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3-Bedroom House with Screened-in DeckPensacola, FL (1) VaycayHero Booking Protection
About This Listing View Location >>
Bed Configuration: Bedroom 1: King | Bedroom 2: Queen | Bedroom 3: 2 Twins.
This is a 3 bedroom 2.5 bath vacation home at the Purple Parrot Village Resort in a central location close to parking and a short walk to the pool. This condo comfortably sleeps a family of no more than 8 people including all adults and children. The living room is equipped with a television, DVD player, wireless internet and a sleeper sofa.
The master bedroom contains a king bed, television and DVD player. The second bedroom contains a queen bed, television and DVD player. The third bedroom also contains a set of twin beds, television and DVD player. The kitchen is fully furnished with all appliances and this vacation home includes a washer and dryer as well.
This unit is a part of Purple Parrot Village Resort
The Purple Parrot Resort is a gated resort community features two-story Perdido Key condos as an alternative to the typically high-rise vacation. This Perdido Key resort sits on 10 acres and has a total of 114 colorful free-standing condos. When coupled with over 100 palm trees, white bahama-base road and the secluded setting the Purple Parrot Resort provides a tropical ambiance similar to an Old-Florida style resort only found around the Florida keys. The resort is not beachfront, however it is only a short distance to the beach and its location provides guests the convenience of being away from the large crowds found in front of the highrises all sharing a short span of shoreline nearly rubbing elbows with one another. We advise our guests to go to Johnson Beach National Seashore which is within a two minute drive from the front of the Purple Parrot Resort and is 7 miles long with no highrises along the beach!
The Purple Parrot Perdido Key location has a pool which is rivaled by none other in the area! This magnificent 5,000 square foot oasis has nearly 150,000 gallons of water circulating over a continuous waterfall cave and surrounding a bridge-accessible island hot tub. The pool deck is dotted with lounge chairs and rather than having lunch in the condos you can gather as a family under one of the palm leaf covered cabanas to enjoy lunch. Immediately off the pool deck is a sandy courtyard area with two volleyball nets and plenty of room for the kids to run around while mom or dad is snapping pictures for the Perdido Key vacation album. If you are among our guests traveling during the cooler months (or among those who get a little too much sun during the summer) know that having an indoor pool house is a valuable amenity. The Purple Parrot Resort also has an indoor pool house featuring a heated indoor pool, indoor hot tub, large fitness center, showers and saunas.
**Please note that not all of the amenities listed might be available to your specific unit. Please call if you have questions about complex amenities.**
Wireless Internet
Indoor Pool
Fitness Center
Community Pool
Air Conditioning
Golf Nearby
Ceiling fans
Coffee Maker
Host Details
Check In: 04:00 PM
Check Out: 10:00 AM
Rating: 1 4.3/5
Listings: 55
Member Since: 2016
1. Where will I pick up the keys from?
Detailed pick-up information will be provided to you once you book this rental.
2. I am going to be arriving late. Do I have to arrive
during business hours to pick up keys?
You can check in any time you want on or after the check-in time. After-hours key pick up information will be provided to you once you book this rental.
3. Does the total price include everything? Are any of the
fees refundable?
Yes, there is nothing more to be paid. All mandatory fees are included in the total price.
4. What is the cancellation policy for this rental?
Cancellation policy is listed on this page under 'Cancellation Policy'.
5. Is there a security deposit for this rental?
We have a package of beach chairs, an umbrella, a cooler, and a cart to pull them around in available for $80 per week. We also have paddle boards and kayaks available for rent.×
Host Rules: Age Requirement
Only allows family groups & people ages 25 and up. Rule is strictly enforced by the host.
Reviews (1)
Anonymouson 01/01/0001
The house was nice with a few exceptions.. some of the doorknobs did not work and fell off.. there was no garbage can in the master bathroom.. towels were finally found in the dryer and still wet.. the dishwasher was full of dishes.. not sure if they were clean or dirty. We will return as we have for several years but not in 15c
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Reference Tracker is an indispensable tool for writers, researchers or students. Reference Tracker helps you keep track of publications you cite or make reference to in a writing or research project, and creates formatted reference lists and bibliographies.
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subset: commoncrawl


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|Search Results (1 videos found)
|America's Millenium on the Mall - Blues: Past and Future - B.B. King, a Living Library
In the ninth segment William Ferris praises B.B. King as a "living library."
Genre: Educational
Keywords: Pepticon; tonic; melodic line; progressions; keeping the beat;
Duration: 00:04:48
Popularity (downloads): 414


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1308 588 Broughton Street, Vancouver Listing #: R2295907
If you are looking for a great space to put your interior design skills to work, you'll want to see this! This 1 bedroom + den has great city views, and is located in the heart of Coal Harbour. An Arthur Erickson building, with excellent amenities, including: on-site management, 24 hour security, indoor lap pool, spa, fitness center, meeting rooms, party room, theater, generous visitor parking, fabulous gardens, and more! The building is steps to the seawall, Stanley Park, fine restaurants as well as Coal Harbour Community Center. This location doesn't get any better & the low maintenance fees are a plus!
Taxes (2017): $1,087.91
- Bike Room
- Exercise Centre
- Pool; Indoor
- Swirlpool/Hot Tub
- Wheelchair Access
- ClthWsh
- Dryr
- Frdg
- Stve
- Microwave
Site Influences
- Marina Nearby
- Recreation Nearby
- Shopping Nearby
Similar Listings
Listed By: RE/MAX Masters Realty
Disclaimer: The data relating to real estate on this web site comes in part from the MLS Reciprocity program of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board. Real estate listings held by participating real estate firms are marked with the MLS Reciprocity logo and detailed information about the listing includes the name of the listing agent. This representation is based in whole or part on data generated by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board which assumes no responsibility for its accuracy. The materials contained on this page may not be reproduced without the express written consent of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board.


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iTunes to Acer Iconia A500 Converter - Watch iTunes movies on Acer Iconia Tab A500
Question: I have lots of movies purchased from Apple iTunes Store, I wanna watch these iTunes videos on my Android Tablet – Acer Iconia Tab A500 tablet. But, I can transfer this M4V videos to Acer Iconia Tab A500, how can I put these iTunes M4V movies onto Iconia Tab A500 for watching? And how to convert M4V to MP4 for Iconia Tab A500 compatibles format?
Answer: As we know, some videos and movies purchased from iTunes store are protected by Apple DRM tech. You can't play these videos on non-Apple protable devices directly. If you want to watch iTunes videos on Acer A500 tablet, you need to convert this protected iTunes M4V formatted movies to Iconia Tab A500 supported video format. This detailed guide will show you how to convert iTunes M4V videos and movies to Iconia A500 (also Acer Iconia A100 tablet) friendly format video.
Free download the top rated and fastest DRM Media Rmoval Converter (Windows and Mac version)
Steps to Convert iTunes .M4V movie to Iconia Tab format
Step 1, Install and run this iTunes movie DRM Removal, load M4V videos by Click "Add Video" button
Step 2, Slect the output video format for Acer Iconia Tab, here choose "MP4 Video(AVC)"
Step 3, Click "Settings" button to change Zoom as full screen, "1280*720″ resolution(720p), then click "OK" to save.
Step 4, After that, click "Convert" button to start convert this DRM protected iTunes M4V video file. When iTunes movie conversion done, you can transfer the converted MP4 video to Iconia Tab with USB easily
Enjoy. via iTunes movies to Acer Iconia Tab Conversion iSoftCoupon.com
Source: How to watch iTunes movies on Acer Iconia Tab A500 – Convert M4V
See Also:
Watch movies on Kindle Fire
DVD to Kindle Fire format
DVD to Kindle Fire Mac
MKV to Kindle Fire
iTunes movies to Kindle Fire


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Students Leaders get HELP to Start Yearby Howard Hewitt • August 17, 2012 Share:
Nearly 100 Wabash students returned early to campus to strengthen their role as leaders in Wabash College living units.
Fraternity leaders and independent student R.A. leaders took part in the annual Wabash Housing and Education Leaders Partnership (HELP). The Noon – 6 p.m. program focused on issues of safety, health, substance abuse, finance, and all aspects of living on campus.
The session was kicked off with a welcome back from Dean of Students Mike Raters and keynote comments from President Patrick White.
"Today you will prepare to lead the men of the Class of 2016," the President told the upperclassmen. "You will teach them what it means to be a Wabash man; how to be a Wabash man. Every Wabash man is a coach, teacher, and mentor of other Wabash men.
"Don't underestimate your power ... when you put on the hat of a leader, it may feel like it doesn't quite fit. But it does fit, gentlemen. The young men you meet Saturday will look to you as a leader and mentor."
The day kicked off with meetings on fraternity rush, philanthropy, finance, mentoring, managing fraternity housing, social activities, intramural sports, and alumni relations. Campus Security Director Rich Woods led a session with Crawfordsville Police Lt. Hal Utterback and Fire Inspector Mark Evans on safety and prevention.
Student wellness was another big topic with sessions on wellness, mental health, and Indiana's new laws on smoke-free air and lifeline.
The new smoking law, restricting smoking at least 8 feet from any campus building entrance, brought considerable discussion about where students, staff, faculty, and alumni can smoke. Raters urged a common sense approach that "it's your responsibility to deal with it. It's against the law. If people are doing things they shouldn't be doing then man up and face it. Deal with it."
The Lifeline law has gotten plenty of press and thorough discussion during Thursday's session. Simply anyone seeking medical help for someone who is intoxicated cannot be prosecuted if they too are under the influence.
"This law helps to empower you not to hesitate," Raters said. "Do the right thing."
He expressed fear of "too many instances in the past" where students might have been drinking and feared calling for help because they too were consuming alcohol.
Wabash alums Dr. John Roberts and Scott Douglas conducted a 45-minute session on substance abuse, signs, and appropriate response.
Late afternoon sessions included discussions on hosting prospective students, travel abroad, academic assistance, and alumni relations. Campus resources like athletic facilities, career services, counseling, MXI, and the Deans' offices were reviewed.
The last session of the day was individual living unit meetings held with advisors, campus faculty, alumni, and staff.


