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Christina Lynne Catlett, M.D.
Associate Director, Johns Hopkins Office of Critical Event Preparedness and Response (CEPAR)
Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine
Expertise: Emergency Medicine
Research Interests: Hospital surge capacity metrics; Characterizing willingness to respond to disasters; Disaster medicine curriculum development; International disaster response metrics ...read more
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Christina Catlett, M.D., FACEP is an associate professor of emergency medicine at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. Catlett received her undergraduate degree and M.D. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Following her residency in emergency medicine at Johns Hopkins, she joined the Johns Hopkins Department of Emergency Medicine faculty full time in 1998, where she has specialized in disaster and wilderness medicine.
In 2001, Catlett became the associate director of the Johns Hopkins Office of Critical Event Preparedness and Response (CEPAR), created in the wake of the terrorist attacks. At CEPAR, she has coordinated disaster planning and response within the Hopkins health system and integrated those activities with federal, state, and local plans. She has created detailed response strategies for terrorist attacks, hazmat events, contagious disease outbreaks, and mass casualty events requiring surge capacity. Catlett serves as the director of the Johns Hopkins Go Team (Hopkins' deployable disaster medical team) and is a member of Maryland's new Disaster Medical Assistance Team (MD-1 DMAT). Catlett has led disaster response teams to Hurricanes Ivan, Katrina and Rita, and most recently, to the Haiti earthquake. She has also led humanitarian missions to Central and South America and Southeast Asia through the Go Team's cooperation with the US Navy.
Catlett's interest in wilderness medicine evolved when she began climbing mountains in 2004, starting with Kilimanjaro in Africa. In 2005, she was the physician for an expedition cruise ship traveling from Japan to Siberia, the Arctic Circle and Alaska. In 2006, she was the Mt. Everest basecamp physician for the Adventure Consultants expedition. She provided helicopter search-and-rescue for the 2008 and 2009 UAE Desert Challenge, a five-day 2000 km automotive race through the deserts of the Middle East and medical support for the Abu Dhabi Formula 1 Grand Prix in 2009.
Catlett has spoken both nationally and internationally on a variety of disaster and wilderness medicine topics. She has led disaster conferences in Turkey, Colombia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Costa Rica and Indonesia. She has published articles in Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, JAMA, BMC Public Health, Prehospital Emergency Care, American Journal of Disaster Medicine, PLoS One, and the Journal of the American College of Surgeons.
- Associate Director, Johns Hopkins Office of Critical Event Preparedness and Response (CEPAR)
- Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine
Departments / Divisions
Centers & Institutes
- MD; Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine (1995)
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine / Emergency Medicine (1998)
Board Certifications
- American Board of Emergency Medicine / Emergency Medicine (1999)
Research & Publications
Research Summary
Scholarly projects with residents:
- Hospital shooting events in the last decade
- Implementation of a new medical student curriculum in disaster medicine
Projects with opportunities for resident involvement:
- The Johns Hopkins Go Team (deployable medical asset for disasters)
- Disaster Medicine intersession for first year medical students
- Austere Medicine course for medical students
- Papers on a variety of disaster topics
Selected PublicationsView all on Pubmed
Bayram JD, Sauer LM, Catlett C, Levin S, Cole G, Kirsch TD, Toerper M, Kelen G. Critical resources for hospital surge capacity: an expert consensus panel. PLoS Curr. 2013 Oct 7;5. pii: ecurrents.dis.67c1afe8d78ac2ab0ea52319eb119688. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.67c1afe8d78ac2ab0ea52319eb119688. PMID: 24162793
Kelen GD, Catlett CL, Kubit JG, Hsieh YH. Hospital-based shootings in the United States: 2000 to 2011. Ann Emerg Med. 2012 Dec;60(6):790-798.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.08.012. Epub 2012 Sep 19. PMID: 22998757
Pham JC, Haut ER, Catlett CL, Berenholtz SM. Association of allogeneic red-blood cell transfusion with surgeon case-volume. J Surg Res. 2012 Mar;173(1):135-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.08.030. Epub 2010 Sep 16. PMID: 20888592
Errett NA, Barnett DJ, Thompson CB, Semon NL, Catlett C, Hsu E, Gwon H, Balice RD, Links JM. Assessment of psychological preparedness and emergency response willingness of local public health department and hospital workers. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2012;14(2):125-33. PMID: 23350228
Catlett CL, Jenkins JL, Millin MG. Role of emergency medical services in disaster response: resource document for the National Association of EMS Physicians position statement. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011 Jul-Sep;15(3):420-5. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2011.561401. Epub 2011 Apr 11. PMID: 21480774
Watson CM, Barnett DJ, Thompson CB, Hsu EB, Catlett CL, Semon, NL, Gwon HS, Balicer RD, Links JM. Characterizing public health emergency perceptions and influential modifiers of willingness to respond among pediatric health care staff. American Journal of Disaster Medicine Sep/Oct 2011; 6(5):299-308.
Balicer RD, Catlett CL, Barnett DJ, Thompson CB, Hsu EB, Morton M, Semon NL, Watson CM, Gwon HS, Links JM. Characterizing hospital workers' willingness to respond to a radiological event. PLoS One 2011; 6(10): e25327. Epub 2011 Oct 27.
Catlett CL, Kirsch TD, Scheulen JJ, Cole G, Kelen GD. Maximizing utility of a deployable medical team from an academic medical center to a disaster. World Medical & Health Policy 2011; 3(4): Article 4.
Patient Ratings & Comments
The Patient Rating score is an average of all responses to physician related questions on the national CG-CAHPS Medical Practice patient experience survey through Press Ganey. Responses are measured on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the best score. Comments are also gathered from our CG-CAHPS Medical Practice Survey through Press Ganey and displayed in their entirety. Patients are de-identified for confidentiality and patient privacy.
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Champa (Nandita Das), her husband Shankar (Rashid Farooqui) and their son Ramchand (child actor Syed Fazal Hussain) comprise a Dalit family living in a small village in Pakistan. Their lives are rattled when little Ramchand accidentally crosses the border into India. Shankar, searching for his son, crosses the border too. Father and son are imprisoned, and Champa left helpless in the village on the other side. Five years pass, yet Ramchand (now Navaid Jabbar) maintains a surprisingly positive outlook on life despite the traumatic events. Why the positivity? Will they ever make it back to their home in Pakistan? Meanwhile, Champa has little hope of their survival, and even has an admirer. How will her decisions shape the futures of the three? See Ramchand Pakistani to discover. As uplifting as it is engaging, and as heartwarming as it is troubling, it is cinema at its finest with a message that is universal.
It deals with several real issues. Incorporated into the narrative is commentary on treatment of minorities (by religion, nationality, and caste), women (including widows), children, farm workers, prisoners, teachers, students, and knowledge. And the solace one occasionally finds in the company of solitude, or of a pet.
Each, as the film shows, applies across the human landscape. And each is addressed with sensitivity that is admirable. While it often toys with the intellect with respect to visual depictions of the struggles related to these issues, not once does it succumb to graphic visuals, which is testament to the quality of filmmaking and the strength of the narrative in implying what it needs to without showing it (because it would have been very easy to give in to the temptation to add shock value and still draw praises). Well done Ms. Jabbar!
My DVD is censored for language (which means there are occasional bleeps; I'm not sure if an uncensored version was released), but that works for those of us who believe that the use of expletives is quite obviously (and perhaps unbeknown to the communicator) an admission of the weakness of words that would have been used independent of them :)
There is lots more to like about Ramchand Pakistani, but the two big strengths are its screenplay and the accompanying performances that bring it to life, well enough for its audience to feel the emotional swings of the characters. One would almost want to compare these to strengths of typical Pakistani television shows (or 'drama serials', as they are referred to; they typically contain 13 hour-long episodes, and emphasize screenplay, character development, dialogue and delivery over production values, which are great in this film, though).
The performances are excellent throughout. Nandita Das is outstanding; we expect nothing short of that from her. There's this certain rare combination of acting talent and character assumption that she carries, which she is able to employ here to say more with body language than with words.
Rashid Farooqui is effective first as a teacher in the village, then as a prisoner and concerned father of a fellow inmate.
And the two child artists Syed Fazal Hussain and Navaid Jabbar steal the show with their depiction of Ramchand growing up in prison and finding a way to not hate life despite the miserable reality of his situation.
There is even the beautiful Maria Wasti (pronounced 'Maaryaa', a household name in Pakistan for her drama serials), an Indian policewoman who is Ramchand's confidant while in prison, and a character every movie buff can identify with! I'd rather not give away any more of why that is, it's a definite highlight in the film that deserves to be discovered in stride.
The cinematography is excellent, as is the art direction. Sample these color palettes:
Although used sparingly and to complement the background score (no playback singing involved), the music is delightful, and the team delivering it a brilliant assortment of prominent Indian and Pakistani artists. Music Director Debajyoti Mishra (who has the music to Raincoat (2004) and Chokher Bali (2003) to his credit) works with renowned lyricist Anwar Maqsood to deliver a fine soundtrack which includes the likes of Shubha Mudgal (who gets three excellent tracks), Shafqat Amanat Ali, Allan Faqir and others. There are three Pakistani folk songs as well.
The top two songs (and it's difficult to narrow it down to two) are Phir Wohi Raaste by Shafqat Amanat Ali, which you must save for the film (please stay away from its YouTube clips too), because its integration is phenomenal but part of the climax. (This note added 4/28/2009: Its lyrics and translation are at the bottom of the post.)
The other fantastic song is Allah Megh De by Amanat Ali and Mudgal, which I hope you listened to (it's the song embedded above). It's a very popular Bengali folk song, first recorded in the 1940s by vocalist Abbasuddin Ahmed. Here is his rendition of the song. It has been used in Hindi cinema too. There's this variant composed and sung by S. D. Burman and with lyrics by Shailendra in Guide (1965) starring Dev Anand and Waheeda Rahman. And there is this one sung by Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle, with music by Laxmikant-Pyarelal and lyrics by Gulzar, from Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein (1977) starring Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini. The version from Ramchand Pakistani holds its own. In each case, it's essentially a prayer for blessings (and rain!).
While it seems increasingly difficult, I hope Ramchand Pakistani is a precursor to more efforts by the South Asian film fraternity to remind us of all the good will that can be shared, within and among countries that remain remarkably (and foolishly, indeed almost disgustingly) oblivious to the long-term consequences (and perhaps -- and I know this sounds pessimistic -- the inevitability) of their unwillingness to give peace a legitimate chance. A splendid film overall, one I would highly recommend. It's a film with a soul, and a delightful undertaking well worth lauding. Want cinema that's real? Don't think twice!
Movie rating: 4/5 (Excellent!)
It's featured prominently in the international film festival circuit, for which there's good reason. Here is a compilation of reviews. There's a quiet, confident revival of cinema ongoing in Pakistan. First Khuda Ke Liye (2007), then this! And thank you visitor and commenter Salek for your recommendation -- it finally released on DVD.
My classification: R (for content -- no graphic depictions, but implications are obvious)
Official website: RamchandPakistani.com
Picture source(s): Official site and DVD by Eagle Home Entertainment.
Added 4/28/2009:
Following the request by visitor Alina, here are the lyrics and my translation to the remarkable song Phir Wohi Raaste.

