text:
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
50 feet accommodations Aggressor Bahamas barracuda beach diving Beach Hotel beautiful beginners Belize best dive better Bonaire Brac buddy cabins camera Captain Caribbean caves Cayman Brac clean Club comfortable Cozumel crew cruise Curacao dive boat Dive Center Dive Dive dive guide dive operation dive sites dive trip divemaster drift dive eagle rays equipment excellent experienced divers fish gear Grand Cayman grouper hammerheads Island Key Largo Kona lion fish Little Cayman liveaboard lobster lots mantas marine meals minutes morays nice night dive nondivers novices Ocean P.O. Box Pacific Divers Palau pelagics plenty reef ride Saba sand Scuba second dive shallow dives sharks shore dives snorkeling soft corals spectacular sponges spots staff stay swimming tanks Tiara Beach tropicals turtles underwater variety visibility wall dives week wreck wreck dive


text:
Tea Towels
Photo Featuring Martock, All Saints Church and Old Cottages c1955
Buy your favourite nostalgic Frith photo as a quality Tea Towel. Frith's 100% cotton tea towels are specially printed for you and make the perfect house-warming present and are ideal as gifts.
Your Tea Towel Choice
Photo featuring Martock, All Saints Church and Old Cottages c1955.
About our Tea Towels
- Featured Photo:
- Martock, All Saints Church And Old Cottages c.1955
- Photo reference:
- Product code:
- Size of Tea Towel:
- 730 x 450 mm (approx. 29" x 18")
- Material:
- 100% cotton
- Colour:
- In Colour
- Availability:
- Printed to order
- Delivery:
- Up to 7-10 working days (Express delivery is unavailable).
What you say about our Tea Towels
We are always grateful and proud to hear back from you. Here's what you have been saying about our Tea Towels.
Thank you very much for processing my recent order of a Tea Towel and picture. I was very pleased with the quality (and high standard of workmanship) and prompt delivery. The customer service was excellent!
Miss S. Bowman
I have today received my 3 Tea Towels that I ordered last week over the phone as was having a problem online. I am absolutely delighted with them and can't wait for the recipients to open them. Thank you for your excellent service!
Kate Davis
You might also like:
Take a look at our other nostalgic photo gifts and keepsakes.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The short list of don't-miss, can't-lose events around Northeast Florida
Gator Bowl
The annual college football classic is held every year, traditionally on Jan. 1, at EverBank Field, 1 EverBank Field Blvd., downtown Jacksonville. Events leading up to the nationally televised game include a 5K, a parade and fireworks. The game is screened live in the courtyard at The Jacksonville Landing. 798-1700. gatorbowl.com
26.2 With Donna Marathon
The only national marathon staged to end breast cancer, the seventh annual 26.2 With Donna is held Feb. 23, 2014; tangential events include a half-marathon and relay. Proceeds benefit breast cancer research and care. 355-PINK. breastcancermarathon.com
Gate River Run
The 37th annual River Run – the largest 15K in the country – is held March 15, 2014 between EverBank Field and Metropolitan Park in downtown Jacksonville. Live bands play along the race route and a post-race celebration is held at the Fairgrounds. 731-1900. gate-riverrun.com
Jax Suns Baseball
The Jacksonville Suns take on teams in the Double-A Southern League from April through the first week in September at Bragan Field, Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville, 301 Randolph Blvd., Downtown. Themed nights, giveaways and special concession pricing are featured. 358-2846. jaxsuns.com
Springing the Blues
This free outdoor blues festival features renowned jazz, blues and rock performers and regional up-and-comers, and is held oceanfront at SeaWalk Pavilion in Jacksonville Beach. The 24th annual blues festival is held the first weekend in April 2014. springingtheblues.com
Opening of the Beaches
The ceremonial opening of the beaches to tourists and visitors (used to be called "Welcome Day") occurs each April. Activities in and beside the ocean include a parade, a sandcastle-building contest, a 5K run and a surfing competition at the SeaWalk Pavilion, First Street in Jax Beach. 247-6100.
Butterfly Festival
The annual butterfly festival will be held Sat., April 26, 2014 at Tree Hill Nature Center, 7152 Lone Star Road, Arlington. Admission is $5 for adults, $4 seniors and military; $3 ages 4-17; free for kids younger than 2. 724-4646. treehill.org
Margarita Fest
Food and more than 50 margaritas flavors are offered at Folio Weekly's Margarita Festival every April. 260-9770 ext. 110. folioweekly.com
Turkish Festival
This annual event, sponsored by the local Amity Cultural Center, celebrates Turkish food, music and culture each April at the center's home, 4540 Southside Blvd., Ste. 202, Southside. atccenter.org
Tour de Farms
Slow Food First Coast held its third annual tour of local farms in April, featuring chefs who used local produce to prepare samples to taste. Local cheeses, honey and plants and herbs, were featured along with free tips on growing your own organically. This fall, on Sept. 8, the Tour de Farm Sunday Supper Series is held at Café Nola at the Museum of Contemporary Art. slowfoodfirstcoast.com
Gamble Rogers Folk Festival
Honoring the late 1960s folksinger and storyteller James Gamble Rogers IV, the 19th annual festival is held mid- to late-April at venues throughout the Oldest City's historic district. Past performers include Loudon Wainwright III, Ralph Stanley and Richard Thompson. gamblerogersfest.org
Fernandina Beach Shrimp Festival
The 51st annual Isle of Eight Flags Shrimp Festival in Fernandina Beach is held in May, and features a pirate parade, fireworks, a 5K run/walk and lots of shrimp. shrimpfestival.com
Dancin' in the Street
The annual Dancin' in the Street festival is held every May at Beaches Town Center, where Atlantic Boulevard meets the ocean. Live music featuring local bands, an art show and food are featured. There's a kids' zone, a climbing wall and free health screenings. 246-9133. beachestowncenter.com
World of Nations Celebration
Multiethnic cuisine and international entertainment are featured as part of the annual event, usually held on the first weekend in May at Metropolitan Park, 1410 Gator Bowl Blvd., Jacksonville. 630-3690.
Mug Race
The longest river race in the world – from Palatka to Orange Park – is held every year in May on the St. Johns River. Sailboats only. rudderclub.com
The Players Championship
Top golfers from around the world vie for the title at the annual PGA Tour's golf tournament at Sawgrass, held May 5-11, 2014, in Ponte Vedra Beach. pgatour.com
The Jacksonville Jazz Festival
Held annually since 1981, the festival takes place in late May at venues and parks throughout Jacksonville's urban core. Past performers include Buddy Guy, Harry Connick Jr., Tony Bennett and the Dave Brubeck Quartet. 630-3690. jaxjazzfest.com
Palatka Blue Crab Festival
The annual Blue Crab Festival happens in late May, on Memorial Day weekend, in downtown Palatka, offering tons of delectable crustaceans, along with arts and crafts, cookoffs, a beauty pageant and live music. (386) 325-4406. bluecrabfestival.com
Amelia Island Chamber Music Festival
Every May and June, AICMF presents classical music at venues throughout Amelia Island and Fernandina Beach. The festival marks its 12th season in 2014. 261-1779. aicmf.com
Greater Jacksonville Kingfish Tournament
The 33rd annual tournament is the largest one in the nation, held this year July 15-20 at Jim King Park & Boat Ramp along Sisters Creek, 8203 Heckscher Drive, Jacksonville. Activities include the junior angler tournament, junior dock tournament, Redneck VIP tournament, Liars' Tent, boat shows, food, live music (George Aspinall Band, The Splinters), fireworks and awards ceremonies. Proceeds benefit Jacksonville Marine Charities' programs. 251-3011. kingfishtournament.com
Beer & Music Festival
Folio Weekly's annual Beer & Music Festival is held every July, featuring more than 200 domestic, imported and microbrewed beers, along with cuisine from local restaurants and live music. 260-9770 ext. 110. folioweekly.com
Eat Up Downtown
Downtown Vision holds its fourth annual Eat Up Downtown Aug. 12-25 around Jacksonville's core, at numerous restaurants providing a three-course meal for $15, $25 or $35. For details and menus, visit eatupdowntown.com or call 634-0303. Call restaurants directly for reservations.
Great Southern Tailgate Cookoff
The fourth annual Great Southern Tailgate Cookoff is held 3-9 p.m. Aug. 23 and 10 a.m.-8:30 p.m. Aug. 24 at Main Beach Park, South Fletcher Avenue and Atlantic Avenue, Fernandina Beach. National barbecue teams and backyard teams compete for prizes and bragging rights. Live music is performed by former Boston lead singer Fran Cosmo, Rockit Fly, Island Vibe, Face For Radio, Beech Street Blues Band and Jimmy Parrish & the Ocean Waves Band. 277-4369. gstailgatecookoff.com
Celebrity Guitar Raffle/Auction
The Friends of St. Augustine Amphitheatre's inaugural fundraiser is held 4-10 p.m. Aug. 24, featuring guitars signed by musicians when they performed there, including Brantley Gilbert, Martina McBride, The Fray, Matchbox Twenty, OAR and Boston. Admission is free. Live music by Catfish Jones, Willie Green, Rick Ambrose & the Falling Bones, Dewey Via, Red River Band and Late Nite Transfer. And 15 guitars are auctioned online at biddingforgood.com, including ones signed by Alison Kraus (a fiddle), Miranda Lambert, Zac Brown Band, Moody Blues, Stevie Nicks, Joe Cocker, Johnny Van Zant, Heart, Blondie with Devo, Third Day with Colton Dixon and Josh Wilson, Buddy Guy & Jonny Lang, Train, Hall & Oates, Imagine Dragons and STYX/REO Speedwagon/Ted Nugent. Raffle tickets are $10 each; three for $25. Proceeds benefit a 2014 arts camp to serve disadvantaged children. St. Augustine Amphitheatre, 1340-C A1A S., 471-1965, staugamphitheatre.com, fosaa.org
PGA Web.com Tour
The fourth Web.com Tournament debuts at TPC Sawgrass Sept. 26-29 on Dye's Valley Course, PGA Tour Headquarters, Ponte Vedra Beach. The championship, with a $1 million purse, finalizes the 50 players who earn PGA Tour playing privileges for the 2013-'14 season, and their positions under the new qualifying system. The Web.com Tournament is the pathway to the PGA Tour. pgatour.com
Filipino Pride Day
Music, food, fashion, art and culture of the Philippines are celebrated every October at The Jacksonville Landing, 2 Independent Drive, Downtown. Proceeds benefit Filipino charities. fpdjax.com
Jacksonville Jaguars
The Jaguars' 2013 preseason starts Aug. 9, with two home games scheduled; regular season runs from Sept. 8-Dec. 29, with eight home games played at EverBank Field, Downtown Jacksonville. 633-6100.
