text:
Copenhagen, 19 December 2009-After a marathon all night session, talks aimed at injecting new and more wide-ranging momentum into the international effort to combat climate change ended with a positive outcome.
Countries attending the UN climate convention's summit in the Danish capital agreed to 'take note' of a document entitled the Copenhagen Accord.
For the first time in the history of climate change cooperation, developing countries including Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and the small and threatened Republic of the Maldives outlined intentions to decouple emissions from economic growth.
Developed countries including the United States will also outline a range of emission reductions targets up to 2020 by 1 February 2010. Both commitments and intentions in terms of greenhouse gas reductions will be subject to international monitoring and verification.
Countries accepted to work towards limiting the rise in global temperatures to below 2 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels. However, emission reduction commitments by 2050 were in the end not included in the final document.
Importantly, the Accord outlines support for technology transfer and capacity building for developing economies while also putting forward a financial package aimed at assisting developing ones adapt to climate change and to begin de-carbonizing their economies.
Additional resources of US$30 billion, covering the period 2010-2012, will be available immediately and developed nations also supported a "goal of mobilizing jointly US$100 billion a year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries".
The Accord recognized the crucial role of forests in addressing climate change, saying their was a need to recognize reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) via the immediate establishment of a mechanism to enable the mobilization of financial resources from developed countries.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Food and Agricultural Organization and the UN Development Programme are spearheading the UN REDD programme which is already assisting close to a dozen developing countries prepare for a REDD regime.
UN-REDD dovetails with other initiatives, including the World Bank's Forest Carbon Partnership Facility.
The culmination of two weeks of talks and two years of negotiations, today's outcome was welcomed by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, who said: "The U.N. system will work to immediately start to deliver meaningful results to people in need and jump-start clean-energy growth in developing countries."
Achim Steiner, UN Under-Secretary General and Executive Director of UNEP, said: "This was perhaps not the big breakthrough some had hoped for, but neither was it a breakdown which at times seemed a possibility. The litmus test of developed countries' ambitions will in a sense come immediately. If the funds promised in the Accord start flowing swiftly and to the levels announced, then a new international climate change policy may have been born."
He said that the outcome represented a compromise of a myriad of differing national and economic interests including developed, developing, least developed and small-island developing states.
"Trying to take over 190 countries through the same door towards a more cooperative global warming policy has proved challenging but, ultimately possible and do-able. Time will be the true judge as to whether 19 December 2009 was indeed an historic date for accelerating a response to combating dangerous climate change and for more sustainable management of economically important ecosystems, such as forests," said Mr. Steiner.
He said he hoped the outcome would also restore certainty to global carbon markets by demonstrating a scaled-up international commitment to climate change while assisting to focus and to catalyze the investments -including private sector ones-towards a low carbon economy.
Mr. Steiner said the aim of limiting a global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius had fallen short of the calls of many countries, including ones in Africa and small-island developing states who had been urging for temperatures to be pegged no higher than 1.5 degree Celsius.
But he said hoped that with the Accord underway, it may be possible to accelerate the international response and ambition on reducing greenhouse gases in order to achieve a far lower overall temperature rise in 40 years time than below 2 degrees Celsius.
For More Information Please Contact:
Nick Nuttall, UNEP Spokesperson, on +41 795 965 737 E-mail: email@example.com
Notes to Editors:
United Nations Climate Change Conference http://www.unep.org/climatechange/CopenhagenCOP15/Day12/tabid/2658/language/en-US/Default.aspx
UN-REDD www.un-redd.org
Seal the Deal 2009 http://www.sealthedeal2009.org/
The UN-led Seal the Deal campaign, working with various civil society groups, coalesced around 13 million signatures from all around the world asking for a fair, equitable and ambitious deal.
These signatures were collected, along with people's stories, videos, photos and testimonies citing the impact of climate change upon their livelihoods and health, and placed on an electronic data stick within a silver "people's orb". The Orb having been present throughout various events during the two-week climate summit to represent civil society, has been taken to New York with UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.
Speaking on Saturday, Mr. Ban said he welcomed the deal. "It may not be everything we hoped for, but this decision of the Conference of Parties is an essential beginning and we must transform this into a legally binding treaty next year. The importance will only be recognised when it is codified into international law," he said.


text:
A gold cello, a nice quality cello charm, with round disc 10mm hand stamped initia and birthstone Pearl. This necklace makes a great gift for a musician or orchestra member. The necklace is personalized with a initial custom birthstone with high quality of Cello charm very nice gold plated beautiful crafted shape and size
Necklace measure 16 inches with 2 inches extension - high and excellent quality of chain
This item is also available in silver please put in note if you want in silver Cello necklace
When Checkout Please put in note for me
Date needed by:
Gold Or Silver Cello
View other music jewelry
You can add gift box card or gift pouch card for giving gift by clicking below link to purchase
I specialize in keepsake gift for moms, sisters, daughters, grandmas, dads, grandpas, teachers or anyone you cherish in your life. This necklace makes a thoughtful, personalized tgift for Easter, confirmation, baptism, or Holiday Gift
Click on fashionjewelryforeve.etsy.com to see my other designs. Each piece is carefully thought out and is my own original design.
View items in "Pearl Jewelry Set" section
View items in "Fancy Necklace Earrings" section
View items in "Necklace Stud Earrings" section
View items in "Flower Girls" section
View items in "Pearl Necklace" section
View items in "Lariat Necklace" section
View items in "Fancy Necklace" section
View items in "Earrings" section
View items in "Pearl Bracelet" section
View items in "Fancy Bracelet" section
Made in Pet Free & Smoke-Free Home
Please contact me to find out when this item will be ready to ship.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 14 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 30 days of delivery
Request a cancellation within: 2 days of purchase
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
Please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
I accept custom orders and offer stamping and personalizing of pieces. Please feel free to contact me to discuss details and possibilities.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Next 500 Years: 2017 National Conference
The same God who brought the Reformation in the sixteenth century is still at work today. His plan has not changed, and what He has purposed for His glory and our good will be accomplished. On March 9-11, 2017, Ligonier …Read More
The Christian Mind: 2012 National Conference
One of the things most alarming about today's culture is the way in which evangelicals are responding to attacks. Gone are the days, it seems at times, when believers devoted themselves to thinking deeply about the world in order …Read More
Tough Questions Christians Face: 2010 National Conference
Christ has redeemed us to be a light that directs others to Him. Fulfilling this call requires us to be able to deal with the most difficult questions asked about the Christian faith. If we are unprepared to face the …Read More
Christless Christianity: 2010 West Coast Conference
Much of what passes for Christianity in our day is really nothing more than self-help jargon and patriotism that has been baptized in a thin veneer of Christian-sounding language. This has led to anemic preaching, large but lifeless churches, and …Read More
Is There Life After Death?: 2009 West Coast Conference
Many Christians reflect upon the purpose and consequences of Jesus' resurrection only at Easter. This is distressing because the resurrection, as the event upon which Christianity stands or falls, should occupy first place in our thinking and living. In Ligonier …Read More
Michael Horton
Dr. Michael S. Horton is J. Gresham Machen Professor of Systematic Theology and Apologetics at Westminster Seminary California, editor-in-chief of Modern Reformation magazine, and author of Ordinary.


text:
If you have old ideas about Tory Burch as a line full of logo medallions and sensible preppiness, it's probably long past time to be a little more open-minded about what Burch and her team are doing at the ever-expanding, ever-evolving contemporary brand they've built into an empire. The logos and well-scrubbed conventionality still exist within the brand's accessories line, of course, but that's true for a lot of brands whose scale requires that they maximize the number of consumers they reach--after all, women need things they can carry to work and that will look presentable for more than a season or two. What Burch does with her seasonal collections is far more sophisticated and interesting, though, and its well worth your attention (and, potentially, your dollars).
Tory Burch's inspiration for Pre-Fall 2017 was globetrotting Italian furniture designer and spirtualist Gabriella Crespi, and the clothes and bags mine the gypset look and come up with Moroccan and Indian influences in 70s hues. The most notable new design of the bunch is a big-buckled saddle bag, which comes in patchwork and studded versions but is most compelling in a single color of nubuck with tonal covered hardware.


text: Idea Book & Catalogue Close To My Heart is the "Let Me Show You How™" company. From easy-to-follow patterns in our how-to books to coordinated embellishments for fast and gorgeous pages, we can show you how to discover your creativity and celebrate relationships—with handmade projects from the heart! Browse our latest idea book & catalog below. Seasonal Expressions 2 May–August 2019 Printable PDF (65 MB) Recipes Product Index


