↑ Al-Qummi, 'Ali b. Ibrahim. Tafsir al-Qummi, vol. 1, p. 104; Zamakhshari, Jar allah al-. Al-Kashshaf, vol. 1, p. 368
- ↑ Al-Qummi, 'Ali b. Ibrahim. Tafsir al-qummi, vol. 2, p. 193
- ↑ Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmad b. al-Husayn. Al-Sunan al-kubra, vol. 4, p. 331
- Amin, al-Sayyid Muhsin al-. A'yan al-Shi'a. Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf li-l-Matbu'at, 1998.
- 'Amili, Sayyid Ja'far. Tahlili az zindigi-yi Imam al-Hasn al-Mujtaba. tra. Sipihri. Qom: Daftar Tabliqat, 1376Sh.
- Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya al-. Ansab al-ashraf. Ed. Muhammad Baqir Mahmudi. beirut: 1394AH.
- Bayhaqi, Ahmad b. al-Husayn al-. Al-Sunan al-kubra.
- Bukhari, Muhammad b. Isma'il. Sahih al-Bukhari. Dar al-Fikr.
- Harani. Ibn Shu'ba al-. Tuhaf al-'uqul 'an al al-rasul (s). Ed. 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari. Qom: Mu'ssisat al-nashr al-Islami.
- Juwayni, Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-. Fara'id al-simatayn. Beirut: Mu'assisa al-Mahmudi, 1980.
- Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub al-. Al-Kafi. Dar al-Hadith.
- Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir al-. Bihar al-anwar li durar akhbar al-a'imma al-athar. Beirut: Mu'assisa al-wafa'.
- 'Aqiqi Bakhshayishi, 'Abd al-rahim. Chahardah nor-i pak. Tehran, 1381Sh.
- Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb. Beirut: Dār al-Jail, 1412 AH.
- Ibn Sufi, 'Ali. Al-Majdi. Ed. Ahmad Mahdawi Damghani. Qom: 1989.
- Ibn Qutayba , Abd Allah ibn Muslim Dinawari. Al-Imamat wa al-siasa. Cairo: Mu'ssisat al-Halabi.
- Irbili, 'Ali b. 'Isa al-. Kashf al-ghumma fi ma'rifat al-a'ima. Majma' jahani ahl al-Bayt, 1426AH.
- Jawhari, Ahmad b. Abd al-'Aziz. Al-Saqifa wa fadak. Ed. Muhammad Hadi Amini. Tehran, 1981.
- Ja'fariyan, Rasul. Hayat Fikri wa Siasi Imaman-i Shi'a. Qom: Ansariyan, 1381Sh.
- Khalifa b. Khayyat. Tarikh. Ed. Akram dia' 'Umari. Beirut: 1397AH.
- Muqaddasi, Mutahhar b. Tahir. Al-Bad'u wa al-tarikh. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqafa.
- Mas'udi, 'Ali b. al-Husayn al-. Muruj al-dhahab.
- Qummi, 'Ali b. Ibrahim al-. Tafsir al-qummi. Najaf: Maktabat al-Huda.
- Qurashi, Baqir Sharif al-. Mawsu'at sirat ahl al-bayt. Qom: Dar al-Ma'ruf, 2009.
- Qurashi, Baqir Sharif. Hayat al-Imam Hasan b. 'Ali. Beirut: 1993.
- Shahidi, Sayyid Ja'far. Tarikh-i tahlili-i Islam. Tehran: Markaz-i nashr-i danishgahi, 1390Sh.
- Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad -al. Al-Irshad. Qom: Sa'id b. Jabir, 1428AH.
- Shaykh al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad -al. Al-Jamal. Maktabat al-A'lam al-Islami.
- Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh al-.'Uyun akhbar al-Rida. tra. 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari. Akhtar shumal, 1373.
- Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh al-.Amali. Intisharat Kitabkhani Islami, 1362Sh.
- Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh al-.Al-Khisal.
- Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh al-. 'Ilal al-shara'i'.
- Suyuti, Jalal al-din, Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Bakr al-. Tarikh al-khulafa.
- Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir al-. Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk. Beirut: Mu'assisa a'alami lilmatbu'at.
- Tabarsi, Ahmad b. 'Ali. Al-Ihtijaj. Intisharat Uswa, 1413AH.
- Tabrisi, Fadl b. Hasan. A'lam al-wura. Mu'ssisa al al-bayt.
- Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Ishaq. Tarikh-i ya'qubi. Trans. Muhammad ibrahim Ayati. Tehran: 'Ilmi wa farhangi, 1378Sh/1999.
- Zamakhshari, Jar allah al-. Al-Kashshaf. Qom: Nashr al-Balagha, 1415Ah.
Further Reading
- Al-Sharif al-Qarashi, Baqir, The life of Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a), translated by Jasim al-Rasheed, Qom,Ansariyan Publications.
- Al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Kitab al-Irshad, Translated by I.K.A Howard, Published by Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an
- Shaykh Radi Al-Yasin, Sulh al-Hasan (The Peace Treaty of al-Imam al-Hasan (a)), translated by Jasim al-Rasheed, Qom, Ansariyan Publications.
