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Dinosaurs exhibition guide for teachers
On this page...
An outline of what you will see in each section of Dinosaurs and highlights some of the key components.
Dinosaurs is divided into four main sections:
- Dinosaur World
- Dinosaur Life
- Discovering Dinosaurs
- Surviving Dinosaurs
The threshold area features two spectacular dinosaur specimens in a dynamic pose.
These specimens are both from Niger and are known to have interacted.
Jobaria was a sauropod. This group of dinosaurs are typically known for their large size and long necks. However, Jobaria and its closest relatives differed from other sauropods because they had relatively short necks and spoon-shaped teeth. It is one of the few sauropods known from an almost complete fossil skeleton.
Afrovenator was a large predator and may have hunted in packs. The strong, lightweight skeleton and relatively short arms of Afrovenator are typical of large theropods and suggest this species was a hunter that relied on speed and power for attack.
Section 1: Dinosaur World
... barely recognisable, dominated by reptiles, changing over millions of years. How did dinosaurs fit in?
- What is a dinosaur?
- Where and when dinosaurs lived
- Plate tectonics and the existence of supercontinents
- What other animals lived at the same time as the dinosaurs?
- Gondwana: the southern super-continent
- Australian fossil sites and specimens
What is a dinosaur?
Dinosaurs are a group of reptiles with a set of physical features that are different from those of all other reptiles. They include extinct animals we know from fossils and the birds we see today. The word 'dinosaur' means 'terrible lizard' in Greek. It was coined in 1842 by Sir Richard Owen, an English Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology.
Eoraptor was one of the first dinosaurs to appear in the fossil record and scientists agree that the first dinosaurs may also have had these features and looked something like Eoraptor. This agile two-legged dinosaur may have eaten meat, plants and insects. Its relatively small size was typical of early dinosaurs.
Meet the family
Just like a family tree shows your ancestors and present-day relatives, the evolutionary tree displayed in this section shows how dinosaurs are related to other groups of animals and to each other.
Where and when dinosaurs lived
When dinosaurs first appeared in the Middle Triassic, about 230 million years ago, they were simply another group of small reptiles in a world full of reptiles. By the end of the Triassic they dominated life on land and would for another 140 million years, till the close of the Mesozoic. Not all dinosaurs lived at the same time. Different types emerged, evolved and became extinct. One group, the birds, is still with us today.
The Mesozoic Era spanned 251 to 65 million years ago - a tiny part of the Earth's long history. This history stretches over four billion years and is known as geological time.
The large wall graphic in this section of the exhibition illustrates the changing world of the Mesozoic. Here we see, smell and feel how the landscape, vegetation and animals changed. This large wall graphic has specimens imbedded into it, peepholes to find out which dinosaurs lived in which time period and even the prevailing scent of the time.
- Late Triassic - 225 million years ago
- Middle Jurassic - 175 million years ago
- Early Cretaceous - 125 million years ago
- Late Cretaceous - 75 million years ago
Plate Tectonics and the existence of Supercontinents
The globes above the illustrations show how the continents changed position over time. This didn't only occur in the Mesozoic, but is happening right now. The Earth's crust may feel solid and stable, but it is actually a slowly moving 'jigsaw' of continental plates (that move about the same speed as your fingernails grow). These plates collide into or move away from each other, resulting in the continual creation and destruction of the crust.
What other animals lived at the same time as the dinosaurs?
Dinosaurs lived alongside a changing and diverse array of animals. Some were bizarre-looking creatures that we only know from fossils. Others were the ancestors of animals you see today. This section features many specimens that lived alongside the dinosaurs, on the land, in the air and in the water. Specimens you will see in this section include: fish, mayfly nymphs, cockroaches, dragonflies, ammonites, crabs, lobsters, turtles etc.
Pteranodon was a short-tailed pterosaur. Pterosaurs used all four limbs for flying and had relatively light bodies and hollow bones.
'Eric' the pliosaur probably lived like a modern seal, eating fish and swimming in shallow waters. 'Eric' had a small body, long neck and small head. 'Eric' was named after a Monty Python comedy sketch in which all the animals were called Eric. This important specimen was found by an opal miner in 1987.
Gondwana: the southern super-continent
At the beginning of the Mesozoic, Gondwana formed the southern part of the single continent Pangaea. When Pangaea split about 200 million years ago, Gondwana began its own isolated journey and gradual break-up into the landmasses we know today - Australia, South America, Africa, India, Madagascar, Antarctica and New Zealand.