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Cole Full Piece
We ship worldwide! For all International orders, please use our INTERNATIONAL site.
Flat Rate AUS | $17 AUD
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Personal Courier BALI | $10 AUD
DHL Express shipping | 2-4 business days
We only return for exchange or credit.
Please view our terms and conditions here
All items on our online store are made to order. Production time is up to 4 weeks + a shipping time of 2-4 days.
Please note all our swimsuits are not placement printed and may not always look identical to the photos displayed online.
You are on the AUSTRALIAN site. If purchasing outside of Australia please click onto our INTERNATIONAL site.


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Happy Valley WMA 09Dec17 - BobsOutdoorPhotos
CNY Local Scenes
Happy Valley WMA 09Dec17
Day hike... this place is big, we only hiked a small part of it. Just a dusting of snow from the night before. Looking forward to hiking more of this place.
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Product Information
Start the process of getting rid of your stock ride with an RBP RX2-Series fuel door. By adding this stylish fuel door, your ride instantly is transformed into a head-turning machine. You may think, "this is just a gas cover, how will it change my vehicle?" Well, my dear friend, you are installing a well-known brand logo on the side of your truck which will be a conversation starter. With a name like Rolling Big Power, you really cannot go wrong.
You have the option to choose if you want the billet door to be lockable as well. Don't let those pesky gas stealers siphon any fuel from your tank! With either a black powder-coat or polished finish, choose the style that goes best with your truck. Constructed from a durable quality aluminum, the RBP RX2-Series fuel door is built to last.
Installation is so easy, you can do it from the comfort of your own home. Order today and you will be on your way to being the talk of the town. Get your vehicle the attention it deserves!
Rolling Big Power RX2 fuel doors are an easy, at home installation. Need help? Give us a call at 877-216-5446.


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Just Perfect, written and illustrated by Jane Marinsky; David R. Godine, $16.95.
Buffalo artist Jane Marinsky made what Publisher's Weekly called a "standout" debut with "The Goat-Faced Girl." In her new picture book, she combines two well-trod subjects - wanting a new pet and welcoming a new baby - into one sweet and imaginative story, elevating it to another plane with her whimsical, beautiful paintings. Children will delight at the playful approach: "Walking the turtle took forever" is accompanied by an illustration of Dad and his little boy, trailed by a giant red leash with the turtle far back on a country road that weaves through a Gaugin-like riot of plant life. On another page, the boy searches for a chameleon that perfectly blends into the couch pattern. For "The dolphin needed too much water," a living room becomes an oceanscape with Mom sporting goggles and a scuba breathing tube and even the teddy bear wearing flippers and a life preserver. Particularly delightful is the octopus, who "made a mess of everything." A bright orange giant octopus, its tentacles waving and stirring what might be chocolate pudding, wreaks havoc in the kitchen - milk spilled, eggs broken, a pot boiling over, the sink overflowing. For "the porcupine was hard to hug," both boy and teddy bear are sporting Band-aids. Right down to the charming ending, this book is a delight, "Just Perfect" in every way.
- Jean Westmoore
Churchill: The Power of Words selected and edited by Martin Gilbert; DaCapo Press, 486 pages ($30)
British historian and Churchill specialist Sir Martin Gilbert has put together a collection of the speeches and writings of the man many consider the most articulate statesman of the 20th century.
Winston Churchill's speeches, usually excerpted in this treatment, sing in a way English language statesmen and politicians have tried unsuccessfully to match ever since.
This volume has them all, and in chronological order, often with brief lead-ins to supply context, so it can be read as a history of the British Empire during the first half of the 20th century, or used as an anthology of Churchillian quotations.
Lest we forget, here are a few. At the start of World War II: "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, sweat and tears"; or at the climax of the Battle of Britain: "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few"; or in Fulton, Mo., on the threat of Soviet Communism: "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent."
Kudos to Sir Gilbert for the service he has performed in packing the best of Churchill into one comprehensible volume.
- Edward Cuddihy
Freud's Sister: a Novel by Goce Smilevski; Penguin, 272 pages ($16 paperback)
"Freud's Sister," winner of the 2010 European Union Prize for Literature, imagines the life of Adolfina, one of Sigmund Freud's four sisters who died in concentration camps.
It begins with a scene in which she begs Freud, who was getting ready to escape Vienna and go into exile in London, to get her and the other sisters out of Austria, but her plea falls on deaf ears. Did Freud abandon his elderly sisters in real life, too? According to Peter Gay's 1988 biography, he did not. Freud gave them money, and asked a French princess to see if she could get them out of the country.
The novel is written from the point of view of Adolfina, about whom almost nothing factual is known. In Smilevski's imagination, Adolfina comes across as an erudite thinker. Her musings about madness, patriarchy, Judaism and Freud's writings are a pleasure to read. There is great depth in this novel. Its poetic prose shines through even in this English translation.
- Associated Press


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WASHINGTON, Dec. 13 (UPI) -- As the Senate mulls approving a report on CIA interrogations, some critics say they are worried how a new film will influence Americans' opinion of torture.
The Senate Intelligence Committee is scheduled to vote Thursday on a 6,000-page report on CIA interrogations, which found that torture was not "a central component" in finding late al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden, said the committee's chairwoman, Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif.
The report remains classified and likely will remain so for months, though a film about the search for bin Laden is scheduled to be released in January, The New York Times reported. Graphic torture scenes are shown throughout the first 45 minutes of the film, and though "Zero Dark Thirty" screenwriter Mark Boal said the film is not a documentary, it is based on extensive research.
"I'm trying to compress a program that lasted for years into a few short scenes," he said. The film, he said, attempts "to reflect a very complex debate about torture that is still going on."
Jameel Jaffer, deputy legal director of the American Civil Liberties Union said he's concerned that the film opens with torture and ends with the killing of bin Laden.
"It may leave a hazy impression that it was cause and effect," he said.
Meanwhile, a judge in the case against suspected Sept. 11 plotters Khalid Shaikh Mohammed and four others, said details of the harsh interrogation techniques used against them will be kept secret throughout the trial, the Los Angeles Times reported Wednesday.
Human rights advocates said the ruling is an attempt to hide the fact that the men were tortured.
"We're profoundly disappointed," said Hina Shamsi, an ACLU lawyer. "The government wanted to ensure that the American public would never hear the defendants' accounts of illegal CIA torture, rendition and detention, and the military judge has gone along with that shameful plan."