- Akhtar Rizvi, Sayyid Sa'eed, Imam al-Hasan - The Myth of his Divorces, Vol. 4, No. 3 - 1978, London, Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Imam al-Hasan bin Ali], Tehran, Al-Balagh Foundation.
- Al-'Abidi, Ghurrat al-'Ayn, Imam al-Hasan and caliphate, Qom, Ansariyan Publications.


text:
Tonight I am focussing my attention on study and assignment responses for the www.genealogicalstudies.com Methodology course, which was free at the time I signed up. However, I am taking it as part of the basic Australian package of courses, which I signed up for at a substantially reduced price having won a voucher as a door prize at the Unlock the Past Australian History and Genealogy 2010 Roadshow late last year.
I am working on the second week of the course, which so far seems to be aimed at beginners who are writing names on paper (yes, paper. You know… that flat rectangular stuff?) for the first time. That's not an entirely bad thing as part of my reason for taking courses is that I am self-taught. I attended one beginners 2-hour session in about 1994, and swung by a National Archives of Australia family history day 6 or 7 years ago, but that is it! Hopefully I have read enough of the 'right' books and have enough common sense that I haven't gone too far wrong, but I don't think it hurts to hear again things that I should already know. Just in case I don't.
I'm not far enough into the course to say if I agree with the approaches taken, but agree or disagree it will get me thinking about how I do things and that can only be positive.
For now, I had better stop procrastinating, and get on with it!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Fiat 500
The Fiat 500 will be a MINI fighter, but it will probably be priced lower than the MINI. I imagine that Fiat's ambitions go well beyond winning over MINI buyers, to expanding the market for this niche of car in the U.S. The 500 will also compete with the Scion iQ, Chevy Spark, Smart Car, and others.
Much has been written in the press about the 500. For example, there will be a performance oriented Abarth version, to battle the MINI Cooper S, and versions for those looking for high fuel economy. Based on the limited information you now have, and assuming you'd even consider a car this small, would you consider buying a Fiat 500? What if one engine option were a diesel version? Which car appeals to you more, the 500 or the MINI?
but the Abarth model also interests me. Kinda opposite ends of the spectrum. Looks like I need two! :-)
Elsewhere folks are saying they expect this model to have a Chrysler badge, so the word hasn't gotten out that it will be a Fiat in the States. I'm glad it won't be a Chrysler.
As for the competition, the new Fiesta will be pretty small and should have a sport trim too, so there is additional competition you didn't mention. And what about the oft-promised arrival of the VW Polo?
It's hard to choose between the Mini and the 500. As much as I love the look of the 500, the Mini is even better-looking IMO.
2014 Mini Cooper (stick shift of course), 2016 Camry hybrid, 2009 Outback Sport 5-spd (keeping the stick alive)0
I think the Fiesta and the Polo are one class larger than the 500. Their back seats are more useable.0
Yes, but I think most Americans tend to lump everything subcompact and smaller into one big group when they think of them. The Smart car is said to be in a class of one, for instance, but it really competes with other "premium" small cars like the Mini.
The 500, given its shape, may find its strongest competition in the VW Beetle, although that model hasn't been selling well lately.
The problem is "Fix It Again Tony" has such a memorable ring to it, people may stay away from the 500 because of fears of unreliability, unfair given that the rep of unreliable was earned by Fiats from 30 years ago.
2014 Mini Cooper (stick shift of course), 2016 Camry hybrid, 2009 Outback Sport 5-spd (keeping the stick alive)0
Yeah, I agree with all the points you made.
I was trying to think of the Ford model that is the most direct competitor to the Fiat 500, when earlier today I read that Ford has decided not to sell the Ka and the Ranger in the U.S. Ding, ding, that's it, the Ka. In fact, the 500 and the Ka share the same platform, but they look very different.
Actually, the 500 may compete with the Beetle, but it won't be the current generation Beetle. I read that the next generation Beetle will be downsized, and possibly be offered with a 2 and/ or 3 cylinder engine, in addition to a 4. I don't recall where I read that. Therefore, I have no idea of how reliable the source was, but I read about the down-sizing in more than one place.
I think the Fiat 500 is offered in a 2 cylinder version in some markets.0
jpf Posts: 496The Fiat 500 will more likely compete with the BMW Mini. The plant that builds the Mini in the U.K. is running at full production which suggests that there is a potential market available for an upscale subcompact. I think in the U.S.-Canadian market Fiat/Chrysler wants to move upscale anyway. Outside of the U.S.-Canadian market I can see this car being sold much further downscale. Since the car is going to be built in Mexico, this car will likely be sold in both North and South America.0
Fiat will introduce a new 2 cylinder "MultiAir" engine for its smallest cars that'll produce up to 120 hp. It'll be displayed at the Geneva Auto Show. I wonder whether a version of this new engine will be available for the 500 model that's coming here.0
"The all-new 2012 Fiat 500 ushers in the return of the Fiat brand to North America." Edmunds says it promises character and personalization in a decent price category, but offers this caveat: "Italian cars are not known for their reliability, and neither are Chryslers."