Australian fossil sites and specimens
A highlight of this section is the reconstruction of a scene from Lightning Ridge in the Early Cretaceous. At that time, Lightning Ridge was on the edge of the Antarctic Circle. Temperatures were cool, although not as cold as the Antarctic region today, particularly in winter. Mild summers, harsh winters, long periods of darkness and remarkable animals and plants adapted to life on the edge of the polar zone.
Just as remarkable is that some of these animals and plants were preserved as rare opalised fossils. The fossils on display here are a highlight of the Australian Museum collections.
Muttaburrasaurus had an unusual skull with a bony bump on the snout. The skin over the snout may have inflated to make loud calls or could have been brightly coloured and used for display purposes. Muttaburrasaurus could have walked on two or four limbs, and probably stood on its back legs to reach food. This large plant-eater probably ate cycads, which were common at the time, and also club-mosses, ferns and podocarps. It may have lived in herds.
Section 2: Dinosaur Life
... from diet to defence, senses to sounds and pack-hunting to herding. How can we reconstruct all this from fossils?
- A life among plants
- Carnivores
- Getting around
- Lifecycles
- Predator and prey - the Winton trackway
Dinosaur Life is the largest of the four sections and includes many full- sized specimens, models and interactive activities as well as two huge wall projections recreating the environment of the dinosaurs. Visitors are encouraged to explore the methods scientists use to uncover 'how we know what we know' about dinosaurs. There are opportunities to touch specimens, compare dinosaurs to modern animals, make the sound of a dinosaur, see like a dinosaur, stand in a dinosaur footprint and much more.
A life among plants
Plant-eating dinosaurs dominated the landscape, far outnumbering their carnivorous counterparts.
One way to learn about what dinosaurs ate is by examining their teeth and jaws and comparing them to modern animals whose diets we know. There are opportunities to see a variety of different teeth and explore some questions:
- Who had teeth for grinding?
- Who had teeth for snipping?
- Who had leaf- shaped teeth?
- Who had teeth at the back but not at the front?
- Who didn't chew their food but swallowed stones to help break up their food?
What's on the menu?
Plant fossils indicate what food was available to dinosaurs. They also show how food options changed over time. Rare fossils on display reveal specific diets in ways that plants and teeth cannot. For instance, the ankylosaur Minmi was found with seeds and leaves in its gut contents, whereas twigs, berries and tough plants were found in the stomach region of a hadrosaur.
Life in a crowd
Many plant-eating dinosaurs lived, walked (and stepped on each others toes and tails), and died together. The evidence for this can be seen in communal nesting sites, bone injuries, trackways and bone-beds. What does this mean for our understanding of dinosaur life?
Psittacosaurus probably lived in social groups and cared for young. A fossil of an adult with a crèche of 34 juveniles was found in China.
We know from research that living in herds is complex. Animals need to recognise who's who, fight for social positions and compete for mates. Success at these requires strength or size, display features like horns or antlers, or adopting certain behaviours. If we can detect any of these in dinosaur fossils, it suggests they faced similar concerns - and that we need to take another look at their spikes, horns and fancy headgear.
Chasmosaurus lived in large herds. Bone-beds containing the remains of 200-300 animals have been found.
Parasaurolophus had crests that fully developed at maturity and may have varied in size depending on the sex. It is possible that this skull was male, although this is debated. It is also likely that crests helped produce distinctive sounds. These factors suggest this species lived in social groups where communication and display were important.
Helmet or headdress?
It sounds like a fancy dress party gone wrong: horns, dome-heads, crests, frills, noise, head-butting and rivalry. But they are really about using your head and some plant-eating dinosaurs excelled at it. For years we thought dinosaurs only used their head adornments for defence against predators. However, the growing evidence from fossils and modern animal behaviour has revealed they were used for much more than that. Do you think these features were more suited for surviving an attack from a predator or the complexities of life in a herd?
Stegosaurus fossils are rare and there is no evidence yet for social behaviour. They fed on ground-level ferns, cycads and seeds. Their jaw structure suggests they probably did not chew their food. The plates of Stegosaurus were most likely embedded in the skin along their back in a double-row of alternating plates. This may have helped regulate their body temperature. This species also had bony neck armour, probably for protection from sharp cycad leaves rather than from predators.
Like all ankylosaurs, Minmi had longer back legs than front legs. This moved its centre of gravity forwards, providing extra stability when assuming a defensive posture. However, its legs were longer than other ankylosaurs so it may have moved faster. It lacked the tail-club of most ankylosaurids. There is no evidence that Minmi lived in herds. Fossilised gut contents show it ate seeds and leaves of flowering plants.
Armour or amour?
Armoured skin, body spikes, plates and clubbed tails - just try to sink your teeth into that!