text:
Log In needed A to B Moving Ltd. 1-855-899-6683Report Ad
A to B Moving is now in the Sudbury area every 2 weeks relocating families anywhere in Canada with our long distance fleet of furniture haulers. We offer discounted rates as we can load multiple shipments in our quality air ride units simultaneously, while keeping your household goods completely separate and secure from others. By combining costs with other families, we are able to pass the savings on to you.
NEED A QUOTE? Simply fill out our Moving Calculator on our website which automatically calculates your weight. With this information, we will respond within 1 business day and provide you with an easy-to-read quotation which will list detailed information including pricing and scheduling for your upcoming relocation. Also feel free to enquire about our full service relocations as we can pack your belongings for you which will save you even more time. BONUS! Enter coupon code LG36 in the Notes to Movers section on our Moving Calculator and receive $50 off your relocation with us.
We are a family owned company with a focus on quality service. We are proud to be a BBB Community Sponsor with an A+ Rating and a Canadian Association of Movers (CAM) Member. We can provide 350+ references and we have been relocating families across the country for over 17 years.
For a complete list of packing tips as well other useful information for all of your relocation needs, visit our website at atobmoving.com or simply give us a call toll free at 1-855-899-6683.
With A to B Moving, YOU WILL BE MOVED BY OUR SERVICE.
Ad #18872374
PostedJanuary 09, 2013
RenewedJanuary 09, 2019
ExpiryApril 09, 2019
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text:
ENGL 635 "London in Contemporary British Literature"
Note: All assigned reading should be completed by the date listed.
[CP] = Class Pack. Continuities = Ackroyd's London: A Biography
London: An Introduction
|McLeod, from Postcolonial London (1-9); Bennett, "Colonisation in Reverse" (1966); Soyinka, "Telephone Conversation" (1960) [readings distributed as xerox in class]
1948 and All That
|Levy, Small Island (2003) (1-278)
Historical background: Morley and Robbins, "Chronology" (504-510); Phillips, from A New World Order (241-46, 264-282); Phillips and Phillips, from Windrush (26-103) [CP]
Response Paper #1 Due (2 pages) on Levy
Continuities: "Blitz," "Refashioning the City" (720-750)
|• Levy, Small Island (281-438)
Selected reviews for Levy's Small Island [CP]
Leading Discussion: Levy, Small Island
• Selvon, from Ways of Sunlight (1957) (125-138; 161-166; 175-188); McLeod, from Postcolonial London (1-40) [CP]
|MacInnes, Absolute Beginners (1958)
McLeod, from Postcolonial London (40-58); Phillips and Phillips, from Windrush (158-180) [CP]
Continuities: "London as Crowd" (383-402), "London's Radicals," "Violent London" (455-490)
History Repeating?: Rebellion, Isolation, Integration
|Byatt, Babel Tower (1996) (3-369)
Response Paper #2 Due (2 pages) on Byatt
Continuities: "From Prehistory to 1066," "The Early Middle Ages" (5-64)
Continuities: "London Contrasts," "The Late Medieval City," "Onward and Upward," "Trading Streets and Trading Parishes," "A London Neighborhood" (65-134)
|Byatt, Babel Tower (370-622)
Selected reviews for Byatt's Babel Tower; Alfer, "Realism and Its Discontents: The Virgin in the Garden and Still Life" (47-59) [CP]
Leading Discussion: Byatt, Babel Tower
Continuities: "Crime and Punishment" (237-295)
Continuities: "Voracious London" (297-382)
|Paper #1 Due (4-5 pages) to my mailbox in ECS 119 by 5 p.m.
|Churchill, Cloud 9 (1978)
Selected reviews for Churchill's Cloud 9 [CP]
Continuities: "London as Theatre"(134-189)
|Su 12
|Viewing of The Prisoner
|London on TV: The Prisoner, EastEnders, Little Britain
Critical reading on The Prisoner [CP]
|Winterson, Sexing the Cherry (1989)
Selected reviews for Winterson's Sexing the Cherry; Winterson, from Art Objects (26-44); "Interview with Jeanette Winterson" (11-29); Wasserstrom, "Are You Now or Have You Ever Been ... Postmodern?"; Hutcheon, from The Politics of Postmodernism (1-7, 47-54, 71-78) [CP]
Response Paper #3 Due (2 pages) on Winterson
Leading Discussion: Winterson, Sexing the Cherry
Continuities: "Pestilence and Flame," "After the Fire" (191-236), "Black Magic, White Magic" (491-507)
Continuities: "A Fever of Building," "London's Rivers," "Under the Ground" (510-560)
Escaping the Past, Imagining the Future
|Smith, White Teeth (2000) (1-256)
Continuities: "The Centre of Empire," "After the Great War" (685-720)
|Smith, White Teeth (257-448)
Selected reviews for Smith's White Teeth; Head, "Zadie Smith's White Teeth: Multiculturalism for the Millennium" (106-119) [CP]
Response Paper #4 Due (2 pages) on Smith
Leading Discussion: Smith, White Teeth
|Essay Review Due (4-5 pages) to my mailbox in ECS 119 by 5 p.m.
|No Class -- View Bend it Like Beckham and post message board response. Read ahead and work on plan/prospectus for Paper #2
|Prospectus (1 p.) for Paper #2 due to my mailbox in ECS 119 by 5 p.m.
|Ali, Brick Lane
Selected reviews for Ali's Brick Lane; Phillipson et. al., from Women in Transition (2003) (1-30); Kabeer, from The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi Women and Labour Market Decisions in London and Dhaka (2000) (193-229, 421-431) [CP]
Response Paper #5 Due (2 pages) on Ali
Leading Discussion: Ali, Brick Lane
Continuities: "Victorian Megalopolis" (561-585), "Continuities," "East and South" (647-684)
Continuities: "London's Outcasts," "Women and Children" (587-645)
|No Class -- Thanksgiving Break
|• Haddon, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time (2000)
Selected reviews for Haddon's The Curious Incident..., Haddon, "B is for Best Seller," and Donnelly, "Paperback Writer" [online]
Leading Discussion: Haddon, The Curious Incident...
• Selected poems: John Agard, "Windrush Welcome" (1998), "Uncle Mo Steps Out" (1998), "Remember the Ship" (1998); and Benjamin Zephaniah, "What Stephen Lawrence Has Taught Us" (1998); Childs, from The Twentieth Century in Poetry (180-204) [CP]
Continuities: "The Natural History of London," "Night and Day" (403-453), "Cockney Visionaries" (751-760)
|Paper #2 (and abstract) Due to my mailbox in ECS 119 by 5 p.m. M.L.A. documentation format.
|• Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Recommended reading: Westman, "Spectres of Thatcherism: Contemporary British Culture in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter Series" (305-328) [CP]
• Selected poems: Fleur Adcock, "Immigrant" (1979) and "Instead of an Interview" (1979); Jackie Kay, "In My Country" (1993); Moniza Alvi, "Arrival 1946"(1993); Merle Collins, "Visiting Yorkshire -- Again" (1992) and "When Britain Had Its GREAT" (1992) [CP]
• Coda: McLeod, from Postcolonial London (189-194); Phillips, from A New World Order (303-309) [CP]
|Final Exam (IDs & essay): 7-8:50 p.m.


text:
Windows - Security
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text:
The Godfather/
Today is my husband's cousin's birthday. (Is a cousin-in-law a thing?)
You may remember Mark from his recent guest post, in which he espoused the
white-trash down-home virtues of mixing Tennessee whiskey and cherry-flavored Juicy Juice.
This is what I made Mark for his birthday this year:
And this is what Mark will very likely be making for himself for his birthday this year, as it is one of his favorite cocktails. If you like the taste of marzipan, it may become one of your faves as well.
The Godfather
2 ounces Dewar's
1 ounce Disaronno
Combine ingredients in an ice-filled highball glass and stir briskly for a few seconds.


text:
The unstoppable Lara Croft is back in Tomb Raider II, complete with the classic gameplay that made Tomb Raider the game of the year!
Join Lara in her quest for The Dagger of Xian, reputed to possess the power of the dragon. But beware, Lara is not the only one in search of the dagger! Warrior Monks and crazed cult members plot against you as you travel from the remote mountain peaks of Tibet, the canals of Venice and even to the bottom of the sea.READ MORE
Minimum System Requirements
Supported Gamepads: Supports Logitech Precision, Saitek Rumble PS3200, and Gravis Eliminator Gamepad Pro controllersREAD MORE


text:
The Reggie Jackson Story
Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1979 - Biography & Autobiography - 224 pages
A biography of the controversial baseball player who has led teams to five pennants and four World Series championships and who has been Most Valuable Player in two World Series and his own league.
From inside the book
48 pages matching manager in this book
Where's the rest of this book?
Results 1-3 of 48
What people are saying - Write a review
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Common terms and phrases
American League asked athletes ball Baltimore Bando base baseball big leagues Billy Martin Blue Bob Lemon Boston Campaneris catcher Catfish Hunter Chambliss championship Charlie Charlie Finley coach Darold Knowles Dent Detroit Dodgers doubled dressing room drove dugout fans field Figueroa Fingers Finley fired five football four friends Gabe Paul games back George Steinbrenner Gossage Guidry hard hit a home hitter Holtzman home runs homer Joe Rudi Kansas City lead led the league Lemon lost Lou Piniella manager million Nettles ninth Oakland Orioles outfield Piniella pitcher pitching play players playoffs rally Red Sox Reggie Jackson Reggie says Reggie's Rice Rudi runs batted salary scored season second game seventh singled sixth spotlight started Steinbrenner straight games talk teammates third game throw Thurman Munson told took Torrez tough two-run victory walked wanted White Sox Wide World Photos World Series Yankee Stadium York


text:
Bribery trial set for April in federal court | Crime
OXFORD, Miss. -- The federal trial of a Georgia businesswoman indicted on charges of paying bribes to a former superintendent of schools in Greenville, Miss., is scheduled for April 15 in Oxford, Miss.
Edna Goble, of Conyers, Ga., faces 10 counts of providing things of value to former superintendent Harvey Franklin Sr. in exchange for a consulting contract with the Greenville Public School District. She was indicted in December. She has pleaded not guilty.
Goble is founder and president of Teach Them to Read Inc., a reading-intervention company that was paid $1.4 million by the Greenville district, according to court documents.
Franklin pleaded guilty last August to accepting $47,000 in bribes from Goble. He has not been sentenced.