subset: commoncrawl


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Non-contact extensometers offer a viable solution for testing the tensile properties of both molded or die cut elastomers, including vulcanized rubber or thermoplastic elastomers.
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Trigger warnings: Homophobic/sexist language, anxiety
As much as I hate for one of my errant posts while the festivities of work and holidays keep me out of blogging to be relentlessly negative, I feel like this is something I should post. I feel that often the hardest part of being a woman in a sexist world, especially as a feminist, is putting your values ahead of you. It's very hard to navigate what is still an openly hostile world and still stick your neck out for what you believe in. I had a situation last night that I dealt with, and while I don't feel that I was the assertive, unabashed feminist I could have been, I feel like the appropriate people got taken to task and I got out of the situation as fast as my gnomish legs would carry me.
A recap:
Since 4.3 came out, I've pretty much quit progression raiding. I recently completed my legendary staff, killed Deathwing via LFR. I'm not left wanting for excitement or content at all right now. I've really relished the free time I have, that I'm no longer part of a 25man that actively dislikes the game and can focus on my friends, blogging, and having fun.
That being said, I happened to pick up a casual 10man group made mostly of alts/socials from a top 10man guild on my server. Interested by the prospect of low-stress normals raiding with a decent team of people, I started going along with them. First it was one night, one-shotting most of Siege and then adding a second day for working on Madness bosses. Most of the raid (if not all) is dudes, of the decently nice sort but a couple of them are a little "rough around the edges." Not surprising, but not terrible.
However, here and there sometimes they would slip up and say something a little rude or use a slur – mostly things like calling someone "fag" or n-words. Just every so once in a while, and I reported it to the raid leader who said he'd handle it.
Well, we got into the raid tonight and it was just one weird convo on Ventrilo after another; one talking about what cereal looked like vaginas, and how someone in the raid was a whore. I just felt really embarassed and weird. I kept making weird emoticons because despite all of my crowing about how amazingly strong and feminist I am, I'm still cowed by a large group of men online apparently.
Then right before we pulled Zon'ozz, one of the louder guys said, "If you f*****s don't all one-shot this boss tonight, I'm going to yell!" and started laughing. I had enough and told him not to call me that, and he shot back like, "See, I don't understand why a woman would get offended by that." I whispered the raid leader, told him I was sorry but I couldn't handle it, apologized for leaving before a boss and peaced out of the raid. I whispered the other mage later on since he's always been super nice and said he could talk to me for magely wisdom That's the only contact I think I'll have from now on.
My hands were shaking and I got off Ventrilo in a hurry. I have legit anxiety/panic problems with confrontation and this was just piquing it all over the place. I feel not the slightest bit aggrieved that I won't see normal content or loot, but that's what LFR is for. I'm just sad that I forgot momentarily that the world outside of my awesome guild is still shitty in the World of Warcraft. I'm also sad that I'm still kinda a scaredy cat when it comes to socially dealing with people who are being offensive.
I feel that sometimes in our rush to uphold the ideals that we want to see in the world, that we forget that we're all still human beings and things like anxiety, aggression and consequences still exist for those who speak up. While there's no imminent threat of physical violence for telling some dudebros on Ventrilo to stop calling people fags, it can still be hard to stand up. But I'm glad I did. I still urge everyone who can to do it, and to feel proud about it. You're definitely not alone. Even though I was scared, I still did it anyways. I feel like I might not always have the power to change the world overnight, but I still have the power to change the world in my immediate grasp. I do this by speaking up when I feel things are going wrong, and building a really amazing guild that's full of people that respect eachother. It might be small, but I feel it's a good first step.


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Oh, Kesha. Everyone's favorite professional party girl has made it clear she knows how to mix work with play — she gave tattoos during recording sessions with the Flaming Lips and described her tour staff as "rowdy animal misfits." But she takes it to a whole other level in a new interview, where we claims to have her assistant dress up in a penis costume when she's sad.
K-Dollar Sign-Ha revealed that when she's not having friends over to dance around in little more than body paint (and bathing suits, for the tame), she beats the blues by having hired help prance around in phallic wear. "Who isn't amused by a giant, dancing penis?" Kesha said. "Sometimes when I'm sad, I make my assistant put on the penis outfit and bounce around my house." Here's hoping he or she gets a bonus for that!
While Kesha admits she's "amused by five-year-old humor," one thing she's serious about is her music. "I feel like I don't necessarily agree, but people say that rock and roll is dead, and it is my mission and my goal to resurrect it in the form of my pop music," Kesha said last month. "That's the goal. We'll see what happens. That's a very ambitious and lofty goal, but that's my goal."
Kesha takes her job seriously while maintaining the elementary-school humor she loves. She described her recent tour activities as a mix of childish humor and adult activities. "My band and I always give each other butt-fives before we go onstage," Kesha said. "It's a lot like a high-five but more fun because you use your a– instead of your hands."
While no photos have surfaced of her assistant's extra task just yet, we're hoping we'll catch a glimpse of it in her upcoming documentary!