Stegosaurs and ankylosaurs were built for defence. The ankylosaurs took it to the extreme, with thickened skulls, fused vertebrae and compact bodies earning them the nickname 'nature's tanks'.
Interestingly, there is no evidence that either group lived in herds so reliance on self-defence makes sense. However, nothing is quite as simple as it seems. Some of these features may also have been used for mating displays, regulating body temperatures, or to help recognise others of their species.
The carnivores
These are the sharp-toothed, ferocious dinosaurs of popular imagination - the ultimate predators built purely to kill. Or are they? Collectively known as theropods, they range from bus-sized to chicken-sized, and include the outlandish parrot-faced, feathered, toothless and ostrich-like.
The teeth of meat-eaters are adapted for killing and eating specific types of animals, be they insects, fish, reptiles or mammals. We can determine the likely diet of a meat-eating dinosaur by making comparisons with living animals. Look at how the teeth of these modern carnivores differ, depending on what they eat.
Getting a sense of your prey
Modern predators such as cats, owls and wolves use their excellent vision, hearing or sense of smell to detect prey. What senses do you think dinosaurs used? Lift the flaps of the Giganotosaurus to find out how dinosaurs used their senses.
Put your head in the vision-viewer and see like a theropod (top). How is it different from the way your plant-eating prey sees (bottom)?
So just how big was T. rex's brain? For its body weight, the brain size of T. rex was comparable to many modern reptiles. A cast of the brain reveals that it had enlarged olfactory lobes, the part of the brain responsible for the sense of smell. This sense must have been important to T. rex.
The ability to overpower another animal requires a combination of strength, speed, balance and weaponry. The theropods displayed in this section have the same general body plan - powerful lightweight frames, two relatively long legs, stiff counter-balancing tails and sharp claws - for this purpose. Now take a closer look. Theropods also vary in body size, arm length, skull structure and claw shape. This suggests they used different methods to overpower prey. By looking closely at these features, and comparing them to those of modern predators, we can detect what these methods may have been. Try it yourself with the claws displayed. Can you work out which were used for killing, for catching or for subduing prey?
Velociraptor was a small and agile meat-eater. One fossil specimen from Mongolia preserves it locked in death with its prey Protoceratops. There is no evidence that it hunted in packs, although some of its close relatives did. Velociraptor had many bird-like characteristics, including long arms, feathers and a wishbone. It had a specialised claw on the second toe that it held off the ground when walking. This claw may have been used to pierce or hold on to prey.
What's for dinner?
Compare the amount of food required by a herbivore and a carnivore and remember
what goes in must come out ... so don't miss the poo pile!
Living together
Our picture of the lone predator is changing. Recent fossil discoveries suggest some lived in co-operative packs, raised their young and were probably quite social. This helps shatter the 'built purely to kill' stereotype, but creates a whole new set of questions. Were groups family-based, male- or female-dominated, or something else? Did they hunt in packs or compete for social positions and mates? Fossils, although intriguing, cannot provide clear answers. Our only insights come from living predators - which simply tell us that theropods could have interacted in any number of ways.
Giganotosaurus displaced Tyrannosaurus rex as the largest meat-eating dinosaur when its discovery was announced in 1995. Giganotosaurus possibly lived in family groups, as at least four of these dinosaurs of varying ages were found in a fossil bone-bed in Argentina.
The odd ones out
Just when you thought you could tell a meat-eater by its sharp teeth! The theropods described here have unusual features that make it difficult to determine what they ate. They include the beaked and toothless oviraptorosaurs, the ostrich-like filter-feeding ornithomimosaurs and the enigmatic therizinosaurs.
Oviraptorosaurs like Ingenia were meat-eaters with no teeth. They had relatively large heads with short, deep beaks and jaw muscles powerful enough to crush bones. They may also have eaten plants, molluscs and eggs.
Getting around
Footprints and trackways
Imagining dinosaurs in motion is to bring them truly to life. Mere fossils now become lumbering, bulky, fleet-footed, agile, four-legged, two-legged or even bird-like. How is this transformation possible? What techniques do we use to put muscles on bones and movement into skeletons? Take a walk through the evidence...
- Footprint of a large theropod
- Footprint of a small ornithopod
Skeletons and muscles
Look at living animals and you see how skeletons, and the muscles that power them, reveal varying ways of getting around. Fast animals have long limbs, light-weight skeletons and streamlined bodies. Slow animals tend to have weight-bearing legs and bulky bodies. We can find out whether a dinosaur was fast, lumbering or bird-like by comparing its fossil bones to living animals. We can also reconstruct its approximate weight, bone strength and structure and use these to determine its movement and speed capabilities.