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Adverse Effects Associated with Antiretroviral Therapy
In recent years, excitement about the benefits of combination anti-HIV therapy has been tempered by a growing awareness of the problems that accompany the use of anti-HIV drugs. In addition to drug resistance and the difficulty of adhering to complex regimens, side effects associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have become a major concern.
Side effects due to anti-HIV drugs are not new. Since the late 1980s, the earliest drugs used to treat HIV infection -- AZT (Retrovir) and other nucleoside analogs, generally at higher doses than are currently used -- were associated with several adverse events including nausea, diarrhea, muscle disease (myopathy), and hematologic effects (e.g., bone marrow suppression leading to anemia and low white blood cell counts).
However, the most recently approved class of anti-HIV drugs -- the protease inhibitors -- has been associated with a new set of strange side effects including metabolic abnormalities and changes in body fat distribution. The magnitude and unusual nature of HAART-associated adverse effects have contributed to the current rethinking and debate about anti-HIV therapy. Indeed, these side effects are worrisome enough that some physicians are questioning the value of early treatment, and researchers have begun to explore new treatment strategies that allow for the use of fewer drugs for shorter periods.
- What Are Side Effects and Who Experiences Them?
- Common Types of Side Effects
- Metabolic Side Effects
- Miscellaneous Other Side Effects
- Allergic and Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Managing Side Effects
- New Thinking and New Strategies
What Are Side Effects and Who Experiences Them?
Side effects, also known as drug toxicities or adverse reactions, are any effect of a drug that is not intended. Information about the occurrence of adverse reactions comes from clinical trials of new drugs. In these trials, symptoms are graded on the basis of severity and frequency. Grade 1 side effects are mild and transient, grade 2 side effects are moderate or persistent, grade 3 adverse events are severe, and grade 4 side effects are life-threatening. Phase II clinical trials are designed to assess drug safety, and often adverse reactions are first reported at this stage of testing. Phase III trials, designed to measure drug effectiveness, include more participants and are more likely to uncover less common side effects.
However, some adverse effects are not discovered until a drug has been approved and marketed and is used by thousands of people, as was the case with the metabolic side effects associated with the protease inhibitors. Many anti-HIV drugs were granted accelerated approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and thus did not undergo the typical Phase IV (postmarket) testing. Pharmaceutical company package inserts are required to list adverse reactions that are seen during clinical trials.
The occurrence of side effects can vary dramatically among different people. Some people experience frequent and severe adverse reactions that necessitate dose reductions or discontinuation of treatment; others have side effects that are uncomfortable or annoying and can interfere with their daily quality of life; still others experience few or no adverse reactions. Although it is impossible to predict in advance who will experience side effects, adverse reactions do tend to be especially severe in people with advanced HIV disease.
It is important to note that many types of symptoms associated with use of anti-HIV drugs -- including peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal symptoms, mental symptoms, and certain metabolic changes -- are also found in people with HIV infection who are not taking anti-HIV therapy, especially those with later-stage disease and/or high viral loads. Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether a symptom is related to HIV infection or whether it is a drug side effect.
A 1998 study by the University of California at San Francisco's Center for AIDS Prevention Studies found that concern about side effects was one of the primary factors deterring people from starting HAART. The reduction in quality of life associated with some anti-HIV drugs is particularly troubling in people with early stage disease who feel well and are experiencing few or no symptoms related to HIV infection. Side effects can play a large role in discouraging adherence to therapy, which may in turn impact the development of drug resistance.
Common Types of Side Effects
Anti-HIV therapy affects the entire body, and the various drugs may cause adverse reactions in almost all organs and systems. This is not surprising, since the drugs often interfere with genetic and cellular processes that are common to both viruses and human cells. However, certain classes of drugs are more often associated with specific types of side effects; for example, some nucleoside analogs are associated with low blood cell counts and mitochondrial toxicity, some non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are associated with skin reactions, and long-term treatment, especially with regimens that include a protease inhibitor, is associated with increased blood fat levels and body fat redistribution. Some of the most common types of adverse events associated with antiretroviral drugs are described below.
Gastrointestinal Side Effects
The most common side effects associated with anti-HIV drugs are those that affect the stomach and intestines. Both nucleoside analog and protease inhibitor drugs frequently cause gastrointestinal side effects. Typical gastrointestinal side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps; intestinal gas (flatulence), acid reflux ("heartburn"), and constipation may also occur. Among the protease inhibitors, nelfinavir (Viracept) is the most common cause of diarrhea, although diarrhea associated with full-dose ritonavir (Norvir) tends to be more severe. Gastrointestinal side effects are not only unpleasant and detrimental to quality of life but can also interfere with the absorption of water, food, and medications, potentially leading to dehydration, disruptions in body chemistry, malnutrition, weight loss, and inadequate drug levels.
Several measures have proved helpful in managing gastrointestinal side effects. In many cases, the body adjusts to medications with continued use, and symptoms subside on their own. If a drug does not need to be taken on an empty stomach, taking it with food may help to reduce nausea and vomiting. A number of prescription antiemetic medications are available to help control nausea, including ondansetron (Zofran), lorazepam (Ativan), metoclopramide (Reglan), and prochlorperazine (Compazine); the latter two drugs should be used cautiously due to the risk of their own side effects, including movement disorders (tardive dyskinesia).
If the cause of diarrhea has been carefully evaluated and it is not related to an infection or another underlying condition (e.g., lactose intolerance), over-the-counter drugs such as loperamide (Imodium AD), attapulgite (Kaopectate), or psyllium derivatives (e.g., Metamucil), or stronger prescription drugs such as diphenoxylate (Lomotil) or pancrelipase (Ultrase), may help keep it under control. Calcium supplement tablets have been shown to alleviate diarrhea associated with nelfinavir; however, people should consult their physicians before taking supplemental calcium.
Dietary changes, such as eating several small meals or snacks throughout the day and reducing consumption of fats, dairy products, and spicy foods, may help control nausea and diarrhea. Many people find alternative therapies beneficial, including acupuncture, wrist acupressure, and herbal remedies. Mint and ginger can relieve nausea, and acidophilus capsules may help control diarrhea. Marijuana and its synthetic derivative dronabinol (Marinol) have been shown to reduce nausea and have the added benefit of stimulating the appetite. For more information on managing nausea and diarrhea, see "Nausea and Vomiting" (BETA, June 1997) and "Diarrhea" (BETA, June 1997). With both vomiting and diarrhea, it is important to avoid dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Balanced sports drinks such as Gatorade, or a mixture of salt and sugar in water, can help prevent both problems.
Mental and Neurological Side Effects
Many drug side effects involve the brain and nervous system. Peripheral neuropathy (damage to the peripheral nerves, most often in the hands and feet) is one of the most debilitating adverse effects of some nucleoside analog drugs, notably ddC (Hivid), ddI (Videx), and d4T (Zerit). HIV infection itself may lead to neuropathy, but nerve damage in the hands happens more quickly when it occurs as a drug side effect.
Peripheral nerve damage is characterized by tingling, burning, pain, numbness, and/or weakness. Some people have described the feeling as being similar to wearing thick gloves or socks. Symptoms usually subside a month or two after stopping the drugs, but in some cases nerve damage may be permanent. The chances of permanent nerve damage may be lessened if drugs are discontinued as soon as symptoms of neuropathy emerge. The symptoms of drug-induced peripheral neuropathy may be reduced by taking certain antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline (Elavil), desipramine (Norpramin), or antiseizure medications such as gabapentin (Neurontin). Experimental nerve growth factor has also shown benefits. Other relief measures include acupuncture, massage, soaking the hands or feet in cool water, and avoiding tight gloves or footwear.
Paresthesias are unusual sensations such as prickling, tingling, or numbness. Tingling around the mouth (circumoral paresthesia) is associated with the protease inhibitors amprenavir (Agenerase) and ritonavir.
Anti-HIV drugs can also affect the brain, leading to symptoms such as headache, dizziness, mental confusion, and inability to concentrate -- although these symptoms may also be due to HIV itself. Some drugs affect the mood, resulting in depression or anxiety. Several anti-HIV drugs are known to cause either insomnia or drowsiness, and efavirenz (Sustiva) is associated with unusual dreams and nightmares. Starting efavirenz with the anti-anxiety drug lorazepam may help prevent mental side effects, and these symptoms often subside or disappear over time with continued treatment.
Skin Side Effects
Many drugs are known to cause skin reactions, and among the anti-HIV drugs, this is most likely to occur with the NNRTIs nevirapine (Viramune), delavirdine (Rescriptor), and efavirenz (Sustiva). A severe rash was reported in about 8% of people taking nevirapine in clinical trials. Abacavir (Ziagen) can cause a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction, which may include a rash, in 3-5% of people who take the drug (see below). Rashes are often red in color, may be flat or raised, are often itchy, and may feature blisters or vesicles (fluid-filled bumps); a blistering rash may be a sign of life-threatening Stevens-Johnson syndrome (described below).
At the 14th Annual Medical Management of AIDS Conference in December 1999, Toby Maurer, M.D., of San Francisco General Hospital described a skin condition that may be a newly recognized side effect of HAART: a red, flat or bumpy, possibly itchy rash that begins shortly after starting an anti-HIV drug regimen and lasts for about a month. Anti-HIV drugs may also cause more severe skin reactions characterized by shedding of the outer layers of skin and/or mucous membranes (exfoliation).
Some drugs, notably indinavir (Crixivan) and d4T, have been associated with dry skin, while others can cause itchiness (pruritis); itchiness should not be ignored, since it can be a sign of liver dysfunction. Skin rashes and itchiness can often be treated with oral antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or hydroxyzine (Atarax). Certain drugs, including some antibiotics, can increase sensitivity to light (photosensitivity), leading to rapid and severe sunburn; persons taking these drugs should avoid the sun or wear protective clothing and use a strong sunscreen.
Some anti-HIV drugs -- notably nevirapine and delavirdine -- can cause an unusual, life-threatening reaction called Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The syndrome begins with flu-like symptoms, fever, and muscle and joint pains, followed by a severe blistering rash affecting the skin and mucous membranes. Any rash should be reported to a health-care provider, and people who develop these symptoms should contact their physicians or visit an emergency room immediately.
Liver Side Effects
The liver processes most drugs and toxins in the body, and taking medications can adversely affect liver function. Liver damage may be indicated by elevated blood levels of the liver enzymes ALT and AST. Many different factors can lead to elevated liver enzyme levels, including several common drugs, viral hepatitis, and consumption of alcohol; people with HIV and their physicians should be concerned when levels reach the upper limits of normal in a person taking anti-HIV drugs. Liver damage may also lead to elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin (a pigment). Elevated bilirubin levels may result in jaundice, a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, or by mental confusion in severe cases. Symptoms of liver toxicity may occur early or later in the course of therapy.
Elevated liver enzymes have been reported in people taking all three currently approved classes of anti-HIV drugs. Cases of more severe liver damage (drug-induced hepatitis), including liver failure, have been reported in people taking the protease inhibitors indinavir and ritonavir, and the NNRTI drug nevirapine. Mark Sulkowski, M.D., and colleagues from Johns Hopkins University reported in the January 5, 2000 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association that after six months of various HAART regimens, some 10% of people in their study experienced liver damage severe enough to warrant stopping anti-HIV therapy; half of these cases occurred in people taking ritonavir.
Adverse drug reactions affecting the liver are more likely in people who have chronic hepatitis B or C, or other types of preexisting liver damage (for instance due to heavy alcohol use). Just over half of the participants in Dr. Sulkowski's study had chronic viral hepatitis in addition to HIV; these people were nearly four times as likely to develop severe liver toxicity associated with anti-HIV drugs. According to Dr. Sulkowski, "Ritonavir was far and away the most toxic drug. If you have a choice, it may be prudent in a patient with hepatitis C to avoid using ritonavir if you can." All people taking HAART should have liver function tests done every month for the first three months after starting a new drug regimen and, if normal, every three to six months thereafter.
Pancreas Side Effects
The pancreas is an organ that produces digestive enzymes and sugar-regulating hormones. Some anti-HIV drugs, notably ddI, ddC, and 3TC (Epivir) have been associated with pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas. In November 1999, Bristol-Myers Squibb, the maker of ddI, issued a warning that two treatment-naive persons who received recommended doses of ddI died due to pancreatitis in a clinical trial of ddI plus d4T plus a protease inhibitor; in addition, two treatment-experienced persons died due to pancreatitis in a study of ddI plus d4T plus indinavir plus hydroxyurea.
Symptoms of pancreatitis may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and jaundice. People at more advanced stages of HIV disease and those with previous pancreas problems are at a higher risk for pancreatitis, as are those who have a history of heavy alcohol consumption. Pancreatitis is also associated with elevated levels of blood triglycerides and other fats, which are often seen in people taking protease inhibitors. Increased blood levels of the enzyme amylase may indicate damage to the pancreas, and people taking HAART should have their amylase levels monitored if they are experiencing symptoms that suggest pancreatitis. Severe pancreatitis can be fatal.
Kidney Side Effects
The kidneys are organs located near the lower back that filter the blood and produce urine. Minerals and some drugs can crystallize and accumulate in the kidneys, leading to the formation of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). Kidney stones were seen in nearly 10% of people taking indinavir in clinical trials. Symptoms of kidney stones include pain in the back, flank, or groin, and possibly blood in the urine. To reduce the risk of developing kidney stones when taking indinavir, drink at least 6-8 glasses of water each day.