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We catch up with the University of Colorado team (profile here) on the last day of the 2012 ISC Student Cluster Competition (or Kluster Kamph… or Hell on the Elbe) in Hamburg. Even though they were the last team to get started on the challenge (owing to their lackadaisical approach to the opening t-shirt scramble), they feel good about the competition and their chances.
Why shouldn't they? They're the most experienced team in the competition, and they breezed through HPCC, LINPACK, and various HPC applications that made up the challenge this year. Also, they weren't thrown by either of the two surprise applications (WRF weather forecasting and Gromacs molecular modeling). In this short video, we talk to the team and get their final thoughts on the competition, the trip, and their chances.
Posted In: ISC'12
Tagged: HPCC, ISC'12, LINPACK, Student Cluster Competition, University of Colorado


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In her younger days, Kathi Blinn (1952 - 2016) painted bold, abstract art, then went on to the responsible years and made a living as a graphic artist. For many years, Kathi taught decorative art and painted murals. with her children grown and out of the nest, she returned to painting fine art. Ms. Blinn's current style reflects a broader sense of wisdom from the perspective of both visual and personal experience. Her work exhibits a simple composition that evokes emotion through strong colors and pure design.
Kathi Blinn lived in the small town of Stillwater, NY along the Hudson River. She was a member of Oil Painters of America, the Saratoga County Arts Council, and the Rockport Art Association where her work has received wide acclaim. Kathi's original pieces have been purchased and sought after locally, nationally, and internationally.
"I believe in living life out loud, with passion and joy, and it is my intent to express both the excitement and stillness of a passionate life through my art. Somewhere in between my expression and the viewers reception is where the real art occurs."


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A two-month-old died of blunt force trauma to his head, according to reports.
Update at 10:38 a.m. to correct the date Deklin King was brought to Naval Hospital
A two-month-old died of blunt force trauma to his head, according to reports.
Onslow County Sheriff Ed Brown said Wednesday the autopsy report for 2-month-old Deklin John King found he died of blunt force injuries to the head.
His father, Marine Sgt. Jordan Thomas King, 27, was charged with his death and denied bond by North Carolina District Court Judge Louis Foy.
King brought his son to the Naval Hospital on Feb. 8, with a fractured skull and the child was airlifted to Vidant Medical Center in Greenville. King was subsequently arrested and charged with intentional child abuse inflicting serious injury.
King was later charged with murder in his son�s death after he was taken off life support on Feb. 13. King remains in custody.
King lived with Amanda Eversole and their two sons, according to Daily News archives. He joined the Marine Corps in 2008 and was an electrical systems technician with Combat Logistics Battalion 22.
The autopsy report shows that the infant had been to the hospital on two prior occasions for suspected abuse, and that his body showed signs of head hemorrhages and healing rib fractures, according to media reports. Documents state two weeks before the boy�s death, King says he tripped over the family dog while holding his son, according to the reports.
Brown�s office is investigating the case. He said Wednesday he is not aware of any previous abuse.
The case has not yet been to trial.


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Welcome to NikonCafe.com—a friendly Nikon camera & photography discussion forum!If you are thinking of buying a camera or need help with your photos, you will find our forum members full of advice! Click here to join for free!
Langly /Andrews Airshows 5/13-15 and 5/20-22
Discussion in 'Special Sessions, Events, and Tour Announcements' started by mdupont, Apr 26, 2011.


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The schedules direct lineup is currently providing the wrong guide data for channel 1341, BBC America. It is instead providing guide data for BBC World News. Even the channel description in the Schedules Direct lineup says BBCWE instead of BBCA. I think this might be an upstream problem, as when I go to the Oceanic web site (Spectrum) and look at the guide, it shows that channel 1341 is both BBC America *and* BBC World News. I think 1342 is BBC World News, but the Spectrum site says "Local Origination for that channel. I have checked, and 1341 is definitely BBC America.
I don't think this matters, but I'm using NextPVR on Windows 10 to collect guide data from Schedules Direct.
No rush, but I would like to record the Doctor Who Christmas Special. '-)