Amelia Island Jazz Festival
The 10th annual festival is held Oct. 6-13, 2013, at various locations around Amelia Island and Fernandina Beach. Scheduled to appear this year are Mindi Abair, Royal Crown Revue and The Dynamic Les DeMerle Band with Bonnie Eisele. 504-4772. ameliaislandjazzfestival.com
Greek Festival
Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church presents the 16th annual Greek Festival 4-9 p.m. Oct. 11, 11 a.m.-9 p.m. Oct. 12 and noon-5 p.m. Oct. 13 at Special Events Field, Castillo Drive, downtown St. Augustine. Live Greek music, a family run and traditional Greek foods are featured. Admission is $3. stauggreekfest.com
Celebrate all things autumnal at Folio Weekly's fourth annual Oktoberfest, held on Oct. 4. The event features live music and food, at St. Augustine Amphitheatre. 260-9770 ext. 110.
Florida-Georgia Weekend
The 91st annual matchup of the University of Florida Gators and the University of Georgia Bulldogs is held 3:30 p.m. Nov. 2 at EverBank Field. Pigskin-related events include live music, pep rallies and tailgate parties galore. 630-3690, 1-800-985-3542.
Pirate Gathering
The sixth annual gathering is held Nov. 8, 9 and 10 at Francis Field and in the historic district in St. Augustine. Re-enactors, weapons demonstrations, parades, land battles, Thieves Market and storytellers are featured. Aaargh! pirategathering.com
The Great Chowder Debate
More than 30 St. Augustine area restaurants ladle it up and duke it out for top honors in the 29th annual competition, held Nov. 3 starting at 12:30 p.m. at The Conch House Marina, 57 Comares Ave., St. Augustine. Tastes are $1. Proceeds benefit Shriners Hospitals for Children. 829-8646.
Lincolnville Festival
The 32nd annual Lincolnville Festival is held Nov. 4, 5 and 6 at St. Augustine's Francis Field. Ethnic foods, drinks and live jazz and blues are featured. 501-8299.
Martini Fest
Sample more than 40 kinds of martinis at Folio Weekly's annual event, held in November, featuring live music, food from local restaurants, hookahs and a bartending contest. 260-9770 ext. 110.
Pete's Thanksgiving
Pete's Bar in Neptune Beach was founded in 1933, which makes it about the oldest joint still going at the Beaches. Every Thanksgiving Day, a reunion/homecoming happens – they rope off the street ends and folks come by the hundreds for beers and traditional Bloody Marys.
Adventure Landing
1944 Beach Blvd., Jax Beach, 246-4386
4825 Blanding Blvd., Westside, 771-2803
2780 S.R. 16, St. Augustine, 827-9400
These parks offer go-kart, miniature golf, gaming arcades and batting cages. The Beaches location offers a full waterpark and massive game room. adventurelanding.com
Anheuser-Busch Brewery
111 Busch Drive, Northside, 751-0700, budweisertours.com Complimentary tours are offered at this massive brewery located near Dunn Avenue on Jacksonville's Northside. Ask for a sample – or two.
Atlantic Pro Divers
314 14th Ave. N., Jax Beach, 270-1747
This local dive shop offers scuba instruction, all the gear you need, and a boat to get out where the diving is best.
The upscale restaurant and shop-lined section of St. Johns Avenue is a destination for diners and wanderers looking for (or living) the good life. Tours, podcasts and information about the historic Riverside/Avondale area are available at riverside-avondale.com.
Beaches Town Center
Located where Atlantic Boulevard meets the Atlantic Ocean, Town Center of both Neptune and Atlantic beaches offers boutiques, restaurants and oceanfront hotels. The annual Dancin' in the Street Festival is in May, and Pete's Bar hosts a massive Thanksgiving Day homecoming bash every year. beachestowncenter.com
Black Creek Outfitters
10051 Skinner Lake Drive, Southside, 645-7003, blackcreekoutfitters.com
Black Creek offers stand-up paddleboard mini-lessons every other Tue. all summer, as well as stand-up paddleboard yoga, kayak trips to many of Northeast Florida's waterways and SUP demos on the ocean. Call for times, dates and fees. Black Creek offers kayak sessions; classes are primarily for beginners, and kayakers must know how to swim.
Black Horse Winery
420 Kingsley Ave., Orange Park, 644-8480
With grape juices and other fruits shipped from around the world, Black Horse makes a variety of wines, and offers tastings, tours and live music.
BMX Racing
1946 Ray Greene Drive, Jacksonville, 386-1750
All ages can ride; classes start for kids ages 5 and younger. Practices are held every Tue.; races are held every Fri. jacksonvillebmx.com
Carousel Park
180 San Marco Ave., St. Augustine, 823-3388
At Davenport Park playground, this St. Augustine landmark offers old-timey carnival fun at $1 a ride. Plus, the St. Johns County Main Library is right next door, in case you crave a quick reading session (or bathroom break). Open daily.
Eco-Shrimping Tours
Amelia River Cruises offers these unique tours at 10 a.m. every Mon.-Sat. June 10-Aug. 17. Drag an authentic Otter Trawl shrimp net, view the live catch and learn from marine biologists about the local wildlife and eco-systems. Book a two-hour tour at ameliarivercruises.com or call 261-9972. Amelia River Cruises also offers tours of Cumberland Island and Family Sunset Cruises through November. A Twilight BYOB catamaran cruise for adults only runs through Nov. 23.
Fernandina Beach
This town's charming historic district is centered along Centre Street, and includes restaurants, boutiques and enough charm to sink a pirate ship. Don't miss the side streets for well-preserved Victorian architecture. fbfl.us
Five Points
Long known as Jacksonville's artsy hang, Five Points features an ever-expanding array of indie shops, bars and restaurants. Sun-Ray Cinemas runs new blockbusters and indie films. Riverside Park, at the north end of Park Street, offers a playground, fountain and plenty of space for medieval sword-fighting.
Friendship Fountain
A $3.1-million renovation has put the 200-foot streams of water shooting into the air once more. The mid-century modern fountain, located on the Southbank Riverwalk near M.O.S.H., has nightly lights and music watershows between 8:30-10 p.m.
Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve
505 Guana River Road, Ponte Vedra Beach, 823-4500
GTMNERR's environmental education center has a museum-worthy display of animals in its ocean/estuary habitat, live fish and animal displays, and biweekly educational seminars.
Jacksonville Arboretum & Gardens
Located at 1445 Millcoe Road, off Monument Road near Regency, the arboretum offers 120 acres of Floridian plant life, educational programs and natural history lessons. Open daily, 8 a.m.-7 p.m. jacksonvillearboretum.org
The Jacksonville Landing
On the St. Johns River along the Northbank Riverwalk, The Landing features restaurants and shops, plus a courtyard that hosts everything from local bands to political rallies. The adjacent Riverwalk runs two miles, from Berkman Plaza condos to I-95 in Riverside.
Jacksonville Ice & Sportsplex
3605 Philips Highway, Southside, 399-3223
Public skating, live music and DJs, youth hockey and other icy events are offered at the rink. A full concession stand and skate rentals are available.
Jacksonville Main Library
303 N. Laura St., Jacksonville, 630-2665 The largest public library in the state, this Hemming Plaza landmark features children's activities, art exhibits, concerts, a film series and a whole lotta books, DVDs and CDs.
Jacksonville Zoo & Gardens
370 Zoo Parkway, 757-4463, jacksonvillezoo.org
With more than 2,000 rare and exotic animals, the Zoo also features a botanical garden, a kids' Play Park with a carousel, tours, a giraffe overlook, a splash park (open May-October) and the popular Stingray Bay – with sharks! And there's a 4-D ride theater, featuring "Ice Age, Dawn of the Dinosaurs," open from 9:30 a.m. to a half-hour before closing, daily. The ride can fit up to 18 people per ride, at $3 for Zoo members, $4 for general public; riders must be at least 42" tall. Open 9 a.m.-5 p.m. daily, till 6 p.m. on summer weekends.
Kayak Amelia
13030 Heckscher Drive, Jacksonville, 251-0016, kayakamelia.com
Kayak Amelia offers guided kayak events, including firefly paddles, full moon paddles, bike tours and yoga kayak, held throughout the area, with expert instruction and supervision. Rent a canoe or kayak and explore the marshes on your own.
9600 N. Oceanshore Blvd., St. Augustine, 471-1111
Old-school dolphins shows are a thing of the past – this historic Florida attraction now focuses on dolphin encounters, including an opportunity to feed or swim with the creatures. Marineland also offers summer camps. marineland.net
Mayport Ferry
4610 Ocean St., A1A, Mayport Village, 241-9969, stjohnsriverferry.com
For more than 60 years, the Mayport Ferry has connected the village of Mayport to Ft. George Island, northern Duval County and points beyond. The daily service is an eight-minute cruise across the river. The fee is $1 for bicycles/pedestrians, $5 for motorcycles, $6 per car (two-axle).
Memorial Park
1620 Riverside Ave., Downtown Jacksonville
This park bordering the St. Johns River was designed by the sons of Frederick Olmstead, the renowned landscape architect who designed New York City's Central Park. It features Charles Adrian Pillars' statue "Winged Victory."
St. Augustine
The Ancient City, founded in 1565, has appealing colonial architecture, historic Flagler College, a 450-year-old coquina fort, horse-drawn carriages and enough tourist distractions to sink a Spanish galleon. City information and links are available at ci.st-augustine.fl.us.
St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park
999 Anastasia Blvd., 824-3337, alligatorfarm.com
This historic wooded zoo features komodo dragons, birds, crocodiles – including 15-foot-3-inch, 1,250-pound Maximo – in addition to huge pits of alligators. The new Crocodile Crossing is an aerial challenge course, with ropes and ziplines over the animal exhibits. Kids' zone, a fossil exhibit, snack bar and daily 'gator feedings are featured. Open daily 9 a.m.-5 p.m., till 6 p.m. in the summer.
St. Augustine Amphitheatre
1340-C A1A S., 471-1965, staugamphitheatre.com
This outdoor concert venue, set in a maritime oak hammock on Anastasia Island, seats up to 4,500. Events include a seasonal Winter Wonderland and big-name musical acts. Upcoming shows include The Monkees, Slightly Stoopid, Steely Dan and John Fogerty.
San Marco Square
The upscale shopping district at the intersection of Atlantic Boulevard and Hendricks Avenue features a central statue of lions, San Marco Theatre, Theatre Jacksonville and many local merchants and restaurants.
World Golf Hall of Fame, IMAX Theater
World Golf Village, 1 World Golf Place, Exit 323 off I-95, St. Augustine, 940-4123, 940-IMAX, worldgolfimax.com
Six hundred years of golf history are featured in interactive displays, memorabilia and artifacts at World Golf Hall of Fame Museum. The village also houses a full-screen IMAX Theater.
Beaches Green Market
Jarboe Park, on the corner of A1A and Florida Boulevard, Neptune Beach, beacheslocalfoodnetwork.org
Open 2-5 p.m. every Sat. Fresh-picked organic produce, grass-fed beef and goat and cow cheeses, as well as crafts and a children's garden.
Fernandina Farmers Market
Centre Street and Seventh Street North, Fernandina Beach, 491-4872, fernandinafarmersmarket.com
Open 9 a.m.-1 p.m. every Sat. A growers' market, with farm-direct organic fruits and vegetables, goat and cow cheeses, honey, and natural lamb and goat meat, as well as demonstrations and workshops.