Look at the three footprints on the floor. Could you outrun the meat-eating dinosaur that made this trackway?
Lifecycles - from go to woe
Life begins
Dinosaur life started out in a hard-shelled egg. These came in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the species, but all had shells with internal structures more similar to modern bird eggs than to those of any living reptile. Most were laid in nests of mud or hollows scooped in sand, although some sauropods appeared to lay their eggs in simple lines. Large nesting colonies have also been found, suggesting breeding was social for some species - just like many birds today.
Check out the size of this egg!
Aepyornis maximus egg. This extinct bird laid some of the largest eggs of any known animal. This egg is close to the maximum size for an egg.
Nature or nurture?
It appears that dinosaurs cared for their eggs and hatchlings in different ways, just like living animals. Some species probably left the young to fend for themselves while others used their bodies to incubate or protect their eggs. Many nested in rookeries and a few even practised communal creching with hatchlings - typical bird behaviours. Imagine a mother dinosaur regurgitating food for her young!
Maiasaura nest with eggs and hatchlings Maiasaura, whose name means 'good mother lizard', has one of the most complete records regarding eggs, embryos, nests and juveniles of any dinosaur. Evidence shows they used communal nesting grounds and tended their newly hatched young. The young also grew quickly, reaching about three metres in length after one year.
Growing up
Many dinosaurs, particularly large theropods, hadrosaurs and sauropods, probably grew very quickly during the early years of life and slowed as they reached adulthood. However, it appears they had unique growth patterns that were faster than living reptiles but slower than most mammals or birds...Compare yourself to the size of a dinosaur at birth, 5 years and fully grown, featured on the wall graphic.
Dead as a dinosaur!
In living animals, life span depends mainly on size and metabolism. For instance, reptiles with slow metabolisms tend to have longer life spans than warm-blooded birds and mammals of the same size. As evidence suggests that many dinosaurs had metabolisms more like birds, they probably did not have the same relative life spans as large reptiles. It is possible that sauropods reached 50-100 years, large theropods a bit less and smaller dinosaurs could live to about 10 or 20.
Predator and prey - the Winton trackway
We can never witness the awesome reality of a dinosaur stalking and attacking its prey. However, one fossil trackway near Winton in Queensland gives us the rare opportunity to reconstruct such a moment - to 'relive' the movement, reactions, fear and panic.
In the early 1960s a local grazier uncovered some odd-shaped footprints preserved in rock. Later excavations revealed that these footprints - over 3000 of them - were left by dinosaurs on the shore of a lake about 95 million years ago.
Look carefully at the fossil on display and decide:
- How many different kinds of prints can you see?
- Did the prey run towards or away from the predator?
- What do you think happened here?
Now watch the projection and see the story come to life.
Section 3: Discovering Dinosaurs
... from the initial discovery, to preparation, dating and putting flesh on the bones. How do science, art and chance recreate the past?
- What are fossils and where are they found?
- How do fossils form?
- How are fossils found?
- How are fossils excavated and dated?
- Dinosaur reconstruction
What are fossils and where are they found?
The word 'fossil' comes from the Latin word fossus, which means 'dug up'. This refers to the fact that fossils are the remains of past life preserved in rock, soil or amber. Generally, the remains were once the hard parts of an organism, such as bones and shell although, under exceptional circumstances, soft tissues have also fossilised. There are different types of fossils because remains can be preserved in a variety of ways. In this section you will see examples of trace fossils, mineralised fossils, impression fossils and fossils with organic material preserved.
Replacement of organic material in bone with minerals - dinosaur femur (leg bone).
How do fossils form?
For a plant or animal to become a fossil, a series of events must occur. The remains have to be buried before they completely decompose or are eaten. The conditions of burial must then be suitable for the remains to leave an impression or have their organic material replaced by minerals. Finally, the fossils must survive millions of years of pressure, uplift and erosion if they are to come back to the surface.
How are fossils found?
Fossils are mostly found where sedimentary rocks of the right age - which for dinosaurs is the Mesozoic - are exposed. The best places are river valleys, cliffs and hillsides, and human-made exposures such as quarries and road cuttings.
Background research enables scientists to locate and excavate suitable sedimentary rocks. Chance also plays a role as many fossils are found accidentally by bushwalkers, construction workers, miners and farmers.
Specimens of different rock types are displayed along with a jacketed fossil.
How are fossils excavated and dated?
Most of the time, fossils are only partially uncovered on site. They are removed individually or in blocks and often protected by plaster jackets before being taken back to a laboratory.
Fieldwork also includes preserving the context of the fossils through mapping, photographing, recording and collecting rock samples. This helps determine how and when the remains were buried, and what other animals and plants lived at the same time.