text:
KDE 4.3 has arrived 😀
Lots of behind-the-scenes fixes, a new pretty (debatable) default plasma theme and various new stuff across the board make kde 4.3 an exciting release!
Gentoo ebuilds were available the moment tarballs were released, thanks to the hard work of our Gentoo KDE team 😉
However, since 4.3 brings some new packages (and dependencies), we've hard masked the ebuilds until everything gets the proper keywords.
You can follow the keywording progress in bug 280312.
Instructions on how to unmask kde 4.3 after the screenshot
unmasking & installing kde 4.3
kde 4.3 might be masked but it works fine on x86 and amd64 (for other archs check the bug above).
to install it, you can easily unmask it using the unmask file provided in the kde-testing overlay, [kde-testing]/Documentation/package.unmask/kde-4.3
if you don't have / don't want the overlay, you can grab the file here.
you can also use a command similar to
# unmasking kde 4.3
wget -O /etc/portage/package.unmask/kde-4.3 'http://git.overlays.gentoo.org/gitweb/?p=proj/kde.git;a=blob_plain;f=Documentation/package.unmask/kde-4.3'
to automatically save the unmask file to your unmask folder (if you use folders) 🙂
for those using stable gentoo, there's a similar keywords file
# adding kde 4.3 in package.keywords/
wget -O /etc/portage/package.keywords/kde-4.3 'http://git.overlays.gentoo.org/gitweb/?p=proj/kde.git;a=blob_plain;f=Documentation/package.keywords/kde-4.3.keywords'
if you're trying to upgrade from kde 4.2, but portage gives you nice little blocks, there are a few things you can check:
- make sure you've synced the tree and kde-testing overlay (if using it) :p
- make sure the unmask/keyword files are correct and up-to-date
- check that you don't have any 4.2 versioned kde-base/* items in /var/lib/portage/world
- check that you don't have any 4.2 versioned sets in /var/lib/portage/world_sets
emerge -avDuN world— you'll probably get some messy output but all blocks should be automatically resolved
if you hit any issues feel free to leave a comment, check the gentoo kde 4 guide (should be up-to-date soon) or visit us @ #gentoo-kde (freenode).
enjoy your shiny new kde!