Need help getting around? [email protected] - or send a private message by clicking on my name.
Tell everyone about your buying experience: Write a Dealer Review0
burdawg Posts: 1,524I thought my wife would be interested in a Fiat 500. She saw the tv commercial the other day and wanted to know if she would have to go to clown college before being allowed to drive one..............0
perry99 Posts: 43I test drove a Fiat 500 Lounge a few days ago and these are my thoughts/comments:
* It's just as cute in person as it is in photos [for those of you turned off by "cute" how about "unique looking"?]
* Fit and finish looked really good, except that on one of the model cars in the showroom, the front right seat wouldn't go back.
* I'm 5'10" and with the sunroof I had only about an inch or two headroom. The seat has an up/down adjustment, though, that I neglected to try out.
* Back seat is best for children, but would be okay for 1 adult if they sat sideways. The dealer rep was squeezed in the back with the passenger seat moved forward (which, by the way, still had enough leg room for the front seat passenger)
* Controls are all clear and in easy to reach.
* Front viability is excellent, except that the A pillars (the front end corners) are rather thick and block some of your view when turning. Rear viability was okay.
* Seating is rather high for a small car so that helps with the viability.
* Feels very stable and handles very well, not at all how you'd expect for a car this size and price point. Drove on straight roads as well as long, curvy ones and the car felt solid and composed throughout.
* Power was adequate. On flat roads and small hills acceleration was decent, but couldn't really call it sporty. I drove an automatic. Probably would feel more peppy with a standard transmission.0
trentn Posts: 2The Fiat and mini have some close similarities however, the Mini may have more pick up and horsepower as well as a wider stance, the Fiat 500 has more storage/cargo space and is rated higher on safety as well as on gas milage. It also is cheaper than the Mini and provides a quiet ride that is also fun to drive just about anywhere. If I had to choose it would definitely be the Fiat because of the overall ratings and set up of the cars themselves as well as the cost and technology it has over it's competitiors. Standard with options such as bluetooth, mp3/USB inputs, ESC, 5 cupholders, bose sound system and reactive head restraints and 7 airbags it is unsurpassed by any of its competition. most of these options are available in other models and brands but cost more to get.0
Hello, I've had my 500 for about three weeks now. I've had a chance to use Ecodrive, the software that compiles and analyzes data from my driving. Categories are: Acceleration, Deceleration, Gear Shift, Speed. And it takes about one full week of driving then makes recommendations on how to get better performance in those four categories.
Having driven manual transmissions, including 18-wheelers, I enjoy seeing the ratings Ecodrive provides. I'm doing well in all but one category, Acceleration, and wanted to share what I found about that.
I consistently do poorly in this category and set about finding what the cause might be. Thru test drives that I consider to have driven 'perfectly' as I can in an area with no hills or embankments I still have an abyssmal one-star rating. That means I output more CO2 than a small country, lol. Whatever.
I came across one tiny document that was stuck to the window of my new FIAT (yes all caps because there is no 'Mr. Fiat', FIAT is an acyronym) which shows a CO2 rating of two-stars, from the federal government. That explains a lot. It tells me, no matter how I drive that my FIAT is not capable of better than two-stars.
So fellow Cinquecento (that's Italian for "500") owners two-stars means our lovable little car is not 'green'. No matter, my 500 is sweet, cute, cuddly..... and gets 39.8 mpg on I95 and 36.9 during my urban commute.0
stever Posts: 52,462A reporter is looking to talk with new owners of micro or subcompact cars (i.e. Chevy Spark, Scion iQ, Honda Fit, Mazda 2, Fiat 500, etc.) to learn how the experience has changed how they think about what they need in a car, and how they use their cars. If you fit this description, please respond to [email protected] with your preferred contact information by Friday, October 19, 2012.0
johnconan Posts: 1If you are planning on buying a Fiat for travelling across North America economically you had better think again!
There are very few places you can take it to if anything needs to be repaired. I purchased mine in Burlington ,Ontario ( southern Ontario) and was told my wife and I could travel across the continent, but; when it needed to be repaired I was not able to get anyone that could fix it because I was not able to bring it into Johnston motors in Burlington. So if you do buy one of these cars ,do not go far from home with it!!!
If you would like more info on the Fiat 500 you may contact me at "[email protected]" and I will call you and tell you all about my experience with more indepth information.
John Paul C. Jackson0
robr2 BostonPosts: 8,863What??
I think the dealer was blowing smoke up your [non-permissible content removed]. You can take it to any Fiat dealer in North America. Heck, even a Chrysler/Dodge/Jeep/SRT/RAM dealer could probably work on it.
I'd like to know more here on the forum. Doing it via e-mail doesn't do any good.