The Jacksonville Landing Market
2 Independent Drive, Downtown, 353-1188, jacksonvillelanding.com
Open 10 a.m.-2 p.m. every Fri. Local produce, flowers, crafts, jewelry and live entertainment are featured.
Jacksonville Farmers Market
1810 W. Beaver St., Westside, 354-2821, jaxfarmersmarket.com
Open daily from pre-dawn to dusk, Florida's oldest farmers market is also the biggest in town. A good source for hard-to-find Asian and Caribbean produce. Not primarily organic, but great deals can be found.
Old City Farmers Market
St. Augustine Amphitheatre, 1304 A1A S., 471-3733, staugustinefm.com
This booming farmers market runs 8:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m. every Sat. and features freshly picked vegetables and fruits, home-baked breads, flowers, crafts, live music and eats. Admission is free.
Riverside Arts Market
Riverside Avenue under Fuller Warren Bridge/I-95 overpass, 554-6865, riversideartsmarket.com
Located on the Riverwalk, RAM features everything from vegan funnel cakes to naturally flavored shaved ices, plus lots of organic produce, local art, roving entertainers and live music by area artists. 10 a.m.-4 p.m. every Sat., March to December.
The Wednesday Market
Pier Parking Lot, 350 A1A Beach Blvd., St. Augustine Beach, 347-8007, thewednesdaymarket.com
Held year 'round 8 a.m.-12:30 p.m. every Wed., this weekly market features dozens of vendors selling organic and conventionally grown produce, crafts and snacks.
Amelia Island Artrageous Art Walk
Thirteen Amelia Island galleries are open late, 5:30-8:30 p.m. on the second Sat. of each month. 277-0717.
Downtown Friday Market
Arts & crafts and local produce are offered every Fri. 10 a.m.-2 p.m. at The Jacksonville Landing, 2 Independent Drive. 353-1188.
First Wednesday ArtWalk
Various downtown Jacksonville art galleries are open late with live music, DJs and performances, 5-9 p.m. on the first Wed. each month. 634-0303 ext. 225. jacksonvilleartwalk.com
First Friday Art Walk
Twenty St. Augustine galleries stay open late, rain or shine, 5-9 p.m., for the monthly self-guided tour. 829-0065, 825-4577.
North Beach Arts Market
The market features arts & crafts, produce, community services and kids' activities 3-7 p.m. every Sat. at North Beach Park, 3721 Coastal Highway A1A, Vilano Beach (where the wooden walkover crosses A1A). 910-8386.
North Beaches Art Walk
Galleries of Atlantic and Neptune Beaches are open, rain or shine, 5-9 p.m. on the third Thur. each month, at various venues from Sailfish Drive in Atlantic Beach to Neptune Beach and Town Center. 249-2222. nbaw.org
Riverside Arts Market
Local and regional artists, farmers and artisans sell wares every Sat. 10 a.m.-4 p.m. through Dec. 21 beneath the Fuller Warren Bridge on Riverside Avenue in Jacksonville. Live music, free parking, children's activities and food vendors are also featured. 554-6865. riversideartsmarket.com
Uptown Saturday Night
Galleries and merchants along San Marco Avenue in St. Augustine stay open late, 5-9 p.m., on the last Sat. of each month. 824-3152.
Clay County
Black Heritage Museum
4427 Longmire Ave., Middleburg, 282-4168
Housed in a one-room schoolhouse dating from the late 1800s, the assembled collection offers a glimpse of black culture before the turn of the century. Tours by appointment only.
Camp Blanding Museum & Memorial Park
5629 S.R. 16 W., at Kingsley Lake, Starke, 682-3196 campblanding-museum.org
Designated a World War II Commemorative Community, the museum, housed in refurbished barracks, has exhibits detailing the story of Camp Blanding and the infantry divisions that trained there. Free admission. Open daily noon-4 p.m., closed Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Clay County Historical & Railroad Museum
915 Walnut St., Green Cove Springs, 284-9644
Located in historic Green Cove Springs, the museum highlights railroad history in Clay County. The collection includes a hand-car house, baggage room and agent's office.
Duval County
Beaches Museum & History Center
381 Beach Blvd., Jax Beach, 241-5657, beachesmuseum.org
Home to Beaches Area Historical Society, the center chronicles Northeast Florida history from pre-Columbian times to present day. A 28-ton steam locomotive and the area's oldest church are onsite. An exhibit celebrating the 50th anniversary of local newspaper The Beaches Leader is on display through Aug. 24. Open 10 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Tue.-Sat.
Black Heritage Trail, Jacksonville
3 Independent Dr., Downtown, 798-9148, jaxcvb.com
The trail includes nine sites in Nassau, Duval and St. Johns counties: American Beach, Catherine Street Fire Station, Kingsley Plantation, Masonic Temple, Mt. Zion A.M.E. Church, Bethel Baptist Institutional Church, Edward Waters College, Olustee Battlefield and Edwin Stanton School. Advance notice is required for group tours.
Bryan Museum of Southern History
4304 Herschel St., Jacksonville, 388-3574, museumofsouthernhistory.com
Artifacts relating to history and culture of the Antebellum South are displayed. A 3,000-volume research library offers genealogical research assistance. 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Tue.-Sat.
Fort Caroline National Memorial
12713 Ft. Caroline Road, Arlington, 641-7155, nps.gov/foca
Settled by French Huguenots in 1564, Fort Caroline is the site of America's first Protestant colony. Along with exhibits and artifacts of the area's first inhabitants, the Timucuan Native Americans, is a replica of the original fort. 9 a.m.-5 p.m. daily.
Jacksonville Fire Museum
1406 Gator Bowl Blvd., Downtown, 630-0618, jacksonvillefiremuseum.com
Housed in an original fire station built in 1902, this museum displays more than 500 items regarding Jacksonville's firefighting history. Open 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Mon.-Fri.
Jacksonville Historical Center
1015 Museum Circle, Ste. 1, Southbank, 398-4301, jaxhistory.com
This museum features films and exhibits on local history from Native-American culture to the influence and impact of the U.S. Navy on the area.
Jacksonville Historical Society
317 A. Philip Randolph Blvd., Downtown, 665-0064, jaxhistory.com
Founded in 1929 and headquartered in the 1888 Old St. Andrews Episcopal Church, Jacksonville Historical Society preserves Northeast Florida heritage maintaining archives, operating the Historical Center and promoting the restoration of historic buildings. Meetings are held quarterly.
Jacksonville Maritime Heritage Center
The Jacksonville Landing, 2 Independent Drive, Downtown, 355-1101, jacksonvillemaritimeheritagecenter.org
Newly relocated, the museum features scale-model ships, paintings and photographs that relate to the maritime history of the St. Johns River and the port of Jacksonville, including a 16-foot model of the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga. Hours are 11 a.m.-5 p.m. Tues.-Sat.
Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum
101 W. First St., Springfield, 356-2992
Located in historic Springfield, the museum exhibits one of the world's largest private holdings of original documents relating to history, literature, music and science. The museum also hosts multimedia events and musical concerts. The Boy Scouts Exhibit is on display through Aug. 28. Open 10 a.m.-3 p.m. Tue.-Fri.; 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Sat.
Kingsley Plantation
Off A1A, half-mile north of Mayport Ferry Landing, Ft. George Island, 251-3537, nps.gov/timu/historyculture/kp.htmA national park located within the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, Kingsley Plantation is the oldest remaining plantation house in Florida, complete with ruins of slave quarters. Free admission. Open 9 a.m.-5 p.m. daily.
Mandarin Museum & Historical Society
11964 Mandarin Road, Jacksonville, 268-0784, mandarinmuseum.net
On the St. Johns River in historic Walter Jones Memorial Park, the museum displays articles regarding Harriet Beecher Stowe's life in Mandarin. Tours by appointment. Open 1 p.m.-3 p.m. every first and third Sun. each month. Free admission.
Rhoda L. Martin Cultural Heritage Center
376 Fourth Ave. S., Jax Beach, 241-6923
Rhoda Martin founded the first school for African Americans in Jacksonville Beach in 1924, and this center is located in the 1939 building at that school. Hours are 3:30-5:30 p.m. Mon.-Thur., 10 a.m.-3 p.m. Sat.
Ribault Monument
Ft. Caroline Road (half-mile east of Ft. Caroline National Memorial)
Jean Ribault placed this replica of a stone column at the mouth of the St. Johns River in 1562 to commemorate the first landing of Protestants and Huguenots on American soil. Open 9 a.m.-4:45 p.m. daily. exploresouthernhistory.com/ribault
Ritz Theatre & LaVilla Museum
829 N. Davis St., Downtown, 632-5555, ritzjacksonville.com
The Ritz is a cultural arts theater and museum that houses a permanent history exhibit of Jacksonville's LaVilla African-American community, featuring a traveling exhibit area, a 400-seat theater and Amateur Night performances. "Lift Ev'ry Voice in LaVilla," an exhibit of African-American history in Jacksonville, is on permanent display. Admission is $8 for adults, $5 for children, students and seniors. Open Tue.-Sun.
Riverside Avondale Preservation (RAP)
2623 Herschel St., Riverside, 389-2449, riverside-avondale.com
Listed in the National Register of Historic Places, the neighborhoods of Riverside and Avondale offer a rich architectural history from the late 1800s through the 1920s. Information for self-guided tours is available at RAP office.
San Marco Preservation Society
1652 Atlantic Blvd., San Marco, 396-4734, smpsjax.com
Located in a 19th-century church, the society's interest is in restoration, maintenance and improvement in the San Marco area. Hosted events include the Dog Days of Summer and the Remote Control Boat Regatta.
Springfield Preservation & Revitalization Council
1321 N. Main St., Springfield, 353-7727, sparcouncil.org
The council was founded in 1975 to help preserve the largest historic district in Florida, with 2,800 structures within its boundaries. Meetings are held on the third Thur. each month at the Klutho building.
Timucuan National Preserve
12713 Fort Caroline Road, Arlington, 641-7155,
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve is a 46,000-acre ecological and historic preserve that includes Fort Caroline, Cedar Point and Kingsley Plantation. Miles of nature trails, a boat dock and picnic areas are featured, as well as local Florida history exhibits.
Nassau County
Amelia Island Lighthouse
Parks and Recreation Department, 277-7305
Still in use, and now open for tours, the Lighthouse was first lit in 1820 on Cumberland Island, and moved to its present location in 1838, marking the entrance to the St. Marys River. Tours are 10 a.m. on the first and third Wed. of each month. $5 for adults, $3 for kids younger than 12. Meet at the Parks & Recreation building, 2500 Atlantic Ave., Fernandina Beach.
Amelia Island Museum of History
233 S. Third St., Fernandina Beach, 261-7378, ameliamuseum.org
Housed in the old Nassau County jail, the museum offers guided tours highlighting Amelia Island's Eight Flags history. The interactive "Kid's Construct! Architecture for Children" is on display through Aug. Museum hours are Mon.-Sat., 10 a.m.-4 p.m. and 1-4 p.m. Sun. Tours include walking and ghost tours of the historic district and a holiday luminary tour.
Historic Downtown Fernandina Beach/Amelia Island
Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, this 50-block historical area surrounds the main thoroughfare of Centre Street, an area rich in Victorian architecture with tree-lined streets, boutiques, galleries and restaurants.