text:
Frederick II, byname Frederick the Great, German Friedrich der Grosse, (born January 24, 1712, Berlin, Prussia [Germany]—died August 17, 1786, Potsdam, near Berlin), king of Prussia (1740–86), a brilliant military campaigner who, in a series of diplomatic stratagems and wars against Austria and other powers, greatly enlarged Prussia's territories and made Prussia the foremost military power in Europe. An enlightened absolute monarch, he favoured French language and art and built a French Rococo palace, Sanssouci, near Berlin.
What is Frederick II known for?
When was Frederick II born?
When did Frederick II ascend the throne?
Frederick, the third king of Prussia, ranks among the two or three dominant figures in the history of modern Germany. Under his leadership Prussia became one of the great states of Europe. Its territories were greatly increased and its military strength displayed to striking effect. From early in his reign Frederick achieved a high reputation as a military commander, and the Prussian army rapidly became a model admired and imitated in many other states. He also emerged quickly as a leading exponent of the ideas of enlightened government, which were then becoming influential throughout much of Europe; indeed, his example did much to spread and strengthen those ideas. Notably, his insistence on the primacy of state over personal or dynastic interests and his religious toleration widely affected the dominant intellectual currents of the age. Even more than his younger contemporaries, Catherine II the Great of Russia and Joseph II in the Habsburg territories, it was Frederick who, during the mid-18th century, established in the minds of educated Europeans a notion of what "enlightened despotism" should be. His actual achievements, however, were sometimes less than they appeared on the surface; indeed, his inevitable reliance on the landowning officer (Junker) class set severe limits in several respects to what he could even attempt. Nevertheless, his reign saw a revolutionary change in the importance and prestige of Prussia, which was to have profound implications for much of the subsequent history of Europe.
Early life
Frederick was the eldest surviving son of Frederick William I, king of Prussia, and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, daughter of George I of Britain. Frederick's upbringing and education were strictly controlled by his father, who was a martinet as well as a paranoiac. Encouraged and supported by his mother and his sister Wilhelmina, Frederick soon came into bitter conflict with his father. Frederick William I deeply despised the artistic and intellectual tastes of his son and was infuriated by Frederick's lack of sympathy with his own rigidly puritanical and militaristic outlook. His disappointment and contempt took the form of bitter public criticism and even outright physical violence, and Frederick, beaten and humiliated by his father, often over trifling details of behaviour, took refuge in evasion and deceit. This personal and family feud culminated spectacularly in 1730, when Frederick was imprisoned in the fortress of Küstrin after planning unsuccessfully to flee initially to France or Holland. Lieutenant Hans Hermann von Katte, the young officer who had been his accomplice in the plan, was executed in Frederick's presence, and there was for a short time a real possibility that the prince might share his fate. During the next year or more Frederick, as a punishment, was employed as a junior official in local administration and deprived of his military rank. The effects of this terrible early life are impossible to measure with accuracy, but there is little doubt that the violent and capricious bullying of his father influenced him deeply.
In 1733, after a partial reconciliation with his father, Frederick was married to a member of a minor German princely family, Elizabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern, for whom he never cared and whom he systematically neglected. In the following year he saw active military service for the first time under the great Austrian commander Eugene of Savoy against the French army in the Rhineland. In the later 1730s, in semiretirement in the castle of Rheinsberg near Berlin and able for the first time to give free rein to his own tastes, he read voraciously, absorbing the ideas on government and international relations that were to guide him throughout his life. These years were perhaps the happiest that Frederick ever experienced. However, his relations with his father, though somewhat improved, remained strained.
Accession to the throne and foreign policy
Frederick William I died on May 31, 1740, and Frederick, on his accession, immediately made it clear to his ministers that he alone would decide policy. Within a few months he was given a chance to do so in a way that revolutionized Prussia's international position. The Holy Roman emperor Charles VI, of the Austrian house of Habsburg, died on October 20, leaving as his heir a daughter, the archduchess Maria Theresa, whose claims to several of the heterogeneous Habsburg territories were certain to be disputed. Moreover, her army was in a poor state, the financial position of the Habsburg government very difficult, and her ministers mediocre and in many cases old. Frederick, however, thanks to his father, had a fine army and ample funds at his disposal. He therefore decided shortly after the emperor's death to attack the Habsburg province of Silesia, a wealthy and strategically important area to which the Hohenzollerns, the ruling family of Prussia, had dynastic claims, though weak ones. The most important threat to his plans was Russian support for Maria Theresa, which he hoped to avert by judicious bribery in St. Petersburg and by exploiting the confusion that was likely to follow the imminent death of the empress Anna. He also hoped that Maria Theresa would cede most of Silesia in return for a promise of Prussian support against her other enemies, but her refusal to do so made war inevitable.
The first military victory of Frederick's reign was the battle of Mollwitz (April 1741), though it owed nothing to his own leadership; in October Maria Theresa, now threatened by a hostile coalition of France, Spain, and Bavaria, had to agree to the Convention of Klein-Schnellendorf, by which Frederick was allowed to occupy the whole of Lower Silesia. However, the Habsburg successes against the French and Bavarians that followed so alarmed Frederick that early in 1742 he invaded Moravia, the region south of Silesia, which was under Austrian rule. His rather incomplete victory at Chotusitz in May nonetheless forced Maria Theresa to cede almost all of Silesia by the Treaty of Berlin of 1742 in July. This once more allowed Habsburg forces to be concentrated against France and Bavaria, and 1743 and the early months of 1744 saw Maria Theresa's position in Germany become markedly stronger. Frederick, again alarmed by this, invaded Bohemia in August 1744 and rapidly overran it. However, by the end of the year lack of French support and threats to his lines of communication had forced him to retreat. Moreover, the elector Augustus III (king of Poland and the elector of Saxony) now joined Maria Theresa in attacking him in Silesia. He was rescued from this threatening situation by the prowess of his army; victories at Hohenfriedberg in June 1745 and at Soor in September were followed by a Prussian invasion of Saxony. The Treaty of Dresden, signed on December 25, 1745, finally established Prussian rule in Silesia and ended for the time being the complex series of struggles that had begun five years earlier.
Silesia was a valuable acquisition, being more developed economically than any other major part of the Hohenzollern dominions. Moreover, military victory had now made Prussia at least a semigreat power and marked Frederick as the most successful ruler in Europe. He was well aware, however, that his situation was far from secure. Maria Theresa was determined to recover Silesia, and the peace she signed with France and Spain at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 allowed her to accelerate significant improvements in the administration of her territories and the organization of her army. Frederick's alliance with France, which dated from an agreement of June 1741, was based merely on mutual hostility toward the Habsburgs and had never been effective. More serious, anti-Prussian feeling was now running high in Russia, where both the empress Elizabeth, who had ascended the throne in 1741, and her chancellor, Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, bitterly disliked Frederick. Moreover, Great Britain, under George II, seeking an effective continental ally against France, seemed to be moving closer to Maria Theresa and Elizabeth. In September 1755 Britain signed an agreement with Russia by which Russia, in return for British subsidies, was to provide a large military force in its Baltic provinces to protect, if necessary, the electorate of Hanover, ruled by George II, against possible French or Prussian attack. Frederick was deeply alarmed by this: a hostile Austro-Russian alliance backed by British money seemed to threaten the destruction of Prussia. In January 1756 he attempted to escape from this menacing situation by an agreement with Britain for the neutralization of Germany in the Anglo-French colonial and naval war that had just begun. This, however, deeply antagonized Louis XV and the French government, who saw the agreement as an insulting desertion of France, Frederick's ostensible ally. The result was the signature in May of a Franco-Austrian defensive alliance. This did not in itself threaten Frederick, but he soon became convinced that a Russo-Austrian attack on him, with French support, was imminent. He determined to forestall his enemies and, in a daring move, invaded Saxony in August 1756 and marched on into Bohemia. This action has been more actively debated by historians than any other event of Frederick's reign because it raised in an acute form the general issue regarding the morality of preventive military action. Though Frederick took the offensive and thus unleashed a great military struggle, there is no doubt that he was by 1756 seriously threatened, indeed, even more seriously than he himself realized, and that his enemies, most of all the empress Elizabeth, meant to destroy Prussia's newly won international status.
Trials and lessons
The Seven Years' War, on which he embarked thus soon became a life-and-death struggle. In 1757 France, Sweden, Russia, and many of the smaller German states joined the ranks of his opponents, while the Prussian invasion of Bohemia collapsed after a serious defeat at Kolín in June. Brilliant victories over the French and Austrian armies, respectively, at Rossbach and Leuthen in November and December partially reestablished Frederick's position, but it still remained extremely precarious. Ruthless exploitation of every available resource (notably of much of Saxony, which was under Prussian military occupation during most of the war), debasement of the currency, and a British subsidy that he received in 1758–62 allowed Frederick with increasing difficulty to keep up the unequal struggle. More than anything, however, he was helped by the complete failure of his enemies to cooperate effectively, while a partly British and British-financed army in western Germany from 1758 onward neutralized the French military effort. Nevertheless, the strain was immense; in October 1757 a cabinet order suspended all payment of salaries and pensions to Prussian civil servants and judges apart from diplomats serving abroad. Frederick could still win victories in the field, as, for example, at Zorndorf (August 1758) against the Russians at heavy cost or at Liegnitz and Torgau (August and November 1760) against the Austrians. But he also suffered serious defeats at Hochkirch in October 1758 and above all at the hands of a Russian army at Kunersdorf in August 1759. This disaster temporarily reduced him to despair and thoughts of suicide; if it had been effectively followed up by his adversaries, he could not have continued the struggle. As the forces he could put in the field dwindled and resistance grew among his subjects to the unprecedented burdens imposed by the war (in 1760 the landowners of Brandenburg refused to contribute further), the Prussian position became increasingly difficult; by 1761 it was desperate. However, the death in January 1762 of the empress Elizabeth, the most bitter of all Frederick's enemies, completely changed the situation. Her successor, Peter III, a fanatical admirer of Prussia and Frederick, signed an armistice in May, followed by a Russo-Prussian peace treaty. This turn of events ended Maria Theresa's hopes of recovering Silesia. The Treaty of Hubertusburg (Feb. 15, 1763), which ended the war in Germany, left the province in Frederick's hands. Prussia had survived, and its military reputation was now greater than ever. The cost had been enormous, however. The Prussian army had lost 180,000 men during the struggle, and some Prussian provinces had been completely devastated.
Henceforth Frederick was determined to avoid another such conflict: the alliance with Russia that he signed in 1764 and which lasted until 1780 was directed largely to this end. Nevertheless, he still firmly opposed any growth of Habsburg power in Germany, and in July 1778 a new Austro-Prussian struggle broke out over the efforts of the emperor Joseph II, the son of Maria Theresa, to gain a large part of Bavaria. This War of the Bavarian Succession was half-hearted and short-lived, and the Treaty of Teschen ending it in May 1779 was a severe check to Joseph's ambitions and a diplomatic victory for Frederick. But this new conflict showed unmistakably that Austro-Prussian rivalry stemming from the events of 1740–41 was now a deeply ingrained fact of German political life. Fear of Habsburg ambitions continued to haunt Frederick to the end of his reign. His last significant achievement was to inspire the formation, in July 1785, of the League of Princes (Fürstenbund), which united a number of German states—the most important being Hanover, Saxony, and the archbishopric of Mainz—in successful opposition to Joseph II and his renewed efforts to acquire the whole of Bavaria in exchange for the Austrian Netherlands.
Partition of Poland
The most important foreign policy development in the second half of Frederick's reign was the first partition of Poland, in 1772. By this Prussia gained the Polish province of West Prussia (though without the great commercial city of Danzig), and thus Brandenburg and Pomerania, the core of the monarchy, became linked with the theretofore isolated East Prussia. This gave the state a much greater territorial coherence and more defensible frontiers. It also moved its geographic centre decisively to the east and sharpened the social and political differences that tended to separate it from the states of western Europe.
Frederick had always hoped for territorial gains of this kind, and, as the weakness and confusion of the internally divided Polish republic increased during the 1760s, the possibilities of realizing them grew. In 1769 he tried indirectly to interest Catherine II of Russia in a partition but in vain. By January 1771, however, faced by strong Austrian opposition to her expansionist ambitions in southeastern Europe, the empress had changed her mind. The visit to St. Petersburg in that month of Frederick's younger brother Prince Henry played a decisive role in making a partition possible; the Habsburg government, which had hoped to recover Silesia or gain territory in the Balkans, was persuaded to join in the process. Frederick bears much of the responsibility for the partition, for he alone of the monarchs who took part had consciously desired it. Since both Russia and Austria were persuaded to follow a policy that was largely Prussian in inspiration, it ranks as perhaps his greatest diplomatic success.
Domestic policies
In administrative, economic, and social policy Frederick's attitudes were essentially conservative. Much of what he did in these areas was little more than a development of policies pursued by his father. He justified these policies in terms of the rationalizing rhetoric of "enlightened despotism," whereas the devoutly Protestant Frederick William I had done so in terms of religious obligation, but many of the objectives, and the means used to attain them, were the same. Frederick, in spite of his appalling personal relationship with his father, admired him as a ruler and freely acknowledged the debt he owed him. "Only his care," he wrote during the Seven Years' War, "his untiring work, his scrupulously just policies, his great and admirable thriftiness and the strict discipline he introduced into the army which he himself had created, made possible the achievements I have so far accomplished."
Like Frederick William I, Frederick thought of kingship as a duty. To him it entailed obligations to be met only by untiring and conscientious work. It was his duty to protect his subjects from foreign attack, to make them prosperous, to give them efficient and honest administration, and to provide them with laws that were simple and adapted to their wants and their particular temperament. In order to achieve these objectives, the ruler must sacrifice his own interests and any purely personal or family feeling. Raison d'état, the needs of the state, took precedence over these and also over the immediate comfort and happiness of his subjects. The ruler could carry out his duties effectively only if he kept the reins of government firmly in his own hands. His rule must be personal. He must not rely on ministers who were likely to be influenced by selfish ambitions or factional feeling and who might well keep important information from their master if they were allowed to. Personal rule alone could produce the unity and consistency essential to any successful policy. In his Anti-Machiavel, a somewhat conventional discussion of the principles of good government published in 1740 just before his accession, Frederick wrote that there were two sorts of princes—those who ruled in person and those who merely relied on subordinates. The former were "like the soul of a state" and "the weight of their government falls on themselves alone, like the world on the back of Atlas," whereas the second group were mere phantoms. Yet he would have rejected outright, and on the whole with justification, any suggestion that he ruled as a despot. On the contrary, he would have claimed that his power, however great, was exercised only within limits set by law and that the obligations inherent in his position made it impossible for him to govern in an arbitrary way.