In addition to kidney stones, anti-HIV drugs may also cause kidney toxicity. In one study, a form of kidney damage called proximal renal tubular dysfunction occurred in 32% of persons taking adefovir (Preveon) for 48 weeks (see "Selected Highlights from the 12th World AIDS Conference," BETA, October 1998). This condition, which resembles Fanconi's syndrome, can be life-threatening, causing low phosphate and high creatinine levels and can potentially lead to acute kidney failure. The high level of toxicity is one reason the FDA declined to approve the drug last November. Warning signs of kidney toxicity include increased levels of creatinine in the blood and protein or glucose in the urine; people taking HAART should have these levels checked every three to six months.
Hematological Side Effects
Some drugs -- including AZT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim or Septra), and several anticancer drugs -- can cause hematologic, or blood-related, side effects. These drugs can damage the bone marrow, affecting its ability to produce new blood cells. Because all blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, bone marrow damage can lead to low red blood cell levels (anemia), which can result in fatigue and weakness; low white cell levels (leukopenia, neutropenia, or granulocytopenia), which can lead to reduced ability to fight infections; and low levels of platelets (thrombocytopenia), which can affect the blood's ability to clot. AZT is associated with the most severe hematologic side effects and can cause decreases in both red and white blood cells. Other nucleoside analogs -- ddC, ddI, d4T, and 3TC -- can cause low white cell counts; abacavir is not associated with blood-related side effects.
Specific treatments for people experiencing bone marrow suppression are aimed at stimulating the precursor cells that produce various types of blood cells. Erythropoietin (Epogen, Procrit) is used to stimulate the production of red blood cells. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim or Neupogen) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (sargramostim or Leukine) both stimulate white blood cell production.
Metabolic Side Effects
Beginning in 1997, reports began to surface of unusual metabolic abnormalities and body fat changes in people taking HAART; such reports have multiplied in the ensuing years. It is notable that these side effects were not seen during clinical trials of the protease inhibitors and only became apparent after the drugs were in widespread use. Different researchers have reported widely varying rates of metabolic abnormalities and body fat changes, ranging from less than 5% to over 80%. Although some people still refer to metabolic changes and body fat redistribution with the umbrella term "lipodystrophy," researchers are coming to regard the symptoms as different aspects of a complex syndrome or syndromes.
Researchers still do not understand what causes these symptoms -- although there are several theories -- or even whether they are side effects of HAART, an outcome of the body's altered immune response, or a manifestation of long-term HIV infection itself. The symptoms have been seen in a number of people with HIV who are not taking protease inhibitors (see "Selected Highlights from the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections," BETA, April 1999).
One recent theory involves mitochondrial toxicity. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy by metabolizing fat and sugar byproducts. Mitochondrial toxicity is signaled by elevated blood levels of lactate (hyperlactatemia or lactic acidosis) and can be associated with muscle damage, neuropathy, pancreatitis, liver failure, and fatty growths (lipomas). Mitochondrial toxicity is a known side effect of nucleoside analog drugs. For a detailed discussion of metabolic abnormalities and body fat changes in people taking HAART, see "Body Fat Changes: More than Lipodystrophy" (BETA, January 1999) and "HAART Attack: Metabolic Disorders During Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy" (BETA, April 1999).
Hyperglycemia and Diabetes
Several side effects are related to blood sugar levels, including elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia), new or worsening diabetes, altered insulin metabolism, and insulin resistance, a condition in which the body does not respond normally to insulin; insulin resistance may contribute to body fat changes (discussed below). There have been reports of these symptoms with all of the approved protease inhibitors, although frank diabetes is uncommon.
The warning signs of hyperglycemia and diabetes include increased thirst and hunger, unexplained weight loss, increased urination, nocturnal diarrhea, fatigue, and dry, itchy skin. In a July 1997 warning about cases of hyperglycemia and diabetes associated with combination anti-HIV therapy, the FDA recommended that physicians should monitor the blood sugar levels of their patients taking HAART every month for the first three months, and then every three to six months, unless symptoms suggest more frequent monitoring.
Diabetes can often be controlled with diet modification and, if necessary, oral glucose-lowering medication such as glipizide (Glucotrol), glyburide (Micronase), metformin (Glucophage), pioglitazone (Actos), repaglinide (Prandin), and rosiglitazone (Avandia); another antidiabetes drug, troglitazone (Rezulin), was taken off the market by the FDA in March because it can cause liver toxicity. It appears that these drugs are effective in people with drug-induced diabetes; however, their long-term interactions with anti-HIV drugs are unknown.
Elevated Blood Fat and Cholesterol
Other metabolic changes associated with HAART are related to blood fat levels, and include elevated blood lipids (hyperlipidemia), elevated triglyceride levels (hypertriglyceridemia), and elevated blood cholesterol (hypercholesteremia). Elevated fat and cholesterol levels have been seen in people taking any of the approved protease inhibitors, and in some people taking protease-sparing HAART regimens.
Physicians should carefully monitor the blood fat and cholesterol levels of people taking combination anti-HIV therapy. Mary Romeyn, M.D., an HIV physician in San Francisco, suggests annual monitoring of cholesterol and fasting triglyceride levels, with additional tests one month after a new drug is added to a regimen and more frequent monitoring of persons whose levels are elevated on the first test. Several studies suggest that blood lipid levels return to normal when protease inhibitors are discontinued.
High triglyceride and cholesterol levels can be treated with diet modifications and oral medications. Medications used to treat high triglyceride levels include niacin, gemfibrozil (Lopid), and probucol (Lorelco). Drugs used to reduce cholesterol levels include atorvastatin (Lipitor), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), and simvastatin (Zocor). Studies are just beginning on the use of triglyceride- and cholesterol-lowering drugs in people with HIV taking HAART (see "Conference Coverage" in this issue of BETA).
Because the statin drugs are metabolized by the same liver enzymes as the protease inhibitors, they may further strain the liver and can interact dangerously with anti-HIV drugs; atorvastatin has been reported to drastically reduce blood levels of saquinavir (Fortovase). Because of this, many physicians avoid using atorvastatin, lovastatin, or simvastatin in people taking HAART. Due to the possibility of liver toxicity, liver function tests should be monitored every four to six weeks. In addition, because of the risk of muscle inflammation (myositis), creatine phosphokinase levels should also be monitored.
Cardiovascular Risk and Heart Attacks
It is not yet known what the long-term effects of elevated blood fat levels will be, but it is clear that in HIV negative people high cholesterol levels are associated with coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and strokes. According to Keith Henry, M.D., director of the HIV Clinic at Regions Hospital in St. Paul, MN, writing in the February 15, 2000 issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine, "As the HIV epidemic moves into populations that are already at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, increased rates of metabolic abnormalities could have serious consequences as the population ages." Indeed, there have been several reports of relatively young men taking HAART who have experienced cardiovascular disease and/or heart attacks, although most of these have occurred in men with other risk factors such as smoking or high blood pressure.
Elevated blood fats may not be the only factor predisposing people taking HAART to heart disease. At the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in January/February 2000, James Sosman, M.D., and colleagues from the University of Wisconsin reported that protease inhibitors can affect the endothelium, or blood vessel linings. Speaking at a meeting of the American Heart Association last fall, Dr. Sosman noted, "We need to be taking the long-term cardiac care of HIV patients who are using protease inhibitors more seriously."
Also at the 7th CROI, D.L. Johnson and colleagues reported that protease inhibitor therapy was associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure, another risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Jack Stapleton, M.D., and colleagues from the University of Iowa College of Medicine has reported on several cases of deep vein thrombosis (blood clotting) or pulmonary embolism (blockage of blood vessels in the lung by a migrating piece of clotted blood) in persons taking combination regimens that included indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, or saquinavir.
In addition to medications that lower blood fats and cholesterol, common sense measures such as diet modification (reducing the consumption of foods high in sugar, fats, and cholesterol), aerobic exercise, and smoking cessation are likely to be as beneficial in reducing heart disease for HIV positive people as they are for HIV negative people.
Body Fat Redistribution
Perhaps the most widely discussed side effect attributed to HAART is body fat redistribution, which may include subcutaneous fat loss in the limbs, buttocks, and face (lipoatrophy), and accumulation of visceral fat in the abdomen ("protease paunch"), and fat in the back of the neck (dorsocervical fat pad or "buffalo hump") and/or breasts. In severe cases, fat accumulation can lead to problems such as impaired mobility, headaches, indigestion, and inability to sleep.
Body fat changes have been associated with all of the approved protease inhibitors except amprenavir; such changes have also been associated with viral suppression in some people with long-term HIV infection who have not taken protease inhibitors. In some studies, body fat redistribution has improved in some but not all people after changing or discontinuing the protease inhibitor in the person's drug regimen. Several studies have shown that body fat changes appear most often in persons who are responding well to treatment that is reducing their viral load.
Currently no methods for medically managing body fat changes are universally accepted. However, Ramon Torres, M.D., of St. Vincent's Medical Center, Donald Kotler, M.D., of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, and other researchers have reported that fat accumulation in the neck and abdomen decreased in persons taking recombinant human growth hormone (Serostim). Bernard Bihari, M.D., a New York physician who frequently champions alternative therapies for HIV, has reported that the narcotic antagonist naltrexone (Revia) appears to have a protective effect against peripheral fat loss. Some people have resorted to surgical procedures such as liposuction or fat resection to remove excess fat from around the neck and from the abdomen, and implants to fill out sunken cheeks. However, liposuction is risky and appears temporary, since excess fat may return if HAART is continued.
Miscellaneous Other Side Effects
Several other types of side effects are also associated with anti-HIV therapy, and new adverse reactions are continuously coming to the fore as the drugs are used in combination regimens for longer periods of time.
Some of these adverse reactions affect the whole body, including fever, chills, and malaise, a general "flu-like" feeling. Fatigue, an unusual, prolonged tiredness, has been reported in people taking any of the three approved classes of anti-HIV drugs. Some side effects such as loss of appetite (anorexia) and altered taste sensations (associated with both protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogs) can affect the ability to eat and thus lead to weight loss. Muscle damage (myopathy) may occur with AZT. Some drugs are also associated with muscle and joint pain (myalgia and arthralgia, respectively). Adverse cardiac effects (other than those associated with elevated blood fat levels, as described above) may include heart palpitations and loss of normal heart rhythm (arrhythmia).
Recently there have been reports of several new side effects associated with HAART regimens, ranging from gout to ingrown toenails. At the 7th CROI, Amy Colson, M.D., and colleagues from Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston reported that sexual dysfunction (erectile difficulties or loss of libido) was three times more likely to occur in men taking protease inhibitors than in men not taking these drugs. Fifty-two out of 274 HIV positive men first reported sexual dysfunction after starting a protease inhibitor. The researchers noted that the approval of sildenafil (Viagra) in the spring of 1998 may have increased the number of men seeking treatment for erectile dysfunction; sildenafil should be used cautiously by men taking protease inhibitors due to the potential for drug interaction.
Avascular necrosis of the hip bones was first reported at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy in September 1998. At the 7th CROI, Pablo Tebas, M.D., and colleagues from Washington University in St. Louis reported that 50% of 64 participants taking protease inhibitors in one study experienced osteopenia (mild-to-moderate bone mineral loss) and 21% experienced osteoporosis (severe bone loss), compared to 6% of those not taking the drugs; men were twice as likely as women to experience osteoporosis, an interesting finding because among HIV negative people, osteoporosis is most likely to affect postmenopausal women.
Jennifer Hoy, M.D., of Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, and colleagues reported that 28% of 80 participants in her study experienced osteopenia and 9% experienced osteoporosis. It is not yet clear why anti-HIV drugs might cause these symptoms or what is the best way to manage them, although there may be a role for periodic bone density scans.
Allergic and Hypersensitivity Reactions
Some people are unable to tolerate certain drugs and develop allergic or hypersensitivity reactions; such reactions seem to be more common in people with AIDS than among the population as a whole. Hypersensitivity reactions can range from skin rashes and swelling to life-threatening anaphylactic shock characterized by difficulty breathing and a rapid decrease in blood pressure.
Some 3-5% of people who take abacavir, the most recently approved nucleoside analog, experience a severe hypersensitivity reaction characterized by nausea, fever, fatigue, and flu-like symptoms, which may be followed by a generalized measles-like rash; in January, abacavir manufacturer Glaxo Wellcome added sore throat, cough, and shortness of breath to the list of symptoms that may signal a hypersensitivity reaction. Although symptoms typically subside when the drug is stopped, an even more severe, potentially fatal, reaction may occur if abacavir is restarted. People who experience these symptoms when taking abacavir should contact their physicians or an emergency room immediately; once they stop taking abacavir, they should not restart the drug.
Managing Side Effects
Several steps can be taken to reduce or ameliorate side effects related to anti-HIV drugs. First, physicians should inform patients about possible adverse effects so that they are not taken by surprise. In some cases, side effects may seem worse and more frightening if they are unexpected. However, people with HIV should be aware that many people do not experience adverse drug effects and understand that they are not inevitable, since fear of side effects can have a negative impact on adherence.
People with HIV should report all side effects, even those that seem minor, to a health-care provider. If an adverse reaction is severe -- such as a blistering rash, a high fever, or the symptoms of an abacavir hypersensitivity reaction -- see a provider or go to an emergency room immediately.
Sometimes adverse reactions are related to the additive effects and interactions that result when drugs are used in combination. In some cases, adverse reactions are most severe when a drug is first started and may lessen over time if a person can wait them out. With some drugs, side effects can be controlled by starting with small doses that are gradually increased. This type of desensitization protocol is often used for nevirapine, ritonavir, and sulfa drugs used to treat certain opportunistic infections.