Fort Clinch State Park
2601 Atlantic Ave., Fernandina Beach, 277-7274, floridastateparks.org/fortclinch
This Florida State Park includes a restored Civil War fort, rangers in period dress and a visitor's center.
St. Johns County
Bridge of Lions
With reconstruction finally finished, this 1920s bridge across the Matanzas Bay is back in service, and draws on the half-hour for boat traffic.
Castillo de San Marcos
1 S. Castillo Drive, St. Augustine, 829-6506, nps.gov/casa
A national monument overlooking the bayfront, this coquina fort was completed by the Spanish in 1695 and was used to protect the settlement of St. Augustine.
Flagler College
74 King St., St. Augustine, 829-6481, flagler.edu
This private college was once a hotel built by railroad magnate Henry Flagler in the late 1800s. Guided tours of this example of Spanish Renaissance architecture are available.
Fort Matanzas National Monument
8635 A1A S., St. Augustine, 471-0116, nps.gov/foma
This coquina watchtower was built by the Spanish in the 1740s. Located on Matanzas Inlet, the monument is reachable only by boat. Free tours are offered 9 a.m.-5:30 p.m. daily.
Government House Museum
48 King St., St. Augustine, 825-5079
St. Augustine's history is presented from early settlements through the European era into Flagler's Golden Age. Hours are 10 a.m.-4 p.m. daily.
Lightner Museum
75 King St., St. Augustine, 824-2874, lightnermuseum.org
Located in the historic Alcazar Hotel, an 1888 National Register building, the museum features decorative arts and large collections of everything from china to seashells. Open 9 a.m.-5 p.m. daily.
Oldest House
14 St. Francis St., St. Augustine, 824-2872
One of Northeast Florida's oldest colonial structures and a National Historic Landmark, the González-Alvarez House offers a record of life in St. Augustine. Open daily 9 a.m.-5 p.m. with guided tours every half-hour.
St. Augustine Historic District
St. Augustine boasts 144 blocks of historic structures, many listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This includes 11 pedestrian-only blocks centered around St. George Street, which are filled with shops, restaurants and historic landmarks.
St. Augustine Lighthouse & Museum
81 Lighthouse Ave., St. Augustine, 829-0745, staugustinelighthouse.com
Tours take visitors 219 steps to the top of the lighthouse. An 18th-century British cannon is also on display. The museum is located inside the lightkeeper's house.
St. Augustine Pirate & Treasure Museum
12 S. Castillo Drive, St. Augustine, 1-877-467-5863, piratesoul.com
The museum houses one of the largest collections of authentic pirate-related artifacts in the world, including the 17th century treasure chest of Capt. Thomas Tew.
St. Photios National Shrine
41 St. George St., St. Augustine, 829-8205, stphotios.com
Dedicated to the first colony of Greeks who came to this country in 1768, this shrine features an Orthodox Chapel and artifacts, photographs, documents and Byzantine-style frescoes. Open 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Mon.-Sat., noon-6 p.m. Sun.
Colonial Spanish Quarter Museum
33 St. George St., St. Augustine, 825-6830, historicstaugustine.com/csq/history.html
This living-history museum depicts life as it was in colonial St. Augustine. Self-guided tours are available.
Amelia Island Sea Turtle Watch
Focused on the conservation of Amelia Island's nesting sea turtle population. 583-1913, ameliaislandseaturtlewatch.com
Duval Audubon Society
This nonprofit focuses on habitat conservation for birds and wildlife in Clay, Duval and Nassau counties. duvalaudubon.org
First Coast Surfrider Foundation
This nonprofit grassroots organization focuses on protecting the world's oceans and beaches. Locally, Surfrider sponsors fundraisers including beach clean-ups and surfing contests. surfriderfirstcoast.org
1468 Hendricks Ave., Jacksonville, 398-5757, greenscapeofjacksonville.com
This tree-planting nonprofit group focuses on improving and preserving Jacksonville's tree canopy.
North Florida Land Trust
804 Third St., Neptune Beach, 285-7020, northfloridalandtrust.org
The environmental group helps landowners place parcels of land – large or small – into permanent conservation easements.
Public Trust Environmental Legal Institute of Florida
2029 N. Third St., Jax Beach, 247-1972, publictrustlaw.org
This advocacy organization uses "all legal means" to protect public lands and waters.
St. Johns Audubon Society
email@example.com, stjohnsaudubon.com
The group promotes protection, preservation and restoration of birds, wildlife and habitats through science-based advocacy.
St. Johns Riverkeeper
2800 University Blvd. N., Arlington, 256-7691, stjohnsriverkeeper.org
This nonprofit organization is a full-time advocate and watchdog for the St. Johns River, its watershed and the public to whom it belongs.
Sierra Club Northeast Florida Group
247-1876, florida.sierraclub.org
A national organization dedicated to exploring, enjoying and protecting the planet. The local group organizes outdoor adventures and lobbies local and state government.
American Civil Union Liberties of Northeast Florida
Like the national ACLU, the local branch is focuses on free speech, religious liberty and the right to privacy. aclufl.org
Americans United for Separation of Church and State
This nonpartisan organization works to preserve church/state separation to ensure religious freedom for everyone. au.org
Concerned Taxpayers of Duval County
The watchdog group works to fight fraud, waste, corruption, inefficiency and tomfoolery at Jacksonville's City Hall. jaxtaxpayers.org
Duval County Democratic Party
The local organization promotes the Democratic party with a focus on citizen involvement in advancing candidates. duvaldemocrats.org
First Coast Freethought Society
Agnostics, atheists, freethinkers, humanists, secularists and the non-religious participate in discussions that support scientific inquiry and challenge religious dogma. firstcoastfreethoughtsociety.org
First Coast Tea Party
This tax-conscious, limited-government grassroots group meets for rallies and to discuss national and local trends. firstcoastteaparty.org
JASMYN offers a safe place for young gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and questioning youth. Open 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Mon.-Fri. by appointment only. AIDS awareness, counseling and support groups are offered. The Gay Youth Information Hotline is 389-0089. 923 Peninsular Place, Jacksonville, 389-3857, jasmyn.org
Men Against Destruction – Defending Against Drugs and Social Disorder aims to recruit members to "save children, communities, and ourselves from the social ills that presently plague neighborhoods." maddads.com
Republican Party of Duval County
The local organization promotes the Republican party and Republican principles, including strong national defense and strict immigration policies. duvalgop.com
Arlington Community Garden Project
Tree Hill Nature Center, 7152 Lone Star Road, Arlington, 725-8133, arlingtoncommunitygarden.org
This group was founded by Unitarian Universalist Church to improve the resiliency of the 32211 ZIP code. Plot rental fee of $60 a year includes a raised bed filled with organic soil, classes in organic gardening techniques and potluck dinners.
Beaches Organic Community Garden
Jarboe Park, A1A and Florida Boulevard, Neptune Beach, 270-0273, beacheslocalfoodnetwork.org
For $10 and three hours a month of volunteer time, gardeners are provided with a plot, water, soil, liability insurance and a basic introduction to organic gardening education.
City Sprout/Lincolnville Community Garden
Eddie Vickers Park, 399 Riberia St., St. Augustine, 537-5263, citysprout.org
Community memberships are offered in either an affiliate membership ($10/year) or a garden box membership ($50/year). Meetings are held 4 p.m. every first Sun.; weekly compost socials are held 5:30 p.m. every Wed.
Eastside Community Garden
960 Spearing St., Eastside, 354-4673
This project of Operation New Hope for the community to grow edible flowers, fruit and vegetables, needs donations of funds, time and supplies.
Friends of Northeast Florida Community Gardens
1502 Jessie St., Northside, 365-4144, fnfcg.org
This source for information on community gardens, classes, seed swaps, and a Northeast Florida Community Gardening Conference, can help those interested find a community garden in their area.
Hodges Boulevard Community Garden
4140 Hodges Blvd., Southside, 223-6922
This garden, located behind Hodges Boulevard Presbyterian Church, offers workshops and tours.
Springfield Community Garden
1425 Laura St., Springfield, 387-2353
This garden features raised beds, a community orchard, seeds, soil, water and free monthly workshops for a $35 membership fee. Sustainable Springfield organizes an annual gleaning of fruit and nut trees in the neighborhood where the gleaner keeps a share, donates a portion to Sustainable Springfield to raise funds and gives the rest to local homeless shelters. For more information, contact email@example.com or go to sustainablespringfield.net.
Brooklyn Neighborhood Association
202 Spruce St., Riverside, 354-9266
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Citizens Planning Advisory Committee (CPACs)
These city-sponsored groups are designed to serve as links between residents and local government, and are split into six planning districts – Urban Core, Greater Arlington/Beaches, Southeast, Southwest, Northwest and North. 255-8200. coj.net
Greater Arlington Civic Council Inc.
1924 Holly Oaks Lake Road W., Arlington, 607-5006
Email email@example.com
Coalition of Kernan Boulevard Communities
3925 Maple View Drive, Southside, 568-7325
Greater Englewood Neighborhood Association
4614 Clinton Ave., Spring Glen
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Heckscher Drive Community Club Inc.
9364 Heckscher Drive, Northside
Email email@example.com
Mayport Village Civic Association
1331 Broad St., Mayport, 655-1526
Email email@example.com
Murray Hill Preservation Association
212-1250, murrayhillneighbors.com
Email email@example.com
North Jacksonville Civic Association
341 Baisden Road, Northside
Olde Mandarin Neighborhood Association
13200 Mandarin Road, Mandarin, 880-1231
Email email@example.com
Spring Park Neighborhood Association
2905 Spring Park Road, Spring Park, 398-6539
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
University Park Civic Association
P.O. Box 11114, Jacksonville FL 32239, universityparkjax.com
West Beaches Community Association
3113 Coral Reef Drive, Intracoastal West, 223-4139
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Phillips Fine Arts Building, Jacksonville University, 2800 University Blvd. N., Arlington, 744-3950
Permanent pre-Columbian and ivory collections, decorative ceramics, Tiffany glassware, Chinese porcelains. The changing educational exhibit showcases the works of faculty, students and national artists. Admission is free. Open 9 a.m.-4:30 p.m., Mon.-Fri., noon-5 p.m. Sat.
48 Sevilla St., St. Augustine, 826-8530
Located on Flagler College's campus, the gallery features regular exhibits of student portfolio work, local and national contemporary art, live music performances and film screenings.
829 Riverside Ave., Riverside, 356-6857, cummer.org
The Cummer features more than 5,500 objects in its permanent collection, including ancient artifacts, paintings, and acres of formal gardens. The current exhibit "Future Retro: The Great Age of the American Automobile" runs through Sept. 8. "La Florida" is on display until Oct. 6. Open 10 a.m.-9 p.m. Tue., 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Wed.-Fri., 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Sat.; noon-5 p.m. Sun. Admission is free for children 5 and younger; free for all 4-9 p.m. every Tue.