Or you're trolling for e-mail addresses to spam.0
johnconan, that sounds strange -- can you post the whole story? You'll get a lot more feedback by posting the details here instead of taking it to email (by the way, not a good idea to post your contact info in a public forum).
ClaireS, Host
Automotive News & Views | Coupes & Convertibles
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johnconnan, repairs on a brand new car? Your comment is vague, please provide details. Thanks.0
2012 is their first year model and the 2013's are out too.
I'd really like to start a tradition, have a rally to share our spirit for the Cinquecento.
If you're interested please post a message. There is a fiat forum too, will try to post information there as it comes available.0
Kirstie_H Posts: 11,077A reporter would like to speak to a new Fiat 500 owner. If you have purchased a Fiat 500 in the last 6 months and would like to share your story, please send your daytime contact info to [email protected] no later than Friday, Feb 8, 2013 at noon PT/3 p.m. ET.
Need help navigating? [email protected] - or send a private message by clicking on my name.
Share your vehicle reviews0
bwaa Posts: 13I've seen them on the road, and they look about the same size. Are they?0
I was wanting feedback for anyone who owns the 500 to see how you feel about carrying passengers in the back. What do you think about the safety that your car gives you and your passengers? I really like them, but just not sure about their size and safety, especially for the backseat passengers. Would like to hear from anyone who owns these cars.
Only small children can fit in the back and pets. Adults can not sit back there, not even small adults. And if you do have children or pets they will tear up the interior of this car because it's cheaply made, scratches so easily that you have to be careful with umbrella's and key marks and shoe scuffs. It's 100% cheap plastic that's cute and stylish but not durable. I've owned mine since Sept 2012 and I have to work very hard to keep it looking good, inside and out, that's just one person - I can't imagine trying to keep it new looking with passengers, human or otherwise. And if you put enough weight in it that will challenge the underpowered 101 hp engine even more.0
There are lots of differences good and bad, check out the comparison at Car & Driver http://www.caranddriver.com/comparisons/2012-fiat-500-sport-vs-2011-mini-cooper-- comparison-test I didn't even have to test drive the Mini Cooper because I fell in love with the FIAT 500 Sport the second I got in the driver seat. The honeymoon is over and I can see the faults of my FIAT, still I love love love it.0
Thanks websmack for your reply.0
andyinatl Posts: 2I have had my 2012 Fiat 500 Pop since May of 2012. I have 11 year old and 6 year old and when the road trip comes up, they both want to ride in 500 rather than my wife's Volvo wagon. So far i've taken my family of 4 in the Fiat 500 on road trips from Atlanta to Myrtle Beach (6 hour drive) and Jupiter, FL (9 hour drive). Both times after we got to the destination, all of us were no more tired than after riding in Volvo wagon; the seats in Fiat 500 are super comfortable. Yes Volvo has more space inside, and is more comfortable due to having smoother ride, but Fiat is plenty comfortable. And it gets easy 39-40mpg going 75 mph. Not ONCE have my kids complained from back seat about lack of space, and looking over there, i could see plenty of legroom left for them.
As disclosure, i'm 6 feet, 185 pounds, my wife is 5'5" 135 pounds, and 2 kids average for their age.
Powerwise, the engine is not very powerful, but if you get manual transmission, it's really not too bad. It's 0-60 acceleration (whaterver that proves) is better than Toyota Prius, yet you don't hear many people complaining that Prius can't get out of its own way.0
Thanks for your opinion andyinatl, appreciate your feedback!0
ks55 Posts: 8The problem is "Fix It Again Tony" has such a memorable ring to it, people may stay away from the 500 because of fears of unreliability, unfair given that the rep of unreliable was earned by Fiats from 30 years ago.
Anyone who bases there opinion on something from 30 yrs. ago is an idiot. Have not read or heard of any reliability problems ....and believe me I have been looking as I am considering one of these. ( an :shades: ABARTH)0
I've driven my 2013 500 4,000 miles, and I'm very pleased with the way it drives and rides. It's fun, well equipped, very maneuverable, gets excellent fuel economy and has a 1/3 longer warranty than most competing models in its class. It also cruises surprisingly well on the highway, and it feels solid.
No problems to date.
Minor quibble: The sun visors are too small, but that can probably be addressed with extenders0
Sandman6472 Coral Springs, FLPosts: 4,864The only issue I had when driving across Alligator Alley was when the rains came, the thing started to hydroplane at 70 so I immediately let off the gas and things calmed down a bit. Still, there was that brief moment there where it skidded a tiny bit which left me somewhat scared...have never had the same thing happen with my Civic, which is just a more planted vehicle to drive hands down. For this reason alone, I would never buy or drive a Fiat but at work, I usually have some choice on what I get to drive except when the boss hands us keys...most times the vehicles are lined up and we just walk over and pick one. I usually glance real quick at the selection and go towards one but there are a couple of others who tend to move a bit faster than I so I have to change my preference pretty quick sometimes after they've chosen their rides. I've only had a few bad vehicles, especially the Dodge dart without cruise...we were going to Orlando and this puppy didn't have it which wasn't good. On the shorter Lauderdale to Miami or Miami to West Palm runs, having no cruise isn't a big deal but on the longer ones, I need cruise due to my spinal issues. I'm in hog heaven if I can snag a power seated vehicle and am off the charts when I get one with SAT radio but that doesn't happen often!