Problems of autocracy
The insistence that any effective monarchical rule must be intensely personal had obvious potential dangers. As Frederick grew older, these showed themselves with increasing clarity. His whole psychology was hostile to the development in the Prussian administration or army of any real originality, new ideas, or willingness to take initiatives or accept individual responsibilities. He fostered among those who served him a tendency to play safe and to perform their duties conscientiously but to do no more than that. Under him the Prussian administration was the most honest and hardworking in Europe. Its achievements, however, stemmed from the impetus supplied from above by the king rather than from any creative force inherent in the system itself. The provincial War and Domains Chambers established by Frederick William I in 1722 remained very important, and their number grew from 9 to 12. The General Directory, again created by Frederick William, as the main organ of central government with wide-ranging powers, acquired under Frederick several new departments (for commerce and manufactures in 1740, for mines and metallurgy in 1768, for forestry a few years later) but tended, as the reign went on, to become ossified and to lose a good deal of its former importance. The administration of Silesia after its acquisition in the 1740s was notably efficient, and its resources helped greatly in carrying Frederick through the dark days of the Seven Years' War. But tradition and continuity rather than innovation were the hallmarks of the Prussian administration under him; many of what new departures there were (for example, an effort in 1770 to introduce a system of state examinations for entry into the civil service) were not very effective. Many of the truly successful innovations were in the judicial system, where the reforming efforts of Samuel von Cocceji resulted in all judges in higher and appellate courts being appointed only after they had passed a rigorous examination. Cocceji also inspired the establishment in 1750 of a new Superior Consistory to supervise church and educational affairs and began the process of legal codification that culminated after Frederick's death in the issue of the Prussian Common Law (Das Allgemeine Preussische Landrecht) of 1794, one of the most important 18th-century efforts of this kind. Yet Frederick's unwillingness ever to admit a mistake or change his mind tended, as he grew older, to make the processes of government increasingly rigid and inflexible. The government's refusal to adapt and adjust, which was already visible during the monarch's later years, culminated in the Prussian collapse of 1806 before the armies of Napoleon.
Army and the state
The overriding objective of Frederick's rule was to increase the power of the state. His desire to foster education and cultural life was sincere, but these humanitarian goals were secondary compared with the task of building a great army and gaining the financial resources needed to maintain it. The army was the pivot around which all else turned, and the administrative system existed essentially to recruit, feed, equip, and pay it. In proportion to the resources available to support it, its size was unequaled anywhere in Europe. In 1740 Frederick inherited a standing army of 83,000 men; when he died, this figure had risen to 190,000 (though of these only about 80,000 were Prussian subjects). Under him it remained a force of peasants and of numerous foreign recruits obtained often by outright kidnapping, officered by landowners. In Prussia the army was recruited almost entirely in the countryside; the function of townsmen was to pay for it through their taxes, not to serve in it. Up to a point Frederick tried to protect the peasants and the soldiers against the demands of the Junker landlord-officers. In 1749 and 1764 he issued decrees limiting the obligations of the peasant to his lord, and in 1748 he ordered officers not to treat their men "like serfs"; but these were essentially efforts to prevent the plight of the peasant from becoming so desperate that he would be driven into flight and thus jeopardize the supply of recruits. Throughout Frederick's reign, army service was for the majority of his subjects the most onerous of all the burdens imposed by the state. In order to finance the great army, heavy demands were made on territories that for the most part were poor. Nothing, however, seemed more important to the monarch than amassing a large reserve of cash to be used for the recruitment of men in case of war. The financial demands that a serious conflict would make were constantly on his mind, and the desperate struggles of 1756–62 confirmed him in his beliefs.
Much of the tax system, based on the excise (largely a tax on food) paid by the towns and the contribution (a complex property tax) raised in the countryside, supplemented by the profits of the extensive royal domains, remained essentially unchanged. Still, Frederick experimented with a number of new taxes, notably with a new system of taxing tobacco and some less important commodities (introduced in 1766 under the supervision of a French entrepreneur, Le Haye de Launay), but these innovations did not bring about significant changes. Indeed, many of Frederick's fiscal policies were ill-judged; for example, the maintenance of a great reserve of cash, which removed from circulation much of the liquid capital of a poor society, was economically damaging. Yet strict control of expenditure and relatively efficient tax collection meant that the government, unlike many others of the age, was never hamstrung by lack of money.
Frederick's economic policies were squarely in the mercantilist tradition. "The foundation of trade and manufactures," he wrote in his Testament Politique of 1752, "is to prevent money leaving the country and to make it come in." The direct and simplistic way in which these ideas were sometimes applied can be seen in an order of 1747 forbidding individuals to take more than 300 thalers in specie out of their territories. So far as possible Prussia was to avoid importing foreign manufactured goods, and to this end domestic producers were to be helped by privileges and even outright grants of money. Exports were to be encouraged in the same way. In particular, much money was spent on efforts to develop a substantial silk industry, with generally disappointing results. By the end of the reign textiles of all kinds accounted for two-thirds of Prussia's industrial production, and the textile industry employed about 90 percent of the industrial labour force, but this situation owed little to Frederick's economic policies. Efforts to foster the production of porcelain—which, like silk, was one of the industrial status symbols of a number of 18th-century rulers—were also costly and not very effective. A small number of favoured industrialists, notably David Splitgerber and Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky in the 1750s, benefited by these policies, but for Prussia as a whole they were largely a misuse of resources. Other new creations such as the Maritime Trading Company (Seehandlung), a government-backed corporation set up in 1772 to develop overseas trade, and even the Royal Bank of Berlin, established in 1765, were also marginal to the economic life of Frederick's territories, which, except to some extent in Silesia, in the area around Berlin, and in the little county of Mark in western Germany, continued to be based on agriculture.
Some of the state's programs, however, achieved real success, though sometimes at high cost. Most important was the sustained effort, in the 1760s and '70s, to attract immigrants and to settle them on waste or depopulated land; this settlement program formed the central feature of the rétablissement, the making good of the losses of the Seven Years' War. During Frederick's reign more than 300,000 settlers were attracted to Prussia from other parts of Europe—a substantial addition to a population that in 1740 had numbered only about 2,200,000. In addition, the army provided a large market for arms and woolen cloth for uniforms and thus did something to stimulate economic growth. Moreover, in peacetime the soldiers served with their regiments only for a few months of the year, spending the remaining part in agriculture or some urban employment. The fact that they were in this way integrated into society helped to offset the burden that so great a military effort placed on the economy.
Frederick's social policies were as conservative as his economic ones. He considered the nobility the most important class in Prussian society. From it were drawn the majority of the army officers and virtually all the higher-ranking ones. It also produced the majority of his officials and all his ministers and completely dominated local government in the countryside. In Frederick's eyes, the nobility alone of all the social groups had a sense of personal honour and responsibility. The continued existence of the state depended on it, and the regime could not function without its cooperation. Thus its interests were always to be safeguarded. In particular, it was not to be diluted by the grant of noble status to self-made bourgeois, and land owned by noble families was to be protected against purchase by members of the urban middle class, however wealthy. Frederick stated these ideas repeatedly in his voluminous writings on statecraft, notably in the political testaments of 1752 and 1768 drawn up for his successor. Given this attitude, it is not surprising that his reign saw little practical improvement for the peasantry, much of which, in Pomerania, Brandenburg, and East Prussia, was still personally unfree, owing labour services to noble landowners. In principle, Frederick sincerely disliked serfdom. In practice, however, he realized that any rapid move against it risked the disruption of Prussia's agricultural life and the erosion of the position of the all-important nobility. His efforts to improve the lot of his peasant subjects were therefore little more than gestures. As part of his commitment to stimulate recovery from the losses of the Seven Years' War, he tried to abolish serfdom in Prussian Pomerania and also to give the peasantry of Upper Silesia greater security of tenure, but none of this had much practical effect because he never contemplated any significant change in the social order.
Frederick prided himself on being, among rulers, the leading representative of the high culture of his day. He was a prolific writer on contemporary history and politics; his Histoire de mon temps (1746) is still a source of some value for the period it covers. He produced large quantities of mediocre poetry and composed music. He invited to Prussia several of the leading French intellectuals of the age, notably Voltaire (with whom he soon quarreled). But here again his outlook was essentially conservative. Culture to him meant French culture: he wrote and spoke French by preference, using German only when necessary. He had no interest in the profound intellectual stirrings occurring in Germany. Berlin under him never became an important intellectual centre. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, perhaps the greatest German writer of the mid-18th century, described Prussia as "the most slavish country in Europe," and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, the most distinguished of the musicians serving Frederick, did so rather reluctantly. Frederick's religious tolerance, however, was genuine: it was one of the things that helped to mark him in the eyes of contemporaries as a truly enlightened ruler. The abolition of judicial torture, one of his first acts as king, also showed his genuine belief in this aspect of enlightened reform. On an even more fundamental level, the General Education Regulations (General-Landschul-Reglement) of 1763 attempted to create a system of universal primary education throughout the Prussian monarchy. Lack of resources limited its practical effect, but it was the most ambitious effort of the kind theretofore seen anywhere in Europe.
Significance of Frederick's reign
Both by his accomplishments and by his example Frederick deeply influenced the course of German history. In the struggles of the 1740s and '50s he weakened still further the tottering structure of the Holy Roman Empire. The bitter Austro-Prussian rivalry that he began was to be a dominant political force in Germany and central Europe for well over a century. Not until the final Prussian victory over Austria in 1866 was the long contest for leadership in Germany finally resolved. For his share in creating the division of the German world Frederick was later attacked, sometimes bitterly, by a number of historians who saw him as having prevented the emergence of a united Great Germany that included all the major German-speaking areas of Europe. Certainly, he had no sympathy, and indeed no understanding, for the embryonic German nationalism. The efforts of some writers of the 19th and 20th centuries to present him as a forerunner of German national unity are quite misleading. His renewed attack on Maria Theresa of Austria in 1744, for example, frustrated an Austrian invasion of Alsace and its possible return from French to German control, and during the Seven Years' War he offered more than once to cede to France territory in western Germany in the hope of breaking up the coalition that threatened him. Moreover, by his part in the first partition of Poland he helped to create an important common interest with Russia: thenceforth both states had as one of their major objectives the suppression, or at least the strict control, of Polish nationalist aspirations. For generations to come this was to be a factor turning Prussia's attention to eastern Europe and making it less Western in some of its political attitudes than might otherwise have been the case. Yet in many ways Frederick deserved the admiration that later generations, especially in Germany, increasingly felt for him. For all his social and intellectual conservatism he never ceased to feel himself in sympathy with the enlightened intellectual currents and political strivings of the age and with their tolerant and humanitarian aspects. Building on the foundations laid by his father, he consolidated a Prussian ethos of duty, effort, and discipline that, despite some serious negative features, was to become for several generations one of the major political traditions of Europe.
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Germany: The contest between Prussia and Austria…was the new Prussian king, Frederick II (1740–86), who began the conflict. To understand what follows, the modern reader should remember that few observers, even in the enlightened 18th century, disputed a ruler's right to do what he wished with his state. Dynastic aggrandizement, territorial expansion, prestige, honour, power, and…
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Free agents 2014: Derek Jeter, Yankees agree on contract
Derek Jeter and the New York Yankees have agreed to a one-year, $12 million contract.
The deal Friday replaces a $9.5 million player option for the 39-year-old shortstop. Jeter was limited to 17 games this year after breaking his ankle in the 2012 AL championship series opener against Detroit.
Jeter hit .190 (12-for-63) with one homer and seven RBIs in 2013, playing 13 games at shortstop and four at designated hitter. The Yankees' captain was on the disabled list four times. - The Associated Press
What does it mean?
Jeter has every intention to return to full strength with the Yankees next season. And that's good enough for them to cut him a deal above his required salary.
But at 39, is Jeter worth more than most free-agent shortstops entering the 2014 market?
Only time will tell. For now, an aging star cashes in despite playing 17 games last season, one that began and ended with injuries with few healthy days in between.
So why do it? Call it a decision to bolster confidence in a franchise that did something rare in 2013 - miss the postseason.
Team officials, the New York Times noted, are sure Jeter will fulfill his offseason rehab assignment and be ready to resume his roles in the infield, at the plate and as captain in the clubhouse.
If that makes sense, consider the dollars: Had Jeter accepted the option, the New York Daily News noted, he would have taken a pay cut of $7.5 million from his 2013 salary. Thus, a source told the publication, the player and his agent went to boss Hal Steinbrenner to appeal for the one-year accord.
"He's Derek Jeter," the source said. "Nobody wanted a fight over a couple million dollars."
And yes, there was an upside for the Yankees. They will pay out more but face a lower luxury tax hit, the Daily News reported.
Yankees brass plans to hold the payroll on the $189 million cap this season, and Jeter's deal helps further that aim. Exercise the option, CBSSports.com noted, and the tax hit would have been $14 million.
Do the math: Jeter at $12 million is a bargain.
Yes, he remains wildly popular (and not just with the sensationalist media and paparazzi that trail him at all hours).
And he's not Alex Rodriguez, who continues to battle his long suspension in a nightmare case that involves performance-enhancing drugs.
That in itself makes Jeter all the more obvious a talisman for the Yankees. Good news in regards to Jeter wipes away the stain of A-Rod.
So even though Jeter turns 40 next June, and might be headed for his Yankee Stadium swan song and Mariano Rivera-like farewell tour, he is an attraction in pinstripes. And if he does make a stirring comeback, all the better.