333 N. Laura St., Downtown, 366-6911, mocajacksonville.orgLocated on Hemming Plaza, MOCAJax showcases a permanent collection of 20th-century art, traveling exhibits and extensive educational facilities, as well as a museum shop and Café Nola. "Traces" is displayed through Aug. 18. The exhibit "Inside/Out" is on display through Aug. 25. "Chalk It Up" runs through Aug. 30. Family Fun Free Day is held noon-4 p.m. every Sun. Open Tue.-Sun.
1025 Museum Circle, Southbank, 396-6674, themosh.org
Located on the Southbank of the St. Johns River, MOSH includes educational exhibits and interactive displays. "Be the Dinosaur" is on display through Sept. 3. Open daily. Admission is free for children 2 and younger.
Lakeside Park, A1A South and 11th Street, St. Augustine, 829-0873, st-augustine-sculpture-garden.org
This park features public works of art by Thomas Glover, Marianne Lerbs and other area artists.
Dance Companies
10131 Atlantic Blvd. (Boleros building), Regency, 727-7515
Dulce Anaya is artistic director of this semi-professional, community-based company and school.
300 E. State St., Downtown, 353-7518, floridaballet.org
Jacksonville's first and only professional dance company performs at The Florida Theatre, and features special performances for young audiences.
Music Companies
841 Prudential Drive, Ste. 150, Jacksonville, 390-1999
For more than 25 years, the "official band of Jacksonville" has performed free local concerts of jazz and other American music, and sponsors the High School All Star Jazz Band.
287-1896, bigorangechorus.com
The local chapter of the Barbershop Harmony Society is an internationally ranked men's chorus group that present concerts throughout the community. Rehearsals are held 7:30 p.m. every Thur. at Shepherd of the Woods Lutheran Church, 7860 Southside Blvd., Jacksonville.
624 Lomax St., Riverside, 358-0196
This community vocal group performs classical works and popular standards.
P.O. Box 37583, Jacksonville FL 32236, 778-1592
A diverse group of members sings for the community. Rehearsals are held 7 p.m. every Mon. in the fellowship hall at Riverside Baptist Church, 2650 Park St., Jacksonville.
225 E. Duval St., Downtown, 353-1636, jaxchildrenschorus.org
This young person's singing group, for kids in grades 6-12, features five choruses and holds auditions for prospective members by appointment only.
St. Mark's Lutheran Church, 3976 Hendricks Ave., San Jose, 388-1192, jacksonvillecommunityband.webs.com
Members of the band include high school and college students and adults, at all skill levels, performing Broadway, pop, marches and spirituals. Practice held 7:30-9 p.m. every Tue.
This adult community chorus, directed by Dr. Mark Stallings, performs classical and other choral literature with and without an orchestra.
300 W. Water St., Ste. 200, Downtown, 354-5479, jaxsymphony.org
The Jacksonville Symphony Orchestra's season opens with music by Gershwin and Tchaikovsky, featuring conductor and pianist Teddy Abrams, performing on Oct. 3, 4 and 5. Most JSO performances are held in Jacoby Symphony Hall at the Times-Union Center for the Performing Arts. The Youth Orchestra enrolls more than 200 students, from elementary school through early college, at six ensemble levels.
3733 Pine St., Riverside, 356-2347, firstname.lastname@example.com
A nonprofit organization, GALA (Gay and Lesbian Association of choruses) mixed-voice chorus has been performing for more than 16 years in nursing homes and assisted-living facilities and is available to promote diversity and education through music.
P.O. Box 24464, Jacksonville FL 32217, 350-1609, jaxharmony.com
A chapter of Sweet Adelines International, this women's chorus rehearses 7 p.m. every Tue. at San Jose Church of Christ, 6233 San Jose Blvd., Jacksonville. The chorus performs four-part a cappella barbershop pieces.
Jacoby Symphony Hall, T-U Center, 300 W. Water St., Ste. 200, Downtown, 354-5479, jaxsymphony.org
For more than 25 years, JSOC has been performing with the JSO in productions both classical and pop. Membership is made up of volunteers, including professional and amateur musicians.
410 Blanding Blvd., Ste. 9, Orange Park, orangeparkchorale.com
This 30-member community chorale performs four to 14 concerts annually. Membership by audition. Contact Dr. Carole Clifford for audition information at firstname.lastname@example.com.
T-U Center, 300 W. Water St., Ste. 200, Downtown, 472-4270, ritzchamberplayers.org
This African-American chamber music ensemble performs several local and national concerts a year.
Cultural Organizations
131 King St., St. Augustine, 829-0065, 824-2310, artgalleriesofstaugustine.com
A diverse group of more than 20 galleries, AGOSA hosts First Friday Art Walk. Complementary Red Train transportation is available at participating galleries.
416 12th Ave. N., Jax Beach, 270-1771, beachesfinearts.org
The organization brings international music and dance to the area in eight free performances annually, held in St. Paul's by-the-Sea Episcopal Church. After each performance, a local artist's work is exhibited during a reception. Fundraisers include three sprint triathlons.
50 Executive Way, Ponte Vedra Beach, 280-0614, ccpvb.org
The Cultural Center offers workshops, lectures, films, performances, exhibits and theatrical presentations.
300 W. Water St., Downtown, 358-3600,
The Cultural Council promotes awareness of cultural activities, provides funding and technical assistance to its affiliates, and administers the city's "Art in Public Places" program.
18 N. Second St., Fernandina Beach, 261-7020, islandart.org
The Island Art Association sponsors the arts-and-crafts portion of the annual Shrimp Festival, offers scholarships and hosts monthly meetings with demonstrations.
3662 Crown Point Road, San Jose, 292-1000, jaxjewishcenter.com
The Jacksonville Jewish Center is a conservative synagogue offering youth education and full synagogue activities: religious, educational and social.
A group of 200 artists from the Jacksonville metro area meets monthly for the promotion of transparent watercolor. Open to the public. There are at least two juried shows per year and workshops are available.
8505 San Jose Blvd., San Jose, 730-2100, jcajax.org
JCA provides physical, recreational, educational, social and cultural opportunities in one location.
4327 Kerle St., Murray Hill, 677-2787, artsjax.org
This community arts center offers workshops and art classes for adults and children.
3674 Beach Blvd., Southside, 322-7672, theperformersacademy.com
This center offers classes in theatrical performance, including song and dance, Mon.-Fri.
1100 Stockton St., Riverside, 389-6222, riversidefinearts.or


text:
Credit Information
The unit of credit at Bucknell University is the course credit, which for transfer purposes is equivalent to four semester hours. Unless otherwise specified, a course listed in the catalog is equal to one course credit. A minimum of eight course credits, at least four of which must be taken in the major department, is required for graduation. One of the eight course credits must be a thesis or project, except that a department may require seven course credits plus a master's essay or treatise or project report (which may equal one-half course credit) instead of a thesis.
Course Information
Courses with numbers at the 600-level are open to graduate students for graduate credit. Undergraduate students may register for the same course under the corresponding 300/400 number. In such courses graduate students are expected to perform at a significantly higher level and/or to submit additional assignments.
Master of Arts Requirements
Candidates for the master of arts degree may be required by their department to demonstrate a reading knowledge of an approved foreign language. This requirement may be met by passing a reading test given by the appropriate department at Bucknell or by presenting evidence of having completed two years of college-level language study.
GPA Requirement
A minimum cumulative grade point average of 3.0 is required of graduate students for all work attempted and must be attained upon completion of courses on the student's approved Program of Courses. No more than two courses of C or C+ work and no course with a grade of C- or below will be accepted toward the required number of courses for the master's degree. In computing the cumulative grade point average and determining good academic standing, all coursework is considered. Any student who does not maintain the minimum grade point average of 3.0 is liable to be dismissed.
Thesis Information
A thesis, treatise, or research/project report is required for all degrees and must be presented to the department at least three weeks before the last day of classes of the student's final semester. A final approved copy of the thesis must be delivered to the Office of Graduate Studies for approval of format on the last day of classes of the student's final semester. A final, approved, copy of the thesis must be submitted online to the University library, by the last day of the final exam period. Normally the master's essay, treatise, or project report is filed only in the department, unless otherwise required by the academic department, and a notice is sent to the Registrar's Office. The dean of graduate studies must approve essays and treatises for formatting only if they are to placed in the University library.
Thesis Formatting Guidelines (Arts & Sciences)
Thesis Formatting Guidelines (Engineering)
In accordance with the requirements for graduation for graduate students, certain deadlines must be met by students expecting to qualify for degrees at the completion of the semester. See these on the 4-yr Academic & Planning Calendar.
All departmental requirements for the master's degree must be successfully completed and the results sent by the department chair to the registrar by the last day of classes of the student's final semester. This includes final reports for all courses taken prior to the current semester for which grades I or IP were reported.
Seven Year Limit
No course completed more than seven years before the degree is to be granted will be credited toward the master's degree. All graduate courses carrying the grade of I or IP which have not been completed within a seven-year period will revert to the grade of W (withdraw).
Incomplete Grades
All incomplete grades must be removed during the first three weeks after the close of the academic semester unless an extension is approved by the dean of graduate studies on the basis of special circumstances; all incomplete grades depending on laboratory work must be removed during the next semester in which the course is offered.
Application to Graduate
All master's degree candidates must inform the registrar of their intended graduation date by submitting the Application for Graduation (pdf). See the 4-yr Academic & Planning Calendar for due dates.


text:
Servicios Personalizados
Links relacionados
- Citado por Google
- Similares en Google
South African Journal of Science
versión On-line ISSN 1996-7489
versión impresa ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.103 no.9-10 Pretoria sep./oct. 2007
Recent research in geomagnetism and aeronomy in South Africa: 20032006
P.B. Kotzé
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory, P.O. Box 32, Hermanus 7200, South Africa. E-mail: email@example.com
This paper presents a brief review of research results from South African institutions on activities relating to the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) during the quadrennium 20032006. The institutions actively involved included: the School of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban; Hermanus Magnetic Observatory, National Research Foundation, Hermanus; the Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown; and the Unit for Space Physics, Department of Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom. The article is organized according to the core activities of the IAGA.
Geomagnetic observatories, field surveys and modelling
Continuous recording of geomagnetic field variations are conducted at Hermanus (34°35.5'S, 19°13.5'E), Hartebeesthoek (25°52.9'S, 27°42.4'E) and Tsumeb (19°12'S, 17°35'E). All three observatories comply with INTERMAGNET standards. The primary instrument for recording magnetic field variations is the FGE fluxgate magnetometer, manufactured by the Danish Meteorological Institute in Copenhagen. This equipment is based on three-axis, linear-core fluxgate technology, optimized for long-term stability and records the components H, D and Z. An Overhauser-type magnetometer further provides absolute total field information, while baselines for the other components are obtained using a DI Flux theodolite.
For field survey purposes, field stations are marked by concrete beacons, ensuring that all observation points are exactly re-occupied during surveys. Most measurements are taken on a standard 1.2-m pillar, while in a few cases observers have to use a tripod mounted above a clearly marked shorter beacon.
