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WASHINGTON — For the strongest glass you can imagine, look for sponges at the bottom of the ocean. If you find cartoon superstar SpongeBob Square Pants, keep looking; he's a bath sponge with a soft skeleton and no glass in his pants. Some of Bob's distant sponge relatives, however, build glass cages that have biologists and materials scientists oohing, ahhing and taking notes for future bio-inspired engineering projects and materials.
These glass cages have at least seven levels of structural organization, many of which follow basic principles of mechanical engineering, according to new research in Friday's issue of the journal Science, published by AAAS, the nonprofit science society.
The "glass sponges" use many of the textbook principles of mechanical engineering in their efforts to transform brittle glass into a strong building material. Fiber-reinforced cements, bundled beams and diagonal beams running at 45-degree angles to reinforce structural columns can be seen in both modern architecture and glass sponge skeletons, explained Science author Joanna Aizenberg from Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies in Murray Hill, N.J.
These reinforced glass cages rise 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 centimeters) above the sea floor, but you need to think in terms of millionths and billionths of a meter to understand how they are put together.
The individual needle-like glass beams that make up the basic structure of the skeleton are 10 to 100 millionths of a meter in diameter and are far more complex than your average glass rod. The beams are composed of alternating layers of glass and glue. Each glass layer is made of fused glass particles that are smaller still: We're talking bits of glass with dimensions in the billionths of meters. The glue between each glass layer adds strength to the whole skeleton by stopping cracks from passing from one glass layer to the next.
Why they're so tough
Aizenberg described the toughness of some of these glass fibers.
"You can bend them, twist them, and they probably won't break because the energy of the force you apply is dissipated in the glue."
Every other square in this lattice work is reinforced by diagonal beams that help the sponges get the strongest cage at the minimum cost. The number and placement of the diagonal beams fits an equation engineers use to calculate the minimum number of reinforcements needed to achieve the maximum stability.
"The sponge uses exactly what's needed but nothing more," said Aizenberg, who mentioned that the diagonal-beam design strategy is commonly used to reinforce human-made structures, from bookshelves to buildings.
Next, the sponge cage is wrapped in spiraling surface ridges that protect it from being squeezed like an empty can of soda.
Finally, the sponges are anchored to the soft sediments of the sea floor in such a way that they do not break off due to the stress and strains of ocean currents.
"It's quite remarkable how many basic engineering design principles the sponge uses in construction of this skeletal system," said Science author James Weaver, from the University of California at Santa Barbara.
Building glass cages
How the complex cylindrical cage itself forms is a mystery.
"It puzzles me. In my wildest dreams I can't imagine how these fibers are assembled to make the nearly perfect, highly regular square cells, diagonal supports and surface ridges of the cage," said Aizenberg.
Researchers have a little better idea about how the individual fibers form. The protein at the center of each glass filament is thought to play an important role in the formation of the individual reinforced glass fibers.
Many of the new insights into the structure of the glass cages are possible because of images taken with electron microscopes that help reveal structural details invisible using standard light microscopes.
Soak up some sponge facts
Sponges are an extremely ancient group of animals whose "footprints" have been in the fossil record for more than half a billion years. Some scientists think of sponges as a group of collaborating individual cells instead of one unified animal. Sponges do not form tissues, which means they don't have hearts, lungs or other organs.
"Despite the simplicity of their anatomy, sponges are capable of creating some of the most complex and diverse skeletal systems known," Weaver said.
A thin veneer of living material covers the deep water sponge's glass cage. Some of these cells help to create water currents that increase the amount of water flowing to their filter-feeding cells. The sponges live on the ocean floor, commonly at depths of 325 to 1,000 feet (100 to 300 meters), well beyond scuba diving depth. These sponges are often called "Venus' flower basket" as a reference to artwork depicting the Roman goddess Venus holding a cornucopia full of flowers.
© 2013 American Association for the Advancement of Science


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Msolis necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 47 diseños de 14 diseñadores freelance.
Bake, Broil, & Brew
In 2009 I decided I wanted to leave "Corporate America", I wanted a chance to be more creative and have more fun following my passions in my work. I decided to begin a Specialty Cupcake shop, that would begin as a bake to order shop, taking orders online and by phone. I quickly learned that I needed a properly licensed and permitted commercial kitchen. So, began my search for a commercial kitchen that could be rented on an as-need-basis. Ultimately, I came up empty handed.
A lightbulb went on for me, I began researching the idea of commercial kitchen space for rent across the country and discovered my real passion. This concept was an opportunity for me to really fill a need for our community, and share my passions, experience, and skills with others. It didn't take long for me to make a committment to the concept and begin growing the idea.
I love the culinary arts,and craft brew beer. I have ten years in sales & marketing, with a passion and strength for the development people and ideas. I can't wait to provide the tools and direction to entreprenuers with a passion rooted in culinary and beverage creation, so that they may create and build profitable businesses bringing enjoyment, value and opportunity to our community and beyond.
Basically everyone who has ever thought of starting their own food or beverage based business. Whether you've always wanted to have your own catering business, thought your specialty mustard should be on the shelves of your local grocer, or simply want to teach cooking classes on the weekend. The list goes on and on. "BBB" will provide incubator services to all food & beverage based entreprenuers. Services will include the rental of commercial kitchen space and equipment, as well as, business counseling, social media/marketing assistance, licensing, office space and equipment use.
Potential clients for Bake, Broil, & Brew are:
candy makers
craft beer brewers
health foods
food developers for retail
independent chefs
coffee brewers
culinary teachers of all types of food
cake decorating teachers
Specialty/local ice cream
I don't really have any preconceived ideas of what I'm looking for in this logo.
Bake, Broil, & Brew
The premier incubator kitchen for entreprenuers.
The name identifies with bakers, chefs, and beverage creators, and our tag line clearly identifies us as an incubator for the food & beverage based entreprenuer. My hope is that the logo design will do the same.
I'm looking for something catchy, that makes you curious about what we do, so that if you weren't looking for us already, we have an opportunity to stir up some ideas for yourself or someone you know.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.

subset: commoncrawl


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Washington, D.C. (March 25, 2010) – The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) issued the following statement on passage of comprehensive health care reform and accompanying reconciliation legislation:
"We believe comprehensive health care reform will benefit patients and the future of America. That's why we have been involved in this important public policy debate for more than a year and why we supported the final health care reform bill and the amendments found in the reconciliation legislation.
"The existing barriers to quality health care simply are not acceptable. Today's important and historic vote in the House will help to expand health care coverage and services to tens of millions of Americans who are uninsured and often forced to forego needed medical treatments.
"Our commitment to help pay for health care reform will require all of our companies to make some difficult choices moving forward – on top of already losing more than 150,000 jobs since 2007 because of the recession and other economic factors.
"But throughout this long process, we have been guided by a belief that all Americans should have access to high-quality, affordable health care coverage and services. This legislation, while not perfect, is a step in that direction.
"Even as we support health care reform legislation, we continue to have concerns about a number of issues including the overly broad powers of a non-elected Independent Payment Advisory Board (IPAB), which could enact sweeping Medicare changes without action by Congress and would not be subject to judicial or administrative review. We look forward to working with Congress to address these concerns and to identify ways to contain medical costs without creating new barriers to quality health care.
"Most importantly, we must also take steps in the years ahead to support critically needed innovation, ensuring future medical advancements and breakthroughs. Americans deserve no less. New, cutting-edge medicines have dramatically increased life expectancy rates all across our nation and allowed patients to live longer, healthier and more productive lives. We remain totally committed to seeing this progress continue, benefiting Americans for generations to come."
The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) represents the country's leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, which are devoted to inventing medicines that allow patients to live longer, healthier, and more productive lives. PhRMA companies are leading the way in the search for new cures. PhRMA members alone invested an estimated $50.3 billion in 2008 in discovering and developing new medicines. Industry-wide research and investment reached a record $65.2 billion in 2008.
PhRMA Internet Address: www.phrma.org
For information on stories of hope and survival, visit: http://sharingmiracles.com/
For information on how innovative medicines save lives, visit: www.innovation.org
For information on the Partnership for Prescription Assistance, visit: www.pparx.org
For more information on public health emergencies, visit: www.rxresponse.org
For information on the danger of imported drugs, visit: www.buysafedrugs.info


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Best-Value Buys
Best-Value Buys
nstead of awarding contracts solely on the basis of low price, agencies in recent years have considered other factors such as past performance, management capabilities and technical superiority. Such "best-value" source selections, which were heartily endorsed by the National Performance Review, are reserved for procurements of complex systems for which there are no defined solutions-not for straight commodity buys.
"Best-value procurements that rely on functional specifications instead of detailed task descriptions or equipment specifications give federal agencies the opportunity to buy innovative solutions," says Olga Grkavac, acting president of the Information Technology Association of America. Many of the federal best-value procurements to date have been for computers and telecommunications systems and services.
The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act requires agencies to disclose all significant factors by which they select offerors. They are also allowed to apply greater weight to factors other than cost, as long as they disclose the degree to which they are doing so. RFPs can state that certain factors will be considered "significantly more important" or "approximately equal in importance" to other factors.
Another provision allows civilian agencies to award contracts to bidders other than the lowest one without having to have discussions with offerors.
Some critics charge that best-value procurements are difficult to evaluate and force agencies to use unreasonable amounts of discretion. Government executives must weigh benefits and decide which factors are more important. "The government should have the means to ensure that it gets the greatest value for the dollar, but [that type of] buying requires that evaluation criteria be clear and that procurement personnel be properly trained," says David Cooper, director of Acquisition Policy, Technology and Competitiveness issues at GAO's National Security and International Affairs division.


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There is every reason that I would like a bantering-detectives series starring Jon Tenney and Rebecca Romijn. Everything in that sentence sounds good to me.
"King & Maxwell," which premieres Monday on TNT, is the show that brings them together. And if it isn't quite the comedy-drama of my dreams, I would not warn you away.
Tenney is King and Romijn is Maxwell, partners in private investigation who also share a nonsynchronous story with the Secret Service, which each left after something bad happened to a person they were assigned to protect. Still based in Washington, D.C., they have been working together a year when we meet them; the circumstances of their own meeting are not described, though they are possibly known to the readers of the books, by David Baldacci, upon which the series is based.
Not having read any of those, I can't say to what degree this adaptation (from "NCIS: Los Angeles" creator Shane Brennan) resembles, honors, betrays or, indeed, improves upon the originals. Baldacci is also the author of the novel "Absolute Power," upon which the 1997 Clint Eastwood film was based and which, like "King & Maxwell," involves outrageous bad behavior within and around the Beltway.
Like most TV series, it would be better reviewed off its fifth episode, when everyone has relaxed a little, than its first; chemistry matters more than cleverness here. Most of what doesn't work in the pilot happens when the production strives for a big effect or grand stroke, while all of what works best happens in the close space between the leads.
The opening scenes, in which Maxwell, in a red sports car, chases down a stolen tour bus driven by a man in a beaver suit — it's the end of an earlier case unrelated to the rest of the show — sets out the dichotomy pretty well. The action sequence is just something to get through so the leads can start talking, and the fact that none of it makes much sense feels nonetheless forgivable once they do.
RELATED: More TV reviews by The Times
Pairings like this — we are in the land of Nick and Nora, "Moonlighting" and "Remington Steele" — always raise the possibility of romance (sometimes embraced, sometimes avoided). "King & Maxwell" teases it — she showers with the door open in their funky waterside office (where she has arrived by scull); he looks. A line such as "That's why we could never be married" echoes as "We could be married." (He seems to be referring to the banana peels in the bottom of her boat, but he's the designated messy one, with rumpled shirts and a permanent two-day's beard.)
Both Tenney and Romijn belong to a small upper percentile of human beauty, but they wear it modestly; as actors, each has a light touch but also a grounded quality that lets them go deeper when necessary. On "The Closer" (him) and "Ugly Betty" (her), they did the kind of subtle work that can seem like no work at all.
It is to their advantage, too, that at 51 and 40, respectively, they are no spring chickens: Prettiness plus time is an attractive combination, the rage for erasing all signs of age and experience notwithstanding.
'King & Maxwell'
Where: TNT
When: 10 p.m. Monday
Rating: TV-14-LSV (may be unsuitable for children under the age of 14 with advisories for coarse language, sex and violence)
PHOTOS: TV shows and their spinoffs
Overrated/Underrated 2014
PHOTOS: 101 best-written TV shows of all time


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On tuesday honglo died in his sleep at the age of 51. The cause was unknown as of me hearing about it thursday.
honglo had some crazy ideas, but he was good people and made you really have to think about things. He was the only really active poster that I knew out in the field, and was the one that told me about this site.
I'll miss him.
Any time a family member dies, it is a hard thing for the family. In this case it is made worse because he had no life insurance to protect his family.
Please, if you have a family, and don't have life insurance, get it ASAP, regardless of your age.
If you smoke, stop now!


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Former LSU cornerback Tyrann Mathieu isn't participating in the Senior Bowl this week but that isn't stopping him from using the mass congregation of NFL personnel upon Mobile, Ala. as a chance to begin repairing his draft stock.
According to John Zenor of the Associated Press, Mathieu is hopeful to get a chance to speak with NFL teams while attending Senior Bowl practices this week. The "Honey Badger" was arrested last October along with three other former LSU football players after marijuana was found in Mathieu's apartment. Mathieu knows he doesn't have any more room for error off the field.
"I'm not really looking forward to people trusting me today or tomorrow," Mathieu said. "Trust takes time, especially when you've done a lot of things for people not to be able to trust you. It may take two years. It may take five years, it may take until I'm 30 years old for people to start trusting Tyrann again. But the truth is, I'm doing the right things and just looking forward to being a football player."
Mathieu declared himself eligible for the NFL Draft after being dismissed by LSU rather than transferring to another school. He's been projected as a mid-round draft pick.


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Bohemia, NY (PRWEB) January 07, 2013
On January 7, Linus Bike responds to an article which reports that proposed plans for a Capital Bikeshare in Montgomery County, Washington has encountered delays due to infrastructure limitations. Linus Bike representative China Reevers supports delays to the Montgomery County bike share program to ensure safety is completely taken into consideration.
According to WTOP Maryland News, "The Washington Area Bicyclist Association and Montgomery Bicycle Advocates presented a list of projects to the county designed to make biking safer. The report recommends adding bike lanes on major roads inside the Beltway like Georgia Avenue in Silver Spring and Arlington Road in Bethesda. It also identifies trails that need to be completed, like the Metropolitan Branch Trail and the Silver Spring Green Trail." WTOP Maryland News reports that the changes must be made in order to see production in spring 2013.
Esther Bowring, a County Spokesperson, told the Silver Spring Patch that "safety is a priority and the requests will be put on a waiting list for future consideration," reports WTOP Maryland News.
"Safety should be the overall concern when establishing a commuter bike share program anywhere," comments China Reevers, a Linus Bike representative. "Cyclist safety is compromised every time a cyclist shares the road with a vehicle. Every measure should be considered to increase the safety of cyclists everywhere and if Montgomery County is not ready, they should not be forced to be. Whenever Montgomery County is ready is when the Capital Bikeshare program should be established and no sooner; the safety of cyclists depends on it."
Linus Bike is a California-based bicycle manufacturer that specializes in creating vintage style city bikes and commuter bikes. Not simply a bicycle company, Linus Bike sells a complete line of accessories for the environmentally conscious and for those who have a fondness for European style bicycles and the great tradition of European cycling.


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Read story here
The Advocate
River Parish bureau
November 21, 2012
Texas Brine Co. has shut down one of its two vent wells burning off methane trapped under the Bayou Corne community in Assumption Parish after a small amount of potentially deadly hydrogen sulfide gas was released to the atmosphere, company officials confirmed Tuesday.
Sonny Cranch, spokesman for Houston-based Texas Brine, said the well was sealed about 7 p.m. Monday immediately after detection and remained closed Tuesday as company officials worked on their next steps, adding the small gas release did not present a risk to the public.
"It was barely a minimum amount that went into the air," Cranch said.
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas that is flammable and poisonous at sufficiently high concentrations. The naturally occurring gas has a foul rotten-egg odor, can occur in natural gas deposits and is a known risk with oil and gas exploration.
Parish officials said in a separate blog post Tuesday that no community air monitors detected hydrogen sulfide, but warned residents about the discovery, saying high concentrations of the gas were found inside the vent well.
"Please be advised that H2S (hydrogen sulfide) is an extremely dangerous gas. Unlike methane, it is heavier than air and collects at low-to-the-ground levels," the blog post says.
The vent well is located on Texas Brine's property lease in swamps between the Bayou Corne and Grand Bayou communities south of La. 70 South.
Louisiana Office of Conservation officials said in a blog post Tuesday that the company set up a safety perimeter around the well, with barricades and gas monitors, under the office's supervision.
The vent well is among six in the Bayou Corne area that have been bored by Texas Brine or contractors working for the Office of Conservation to remove methane lurking in an underground aquifer in the area and in even shallower sands above that aquifer.
About 150 homes in the Bayou Corne and Grand Bayou areas have remained evacuated since Aug. 3 when a large sinkhole was found in the swamps between the two communities.
Scientists believe a Texas Brine salt cavern inside the Napoleonville Dome failed and initiated a chain of events that created the sinkhole and released methane and crude oil naturally trapped in pockets along the side of the salt dome.
Louisiana Department of Natural Resources officials, private industry scientists and contractors have been setting up the vent wells to burn off the methane in an effort to get evacuees back in their homes and camps.
Cranch said workers had completed hooking up flaring equipment to the vent well in question earlier Monday and had only recently begun burning off methane when the hydrogen sulfide was found.
He said the gas was released from equipment that separates impurities from methane coming out of the well before it reaches the flare.
The separator releases what it collects every two minutes, Cranch said.
"When they smelled that from the separator, they shut it down," Cranch said.
Patrick Courreges, spokesman for the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, said officials believe any risk of hydrogen sulfide coming from the other five vent wells — three of which are flaring methane continuously — is very low because they are shallower compared to the other well.
But he said additional air monitoring was conducted around the five other vent wells and no hydrogen sulfide was detected.
John Boudreaux, director of the parish Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness, said the flares would not burn off any hydrogen sulfide that might come up from the vent wells.
The purpose of the five wells is to remove gas inside the Mississippi River Alluvial Aquifer at 100 feet to 130 feet while the vent well that hit the hydrogen sulfide is the deepest of any of the vent wells at a depth of about 430 feet, parish and company officials have said.
That well also reaches the caprock of the Napoleonville Dome.
Office of Conservation officials noted Tuesday that salt dome caprock is an area known to contain hydrogen sulfide.
In fact, the caprock of some salt domes in Louisiana and Texas has been mined for sulphur through what is called the Frasch process dating back to the late 1800s. The last U.S. Frasch sulphur mine closed in 2000, according to the Sulphur Institute, an industry group.
Texas Brine's site is over the salt dome and the band of caprock that sits on top of the 1- by 3-mile salt deposit.
But the site is near the western edge of the dome and so areas farther west, including the sinkhole and the Bayou Corne community itself, are not over the dome or the caprock, parish and Shaw maps show.
Louisiana Office of Conservation officials said they would be meeting with Texas Brine over the latest developments. Parish officials said Shaw Environmental and Infrastructure, the state office's agent for the sinkhole incident, also would be investigating.
Courreges said officials will be assessing whether a way can be found to vent methane from the deep well safely or whether it is better to shut the well in and leave the hydrogen sulfide where it is.


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Ewing man shot and killed in Trenton
A Ewing man is dead after being shot multiple times near a city bar early Saturday morning, the Mercer County Prosecutor's office said.
According to Deputy First Assistant Prosecutor Doris Galuchie, around 1:20 a.m. police responded to a call of shots fired at the corner of North Clinton Avenue and Poplar Street. Galuchie said police arrived to find a black male lying on the sidewalk in front of La Guira Bar.
The victim, identified as 20-year-old Enrico Smalley Jr., had been shot multiple times, including at least one shot to the head, Galuchie told The Trentonian. He was taken to Capital Health Regional Medical Center where he succumbed to his wounds three hours later.
A motive has not been established and, at present, no suspect description was given.
The Mercer County Homicide Task Force is investigating the death, Galuchie said.
Anyone with information is asked to contact the Mercer County Homicide Task Force at (609) 989-6406. Or use the Trenton police confidential tip line at (609) 989-3663. Tipsters may also call the Trenton Crime Stoppers tipline at (609) 278-8477. Those wishing to text a tip can send a message labeled TCSTIPS to Trenton Crime Stoppers at 274637.


text: An introduction to the theories, chemical methods, and instrumental techniques for solving a variety of real problems in chemical analysis. This course includes statistical methods for evaluating and interpreting data, experimental design, theory of electronic instruments, and exposure to computer based data acquisition systems. Three lectures and one three-hour lab each week. Prerequisite: CHEM114 or consent of instructor.


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It's kinda a thing with surfers, to recite our homogeneous oceanic factoids and universal truths, even though we're often not precisely certain what we're talking about. This seems to be the case in regards to sharks and particularly their olfactory sensibilities and its effect upon their desire to attack. And to be certain, there's probably a whole bunch of erroneous commentary in the following many paragraphs, but hopefully, at the same time, we punch a few holes in the oft negative shark mythos.
How many times have we heard (or repeated), for example, "Sharks can smell a drop of blood a mile away." Well, it's not totally out of the ball park, just not exactly true. Sharks do have an amazing sense of smell: their paired nostrils, which have nothing to do with breathing, being a whopping 10,000 times stronger than humans. In conjunction with their skin (specifically an "organ" referred to as the lateral line, which detects movement and vibration and gives to odor more directional properties) most are able to detect odors up to 100 yards away; their highly evolved electrosensory-detecting ability may perceivably be able to pick up distress or things that often co-exist with blood at farther distances. Some species have the ability to pick up one molecule of blood in over one million molecules of water (about one drop of blood in 25 gallons of water), with up to two-thirds of their brain being made up of olfactory lobes. And in certain respects similar to dogs, they hunt swimming back and forth searching for trails of scent, then follow the strongest one.
Surfing on the Rag
But do they waste this amazing sense of smell on us? I mean, do sharks hunt and sniff out humans, especially if we have a yummy fresh bleeding reef cut? And, as every surfer girl has fearfully pondered, can they smell a woman on her period? Does it make her – or the guy surfing next to her – more vulnerable?
First, check the Mythbusters episode "Drop of Blood": Where they are testing the myth of a shark's preference for human blood over fish blood – BUSTED! According to their tests, Lemon sharks at least, are not interested in human blood.
As far as menstrual blood goes, in a piece onSurfline Women, which referenced the fact that most female surf pros go out in the water when they're menstruating, they asked Ralph S. Collier from the Shark Research Committee what he thought about the matter:
There is no scientific data that confirms human blood to be an attractant to sharks. A number of years ago, friend and colleague H. David Baldrigde conducted a number of experiments using human body fluids to determine whether they were potentially provocative to sharks. One of the fluids tested was human blood. The results in these specific tests showed that human blood did not attract sharks. However, there are other fluids that are also associated with humans and female menstrual cycles. Without any positive determination sometimes 'it is better to be safe than sorry.' My personal suggestions have always been to avoid water contact during that time of the month when a woman is menstruating, even though there is no scientific evidence to support this suggestion.
Similar information is posted on the Florida Museum of Natural History's "Ichythyology" web site.
Though I never found anything categorically conclusive – a shark's reactions being not quite 100% predictable even under what seem predictable circumstances – there are a few more supporting references that offer up doubt to the common theory: since sharks can smell blood… stay away from chicks who are surfing while on the rag.
While a majority of studies focus on divers, it offers up similar conclusions:
It has been demonstrated that sharks are uninterested in menstrual fluids. This is not, as some dive physicians suggest, because the amount of fluid is small and discharged over a number of days. Sharks have an highly developed ability to detect chemicals dissolved in water…if even the tiniest quantity of mensus is released into the water during an hour's dive, the incredible acuity of the shark olfactory system may well be able to detect it. While certain types of blood are well-known to be highly attractive to sharks, menstrual 'blood' is a complex fluid that is chemically very different from systemic blood. Menstrual fluid does include 'old' (hemolyzed) blood, but it has been shown experimentally that sharks are simply not interested in it. ["Shark Smart" by Richard Martin, shark fisheries biologist turned marine educator]
There is no evidence of increased shark interest in a menstruating female. The hemolytic blood associated with menses may instead act as a shark deterrent (Edmonds, et al., 1992, p. 65). ["Women in Scuba" by Jacalyn Robert of Texas Tech University]
Some suggest because it's dead, "hemolytic" blood, sharks aren't attracted. (Though they seem to be interested in fish blood/chum whether it's "dead" or not).
There are a couple of studies, such as that by Johnsen, PB., and J.H. Teeter. 1985. Behavioral responses of bonnethead sharks (sphyrna tiburo) to controlled olfactory stimulation. Mar.Behav.Physiol., 11:283-91, which suggest that sharks may be repelled by "dead" (hemolytic) blood, but they used animal rather than human blood and only a single type of shark, and for these and other reasons cannot be considered as conclusive.
There is actually a myth about menstrual blood being studied as a shark deterrent (though most things I read discuss the use of shark carcasses…with hit-or-miss success as species, location, individuality, hunger, etc. all seem to be factors). Anyway, one random comment I found regarding the matter mentioned:
…the Royal Air Force did studies on this during the world wars. They tried to duplicate menstrual flow as their studies revealed it acted as a repellent. It's a cleansing process – lots of mucus and other yucky stuff mixed in that the sharks don't want to eat.
It's hard to imagine sharks are ever deterred by "yucky stuff." As far as I can tell from their published information, the company Shark Defense (who studies semiochemical repellents, electrochemical repellents [OceanMagnetics], and gustation compounds – to protect humans, as well as sharks), has not yet explored the exciting world of menstrual blood. Guess the stem cell researchers have dibs on publicizing its usefulness at the moment – I'm getting my "C'Elle" ASAP.
Actually, after lots of searching I found one blog, Blood In Belize, that included contradictory information; that sharks are potentially attracted to menstrual blood… but in a different kind of feasting sort of way:
Dr. Sam Gruber, director of the Shark Institute at the University of Miami, offered a little more insight. While no formal studies exist on the attraction of sharks to human menstrual blood, he knows that women and female sharks have almost identical hormonal molecular structures. Seems that after hundreds of millions of years of evolution, Mother Nature knows you don't fix something that works. So Dr. Gruber says, theoretically, a male shark is attracted to the same chemical smell in females in general; sharks or humans.
I do remember a male friend once confiding in me that I smelled sexy when I was bleeding. I thought guys would, instinctually, be more attracted to the female when she was ovulating. Then again, since they're horny most of the time, and without cohesive studies to confirm or deny, I'm gonna assume male sharks are likely horny most of the time too. And the female odors they pick up surely do not have to come in the form of blood. As a matter of fact, from what I've heard, both male and female sharks hot for action – sharks who otherwise are surely heterosexual 😉 – commonly engage in "homosexual" activities. And then there's this copulation video that has hints of gang-bang activity (picture Jennifer Jason Leigh playing the part of the female)….
But what results could occur if, say, a male shark is attracted to a female human? You've heard weird stories about the overt sexuality of dolphins (and my personal experience of alleged sexual advances made by local sea turtles that have left me somewhat afflicted).
About 60 percent of shark attacks on surfers – the upper-radius bites – are typical of shark courtship rituals. [Star Bulletin]
Even normal human body secretions may be an attractant for sharks. Sharks usually bump or ram into a victim before taking a bite out of them. When ramming or bumping, victims will have lacerations and abrasions, which is sometimes considered an attack. Also, because bites on victims are similar to the courtship bites of males on females, even sex has been considered a motivation factor. [Understanding Sharks]
Well, for sharks, males are attracted to pheromones released by the woman that, dissolved in the ambient water, allow the males to hone in on the female that is ready to mate. Consequently, you will see in many species that the male follows the female for a while, getting more and more excited in the process. So they may be on the hunt, but it's for satisfaction of another urge, and because they can smell us, they know we human females are not food – ergo no grab and release needed.Though if you watched the copulation video you saw an important component of shark courtship and copulation is biting… so… maybe we're back to square one.
Because of the fact that most of the reported shark attacks on people worldwide are on men, the author of "Blood in Belize" deduces, "Dr. Gruber doesn't know why odds are stacked against men, but stats like these crystallize the message: Ladies, avoid men in the ocean, and count your lucky stars you're a woman because you have more chance of winning the Florida lottery than you have being attacked by a shark. Period." Well, there are more women enjoying a wider range of ocean activities these days, so those stats are slowly changing, but we get the point. And, since the research seems inconclusive, we can decide to decipher the message as we like, that – besides the potential sexually-orientated nibbles – it's very possible our feminine juices keep us more safe!
The question is not whether sharks can smell human blood and bodily fluids, it's obvious they can easily pick up the scent of such fluids when they are within the required range. The more important query seems to be if sharks more often attack when they can not pick up the scent. When there are no human fluids present to better help them discern – without the use of their mouths – that the object of interest is in fact not a potential meal.
Of course, there are other reasons a shark might stay away from females, on land as well as in the sea, as one chick aptly noted:
I think sharks fear p.m.s. over anything – nothing worse than cranky, bloated, junk food-craving women giving them the "finger". They give them plenty of room. [Dot Wethington]
Why Surfers Get Bit
Firstly, sharks also have a strong sense of vision. But despite the shark's acute vision, they don't rely on it as much as other fish.
Most fish you see today have large eyes. But sharks are predators that do not particularly rely on vision. If you see a hammerhead shark searching for flatfish, it moves its head back and forth, almost as if it were using a metal detector. [Michael Coates, associate professor of organismal biology and anatomy University of Chicago]
And considering sharks hunt often at night, where visibility would be even more limited, the lateral line becomes essential to their ability to carouse.
According to new research from Boston University marine biologists, sharks can't use their eyes and nose alone to locate prey; they also need their skin. Similar to how humans can sense air flow with the small hairs on the face. Odor plumes are complex, dynamic, three-dimensional structures used by many animal species to locate food, mates, and home sites. According to Jelle Atema Ph.D. (Professor of Biology at Boston University; Director – BU Marine Program), since most odor plumes disperse in patches, fish locate odor sources through a process referred to as "eddy chemotaxis," or the tracking of odor and turbulence simultaneously.
We might see odor and turbulent eddies in the oily wake behind a boat. A moving animal, similarly, leaves behind a trail of turbulent eddies flavored by its body odor. [Atema]
These studies conducted at Boston University, which inhibited visual senses and lateral line senses showed that when visual senses were impaired search time was not significantly affected, while with a stunted lateral line the shark was much less discriminating about their target.
These results demonstrate for the first time that sharks require both olfactory and lateral line input for efficient and precise tracking of odor-flavored wakes and that visual input can improve food-finding when lateral line information is not available. [Atema]
Despite knowledge of the shark's visual and tracking abilities, another oft-repeated misconception is that sharks attack surfers because it has mistaken the surfer for a seal, which is highly unlikely. Sharks have existed hundreds of millions of years on this planet, before the dinosaurs, and have a pretty good idea what a seal looks and smells like. As marine scientists have observed, sharks attack humans and seals in absolutely different ways. And if that's the case, we could assume they would attack bodyboarders very differently from turtles.
"I spent five years in South Africa and observed over 1,000 predatory attacks on sea lions by great whites," said R. Aidan Martin, director of ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research in Vancouver, Canada. A shark's behavior while hunting a pinniped differs markedly from its demeanor as it approaches people – suggesting that the animal does not confuse surfers for seals.
Certainly it would seem logical that in instances, such as "murky" or what surfers call "sharky" waters, which might hinder a shark's sight, it could cause random munching on whatever caught its attention or whatever was around during its feeding frenzy. If sharks are chasing something like a turtle and the turtle b-lines for the line-up, you might inadvertently find yourself between the two.
Sharks, unfortunately, just happen to use their mouths as hands, biting into all sorts of random things it comes across in the ocean, and then releasing them. And surfers are attracted to the same areas where sharks feed – the reefs – putting them consistently in the wrong place at the wrong time. The shark isn't thinking a man in a wetsuit is a seal, specifically, but they might be curious as to what you are, and may bite into anything: a piece of metal, a kayak, a human, etc. to figure it out – on the off-chance with a dash of sea salt you might be tasty. Bite first, ask questions later.
Sharks are one of the best adapted vertebrates in the oceans and have a large number of highly developed senses…. Nature teaches us that organisms which developed in the same environment can recognize and classify each other properly…. Such development always takes place over thousands or even millions of years until at some point it becomes "instinct"…. In this way – even when the investigated object is not of marine origin – the shark may possibly react to a visual or acoustic impulse or an electrical field so that an object may resemble an organism he already knows… since he cannot completely analyze what he has seen, and since he cannot definitely exclude that it may be something edible, the shark may bite and test the edibility of the object with his taste buds…. Sharks do not bite by mistake! And a bite does not result because the shark, for example, has mistaken a diver for a seal…. [Shark Info: Research News and Background Information on the Protection, Ecology, Biology and Behavior of Sharks]
Murky water, often found at river mouths or sandy shore breaks, are the location of many surf spots and, along with other environmental factors support conditions reported in the majority of shark attacks on humans. We like deep water that hits reefs and sand bars. Salt-water surf fishing is based on fishing along the shore line where most species feed off of food that is stirred up as the waves break. As well, since these situations exist in areas in which there is river run-off and contains live food that often dies when it comes into contact with salt water, there's a lot of feeding going on, from the little fish to the big. At the same time, this mixture of fresh and salt water includes a high concentration of organic and inorganic substances which adds to limiting visibility.
Most of the incidents in the Global Shark Attack File have nothing to do with predation. Some incidents are motivated by displacement or are a territorial behavior, or when the shark feels threatened; still others are the result of the shark responding to sensory predatory input (i.e., overwhelmed by the presence of many fishes) and environmental conditions (murky water) which may cause the animal to respond in a reflexive response to stimuli.
But besides murky waters and the tendency towards dawn and dusk surfing when sharks like to feed (gotta beat the crowds – though it seems odds are higher for the later), there are ways to help you catch the eye of a shark when their vision is limited, things that are often carelessly ignored: excessive splashing, wearing of the bling bling and bright colors.
Your brightly colored rash guard – or high contrast gear – can make you stand out. As a kid I recall watching a Jacques Cousteau-type TV show, where the marine biologists put a bloody piece of meat and a bright yellow object in the water – and each and every time the shark was more attracted to and attacked the yellow object (welcome back '80s retro neon!). So it always made me a little more than curious as to why so many longboards, kayaks and surf gear utilized such attractive colors (though understandably some gear, including rescue rafts, need to be seen from distances). Even the plain white foam on the bottom of most short boards looks bright from beneath the sea and might attract interest. Why use these bright colors? Well, in some cases it's purposefully used to deter sharks, such as those striped laminates by SharkCamo – for surfers and bodyboarders – designed to imitate a species that the shark in your neck of the woods positively does not want to eat.
When you read stories about shark attack victims, you will often read about some stand-out object – that they are wearing or utilizing – involved in the scenario. A common factor is people wearing their wedding bands or their surf watch with metal on it. Unless you are fishing while you are surfing, you really don't want to look like a lure. And sure, perhaps the shark is not fooled, but what if you are invariably attracting other fish or creatures that the shark is actually interested in.
The diving site "Elasmodiver: Shark and Ray Pictures From Around the World" brings up some of these points, from the oft more educated perspective of one who dives with sharks:
• Tropical sharks are mainly fish eaters and as such are attracted to bright and shiny objects. Therefore it would seem logical that a neon yellow wetsuit would attract the attention of sharks looking for a meal. In shark diving circles neon yellow has actually been given the nickname of "yum yum yellow"…tone down your fashion statement and choose a more muted color or black.
• If you have bright metal objects…try to stash them out of sight in a pocket or replace them with darker-colored alternatives.
• Wear dark gloves. From a shark's point of view there's nothing more tempting than seeing two small lily white "fish" flapping around in front of them. Using your hands to swim with is asking for trouble. (And feet dangling off the board might logically be quite similar. -ed)
• Full suits are better than shorty wetsuits. This is the same principle as exposing your hands; try not to expose distinct areas of skin that a shark can focus on or mistake for a fish. Even if you have dark skin it's a good idea to cover up. A lot of injury can occur from the brush of a shark's sandpaper like skin. (Surely locals with their darker skin stand out less than the tourist haole! -ed)
• Fins tend to be prime targets for bites. This is more likely to do with their movements and exposed position rather than color but white, silver, or bright fins should be avoided. (So why are many bodyboard fins bright green, yellow, red, or black with bright colored tips? -ed)
• Avoid erratic movements. Sharks are able to pick up on disturbances in their environment. They are looking for the tell tale signature of a wounded fish or other animal. Once they find one they carry out their civic duty and remove the wounded creature from the gene pool. Thrashing around in the water may mimic the vibrations sent out by a wounded fish and/or may replicate the movements of a feeding shark.
• Sharks that come to a shark feed are not there to socialize. They want food and if you're between them and dinner you're in the wrong place at the wrong time. Keep your distance from any hanging bait that has been placed in the water and if the current is moving a chum slick away from the area make sure that you are positioned off to the side or up stream.
• Floating at the surface in the presence of sharks sends the wrong message. A body floating at the surface is high on the list of desirable objects for a shark to explore. In the ocean dead things float. If your head is above water you are effectively blind to the movements of any sharks underwater. A positively buoyant diver's actions are far more limited. It takes time to become negative and descend out of trouble and swimming at the surface in dive gear looks an awful lot like a thrashing animal. (For divers, this is when unprovoked attacks on them most often occur. -ed)
Other Reasons Sharks Might Bite
There are other reasons sharks might attack. Of course, shark's electromagnetic capabilities give them an uncanny knack to spot the bio-electric field of other creatures, interpreting agitation and fear. The scene in Jaws where the son of police chief Martin Brody was not attacked after he fell into the water because he was in shock and therefore barely moving – as doubtful as it might seem – could feasibly save a person (from getting bit in the first place, or after as you would lose less blood). But does a shark smell our fear?
Surfers can get as superstitious as fishermen (who oddly show equal fear of women and bananas on their boat). Most surfers try not to ever even think about sharks. When the waters are feeling sharky, it's not only the conditions, but sometimes you can sense the vibration; like an electric current. The excited pulsations are similar to when dolphins are around, so fine-tuning lost sixth sensibilities is required. I always reconsider peeing during these moments (the pseudo-expert surfer rap contends peeing reminds a shark of scared prey). Well, I know pee stinks up your wetsuit (while keeping us momentarily warm) and that some say to pee in less concentrated squirts or not to pee at all. Question is, can sharks differentiate? If they're not interested in menstrual blood, why would they attracted to human piss?
[from the book "Shark: Stories of Life and Death from the World's Most Dangerous Waters" by Nathaniel May]
Yet the author of Diffusable Calamity describes a story he saw on National Geographic or the Discovery Channel, which does not offer any conclusive information but we'll store it in the back of our minds:
There was this surfer who was so unfortunate to have been attacked by sharks twice. One time he was attacked, his brother was sure that he was gone. But they were surprised to see him swimming back to shore. He got no more than a few scratches but his poor surfboard could no longer be revived.
The next attack was even scarier. He was attacked by two Great Whites and the people who witnessed this were so sure that he would never survive that. But again, he rose from the waters and swam back to shore. Now the question is, why this guy? There were so many surfers out there but he was the one chosen by both Great Whites. It turns out that in both times that he was attacked, he urinated in the water. So now thanks to him it is known that urine can attract sharks. So no more peeing in the water. Damn!
Might it have simply been coincidence? (Are data shows 99.999% of surfer pee in the water! 😉 Perhaps this guy give off the wrong vibe? And the fact is, we are surfing with a slew of fish that are pissin' (and secreting urine) all around us. Add to that, in Hawai'i, the ever-presence of smells generated by the endangered-but-making-a-comeback sea turtle; a favorite on the shark menu, which maintains large numbers in surf zones. Actually, the pee of the beloved honu is one of the most rank of common ocean smells here (besides boat diesel/exhaust; sewage post rain; the occasional calf or feral pig that has gotten in the way of a tropical rainstorm flash-flood or has fallen off the cliff and washed upon the shore; and the more rare beached whale carcass). Compared to possible urine interest, these are all smells you may want to be much more weary of while in Hawaiian waters.
New Shark Tales
Q: Why do sharks swim only in saltwater?
A: Because pepper water would make them sneeze.
There are a few myths or surfer truths, I wouldn't mind starting, using the fear of sharks for a higher purpose. To start off, to end the abuse of totally random smells that have no business invading the nostrils while enjoying nature in all her glory.
One which I have noticed a lot of lately is cologne – yuck! First off, I'm prejudiced, as besides pure essential oils, I think the majority of colognes and perfumes stink and, instead of being an attractant, gives me a bad headache. (Of course, I haven't tried Bethany Hamilton's new line of "Stoked" – which is supposed to "smell like the end of a good day surfing." Its tropical blend of creamy coconut, jasmine, pineapple, freesia, musk and lotus blossom doesn't sound too bad and…it's Bethany!) But back to over-powering cologne, many girls –especially your au naturále surfer girls – aren't too into it (hint hint). Even those chemical deodorants you guys wear are usually noxious and makes one yearn for some good, old fashioned male pheromones (or at least deodorants in the unscented variety). But as sharks might want to check out anything that blinks on their radar, would perfumes be one of those things that might peak their interest? Or would they be similarly disgusted?
And maybe it's not just the chum that fishing boats carelessly discard outside of surf breaks before they come in to dock. I know one of the most awful, powerful smells when you are surfing, is the one that happens on a clean, nice-sized, barreling day; usually when you didn't eat breakfast. It suddenly whiffs out to sea: the aroma of grilled bacon, eggs, pancakes (from campsites on the shore; or those fresh baked muffins at the bed and breakfast on the cliff above one of our local surf spots — Maria, you're killing me!). If we, with our not-as-sensitive noses, can smell the aroma, might sharks be curious too? (Yes, just kidding.)
The new addition of waterproof housing for phones and ipods, which besides being morally unacceptable to the whole zen-ness of the surfing pathos, is that these electro-vibrations might likely intrigue a shark to explore its source. Guess we'll find out – nice of the rich kids to test it out for us!
Hawai'i Mano Factoids
An old Hawaiian legend tells of a woman who freed herself from a shark by telling it that he was her aumakua. The shark let her go and said he would recognize her in the future by the tooth marks he left on her ankle. Since then, it is said, some Hawaiian people tattoo their ankles to let sharks know that their aumakua is a shark. [Hawai'i Sharks]
For ancient Hawaiians, instead of fearing the shark and holding that fear in them when in the shark's territory, many instead considered the shark their aumakua: a benevolent guardian spirit or family protector. Even if there was fear, for Hawaiians it was balanced with a deep respect, sometimes to the point of worship. Every island had a shark god and shark heiaus were built for feeding these creatures (via a few human sacrifices). It wasn't that every shark was aumakua, but with some there was a direct connection, blood ties; a symbiotic relationship that is representative of the harmony of life.
Those who had the shark as their 'aumakua wouldn't hunt them or eat them, either. After all, it was believed that a departed ancestor took the form of a shark after death and appeared in dreams to living relatives. These Hawaiians would feed and pet a special shark whom they believed to be a relative. In turn, the shark would protect the family….
Kahu Charles Kauluwehi Maxwell Sr. will never forget the day he saw a free diver off Moloka'i tossing away every other fish he speared. "All of a sudden, this huge tiger (shark) came up and took the fish," said Maxwell, a former police officer who is now a cultural practitioner on Maui. "I thought he was going to be attacked. Then I realized: He's feeding his 'aumakua. The man said, 'Wherever I go, this mano (shark) help me. He follow me all over.'" [Honolulu Advertiser]
This mindset seems to offer the Hawaiians a greater perspective when it comes to understanding and respecting their environment – instead of falling into the typical American bad vs. good, where sharks usually represent the evil menace of the sea. That kind of attitude has offered allowances to those who are slowly endangering the shark population. Even I have often found myself thinking: one less shark, not so bad.
…for every human killed by a shark, our species slaughters more than 10 million sharks – about 100 million sharks last year. We are stripping the world's oceans of one of its most valuable predators, animals that play a critical role in maintaining the health of the world's oceans. An unreasonable fear of sharks has been implanted in our minds by the hype that surrounds the rare shark attack and by movies that exploit our primal fears. [Global Shark Attack]
Sharks are so essential to the health of our oceans their demise – by way of being hunted as well as being one of the numerous casualties of line fishing – will surely have more dramatic negative effects than a relatively small number of shark attacks a year. Though there is some debate as to the numbers, many marine scientists researching shark species have noticed a rapid decline in the population of many species. There are campaigns to end the eating of shark fin soup especially in Asia (shark finning is banned in the U.S., Brazil, Costa Rica, and Australia)…. Save the Fish, a conservancy group of anglers with an awareness of the importance for conscious fishing of our oceans, has a "Bring Back the Big Fish" program. Sea Shepard who are the most proactive in stopping the practice of long line fishing has stated:
Longlines are the most significant factor in the rapid diminishment of shark populations in the oceans. Longlines ranging from one mile in length to over one hundred miles in length are baited with fish (often illegally killing dolphins or seals) and are meant to target shark, swordfish, and tuna. The sharks targeted are caught mostly for their fins (which account for only 4% of their body weight) and also for their cartilage, liver oil, and teeth. The longline fishermen remove the fins and toss the still living shark back into the sea to die an agonizing death. Unable to swim, they slowly sink towards the bottom where other fish eat them alive. If longlines are not abolished, the oceans will lose most species of sharks within the next decade.
[map of recorded shark attacks globally]
There are 490 species of sharks – yet only 12 are a threat to humans. At present 20 are endangered, with many "near threatened" and "conservation dependent"…and the number is growing. So instead of regurgitating the tall-tales and being fearful every time we enter the water, maybe some knowledge could help instead of hurt. Most shark researchers contend their efforts toward garnering a better understanding of sharks is not only for their benefit, but to make people more aware of their environment and therefor less vulnerable – similar to people understanding other predatory animals in the wild.
True or False: Sharks cause more deaths in Hawaiian waters than any other animal.
False: More people drown picking 'opihi than are killed by sharks, so the 'opihi might be considered Hawaii's most dangerous sea creature. (Of course, 60 people a year drown here – for a different perspective on the matter).
There's so much concern (especially with the shark-like media frenzy coverage on attacks that do occur), that many states where people enjoy the oceans try to balance it with an educational site about sharks. Even in Hawai'i, the Aquatic Department has their Hawai'i State's Shark site, which offered up information pertaining specifically to sharks in Hawaiian waters:
While any shark may be potentially dangerous, only a few species of Hawaiian sharks are known to attack people. They include the Tiger, Galapagos, Gray Reef and Scalloped Hammerhead. The latter two appear to attack only when provoked. • A Tiger shark is easily recognized by its blunt snout and the vertical bars on its sides. A Galapagos shark is harder to identify; however, any large (over six feet) gray shark with no conspicuous markings seen in inshore waters is probably a Galapagos. • Tigers are considered the most dangerous sharks in Hawaiian waters. (Great White Sharks – Carcharodon carcharias, which are also very dangerous, are rarely seen in Hawai'i.) Because of their size and feeding habits, they occupy the very top niche in inshore food chains. Tigers seem to come into inshore waters in Fall, and stay through Spring. They appear to move offshore somewhat in Summer, but this remains to be confirmed. Like other inshore species, Tigers seem to feed mostly during night and twilight hours. Tigers are often attracted to stream mouths after heavy rains, when upland fishes and other animals are swept out to sea. They can easily locate prey in such murky waters. Tigers are also attracted to waters frequented by fishing boats, which often trail fish remains and blood. Of all the inshore species, Tigers have the most widely varied diet. They eat fish, lobsters, birds, turtles, dead animals, even garbage. It's not known how long Tigers can go without eating, but they seem to feed soon after a food source becomes present. • Shark attacks in Hawaiian waters are very rare, occurring on the average at a rate of about two or three per year. Surfers and spearfishers appear to be most at risk. Fatal attacks are extremely rare, especially considering the number of people in Hawai'i's waters
[map of documented Hawai'i attacks]
Incidents of shark encounters seem to occur on the outer islands more often than the Big Island. This year, for example, there were four attacks on Oahu, two in Maui and one in Kauai. As a matter of fact, there has been just six attacks in Big Island waters in the past many decades (three in one busy year in 1999) – mostly by smaller, likely young sharks close to shore. And only two documented but not confirmed Hawai'i Island fatalities in the past 100 years (one in Kona in 1987 – the body of the man swimming to a tied off boat was never found though his shark-bitten swim trucks were found on the ocean floor; and one of a net fisherman who supposedly fell into the waters near Honomu and was killed by a shark in 1907).
Hawai'i Island may have less surf spots/less surfers – but thousands of people enjoy the waters daily. One old-time local waterman gave me his explanation as to why, contending that the monk seal attracts sharks to the area, and once they're here incidents happen. That we will soon see more run-ins on Hawai'i Island because recently this endangered species of seal – a favorite on the shark menu – was introduced to Big Island waters as a conservation measure to help expand the animal's flailing numbers; but before this, the monk seal never really resided here. Soon we will be seeing more seals, he explains, and with them more sharks. Though I'd seen monk seals in Kohala on many occasions, after he told me this I noticed, for the first time in Hilo waters, a youngster playing near the surf break. (Many fisherman are concerned about monk seal relocation for other reasons.)
In Conclusion…
So back to the impetus, now that we're on the road to being shark experts, this article isn't about suggesting women should surf while bleeding, because there are other factors that go into that recommendation. While most of these researchers using the better-safe-than-sorry approach suggest wearing a tampon. Fact is, though I don't, most surfer girls do, but it's probably more about protecting their bikini bottoms, because the cotton of the tampon gets completely saturated with water, and at that point it may work as a cork but doesn't absorb all the blood… or the scent.
Actually, as far as I'm concerned, the main issue with surfing while bleeding has nothing to do with sharks. Instead the concern is that you are internally exposed, especially if you are in waters that have bacteria, river run-off, pesticides, or potential toxins (as most seem to). And wearing a tampon might keep that corked inside you longer – yuck! (So if used, removed them immediately after exiting the water and rinse yourself out!) If you have an open wound, you might get staph, but we rarely consider what infections or diseases a woman might be exposing herself to during that time of the month (yeah, another story for another time).
There's a likelyhood that sharks aren't as interested in human smells as we have been led to believe (the crew at Mythbusters sure don't believe it anymore). One could almost deduce that, in cases when sharks "attack" people to see if they are edible, the smell of human body fluids could potentially alert them of the fact that it is a bony, untasty human and not a fatty fish – possibly preventing the animal from needing to use its mouth to come up with the information. Who knows?
And after all these years of studying sharks no one has ever proven blood of the menstrual variety makes a woman more vulnerable.Though one would logically opt out on being part of any real life research project, it seems female surfers and divers are in actuality testing the waters every time they enter while bleeding. And with more and more women enjoying the oceans, it seems high time proper studies are done. In a way that protects them as well as us (from our fear and hatred of them). Perhaps we can invest in exploring all predatory sharks in all conditions, focusing on when a shark is most interested in humans – and their smells – and when they are not… and hey, why not start with menstrual blood!
This piece has some faint hope to spark momentum in public appeals for more marine research; to incorporate the more positive, symbiotic aspects of the Hawaiian's relationship with the sea, and to the mano. To respect the king's of the sea, as the top of the food chain and essential keeper of a balanced eco-system. There is a reason we keep going back to the ocean, to find our energy and purification, to look for answers.
For now, without discernible facts and conclusive data, I'm going to extend myself to coming up with my own hypothesis; and in the process, start a new surfer myth: that you might very well be more safe surfing near a menstruating wahine than you are in avoiding them! xo
Fun Big Fish Links
Shark Shield (Australian Co. electronic shark deterrent attaches to your surfboard) [here's a recent success story on the Shield from a Kona kayak fishin' family], Octopus Eats Shark, Swim at Your Own Risk, Moolelo, University of Florida, Ichthology Links, Shark Research Committee Links, American Elasmobranch Society, Shark Attack Survivors, Global Shark Attack File, Wiki's Unprovoked U.S. Shark Attack, Tracking Tiger Sharks, So You Want to Be A Shark Biologist?, Shark Research Insitute,MythBusters: Are Sharks Afraid of Dolphins?, Dolphins Save Surfer.
P.S. In case you get bit by the way, you can tell your story to Surfer Magazine / join their "Nailed By Whitey club" and, with the help of Robert Wingnut Weaver and the many surf companies who graciously donate, they will help get you a new wet suit and surfboard… Hey brah, surfer-style, when can gotta keep it positive…


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Flash flooding prompts evacuations in California neighborhoods
The Central Coast was hit by another super-soaker storm Monday and mandatory evacuation orders were issued for neighborhoods in Salinas, Carmel, and Royal Oaks in California.
A mandatory evacuation order was issued by Monterey County officials at 3 p.m. for residents who were impacted by the Carmel River cresting its banks.
"The Carmel River is expected to hit flood stage beginning at 4 p.m. and peak beginning at 8 p.m. Areas that may be impacted by flooding include all low-lying areas adjacent to the entire stem of the river from the Los Padres Dam to Mission Fields," Monterey County spokeswoman Maia Carroll said.
"Those affected are asked to leave as quickly as feasible," she said.
The Red Cross established an evacuation center at Carmel Middle School, 4389 Carmel Valley Road. The SPCA of Monterey County will assist evacuees with animals. Call the SPCA if you have large animals that need to be moved, at 831-373-2631.
Salinas firefighters evacuated homes in the Bolsa Knolls neighborhood Monday.
Santa Rita Creek rapidly reached its peak as unrelenting rain pounded Salinas. The creek was overflowing and gushing into homes.
Evacuations orders were changed from voluntary to mandatory at 2:30 p.m. Many families chose to stay put despite receiving reverse 911 calls. Others labored for hours hauling their valuable possessions out in wheelbarrows.
"We've asked people to evacuate the area for their safety and for the safety of (first) responders. Don't put yourself in a situation where you have to be rescued," Deputy Salinas Fire Chief Brett Loomis said.
Some residents and volunteers attempted to build stronger sandbag barriers, but the water proved tough to tame as rain continued to fall.
"The water is going to do what it's going to do. We could put a number of resources out here and try to sandbag one area, but it would divert water into someone else's property," Loomis said.
The Red Cross established an evacuation center at Northminster Presbyterian Church at 315 East Alvin Drive in Salinas.
In rural Royal Oaks along Lewis Road, a massive mudslide landed against a house and residents had to evacuate. A donkey was killed by a tree that fell at Hidden Hills Ranch in Prunedale.
The National Weather Service issued flash flood warnings for Monterey, Santa Cruz and San Benito counties Monday morning. Flood warnings remained in effect through the afternoon.
Dozens of lightning strikes were recorded over the Pacific Ocean near the Central Coast.
Thousands of homes and businesses have been without power on the Central Coast since Friday's wind storm hit. The areas impacted most are Prunedale and Salinas, where more than 5,000 customers still remained without power Monday night.
All schools in the North Monterey County Unified School District will be closed on Tuesday.
"Due to the high wind advisory tonight, potential flooding, downed trees, constant power outages, and road closures, all schools and programs will be closed on Tuesday," Yvette Padilla of the superintendent's office said.


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What set Papa Painting apart from other decorating firms are their affordable pricing, speed, and reliability. Whilst competitors raised their prices during Ireland's housing boom, Papa Painting stuck with their reasonable pricing structure and offers high-quality painting services in order to provide clients the best value.
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The main service offered by Papa Painting is house painting including expert interior and exterior painting. The company guarantees the quality of their painting by giving house painters the kind of jobs they specialise in based on their experience, skills, and qualifications. The range of skills within Papa Painting's team of professionals enables the company to offer their customers with bespoke house painting services as well as domestic painting and decorating services.
Papa Painting also ensures client satisfaction through consistently hiring domestic painters that have a minimum of 5 to 6 years' experience and expertise in the field. The company also ensures the quality of their renovation and restoration services through their membership of the Painting and Decorating Association. Papa Painting has a team of experts who have the ability to take on tasks that range from repairing small scratches to complete restoration.
Papa Painting also provide high-quality wallpapering service, a task homeowners would find hard to do themselves, and commercial painting services so that business can create an excellent first impression to their clients. The company has worked on a wide variety of buildings including factories, restaurants, borough councils, office blocks, schools, hospitals and much more.
Papa Painting is a family owned and operated a decorating firm that serves the Dublin area. The company has 10 years' experience in delivering quality house painting.
Prospective clients can find more information at www.papapainting.ie
Media Contact
Company Name: Papa Painting
Contact Person: Ion Racu
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 0834257004
Address:2 Mount Bellew Rise, Lucan
City: Dublin
Country: Ireland
Website: http://papapainting.ie/


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Public Policy Opinion and the Elderly, 1952-1978: A Kaleidoscope of Culture
Greenwood Press, 1987 - Social Science - 247 pages
John E. Tropman examines older Americans and public policy opinion between 1952 and 1978 in order to see just where elder citizens fit in the overall picture. Differences and similarities to opinions of younger groups are discussed along with the changes that took place from the conservative fifties to the liberal sixties and early seventies and back again to the conservatism of the late seventies.
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Cultural Conflict Cultural Change and the Elderly
A Conflict Theory of Values
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adequacy age groups agree American areas benefits beta beta coefficients chart church attendance civil rights CODING commitments conflict cultural decline DEPENDS dimensions DISAGREE elderly adult elderly respondents emerge emphasis equity factor analysis feel figure Gallup Poll government in Washington governmental action ideal number important independent variables individual influence issue J8AO jspun leisure MOT MOT MOT MOT XTOT MT MT National Election Study Negro Ngr Job number of children OE Jepun older orientation overall particular Party Identification pattern period person get ahead perspective policy opinion policy-value political power and housing Privatism and Self-Reliance programs proportion Public Attitudes Public Inadequacy Public Inequity Questionable Public Entitlements R2 values regression analysis Say Gv sense shift significant social specific standard of living STRONGLY structure substantial suggests thermometers traditional U.S. society XT XT XT XZ younger


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Possible Duplicate:
Why is it "geometric" but "theoretical"?
A Google search was not immediately helpful, but I found this document: http://www.aan.com/globals/axon/assets/3078.pdf
According to this, a Standards Guide by the American Academy of Neurology, neurologic is preferred over neurological.
Is there any difference between these two words? If so, what is it? When should I use which and why?


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When it comes to cloud-based email, there are four major vendors vying for your IT dollars: Microsoft, Google, IBM, and Cisco Systems. Each has its pros and cons, but no matter which vendor you choose the price of email will be roughly the same: $5 per user per month.
Google singlehandedly "repriced the business email market" when it launched Google Apps Premier Edition in February 2007, with $50 annual subscriptions (or $4.17 monthly) that "undercut the market price for email by a factor of two or three," says a new report by Forrester Research analyst Ted Schadler.
[ Discover what's new in business applications with InfoWorld's Technology: Applications newsletter and Killer Apps blog. ]
Google Apps vs. Microsoft Office
Microsoft followed suit in late 2009 by lowering the price of hosted Exchange seats from $10 to $5 per month. IBM's LotusLive email and Cisco's WebEx mail now offer similar pricing, in effect standardizing the whole market on price at about $5 per mailbox per month, with typically about 25GB of storage. "Cloud email vendors have reached price parity," Schadler writes in the report "Four Giants Compete for your Cloud Business." A 50 percent reduction in the price of email in a short period of time is "just astounding," Schadler said in a recent interview.
Microsoft and Google are in the lead for customers, but they're not the only contenders, he continues in his report. "Where email was once a sleepy market for Microsoft, IBM, Novell, and a long tail of alternatives, it is now a tumultuous battleground for the big four collaboration vendors: Cisco, Google, IBM, and Microsoft," Schadler writes.
Cisco is the newest entrant in the market, but is already pushing the envelope on price with BlackBerry support for $1 per month, "a huge price drop for a market used to paying $7 to $10 per user per month for a full BlackBerry Enterprise Server license," Schadler writes.
Each vendor has its strengths. Google's Gmail integrates with Google's collaboration tools like Sites, Docs, Talk and Video, and Google is using HTML5 to provide offline email access, Schadler writes. IBM offers tiered levels of services, with email costing either $3 or $5. Microsoft goes even lower with a $2 "deskless worker" Webmail service, and it has the advantage of integrating cloud services with Outlook and other software that business users are already familiar with.
That doesn't mean cloud email will automatically be less expensive than an on-premise deployment, but in most cases the cloud will be cheaper. Forrester analysts began a new effort to analyze the email market in 2008 and were surprised to learn "that nobody seemed to know how much they were actually spending on email," Schadler writes.
Forrester devised an email cost model that examines hardware, software, maintenance, upgrades, staff, storage, email filtering, mobile, financing, and power costs.
While inboxes may cost just $5, the total cost of cloud email, according to Forrester, is $11.33 per user per month for a 15,000-person company and $9.45 for a 45,000-person company. This is significantly less expensive than the cost of on-premise email, which runs to $17.83 per user per month for 15,000-person companies, and $13.32 for 45,000-person companies. (These calculations do not include email archiving and smartphone support).
"Unless you're a 50,000-person company with a highly centralized email platform or you run hardware and software until it's old and crusty and a decade behind the times, you will find email in the cloud cheaper than email on-premises," Schadler writes. "And it always will be. Even advances in storage techniques and declining license costs won't make on-premises email cheaper than cloud email."
Price isn't the only consideration, of course. IT professionals in many cases are still wary of moving mission-critical applications such as email outside their firewalls because of security concerns, and have complained about limited functionality in cloud-based tools.
Follow Jon Brodkin on Twitter: www.twitter.com/jbrodkin
Read more about data center in Network World's Data Center section.
This story, "Microsoft and Google fight over email, but agree on $5 inboxes" was originally published by Network World.


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Louis Vuitton Bagatelle Hobo BagCategories:Louis Vuitton
At last something beyond the comfort zone. It's here, it's here, introducing the new Louis Vuitton bag from the Parnasséa collection; the Bagatelle hobo bag for the urban fashionista. Covered with features that makes any woman drool from hunger; it's elegant, timeless, unique and got quality and style. Veau Soi leather is as soft as butter, crafted from material that makes it long lasting. Your true friend and everyday bag.
Typically a hobo has the appearance of a shoulder bag, but it got the space like a tote. The Louis Vuitton Bag atelle bag didn't got its standing ovation from its beauty, but it also functional as well. Hold the elegant braided handle to carry by hand or on your shoulder, the handle is made from Racine leather, the same you will find in the Artsy bag. Or you can choose to swing it around your shoulder, using the removable shoulder strap.
On the exterior you will find the signature Articles de Voyage, Louis Vuitton Malletier 101, Champs-Elysees. How amazing and perfect. For those who do not know the famous Champs-Elysees, it's a place in France where the first (and largest) luggage store in the world has paved its way to the fashion world. In the interior you will find a long flat zipped pocket and bottom studs for protection.
Tags: Louis Vuitton bag Bagatelle Hobo


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With Election Day finally having come and gone, God-o-Meter is closing up shop till 2012–or at least 2010. Till then, get your faith and politics fix over at Beliefnet editor-in-chief Steve Waldman's blog.
The first priorities for Barack Obama's administration will be the economy and a variety of foreign policy issues. But the burgeoning religious left, which worked so hard to get Obama elected, expects some movement on its issues, including a robust White House office of faith-based initiatives, poverty reduction, and reducing demand for abortion.
Here's what Matthew 25 Network founder Mara Vanderslice (pictured) told God-o-Meter about this last issue:
I hope that an Obama administration is going to prove to religious Americans that supported him that he's going to provide common ground on the abortion issue. He spoke directly about wanting to reduce the number of abortions and it's one of the first things people are looking for: How is he going to legislate and lead on that issue?
I wish they had been more vocal on this intention to reduce abortion [on the campaign trail]. He [Obama] said it at different times and locations but the pro-life groups got their message out very effectively, painting Obama as an extremist on the issue. I don't think that's true but they had some success with that. So it's up to a new Obama administration to show us he's going to find that common ground.
Many in the religious left see such untraditional Democratic policy initiatives as abortion reduction not only as a genuine priority for their movement but also as a political necessity if Obama and the Democrats want to hold onto their gains among certain faith constituencies, from white Catholics and evangelicals to Latino Christians to black Protestants.
God-o-Meter wrote a piece for today's Roll Call on the vindication of Democratic National Committee chairman Howard Dean's much-derided 50-State Strategy, which is largely about reaching out to the nation's more religious voters in the red states:
Years before Barack Obama showed that a liberal Democrat could win in red states like Indiana and Virginia–and seriously compete in North Carolina and Missouri — there was a lone Democrat in Washington, D.C., who was talking up just such a scenario. In fact, from the moment Howard Dean took over the Democratic National Committee in 2005, he set about re-engineering the national party to meet that goal, plowing millions of dollars that had traditionally been used for TV ads into a new program aimed at organizing every part of the country, including its most Republican enclaves, from
the ground up.
Dean called it his 50-state strategy, and much of the Democratic establishment opposed it from the start. As the 2006 midterms approached, then-Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Chairman Rahm Emanuel (Ill.) — now in line to be the next White House chief of staff — griped that Dean was starving him of funds in what was shaping up to be a golden opportunity for Democratic gains. "There is no cavalry financially for us," he told Roll Call.
Even after the Democrats reclaimed Congress in 2006, party elders like James Carville argued that they could have won even more races had it not been for Dean wasting money in the Deep South and other long-held Republican territory.
But Dean persevered with the decidedly unglamorous party-building tactics of the 50-state strategy: providing salaries for three or four new staffers (field organizers, press
aides, fundraisers, technology experts) for nearly every state party and training them to
use the DNC's newly modernized voter file. "The model for party building was the Republican National Committee," Dean says. "We copied almost everything and improved on it."
Three years later, Obama has realized Dean's vision, winning five states that had
been in the Republican column for the past two election cycles and coming close in a
handful of other such states. And though he's received almost none so far, Dean deserves a good deal of the credit.
In Indiana, the 50-state strategy gave the state Democratic Party enough money to nearly double the size of its staff by hiring a full-time communications director and three
field directors. That infrastructure not only helped the Democrats defeat three Republican lawmakers in 2006, it also gave the Obama camp a big leg up when it began organizing the state in earnest last spring. "Laying the foundation for what's happening now all occurred during 2006," Indiana Democratic Party Chairman Dan Parker said just
before Election Day. "Democrats at the national level didn't think they could win here
before that."
In North Carolina, which at press time was still too close to call, the state Democratic Party used its new DNC windfall to hire regional political directors who developed strategic plans with every county chairman in the state for the first time. Last summer, the Obama campaign began supplementing that network with hundreds of its own workers. In previous years, that grass-roots army would have been starting from scratch just a few months out from Election Day. "Local party leaders are always skeptical whenever the national party comes down in the last minute and says, 'This is the way it's going to be,'"state Democratic Party Chairman Jerry Meek said. "The regional political directors have become permanent intermediaries between local leaders and the national
party, so that hostility toward outsiders no longer exists."
Even before the presidential race, Meek saw the rewards of a beefed-up staff, as Democrats widened their majorities in the state Legislature and picked up sheriff and county commissioner spots in traditionally Republican western North Carolina in 2006.
That has made it easier for the state party to field candidates in other Republican-dominated areas. It helps explain how Democratic state Sen. Kay Hagan was able to
handily defeat North Carolina Sen. Elizabeth Dole (R) this week.
"I didn't think there was ever any questionthat the 50-state strategy was going to
pay off," Meek said. "The surprise is that it's paying off so fast."
The 50-state strategy did more than fatten state party payrolls. After fixing the DNC's glitch-plagued voter file, Dean opened it to state parties free of charge and
insisted they learn to use it, sending holdouts to remedial training in Cleveland. "We
got technology that predicted with 85 percent certainty how someone would vote
based on their credit card [purchases]," Dean said. "The Republicans had that for
Dean is reluctant to take credit for Obama's red-state victories. "The reasons why
we're doing well in these states has more to do with him than with me," he said in an interview just before Election Day. "It was fortuitous that we complemented each other …
you have someone running the party with a 50-state strategy and a candidate with the
ability to appeal across a lot of the lines that the Republicans drew in America."
Indeed, most of Obama's success in the red states is his own. His grass-roots forces
ultimately dwarfed the DNC organizing effort, and his message was designed to transcend the partisan divide. But that's just evidence that Dean's 50-state strategy, once widely derided as a costly diversion, is on its way to becoming party orthodoxy.
Emanuel and Carville declined to comment.
Amid today's talk that Barack Obama has narrowed the God Gap, God-o-Meter checked in with Ralph Reed, who spearheaded religious outreach for George W. Bush's 2000 and 2004 campaigns and who pioneered such outreach for Republicans as executive director of the Christian Coalition.
What surprised you in the exit polls?
The durability–in a difficult election cycle–of the Republicans' conservative coalition–the overwhelming margin for McCain among evangelicals was about what Bush got four years ago. I don't think anyone would have anticipated that six or eight months ago. I don't think that was due entirely to the Palin effect, although she helped.
But the Republican Party has to do some retooling of the party's grassroots infrastructure, its message and the messengers because we lost some states last night that we haven't lost in two generations, like Virginia and Indiana.
So one surprise was that evangelicals, who were seen to be despondent over the McCain and the GOP, turned out in droves.
But a truly successful majority party is a multitasking party that tends to its core supporters and reaches out to those who haven't always felt welcome in their ranks. Obama clearly did that. He never wavered from his core liberal positions… But he reached out to evangelicals, which was a smart thing to do. Now, it didn't' work. e tried to emulate Martin Luther King in speaking about the challenges of the poor and left behind in a way that the white majority could hear.
Ronald Reagan did that, reaching out to Catholics and blue collar voters. And four years ago, Bush got 44-percent of the Hispanic vote even while winning 78-percent of evangelicals. So it's not an either or–you got to do both. The party has to stay true to social conservative but also has to figure out a way to win younger voters and African Americans and Hispanics.
If Obama's evangelical outreach failed, why was it a smart thing to do?
Because to be competitive in the South and the Midwest heartland of the country whether you win evangelicals votes are not there are a lot of moderate and independent voters that were beginning to have the view that the Democrats are hostile to religious voters. Tgat was hardening. Even if you don't get the evangelical vote, if you're going to carry Virginia and Florida and Indiana and Missouri, you can't be viewed as hostile to religion and the values that people hold. So the Democrats were smart to begin talking about faith and values.
Imitation is the highest form of flattery. If you look at what we did at Christian Coalition and then with the Bush campaign, [the Democrats] tried to beat us by attacking us. And it dint' work. And after about 15 years of attacking the values message, the Democrats decided to copy it and it was smart.
That's a welcome mat to Republicans–they shouldn't attempt to veer way from the values message. You can say a lot about what caused this [McCain's defeat] but it wasn't caused by the Republican Party's values message. In two states that McCain lost, Florida and California, McCain lost even as marriage amendments won.
But do you worry that McCain's loss will be blamed on Sarah Palin and other religious conservatives, who may have scared off independent voters?
I'm not worried at all. If you look at the polling, from the time Palin was selected around August 31 to September 20, when Lehman Brothers cratered and the DOW lost 25 percent and you have a credit crisis and financial panic, MCain was doing fairly well among independents and better among soft Democrats.
The Palin effect was across the board. It energized the base and caused independents and women to give her a second look. The gap began to yawn again around the financial panic. It was after McCain suspended his campaign and went to Washington and was not able to come up with a solution that united his party. But if you talk to people on the ground, the volunteers, the door-to-door knockers [for McCain], they were invisible until McCain selected Palin. I think it's revisionist history to blame the bottom of the ticket for issues that were always top of the ticket.
There's been a lot of talk about Palin's future. How can she have a future as a national candidate if her appeal is strong but limited to the Republican base–largely its religious base?
The strong but limited appeal was based on the ticket. The ticket underperformed among independents and those outside the Republican coalition. The sinking tide lowered all boats. But I don't think it's fair to particularize it to her. She has not yet been tested as a candidate in a normal national campaign, where she'd get the opportunity to introduce herself to voters in a primary.
I'd argue that if Obama had not run for president and Hillary Clinton would have won the nomination and then selected Obama as her running mate, with Rev. Wright and Rezko and Ayers and his voting record, he would have never had the opportunity to litigate all that like he did in the primaries.


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Debian is currently the fastest growing Linux distribution for web servers, with more than 1.2 million active sites in December. Debian 3.1 was declared stable in July and it appears that both the anticipation of this release becoming stable, and the release itself, have generated new interest in Debian, after some years where it had lagged behind its more active rivals. This growth is particularly noticeable at some of the larger central European hosting locations, including Komplex, Lycos Europe, Proxad and Deutsche Telecom
Category: Debian