In some cases, side effects cannot be managed well enough to allow an acceptable quality of life. Since different people react differently to different drugs -- and because some drugs in each class are associated with more side effects than others -- it may be possible to adjust drug dosages or to switch to other medications that provide similar benefits with fewer side effects. For example, among the nucleoside analogs, 3TC is associated with few side effects, and hypersensitivity reactions due to abacavir are uncommon. People with HIV and their physicians should try to devise individualized treatment regimens that provide the greatest benefit with the fewest possible side effects. However, people with HIV should not attempt to adjust doses or change medications on their own without consulting a physician; the likelihood of drug interactions and the possibility of developing drug-resistant HIV when drugs are stopped make it important to seek expert advice.
New Thinking and New Strategies
People have been using the oldest anti-HIV drugs for a decade now, but it is still not known what side effects may develop when people take HAART over the course of most of their lifetimes. Because many anti-HIV drugs were given rapid FDA approval, they have not benefited from years-long clinical trials to reveal uncommon or long-term side effects.
Reports of adverse metabolic effects associated with protease inhibitors are cause for concern; indeed, some researchers have begun to question the value of early treatment for asymptomatic people with HIV and to explore new treatment strategies. In the words of Keith Henry, "The major goal of HIV therapy is to maintain the long-term health of the patient while avoiding drug-related toxicity and preserving viable future treatment options . . . Early, aggressive therapy often prematurely exposes patients to risks for medication-related side effects and resistance. A more cautious, patient-focused, long-term approach to therapy would help foster studies of alternate strategies, such as delayed initiation of therapy, protease-sparing therapy, class-sparing therapy, planned drug interruptions, switches in therapy, and immune-based therapy. It is time for clinicians to rethink their approach to the treatment of HIV infection."
Planned drug interruptions, also known as structured treatment interruption (STI), is currently a hot topic among researchers who hope that periodically stopping anti-HIV drugs will stimulate the immune system and give patients a break from side effects. To date, small studies in a few patients suggest that STI may be feasible. Researchers have cautioned, however, that this approach is "still highly experimental and unproven." Short, careful, periodic treatment interruptions may one day allow HIV to be treated more like cancer. Cancer chemotherapy can be extremely unpleasant, resulting in nausea, vomiting, hair loss, blood deficiencies, and other symptoms. Yet, as Jay Levy, M.D., has noted, "No cancer patient takes three or four chemotherapeutic drugs for a lifetime." (For more information on STI in this issue of BETA, see "Structured Treatment Interruption" and "HIV Persists Despite HAART".)
The debate about anti-HIV drug side effects and treatment strategies made its way into the popular press this past winter. Journalist Celia Farber in Gear magazine and medical columnist Nicholas Regush on the ABC News Web site both wrote scathing commentaries on side effects associated with HAART, what Regush called, "a drug-induced nightmare of unprecedented magnitude." He continued, "[People taking HAART] develop dangerously high cholesterol and diabetes. Some of them have suffered gross deformities . . . A name more worthy of the toxic effects listed on the drug labels would be 'medical poisons.'"
Farber and Regush were countered in a widely distributed article by AIDS treatment activists Tim Horn and Linda Grinberg. In the words of Horn and Grinberg, both themselves HIV positive, "A handful of case reports confirming heart attacks among people receiving HAART cannot be compared to the devastation of the '80s and early '90s as we faced the loss of our loved ones to untreatable AIDS-related infections and our own mortality.Yes, fat redistribution is horrific and these miraculous drugs may leave us wanting. But, let us not deny our history, nor forget our past. Let us not forget the macabre horror of witnessing the wasted, KS-riddled shells of almost an entire generation slowly going blind or mad, struck down in their prime. Let us not forget the grim reality that AIDS is more lethal than any drug and that death is never pretty."
For many people, the benefits of keeping HIV in check will outweigh the immediate negative side effects and long-term risks of combination anti-HIV therapy. Others, especially those with early stage HIV infection who have few or no disease-related symptoms, may decide that maintaining a good current quality of life is more important to them. Each person with HIV and his or her physicians must balance the overall benefits against the overall risks.
Indeed, the most recent revision of the Department of Health and Human Service's Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents, updated in February, categorizes drugs as "preferred" on the basis of pill burden, dosing frequency, toxicity, and other considerations, not just their ability to suppress viral load. According to the panel that prepared the guidelines, "Physicians and patients must weigh the risks and benefits of starting antiretroviral therapy and make individualized and informed decisions."
Related BETA Article: Side Effects Reported with Approved Anti-HIV Drugs
Liz Highleyman is a freelance medical writer.
Selected Sources
Brinkman, K. and others. Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy. The Lancet 354: 1112-5. May 25, 1999.
Carr, A. Searching for Solutions: Metabolic complications and disorders in the treatment of HIV disease. Summary of reports from the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco. www.HIVandHepatitis.com. January 30-February 2, 2000.
Carr, A. and others. Pathogenesis of HIV-1-protease inhibitor-associated peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance. The Lancet 351: 1881-83. June 20, 1998.
Colson, A. and others. Sexual dysfunction in protease inhibitor recipients. 7th CROI. Abstract 63.
Farber, C. Science fiction. Gear. March 2000.
Henry, K. The case for more cautious, patient-focused antiretroviral therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine 132: 306-311. February 15, 2000.
Horn, T. and Grinberg, L. HAART sick hoax. Bay Area Reporter. February 24, 1999.
Hoy, J. and others. Osteopenia in a randomized, multicenter study of protease inhibitor (PI) substitution in patients with the lipodystrophy syndrome and well-controlled HIV viremia. 7th CROI. Abstract 208.
Johnson, D.L. Hypertension (HTN) in HIV patients with metabolic dysregulation. 7th CROI. Abstract 36.
Levy, J.A. Caution: should we be treating HIV infection early? The Lancet 352: 982-3. September 19, 1998.
Lori, F. and others. Structured treatment interruptions to control HIV-1 infection. The Lancet 355: 287-288. January 22, 2000.
Project Inform. Drug Side Effects Fact Sheet. August 1997.
Regush, N. The drawbacks of anti-HIV drugs: taking a closer look at "cocktail" therapies. www.abcnews.com. February 16, 2000.
Sosman, J.M. and others. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with the use of human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors. 7th CROI. Abstract 29.
Sulkowski, M.S. and others. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. Journal of the American Medical Association 283: 74-80. January 5, 2000.
Tebas, P. and others. Accelerated bone mineral loss in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. 7th CROI. Abstract 207.
Ter Hofstedt, H. and others. Four cases of fatal lactic acidosis due to mitochondrial toxicity of NRTI treatment: analysis of clinical features and risk factors. 7th CROI. Abstract 59.
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So who doesn't love Superman? Although he's been featured in numerous movies and TV series over the past few decades, most will regard the movies with Christopher Reeve (at least the first two) as the definitive Superman. After the disaster that was 1987's Superman 4 however, the Man of Steel took a break from the big screen until 2006's Superman Returns, where he had just sort of disappeared for a while and decided to come back, and Lex Luthor was still out to get him.
Seven years later, Warner brings us Man of Steel, which can best be described as a re-imagining of the Superman legend. It disregards any previous depictions and starts from scratch, beginning with his birth on his home planet Krypton to father Jor-El (Russell Crowe) and mother Lara Lor-Van (Ayelet Zurer). While the Krypton in 1978's Superman was a world of white crystals, here it's an elaborate planet with flying CG creatures, spaceships and gadgets. One new element is that for the past few centuries, Krypton's inhabitants haven't been born naturally (with the exception of Kal-El)- instead they're grown in an underwater "Genesis Chamber" where each one's function in life is pre-determined. General Zod (Michael Shannon) for example was born to be a fighter- but as before he has ambitions of taking over the planet which doesn't sit well with Krypton's council and they send him and his henchmen into the Phantom Zone. While in the 1978 film that consisted of just a flat plane they were trapped in that flew through space, here they're aboard a spaceship which then gets sucked into a netherworld- at least for a while.
While Krypton might be better off without Zod and company, attention soon turns to its imminent self-destruction. While nobody else seems to be making escape plans, Jor-El puts his son into a flying pod so that he'll have a new chance at life on Earth, saying "He'll be like a god to them." The rest of the Kryptonians perish as the planet explodes- which begs the question: Why didn't they just keep General Zod there so that he'd die with the rest of them?
From here, the structure jumps around as we first see Kal-El (or Clark Kent, the name given to him by his Earth parents) grown up (played by Henry Cavill) working on a ship and being called "Greenhorn" by his boss. The movie soon flashes back to Clark's younger days (where he's played by Cooper Timberline at age 9 and Dylan Sprayberry at age 13) where we see him first discover his powers. Jonathan (Kevin Costner) and Martha Kent (Diane Lane) have taken him in as their son and know there's something different about him but try to give him a normal life. There's a great scene where Clark is at school and suddenly becomes aware of his ability to see through things and hear every detail, then gets overwhelmed and runs out of class and Martha has to come and comfort him. Later some kids try to pick a fight with him but he just remains motionless, as he could potentially hurt them more than they deserve. The main point here is that by the time Clark grows up, he still doesn't know where he came from and hasn't yet become Superman. The closest he gets as a kid is when his school bus falls to the bottom of a river, and on the spur of the moment he lifts it back to safety, which only one other student on board sees him do but it leads to Jonathan warning him not to flaunt his abilities even to save a life.
Lois Lane (Amy Adams), still a reporter for the Daily Planet, comes into the picture when she travels up North to investigate the discovery of a strange object hidden in the mountains. This turns out to be Man of Steel's equivalent of the "Fortress of Solitude" that Jor-El has set up for Clark to find and learn about his past. When Clark is drawn to it, Lois sees him and follows him from a distance. A strange robot-like device ends up attacking and wounding her, so Clark tells her "I can do things that other people can't" and heals her with his heat-vision before disappearing. Lois then sets out to find out just who he is.
General Zod and his buddies meanwhile have escaped their captivity (again, why weren't they just kept on Krypton as it exploded?) and are searching for a new planet to call home. They arrive on Earth and decide it's perfect. While in Superman II this resulted in the world's governments being taken over and citizens ordered to "kneel before Zod," here it's a lot worse as spacecraft are deployed to the corners of the earth to give the planet a good shake-up, with buildings being sucked up and then left to fall back to the ground, leaving cities in ruins. Zod also wants Clark to help him Krypton-ize Earth, but of course he won't have that and sets out to stop him.
The most striking thing about Man of Steel is how grim it is compared to the previous Superman entries. Christopher Reeve's Superman was confident and heroic, but here Henry Cavill's rendition doesn't seem so sure of himself. He can take off flying much faster though, and isn't afraid to throw a few punches. The tights that Christopher Reeve wore have been replaced here by a more menacing chain-mail suit. The movie's general atmosphere is pretty dark, with a blue tint given to the entire movie and a score by Hans Zimmer that is quite a contrast to that of John Williams in the earlier movies. However, it seems like the Superman comic books have recently taken a dark turn as well- I haven't been keeping up with them, but I know Superman was actually killed in one of them not too long ago (but of course eventually brought back to life.) Keeping an open mind while watching Man of Steel, I accepted most of the liberties being taken and enjoyed it for what it was.
Shot on 35mm film in a 2.35 ratio, Man of Steel looks as it's intended on Blu-Ray. There's just a slight amount of film grain, and again colors are muted with most of the picture tinted blue- cold is a word that best describes it. The look is very similar to director Zack Snyder's 300. The movie was post-converted into 3D by Legend 3D, and a separate release is available that includes a 3D version in addition to the three discs in this set. A movie this big should have been shot in true 3D, but the conversion should still have potential to look great if it was done right. A standard DVD (coded for regions 1, 3 and 4) is also included which seems to look about as good as standard DVD can, but it's a great reminder of Blu-Ray's increased resolution- there's really no comparison.
Audio on the Blu-Ray is in 7.1 DTS-HD Master Audio and is, in a word, loud. This is one of those sound tracks you can feel, with explosions, flying airplanes and spacecraft, and falling buildings. I have to thank my neighbors for not complaining about it either! The standard DVD is in standard Dolby Digital 5.1 and isn't quite as powerful.
An interesting selection of foreign languages are included, more than what's indicated on the cover. On the Blu-Ray not only do we get Canadian French and Spanish, but also Portuguese and Chinese, with subtitles in each of these as well (plus of course SDH-style English subs.) The DVD drops the Portuguese and Chinese tracks but adds one in Thai, and includes Thai subtitles in addition to all other languages on the Blu-Ray except Portuguese.
The first Blu-Ray disc includes behind-the-scenes pieces "Strong Characters, Legendary Roles" with insight from the main actors, "All-Out Action" which details stunts and special effects, "Krypton Decoded" which explains the design of the scenes on Krypton. There's also a "Superman 75th Anniversary Animated Short" which is a sort of collage of Superman comic book art and animation over the years (including a brief nod to the Atari Superman video game), set to a score that morphs from John Williams' theme to Hans Zimmer's current score. Not having much to do with "Superman" is "New Zealand: Home of Middle Earth" which showcases the locations of Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings movies. The disc opens with an Ultraviolet promo and trailer for Pacific Rim. (The DVD also includes these but only in 4x3 letterbox format, along with a promo for the "Injustice" video game.)
The second Blu-Ray presents the movie in a format similar to Warner's previous "In-Movie Experiences," but apparently a bit too fancy to program into the movie disc itself. Here the movie plays in a window most of the time with other windows opening to show us production footage and commentaries from the director, cast and crew. Most of the production footage is in sync with the movie itself, which is interesting to see how things looked before special effects were added (and the color tinted blue.) There's also a tongue-in-cheek featurette on the planet Krypton, done in the style of a PBS show assuming that Krypton is actually a real planet.
Man of Steel had quite mixed reactions to its theatrical release, with some enjoying the new take on the Superman legend with others despising it. Overall, it worked quite well for me as a mindless popcorn movie and should serve as good home theater demo material for many. It should be interesting to see if this particular Superman franchise continues.
Jesse Skeen is a life-long obsessive media collector (with an unhealthy preoccupation with obsolete and failed formats) and former theater film projectionist. He enjoys watching movies and strives for presenting them perfectly, but lacks the talent to make his own.