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Opposites ignite...
Champion stock car driver Brody Palmer's bad-boy reputation has forced him into early retirement. What no one knows is that his "retirement" is actually a publicity stunt. All Brody has to do is clean up his act and settle down. Unfortunately, every single woman with a pulse is now gunning to become the new Mrs. Palmer.
Hannah Morgan needs to shake things up, and Brody is the best way to do just that. So they strike a deal--a fake relationship...with all of the sexy strings included! Brody gets his improved image, and Hannah gets a whole lot more of Brody's unpredictable wildness. Hot days, hotter nights--it's the perfect plan! Provided, of course, they don't do something to wreck it, like fall for each other...
HOLIDAY RUSH by Samantha Hunter
Cake guru Calla Michaels is canceling Christmas to deal with fondant, batter and an attempted robbery. Then officer Gideon Stone shows up at her door. Calla thought her kitchen was hot enough before...
PLAYING GAMES by Meg Maguire
With her plane grounded on Christmas Eve, Carrie Baxter agrees to share a rental car with her secret high school crush. Sure, Daniel Barber is hotter than ever, but he's still just as prickly, too. It's gonna be one looong drive…and an unforgettably X-rated night!
ALL NIGHT LONG by Debbi Rawlins
Overworked paralegal Carly Watts needs Jack Carrington's signature, but he'll do whatever it takes to buy more time before selling his grandfather's company. Including having one very naughty night before Christmas!
Deception. Attraction. And Complete Seduction.
Luke Berringer used to have everything--money, status. And just like that, he lost it all. Now a bodyguard for Berringer Security, he's determined to track down the woman responsible for ruining his life. But when he finally catches up with Vanessa Grant, he's in for one heck of a surprise....
Vanessa is no con artist. It's a case of mistaken identity, and worse for Luke, the woman has a hidden sensuality that he can't resist. With her life in jeopardy, Luke must protect an innocent woman, track down a guilty one...and determine if maybe the "wrong woman" isn't really the right one, after all!
Tight Quarters
Two hearts converge...until fear runs love off the rails.
Ticket Home
Is that a cell phone in his pocket...or is he just happy to see her?
Thank You for Riding
The last train of the night might just be the start of something good.
Back on Track
What's a little lie between strangers?
Big Boy
He'll be any man she wants...except himself.
His touch was stronger than memory...
She should have died.
Instead, firefighter Erin Riley fought her way back, losing nearly a decade of memories--her much-loved career, her friends and her lost love. Now she's starting over. But the dark, intense gaze of Fire Marshal Bo Myers haunts her days...and her erotically charged nights.
With one kiss, Bo knows he's already in way too deep with his ex. The sheer force of their chemistry is stunning. But it's that connection that triggers Erin's lost memories. Each touch threatens to undo their past. It's only when Bo learns there's a serial arsonist targeting firefighters that he realizes what's really at stake. And the only way to save lives is by risking both of their hearts.
She's been there, done that--but never with the sexy hockey player next door.
Dating, marriage, divorce... Audra Leone has been there, done that. These days she's focused on her antiques business and doesn't need a man complicating her life.
Still, she can't help but notice the flirty ex-hockey player who owns the sports bar next door, but he's got two strikes against him. He's her landlord, and he's almost ten years younger--which puts Audra way outside the flock of twenty-somethings vying for his attention.
When Scott Beckett sees Audra hasn't closed shop during a major snowstorm, he checks in on her--to find her shackled to a post. He's more than happy to help and close the distance she keeps firmly between them. He's well over his playboy days and hungering for something stronger, something lasting.
One spontaneous, bone-melting kiss leads to an explosive night of passion, and Scott realizes the quiet antiques lady is everything he craves. But it'll take some doing--and maybe a disaster or two--to convince her to give forever a chance.
Jasmine Stanford has to be the most stressed-out yoga instructor on Cape Cod. Years after a childhood trauma left her penniless, homeless and parentless, working hard to maintain her hard-won success and security is all she knows.
Controlling her carefully rebuilt life is Jasmine's first priority, and there's no room or time in it for sexy former stockbroker Leo Fischer. But the more Leo comes around, the more Jasmine feels her resolve crumbling.
Leo is--or was--a hotshot investment banker until a workplace tragedy wiped out his memory and his career. On Cape Cod to recover, he's at loose ends, his future uncertain...until Jasmine becomes his north star. But their relationship is only physical, and Jasmine keeps her distance, even when she's as close to him as any woman can be.
Jasmine is anything but indifferent to the desire exploding between them. A summer fling was fine when she thought Leo would return to New York. But she's falling hard--and the last thing she wants to catch her is the past...
In the years since a horrific car accident left her with a long list of phobias, Brenna Burke has overcome them all except one. Crippling claustrophobia—not a good trait for an aspiring travel writer. With an interview for her dream job looming, Brenna forces herself to board a train for a weekend tour through New York State...only to find her berth has been double booked.
Retired NYPD detective Reid Cooper isn't happy about the mix-up, or his attraction to his petite, sexy roommate. But as their up-close-and-personal weekend progresses, something remarkable happens. Being with Reid makes Brenna feel normal, unafraid of anything. After one passionate night, both are thinking beyond a mere weekend fling. But when Brenna's last phobia pounces at the worst possible time, she could miss the last boarding call for happily ever after.
Danger is bodyguard Chance Berringer's first, last and middle name. Protecting celebrity chef Ana Perez—a hot little firecracker with a mouth to match—for two weeks in Mexico is more vacation than job. Just keep his eyes on her, and his hands off. How hard can it be?
Plenty hard.
Ana doesn't want a babysitter during the holidays. Even if Chance's muscled hotness (complete with wicked grin) makes him a mouthwatering dish. But when the heat starts sizzling in the bedroom—and beyond—will this hot tamale cause more trouble than Chance can handle?
Bodyguard Ely Berringer's job was simple: find the missing woman. But there's nothing simple about smokin'-hot tattoo artist Lydia Hamilton...or the fact that they once shared a wickedly sexy night together. And once he finds her in Montana, he realizes that one night with Lydia was definitely not enough!
Lydia's been trying to sort out the sale of her childhood home and ranch. But lately there's been a rash of nasty incidents—break-ins, damaged property...just enough to convince Ely that he needs to stick around. And if that means some no-strings attached naughty nights? Well, he's all hers...even if it is only for the holidays!
Bodyguard and widower Garrett Berringer isn't thrilled about attending his friend's wedding in San Francisco. The upside? The lively and stunning Tiffany Walker—bridesmaid, jewelry store clerk by day, newbie private investigator by night...and Garrett's wicked wedding fling!
But for Tiffany, the morning after turns into a nightmare when she learns that rare jewels have been stolen from her family's store. Fortunately, she has one super-sexy alibi...who turns into one interfering pain in the neck when she decides to track down the thieves herself.
This one-night stand is about to turn into one sexy standoff!
Eyes on, hands off. Easier said than done.
US Marshal Joanna Wyatt has to make her witness protection detail work even though the witness doesn't know he's being protected. Posing as a down-on-her-luck waitress at Ben Callahan's Texas roadhouse, she'll be able to keep a close eye on the man, which is no hardship. It's not falling into bed with the insanely sexy ex-Navy SEAL with the rodeo swagger and whiskey-colored eyes that's the problem. The problem is he doesn't believe he's a target!
Ben's been in plenty of dicey situations before, so he's not worried. What does worry him, however, is the sexy waitress he can't seem to keep his hands off of. He knows it's not the right time to get involved. Still, the heat between them is irresistible, inevitable...
But as their guards go down, danger draws closer...
Tarot-medium Sophie Turner is back, and Boston is burning down around her as a string of serial arsons takes hold of the city. Her personal life isn't faring much better as Sophie makes some disturbing—and potentially dangerous—discoveries about her friends that undermine her trust in those closest to her. Worse, after suffering a psychic dry spell, the newspapers are speculating that she's a scam artist.
When a graduate student dies in one of the fires, Sophie spots a ghost at the crime scene. She thinks the spirit is weak, but finds out differently as the ghost gets inside her head, luring her into its past life. Sophie can only rely on herself, her ghost, and her gift to find the arsonist even as she becomes the killer's target.
Hear. Smell. Touch. Taste.
Tessa Rose is intoxicating to bodyguard Jonas Berringer. But not simply because she has an intimate knowledge of aphrodisiac scents. Nor is it because she's forbidden fruit: a client, the boss's daughter. Though both things help....
But Jonas thinks he has nothing to offer Tessa, not after a moment of lost focus costs Jonas his sight. But when Tessa and Jonas find themselves alone during a blackout, they discover endless temptations in the dark. Until morning, they'll just have to trust their other, heightened senses to see them through....
Eva Jordan is done with men—instead, she has Simon, a perfect fantasy man who haunts her dreams every night, satisfying every desire. Simon never finds fault with her or demands more than she can give, but when she meets Greg during a night out and brings him home with her, she discovers one night with Greg will never be enough.
Being with two perfect men will teach Eva more than she ever imagined about herself and love. As she falls in love with both Greg and Simon, who will she choose?
There's more than sex between them...
Convinced she's a stalker magnet, Gwen Mitchell is taking a break from work and from men, trying to find a little "Gwen time" and figure out what's next in her life. When she meets sexy reporter Nathan Stark, on assignment to interview witches in Salem, Ma, life gets a lot more interesting. She's fiercely attracted to Nathan, but she's not sure she can trust him.
Nathan is caught off-guard when one of the women he meets while conducting interviews happens to resemble a woman who keeps turning up dead in his nightmares. Unfortunately, his dreams have a history of becoming reality. To protect her, he'll have to face the past he's tried to leave behind him.
It doesn't take long before they both fall prey to the powerful sexual attraction that they can't seem to fully control, and that might be the biggest danger of all.
From the time they were kids and neighbors, Reece Winston tugged Abby Harper's pigtails and tormented her. But when Abby—now the sole owner of her parents' vineyard—sees Reece Winston again after years apart, she's unexpectedly struck by the need to play a much more adult kind of game....
Then a freak accident forces her to stay with Reece, and Abby decides that what she really wants for Christmas is Reece—perhaps wrapped with a red bow. But as Abby and Reece explore their naughty lists, they begin to realize that nothing is quite as easy as it seems!
Sophie Turner runs Talismans, a Boston tarot parlor, where she reads tarot and keeps her family's psychic legacy alive. Engaged to straight-as-an-arrow Boston PD Detective Roger Paris, and finishing her college degree in Computer Science, she's ready to start a brand new life that has nothing to do with her paranormal past.
When the murder of her friend and client Patrice Bledsoe leaves Sophie traumatized, she can't trust her own memory about what happened. She remembers a ghostly encounter moments before Patrice was killed. It's not the last time Sophie sees the tragic ghost figure, and she begins to believe her ghost is real when she's plagued with visions she can't ignore.
When her skeptical fiancé won't listen, she asks ghost hunter Dr. Gabe Mason for his help, leading her down a path of no return in more ways than one.
Jodie Patterson's posh bakery is all about satisfying cravings. Her signature aphrodisiac cookies have been flying off the shelves...and giving Jodie some delicious ideas of her own.
Behind his owlish glasses, Jodie's business partner, Dr. Dan Ellison, is the male equivalent of the Naughty Professor. Jodie is more than ready to indulge her fantasies with this wolf-in-geek's-clothing as long as they set some ground rules: sex is sex, business is business and nothing will change. Yeah, right!
After that first addictive kiss, it's time to see if they can really satisfy each other's appetites....
Nina Larson has a personal genie...seductive, sexy Alec! Her every wish is his command...and does she ever have some X-rated wishes! Each desire he fulfills propels her into another, even hotter one.
But Nina holds the key to Alec's freedom. Problem is, she's not sure she can surrender the most fantastic sex of her life.
Dressed to Thrill...
A costume for every occasion...Slip into this sexy scarlet singer's dress— perfect for those nights when you need to be the center of attention!
Caught in the Act...
The outfit was ridiculously revealing. Still, food writer Gina Thomas needed a disguise for the costume party...just so she could sneak into divorce lawyer Mason Scott's office and steal a few photos to save her sister—the trouble magnet.
However, the costume seems to bring out the naughtier side of Gina. And Mason can't keep his gorgeous eyes—or his hands—off her! But even as the New-And-Way-Sexier Gina submits to Mason's exquisitely carnal attentions, Practical Gina wonders how long before she's caught red-handed....
When shy Emily Tucker almost dies and ends up in a coma, her out of body experience gets very physical—with her sexy business partner and friend, Gavin Wright. Emily isn't sure what's happening as she keeps finding her incorporeal self popping up in Gavin's apartment, but she's running out of time. Her Living Will asks Gavin not to let her linger for long.
All she knows for sure is that when she's touching Gavin, she takes physical form again, and this may be her last chance to let him know how she really feels about him. But what will happen when the night's over?
Bliss Magazine presents Hotness for every month of the year!
Meet Mr. November...
Who says girls don't need eye candy? Bliss Magazine is proud to bring you twelve months of smokin'-hot guys! Our Sexiest American Heroes calendar will feature one heart-stopping hero after the next—including our very own Texas Ranger, Jarod Wyatt, with his intense chocolate eyes...and a backside that would make Michelangelo weep for an eternity.
And no one is more smitten by our luscious lawman than the artist behind the camera lens, commercial photographer Lacey Graham. Like every woman with a past, she's trying to quit testosterone—but Jarod seems to know exactly how to break her willpower...one sizzling kiss at a time!
Edie Stevens is shocked when überhottie property owner Joel Roberts appears at her vacation cottage because of a mix-up with the dates. Seems they'll steer clear of one another...yeah, but how will they handle the sizzling chemistry?
Get out of my dreams, get into my bed!
Oh, that's so good...touch me right there....
The X-rated monologues coming from next door are keeping Rafe Moore up at night all he really wants is some sleep. How's he supposed to decompress from his EMT job when his sultry neighbor and her explicit fantasies have his blood pressure spiking?
Tightly wound Joy Clarke can't explain what's brought on these sizzling somniloquies about a complete stranger, no less. She's already stressed, and there is no rest from her wicked, wicked thoughts. But when Rafe discovers that the object of all that steamy sleep-talk is him, he's set to make her dreams come true.
Problem is, in the light of day Joy doesn't recall a thing!
Only a very wicked woman would stop for a hitchhiking cowboy. But Lauren Baker is no good girl &mdash not anymore. Playing it safe never got her anywhere, except alone and broke. So when sexy Brett Wallace asks for a ride to a nearby hotel, she knows it's time to get naughty.
Betrayed by both his bride and best man, Brett's bad day turns much better when a gorgeous stranger offers to warm his bed for the night. The mind-blowing sex makes him forget everything but luscious Lauren's body.
The morning after, instead of a "thank-you, ma'am" from Brett, Lauren gets an invitation to his ranch...for as long as it's mutually satisfying. And that's a proposition no self-respecting bad girl could refuse...
She's lost her touch. . .
Superheroine Risa Remington once had the power to read thoughts and emotions with a stroke of her fingertips. Until a lab accident changed everything. Now Risa has to learn to live in the real world virgin territory for a girl who's never experienced life, love, or sex.
He comes to her rescue. . .
CIA agent Daniel MacAlister has orders to babysit gorgeous Risa. She can't fall into the wrong hands she knows too much. But when Risa falls into his bed one night soft, warm and naked he's forced to go on alert. Because his mere sexual touch seems to have triggered her superpowers. And if she finds out what's really on his mind, it's game over. Literally.
She was hiding...
Jennie Snow, aka former mafia princess Maria Castone, lives a secret life. In exchange for her testimony, the Witness Protection Program gave her a new identity and a new job. She's part of the crack computer crime team The HotWires. Kinda like hiding in plain sight?
He was seeking...
Cop Nathan Reilly is young, brash and hot for his gorgeous coworker Jennie. But his sexual pursuit is sharply derailed when Internal Affairs orders him to secretly investigate her. How can his loving sexy Jennie be an informer? But doubts surface when Jennie — or is it really Maria? — abruptly leaves town.And Nathan must find her first to uncover the truth.
Online He's Hot!
EJ Beaumont is one big flirt. Not exactly the best trait for a cop but it's an asset on his current undercover investigation for the HotWires team. He's flirting bigtime with sexy online psychic Charlotte Gerard, who's reportedly running a lonely hearts scam. He is going to nail her cute butt but good!
In Person He's Even Hotter. . .
Charlotte can sense there's something special abnout her newest client, Ethan Jared. All the cards point to the fact that they will be passionate lovers--soon. But it's the hints of danger troubling her most. And when she's forced to run to him for protection, can she really trust him with her heart and her life?
Her resistance
Sarah Jessup is supposed to be taking some R & R. A former hacker, she's now legit as a member of the crack HotWires team, investigating computer crime on Uncle Sam's dime. Taking her first real vacation in years means leaving the laptop--and handcuffs--at home. Or so she thinks.
Led to a lot of friction
After one too many run-ins with sexy Logan Sullivan at the beach, Sarah is ready to indulge in a fling. Until she accidentally discovers he's a renegade cop on leave working a cold case one involving an internet sex scandal.
Is Logan just using their relationship for cover? And how's he going to react when Sarah pulls out her own police badge?
Sage Matthews's fascination with hacking into computers and creating bugs got her into deep trouble. Just ask special agent Ian Chandler, who handcuffed the fiery redhead and has been monitoring her every sexy teasing move since.
Ian's now formed his own crack crime busting team the HotWires. His first case? None other than Sage, fresh off probation, but seemingly up to her old tricks. Ian's hot on her tail, but his plans backfire one sultry steamy night.
He tangles with Sage between the sheets breaking every rule in his personal code of honor. And he's about to break a few more as his gut instinct tells him she's been framed again and only he can prove her innocence.
The HotWires: this covert team sparks desire and danger
Miranda Carter needs to jump-start her love life. Or make that jump sexy Colin Jacobs. Her best buddy is the perfect man, but the studious prof needs some...encouragement. Like one uninhibited night in her bedroom -- lingerie, toys, and all!
"Mmmm...was that hot--?"
Colin is aching the next day, and the amnesia he's got from the bump on his head isn't helping. He and Miranda had a fantasy evening -- uh, didn't they? So why can't he recall undressing such a sexy woman, or kissing every inch of her delectable body?
"Or not...?"
So he'll just have to show up for a second night, and a third. . .and hope that this time it will be unforgettable for both of them.
Raine Covington has found the perfect lover--online. When Jack's sexy words fly across the computer screen, he can seduce her in a heartbeat. The hot, detailed images of them together feed her sexual fantasies.
The best part? Raine doesn't have to make a commitment or even cook dinner for Jack. No fuss, no muss. She can switch him off at any time.