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Biotech creates tension between farmers, consumers
Genetically modified (GM) seed is the cornerstone of modern crop production, boosting corn and soybean yields and making it possible to feed a rapidly multiplying global population, but clouds loom on the horizon.
While most farmers decide to raise GM or conventional crops by weighing the financial pluses and minuses of each option, dollars and cents are not the lens through which the general public views biotechnology.
Read More:
Beth Johnson, founder of Food Directions LLC, a government relations firm specializing in food policy, in Washington, D.C., says a significant portion of consumers are, at best, apprehensive about the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food. Many want to eliminate GMOs use altogether.
Johnson, who spoke on the topic of labeling legislation and its potential impact on the future use of genetic modifications during an AgriGold specialty products meeting in June, says that education is key.
"Most consumers don't understand the science, they don't understand agriculture; they just react," she says.
Johnson's perspective is reinforced by data compiled by several national consumer surveys done by mainstream media, including "CBS News" and The Washington Post. Their surveys show that more than 90% of consumers want to see labeling laws enacted for food products containing GM traits.
The lack of consumer knowledge about modern-day farming and the benefits offered by biotechnology is a significant problem for the entire agricultural industry, says Jack Lehr, science director for The Heartland Institute, a public policy think tank based in Chicago.
"We are facing a high level of public ignorance, negativity, fear and lies related to agriculture that must be overcome," he says.
In the crosshairs. This year alone, 26 states have proposed legislation that would require food products made from GM crops to be labeled, Johnson reports. Two of those states, Maine and Connecticut, approved GM labeling bills earlier this summer. In both cases, though, the bills cannot be signed into law until a number of additional states, including surrounding ones, vote to adopt similar legislation.
"Food labeling is a terrible idea," Lehr contends. "That's telling the public there's a problem [with biotechnology] when there never ever has been a problem."
Most farmers side with Lehr, though some do not. A Farm Journal Pulse survey of 1,408 farmers in June shows that 65% do not want labeling laws, while 18% believe foods made from GM crops should be labeled. About 17% of farmer respondents say they are unsure.
The reason most frequently cited by farmers opposed to labeling is concern that consumers will use the information, once it's detailed on product packaging, to avoid buying foods containing GMOs.
Johnson says that farmers' concerns are justified. However, she believes the vast majority of consumers will continue to make food purchases based first and foremost on price. She anticipates it will remain the single largest factor influencing consumer buying decisions in the future.
"Based on the research we've done to date, we don't see that changing," she says.
Johnson says that farmers, seed companies, food manufacturers and restaurateurs—anyone in the food chain from farm to fork—need to take advantage of every opportunity to educate consumers about the benefits of biotechnology and its role in feeding the world.
The U.S. Census Bureau predicts that the global population will reach 9.4 billion people in 2050. It currently stands at 7.2 billion people.
Take action. Lehr challenges farmers to take a more active role in championing their industry by spending a minimum of two hours each month talking with non-farmers about the benefits of modern agriculture.
Lehr tested his idea while in San Francisco earlier this year by talking to 60 random people that he encountered during the course of a day-and-a-half. Of those that he talked to, he says that 58 were interested in hearing what he had to share about modern farming practices.
"Talk to your neighbors, your kids who may be getting bad information at school, everyone," he encouraged farmers at the annual Wyffels Hybrids corn strategies meeting in July. "We must win back the hearts and minds of the public."
In the process, adds Hugh Grant, Monsanto Company CEO, consumers need to learn about the intense pressure that farmers face as they feed a growing population.
Grant spoke about the numerous food labeling initiatives during a media conference earlier this summer in St. Louis. "The merciless push to feed a growing world rests largely on the Americas," Grant says. "That's the untold piece of this story."
Moving forward. Major seed providers are monitoring the public's perception of biotechnology and the food labeling issue while ramping up their development of GM traited seed, now used for 90% of all corn and 93% of all soybeans grown in the U.S.
Some companies, such as AgReliant Genetics and DuPont Pioneer, continue to invest in the research and development of conventional seed corn hybrids. No one expects the conventional market share to exceed 10%, based on current trends and near-term forecasts.
"The biggest users of non-GM corn are in the export channel with the largest one being Japan, and their demand has stabilized in the last three years," explains Dan Jones, DuPont Pioneer business manager for food and industry markets.
On a global basis, GM crop production is actually in expansion mode. In 2012, a record 17.3 million farmers, up 0.6 million from 2011, grew biotech crops, according to the July 10 issue of Crop Biotech Update.
In addition, developing countries planted more acres of biotech crops than industrial countries, 52% versus 48%, for the first time. In two countries, Sudan (with Bt cotton) and Cuba (with Bt maize), farmers planted biotech crops for the very first time.
Opportunity knocks. Despite the uptick in the use of biotech traits globally, in the U.S., consumer demand appears to be opening a new door of opportunity for farmers who are growing conventional corn.
Jake Frederick is evaluating how conventional corn fits on his Crawfordsville, Ind., farm, based on top-end yield results and the opportunity to capture a 40¢ per bushel premium. He also questions whether he gains enough value from GM traits, based on current weed resistance challenges, a lack of corn rootworm pressure and skyrocketing seed costs, some of which have doubled in less than a decade.
"I can give up 7 bu. per acre with conventional corn and have the same economic position as if I had grown GM corn," says Frederick, who planted conventional hybrids this spring on 200 of his 2,000 acres.
"Seed costs are significantly less with conventional corn, so you can lose some bushels and still be ahead dollars-per-acre," agrees Evan Cox. The Lafayette, Ind., farmer pays about $175 per bag for conventional seed versus $325 for GM seed. Cox estimates his 50 acres of conventional penciled out $20 an acre ahead of his 900 acres of GM corn in 2012, largely due to seed savings.
Scott Odle, president of Spectrum Seed Solutions, says he expects the conventional corn market will expand significantly in the future—by up to 30%—based on increased consumer demand and farmers' confidence in the hybrids. He cites Spectrum's rapid growth as proof.
"We doubled our sales for the third straight year in 2013 and may double again next year," says Odle, whose company sells only conventional hybrids. He installed a profit calculator on Spectrum's website to help farmers evaluate and compare conventional seed corn with GM seed.
Cox expects to add more conventional corn hybrids to his farming operation as he gains confidence in their performance and in his management skills. But he is proceeding with a good deal of caution.
"This is not something you want to go diving into," he notes. "You want to see gradually whether those traits are paying for themselves."
Frederick, who has been following the biotech food labeling issue, says he wants to be able to make production adjustments as the markets dictate. He is currently evaluating how to grow more continuous corn and expects to use a mix of conventional and GM corn hybrids to accomplish that.
His tentative plan is to grow corn for three years followed by one year of soybeans. The first year he would use all conventional corn and conven-tional herbicides; year two he would plant triple-stack hybrids and spray Roundup; year three he would grow SmartStax hybrids and use Liberty (glufosinate). The fourth year, he would plant Roundup Ready soybeans and spray Roundup.
"I don't assume any technology, whether it's GMO or non-GMO, will be viable forever," he says. "I'm keeping my options open."
Testing, Testing …
It's like a classic Agatha Christie "locked room" mystery—played out in a wheat field, instead. How did a handful of unapproved genetically modified wheat seed, traced back to a decade-old batch that was presumed to be destroyed in 2012, end up in an Oregon wheat field this spring?
No one knows for sure, but that's exactly what happened. In May, an Oregon wheat farmer discovered a small number of volunteer wheat plants that didn't die off with a typical Roundup application. Perplexed, he sent the plants to Oregon State University (OSU). Further analysis by OSU and USDA confirmed that the plants were indeed the experimental variety MON71800—developed by Monsanto Company but not approved or released for commercial planting.
In fact, the seed was supposed to have been stored at the government controlled National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation located in Fort Collins, Colo., beginning in late 2004. Monsanto officials say the seed was confirmed as incinerated in January 2012.
The USDA investigation continues as well as intense public and private testing. Separate testing by Washington State University and Monsanto of the representative samples of the known white wheat varieties planted in Oregon in 2011 represents more than 97% of those acres. USDA has conducted more than 100 tests and interviewed more than 200 area farmers. The initial discovery of genetically modified wheat continues to be the only discovery to-date.
You can e-mail Rhonda Brooks at email@example.com.
For more information on food labeling initiatives and how it affects farmers, visit www.FarmJournal.com/food_labeling.
Also see the interactive map Food Labeling Initiatives Put Tech at Risk.


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IU East announces 2013 Lingle Scholars
Olivia Robinson and Logan Ullery have been chosen as the 2013 Lingle Scholars. The scholarship award will continue throughout their pursuit of a four-year degree at Indiana University East.
Both graduated in June 2013 and are freshmen at IU East this fall. Robinson is a graduate of Hagerstown High School and Ullery is a graduate of Northeastern High School.


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A Battery Kill Switch For Security And Safety
I have to credit reader John Fobian with the idea for this article, since he contacted me after reading our news item about Outta Sight's slick battery boxes. These come with what was described as a kill switch, though John quite rightly pointed out that there's a difference between a kill switch and a battery disconnect switch. So, what is the difference? A kill switch will shut down a running engine without damaging the alternator, while a master/disconnect switch may or may not kill the engine, its job being to isolate the battery from the rest of the electrical system while the engine is not running. However, this type of switch can damage the diodes in the alternator, as a high-voltage spike can be created when the switch is flipped. It should be wired with one terminal connected to the battery's positive terminal, and the other to the car's electrical system, with the alternator output connected directly to the battery positive.
A kill switch has six terminals, or more correctly, three pairs of terminals. The large pair connects one side of the switch to the battery and the other to the starter motor, a smaller pair will be for the ignition and fuse box feed, while the third pair will be for alternator surge protection.
Most of us have seen cheap master switches at swap meets, available for a few dollars. They're easy to identify since they only have two terminals compared to the six terminals on a kill switch, and so long as one is aware of their limitations, they can work effectively as a cheap security device. With the big red key removed, your car's electrical system is disabled, so long as a thief can't access the rear of the switch to jump the terminals, or doesn't possess his own big red key! However, these cheap switches won't have an amperage rating as high as a quality switch, which will typically be rated at 1,000-amp-or-more surge and 150-amp-or-more continuous flow.
According to the guys at Flaming River, a disconnect or kill switch can act as a choke point for engine performance, so it makes sense to choose one with as high an amperage rating as possible.
So, with safety and security in mind, we figured a quick look at what's available in both kill and master switches might be useful, as well as how to wire a kill switch into your electrical system. They may not be the most exciting product you'll purchase for your project, but you could well be thankful you fitted one, whether to save a battery from draining or to shut down an errant engine.