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House Speaker Joe Straus is starting his third term in the powerful post by calling public education the priority of the new Texas Legislature.
Straus also said Tuesday that lawmakers must take "bold, substantial action" in the next 140 days to address a mounting water crisis in the face of a rapidly growing population.
Straus won re-election unopposed Tuesday after tea party favorite David Simpson withdrew his speaker candidacy during a defiant 10-minute speech to a packed House floor before bowing out. Simpson told lawmakers the House should operate without a "fear of retribution" from leaders in the chamber.
Straus is presiding over the most inexperienced House chambers in four decades. More than a quarter of the 150-member body are freshmen.


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Chris Leib - "Trinity" - oil on board - 40.6 x 50.8cm (16"x20")
oil on board
40.6 x 50.8 cm (16" x 20")
Chris Leib (USA) graduated in anthropology from the University of California Berkeley but soon after landed a job as an illustrator. After some study at the Academy of Art in San Francisco and apprenticing with a portrait painter, he began to work as a full time artist. Featuring casts of astronauts and Bonobo chimps, Leib's meticulously layered and detailed paintings provide his subjects with a corporeal quality that pull us into their narrative and culture references. Despite frequent dark tones, his subjects are characterised by humour and an exploration of iconic and heroic imagery. Leib has received competitive grants from the George Sugarman Foundation and the San Francisco Arts Commission. Leib's work has been shown throughout the United States and Europe and can be found in public and private collections around the world.