The Sandman :sick: :shades:
2015 Audi A3 (wife) / 2015 Golf TSI (me) / 2019 Chevrolet Cruze Premier RS (daughter #1) / 2008 Hyundai Accent GLS (daughter #2)0
Hey, Sept 18 is my one anniversary. Today I ran a 330 mile roundtrip along I-85 and averaged 41.9 hwy. That's awesome because my February roundtrip (2000 miles and lots of stops) only averaged 39, but different terrain and a lot of rain too. You know, I bought Mopar oil filters and found a local shop that charges me $36 and includes a wash lol. Compare that with the FIAT dealership 120 miles -Rountrip- and they will not do the service in under 3 hours, soooooooo.... won't be going back. I'm in the groove of changing oil and rotating tires every 4000. I had the first alignment too at 14K, it was $200 -a ripoff- but it's done and I'll find someone else for the next alignment. I switched from nitrogen to air, PSI as recommended old pressure. All of that has gotten me 41.9 The car is holding up well, gets a weekly express wash and hand wax monthly with Turtle Wax. Oh by the way, TomTom Blue&Me is having an issue locating a signal, takes a long time, though I update it weekly with GPSFIX. Today I got halfway to Charlotte and TomTom decided he didn't want to do his job *sigh*. Ahhh, this update is boring, no? lol well that's a good thing Hope ya'll enjoy your FIAT adventures as much as I am!0
A you may know, cruise control is standard on the base Pop model, as are other nice features, such as leather wrapped steering wheel.0


text: Bild Digital Signatures in a Universal Application (UWP) with iText - reblog Recently we found Paul Madary's blog post about digital signatures in a Univeral Application (UWP) with iText 7, and we wanted to share it. Paul gracefully agreed to let us do that, and as a bonus we upgraded the code to be usable out-of-the-box with iText 7.1.3. The only change needed is the method SignDocumentSignature. Weiterlesen


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Crab Meat Pan Meen. Or was it Shrimps Pan Meen since there were a few succulent ones. This was not in the menu but came recommended by the staff.
Crab as well as shrimp sounded similar in Cantonese albeit the intonation. Crabby was missing. Anyway, skip this.Vietnamese Chicken Pan Meen. The strong aromatic lemongrass smell and taste brought out the Other Ipoh Mali (Yang Bermotor) story of why he's wary of the smell.Fried Rice with Salted Egg. It was flavourful with reasonable salty level. However Ipoh Mali said he had better on other days.Money Pouch aka Kei-Chi (Chinese Wolfberries) Dumplings. These were the first to finish.Green apple and Salad. Tasted sweet and sour, very appetising.It's a dessert house too so we ordered these individually:-
Soursop Ice Blend. Mine. Too sweet and stinted on the fruit.Icy Mango Milk. Looked so inviting. Other Ipoh Mali (Yang Bermotor), how was it?Ipoh Mali Talak Sombong , what about your ABC Special aka Ice Kacang?Food Cookies, Mint Chocolate Milk Shake. No picture though. Consequence of being too engrossed in Perak food exchange discussion between the 2 Ipoh Malis.
2 scoops of ice-cream, Pistachio and Chocolate. For RM1 a scoop, Phitoy found it creamy, not too sweet and good value.
Grabbed a good table (means on cemented walkway, not on uneven wet tarred road) and our orders arrived in a minute or so.
Somehow that night's serving of smooth Black Sesame gruel lacked fragrance but I lapped it up. Not easy to get this anywhere else, okay. The others ordered different varieties and I cannot remember what. Not too sure about the tastes either but noticed their bowls were left empty too. Lighting was bad and I was worn out struggling to take a clear picture of my own dark bowl.Anyway the conversation was getting too interesting to interrupt. Yes we were discussing food (like you really need to ask) – the inflationary price of cockles and Char-Kueh-Tiau to be precise.
Another 'Once upon a time, long long ago' post, checked.


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A car auction company says it will put President John F. Kennedy's white hearse on the block during an event in Scottsdale, Arizona, this week, Consumer Reports wrote.
According to auctioneers Barrett-Jackson, the 1964 Cadillac Hearse transported the assassinated president from Parkland Memorial Hospital to Love Field Airport in Dallas. Its authenticity has been verified by members of the Professional Car Society and its owners at Dallas' O'Neal Funeral Home.
From the story:
Don McElroy was a new employee at O'Neal Funeral Home that fateful Friday, November 22, 1963, when the call came in to bring a casket and hearse to the hospital. Just 24 years old, McElroy helped move President Kennedy's body to the vehicle and pulled down a rear seat for Jacqueline Kennedy so she could sit near her husband.