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Because tomorrow's world will flourish or fail due to the environmental choices we make today, our focus on the future means acting now — when it counts.
It means we lead, so others will follow. Learning new ways to create sustainability on campus has been a central priority here since we declared our environmental mission in 1995. And we've set big goals for the future through our strategic plan Sustainability 2020, including our commitment to adopt 100% renewable energy by the end of this decade. And it's also why we were first to reach climate neutrality through an innovative blend of efficiency, clean energy, and local carbon offsets. We're the first in the nation to be named an EPA Energy Star campus, and earned a Gold Rating from the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education. GMC was named the #2 school in Princeton Review's Green Honor Roll this year and is a consistent top ten finisher in Sierra Magazine's annual "Cool Schools List."
What's revolutionary about our culture of sustainability is that it's you — the student — who is often the engine of change, the source for bold new ideas. Like a biomass facility that generates 85% of the heat used on campus. A solar array and windmill conceived and strategized by students and recent graduates. And joint community projects such as Poultney Thanks & Giving, which build social capital, foster goodwill, and interweave the fabric of our college with the town life of Poultney, Vermont.
The future happens now at Green Mountain College. Join us.
Ten years ago, students in an honors seminar investigated ways to reduce Green Mountain College's ecological footprint. The class identified the biggest source of carbon emissions–the college's heating plant, which burned fuel oil.
The semester ended, but the ideas the class generated were very much alive.
Students persuaded their peers to use student funds for an engineering study, which recommended converting GMC's heating plant fuel from oil to a renewable energy source—woodchips harvested from local forests. Approvals from the College administration and board of trustees followed.
Five years ago, the college unveiled a new $5.8 million biomass plant. Today it generates 85% of our annual heating needs.
The biomass facility is an example of how we draw inspiration from each other and put ideas into action. Biomass is a big factor in how GMC became the second college in the nation to reach carbon neutrality.
Now we're working toward our goal of meeting all our energy needs on campus with 100% renewable energy by the year 2020.


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THURSDAY, Sept. 20 (HealthDay News) -- The genetic secret behind a rare, striped cheetah found only in sub-Saharan Africa has been uncovered by U.S. researchers.
Feral cats in northern California played a key role in the study, which researchers say is the first to identify a molecular basis of coat patterning in mammals.
The study found that the feral cats and cheetahs share a biological mechanism for both the stripes on tabby cats and the cheetah's normally spotted coat. Disruption of this pathway leads to dramatic changes in the small and big cats' normal coat patterning. The domestic cat has swirled patches of color instead of orderly stripes and the cheetah has thick, dark lines down its back instead of its normal spots.
"Mutation of a single gene causes stripes to become blotches, and spots to become stripes," Dr. Greg Barsh, an emeritus professor of genetics and of pediatrics at Stanford University, said in a university news release.
The study appears Sept. 21 in the journal Science.
The coat differences between striped and spotted cheetahs are so pronounced that biologists at first thought that they belonged to two separate species. The striped cheetahs were called king cheetahs.
"We were motivated by a basic question," Barsh said. "How do periodic patterns like stripes and spots in mammals arise? What generates them? How are they maintained? What is their biological and evolutionary significance? It's kind of surprising how little is known. Until now, there's been no obvious biological explanation for cheetah spots or the stripes on tigers, zebras or even the ordinary house cat."
More information
The Cheetah Conservation Fund has more about cheetahs.


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My love affair with Vietnamese food started when I first stepped in to Sao Nam at Tengkat Tong Shin, Kuala Lumpur.
Special thanks to Zomato and Sao Nam for inviting me over.
This is my first ever Zomato Meet Up where selected bloggers and Zomato users unite over great food. (Download the Zomato mobile app here)
Hey! Hey! Here's three cheers to all foodies out there! Let's see what Sao Nam has to offer.
A Fiery Affair at Sao Nam.
Catch this video I took on one of their amazing dishes that will set your heart on fire (literally). Getting all hot and excited yet? Read on.
For starters, we tried the Fresh Prawn Spring Roll (RM32.65)
Next, we sunk our teeth to this Fresh Vegetarion Soy Bean Spring Roll (RM25.65)
Mocktail Cinderella (RM17.50) a unique fruity drink mixture. I ❤ it!
Other drinks and pricing on the menu.
Next we tried the Deep Fried Chicken Spring Roll (RM 25.65). So many types of rolls we tried that night. My favourite is this!
The ambience is kind of romantic if you come here for dates. Love the lighting. A very cosy place for a romantic candle light dinner.
According to Paul Liao, Sao Nam's founder, the place can be quite packed with regulars which include expats working here or expats who revisited during their vacation.
Creative art pieces can be seen in every corner. Paul certainly has taste and is a creative person. That's why this place is brimming with creativity. Wait till you see the photos upstairs and the toilet. I will give you a tour on that at the end of the blogpost. Read on.
And here's the scene on our media/blogger table. As usual before we eat, the camera eats first.
And on the other table were specially invited Zomato users
We were introduced this tantalizing dish that is so special. This is the Mangosteen Salad (RM46.65). In fact this is very appetizing with a good mix of prawns and mangosteen.
The next dish looks rather interesting with a peek-a-boo wrap. This is the Vietnamese Crispy Pancake (RM35.00 with Chicken and Prawn) or (RM 39.65 with Mushroom, Chicken and Prawn)
Open sesame! This is what's on the inside.
Some other dishes we tried.
Remember the video you saw at the beginning of this blogpost? Well here's the dish.
Duck in Tamarind Sauce (RM 45.45)
The braised duck is soft and tender, drenched in flavourful tamarind sauce.
Beef Noodle: Beef Pho (RM25.65)
Do your own wrap.
Chicken Stewed in Caramel Sauce (RM32.65)
Dessert Time!
Che Ba Ba (RM11.65)
Vietnamese Bubur Cha-Cha
Caramel Custard (RM11.65)
Photo opportunity with Paul, the owner.
Vietnamese Coffee is a must!
Andy, one of the staff at Sao Nam is a Vienamese is very fluent in English. He guided us in understanding all the dishes and how to go about eating some of it.
I asked Paul what Sao Nam meant and he explained Sao = Star and Nam = South, hence the name Sao Nam means Southern Star.
View from taken from the top while climbing the stairs
Let me take you on a tour upstairs. Upstairs is a different world, a whole new world.
Paul explained sometimes guests book upstairs for birthday parties. I can see why people love the upstairs. It has its own character and it's a COLOURFUL WORLD UP HERE!
Toilet Tour
A creative art piece
High ceilings upstairs
I love the colours! It's so vibrant, it's like HAPPY LAND. Colourful portraits and table cloth that makes upstairs FUN.
Paul Liao the owner has been in this business for the last 15 years serving mostly expatriates.
Be sure to drop by Sao Nam if you're craving for authentic Vietnamese food
Trying out a creative shot
Special thanks to Zomato for making all this possible and opening up a whole new world of Fine Vietnamese Cuisine to me. Log on to http://saonam.com.my/ for more details or log on to their facebook at https://www.facebook.com/saonamkl/