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Testimonials: Fighting SLAPPs with CASP
Here are some client and attorney testimonials about their experience with CASP:
In my experience, the CASP attorneys really care about their clients, and they do everything they can to reduce out of pocket fees and expenses. Not only did they take my case, but they also took the time to research the possibility of my insurance policies covering the legal expenses.
The attorneys at CASP are ethical and work with a high level of professionalism and integrity. I highly recommend CASP to prospective clients."
The information on this website is not, nor is it intended to be, legal advice. The information here is meant to provide general information to the public. We would be happy to consider your specific situation and the possibility of providing legal advice or assistance if you contact us directly.


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|Bas van Dijk <firstname.lastname@example.com> , Roel van Dijk <firstname.lastname@example.com>
|Safe Haskell
This module provides the
RLock synchronisation mechanism. It was inspired
by the Python
RLock and Java
ReentrantLock objects and should behave in a
similar way. See:
All functions are exception safe. Throwing asynchronous exceptions will not
compromise the internal state of an
This module is intended to be imported qualified. We suggest importing it like:
import Control.Concurrent.RLock ( RLock ) import qualified Control.Concurrent.RLock as RLock ( ... )
A reentrant lock is in one of two states: "locked" or "unlocked". When the lock is in the "locked" state it has two additional properties:
- Its owner: the thread that acquired the lock.
- Its acquired count: how many times its owner acquired the lock.
Creating reentrant locks
Create a reentrant lock in the "locked" state (with the current thread as owner and an acquired count of 1).
Locking and unlocking
acquire :: RLock -> IO ()Source
Acquires the
RLock. Blocks if another thread has acquired the
acquire behaves as follows:
- When the state is "unlocked",
acquirechanges the state to "locked" with the current thread as owner and an acquired count of 1.
- When the state is "locked" and the current thread owns the lock
acquireonly increments the acquired count.
- When the state is "locked" and the current thread does not own the lock
acquireblocks until the owner releases the lock. If the thread that called
acquireis woken upon release of the lock it will take ownership and change the state to "locked" with an acquired count of 1.
There are two further important properties of
acquireis single-wakeup. That is, if there are multiple threads blocked on
acquire, and the lock is released, only one thread will be woken up. The runtime guarantees that the woken thread completes its
- When multiple threads are blocked on
acquirethey are woken up in FIFO order. This is useful for providing fairness properties of abstractions built using locks. (Note that this differs from the Python implementation where the wake-up order is undefined.)
tryAcquire :: RLock -> IO BoolSource
release :: RLock -> IO ()Source
release decrements the acquired count. When a lock is released with an
acquired count of 1 its state is changed to "unlocked".
Note that it is both an error to release a lock in the "unlocked" state and to release a lock that is not owned by the current thread.
If there are any threads blocked on
acquire the thread that first called
acquire will be woken up.
Convenience functions
tryWith :: RLock -> IO α -> IO (Maybe α)Source
A non-blocking
tryWith is a convenience function which first tries to
acquire the lock. If that fails,
Nothing is returned. If it succeeds, the
computation is performed. When the computation terminates, whether normally or
by raising an exception, the lock is released and
Just the result of the
computation is returned.
- When the state is "locked"
waitblocks until a call to
releasein another thread changes it to "unlocked".
- When the state is "unlocked"
waitreturns immediately.
wait does not alter the state of the lock.
Note that
wait is just a convenience function defined as:
wait l =


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NC Church Packages 10,000 Meals for the Needy in 1 Day
A church in North Carolina has packaged about 10,000 meals for those in need in developing countries in one day.
Peace Missionary Baptist Church of Durham, N.C., packaged the meals Saturday as part of an effort in conjunction with the international relief agency Stop Hunger Now.
Wil Glenn, spokesman for Peace Missionary Baptist and volunteer at the event, told The Christian Post that the packaging of thousands of meals was passionately performed. "Saturday was inspiring and very energetic," said Glenn, who has been a member of the church since 2000.
"Over 75 church members, and members of the Durham community, took part in packaging 10,152 meals for the less fortunate all across the world."
Glenn also told CP that Peace Missionary Baptist "donated $2,500 to Stop Hunger Now to be able to package the meals."
"Packaging 10,000 meals aligns perfectly with Jesus' principals. Christ is love. You can't love if you don't give," said Glenn.
Terrence Brown, program manager at Stop Hunger Now's Raleigh office, told The Christian Post about how the collaboration came about.
"The event came about after Blair Kelley of Peace Baptist Church did an event with us through a different organization…and thought it would be something her church would enjoy," said Brown.
"She took the idea to them and a couple months later we had a partnership. This is the second time we have joined Peace Baptist in the effort to end world hunger."
Brown also told CP that Peace Missionary Baptist was "the first and still only Afro-American church in the Raleigh area" to be involved in a packaging event.
Chris Singleton, program manager at Stop Hunger Now of Eastern North Carolina, told CP that churches play an important role in Stop Hunger Now's efforts.
"Churches play a huge role in what we are able to do in our area & overall as well. In the East, most of our packaging events are with churches," said Singleton.
"The churches that are packaging have found that it is a great way to get the entire church, young and old, working together. It's also a great way to get people thinking beyond the walls of the church."
Singleton also said that one of his "greatest joys is to see groups of churches working together to package meals without regard to denominational differences, race or economic status."
"We had a high school student that organized a packaging event in order to bring to churches in his small town together, he even named it Unity in the Community," said Singleton.
"Not only did he reach his fund raising goal but he was able to bring 4 or 5 churches together to reach out and help others."
According to the local media outlet WRAL, Peace Missionary Baptist Church's food packaging event corresponded with the Durham church's 39th anniversary.


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Difference between revisions of "Fetch from secure CVS and SVN"
From Openembedded.org
m (Secure CVS and SVN moved to Fetch from secure CVS and SVN)
(No difference)
Latest revision as of 09:40, 24 November 2010
Q: bitbake fetch breaks on a secure connections for svn or cvs, what shall I do?
A: bitbake/OE has a bit of a problem with https for cvs and svn checkouts. You need to run "svn info $svnhost" once and permanently accept the certificate before you can fetch sources for OE.


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- Home
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- Public Notices
Healthy, vigorous tomato vines can produce a lot of fruit. If you're new to gardening, try growing just a few tomato plants at first perhaps two or three plants of two to three varieties. Of the thousands available, from cherished heirloom types to the hottest new hybrids, how do you narrow your choices?
Criteria for choosing varieties
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Latest News
Three NASCAR legends will go into NMPA's Hall of Fame
Three of NASCAR's legends will be the latest inductees Saturday night into the National Motorsports Press Association's Hall of Fame during a ceremony at the Hilton Charlotte University Place.
This year's class includes Ken Squier, Jim Hunter and Dr. Joseph Mattioli, with the latter two being honored posthumously.
Ken Squier started offering lap-by-lap commentary in the world of auto racing as a 14-year-old from the back of a logging truck at a stock car dirt race track in Vermont. His father, Lloyd Squier owned and operated the radio station WDEV based in his home town of Waterbury, Vermont.
When his father passed away, Ken Squier took over ownership and running of the station, which he continues to do today. Ken was the co-founder of the Motor Racing Network in 1969 and worked several years with CBS Sports. Squier contributes to contribute to NASCAR coverage on the Speed Channel.
im Hunter started his journalistic career in South Carolina before moving into the field of public relations and later being appointed as track president at Darlington (S.C.) Raceway.
He fulfilled corporate roles with both NASCAR and International Speedway Corporation during his career, remaining an integral part of NASCAR until he died on Oct. 29, 2010.
Dr. Joseph Mattioli was the founder of Pocono Raceway, which opened in 1971 and currently hosts both NASCAR Sprint Cup and Truck series races, among others.
Known as "Doc" in the NASCAR community, Mattioli trained as a dentist at Temple University, but his passion lay in racing and he supported the sport until his death on Jan. 26, 2012.