The international and local geophysics communities have expressed much interest in the rapid decrease in the geomagnetic main field in the southern African region,1 which suggests that a reverse dynamo may be developing below South Africa as observed by Hulot et al.2 The Hermanus Magnetic Observatory (HMO) and the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany, have begun a collaboration to study this phenomenon using ground-based and satellite data. This combined project between Germany and South Africa, called Inkaba ye Africa, the COMPASS (for COmprehensive Magnetic Processes under the African Southern Sub-continent) programme, aims to study the geomagnetic field and in particular its evolutionary behaviour. In addition to the decline in the geomagnetic field in this region as evidenced by the 20% fall observed at Hermanus, the orientation of the geomagnetic field in southern Africa is also changing rapidly.3 In the northwestern part of the subcontinent, the declination of the magnetic field is propagating eastward (observed at Tsumeb) and westward in the southeastern part (noted at Hermanus and Hartebeesthoek). This results in the spatial gradient over the subcontinent increasing with time.
During 2005 and 2006, joint field survey campaigns were conducted by the HMO and the GFZ in South Africa, Namibia and Botswana, to characterize the variation with time of various components of the geomagnetic field. Two independent teams, each consisting of a staff member from HMO and GFZ, conducted a simultaneous field survey in southern Africa and visited the survey beacons indicated in Fig. 1. Some isolated repeat stations were found not to be suitable for field survey measurements. This was mostly because the region was not magnetically quiet, or that the observation pillar was destroyed by urban expansion. A DI fluxgate magnetometer was used as the primary instrument during field surveys, while an Overhauser magnetometer delivered values of total field intensity. Corrections for diurnal variation and other disturbing effects were made by comparing field station observations with magnetic data recorded on site with a LEMI suspended tri-axis fluxgate instrument.4 Referring to additional magnetic observatories, sometimes a distance of more than 300 km away, greatly improved the quality of the measurements. Results obtained from this survey, together with information acquired from a previous survey conducted in 2004 at eight field stations, as well as the data from the three continuous-recording observatories at Hermanus, Hartebeesthoek and Tsumeb, were used to model the geomagnetic-field time variation for 2004/5, employing a polynomial approach.5
As part of the collaboration between GFZ and HMO, instruments for a new magnetic observatory at Keetmanshoop in Namibia were installed at the local airport in late 2005.6 This location was specifically chosen to be about halfway between Hermanus in the south and Tsumeb in the north, to correct for disturbance effects from external sources and to refer the repeat station data to a common epoch during field surveys. This newly established INTERMAGNET-grade observatory will play a key role in the region, because: 1) It will serve as a reference magnetic observatory for field stations within a radius of 600 km, located in the large area between the Northern Cape and southern Namibia, a region which has not been adequately covered in the past. 2) It will be an accurate monitor of spatial changes in secular variation across southern Africa. The variations in the declination at the southeastern and northwestern borders of southern Africa are currently 11 arc min/yr westward and 6 arc min/yr eastward, respectively.1 The Keetmanshoop observatory, located between Hermaus and Tsumeb in a northsouth direction, as well as in an eastwest direction on approximately the same magnetic latitude as Hartebeesthoek, will help accurately to monitor the spatial change of secular variation across southern Africa.
The latest field survey was conducted with logistical support from the Geological Survey of Namibia as well as from the Namibia Airports Company. The recording instruments, a 3-axis FGE fluxgate magnetometer, an Overhauser absolute magnetometer, as well as a DI Flux theodolite for taking absolute measurements, were provided by GFZ, while HMO contributed the glass-fibre box for housing the instruments. The design of this observatory is unique, as it deviates substantially from traditional recording equipment. The entire observatory is buried underground in the glass-fibre container, and then filled with water bottles for temperature stabilization. The data recording computer, with its cellphone technology for data transmission, were installed early in 2006. Data are currently transmitted to Hermanus on a daily basis, while baselines are determined at regular intervals by personnel at Keetmanshoop airport.
ULF geomagnetic pulsation data
The HMO continued to record ultralow-frequency geomagnetic pulsation data at Hermanus, and also at Sutherland (32°24'S, 20°40'E). The data were obtained by measuring the voltages induced in two horizontally mounted induction sensors, one orientated approximately in the magnetic meridian (H-component) and the other perpendicular to this direction (D-component). The data are logged digitally on a PC with sampling at 1-s intervals and accurate timing provided by a GPS receiver. The appearance of Pi2 pulsations in the data is used by researchers worldwide to determine the occurrence and timing of substorm onsets and enhancements.
Aeronomic phenomena
Total electron content mapping
The Grahamstown, South Africa (33.3°S, 26.5°E) ionospheric field station operates a UMass Lowell digital pulse ionospheric sounder (Digisonde) and an Ashtech geodetic grade dual-frequency GPS receiver. The GPS receiver is owned by the Chief Directorate Surveys and Mapping in Cape Town, forms part of the national TrigNet network and was installed in February 2005. The sampling rates of the GPS receiver and Digisonde were set to 1 second and 15 minutes, respectively. Data from four continuous months, March to June 2005 inclusive, were considered in this initial investigation. Data available from the Grahamstown GPS receiver were limited and, therefore, only these four months have been considered. Total electron content (TEC) values were determined from GPS measurements obtained from satellites passing near the vertical (within an 80° elevation) to the station. TEC values were obtained from ionograms recorded at times within 5 min of the near-vertical GPS measurement as reported by Cilliers et al.7 The GPS-derived TEC values are referred to as GTEC and the ionogram-derived TEC values as ITEC. The GTEC and ITEC values were compared, with the differential clock biases of the GPS satellites and receivers taken into account. The plasmaspheric contribution to the TEC could be inferred from the results, and confirmed findings obtained by other groups.
South Africa has three operational ionosondes, whose data have been used in developing a national model. The South African network of GPS receivers, as shown in Fig. 2, is expanding and the long-term plan is to use the data from these receivers to derive ionospheric information over the areas that are not covered by the current ionosondes. This will allow use of an existing network to supplement the ionospheric network, thereby providing a more comprehensive map of ionospheric behaviour over South Africa.
Neural network modelling of ionospheric parameters
Neural networks (NNs) are proving to be ideal tools for modelling the behaviour of the ionosphere. The NNs are trained using a database of archived data describing the relationship between the output parameter and an input space. The input space is designed from knowledge of those variables that affect the behaviour of the output parameter. For ionospheric parameters this input space includes a solar variable because of the strong influence of the Sun on ionospheric behaviour.
An investigation was conducted by Oyeyemi and Poole,8 using the critical frequency of the F2 layer, foF2, which provides an indication of the ionospheric maximum electron density, to demonstrate how NNs can be used to determine the optimum solar input variable for use in predicting foF2. Among the solar criteria used are the daily sunspot number, the F10.7-cm solar radio flux, and the solar irradiance. Varying time lengths of these parameters were also investigated. The criteria used in determining the optimum input is the root-mean-square (RMS) error between the measured and predicted output parameters.
The technique of neural networks9 has provided a powerful new method for developing models to predict and forecast the highly nonlinear behaviour of the ionosphere. In addition, NNs offer another means for determining the optimum input parameters required for the prediction of ionospheric parameters. The networks can also provide evidence of the existence and extent of new relationships between unknown geophysical parameters and the ionospheric output. Neural networks combine archived databases that record the history of ionospheric behaviour, the experience and expertise gained from years of analytical analysis and measurements, and the advanced computing power, skills and technologies of today, to give an all-in-one solution to a nonlinear problem.
Neural networks have been employed also to develop a global model of the foF2 frequency.10 The main principle behind this approach is the use of parameters other than simple geographic coordinates, on which foF2 is known to depend, and exploiting the ability of NNs to establish and model this nonlinear relationship for predictive purposes. The foF2 data used in the training of the networks were obtained from 59 ionospheric stations across the globe at various times from 1964 to 1986, on the basis of availability. To test the success of this approach, one neural network (NN1) was trained without data from 13 stations, selected for their geographic remoteness, which could then be used to validate the predictions of the NN for those remote coordinates. These stations were subsequently included in the final neural network (NN2). The input parameters consisted of day number (day of the year), universal time, solar activity, magnetic activity, geographic latitude, angle of meridian relative to subsolar point, magnetic dip angle, magnetic declination, and solar zenith angle. Comparisons between foF2 values determined using NNs and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model [derived from Union Radio Scientifique Internationale (URSI) and International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) coefficients] with observed values are given with their RMS error differences for test stations. The results from NN2 are used to produce the global behaviour of hourly values of foF2 and are compared with the IRI model using URSI and CCIR coefficients. The RMS error differences obtained, which compare favourably with the IRI models, justify this technique for global foF2 modelling.
The neural network technique for the development of a near-real-time global foF2 (NRTNN) empirical model was used at Rhodes University by Oyeyemi et al.11 The data used are hourly daily values of foF2 from 26 worldwide ionospheric stations (based on availability) during the period 197686 for training the network, and between 1977 and 1989 for verifying the accuracy of prediction. The training data set includes all periods of quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions. Two categories of input parameters were used as inputs to the NN. The first group consisted of geophysical parameters that were temporally or spatially related to the training stations. The second category, which was related to the foF2 itself, consisted of three recent past observations of foF2 9 (i.e. real-time foF2, and also 2 h and 1 h previously) from four control stations [namely, Boulder (40.01°N, 254.71°E), Grahamstown, Dourbes (50.11°N, 4.61°E) and Port Stanley (51.71°S, 302.21°E)]. The performance of the NRTNN was verified, under both geomagnetically quiet and disturbed conditions, with observed data from a few verification stations. The RMS error differences between measured values and the NRTNN predictions were compared with our earlier standard foF2 NN empirical model. They revealed that NRTNN will predict foF2 in near-real time with about 1 MHz RMS error difference anywhere on the globe, provided real-time data are available at the four control stations. It is also evident from these results that in addition to the geophysical information from any geographical location, recent past observations of foF2 from these control stations can be used as inputs to a neural network for near-real time foF2 predictions. Results also reveal that there is a temporal correlation between measured foF2 values at different locations.
The application of NNs was further extended by Oyeyemi et al.12 to develop a global model of the ionospheric propagation factor M(3000)F2. Neural networks were trained with daily hourly values of M(3000)F2 from various ionospheric stations spanning the period from 1964 to 1986, with the following temporal and spatial input parameters: universal time, geographic latitude, magnetic inclination, magnetic declination, solar zenith angle, day of the year, A16 index (a 2-day running mean of the 3-hour planetary magnetic ap index), R2 index (a 2-month running mean of sunspot number), and the angle of the meridian relative to the subsolar point. The performance of the NNs was verified by comparing the predicted values of M(3000)F2 with observations from a few selected ionospheric stations and the IRI model [CCIR M(3000)F2 model] predictions. The results obtained compared favourably with the IRI model and, from the error differences, justified the potential of the NN technique to predict M(3000)F2 values on a global scale.
Furthermore, a new neural network-based global empirical model for the F2 peak electron density has been developed by Oyeyami and McKinnell at Rhodes University, using extended temporal and spatial geophysical inputs. Ground-based ionosonde data from 80 global stations, spanning the period 1995 to 2005, and for a few stations from 1976 to 1986, and from various resources of the World Data Centre (WDC) archives [Space Physics Interactive Data Resource (SPIDR), the Digital Ionogram Database (DIDBase), and IPS Radio and Space Services] have been used for training a neural network. The training data set includes all periods of quiet and disturbed magnetic activity. Comparisons were then made of experimental observations and foF2 values predicted from the NN-based and IRI models, for all conditions (such as magnetic storms, levels of solar activity, season and different latitudes). The RMS error differences for a few selected stations were substantially improved over previous model results, demonstrating that this new model can be used as a replacement option for the URSI and CCIR maps within the IRI model for the purpose of predicting F2 peak electron densities.