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Product Description
Presenting the all new and improved Apple iPad Air 2. The Apple iPad Air 2 features a super thin yet durable and elegant body, an ultra sharp 9.7 inches?1536 x 2048 resolution display, a brand new Apple A8x chipset, 2 GB Ram, a Fingerprint Sensor and a brand new iSight Camera. Experience the gold standard in tablet experience with the all new and improved Apple iPad Air 2.
? ?
So Capable, you won't have to put it down. So thin and light, you won't have to.
The first thing that comes to mind when you hold the iPad Air 2 is how thin and light it is. Measuring in at an impossibly thin 6.1 mm, the iPad Air 2 is the thinnest iPad yet. And since it weighs less than a pound, its easier to hold in one hand and take it with you wherever you want.
Ingenuity makes it thin.Aluminum makes it?strong.
It has always been the iPad heritage to set the bar for thinness and lightness. This time around, the iPad Air 2 is even thinner and lighter. But don't let the thinness fool you. Thanks to its durable aluminum unibody, the all new iPad Air 2 does not sacrifice strength in pursuit of thinness.
Not just a thinner display.?A better?display.
The displays on previous generations of iPad used three separate components. iPad?Air?2 changes all that, combining those three layers into just one. This eliminates gaps between layers, along with the internal re?ectance caused by those gaps. The result? Colors are richer, contrast is greater, and images are sharper and more?vivid.
Every detail counts.Even?the ones measured in?microns.
The beveled edges of the aluminum unibody are cut with a mono-crystalline diamond to tolerances measured in microns. (For reference, the width of a human hair is about 75 microns.) That level of detail may seem excessive. But every detail adds up to a better overall?experience.
Massive power.In its most minimal?form.
With a new A8X chip built on second-generation 64-bit desktop-class architecture, iPad Air 2 is the fastest, most powerful iPad ever. With this kind of performance, you might expect a compromise or two. Like a bigger form factor or a shorter battery life. But iPad Air 2 is both thinner and lighter than the previous iPad Air. And thanks in part to the M8 motion coprocessor, it still has an incredibly long 10-hour battery life.?So you can do more. While carrying less.
40 percent faster CPU?performance.
Compared with the A7 chip in the previous iPad Air, the new A8X chip delivers 40 percent faster CPU performance. From launching apps to playing games, everything is more fluid and responsive. And all your actions ? swiping, pinching, zooming, scrolling, and rotating ? happen quickly and smoothly.
More than double the graphics?performance.
The A8X chip has an astonishing 2.5 times the graphics performance of the A7 chip. So iPad Air 2 delivers graphics once possible only on desktop computers and gaming consoles. Graphics-intensive games and video editing apps run superbly, and they look gorgeous on the big Retina display.
Touch ID
One touch unlocks your?iPad?Air?2.
With Touch ID, you put your finger on the Home button, and just like that, your iPad unlocks. And Touch ID is capable of 360-degree readability. No matter how you?re holding it ? portrait, landscape, or anything in between ? your iPad knows who you are.
The technology behind Touch?ID.
The Home button on iPad Air 2 is made from a sapphire crystal surrounded by a stainless steel ring. When you touch the button, the?steel ring detects your finger and the crystal sends an image of your fingerprint to a sensor. Software then reads the ridges of your print and confirms a match. And it all happens in the blink of an?eye.
Two amazing cameras. Cleverly?disguised as an?iPad.
You won?t believe how good a photographer you are. With an improved sensor, advanced optics, and a more powerful image signal processor, the new iSight camera in iPad Air 2 captures incredibly detailed photos and professional-looking 1080p HD videos. The FaceTime HD camera has been redesigned, too, with a new sensor that makes your video calls look better, even in low light. And the large, high-resolution Retina display makes a spectacular viewfinder.
New iSight camera.
The new iSight camera was designed to help you capture all of life?s moments at a moment?s notice. And with every shot, the image signal processor works in sync with the camera to deliver a great picture or video ? automatically.
The iSight camera?s new 8MP sensor captures images in 3264-by-2448 native resolution and 1080p HD video. So your photos and videos stay sharp and clear, even when viewed on larger screens.
Advanced image signal?processor.
Behind the precision optics and the new sensor lies the brains of the iSight camera: the powerful image signal processor in the A8X chip. Its improved face-detection technology keeps more ? and smaller ? faces in focus. And better noise reduction gives you cleaner, sharper images.
New FaceTime HD camera.?See?and?be?seen.
Put a face ? or two ? on every conversation. The front-facing FaceTime HD camera has a larger ?/2.2 aperture that lets in 81 percent more light. And an all-new sensor and larger pixels improve performance in less-than-ideal lighting conditions.
More personal video?calls.
Thanks to its new FaceTime HD camera and brilliant Retina display, video calls on iPad Air 2 are clearer than they?ve ever been. So no matter who you?re talking to or where they are, you?ll feel like you?re both in the room.
The two microphones in iPad Air 2 don?t just collect more sound. Together, they employ sophisticated noise-reduction technology to suppress background noise. In addition, when you switch cameras from front to back (or vice versa), the microphones switch, too. So what your iPad sees is also what your iPad hears.
iOS 8 and iPad?Air.?A?powerful combination.
With an easy-to-use interface, amazing features, and security at its core, iOS 8 makes your iPad more capable than ever. It?s designed to look beautiful and work beautifully, so even the simplest tasks are more engaging. And iOS 8 is engineered to take full advantage of the powerful A8X chip, ultrafast wireless, and brilliant Retina display of iPad?Air?2.
Messages.?Actually LOL. OL.
Look forward to doing amazing new things with the app you use most. In iOS 8, Messages has fun, useful, even surprising features that will change the way you think about?messaging.
Continuity. iPad, iPhone, and Mac?? connected like?never?before.
Apple products have always been designed to work together beautifully. But now, with iOS?8 and OS X Yosemite, they?re more connected than ever. You can start writing an email on your iPhone and pick up where you left off on your iPad. Or browse the web on your Mac and continue from the same link on your iPad. You can even answer phone calls on your Mac or?iPad.
Family Sharing. It?s good to share. And now you can do it with all your?content.
Family Sharing brings harmony to your family?s digital life. Up to six people in your family can share purchases from iTunes, iBooks, and the App Store without sharing accounts. You can pay for family purchases with the same credit card and approve kids? spending right from a parent?s device. And you can easily share photos, a family calendar, and more to help keep everyone?connected.
Faster wireless. Good things come to those who don?t?wait.
Wi-Fi on iPad Air 2 is fast ? more than twice as fast as the previous generation ? so downloading movies and streaming videos take less time. And the Wi-Fi Cellular model is equipped with faster, more advanced LTE technology.2?In addition, the cellular model lets you choose from a variety of carriers and flexible short-term plans. So?you?can make fast connections, even when you?re?on?the?go.
Apps designed for iPad.?And everything you want to do with?it.
iPad Air 2 comes with powerful apps for the things you do every day, like surfing the web, checking email, editing movies and photos, writing reports, and reading books. And there are hundreds of thousands of apps on the App Store, designed specifically for the large Retina display (instead of stretched-out phone apps). So whether it?s photography, gaming, traveling, or managing your finances, you?ll find an app that will help you do it better.
Even the covers are more?brilliant.
Protect every pixel of iPad Air 2 with a Smart Cover or Smart Case. Available in seven bright new colors, the Smart Cover is made from durable polyurethane. The Smart Case, in rich aniline-dyed leather, protects both the front and back of your iPad.
? ? ??? ?
? ? ? ?
|?iOS 8.1, upgradable to iOS 8.1.1
|Touch Screen
|Dual Sim
|Dual Camera
|?Yes,?1.2 MP, [email protected]
|QWERTY Keyboard
|?Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-band, hotspot
|Screen Size
|?9.7 inches
|?Yes, with A-GPS, GLONASS
|Camera Phone
|Camera Pixel
|?8 MP, 3264 x 2448 pixels, autofocus (1.12?m pixel size)
|Camera Flash
|Processor Type
|?1.5 GHz Triple Core Apple A8X
|Frequency Band
|Color Display
|?Yes, 16M
|?1536 x 2048 pixels ?Retina display ?(264 ppi)
|?Yes v 4.0,?A2DP, EDR
|Video Recorder
|?Yes,[email protected], [email protected], HDR, stereo sound recording
|FM Radio
|MP3 Player
|Web Browser
|?HTML5 (Safari)
|Handsfree Speaker
|Internal Memory
|Expandable Memory
|?v2.0, reversible connector
|Talk Time
|?Up to 10 hours (Non-removable Li-Po battery (27.3 Wh))
|Standby Time
|?N/A Non-removable Li-Po battery (27.3 Wh)
|?240 x 169.5 x 6.1 mm
|?444 g


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Our Community
These articles from our thought leaders are designed to be seeds of discussion. Our community consists of association professionals who are passionate about our industry, and are coming together to share ideas and opinions. You have valuable insights from your own experience, and we enthusiastically invite you to join our community!