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It takes a serious set of stones to openly mock LeBron James for being a crybaby when you're sitting four feet away from the demi-god of a man. An epic moment of awkwardness in every sense of the word.
"That LeBron is such a cryba.... whoops... I mean uhhh... LeBron's cool." pic.twitter.com/N6rQM1mOxq— CBS Sports (@CBSSports) December 25, 2015


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The Accenture Mobility Insights Survey 2014 reveals that insurers are well aware of the huge take-up of smart mobile devices, and the impact that is having on how their customers behave—and how their value chains operate. In fact, insurers are more likely than firms in other industries to invest aggressively in mobile technologies to provide access to new markets.
Despite these encouraging signs that the industry "gets" mobility, what's less heartening is the fact that insurers are unlikely to invest enough to take advantage of its full potential. They are less likely than companies in other industries to invest in excess of $30 million over the next two years, with most falling into the $10 million to $29 million range. Accenture believes these investment levels are likely too low, and recommends that insurers should see mobility within the broader strategic context. Particular focus should be given to mobility's potential to disrupt existing insurance value chains quite radically.


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Welcome to Financial Systems
Statewide Financial Systems' mission is to direct, manage and coordinate development of the University of Alaska financial systems. We audit system processes and procedures, and ensure the accuracy of data connected to finance functions.
Join the UA BFinance listserve and stay up to date about the Banner Finance System and system availability. Click to join the Banner Finance Listserve.


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Former SEC linemen dominate NFL trenches
ATLANTA (AP) — The Southeastern Conference is dominating the defensive line in the NFL when it comes to rosters spots in the league.
The SEC sends more defensive linemen to the NFL than any other conference — and it's not even close.
A review of NFL opening day rosters by STATS LLC shows 50 defensive linemen from the SEC. The Atlantic Coast Conference is a distant second with 33.
Alabama coach Nick Saban said the SEC's run of six straight national championships was based on strong defensive fronts.
"It's really no surprise to me that we have that many players in the NFL," Saban said. "Just in the few years that I've been here there have been quite a few first-round draft picks and some very good players that are dominant defensive linemen.
"I've always said that one of the things that separates our league from other leagues a little bit is the quality of the pass rushers and the athleticism of the up-front people, on defense especially."
More top talent is coming.
LSU defensive ends Barkevious Mingo and Sam Montgomery could be first-round picks in next year's NFL draft. Mingo could go No. 1 overall.
The SEC's long list of standout defensive linemen also includes Auburn's Corey Lemonier, South Carolina's Jadeveon Clowney, Georgia's John Jenkins and Alabama's Jesse Williams (6-foot-4, 319 pounds), who is most famous for his 600-pound bench press.
The NFL will have to wait on Clowney (6-6, 256), who is only a sophomore.
This week, Tennessee coach Derek Dooley is trying to devise a plan to block Florida's defensive linemen, including Sharrif Floyd (6-3, 305) and Dominique Easley (6-2, 286). In two weeks the Vols will be facing Georgia's pair of 350-pound nosetackles, Jenkins and Kwame Geathers. Tennessee plays Alabama and South Carolina in back-to-back weeks in October.
Game after game, the top defensive fronts keep coming. There's no relief for Dooley and other SEC coaches.
Florida "is probably one of the best fronts in the country, but there's more to come down the road," Dooley said. "You look at these games and it just sums up what this league is."
Dooley said Florida beat Texas A&M last week because the Gators' defense "just keeps beating on them and beating on them and eventually they pull away."
"That's what makes this league tough," Dooley said. "You've got to go against these defenses."
Vanderbilt offensive tackle Wesley Johnson calls the barrage of matchups in the SEC "a huge challenge." Johnson said he sees a difference when the Commodores play outside the SEC.
"I don't think people appreciate the fact that our defensive linemen in the SEC tend to be a little bit more athletic, a little bit bigger," Johnson said. "There's a pretty significant difference, and that challenge every week actually helps me a lot when we go out of conference and we play other teams."
Overall, STATS says the SEC easily leads the nation with 257 NFL players. The ACC again placed second with 211. The total does not include NFL players from Missouri and Texas A&M, who are in their first seasons in the SEC.
Mingo said the dominance is easy to explain.
"I guess just the best players come to the SEC," Mingo said with a laugh.
NFL scouts like the speed and athleticism of Mingo (6-5, 240). He ranked among the SEC leaders in sacks and tackles for losses last year but says he wants to be known as more than a pass-rusher.
"I definitely think I've come a long way, just getting stronger, being in the film room, learning to play the game the way it's meant to be played," he said.
"I would just like to consider myself a defensive end. That's what I am, not just on pass downs but on run-stopping and whatever else I need to do."
The league's best defensive lines don't have to depend on one star.
Mingo, Montgomery and tackle Bennie Logan are only the first wave of talent on LSU's deep defensive front. LSU also likes sophomore Anthony "Freak" Johnson, a 310-pound backup tackle.
Georgia's big nosetackles are helped by the outside pass rush from ends Abry Jones and Cornelius Washington and star outside linebacker Jarvis Jones. South Carolina senior end Devin Taylor complements Clowney. Alabama has a deep rotation that includes Williams and ends Ed Stinson and Damion Square.
The SEC's wealth of talented defensive linemen isn't a surprise to Georgia defensive coordinator Todd Grantham, the former defensive line coach for the Dallas Cowboys.
"Coming from the National Football League, one of the things that attracted me to the University of Georgia was the type of players you can attract, particularly when you talk about defensive linemen," Grantham said. "The SEC is known for their fronts, and I think that's what separates them from all of the other conferences.
"When you watch a team from the SEC play, they have players in their front seven. They have players that can make plays. They have players that can win one-on-one matchups, and they have players that you have to account for to know where they're at to make sure you don't get your quarterback injured. They're pretty big and physical and they can get after people."
Mississippi State quarterback Tyler Russell said he puts his health in the hands of his offensive line.
"If you think about the rush, that's when you start throwing picks," Russell said. "All of these defensive lines in the SEC are good. LSU's really good, Alabama, South Carolina. All of these teams have good ones.
"That's one of the biggest reasons you saw two teams from the SEC play for the national title last season."


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Many people consider the 1979 miniseries made from John le Carre's "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy" to be the best adaptation of his work. Alec Guinness' George Smiley in that version (and later reprised in a second miniseries) has been remembered most fondly of all the actors (including Rupert Davies, James Mason and Denholm Elliott) who have taken on the character. So why is it being remade now for the big screen?
Besides the possible commercial reasons, there are also the kind of production values that a bigger budget can afford. And there may be a virtue in director Tomas Alfredson ("Let the Right One In") having to tell le Carre's intricate story in two hours rather than six or seven. In truth, it would probably require even longer than that to make all the reversals and details of le Carre's typically convoluted plot clear as we go along.
The middle-aged Smiley (Gary Oldman in this version) is a recurring character who appears at the center of several le Carre books and the periphery of others. He's near the top level of Britain's MI6 (military intelligence); that is, he's a spy, though not a James Bond spy. In fact, rather the opposite — he doesn't flirt with every (or any) woman he meets; he uses no science fiction gewgaws; and he rarely wisecracks. He is so utterly ordinary that he can pass through a crowd without anyone remembering him.
At the film's beginning, Smiley and Control (John Hurt), his immediate superior, are forced out of the service after a Budapest mission goes terribly wrong. That may, however, just be the pretext; what's really going down is a power grab by one or more of their closest colleagues (played by Toby Jones, Colin Firth, Ciarin Hinds and David Dencik). But Smiley is secretly brought back from retirement for the most sensitive sort of work — ferreting out a Soviet mole, who is probably one of those four.
Complications ensue. Man, do they ensue! Is there really a double agent within the group? Or could he be a triple agent, working for our side while pretending to be working for the Soviets as someone pretending to be working for us?
"Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy" is so complicated that, at the end, I still wasn't clear on who did what to whom. The plot is only one source of the confusion: There is also Alfredson's fondness for leaping around in time; the characters being referred to randomly by first, last or code names; and the fact that Smiley, our identification figure, is, by design, a very internalized guy.
This confusion may be deliberate: I'm a stickler for plot logic, but Alfredson doesn't seem to be focused on that. He's more concerned with character and mood. On the basis of this and "Let the Right One In," a distinctive visual style emerges. Backgrounds are often kept out of focus. At times, you get the sense that Smiley is moving normally through a slow-motion world. The interiors are beautifully lit, almost suggesting a dream world. Everything seems designed to keep us, like Smiley, in the dark.
Oldman is a notorious scenery-chewer — think "The Fifth Element," "The Professional" and "True Romance" for a start — but here, as in the Batman series, he's remarkably restrained. We have to read him primarily through subtle shifts of expression.
It's baffling that the film has been rated "R for violence, some sexuality/nudity and language." There is no nudity to speak of; the language is mild; and nearly all the action stuff occurs off screen or at a great distance. Except for one short scene near the beginning, the action is mostly cerebral. There are one or two gory closeups, but even those are mild stuff compared to most PG-13 films.
ANDY KLEIN is the film critic for Marquee. He can also be heard on "FilmWeek" on KPCC-FM (89.3).


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- Fabric: 100% polyester
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- Drop brim
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Columbia was born in Portland, Oregon, USA, where snow-covered volcanos and glaciers are just a hike away. Our goal is to keep you protected no matter what. That's why our products are tested in the harshest conditions Mother Nature can muster.