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OAKLAND, Calif. (AP) Darren Sproles is inactive for the New Orleans Saints against the Oakland Raiders with an injured left hand.
Sproles practiced this week for the first time since breaking his hand, but is being held out of the game Sunday.
The Raiders are without their top two running backs as Darren McFadden and Mike Goodson both have sprained right ankles. Safety Tyvon Branch has his streak of 57 straight starts snapped because of a neck injury.
Oakland receiver Darrius Heyward-Bey is active despite injuring his hamstring during the week.


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Wildcats softball one-hits Utes
TUCSON — Seniors Estela Pinon and Kenzie Fowler combined to allow just one Utah hit while receiving seven runs of support in Arizona's series-opening 7-1 victory over the Utes Friday night at Hillenbrand Stadium.
Pinon was brilliant in her six innings of work, allowing just one hit, a two out single in the fourth, and striking out five and walking seven in the process. Her one run surrendered was unearned. The Tucson native improved to 14-5 on the year with the victory. Fowler struck out two of the three batters she faced in the seventh.
After scoring five early runs, Arizona's bats went quiet, registering just two hits after the second inning. That was until Chelsea Goodacre stepped to the plate with two outs in the sixth. The junior, who had already had a run-scoring double in the contest, took a 1-1 pitch very, very deep to right field. The ball landed on top of Gittings Gym, a three-story structure located about 40 feet beyond the right field fence. Postgame, head coach Mike Candrea called the homer the longest he had ever seen at Hillenbrand Stadium. Goodacre joins elite company, becoming the fifth player ever to hit a home run on top of Gittings Gym.
Goodacre went 2-for-2 with three RBI and a pair of runs scored to lead the offense while Kelsey Rodriguez, who went 3-for-3, and Katiyana Mauga, 2-for-4, drove in two runs apiece.
Arizona (37-9, 10-6 Pac-12) got off to a hot start, plating two runs, both with two out, in the bottom of the first. After Hallie Wilson walked and Kelsey Rodriguez singled, Goodacre doubled in Arizona's first run before Mauga beat out an infield single to give the Cats a 2-0 lead after one.
Arizona was right back at it in the second. Courtney Rodriguez and Alex Lavine, starting her first game since tearing her ACL on March 4, singled to start the inning and moved to third and second, respectively, on a wild pitch. Kelsey Rodriguez hit her first of two doubles, giving her the Pac-12 lead with 17 two-baggers, scoring Courtney Rodriguez and Lavine. Kelsey Rodriguez would then score on Mauga's second RBI single of the game to make it 5-0.
Utah (23-22, 5-13 Pac-12) got a run back in the third, plating an unearned run thanks to a throwing error by Pinon on a sacrifice attempt. The Wildcat pitcher got out of a runners-on-the-corners, no-one-out jam in the frame to limit the damage to just the single run.
After three innings of one-hit ball, Arizona reignited the bats in the sixth. Wilson led off the frame with a bunt single and, after Utah pitcher Sammy Cordova (8-7) retired the next two batters, Goodacre hit the home run to give Arizona a 7-1 lead.