Neural networks have recently been used also to model the ionospheric electron density profiles over both South Africa (LAM model) and at high latitudes. The NN-based Ionospheric Model for the Auroral Zone (IMAZ) was developed in a joint South AfricanAustrian effort to provide a reliable prediction tool for the electron density profile at altitudes below 150 km and at high latitudes. A combination of data obtained from the European Incoherent Scatter Radar (EISCAT) and measurements from rocket-borne wave propagation experiments provided enough high-latitude data to cover one solar cycle. The inputs to this model are local magnetic time, total absorption, local magnetic activity, solar zenith angle, and the F10.7-cm solar flux value. The pressure surface, which combines the effects of the seasonal variation and the altitude, is also included as an input parameter. The output is the electron density at the given input pressure (corresponding to altitude).
Both models provide realistic electron density profiles within the boundaries laid down by the data with which the NNs were trained and the purposes for which the models were developed. Predicted profiles from each model indicate that NNs provide a more successful approach to electron density profiling than analytical techniques.
Stratospheric studies
There were several large X-class solar flares and associated solar energetic particle (SEP) events during January 2005. Coincidentally, the MINIS balloon campaign had multiple payloads aloft in the stratosphere above Antarctica, measuring d.c. electric fields, conductivity and X-ray flux. One-to-one increases in the electrical conductivity and decreases to near zero of both the vertical and horizontal electric field components, in conjunction with an increase in particle flux at SEP onset, were observed by researchers from the University of KwaZulu-Natal and elsewhere, and were reported by Kokorowski et al.13 Combined with an atmospheric electric field mapping model, these data are consistent with a shorting out of the global electric circuit and point towards substantial ionospheric convection modifications. Two subsequent, rapid changes were detected in addition in the vertical electric field component several hours after SEP onset. These changes result in similar fluctuations in the calculated vertical current density.
From the MINIS observations, it is evident that the SEP event of 20 January 2005 had a significant impact on atmospheric electrodynamics. Although the MINIS observations are consistent with previous measurements, deviations from them were also observed. Previous in situ measurements described a sudden decrease in the magnitude of the vertical electric field and conductivity enhancement coinciding with the onset of an SEP event. The MINIS data are consistent with this basic observation. What sets the MINIS data apart are the two subsequent, rapid jumps in the d.c. vertical field several hours afterwards and the observations of the total (not just vertical) electric field disappearing suddenly at SEP onset. These two unique features of the MINIS data set cannot be explained by simply enhancing the atmospheric conductivity. Rather, it is likely that the rapid vertical fluctuations are related to rigidity cutoff motion, while the vanishing of the horizontal field may be connected to magnetospheric dynamics.
Magnetospheric phenomena
Cosmic radio noise absorption and auroral luminosity studies
Cosmic radio waves of 510-m wavelengths recorded by the riometers at the South African Antarctic base SANAE IV at Vesleskarvet have been used to investigate ionization structures in the ionosphere. In related studies, the structures in riometer absorption were compared with digitized all-sky images of auroral optical emissions recorded by a low-light-level TV system. Stoker et al.14 digitized all-sky images of auroral optical emissions, recorded at SANAE IV (70.3°S, 2.4°W, L = 4.0), and then mapped them onto the angular sensitivity functions of both a broad, single-beam riometer and the narrow beams of an imaging riometer.
Observations during a substorm expansive phase at SANAE IV showed that the 630.0-nm auroral spectral line closely followed the variations in the auroral white light (mainly green and blue spectral lines), and preceded the white light variations from about 0 to 5 s during the observation of a pre-midnight substorm on 19 July 2003. Absorptions in cosmic radio noise appeared to vary in a way both related and unrelated to optical emissions. Associated variations were delayed relative to optical variations from 2 to 12 s. These temporal differences in variations support the idea of a local dispersionless acceleration region associated with the expansion phase of the substorm. The temporal differences suggest an increasing electric field as an acceleration mechanism. The unrelated absorptions in cosmic radio noise had then to originate from a different acceleration region.
Studies of Pi2 pulsations
It is well known that Pi2 pulsations, which are impulsive, strongly damped, ultra-low-frequency oscillations of the geomagnetic field, occur at the time of magnetospheric substorm onsets and intensifications. Pi2 pulsations recorded at low latitudes in particular, where amplitudes typically lie in the range 0.252.5 nT, are one of the clearest indicators of substorm onsets. The HMO has played an important role in studies carried out at local and foreign institutions to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of the earth's plasma sheet. The observatory's contribution has been to provide and analyse low-latitude, ground-based ULF pulsation data, primarily on Pi2 pulsations.
Nosé et al.15 investigated a Pi2 pulsation that occurred at 05:38 UT on 20 September 1995, using data from ground stations and the ETS-VI and EXOS-D satellites. Because ground stations at L = 1.45_12.6 and the two satellites were located at 710 hours of magnetic local time (MLT), they could investigate characteristics of the morning-side Pi2 pulsation in detail. They also examined geomagnetic field data from equatorial and low-latitude (L_1.5) stations at 02:00 MLT and 15:00 MLT. Their findings included the following: (1) Pi2 pulsations on the morning side were observed over a wide range of L (L < 6.1) with almost identical period (T_70 s) and waveforms; (2) the ETS-VI satellite located above the geomagnetic equator at L = 6.3 observed a Pi2 pulsation that had nearly the same period and waveforms as the ground Pi2 pulsation; (3) the Pi2 pulsation observed by ETS-VI appeared in the compressional and radial components; (4) the EXOS-D observation placed the plasmapause location at L = 6.8, across which ground Pi2 pulsations changed their characteristics; and (5) no phase delay was found between low-latitude Pi2 pulsations observed around 07:00, 02:00, and 15:00 MLT. They therefore concluded that the morning-side Pi2 pulsation was caused by the plasmaspheric cavity mode resonance and that its longitudinal structure was relatively uniform.
Further studies by Nosé et al.16 on the longitudinal characteristics of Pi2 pulsations revealed the longitudinal structure of the plasmaspheric cavity mode. They used the geomagnetic field data from two ground stations, at Kakioka (27.2° geomagnetic latitude, 208.5° geomagnetic longitude) and Hermanus (_33.9° geomagnetic latitude, 82.2° geomagnetic longitude), and auroral image data acquired by the ultraviolet imager on board the Polar satellite for the period of 4 December 1996 to 3 March 1997. Their findings include the following: (1) the Pi2 amplitude was largest around the magnetic local time of the auroral break-up site and decreased away from it; (2) when a nightside Pi2 pulsation had large amplitude, a dayside Pi2 pulsation was observed with a similar waveform; (3) Pi2 pulsations generally had no clear phase differences (mean phase difference of 3.3°) between Kakioka and Hermanus, except for some events; and (4) the phase difference was independent of ΔMLT (difference of magnetic local time between a station and the auroral break-up). These observations suggest that the plasmaspheric cavity mode can be excited globally with a very small value of the azimuthal wave number.
Kim et al.,17 on the other hand, identified Pi2 pulsations associated with the poleward boundary intensifications during the absence of substorms. Pi2 pulsations during the intervals of extremely quiet geomagnetic conditions have been reported previously by Sutcliffe and Lyons.18 These authors observed that several Pi2 bursts occurred simultaneously at high (magnetic latitude = 71°) and low (42°) latitudes during the absence of magnetospheric substorms and found that the bursts are strongly correlated with poleward boundary intensifications (PBIs). These authors discussed the correlation between the PBI-associated Pi2 (PBIPi2) bursts and enhancements of energetic particle fluxes in the plasma sheet, but they did not focus on the wave properties of the PBIPi2 pulsations. In this study they examined whether the PBIPi2 pulsations at middle and low latitudes exhibited spatial variations similar to substorm-associated Pi2 pulsations. Using ground-based data from latitudinally and longitudinally extended magnetometer network and spacecraft data in the duskside, these authors investigated the spatial variation of the frequency, amplitude, phase, and inter-station coherence of the PBIPi2 events. They showed that the PBIPi2 pulsations had different features at different local times and suggest that their period and duration are determined at a source region, where fast earthward flows brake.
It has been possible for the first time to extract and clearly resolve Pi2 pulsations from low Earth orbit satellite data due to the unprecedented accuracy and resolution of the CHAMP magnetic field measurements. Sutcliffe et al.19,20 presented initial results of a comparative study of Pi2 pulsations observed by the CHAMP satellite and at the Sutherland ground station. Times when a Pi2 pulsation was observed on the ground (predominantly at night) and when CHAMP was located within 30° of longitude of Sutherland and at latitudes less than 50°N and S were selected for study. Following pre-processing and inspection to exclude unsuitable events, the satellite vector magnetic field data were rotated into a field-aligned coordinate system and band-pass filtered in the Pi2 frequency band (typically 0.0050.05 Hz).
Initial findings to date are the following:
The correlation between satellite and ground Pi2s is improved by subtraction of a lithospheric magnetic field anomaly model from the satellite data.
The H-component signal on the ground is well correlated with the compressional (Bcom) and poloidal (Bpol) components above the ionosphere.
Typical H-component amplitudes on the ground are 0.52 nT, while at CHAMP the Bcom and Bpol amplitudes are roughly 0.7 and 1.4 times this, respectively.
In the southern hemisphere, Bcom and Bpol oscillate in phase with H. In the northern hemisphere, however, Bpol appears to oscillate in anti-phase with Bcom and H.
Collier et al.21 further presented evidence of standing waves during Pi2 events as observed on the CLUSTER satellite mission. Observations of Pi2 pulsations at middle and low latitudes have been explained in terms of cavity mode resonances, whereas transients associated with field-aligned currents appear to be responsible for the high-latitude Pi2 signature. Data from CLUSTER were used to study a Pi2 event observed at 18:09 UTC on 21 January 2003, when three of the satellites were within the plasmasphere (L = 4.7, 4.5 and 4.6), while the fourth was on the plasmapause or in the plasmatrough (L = 6.6). Simultaneous pulsations at ground observatories and the injection of particles at geosynchronous orbit corroborated the occurrence of a substorm. Evidence of a cavity mode resonance was established by considering the phase relationship between the orthogonal electric and magnetic field components associated with radial and field-aligned standing waves. The relative phase between satellites located on either side of the geomagnetic equator indicates that the field-aligned oscillation is an odd harmonic. Finite azimuthal Poynting flux suggests that the cavity is effectively open-ended and the azimuthal wave number is estimated as m ~13.5.
Studies of Pc5 pulsations
The magnetospheric response at times when sudden increases in the solar wind dynamic pressure cause terrestrial magnetic storms has been studied by Sundberg et al.22 with data from the pulsation magnetometer at the South African Antarctic research base. For solar wind events that lead to a sudden increase in the terrestrial magnetic field at Hermanus and Kakioka, related pulsations are found in the SANAE IV data. Seven solar wind events of special interest were studied in the period between 19 February 2003 and 18 February 2004. The events can be divided into two main pulsation groups: one group which has a well-defined frequency and a duration of about 15 minutes, whereas the other has a less well-defined frequency content, longer duration and exhibits large amplitude fluctuations. The analysis confirms the conclusion that the measured response time of the magnetosphere to disturbances in the solar wind is broadly consistent with the propagation speed of magnetohydrodynamic waves driven by solar wind dynamic pressure.
Using the solar wind and Disturbance storm-time index correlation method described above, 12 events of special interest were found during the period studied. All show a fairly sudden increase in the absolute magnetic field value at Kakioka (140.18°E, 36.23°N, L =1.34)18 and Hermanus (19.13°E, 34.35°S, L = 1.84).18 The time delays observed between solar wind events and geomagnetic reactions correspond well with simple solar wind speed estimates in comparison with calculations made using only the downstream ACE (for the Advanced Composition Explorer space probe) solar wind velocity, which tend to yield time estimates that are far later than the observed impact times.
A clear example of the cause and effect relationship between a solar wind pressure increase and magnetic field pulsations is the event found in the ACE data for 8 April 2003 at 00:15 UT. The Earthward shock propagation speed was estimated to be approximately 420 km s1. ACE was located at a distance of 1.43 million km from Earth, which gave the expected impact time at 01:12 UT. This time estimate corresponded well with the initial reaction in the magnetic field at Hermanus. Using the estimated impact time, the impulse in the SANAE IV data starting at 01:11 UT was located and attributed to a geomagnetic reaction to the magnetospheric compression.
Seven pulsation events were of two main types. One type consisted of pulsations of a rather well-defined frequency (though with variations between events) and an amplitude that decreased with time. Three events of this type, called transient, were found and their average duration was approximately 15 minutes. All three events showed clear polarized signals, though the type and direction of the polariszation varies. The event of 8 April was mainly linearly polarized in a northwest to southeast direction. The other type of response, called quasi-stationary, consisted of a much larger range of frequencies. All of these examples saturated the magnetometer. The duration of this type of event was longer than the transient event, with durations ranging from half an hour up to several hours. A clear example of a pulsation of this type occurred at 01:35 UT on 22 January 2004. No clear polarization can be observed for any of these events, the two components seemed to fluctuate independently.
The abrupt increases in the solar wind dynamic pressure that cause sudden impulses are sometimes related to geomagnetic pulsations in the Pc5 range. Of these, two different categories have been found: one a transient response type and the other quasi-stationary. The transient impulses showed a distinct main pulsation frequency, and had a lifetime of 15 minutes or less. The quasi-stationary pulsations lasted half an hour or more, and had a much wider frequency band. However, none of the undefinable events could be ruled out as being related to the observed solar wind impulses.
Studies of lightning-induced whistlers
Whistlers are dispersed, very-low-frequency electromagnetic signatures of lightning discharges, received after propagating through the magnetosphere in field-aligned ducts of enhanced plasma density. They usually originate from discharges in the conjugate hemisphere. This is particularly true at low latitudes; at higher latitudes, the signal may echo back and forth between hemispheres. Lightning imaging sensor (LIS) data have been analysed by Collier et al.,23 from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, to ascertain the statistical pattern of lightning occurrence over southern Africa. The diurnal and seasonal variations were mapped in detail. The highest flash rates (107.2 km2 yr1) occurred close to the equator but maxima were also found over Madagascar (32.1 km2 yr1) and South Africa (26.4 km2 yr1). A feature of the statistics was a relatively steady contribution from over the ocean off the east coast of South Africa that appeared to be associated with the Agulhas Current. Lightning statistics were of intrinsic meteorological interest but they also related to the occurrence of whistlers in the conjugate region. Whistler observations were made at Tihany, Hungary. Statistics revealed that the period of most frequent whistler occurrence did not correspond to the maximum in lightning activity in the conjugate region but was strongly influenced by ionospheric illumination and other factors. The whistler/flash ratio showed remarkable variations during the year and narrowly peaked in February and March.
Within South Africa, peak activity was found in the Drakensberg mountains and Lesotho, with only slightly less activity over the highveld. A notable exception to this is a region off the east coast, where activity was a maximum in the autumn and was lowest in spring. Tihany's conjugate point lies within this offshore region. The diurnal variation in lightning activity has a pronounced peak in excess of 5200 flashes per hour between
14:00 and 20:00 SAST in summer. This declined to less that 1200 flashes per hour in winter. A considerable level of persistent lightning incidence was observed off the east coast of South Africa and is thought to have been caused by the warm waters of the Agulhas Current. A similar effect was apparent over the Gulf Stream. Whistler occurrence at Tihany peaks in February, the month in which lightning activity is a maximum in the source region. The whistler pattern is not directly related to lightning activity, however, as the diurnal peak in whistler incidence occurs between 20:00 and 03:00 SAST, whereas the peak in conjugate lightning activity occurs between 14:00 and 20:00 SAST. It was noted before that whistlers were most frequently observed at night, suggesting that their passage through the ionosphere was attenuated during daylight by absorption in the D region. The diurnal variation in whistler activity reported here is similar to that recorded at higher latitude stations, where the greatest activity occurs during the night, with a maximum before dawn.
This report was compiled by quoting extensively from the research papers reviewed. I thank the researchers involved for providing reprints and preprints of their work.
1. Kotzé P.B. (2003). Southern Africa's geomagnetic secular variation. S. Afr. J. Sci. 99, 584587. [ Links ]
2. Hulot G., Eymin C., Langlais B., Mandea M. and Olsen N. (2002). Small-scale structure of the geodynamo inferred from Oersted and Magsat satellite data. Nature 416, 620623. [ Links ]
3. Kotzé P.B. (2003). The time-varying geomagnetic field of Southern Africa. Earth Planets Space 55, 111116. [ Links ]
4. Korte M., Kotze P., Mandea M., Fredow M., Nahayo E. and Pretorius B. (2006). Towards better observation of the geomagnetic field in repeat station networks. In Proc. XII IAGA Workshop on Geomagnetic Observatory Instruments, Data Acquisition and Processing, Belsk, Poland, abstr. vol., p.78. [ Links ]
5. Kotzé P.B., Mandea M., Korte M., Nahayo E. and Pretorius B. (2006). Modelling of southern African secular variation observations. In Proc. XII IAGA Workshop on Geomagnetic Observatory Instruments, Data Acquisition and Processing, Belsk, Poland, abstr. vol., p. 77. [ Links ]
6. Linthe H-J., Kotzé P., Mandea M. and Theron H. (2006). Keetmanshoop A new observatory in Namibia. In Proc. XII IAGA Workshop on Geomagnetic Observatory Instruments, Data Acquisition and Processing, Belsk, Poland, abstr. vol., p. 38. [ Links ]
7. Cilliers P.J., Opperman B. and Mitchell C.N. (2004). Electron density profiles determined from tomographic reconstruction of total electron content obtained from GPS dual frequency data: First results from the South African network of dual frequency GPS receiver stations. Adv. Space Res. 34, 20492055. [ Links ]
8. Oyeyemi E.O. and Poole A.W.V. (2004). Towards the development of a new global foF2 empirical model using neural networks. Adv. Space Res. 34, 19661972. [ Links ]
9. Oyeyemi E.O., Poole A.W.V. and McKinnell L.A. (2005). On the global model for foF2 using neural networks. Radio Science 40, RS6011, doi: 1029/2004RS003223. [ Links ]
10. Oyeyemi E.O., Poole A.W.V. and McKinnell L.A. (2005). On the global short-term forecasting of the ionospheric critical frequency foF2 up to five hours in advance using neural networks. Radio Science 40, RS6012. [ Links ]
11. Oyeyemi E.O., McKinnell L.A. and Poole A.W.V. (2006). Near-real time foF2 predictions using neural networks. J. Atmos. Terrest. Phys. 68, 18071818. [ Links ]
12. Oyeyemi E.O., McKinnell L.A. and Poole A.W.V. (in press). Neural network based prediction techniques for global modeling of M(3000)F2 ionospheric parameter. Advances in Space Research. [ Links ]
13. Kokorowski M., Sample J.G., Holzworth R.H., Bering A., Bale S.D., Blake J.B., Collier A.B., Hughes A.R.W., Lay A., Lin R.P., McCarthy M.P., Millan R.M., Moraal H., O'Brien T.P., Parks G.K., Pulupa M., Reddell B.D., Smith D.M., Stoker P.H. and Woodger L. (2006). Rapid fluctions in stratospheric electric field following a solar energetic particle event. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L20105, doi:10.1029/2006GL027718. [ Links ]
14. Stoker P.H. and Bijker B. (2005). Auroral optical emissions related to imaging riometer observations. S. Afr. J. Sci. 101, 281284. [ Links ]
15. Nose M., Takahashi K., Uozumi T., Yumoto K., Miyoshi Y., Morioka A., Milling D.K., Sutcliffe P.R., Matsumoto H., Goka T. and Nakata H. (2003). Multipoint observations of a Pi2 pulsation on morning side: The 20 September 1995 event. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A5), 1219, doi:10.1029/2002JA009747. [ Links ]
16. Nosé M., Liou K. and Sutcliffe P.R. (2006). Longitudinal dependence of characteristics of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations observed at Kakioka and Hermanus. Earth Planets Space 58, 775783. [ Links ]
17. Kim K-H., Takahashi K., Lee D-H., Sutcliffe P.R. and Yumoto K. (2005). Pi2 pulsations associated with poleward boundary intensifications during the absence of substorms. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A01217, doi:10.1029/2004JA010780. [ Links ]
18. Sutcliffe P.R. and Lyons L.R. (2002). Association between quiet-time Pi2 pulsations, poleward boundary intensifications, and plasma sheet particle fluxes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1293, doi:10.1029/2001GL014430. [ Links ]
19. Sutcliffe P.R. and Lühr H. (2003). A comparison of Pi2 pulsations observed by CHAMP in low Earth orbit and on the ground at low latitudes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(21), 2105, doi:10.1029/2003GL018270. [ Links ]
20. Sutcliffe P.R. and Lühr H. (2004). A comparative study of geomagnetic Pi2 pulsations observed by CHAMP and on the ground. Earth Observation with CHAMP: Results from Three Years in Orbit, pp. 389394. Springer, Potsdam. [ Links ]
21. Collier A.B., Hughes A.R.W, Blomberg L.G. and Sutcliffe P.R. (2006). Evidence of standing waves during a Pi2 pulsation event observed on Cluster. Ann. Geophys. 24, 27192733. [ Links ]
22. Sundberg T., Hughes A.R.W., Collier A.B., Eriksson P.T.I. and Blomberg L.G. (2005). Magnetic field oscillations at SANAE IV related to sudden increases in solar wind dynamic pressure. S. Afr. J. Sci. 101, 539543. [ Links ]
23. Collier A.B., Hughes A.R.W., Lichtenberger J. and Steinbach P. (2006). Seasonal and diurnal variation of lightning activity over southern Africa and correlation with European whistler observations. Ann. Geophys. 24, 114. [ Links ]