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World Community Day is Nov. 1
World Community Day — sponsored by Church Women United — will be celebrated with a soup luncheon at noon Nov. 1 at Marion Presbyterian Church.
The theme is "Walking Through Doors of Opportunity." Sue Clough will lead singing. There will also be prayers, presentations of local opportunities to serve, and sharing by participants.


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If you have a daughter who's over 7 years old, actually let's make that 6 5, then you've heard the catchy pop tune "Call Me Maybe"—because your child is probably singing that song in the shower, in front of the mirror in her bedroom and at the pool with her friends. What's more, she's begging you to play this tune by recording artist Carly Rae Jepsen in the car.
My own 9-year-old daughter convinced her dad to download the song onto his iPhone and yesterday I think we listened to it 20, actually let's make that 25, times. Thankfully this song about a girl who hopes for a call back from a crush is upbeat, fun and easy on the ears.
And what happens when a pop singer and her musical hits enter the psyche of the nation? Think Katy Perry. Where did she end up? On Sesame Street. Yes, the children's television network has picked up "Call Me Maybe." But rather than putting Jepsen in a low-cut top they've kept the singing sensation out of the picture and made Cookie Monster the star—and he's singing a parodied version titled "Share Me Maybe."
The loveable blue monster badly wants a cookie and in the song he belts out:
Hey me just met you,
And this is crazy,
But you got cookie,
so share it maybe!
It's hard to look at,
Your snack baby,
But you've got cookie,
So share it maybe!
While the Cookie Monster spoof is hilarious, clever and well-worth watching, I have to say that if I were going to listen to this song 20 times in a row I much prefer Jepsen's smooth voice over Cookie's husky one.