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Student Travel
Student Travel Application Form (pdf)
Student Travel Guidelines
- All applications for student travel funds shall be reviewed by the Student Travel Fund Committee. The committee includes faculty, staff and one undergraduate and one graduate student that will be recommended by the Student Government Association (SGA) and be appointed by the Vice President for Student Life. This committee will report to the Vice President for Student Life, as well.
- The committee will review and make allocations in keeping within these guidelines and funds availability. Applications that are incomplete, not typed or have errors, will be returned to the student for possible resubmission.
- The Student Travel Fund Committee will meet four (4) times a year to review applications.
- Applications and the completion of travel must be made within the same fiscal year (September 1 through August 31). Students are allowed to apply for funds before or after travel has been completed. See form above.
- The deadline for each funding period is noted on the Student Travel Fund Application form, TWU's Intranet introduction page, Pioneer Portal plus Faculty/staff and academic departments.
- Applications must be received by Beth Lewis, located in Jones Hall, 3rd Floor or PO Box 425380, Denton, TX 76204, by 5:00 p.m. on the date of the published deadline. The deadline date is final.
- All student travel must be demonstrated to be beneficial to the University. A student must be enrolled at the university at the time of the application and at the time of the trip.
- An effort shall be made to achieve balance in the allocation of student travel funds among graduate students, undergraduate students and the various components.
- Applications for student travel funds shall be initiated by the student with proper endorsement at all appropriate administrative levels before being submitted to the Student Travel Committee. (See attached checklist.)
- Applications must be typed. Twenty (20) copies must be submitted to the Student Travel Committee.
- The director, chair or dean of the department may initiate the request in the event that it is impossible to identify in advance students who will be participating in a conference.
- Reimbursement will be made on the basis of the submission of receipts and a copy of the award letter signed by the Chair of the Student Travel Fund Committee. Funds expended that exceed the amount awarded to the student will not be reimbursed.
- A student can only be funded for one trip per fiscal year. (September through August.)
- Funds available for travel from other sources (i.e., grants, scholarships, departments, etc.) must be disclosed on application in the section provided for estimated expenses.
Student Travel Fund
Priority Guideline Categories
- Paper, poster or artistic presentation by students at international, national, and regional meetings with preference being given to students who are senior authors.
- Program/panel presentation by students at international, national, and regional meetings.
- Attendance by TWU students at international, national, or regional meetings where students hold office or have been selected to receive honors of international, national, or regional meetings of professional associations.
- Required attendance by TWU student representatives at international, national, or regional meetings of professional associations.
- Attendance by students at professional meetings where merit has been demonstrated.
- Travel related to specialized study programs of students. However, this does not include Study Abroad courses and specialized training courses.
Procedure for Claiming Travel Funds
In order to claim student travel funds, the student must:
- Apply and receive notification of award of funds through the procedure as described in the Student Travel Guidelines.
- Complete travel and save all receipts.
- Present award letter together with all receipts for expenses within two weeks following travel to: Beth Lewis, PO Box 425380, Denton, TX 76204 or Jones Hall, 3rd Floor. Otherwise, award may be disbursed to other applicants. Please Note: Reimbursement of funds and completion of travel must be completed within the same fiscal year (September 1 through August 31).
- Reimbursement will be made on the basis of the submission of receipts, not to exceed the amount awarded. Total expenses should be identified.
- If the amount allocated by the Student Travel Fund Committee is less than the actual amount expended, the traveler will be responsible for the excess amount.
- Once the expenses have been verified expenses and the amount awarded, a check will be requested from the University Controller's Office and will be mailed to the recipient.
For more information regarding student travel guidelines contact Beth Lewis at 940-898-3565.
Page last updated 9:58 AM, October 3, 2018


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The latest information released from the Book Industry Study Group's Student Attitudes Toward Content in Higher Education survey shows that students' textbook rentals and online purchases are up, while the college store share of course material sales slipped.
The study reported that 11% of students in the survey were renting textbooks, a three-point rise from 2011. The number purchasing new textbooks slipped from 59% to 55%. At the same time, the Amazon share rose from 25% to 31%.
In addition, almost 48% of students said integrated learning systems help more with studying, compared to 45% using printed textbooks and 37% using e-textbooks.
"Our research shows that students are looking for greater value from their textbook-purchasing dollar," said Angela Bole, deputy executive director of BISG. "How they define 'value' is rapidly evolving as they're exposed to new services and products."
CourseSmart also released information on students' reliance on technology. The company's survey showed that of the more than 500 college students responding, 98% use their electronic device for school and 67% can't go for more than an hour without using digital technology.
The CourseSmart survey found that students are more likely to bring a laptop to class than a printed book by a 51% to 39% margin. It also showed that 58% of the students in the survey have taken an online course, 79% have submitted assignments online, and 71% have taken a test or quiz online.
"The survey underscores the undeniable influence technology has on today's college experience," said Sean Devine, CEO of CourseSmart. "As technology continues to evolve and digital devices become integral to the evolution of higher education, it's encouraging to see the positive impact on learning outcomes as students utilize advanced devices and digital course materials to streamline and improve their learning environment."
The OnCampus Research study, Student Watch 2012: Student Attitudes and Perceptions found that just 17% of students surveyed currently own an e-reading device and that 62% of those who own the gadget bought it for leisure reading, compared to just 39% using it for school. Additionally, just seven percent of the students who currently do not own an e-reader have plans to buy one in the near future.