"The Secret Service drove the president to Love Field," McElroy said, explaining that the O'Neal staff was not allowed to be in the hearse en route to Air Force One. "After they got the president and first lady onto the plane, they just left the hearse at Love Field. It took Vernon O'Neal four hours to find the Cadillac at the airport."
The hearse was the first 1964 model built by Miller-Meteor Company of Ohio, body number 64001. It was the show car of the National Funeral Directors Association convention, where funeral home director Vernon O'Neal purchased it in October, 1963, just one month before the assassination.
Steve Lichtman of the Professional Car Society (PCS) says that he and other members of PCS are almost 100 percent convinced that the hearse is authentic.
This is a strong endorsement from the participants of the international club dedicated to car preservation and restoration. Last year, Lichtman and others in PCS debunked the Barrett-Jackson auction claim that the company had the ambulance that carried President Kennedy from Air Force One at Andrews Air Force Base to Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland. As counter evidence, they presented a 1986 photograph of the ambulance in a Boston junkyard crusher, provided by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum.
Tens of thousands of dollars of historic JFK pieces were sold over the last few months, including the rocking chair he sat in at Houston's Rice Hotel, family photographs, boxer shorts and a cigarette case.


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Luciana, Bruno, Ippolito and all other members of the family are perfect hosts and we want to thank them again for our pleasant stay at the Pulledraia. We hope to return there again!
Our farmhouse with pool in Maremma allows guests to cool off during the hot summer days, while enjoying the beautiful scenery of the countryside. Nestled in Wonderland immature typical Maremma countryside, Podere Montegrappa has the typical structure of large Tuscan farmhouses, well organized to offer its guests a pleasant stay in
made direct contact with nature, and by the presence of a swimming pool (12 x 6) into operation in June is enriched and shut down (depending on seasonal weather conditions) in September, surrounded by a lush garden full of trees and flowers of different varieties, and delivered a freely be used in the vicinity of the pool at the pool.
Our farm is easy in an area where it is, by the typical colorful view of the hills of Maremma, in the sounds, shapes, scents, light and colors combine harmoniously throughout the year in all seasons and exciting experience for everyone is fascinated looking for peace and relaxation that you need to find themselves and their own balance.
The swimming pool as well as our structure, located in a hilly area of Maremma, so getting fresh air, even in summer, and so it is perfect to relax in harmony with nature. Pulledraia is agritourism in Tuscany with pool.
I chose La Pulledraia because it seemed to offer a true agriturismo experience--family cooking, a working farm, and a lack of touristy glitz. The rooms are very comfortable and quiet--one day la signora asked if I'd heard noise outside in the early morning from some farm equipment, but after having been in noisy Rome for 5 days it was as still as peaceful as heaven to me. The food is delicious and hearty--I especially loved the fried fiori di zucca, pasta with butter and sage, and the tasca piena--a type of veal meatloaf that is typical of the Maremma region. I had to buy a bottle of the homemade nocino liqueur to take home--it was like Tuscany in a glass. As a solo traveler I appreciated the opportunity to socialize with other guests at dinner and found everyone very friendly. La signora and il signore were very kind and pleasant and even gave me a bike to use around one day. If you just want to hang outside around the agriturismo and pet the farm cats, that's OK too. As the website states, if you are expecting a hotel experience you will be disappointed--but for those looking for a quiet way to enjoy the true Tuscany, this is it.
We have stayed at the Pulledraia on several occasions over the past years, whilst conducting work in the Parco Regionale della Maremma. The fact that we have returned to this facility on every occasion speaks volumes about the quality of service provided. The agriturismo is in a prime location close to the park, and the rooms themselves are nicely decorated and very comfortable. Signor Bruno and Signora Luciana truly make the place a home away from home, as do the rest of the family. The fact that the agriturismo is also a working farm, and that much food is grown on site, makes it all the more special. The cooking and wines are indeed simply divine. The general ambience and the surrounding landscapes are an added bonus, making it very easy to unwind. We recommend this facility very very highly....
I 've spent some beautiful days in Pulledraia . Silence, swimming pool, bicycle trip to beach, simple and great views and international families during dinner, local food and wine and Italian HOSPITALITY :) :) Excellent relaxation after a big and noisy city, like a Moscow. Огромное спасибо))).
Luciana, Bruno, Ippolito and all other members of the family are perfect hosts and we want to thank them again for our pleasant stay at the Pulledraia. We hope to return there again!
My wife and I stayed here for a couple days, and we absolutely love it. We had studied abroad in Italy a couple years before, and we had done plenty of touristy things before (not that there is anything wrong with that). However, we wanted to go somewhere that you wouldn't normally go in Italy. The setting is absolutely amazing. We thought the food, room, hospitality and everything was great. We had no complaints. I was glad I finally got use the Italian I learned in college, but if you don't speak Italian then it could be difficult to communicate because Ippolito who isn't always there was the only one who speaks English.
© Copyright 2014-2019 - Tutti i diritti riservati


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Mobile DJs Near You
Does your event space not have enough room or a stage for a band? Want a variety of songs from every genre, era, and artist? Need the entertainment to come to you? GigSalad's answer: a mobile DJ! These guys will hook you up with music with everything from the latest and greatest artists to the classic oldies. These folks will bring all the equipment necessary to have your party rockin' all night long! Sound, lighting, variety: these guys got you covered! So what are you waiting for!? You're party wants you to hire one of these DJs!
Where do you need a Mobile DJ?
About booking Mobile DJs
Find and book a Mobile DJ for your wedding, party, or corporate event on GigSalad. Our roster of disc jockeys and mobile DJ's will get the reception started!
A Mobile DJ can quickly cater to the location of your event by providing an event with music and sound reinforcement. From weddings to high school dances to birthday parties, Mobile DJs can provide your event with tunes that keep the party jumpin'.
When booking a mobile DJ, first find out if they use professional equipment. This will ensure that your event sounds professional and can be heard by all guests. It is also important to find out if they own their own equipment or if you will need to provide the equipment. Next in the booking process, find out if the mobile DJ is willing to take requests and discuss music ahead of time? Having an DJ that takes requests and listens to your wants for your event can be important in making your event a success for all guests. Communication with your DJ will ensure that you are on the same page. Lastly, do your research. Find out how much experience they have, if any other vendors have used them in the past, and what type of events they have emceed in the past.
Mobile DJs around Ashburn, VA:
DJ "B" Mack(1)
DJ / Mobile DJ
Severn, MD
4 Verified Bookings
Recent review: DJ Brian "B' MACK is an Awesome DJ with a collective library of music ranging from Feel…
DJ Silent Soul(1)
DJ / Mobile DJ
Washington, DC
3 Verified Bookings
Recent review: Everything was great!
Capital DeeJays - Affordable DJs for the DC area(12)
DJ / Mobile DJ
Washington, DC
10 Verified Bookings
Recent review: We had our first Thriving After 60 Dance, held for our members 60 years and older. The crowd…
Toussaint Productions(0)
DJ / Mobile DJ
Annapolis, MD
Memories are made in moments. By personalizing your experience, I can help capture the party, wedding, or event…
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United States:
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The Web may give you access to job leads, but your success will hinge upon your ability to close the sale during the interview.
If the cyberspace boom has not yet compelled you to log on to the Internet, it should at least have grabbed your attention. If you are looking for a job, the Internet is an information superhighway system that gives you access to an ever-growing number of career, employment, and company sites with just a few mouse clicks.
At the Starting Line
Navigating the information highway is much like driving a paved one. Though you will encounter rush-hour bottlenecks, it's all about how you maneuver the I-way. First, you will need a computer, a modem, a communications program, access to a phone line, and an account with an Internet service provider. These are likely supplied for you (at no cost) on campus, at computer labs, and in residence halls.
Today, the most popular way to access the Internet is the World Wide Web (WWW). By using browser software such as Netscape, Mosaic, or NetCruiser, you can travel to countless home pages on the Web. These pages then can link you quickly to various locations with related data. You also can secure a little corner of cyberspace for yourself by creating a personal home page where you can invite visitors- including prospective employers- to get a peek at your career objectives, talents and qualifications.
The quickest way to get to a Web site on the Net is to type in its "address," or Uniform Resource Locator (URL). But even if you don't know the address of your destination, you can get started by using a search engine. These are directories for the Internet that allow users to type in the subject or keywords in which they are interested. It then scans existing Web sites for a match. A popular choice is Yahoo! <https://www.yahoo.com/>.
Usenet Groups
Usenet groups, also known as newsgroups or discussion forums, are devoted to a vast array of focused topics, including some on career and job search issues. Usenet group discussions tend to be more well-thought-out than those on chat lines and have standard behaviors-netiquette-that dictate communication. So, before you send a message or respond to a posting, spend some time reading a posting entered by other users.
Usenet groups can be a valuable forum to make connections with people, keep up on industry trends, access job listings, and post resumes. To read or post to newsgroups you will need news reader software. If you want to participate in job hunt discussions, check out misc.jobs.misc.
View the Net From the Employer's Perspective
Employers from corporate America to government agencies are increasingly turning to the Net. They are hunting actively for talent through employment bulletin boards, commercial resume data banks, and their own corporate home pages. A recruiter from Tandem Computers in Cupertino, Calif., says enthusiastically: "I love the Web. It gave me the solution I had been looking for - a fast and cost-effective way to direct computer-literate candidates to a database. We went live on the Web with our home page in 1994. We post job openings, college recruiting dates, and other employment-related information; but most importantly, we give our home page visitors an intimate look at Tandem."
Preparing Your Electronic Resume
You may choose to send your resume via e-mail or post it on databases located on commercial online services, bulletin boards, newsgroups, or mailing lists. Remember that the Internet is predominately a text-based (not voice/ video-based) tool. The first impressions you make during your job search are always the strongest, so it's critical that the application letter and resume you send via email immediately set the right tone with the reader.
Figuring out how to get discovered and stand out on employers' computer monitors is actually quite simple. The answer is, keywords! Today's Internet search programs leverage keywords. Pay attention to the job descriptions, skills, and talents the employer is seeking. Use these keywords in your application and resume so that they naturally fit the keyword searches a hiring manager would use when scanning the resume databases.
One successful Internet job seeker offers this advice: When applying for jobs on-line, don't send your resume as an attachment to an e-mail message. Create it in ASCII [plain text] and make sure it is clear and easy to read. Since plain text does not allow you to do much with formatting and layout, it is doubly important to present your experience in a cohesive, orderly manner . I tried to leave the format as naked as possible, brought my most relevant information to the top of my resume, and used clear, vibrant language."
Close the Sale the Old-Fashioned Way
Placing your electronic resume on-line is one thing, but getting a job is quite another. The Web may give you access to job leads, but your success will hinge upon your ability to close the sale during the interview. Since organizations put so much information on their Web sites, you can conduct your research in a fraction of the time you would use through traditional means. So there's really no excuse for not being prepared for your interviews. Be sure to give as much consideration to interviews which you have obtained through on-line job searches as you would to those received through more traditional means. And finally, follow up with a thank you e-mail.


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|Jepson Flora Project: Jepson Interchange
previous taxon |
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Jepson Interchange (more information)
©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
Annual to bamboo-like; roots generally fibrous
Stem generally round, hollow; nodes swollen, solid
Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, generally linear; sheath generally open; ligule membranous or hairy, at blade base
Inflorescence various (of generally many spikelets)
Spikelet: glumes generally 2; florets (lemma, palea, flower) 1many; lemma generally membranous, sometimes glume-like; palea generally ± transparent, ± enclosed by lemma
Flower generally bisexual, minute; stamens generally 3; stigmas generally 2, generally plumose
Fruit: achene-like grain
Genera in family: 650900 genera; ± 10,000 species: worldwide; greatest economic importance of any family (wheat, rice, maize, millet, sorghum, sugar cane, forage crops, ornamental, weeds; thatching, weaving, building materials)
Reference: [Hitchcock 1951 Manual grasses US, USDA Misc Publ 200; Clayton & Renvoise 1986 Kew Bull Add Series 13]
See Glossary p. 26 for illustrations of general family characteristics. Generally wind-pollinated.
Annual, perennial herb
Stems decumbent to erect, simple
Leaf: sheath open, loosely enclosing stem, glabrous; ligule thinly membranous, obtuse to truncate, minutely ciliate to toothed; blades ± cauline, flat, scabrous, veins minutely prickly at 10X
Inflorescence panicle-like, oblong to narrowly ovoid in outline, interrupted to compact, dense
Spikelets breaking below glumes and part of stalk, falling as 1 unit; glumes ± equal, 1-veined, entire or 2-lobed, awned at tip or between lobes, awn straight; floret 1; lemma ± 0.5 X glumes, translucent, 5-veined, tip toothed, awn < glume awn; palea slightly < lemma, transparent; anthers tightly enclosed by lemma and palea
Fruit oblong, smooth, enclosed by lemma, palea
Species in genus: 18 species: warm temp Eurasia, Africa, South America. Some species ornamental
Etymology: (Greek: much bearded)
Stem 0.55 dm
Leaf: ligule < 6 mm, irregularly toothed, minutely hairy; blade 114 cm, 24 mm wide
Inflorescence 18.5(15) cm, plume-like, densely flowered
Spikelet: stalk < 1 mm; glumes 12 mm, minutely bristly below middle, ciliate-fringed, tip lobes 0.51 mm, awn 4.511.5 mm; lemma 0.51.5 mm, awn 0
Chromosomes: 2n=14,42
Ecology: Common. Moist places
Elevation: < 600 m.
Bioregional distribution: Northwestern California, Sierra Nevada Foothills, Great Central Valley
Distribution outside California: native to Mediterranean Europe, Africa


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LETTER: 'City Has an Opportunity to Build a Beautiful Artplace at Town Square'
These pictures show the beginning of a Burien Town Square Arts and Cultural District as described below:
The interplay of the sun, art, space, darkness and street lighting was beautiful tonight at Burien Town Square. This section of Burien is crying out to be officially designated the Arts and Cultural District.
The city has an opportunity to build a beautiful "Artplace" at Town Square. The size of the area is a little small but it is perfect for place making. Other cities across the nation are building Art Places for their citizens by competing for grants and promoting stimulating art projects to enhance their cities desirability for future growth. These attractions will draw commercial and community resources for the people to visit and enjoy.
If this opportunity is missed the dream of a vibrant town square as described or as planned in the Burien 2020 Vision will be ended. The city council needs to be forward thinking and have a long-term vision for a vibrant Burien like it used to.
– Robbie Howell
[Have an opinion or concern you'd like to share with our 70,000+ monthly Readers? Please send us your Letter to the Editor via email. Include your full name, and, pending our review, we'll most likely publish it.]