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Steering Box Options For Your Project
Unless you're planning on steering your rod or custom in soap-box style with a length of 2×4 and some string, you're going to need either a steering box or a rack-and-pinion. Or you may want to upgrade from a manual box to power steering. There have long been a few standard swaps that have stood the test of time, such as an F-1 or F-100 steering box in traditional '28-34 Ford rods, as well as the ubiquitous Vega cross-steer box, but never has the aftermarket been so packed with new products,and you may be surprised that there's an answer to your problems. All of which means we have another buyer's guide for you. We'll deal with some early stuff first and then visit a few manufacturers and suppliers.
First of all, though, let's look at how steering boxes work, and why one type is preferable over another.
In basic terms, the job of the steering box is to convert the rotation of the steering wheel through 90 degrees to operate an arm on the output side of the box-the sector shaft-and in the case of power steering, employ high-pressure fluid to help actuate the steering.
Most early steering boxes, such as early '30s Ford units, employ a worm and sector mechanism. The end of the steering column, or input shaft, has a worm gear (think of a corkscrew around the shaft), while the sector shaft-the output shaft that the pitman arm attaches to-has a sector (so called because it is only a sector of gear as it only operates within 70 degrees. It looks like a few teeth of a gear at right angles to the end of the sector shaft) that meshes with the worm gear. This all means that when the steering wheel is turned, the worm drives the sector, which rotates the sector shaft, which moves the pitman arm. This pushes or pulls the drag link, which steers the car. Simple, huh?
The worm and roller steering box is similar to the above, except a roller is mounted on bearings within the sector, which help reduce friction. With an hourglass-shaped worm, variable steering ratios are attainable that help with low-speed maneuverability. The '39-48 Ford box is a worm and roller type.
The worm and nut style is the final development of this design, where a nut meshes with and moves up and down the worm, operating the pitman arm either by use of a lever or through a sector. The most common type of worm and nut steering is what is referred to as "recirculating ball," where the nut in this case is a steel block that is mounted on the worm via an internal row of ball bearings that travel in grooves machined to match the worm gear. These ball bearings are recirculated through guides as the nut moves up and down the worm. Obviously this reduces friction over the worm and sector design, as the parts are not touching each other. The Vega, Corvair, GM525, and early Mustang steering boxes are examples of the recirculating ball box.
One final type of steering box, as supplied by Concept One and Flaming River's new Try V Power boxes for '60s-90s GM vehicles, use a rack-andpinion valve spool.
So why would you want to swap or rebuilt unit? Could be you want power steering or simply that your unit is worn. We've all driven cars with half a turn or more of play at thesteering wheel, which could be caused by any number of things, such as a bad power steering pump or hoses, a worn worm gear, or no lubrication. The biggest killer of steering boxes is lack of lubrication, and that includes incorrect lubrication, as oil is too thin and grease doesn't always get where it's needed. Correct steering gear lube is essential, as is following adjustment procedures, since you could-just as an example-be tightening the input shaft bearing nut or overly increasing the sector gear mesh load when you should be adding shims to adjust the worm shaft end play.
Of course you could want to change your steering box simply because you'd like to update your ride. There was a time when it was the "in thing" to install a Mustang box on an early rod, resulting in a huge number of rods out there, even now, that are so equipped.That's why we've included Mustang boxes in this guide-to let those owners know they can update without having to hack their chassis to accept a different box.
Hang fire Before you go rushing to replace your steering box, wait until you've read Part II of this feature next month. We'll look at steering rack conversions for Tri-Five Chevys as well as '55-57 T-birds, plus cross-steer rack-and-pinion systems for early Fords.
N.O.S.-Neat Ol' Stuff
There's a good chance you may want to use an old steering box, such as the F-1/F-100 conversion, and if this is the case, it'll invariably need rebuilding. If you're using an F- 100 box, Mid Fifty F-100 Parts in Arizona can do this for you or supply the parts, which are also available from Dennis Carpenter Reproductions. You can now even bolt an F-100 box directly into a '32 Ford chassis thanks to Vern Tardel or Speedway Motors (shown above), both of whom offer a neat steering box wedge, eliminating any modifications normally needed to align the box correctly.
And while we're on the subject of early Fords, I'm sure more than a few readers are still running the stock steering boxes in their '32, '36, or '40 Fords, as well as in later models. C&G Early Ford Parts can rebuild car and pickup boxes from '32-56. It's worth pointing out here that Ford went from drag link-style steering to cross steering in 1935, a system that is mimicked now with the use of a Vega-style steering box.
But what are the advantages of cross steering as opposed to a drag link? Apart from appearance-a short drag link leading from the steering box near the firewall to the left-hand front spindle suits a traditional rod but would look out of place on a contemporary one-the main benefit is that any bumpsteer is eliminated with cross steering. Without getting into a complex explanation (covered in depth in the October 2007 issue of R&C), as a frontend moves up and down, it will move back and forward, causing the wheels to turn with no driver input, unless a drag link is of the correct length and geometry. With a Vega-style box mounted forward on the left chassis rail, and the drag link running across the car to the righthand spindle-hence the term "cross steering"-the drag link is unaffected by bumpsteer.
The '71-77 sub-compact Vega used a then-new GM140 steering box. It stands to reason then that use of the 140 should be limited to cars weighing less than 2500lbs. The Vega box shares the same mounting pattern as the 122/525 manual, the 605 power, and most 800 power boxes. You have several options if you're looking for a Vega box. Borgeson offers a quality rebuilt Vega steering box, as well as a reversed version with the input shaft swapped end for end, allowing the box to be used in a side-steer application.
If you want new, Remy Racing & Performance Products offers an allnew stock Vega box with a ratio of 20.9:1. If you want something a little more showy or with a quicker ratio, you can call Flaming River and order a chrome-plated Vega-style box featuring a cast-steel housing that comes with a 20:1 ratio as standard, but is also available with a quicker 15:1.
Billet Manual Steering Box
Definitely at the upper end of the market, Borgeson's A-1P billet aluminum manual box is most often used in early street rods, but will fit anywhere a Vega cross-steering application is suited. The case is machined from 6061-T6, while the top and side caps are denser 7075-T6 for added strength. Designed as a direct replacement for a Vega box, it features all new bearings, bushings, and races, with OEM-spec shafts, stock 22:1 ratio, with a 6-inch eye-to-eye pitman arm. As with all Borgeson and Mullins boxes, it comes pre-adjusted and filled with lubricant. The billet box also includes a lifetime warranty to the original purchaser.
Vega's Big Brother
Many mid-'30s-andlater street rods are too heavy to use a Vegastyle steering box. The 525-series manual steering box is stronger than a Vega box, but still compact enough to fit in a variety of chassis. Speedway offers a bolt-on mount for installing the 525 box in 1935-48 Fords (they also offer a Vega-style box and kit for 1934-and-earlier rods). This box is also a great way to save weight and space on cars that employ GM subframes. This steering box fits many mid-'60s-and-later GM applications, and can be adapted to a variety of '35-and-later street rods. Speedway offers a variety of mounting brackets, universal joints, pitman arms, steering shafts, and tie rods to help complete the installation of this steering box.
Manual Saginaw 525
The box was renamed 525 in 1986, when the input spline on the 122 box was changed from 3/4-36 to 3/4-30. The 525 manual box was used extensively by GM. The 525 box is recommended for manual box applications on street rods, especially those more than 2,500 lbs. The location of the motor mounts often restricts the box size in street rod applications prior to '34 with modern V-8 engines. This accounts for the popularity of the smaller Vega box. The 525 boxes can be used on some pre-'34 applications with slight frame modifications. Borgeson offers a number of 525 variations, such as a rebuilt 525, a short-input rebuilt 525 with a 1-inch input shaft, a reversed rebuilt 525, a Mullins quick-ratio 525 with a 16:1 ratio versus the stock 22:1, and a quick-ratio 525 short input. There's also a Mullins 122 rebuilt manual box available with the 36-spline input shaft if required. (Borgeson owns Mullins, so the latter are available through Borgeson.)
The Corvair box, introduced in 1960, has long been popular with street rodders, especially the early, pre-'64 aluminum bodied versions, though usually the internals are reversed to allow the box to sit above the chassis 'rails and operate a drag link in the correct direction. Flaming River offers this brand-new bolt-in replacement for late Corvair boxes. All new and manufactured in steel, the heavy-duty internal needle bearing design offers smoother performance and longer life than the stock Corvair unit. With 3 1/2 turns lock to lock, options include 16:1 quick ratio and chrome finish. Pitman arms are also available, and if you're putting one of these in a Corvair, Flaming River has shaft kits too.
Power Assist
The FR1560/1/2/3 series is a frontsteer power steering box that fits many GM applications from the mid-'60s to early '90s. It features a four-bolt mount but also fits the stock GM three-bolt pattern. Featuring a rack-and-pinion-style valve assembly (for smooth, precise steering), needle bearings, and a billet cap, its trivalent chromium-free plating offers more corrosion resistance than paint. With four ratios-12:1, 14:1, 16:1, and 17:1, hence the four part numbers-and a 3/4-inch 30-spline input shaft, you can have the steering feel you prefer in virtually any application.
1955-57 Chevy
Classic Performance Products' 500 Series box features a one-piece housing, all new parts, and a 14:1 ratio, and accepts the original pitman arm. It's a direct replacement for the Saginaw 605 box and produces excellent road feel and driver feedback, at the same time eliminating the worn 605's leaky and sloppy steering. The box is available on its own or as part of a conversion kit that includes the 500 Series box, power steering hose kit and pump and early model Chevy small-block V-8 power steering pump bracket. Optional chrome finish, new pitman arms, and polished covers are available.
1955-57 Chevy Power Conversion
As above, this is a rebuilt 605 power steering box with a new sector, or pitman shaft, to suit the Tri-Five application. The mounting bracket can be bolted or welded in place, the boltin option is suited to a completed car where access to weld on the frame is restricted. The box has a 16:1 ratio, compared to the stock Chevy 22:1 ratio manual box. The 605 conversion is 3/4-inch wider than the stock manual box so header clearance could be an issue, though easily solved by fitting block-hugger headers. Somewhat more complicated is shortening the stock column by 3 inches, especially on column-shift versions.
1958-64 Chevy
CPP's new CP50003 power steering box for the 1958-64 Chevrolet is the latest member of the 500 Series family. Like the '55-57 version, this also features a 14:1 ratio and CPP-engineered recirculating ball gears for low friction and increased steering response. An open-centered, rotary type valve provides smooth operation throughout the steering range. This is a direct replacement for the manual steering box on the 1958-64 fullsize Chevy. The mounting bosses are integrated into the casting, eliminating the need for an external bracket and lining up perfectly to the column without shims. This box works with both the original and aftermarket steering columns and sway bars.
1958-64 Chevy Power Conversion
Borgeson uses a rebuilt Saginaw/GM 605 box with a bracket that locates the box as per the stock item. It uses the stock pitman arm but requires a drag link adapter or a drag link from a manual car if originally equipped with power-assist steering. The stock rag joint will not fit the 605 box, Borgeson recommending replacing the joint and intermediate shaft with its vibration reducer/U-joint and a splined shaft that fits the female spline at the column.
Other Applications
Before we run out of room here, we figured we'd tell you that Borgeson can also supply rebuilt '65-66 Mustang boxes with the long input shaft, in four-(16:1) or five-turn (20:1) ratios, as well as '67-70 Mustang boxes (shown here), again in four- or five-turn versions, plus direct-replacement rebuilt '55-57 Chevy manual boxes with either the original long shaft or a short input shaft. Both are available in 16:1 ratio, against the stock 24:1.
Rebuilt Saginaw 605 power steering boxes are available, too (the smallest Saginaw power box available), which have the same pitman spline and mounting holes as a 525 manual box, as well as Saginaw 800 heavy-duty power boxes, suited for larger cars. These are brand new, not rebuilt, and are variable ratio boxes, with quick ratio for parking and low speeds, and a slower ratio for highway driving.
1955-64 Chevy
Concept One is another company that offers an all-new power steering box for '55-64 Chevys. The company's Performance Steering Gears utilize a rack-andpinion – style servo for quick response and precise control and are available with a 12.7:1 performance ratio or 14:1 sport ratio. They're direct replacements for 605, 700-series, or manual steering boxes and are supplied with a new pitman arm.
More Choices
Southern Rods and Parts can supply brand-new Vega manual boxes or new 525-series boxes, as well as chromed Vega units. They also stock CPP's CP50000 bolt-on Tri-Chevy power steering box and can supply a full line of U-joints and linkages.
Cowl Steering
Nothing looks better on a track-style hot rod than cowl steering, despite its dubious bumpsteer geometry in street applications, so how about a genuine oval track power cowl steering box? KSE Racing is the market leader in Sprint and Midget steering gears, and the Gen 2 is the first major design update in 25 years. It features a built-in reservoir and is super simple to hook up to a pump. Sure, it's a race-only item and we're positive the manufacturer won't recommend street usage, but when did that ever stop hot rodders from adopting race parts? KSE can also supply pitman arms and other associated parts.
Electronic Power Steering
OK, so it's not a box, but it's not a rackand-pinion either, and it's very definitely a cool product. Fancy power steering but don't want to lose your original manual box or even rack-and-pinion? Then this is for you. Installed in-line between the steering column and rack or box, it requires no belts, pump, or hoses and will not cause fluid leaks or horsepower loss. Better yet, with a permanent mechanical link, it provides road feel and a fail-safe to manual steering should electrical power be lost. hey, it even has competition history, having been installed in class-winning cars at Le Mans in 2006 and 2007.


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text:
Google Earth:
Same data in Google Maps:
Where did you get the topo map image? I see you have imported it as a transparent image overlay. This would be very helpful for me in determining road grades for bike rides.
Hi Christopher. If I remember correctly, I scanned a USGS map to produce the image. However, you can obtain electronic versions of topo maps around the Internet.
This site creates electronic topo maps as KML overlays: