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MIGALOO looks to have made his farewell breach for another year after he was ... Hamilton Island boat skipper Jack Sprouster, 27, spotted Migaloo on ...
Pacific Whale Foundation (PWF) is pleased to offer this website as a means of documenting the activities of Migaloo, the only documented albino humpback whale in the world.
Migaloo is perhaps the most famous humpback whale in the world. His distinctive absence of pigmentation due to albinism allows people to easily identify him and report sightings. He was first spotted in 1991 off Byron Bay, Queensland by a group of volunteers conducting a whale count. The first photograph of Migaloo was taken through a telescope from a distance of over 5km away. It was blurry and unclear if he was all white. In 1993 PWF researchers encountered this amazing white whale in Hervey Bay, Queensland. During our first encountered we were able confirm the whale was all white, and in 1998 PWF recorded the whale singing, a trait distinct to male humpback whales. Read our research paper on Migaloo >
After sharing our remarkable discovery with the public, there was an outcry to 'name the whale'. Dr. Paul Forestell (then PWF Research Director now Board Member) and PWF Founder and Executive Director Greg Kaufman decided the naming of the whale should be done by the elders of the local aboriginal collective in Hervey Bay. After conferring with Dr. Forestell and examining images of the white whale, they asked to have a few days to consider a name. Ultimately they named the white whale "Migaloo" or "white fella". The elders further explained their connection to all white or albino animals and that they appear on earth to be respected and revered, that their unique color demonstrates the need to respect all forms of life even if they appear different than 'normal'. They should be honored with reverence and respect not discrimination and shame.
Since this initial encounter Migaloo has been seen dozens of times. PWF researchers estimated he was 8 – 10 years at time of initial sighting making him approximately 32-36 years old in 2015. He has been observed in New Zealand waters but primarily off east Australia migrating as far north as Cooktown and south past Sydney.
Migaloo is a member of the east Australian population of humpback whales. Migaloo's population of humpback whales feed in Antarctica from November to April and migrates along the east coast of Australia to breed near the Great Barrier Reef from May to October.
Scientists were initially skeptical to state Migaloo has albinism because his eyes are brown, rather than the typical red or pink. In the past he has been called the more conservative terms "all-white", or "hypo-pigmented". However, a 2011 study of his DNA by researchers at the Australian Marine Mammal Centre found a genetic variation leading to albinism.
Genetic testing confirmed another fact about Migaloo: he is a male. Scientists already knew this to be the case because of his song. While both male and female humpback whales can produce sounds, only the males sing songs. In 1998 researchers first recorded Migaloo singing, thus indicating he is a male. This was confirmed by genetic testing in 2004.
Are there other predominately white humpback whales in the world's oceans? Yes, PWF researchers have observed whales that are over 90% white off east Australia, and in 2011 observed a newborn nearly all white male calf in the Whitsundays. This whale was named Chalkie and some have called him Migaloo Junior, however is not known to be the offspring of Migaloo – they may or may not be related. Chalkie does have one small black dot on the dorsal surface of his left fluke making him not quite all white meaning he does not have albinism. Recently a video of what appears to be an all white humpback whale feeding in waters off Norway was released on the internet which depicts a whale that looks like Migaloo, until the whale lifts its tail to dive and its fluke pattern is 75% black! There have also been sightings of white orcas, a white right whale and a bottlenose dolphin with albinism throughout the years.
If you would like to support Pacific Whale Foundation by "adopting" Migaloo, visit the Adopt-A-Whale program.
Send us your Migaloo sightings and photos – we'll post them here!
All photographs copyright Pacific Whale Foundation.
The Migaloo mystery: Confusion over rare white whale spotted near Australia
By Jenni Ryall
"It is Migaloo."
Those are the words of a leading scientist who is 100% convinced the white whale spotted off the coast of Australia on Aug. 10 is the world famous albino humpback, Migaloo.
Executive director and chief scientist at the Pacific Whale Foundation, Greg Kaufman, who has been studying Migaloo for decades, confirmed to Mashable Australia that the whale spotted off the Gold Coast, Australia earlier this week is the beloved creature.
This claim has been disputed by other whale experts — and only a DNA test, taken in July and with results expected shortly, will conclusively prove it.
Continue reading this article from Mashable here:
Whale debate: Was it Migaloo or not?
A MAJESTIC white whale swam past the Gold Coast yesterday but marine experts can't agree on whether it was the famed Migaloo or an upstart challenger to his title.
The experts spent much of yesterday studying the physical features of the giant marine mammal which appeared to glow as it swam about three nautical miles off Coast beaches.
Despite detailed images of the creature's colouring, dorsal fin and tail flukes and notches, scientists and whale enthusiasts could only agree to disagree.
Continue reading this article here:
Boaties treated to spectacular sight as southbound Migaloo waves goodbye to Far North
MIGALOO looks to have made his farewell breach for another year after he was ... Hamilton Island boat skipper Jack Sprouster, 27, spotted Migaloo on ...
Migaloo the major drawcard on the Coffs Coast
NOT only the spectacular sea conditions attracted boat users to the water this weekend but also the chance to see the famous white whale Migaloo.
Migaloo slips past Gold Coast
Famous white whale Migaloo has reportedly slipped past the Gold Coast undetected on his annual migration to the Great Barrier Reef.
Migaloo slips past Gold Coast - Gold Coast Bulletin
MIGALOO, the world-famous white humpback whale, has reportedly slipped past the Gold Coast on his annual migration to the Great Barrier Reef.
Rare white whale Migaloo and another white whale migrate north ...
Known by the aboriginal word Migaloo, or "white fella", the acrobatic animal is believed to have spawned at least one all-white offspring after a white ...
Rare white whale Migaloo and another white whale migrate north ...
Migaloo, the world-famous white humpback whale, has reportedly been spotted on the annual mass whale migration to the Great Barrier Reef.
Rare white whale Migaloo and another white whale migrate north ...
Migaloo, the world-famous white humpback whale, has reportedly been spotted on the annual mass whale migration to the Great Barrier Reef.
Migaloo Sighted near Port Douglas(Friday, August 10, 2012)
Migaloo was sighted between Tongue Reef & Low Isles (near Port Douglas) Far North Queensland. Migaloo spent about 30 minutes around Wavelength (a dive boat) & came within 50 meters of the boat. Migaloo was alone, though a mother & calf were sighted in the vicinity later in the day.
Migaloo – the White Whale | Xanthe Rivett
One of the most famous (if not THE most famous) humpback whales is Migaloo – the White Whale. Each year the first sighting of Migaloo is reported from NSW, 'Migaloo has been spotted off the coast' and we in Cairns know they are on the ...
Migaloo the White Whale | Xanthe Rivett
Migaloo and Bahloo are the very special 'white whales' currently visiting the Great Barrier Reef off Queensland. Visitors to the reef on dive boats, ...


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Russell earns preseason All-America nod
Russell earns preseason All-America nod
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. -- Penn State men's volleyball junior Aaron Russell has earned 2014 Off the Block/Springbak Inc. Preseason First Team All-America honors. He is one of 21 student-athletes to earn the honor, which is selected by a nationwide voting committee comprised of coaches from around the country.
This summer, Russell competed on USA Men's Junior National team at the FIVB Men's Volleyball U21 World Championship in Izmir, Turkey. Russell and current assistant coach Jay Hosack placed 11th in the event.
In 2013, Russell started all 31 matches for the Nittany Lions, concluding the season with a team-high 366 kills, averaging 3.59 per set. Russell also led the squad with 40 aces on the year.
After helping to guide the Nittany Lions to a 14-1 conference record and the 15th consecutive EIVA championship, he was named the 2013 Co-Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association Player of the Year. Russell also guided the Nittany Lions to an appearance in the 2013 NCAA National Semifinals.
The Off the Block Preseason All-American teams recognizes the NCAA Division I-II men's volleyball players predicted to perform best in the country during the upcoming season. Off the Block is a national award winning website that is among the nation's leaders in college men's volleyball coverage.
In order to be eligible for the Preseason All-American Teams, each student-athlete must be on an active member of a Division I-II men's volleyball team for the upcoming season.
Russell and the rest of the Nittany Lions open the season making their 19th appearance in the Outrigger Invitational, one of the most prestigious early tournaments, hosted by Hawaii. While in Honolulu, Penn State will square off against UCLA, Thursday, Jan. 19th, before taking on tournament host Hawaii, Friday, Jan. 10th. Penn State concludes the event with a match against Ohio State, Saturday, Jan. 11th.

subset: commoncrawl


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NORTH DARTMOUTH, Mass. – After a strong showing at the Tufts University Snowflake Classic Carl Joseph (Brockton, Mass.), Hulerie McGuffie (Lynn, Mass.), and Taylor Smith (Burlington, Mass.) were recognized by the Little East Conference for their standout performances having earned their first weekly honors of the outdoor season.
For Joseph he leaped his way to his first Field Athlete of the Week honor after placing first in the high jump on Saturday. With a leap of 6-09.00 feet, he defeated his closest competitor by nearly two full inches.
McGuffie, sprinted her way to the Track Athlete of the Week award by finishing second in the 100 and first in the 200 meter dashes. The now two-time All-American finished the 100 with the fastest time recorded by a Division III sprinter as she crossed the finish line in 12.31 seconds. In the 200 she grabbed first place in dominating fashion with a time of 25.55 seconds, which was almost a full second ahead of the second place finish finisher.
Smith's Rookie Field Athlete of the Week accolade marks the first in the college career for the freshman. At Saturday's meet she won the discus throw with an impressive toss of 115-08 feet. She would also finish in the top-10 in the shot put with a throw of 34-11.75 feet.


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Melinda Irwin, PhD, MPH
Associate Dean of Research and Professor of Epidemiology (Chronic Diseases); Associate Director (Population Sciences), Yale Cancer Center; Co-Program Leader, Cancer Prevention and Control, Yale Cancer Center; Deputy Director (Public Health), Yale Center for Clinical Investigation
Departments & Organizations
School of Public Health: Chronic Disease Epidemiology: Irwin Lab (LEAN Study) | Transdisciplinary Research in Energetics and Cancer Research Education Program (TREC-REP)
Obesity Research Working Group
Yale Cancer Center: Cancer Prevention and Control
Yale Center for Clinical Investigation (YCCI)
Office of Cooperative Research
Melinda L. Irwin, PhD, MPH is Professor of Epidemiology at the Yale School of Public Health, Associate Director (Population Sciences) in the Yale Cancer Center, Co-Program Leader of the Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program at Yale Cancer Center, and Deputy Director (Public Health) in the Yale Center for Clinical Investigation. Dr. Irwin is a prominent leader in the field of lifestyle factors and chronic diseases. Her research over the past 15 years has focused on randomized trials of exercise and weight loss on biological markers, treatment side effects and quality of life in cancer patients and survivors. She has received funding from the NIH, ACS, American Institute for Cancer Research, Komen for the Cure, Livestrong Foundation and other foundations and has published her research findings in top medical journals. For the past 10 years, Dr. Irwin has been the Director of Training and Education on the NCI-Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer (TREC) Initiative. At Yale, Dr. Irwin has advised, mentored and trained over 100 trainees on public health related studies. Dr. Irwin also serves on various national advisory committees to develop consensus statements on physical activity, diet, weight and cancer prevention and control.
Education & Training
|University of Washington (2001)
|University of South Carolina (1999)
|University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1994)
|College of William and Mary (1992)


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Chinese Cultural Connection
The UAA-CI is exploring more opportunities to assist local business, schools and ordinary citizens to learn more about China and to facilitate their possible interactions with China for academic exchange and business programs.Learn More about the Confucius Institute
Each Confucius Institute is free to develop its own range of programs and services depending on the local conditions. At UAA-CI, the yearly programs include assistance in providing undergraduate instruction and curriculum development in the Chinese language program at UAA, offering non-credit courses about the Chinese language and culture to the Anchorage community, presenting academic lectures on a variety of topics about the Chinese language and culture, supporting K-12 Chinese programs in curriculum development and with material resources, and facilitating students' Chinese culture experience through summer camp program.
The vision of UAA CI is to become an important center for the cultivation of Alaska-China relations, to provide expertise in Chinese language and culture training, and to be an important resource for our educational institutions. Our mission has therefore five folds:
- Promote understanding of Chinese language and culture
- Serve as regional center for Chinese teacher training and Chinese curriculum development
- Help address needs of the business community and the general public
- Build connections and partnerships between Alaska and China
Upcoming Events
2019 Chinese Tea Language Games
Free drinks & refreshments, no Chinese language background required, fun experience in Chinese characters! Open to all ages!
Friday, April 19th
3:00pm to 5:00pm, RM 101
Institute Library
Scholarship Opportunity
In order to promote the mutual understanding, cooperation and exchange between China and other countries in the world, the Chinese government has set up a series of scholarship programs to sponsor international students, teachers and scholars to study and conduct research in Chinese universities.


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Barone defended Bush by distorting 9-11 Commission, Senate Intel reports
Research ››› ››› GABE WILDAU
On the July 30 edition of Special Report with Brit Hume, U.S. News & World Report senior writer and FOX News Channel political contributor Michael Barone repeated an earlier smear against Democrats before echoing a factual distortion that has recently become a favorite conservative talking point. After observing that the Democratic National Convention was "united by hate" and that "hatred of [President] George W. Bush ... was thick in the air," Barone falsely claimed that the "charge that George W. Bush misled the nation into war" in Iraq "seems to have been refuted by the bipartisan Senate Intelligence Committee and the 9-11 Commission."
From the July 30 edition of FOX News Channel's Special Report with Brit Hume:
BARONE: In John Kerry's speech, for example, the -- "I will not mislead the nation into war," he said. Well, what was he saying there? Of course, it's a charge that [President] George W. Bush misled the nation into war -- a charge that seems to have been refuted by the bipartisan Senate Intelligence Committee and the 9-11 Commission.
In fact, the Senate Intelligence Committee has yet to investigate the issue of whether Bush and senior administration officials misrepresented the intelligence they received from the U.S. intelligence community, as administration critics have charged (pdf). The 30-page summary (pdf) of the report's conclusions does not mention Bush. That's because, as MSNBC reported, the committee decided at the outset not to investigate the Bush administration's use of intelligence in the first phase of its investigation -- to the consternation of many Democrats. Instead, the committee's 521-page report (long pdf) focused on the intelligence agencies themselves.
The 9-11 Commission report has even less to say about the Bush administration's honesty than the Senate. Its 567-page report focuses entirely on issues surrounding the September 11 terrorist attacks: the rise of Al Qaeda; efforts by the Clinton and Bush administrations to address the threat; the development of the September 11 plot; and a chronicle of the events of September 11 itself. The report addresses Iraq only in the context of Al Qaeda and September 11 and, like the Senate report, it does not assess the accuracy or honesty of the Bush's public statements about the Iraqi threat.
Misleading use of these reports has become a pattern for conservative pundits eager to dismiss criticisms of the Bush administration. FOX News Channel host Bill O'Reilly invoked the reports in his nationally syndicated column on July 22 to demand an apology from Bush administration critics, including "far-left websites ... spewing forth deceit and allegations." He repeated the distortion throughout the following week on television and radio, including his much-hyped July 27 interview with author and filmmaker Michael Moore.
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- National Security & Foreign Policy, Intelligence, Terrorism, War in Iraq
- Stories/Interests
- Prewar Intelligence/WMD, 2004 Elections
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Analysis, a branch of mathematics that deals with continuous change and with certain general types of processes that have emerged from the study of continuous change, such as limits, differentiation, and integration. Since the discovery of the differential and integral calculus by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz at the end of the 17th century, analysis has grown into an enormous and central field of mathematical research, with applications throughout the sciences and in areas such as finance, economics, and sociology.
The historical origins of analysis can be found in attempts to calculate spatial quantities such as the length of a curved line or the area enclosed by a curve. These problems can be stated purely as questions of mathematical technique, but they have a far wider importance because they possess a broad variety of interpretations in the physical world. The area inside a curve, for instance, is of direct interest in land measurement: how many acres does an irregularly shaped plot of land contain? But the same technique also determines the mass of a uniform sheet of material bounded by some chosen curve or the quantity of paint needed to cover an irregularly shaped surface. Less obviously, these techniques can be used to find the total distance traveled by a vehicle moving at varying speeds, the depth at which a ship will float when placed in the sea, or the total fuel consumption of a rocket.
Similarly, the mathematical technique for finding a tangent line to a curve at a given point can also be used to calculate the steepness of a curved hill or the angle through which a moving boat must turn to avoid a collision. Less directly, it is related to the extremely important question of the calculation of instantaneous velocity or other instantaneous rates of change, such as the cooling of a warm object in a cold room or the propagation of a disease organism through a human population.
This article begins with a brief introduction to the historical background of analysis and to basic concepts such as number systems, functions, continuity, infinite series, and limits, all of which are necessary for an understanding of analysis. Following this introduction is a full technical review, from calculus to nonstandard analysis, and then the article concludes with a complete history.
Historical background
Bridging the gap between arithmetic and geometry
Mathematics divides phenomena into two broad classes, discrete and continuous, historically corresponding to the division between arithmetic and geometry. Discrete systems can be subdivided only so far, and they can be described in terms of whole numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, …. Continuous systems can be subdivided indefinitely, and their description requires the real numbers, numbers represented by decimal expansions such as 3.14159…, possibly going on forever. Understanding the true nature of such infinite decimals lies at the heart of analysis.
The distinction between discrete mathematics and continuous mathematics is a central issue for mathematical modeling, the art of representing features of the natural world in mathematical form. The universe does not contain or consist of actual mathematical objects, but many aspects of the universe closely resemble mathematical concepts. For example, the number two does not exist as a physical object, but it does describe an important feature of such things as human twins and binary stars. In a similar manner, the real numbers provide satisfactory models for a variety of phenomena, even though no physical quantity can be measured accurately to more than a dozen or so decimal places. It is not the values of infinitely many decimal places that apply to the real world but the deductive structures that they embody and enable.
Analysis came into being because many aspects of the natural world can profitably be considered as being continuous—at least, to an excellent degree of approximation. Again, this is a question of modeling, not of reality. Matter is not truly continuous; if matter is subdivided into sufficiently small pieces, then indivisible components, or atoms, will appear. But atoms are extremely small, and, for most applications, treating matter as though it were a continuum introduces negligible error while greatly simplifying the computations. For example, continuum modeling is standard engineering practice when studying the flow of fluids such as air or water, the bending of elastic materials, the distribution or flow of electric current, and the flow of heat.
Discovery of the calculus and the search for foundations
Two major steps led to the creation of analysis. The first was the discovery of the surprising relationship, known as the fundamental theorem of calculus, between spatial problems involving the calculation of some total size or value, such as length, area, or volume (integration), and problems involving rates of change, such as slopes of tangents and velocities (differentiation). Credit for the independent discovery, about 1670, of the fundamental theorem of calculus together with the invention of techniques to apply this theorem goes jointly to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton.
While the utility of calculus in explaining physical phenomena was immediately apparent, its use of infinity in calculations (through the decomposition of curves, geometric bodies, and physical motions into infinitely many small parts) generated widespread unease. In particular, the Anglican bishop George Berkeley published a famous pamphlet, The Analyst; or, A Discourse Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician (1734), pointing out that calculus—at least, as presented by Newton and Leibniz—possessed serious logical flaws. Analysis grew out of the resulting painstakingly close examination of previously loosely defined concepts such as function and limit.
Newton's and Leibniz's approach to calculus had been primarily geometric, involving ratios with "almost zero" divisors—Newton's "fluxions" and Leibniz's "infinitesimals." During the 18th century calculus became increasingly algebraic, as mathematicians—most notably the Swiss Leonhard Euler and the Italian French Joseph-Louis Lagrange—began to generalize the concepts of continuity and limits from geometric curves and bodies to more abstract algebraic functions and began to extend these ideas to complex numbers. Although these developments were not entirely satisfactory from a foundational standpoint, they were fundamental to the eventual refinement of a rigorous basis for calculus by the Frenchman Augustin-Louis Cauchy, the Bohemian Bernhard Bolzano, and above all the German Karl Weierstrass in the 19th century.
Technical preliminaries
Numbers and functions
Number systems
Throughout this article are references to a variety of number systems—that is, collections of mathematical objects (numbers) that can be operated on by some or all of the standard operations of arithmetic: addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. Such systems have a variety of technical names (e.g., group, ring, field) that are not employed here. This article shall, however, indicate which operations are applicable in the main systems of interest. These main number systems are:
- a. The natural numbers N. These numbers are the positive (and zero) whole numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …. If two such numbers are added or multiplied, the result is again a natural number.
- b. The integers Z. These numbers are the positive and negative whole numbers …, −5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …. If two such numbers are added, subtracted, or multiplied, the result is again an integer.
- c. The rational numbers Q. These numbers are the positive and negative fractions p/q where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0. If two such numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided (except by 0), the result is again a rational number.
- d. The real numbers R. These numbers are the positive and negative infinite decimals (including terminating decimals that can be considered as having an infinite sequence of zeros on the end). If two such numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided (except by 0), the result is again a real number.
- e. The complex numbers C. These numbers are of the form x + iy where x and y are real numbers and i = Square root of√−1. (For further explanation, see the section Complex analysis.) If two such numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided (except by 0), the result is again a complex number.
In simple terms, a function f is a mathematical rule that assigns to a number x (in some number system and possibly with certain limitations on its value) another number f(x). For example, the function "square" assigns to each number x its square x2. Note that it is the general rule, not specific values, that constitutes the function.
The common functions that arise in analysis are usually definable by formulas, such as f(x) = x2. They include the trigonometric functions sin (x), cos (x), tan (x), and so on; the logarithmic function log (x); the exponential function exp (x) or ex (where e = 2.71828… is a special constant called the base of natural logarithms); and the square root function Square root of√x. However, functions need not be defined by single formulas (indeed by any formulas). For example, the absolute value function |x| is defined to be x when x ≥ 0 but −x when x < 0 (where ≥ indicates greater than or equal to and < indicates less than).
The problem of continuity
The logical difficulties involved in setting up calculus on a sound basis are all related to one central problem, the notion of continuity. This in turn leads to questions about the meaning of quantities that become infinitely large or infinitely small—concepts riddled with logical pitfalls. For example, a circle of radius r has circumference 2πr and area πr2, where π is the famous constant 3.14159…. Establishing these two properties is not entirely straightforward, although an adequate approach was developed by the geometers of ancient Greece, especially Eudoxus and Archimedes. It is harder than one might expect to show that the circumference of a circle is proportional to its radius and that its area is proportional to the square of its radius. The really difficult problem, though, is to show that the constant of proportionality for the circumference is precisely twice the constant of proportionality for the area—that is, to show that the constant now called π really is the same in both formulas. This boils down to proving a theorem (first proved by Archimedes) that does not mention π explicitly at all: the area of a circle is the same as that of a rectangle, one of whose sides is equal to the circle's radius and the other to half the circle's circumference.
Approximations in geometry
A simple geometric argument shows that such an equality must hold to a high degree of approximation. The idea is to slice the circle like a pie, into a large number of equal pieces, and to reassemble the pieces to form an approximate rectangle (see figure). Then the area of the "rectangle" is closely approximated by its height, which equals the circle's radius, multiplied by the length of one set of curved sides—which together form one-half of the circle's circumference. Unfortunately, because of the approximations involved, this argument does not prove the theorem about the area of a circle. Further thought suggests that as the slices get very thin, the error in the approximation becomes very small. But that still does not prove the theorem, for an error, however tiny, remains an error. If it made sense to talk of the slices being infinitesimally thin, however, then the error would disappear altogether, or at least it would become infinitesimal.
Actually, there exist subtle problems with such a construction. It might justifiably be argued that if the slices are infinitesimally thin, then each has zero area; hence, joining them together produces a rectangle with zero total area since 0 + 0 + 0 +⋯ = 0. Indeed, the very idea of an infinitesimal quantity is paradoxical because the only number that is smaller than every positive number is 0 itself.
The same problem shows up in many different guises. When calculating the length of the circumference of a circle, it is attractive to think of the circle as a regular polygon with infinitely many straight sides, each infinitesimally long. (Indeed, a circle is the limiting case for a regular polygon as the number of its sides increases.) But while this picture makes sense for some purposes—illustrating that the circumference is proportional to the radius—for others it makes no sense at all. For example, the "sides" of the infinitely many-sided polygon must have length 0, which implies that the circumference is 0 + 0 + 0 + ⋯ = 0, clearly nonsense.
Infinite series
Similar paradoxes occur in the manipulation of infinite series, such as 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 +⋯ (1) continuing forever. This particular series is relatively harmless, and its value is precisely 1. To see why this should be so, consider the partial sums formed by stopping after a finite number of terms. The more terms, the closer the partial sum is to 1. It can be made as close to 1 as desired by including enough terms. Moreover, 1 is the only number for which the above statements are true. It therefore makes sense to define the infinite sum to be exactly 1. The figure illustrates this geometric series graphically by repeatedly bisecting a unit square. (Series whose successive terms differ by a common ratio, in this example by 1/2, are known as geometric series.)
Other infinite series are less well-behaved—for example, the series 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ⋯ . (2) If the terms are grouped one way, (1 − 1) + (1 − 1) + (1 − 1) +⋯, then the sum appears to be 0 + 0 + 0 +⋯ = 0. But if the terms are grouped differently, 1 + (−1 + 1) + (−1 + 1) + (−1 + 1) +⋯, then the sum appears to be 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 +⋯ = 1. It would be foolish to conclude that 0 = 1. Instead, the conclusion is that infinite series do not always obey the traditional rules of algebra, such as those that permit the arbitrary regrouping of terms.
The difference between series (1) and (2) is clear from their partial sums. The partial sums of (1) get closer and closer to a single fixed value—namely, 1. The partial sums of (2) alternate between 0 and 1, so that the series never settles down. A series that does settle down to some definite value, as more and more terms are added, is said to converge, and the value to which it converges is known as the limit of the partial sums; all other series are said to diverge.
The limit of a sequence
All the great mathematicians who contributed to the development of calculus had an intuitive concept of limits, but it was only with the work of the German mathematician Karl Weierstrass that a completely satisfactory formal definition of the limit of a sequence was obtained.
Consider a sequence (an) of real numbers, by which is meant an infinite list a0, a1, a2, …. It is said that an converges to (or approaches) the limit a as n tends to infinity, if the following mathematical statement holds true: For every ε > 0, there exists a whole number N such that |an − a| < ε for all n > N. Intuitively, this statement says that, for any chosen degree of approximation (ε), there is some point in the sequence (N) such that, from that point onward (n > N), every number in the sequence (an) approximates a within an error less than the chosen amount (|an − a| < ε). Stated less formally, when n becomes large enough, an can be made as close to a as desired.
For example, consider the sequence in which an = 1/(n + 1), that is, the sequence 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, …, going on forever. Every number in the sequence is greater than zero, but, the farther along the sequence goes, the closer the numbers get to zero. For example, all terms from the 10th onward are less than or equal to 0.1, all terms from the 100th onward are less than or equal to 0.01, and so on. Terms smaller than 0.000000001, for instance, are found from the 1,000,000,000th term onward. In Weierstrass's terminology, this sequence converges to its limit 0 as n tends to infinity. The difference |an − 0| can be made smaller than any ε by choosing n sufficiently large. In fact, n > 1/ε suffices. So, in Weierstrass's formal definition, N is taken to be the smallest integer > 1/ε.
This example brings out several key features of Weierstrass's idea. First, it does not involve any mystical notion of infinitesimals; all quantities involved are ordinary real numbers. Second, it is precise; if a sequence possesses a limit, then there is exactly one real number that satisfies the Weierstrass definition. Finally, although the numbers in the sequence tend to the limit 0, they need not actually reach that value.
Continuity of functions
The same basic approach makes it possible to formalize the notion of continuity of a function. Intuitively, a function f(t) approaches a limit L as t approaches a value p if, whatever size error can be tolerated, f(t) differs from L by less than the tolerable error for all t sufficiently close to p. But what exactly is meant by phrases such as "error," "prepared to tolerate," and "sufficiently close"?
Just as for limits of sequences, the formalization of these ideas is achieved by assigning symbols to "tolerable error" (ε) and to "sufficiently close" (δ). Then the definition becomes: A function f(t) approaches a limit L as t approaches a value p if for all ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that |f(t) − L| < ε whenever |t − p| < δ. (Note carefully that first the size of the tolerable error must be decided upon; only then can it be determined what it means to be "sufficiently close.")
Having defined the notion of limit in this context, it is straightforward to define continuity of a function. Continuous functions preserve limits; that is, a function f is continuous at a point p if the limit of f(t) as t approaches p is equal to f(p). And f is continuous if it is continuous at every p for which f(p) is defined. Intuitively, continuity means that small changes in t produce small changes in f(t)—there are no sudden jumps.
Properties of the real numbers
Earlier, the real numbers were described as infinite decimals, although such a description makes no logical sense without the formal concept of a limit. This is because an infinite decimal expansion such as 3.14159… (the value of the constant π) actually corresponds to the sum of an infinite series 3 + 1/10 + 4/100 + 1/1,000 + 5/10,000 + 9/100,000 +⋯, and the concept of limit is required to give such a sum meaning.
It turns out that the real numbers (unlike, say, the rational numbers) have important properties that correspond to intuitive notions of continuity. For example, consider the function x2 − 2. This function takes the value −1 when x = 1 and the value +2 when x = 2. Moreover, it varies continuously with x. It seems intuitively plausible that, if a continuous function is negative at one value of x (here at x = 1) and positive at another value of x (here at x = 2), then it must equal zero for some value of x that lies between these values (here for some value between 1 and 2). This expectation is correct if x is a real number: the expression is zero when x = Square root of√2 = 1.41421…. However, it is false if x is restricted to rational values because there is no rational number x for which x2 = 2. (The fact that Square root of√2 is irrational has been known since the time of the ancient Greeks. See Sidebar: Incommensurables.)
In effect, there are gaps in the system of rational numbers. By exploiting those gaps, continuously varying quantities can change sign without passing through zero. The real numbers fill in the gaps by providing additional numbers that are the limits of sequences of approximating rational numbers. Formally, this feature of the real numbers is captured by the concept of completeness.
One awkward aspect of the concept of the limit of a sequence (an) is that it can sometimes be problematic to find what the limit a actually is. However, there is a closely related concept, attributable to the French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy, in which the limit need not be specified. The intuitive idea is simple. Suppose that a sequence (an) converges to some unknown limit a. Given two sufficiently large values of n, say r and s, then both ar and as are very close to a, which in particular means that they are very close to each other. The sequence (an) is said to be a Cauchy sequence if it behaves in this manner. Specifically, (an) is Cauchy if, for every ε > 0, there exists some N such that, whenever r, s > N, |ar − as| < ε. Convergent sequences are always Cauchy, but is every Cauchy sequence convergent? The answer is yes for sequences of real numbers but no for sequences of rational numbers (in the sense that they may not have a rational limit).
A number system is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence converges. The real numbers are complete; the rational numbers are not. Completeness is one of the key features of the real number system, and it is a major reason why analysis is often carried out within that system.
The real numbers have several other features that are important for analysis. They satisfy various ordering properties associated with the relation less than (<). The simplest of these properties for real numbers x, y, and z are:
- a. Trichotomy law. One and only one of the statements x < y, x = y, and x > y is true.
- b. Transitive law. If x < y and y < z, then x < z.
- c. If x < y, then x + z < y + z for all z.
- d. If x < y and z > 0, then xz < yz.
More subtly, the real number system is Archimedean. This means that, if x and y are real numbers and both x, y > 0, then x + x +⋯+ x > y for some finite sum of x's. The Archimedean property indicates that the real numbers contain no infinitesimals. Arithmetic, completeness, ordering, and the Archimedean property completely characterize the real number system.


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Message Board
Steven Sidor Message Board
Talk about the novels, new and used books that Sidor has written!
Author Sidor's Book Reviews
Skin River
St. Martin's Sept 2004, 23.95, 256 pp. ISBN 0312329490 The searchers failed to find Melissa Teagles who was held captured and ultimately killed by the Goatskinner. The police could never find a trace of her until Buddy Bayes, the owner for the last year and a half of The Black Chimney Tavern in Wisconsin, found her hand while fishing; searchers never found the rest of her. Buddy had left Chicago to start over after what happened in Chicago an...


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Trenchless Technology Magazine
TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY encompasses underground construction methods which eliminate or minimize surface disruption. This includes directional drilling, microtunneling, moling, pipe ramming/pushing, auger boring, pipe jacking, utility tunneling, pipe relining, and various underground rehabilitation approaches. It is edited for engineers, contractors, and public works/utility officials, who are related to utility construction in the areas of water and sewer services; pipelines-both transmission and distribution; and underground cable installations for power and communications.
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The Hope College Concert Band will give its debut concert on Thursday, Dec. 2, at 7:30 p.m. in Dimnent Memorial Chapel.
The public is invited. Admission is free.
The program will include the "Second Suite in F," by Gustav Holst; "William Byrd Suite," by Gordon Jacob; "Fanfare and Allegro," by Clifton Williams; "Whatsoever Things," by Mark Camphouse; and more. In addition, some of Hope's music education majors will be featured as guest conductors, including senior Emily Brower of Hudsonville; senior Sarah Brown of Flint; junior Erin Johnson of Slidell, La.; junior Michael Naughton of Prospect Heights, Ill.; senior Elena Poletto of Aurora, Ill.; junior Robin Pulsifer of Holland; junior Peter Smith of Grand Rapids; and sophomore Jessica Wells of Indian Creek, Ill.
The Concert Band is made up of Hope College students and community members from the Holland and Zeeland area. The group meets once a week on Thursdays from 7 to 8:30 p.m.
The Concert Band is under the direction of Gabe Southard of the Hope College music faculty. An assistant professor of music and member of the faculty since 2007, Southard completed his Doctorate of Musical Arts in conducting at Michigan State University. Prior to his residence at MSU, he served as wind symphony conductor and flute studio teacher at the University of Michigan-Flint, where he also taught orchestration, music appreciation and advanced conducting. While living in Cincinnati, Ohio, Southard served as conductor of the Cincinnati Youth Wind Ensemble from 1999 to 2002.
Dimnent Memorial Chapel is located at 277 College Ave., on College Avenue at 12th Street.


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Filling the heels of Elle Macpherson on primetime may seem like an impossibly tall task, but not for our favorite pond hopper, Louise Roe. Perhaps you've caught the intrepid fashion reporter gabbing on the Oscars red carpet or waving her magic wand on MTV International's makeover show Plain Jane, and are already smitten. But, if not, you'll quickly find that the replacement host of NBC's Fashion Star has British wit and global style to spare. And, because we love to dig deep into screen queens' closets, we made a date with the beauty at her WeHo pad.
Once inside, we found a shoe rack that would make anyone go berserk with envy — not to mention enough baubles to accessorize 'til infinity! However, what was most impressive was Roe's ability to whip up four ace outfits in no time flat. Click through to view the looks and learn some masterful tricks of the trade, and be sure to tune in tomorrow night to watch that classic charm in action!


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The ends of the Rainbow...
Sub-tropical currents, storms and constant rust erosion will see one of the world's most famous wrecks washed away within the next decade.
1 / 5
Kevin Keith travels to the Cavalli Islands in Northland, New Zealand, to explore the latest end of the Rainbow Warrior.
Ten minutes, two explosions, and a tragic loss of life later, the 400-tonne Rainbow Warrior was at the bottom of Auckland Harbour. 'The truth is cruel,' declared the French Prime Minister several months after the terrorist act of 10 July 1985. 'It was agents of the French secret service who sank this boat.'
This was the first end of the Rainbow.
Following the sinking the 40 metre long former fishery trawler was re-floated and taken south west of Motutapere Island, near to the Cavalli Islands in 1987. A Maori funeral process known as a 'tangi' took place as the Rainbow Warrior became the first of Northland's chain of recreational wrecks and amongst the world's most poignant.
The entire history of the Rainbow Warrior is based on 'looking beneath the surface' and that still applies today – the experience of diving the Rainbow Warrior begins a long time before you pull on your wetsuit; we complete the experience rather start it.
The sense of anticipation is already palpable. Arriving at Whangaroa Harbour the surrounding ridge systems of eroded volcanoes feel like a natural amphitheatre: its steep banks carpeted with some of the country's last remaining diverse coastal forest and dotted with the unmistakable red of pohutukawa trees.
Whangaroa Harbour is 15 kilometres south west of the Cavalli Islands and one of several smaller harbours suitable for boats departing for the Rainbow Warrior. Larger charter operators, including Dive North, depart from Paihia, 30 kilometres south east of the Cavalli Islands, where other Rainbow Warrior specialists are located.
Ours was a small group of divers with ages from 20 to 65 years. There was a clear commonality of motivation with regards to why people chose to undertake this dive: 'It is the Rainbow Warrior; it is what it stands for,' said one who would have been three years old at the time of the original sinking. 'It was a hugely significant event,' said a 65-year-old New Zealander, 'The attack on the Rainbow Warrior was an attack on what we stand for.'
A first dive at Nukutaunga Island gave a taste of things to come: water temperature of 16 degrees, visibility 10+ metres and diversity of fish species to get an ichthyologist mildly excited.
We arrival at an understated surface buoy and a detailed dive and wreck orientation briefing helped gauge what lay on the sand floor 26 metres below. As wreck divers we are 'imagineers': masters of the second-take; the look-and look again. We are people who see things for what they are and what they were. It is the second-take that enters the water with us: a view of how it 'used to look' based on research, historical reference; on conversation from the boat above. The more you know the more second-take you have and the more you can fill in the gaps to imagine what it 'must have been like': to see 2012 and 1985 in the same dive. This is what makes wreck-diving such a fulfilling pursuit. It is like a story book of 25 years under the ocean.
The story had begun.
Five metres into the descent, a shadowy outline appears, second-take in overdrive: 'Rainbow Warrior Sinks after Explosion,' BBC 1985; 'France Must Pay Greenpeace $8 Million in Sinking of Ship', The New York Times 1987; 'Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior personally sanctioned by Mitterrand', Daily Telegraph 2005.
A strong westward current forces a tensing of grip to the anchor line. A further five metres; further detail, further thoughts; conversations, repercussions, symbolism: 'A hole measuring six feet by eight feet was found in the boat,' BBC 1985; 'Just take care of your mom… I'll be home soon,' murdered Fernando Pereira to Marelle his eight year-old daughter, May 1985.
Ten metres more and there she was: the Rainbow Warrior. Lying on a slight tilt with the port deck at 18 metres and the starboard deck at 21 most divers approach the Rainbow Warrior from the stern and move towards the bow and back.
The stern hull on the starboard side provides the first of many microhabitats that make up this vessel and underlines the simplest of principles with regards to surface space: where there is light there is plant; where there is darkness there is animal.
Without sunlight the starboard side is a kaleidoscopic carpet of filter feeders covering every last available surface space: sponges, sea squirts, bryozoans and fluorescent pink jewel anemones. All of these take advantage of the currents' provision of planktonic food, which in turn benefits the schools of young leatherjackets, porae and goatfish.
Look at the starboard side in closer detail, and in addition to Jason's nudibranch and grey moray eels hunting for small prey amongst tight recesses, you also see clear evidence of rust. This damage is more extreme as you move towards the bow: the original blast hole in the keel is now under the sand, replaced by another hole caused by recent storms; the remnants of the wheel house lie broken on the sandy sea floor; the funnel is quite simply no more.
Arguably the most photographed part is the bowsprit. Sat perpendicular on the sea bed and looking up at a spearhead silhouette, it is not hard to see why. This is the 'warrior' of the wreck: the unswerving, through gritted-teeth, follow-me-we-are-going-in sense of direction that would so often lead this peaceful ship into dangerous waters. As if to impress the bowsprit nature has made this surface space the key battle ground for animal versus plant as both wrestle on the border of no sunlight and sunlight.
At the foot of the bow is one of many dark rooms that can be penetrated. Less water circulation means less plankton means less animals, but not less fish: cave-dwelling big eyes, slender roughies, snapper, red mullet, John Dory, and an infamous scorpion fish named 'George', waiting for his next meal.
Her port side faces north towards the sun. Seaweeds grow quickly here trimmed regularly by hungry leatherjackets. This continues on to the surface of the vessel where ecklonia kelp and seaweed mix with hydroids, algae and bryozons.
The steep banks of the Whangaroa Harbour are now replaced by thoughts of the steep banks of the 'starboard side'; the dotted red pohutakawa trees making way for recollections of the dotted fluorescent jewel anemones: the return journey to Kerikeri was different.
'It's a simply stunning dive,' said Dave, proprietor of Dive North. 'Did you notice as you came out of the lounge, past the engine, that big hole on right hand side? That was not there three months ago. Previously the aluminium superstructure conducted rust away from the steel infrastructure but years of storms has left much of the steel exposed. Whilst sun-seeking plants quickly colonise surface space on the port side it is a slower process for animals on the starboard side hence more rust. In places where there is no circulation, no plankton, no light, there is also no protection, and so rust develops.
'The trouble with ships is that the transition between a wreck you can dive and just a wreck can be a very short space of time. I anticipate it will only be there for another 10 years,' said Dave.
The second end of the Rainbow.
Dave described how, when Rainbow Warrior II was in Auckland, he dived with the majority of the original crew of its predecessor: 'They all made a pilgrimage and most of them were keen to get out of there and see it again. The experience of diving the Rainbow Warrior begins a long time before you pull on your wetsuit,' repeats Dave.
'There will always be a Rainbow Warrior. You cannot sink a rainbow.'


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Evolve is a true next-generation multiplayer shooter game featuring addictive adrenaline-pumping 4v1 action. One player-controlled Monster must evade and outsmart a team of four uniquely skilled playable Hunters. Evolve and overpower as the monster or team up and outnumber as the Hunters. With endless combinations of Hunters, Monsters, maps and game modes to choose from, no two hunts will ever be the same. It's survival of the fittest, and any side can win. Choose your side.
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Possible Duplicate:
DocIdRedir.aspx sometimes redirects to search results instead of document preview
I have set up my document libraries (2 of them) to utilize the DocID attribute. I have then used the Redirect URL in many places. This way if the document filename changes it will not break the link.
Example of the link
The problem is now when you click on the link it directly sends you to the search page. It shows the document as the result (as if you had search for the document) and the search field text box is filled out with the DocID value.
Example of the Search Box content
Is this an issue with SharePoint or do I have a setting that is incorrect or that needs to be changed. Any thoughts?


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Recently I had a problem with my cruise control master unit and I want to document it here in a separate thread so that everyone who will search for help some day will have it easier finding information for his problems.
My story was :
My advices are :
- have a look to the air filter of the unit and change it if necessary ! That´s very easy – you only cut a piece out of an 1 inch thick foam rubber, melt a hole into its center (which is necessary for the lower part of the electrical adjustment screw of the unit) with an electric soldering iron – ready !
- Have a look to the units interiour once a year or every 10 kmiles or so to become sure that everything is okay there. If you find some dust clean it before you will get greater problems. Look for a reason for the dust and try to avoid getting dust again. Otherwise the dust could get into the gears and their axles and cause some wear there which will be able to block the wheels !
- If the wheels are not turning free try to get them free again. Only free wheels enable the unit working as it should !
- Look for the hoses – they have to be tight and dense.
- Look for correct electical connectons too.
Any questions left, ask for help here !


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Book the Radisson® Park & Stay Package and leave behind the worry of where to park your car while traveling.
Book the Park & Stay Package and leave your parking worries to us. Park & Stay Packages are available at participating Radisson hotels through December 31, 2019.
The Park & Stay Package (the "Park & Stay Package") is available for Eligible Stays at participating Radisson ®hotels through December 31, 2019. An Eligible Stay is defined as a stay at a Participating Hotel for which the guest specifically booked the Park & Stay Package. Guest who book and complete an Eligible Stay will receive up to 15 consecutive nights of parking for their vehicle as specified by the Participating Hotel at time of booking. Minimum three day advance reservation required. Extra person charges may apply if double occupancy is exceeded. Rates for each night may vary. The Park & Stay Package is subject to availability and blackout dates may apply. The Park Stay Package may not be used in conjunction with any other packages, promotion, group or convention rate, or any other discounted rate. Participating Hotels are subject to change at any time without notice and the number of rooms available for this Park & Stay Package at Participating Hotels may be limited and may vary. Specific package components, including any additional amenities that may be offered by an individual Participating Hotel, may vary and/or be subject to additional terms or restrictions. Radisson reserves the right to add, modify, or discontinue these terms and conditions or the Park & Stay Package at any time without notice.


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Actress Jennifer Love Hewitt has two big reasons to be thankful over the upcoming Thanksgiving holiday – she's a new mom and a newly wed, according to reports.
The star and Brian Hallisay became first-time parents on Tuesday when Hewitt gave birth to a baby girl, and, in confirming the happy news, the actress' publicist has let it slip that the couple is now married.
She says, "Jennifer Love Hewitt and her husband Brian Hallisay are thrilled to announce the birth of their daughter. Autumn James Hallisay was born on November 26."
A source tells Us Weekly magazine the newlyweds recently exchanged vows in a private ceremony.
Hewitt and Hallisay began dating in 2012 when they reconnected on the set of the now-cancelled TV drama "The Client List." They previously appeared together on the short-lived NBC series Love Bites.
The actress announced she was pregnant in June, a day before revealing her engagement to Hallisay.


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Service and Repair of Chrysler Vehicles
You invested in a quality vehicle when you purchased your Chrysler. A quality vehicle needs quality service, and you want to make sure you find the best to protect your investment and keep it in great condition. Our shop offers the best service and repair of Chrysler vehicles in the area. Give us a call to put our talented team and years of experience to the test.
Our dedicated technicians go above and beyond to exceed your expectations in customer service. From the moment you walk in the door until you drive away satisfied by the service you and your Chrysler received, you can expect a superior customer experience. Our knowledgeable and friendly staff are happy to answer any of your questions.
Whether you need routine maintenance or repairs for major damage, our team of certified technicians are committed to providing top-notch care for your Chrysler vehicle. From the Airflite to the Firepower, and the Akino to the 700c, our team is experienced with all of the Chrysler models. We don't just stop at getting the job done under the hood—we make sure that you and your Chrysler receive the best service available.
When you drive any of the Chrysler brand vehicles you need to know you've chosen the right mechanic who has the diagnostic tools and experience to handle the job and treat you fairly! From a rugged work vehicle, an economy cruiser, or a high class luxury vehicle, Chrysler has always had you covered and so do we here at White's Auto Repair in Cisco!
Some top Chrysler cars we service are:
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At White's Auto Repair in Cisco, our expert mechanics work to provide the highest quality parts and service in the business. Bring your Chrysler car, truck, van, or SUV in next time your vehicle needs maintenance or repair, and keep your automobile on the road longer, and stronger.


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Jury: Hernandez not guilty on murder, other charges in 2012 shooting
A jury has found ex-NFL star Aaron Hernandez not guilty of two counts of murder in the 2012 shooting deaths of two Boston men.
The jurors started deliberating the case a week ago and has been deliberating for more than 37 hours.
The former New England Patriots tight end was found not guilty Friday on the first-degree murder charges stemming from the 2012 shootings of Daniel de Abreu and Safiro Furtado.
He was also found not guilty of witness intimidation and of shooting his friend Alexander Bradley months later to silence him as a witness to the double shooting.
Hernandez was found guilty of gun possession. That conviction carries a sentence of 4 to 5 years in prison.
Hernandez's lawyers argued to the jury that Bradley was the one who shot the men over a drug deal.
Hernandez is already serving a life sentence for the 2013 killing of semi-professional football player Odin Lloyd.
Prosecutors and relatives of the men killed in Hernandez's double murder case say they're upset about his acquittal but take solace in the fact he's already serving a life sentence in another case.
Suffolk County District Attorney Daniel Conley says one of the victims' relatives said after Hernandez was acquitted of murder and other charges Friday, "At least he's not walking out the door today."
Hernandez was convicted of a gun possession charge. A judge sentenced him to an additional four to five years in prison.
Hernandez already is serving life in the 2013 killing of a man who was dating his fiancee's sister.
Hernandez denied killing that man in 2013 or the other two men in 2012. He wept in court when Friday's verdict was read.


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In this session, Brad McGehee, Red Gate's Director of DBA Education, will explain what items should be on your monitoring checklist and how to manually monitor your SQL Servers. You will also be able to sneak a peek at SQL Response 2, Red Gate's SQL Server monitoring and alerting tool that is currently under development. New features that will be demonstrated by Product Manager Ben Rees include SQL Response's intuitive overviews, intelligent alerts and how to go back in time to identify the source of a problem fast.
SQL Bits was started by a group of individuals that are passionate about the SQL Server product suite.
There is a breadth of knowledge in the SQL Community that will benefit everyone in the community.
We want to spread that knowledge.
We all work with the SQL community, some of us for many years. We have a range of skills and experiences from being given the MVP award by Microsoft, organising user groups and speaking at events around the world.
Copyright © 2019 SQLBits Limited. All Rights Reserved.


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The Landmark 2007 IPCC Report on Climate Change
Every six years, the United Nations-sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases a massive and influential study detailing the state of Earth's climate. Every citizen on the planet should take the 20 minutes needed to read the Summary for Policy Makers (PDF File) issued in February 2007. In their fourth report since 1990, the IPCC offered its strongest language yet that Earth's climate is warming and humans are largely responsible:
Earth has warmed, sea levels have begun to rise at an accelerated rate, and Northern Hemisphere snow cover has decreased substantially over the past 150 years (Figure 1). These facts are not controversial. The big change from the IPCC's last report, in 2001, is the level of confidence on if humans are to blame. In that report, human-emitted (anthropogenic) greenhouse gases were estimated to be likely responsible for Earth's temperature increase (67-90% chance), while the new report says it is very likely (greater than 90% chance).
Figure 1. Observed changes in (a) global average surface temperature; (b) global average sea level rise from tide gauge (blue) and satellite (red) data and (c) Northern Hemisphere snow cover for March-April. All changes are relative to corresponding averages for the period 1961-1990. Smoothed curves represent decadal averaged values while circles show yearly values. The shaded areas are the uncertainty intervals estimated from a comprehensive analysis of known uncertainties (a and b) and from the time series (c). Image credit: FIGURE SPM-3 from the Summary of Policy Makers (PDF) File from the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report.
Predicted temperature rise
The 2007 IPCC report predicts temperature rises of 1.1 - 6.4 °C (2 - 11.5 °F) by 2100. This is a wider range than the 1.4 - 5.8 °C increase given in the 2001 report. However, the 2007 report goes on to say that their best estimate for temperature rise is 1.8 - 4 °C (3.2 - 7.1 °F).
Predicted sea level rise
The 2007 report predicts that sea level rise by 2100 will be .6 - 1.9 feet (18 - 58 cm). An additional 3.9 to 7.8 inches (10 to 20 cm) are possible if the recent surprising melting of polar ice sheets continues. The 2001 IPCC report gave a much wider range for sea level rise: .3 - 2.9 feet (8 - 88 cm).
What does the IPCC say about stronger hurricanes?
The IPCC did a good job with their treatment of how global warming is affecting hurricanes. Here's their carefully worded statement on the observed changes:
Later in the report, there is a table that shows that there has likely (>66% chance) been an increase in strong hurricanes since 1970 in some regions. It isn't mentioned, but the Atlantic is the region where this increase has been most notable. Also in that table is the assertion that it is more likely than not (>50% chance) that there has been a human contribution to this trend. However, there is a footnote on the table: "Magnitude of anthropogenic contributions not assessed. Attribution for these phenomena based on expert judgment rather than formal attribution studies."
In other words, the link between stronger hurricanes and global warming is a theory (expert judgment) and is not a conclusion of the IPCC. It is reasonable to theorize that some human contribution is responsible for the increase in strong hurricanes in the Atlantic since 1970, since this increase does correlate so well with the observed increase in sea surface temperatures. However, as mentioned in the earlier paragraph, it is difficult to make a strong statement saying that global warming is responsible for stronger hurricanes, due to the high natural variability of these storms and the poor observational record: "multi-decadal variability and the quality of the tropical cyclone records prior to routine satellite observations in about 1970 complicate the detection of long-term trends in tropical cyclone activity." The IPCC table is confusing, and I believe it was a mistake to assign a probability of how likely a human contribution to hurricane intensity has been. There is not enough good science to make a sound judgment, and this section of the table should have been left blank.
Finally, the IPCC projection for how climate change will affect hurricanes in the future is pretty non-controversial, since they don't attach any numbers saying how large these effects will be:
Overall, the IPCC statements on hurricanes are very similar to those adopted by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in December, as I discussed in an earlier blog. The WMO report concluded, "Though there is evidence both for and against the existence of a detectable anthropogenic signal in the tropical cyclone climate record to date, no firm conclusion can be made on this point."
What does the IPCC say about stronger tornadoes?
Scientists don't have good enough long-term observational records of tornadoes to tell, if climate change is affecting tornadoes, and climate models don't shed any light on the issue, either. Here's the relevant statement in the 2007 IPCC report:
Who is the IPCC?
The IPCC is not a research organization, but relies upon research performed and reported by scientists from all over the world, selected to assure the representation of the members of the United Nations. Draft reports are then reviewed by experts who were not authors of the report. Then there is review by government officials involved in policy making. All told, there are more than 1000 contributing authors, and more than 2000 independent reviewers. All comments are considered in the revisions that lead to the production of the final document. The time commitment is enormous, and the result is a document which is based on the facts of observation and predictions which have been scrutinized to the highest level possible.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program. Their home page is at http://www.ipcc.ch/.
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Book News: Scrapbooks Of Hemingway's Childhood Made Public
The daily lowdown on books, publishing, and the occasional author behaving badly.
- Although it's hard to imagine Ernest Hemingway as anything other than bearded, gruff and gin-scented, five detailed scrapbooks by the Nobel Prize winner's mother give a glimpse of his early life through baby photos, school reports, drawings and school paper clips. The fragile books compiled by Grace Hall Hemingway had been kept in storage at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston, but digitized versions are now available on the museum's website. The Library notes, "Early glimpses of his storytelling skills can be seen in a document from the seventh grade titled 'Class Prophesies' in which he predicts the fate of various classmates. According to Hemingway, a young girl named Sadie will have 'an ostrich farm in the Sahara desert,' Jane will run 'a home for the aged and infirm monkeys,' Caroline will be 'President of a South American womens [sic] suffrage republic,' and Jean will be 'an old maid.' "
- Sony Pictures has won a lawsuit brought by the owners of the rights to William Faulkner's literary works. A federal judge ruled Thursday that a scene in Woody Allen's Midnight in Paris using a variation on a passage from Requiem for a Nun is fair use. In the film, Owen Wilson's character says, "The past is not dead! Actually, it's not even past. You know who said that? Faulkner. And he was right. And I met him, too. I ran into him at a dinner party." The actual Faulkner quote is "The past is never dead. It's not even past." U.S. District Court Judge Michael P. Mills wrote in his ruling, "At issue in this case is whether a single line from a full-length novel singly paraphrased and attributed to the original author in a full-length Hollywood film can be considered a copyright infringement. In this case, it cannot." He added, "The court has viewed Woody Allen's movie, Midnight in Paris, read the book, Requiem for a Nun, and is thankful that the parties did not ask the court to compare The Sound and the Fury with Sharknado."
- For NPR, Kevin Maher describes reading the stories in Joyce's Dubliners as a schoolboy in Ireland: "Naturally, we hated them. Every one of them. Just agony. Like the worst kind of art-house movie you'd stumble across on a Saturday night on BBC 2 when your Mam and Dad were out at Uncle Jack's summer hoolie, and your sisters were in the kitchen flirting and smoking with Davey Riley from the youth club. No eye-gouging. No hanged puppies. No action at all."
The Best Books Coming Out This Week:
- David Foster Wallace and Mark Costello's 1990 book Signifying Rappers is coming back into print this week. In it, Costello and Wallace explore their "uncomfortable, somewhat furtive, and distinctively white enthusiasm for a certain music called rap/hip-hop." Although this is very early David Foster Wallace (the original Village Voice review of the book identifies him as "a philosophy grad student and writer of highbrow pomo 'fictions' "), the style is unmistakably his: At once pompous and playful, it pairs his exuberant, almost acrobatic command of language with the pedantry and hyperawareness that characterize his writing. They argue that rap is "pop music's lone cutting edge, the new, the unfamiliar, the brain-resisted-while-body-boogies." A portion of the book can be read over at The Missouri Review.
- John Waters, in his introduction to The Complete Short Stories of James Purdy, calls it a "feel-bad" book. It's true — Purdy's stories are morbidly campy tales of abusive husbands and rent boys and despair and awful, all-consuming loneliness. At 726 pages, this is not a collection to be read straight through, but to be dipped into whenever you feel like a brief wallow in the muddiest depths of human misery.


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Biography of Jonathan R. Alger
Jonathan R. Alger became the sixth president of James Madison University on July 1, 2012. Alger's appointment was announced by the JMU Board of Visitors on Nov. 28, 2011.
President Alger serves as JMU's chief executive officer. In addition to ensuring the development and provision of high quality academic and student life programs, his leadership involves developing and articulating a shared vision and mission for the university to become the national model for the engaged university. His responsibilities include anticipating trends and issues affecting higher education, providing strategic institutional leadership and planning, and ensuring sound fiscal management. These responsibilities inform the president as he oversees an executive team and management structure to lead and manage education, student life, facilities and services, financial management, health and safety, planning, fundraising, constituent development and stewardship, and athletics.
Alger plays a very public role in the life of JMU, as he represents JMU to the government of the Commonwealth of Virginia, presides at university events, serves as the principal voice of the institution, participates in fundraising and stewards JMU's many relationships.
Career Highlights and Achievements
Prior to becoming president of JMU, Alger was senior vice president and general counsel at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. As a member of the president's leadership team, Alger managed all legal affairs, provided strategic leadership, oversaw compliance, worked with government officials, and played a critical role on major initiatives involving (among many issues) diversity, governance, biomedical education, administrative restructuring, athletics, compliance, ethics, campus safety and enrollment management.
Alger had previously served as assistant general counsel at the University of Michigan, counsel for the American Association of University Professors, attorney-advisor in the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights, and as an associate in the Labor and Employment Section of the international law firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius. At the University of Michigan, Alger played a key leadership role in the university's efforts in two landmark Supreme Court cases on diversity and admissions and coordinated one of the largest amicus brief coalitions in Supreme Court history. He has since advised universities nationwide on how to build and sustain diversity initiatives and programs. At the American Association of University Professors, Alger worked with faculty members from around the country in developing and advising institutions nationally on policies, procedures and cases on issues such as academic freedom, shared governance, tenure, due process and discrimination. At the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights, he was the point person on the development and implementation of national policies involving race-conscious financial aid, racial harassment and free expression. He began his career by representing major Fortune 500 companies at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius.
Scholarship and Teaching
JMU's president is a nationally recognized scholar and speaker on higher education policy and law and has given hundreds of presentations across the United States and abroad on a wide range of topics such as access and opportunity, diversity, student and faculty recruitment and retention, management of financial challenges, student organizations, shared governance, intellectual property, leadership, and academic freedom. He has published numerous articles and has done significant editorial work for scholarly journals. He co-teaches a seminar on leadership in the JMU Honors College. At Rutgers and Michigan, he taught courses, seminars and independent studies in law, higher education and public policy, and served as a mentor and advisor to many students. He taught an honors course on higher education law for liberal arts undergraduates, as well as a seminar on diversity issues for first-year students. He has also taught interdisciplinary courses for graduate students in law, education, public policy and information.
Boards, Memberships and Service
Alger has been recognized as a leader by his peers nationally in many contexts. He currently serves on the American Council on Education Board of Directors, the Campus Compact Board of Directors, the Association of Governing Boards' Council of Presidents, the American Association of State Colleges and Universities' Council of State Representatives, and the NCAA's Infractions Appeals Committee. He is a member of the Council on Competiveness and the Council on Foreign Relations. At the state level, he serves as a member of the Virginia Business Higher Education Council and the Virginia Complete Count Commission.
President Alger is past president of the Board of Directors of the National Association of College and University Attorneys, which named him a life member in 2013. He served on the Division I Board of Directors for the National Collegiate Athletic Association from 2014-16 and served as chair of the Virginia Council of Presidents (2018-19). He has also previously served on the American Bar Association's Accreditation Committee (which oversees the accreditation of the nation's law schools), and on several accreditation site visit teams. He has also been a public member of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Advisory Council at the National Institutes of Health, which provides advice and oversight on grant applications to support biomedical research and research training activities. He has participated on national advisory boards for the Association of American Universities, College Board Access and Diversity Collaborative, American Association for the Advancement of Science Diversity Project (focused on the pipeline in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics disciplines), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation-funded Valuing Diversity initiative (aimed at health disparities and diversification of the health professions), Center for Excellence in Higher Education Law and Policy at Stetson University College of Law, and the University of Vermont's annual national conference on Legal Issues in Higher Education. He has chaired national conferences on diversity, discrimination, technology and academic freedom.
Personal History and Family
Alger was born and raised outside Rochester, N.Y. He earned his B.A. with High Honors and Phi Beta Kappa from Swarthmore College (political science major, history minor and public policy concentration), and his J.D. with Honors from Harvard Law School. His wife, Mary Ann, serves in many volunteer capacities at JMU and in the community and has a B.S. from Auburn University and an M.B.A. from the University of Miami. Her extensive business background includes experience with university technology commercialization and start-up companies. The Algers have a daughter named Eleanor (who was born in Virginia, where the Algers lived when they were first married), whose passions include reading, writing and music theater. The JMU president has sung with acclaimed choral groups that have toured internationally, made professional recordings and performed on national television. His other interests include travel, history, tennis, hiking and coin collecting. All three family members are avid college sports fans. The family is heavily involved in fundraising for charitable organizations and has been active in the community through school activities, church leadership and local theater.
Last updated: March 2019


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I did discover something which may seem obvious to you, but is worth repeating. Don't ever put block elements inside inline elements. If you do, in most cases, nothing bad will happen. If you do, watch out. It's better not to do it. Here's what the W3C spec says.
Probably many of us do it anyways and it seems to work, but it's "goVisually, they look identical, but study the HTML and you'll see that they're constructed differently.
to hell" incorrect. Block elements visually begin on a new line.
They can contain inline and other block-level elements ( div, p, ul,
etc. ). Inline elements visually don't begin on a new line. They
contain only text and other inline elements ( span, a, img, etc. ).
Take this example of the two Colas --
Block in Inline Element

Cola the Yorkie BAD

Inline containing a block element. This is bad!

Inline in Block Element
So, what's the big deal? After all, it works. Well, sort of.

Cola the Yorkie GOOD
Inline containing an inline element. This is good!
You'll need a couple of things to see what I mean. First, you'll need to run the example in Firefox 2.x or 3.x, but before you do that make sure you've installed Firebug. Now, using Firebug, inspect and edit the text "Inline containing a block element. This is bad!" that's found in the div. Just type in some additional text like "Hello world!" or just anything. Now, inspect the div. You'll notice that the text is now contained inside an anchor tag which is inside the div! What happened?
I'm not sure, but I think Firefox attempts to correct the HTML by putting an inline inside a block-level element ( here's a really good writeup on invalid markup funkiness among the browsers ). If you try the same thing ( editing the text for "Inline containing a block element. This is good!" ), you won't observe this problem. This is because the markup is correct -- we've got a block-level element containing an inline element.
So, in my real job I saw this funkiness happen. Every once in a blue moon on page refresh, the text would be found in an mysterious anchor tag creating an ugly "blown" up visual. Correcting the markup fixed this problem for good.
You might be wondering what's the difference between a block-level element (
 ) and using CSS to make an inline element a block-level element (  ).
If an element by default -- like a div -- is a block-level element then it cannot be placed inside an inline element. However, an inline element made into a block-level element via CSS can be placed inside an inline element. This is because the style that's applied is irrelevant to the correctness of the markup. In other words, styling is our stated intention for what the element should look like and that's completely separate from valid markup.
Have fun!


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This past Sunday night, my younger brother Nate and I settled onto the couch to watch the Discovery Channel's "Shark Week," continuing a tradition stretching back to family beach vacations many summers ago.
As we watched some cringe-inducing, manufactured melodrama starring some guy pointlessly risking his safety to "see what a shark might do," Nate asked me: "Have you ever wondered why there is a 'Shark Week' but not a 'Tiger Week' or a 'Wolf Week'?" Good question.
A related question is why did "Jaws" fundamentally change the collective societal psyche about venturing into the ocean for a swim, but "Anaconda" or "Piranha" will more likely induce laughter than terror? I think the answer is that no other animals evoke such a wide and deep range of emotions and reactions in people as sharks do.
I've been in tropical jungles at night and thought about jaguars, and on an African savannah and wondered about lions. But those unique experiences were only possible in certain places. On the other hand, anytime I enter the ocean, anywhere on Earth, I think about sharks.
As I float, swim or dive through the water, I am struck by how poorly adapted my senses are to being underwater. My vision is blurred, hearing is muffled, smelling is impossible, and movement is laborious, slow and awkward.
As I struggle to get comfortable in my salty surroundings, I think about how this is pretty much the opposite experience that a shark has. These murky waters — filled with electric vibrations reverberating the sounds of my herky-jerky paddling, nervous fish and the ocean swells — are their home. They could be anywhere.
For humans, sharks have a powerful allure that goes beyond the fact that some species can injure and kill us. If it were this simple, we should be more afraid being couch potatoes (odds of dying from heart disease: 1 in 3) than swimming in the ocean (odds of dying in a shark attack: 1 in 300 million). I think the allure reflects a struggle between humankind's primal fear — and love — of the world's most ancient predators. We recognize that we are out of place in their world, and thus we admire them for their power, beauty and predatory prowess.
Unfortunately, we humans can also be ruthless predators, and not even sharks have escaped our reach, as shown by the illegal shark 'massacre' in the Galapagos National Marine Park reported last week. Sharks worldwide are targets of vast overfishing to supply the enormous demand for sharkfin soup, a delicacy served at high-level social and diplomatic functions in Asia, particularly China. Tens of millions of sharks are killed annually to supply the global demand for fins and meat, as well as other products.
But there is a flip side to this dire situation. Sharks are also valuable to humans for non-consumptive reasons, and this gives hope for shark conservation efforts around the world. Opportunities for people to delve beneath the ocean's surface to share watery space with sharks are driving a global ecotourism industry valued in the tens of millions of dollars annually.
Benefits of shark ecotourism also extend throughout communities, creating revenue and jobs for local people. Put simply, live sharks are worth more money through non-consumptive uses like tourism (not to mention the benefits of healthy shark populations to marine ecosystems) than they are as one-time products for consumer markets.
A recent global assessment of shark ecotourism highlighted sites with the highest number of shark-focused ecotourism operations, as well as their economic values. All of these sites occur in countries with laws on the books that regulate shark finning. In fact, three of these countries — Maldives, Palau and Honduras, as well as another major shark tourism hub, the Bahamas — recently declared national shark sanctuaries, prohibiting all shark fishing in their waters. And in an exciting new development, a group of governments in the western Pacific Ocean announced this week that they would work toward creating the world's largest shark sanctuary that would ban shark fishing and any trade in shark fins.
Altogether, nearly 20 countries (and counting) as well as several international fisheries management organizations regulate shark fishing and/or finning within their jurisdictions. Although this means the vast majority of countries in the world have no laws protecting sharks, and the market demand for consumption of shark products rages on, these are significant victories for sharks, the oceans and the people who depend on both.
Despite the upstream swim still facing shark conservation, I agree with the cheery outlook offered this week by Juliet Eilperin; the tide is beginning to turn. The visceral connection we all feel toward sharks — whether heart-pounding fear or awe-filled respect — means that we value their existence, and we'd rather have them lurking the depths as they have for millions of years.
Even if the thought scares us a little.
Bryan Wallace is director of science and strategy for CI's Marine Flagship Species Program. To learn more about the current status of shark populations around the world, download this IUCN report (PDF–2.03 MB).


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Thailand Open / Japan Open 2005
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