Humerus (upper forelimb) of a 75-million-year-old ceratopsian, Centrosaurus apertus, still in its plaster jacket. The fossil was excavated in Canada and covered in plaster to protect it during transport to the Australian Museum.
Dinosaur reconstruction
Dino lab
Most of what we know about dinosaurs comes from work done in the lab. It is here that the mass of information held in fossils is 'read' - a fascinating yet, at times, frustrating job that involves science and detective work and the acceptance that there are things we may never know.
This area is a replica of a working palaeontology lab where you can see a fossil slab, the tools used to excavate, the stages of excavation, microscope, computer interactives where you will have the opportunity to design your own dinosaur, reference books and more. A slide show traces the journey of our fossil slabs from the Canadian site where they were found, back to Australia.
Nigersaurus is an important discovery as it provides exciting new evidence that diplodocoids (the sauropod group it belongs to) were not completely extinct by the Late Jurassic, but survived into the Cretaceous period on southern continents like Africa. The jaws are wider than the actual skull and packed with nearly 1000 tiny teeth.
Also in this area you will find:
- a children's fossil dig - unearth and try to identify which fossils you've found
- dress-ups - try on the tail and headdress of a dinosaur
- books - find out more facts about dinosaurs
- a large wooden puzzle - put together the pieces and make a Stegosaurus.
Section 4: Surviving Dinosaurs
... icons of failure or modern success stories? What really happened 65 million years ago?
- -Living dinosaurs
- -End of an era - mass extinction
Living dinosaurs
In this section we explore the links between birds and dinosaurs.
The idea that birds evolved from dinosaurs is not new. It was first suggested in the 1860s after the famous fossil discovery of the primitive bird Archaeopteryx. Gradually falling from favour, the theory was resurrected by a series of new discoveries including spectacular feathered dinosaurs found in the 1990s. In the same way that we evolved from a mammal ancestor and are mammals, birds evolved from a dinosaur ancestor and are dinosaurs.
Discovered in the 1860s, Archaeopteryx was the first fossil evidence linking birds to dinosaurs. It had feathers like modern birds and a skeleton with features like a small non-avian dinosaur. Although it is the earliest and most primitive bird known to date, it is not considered the common ancestor of all birds.
The discovery of Sinosauropteryx prima in 1996 was one of the most important fossil finds of the century. It was the first non-avian dinosaur found with feather-like structures, providing further evidence for the link between dinosaurs and birds. Its name means 'first Chinese lizard wing'.
Modern birds, early birds and coelurosaur dinosaurs share many physical features:
- feathers
- hollow and thin-walled bones
- wishbone
- modified shoulder and forelimb enabling hands to fold against the lower arm
- modified wrist (semilunate carpal)
Check out the amazing Bambiraptor.
End of an era - mass extinction
The Mesozoic came to an abrupt end 65 million years ago in a dramatic extinction event. An estimated 70 per cent of plant and animal species perished.
Many theories have been suggested for its cause. The few that are accepted as scientifically valid are placed into two opposing groups. The 'catastrophists' believe the mass extinction happened suddenly due to a meteorite impact. The 'gradualists' consider it was prolonged and caused by climate change or volcanic activity, with the meteorite only providing the final blow.
Examine the evidence provided and decide what you think happened 65 million years ago.
- Extinction Film
- Impact layer
This rock sample from New Zealand shows the layer formed during the end-Mesozoic extinction event. Over 200 extinction layer sites around the world have produced elevated levels of the metal iridium. Iridium is rare in the Earth's crust but relatively common in meteorites.
The Wheel of Misfortune
Who survived? Who didn't? Put 'your' 'life' on the line and give the wheel a whirl!
Finding out what caused the mass extinction is one thing. How and why some groups of animals survived when others did not is another. Unfortunately, gaps in the fossil record and our knowledge about the extinction event mean we may never have all the answers. Even finding a dinosaur under a lump of meteorite only explains what happened to that individual.
A few patterns do emerge. Life in the seas was hardest hit. Many groups of land animals that were either large or warm-blooded, such as non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs and primitive birds, also suffered severe losses. Those that survived tended to live in freshwater rivers or lakes, were small, had widespread distributions or were cold-blooded.
Watch out for the escaping dinosaurs flying overhead!

subset: commoncrawl


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Louis I
Louis I, byname Louis the Pious, or the Debonair, French Louis le Pieux, or le Débonnaire, German Ludwig der Fromme, (born April 16, 778, Chasseneuil, near Poitiers, Aquitaine [now in France]—died June 20, 840, Petersau, an island in the Rhine River near Ingelheim [now in Germany]), Carolingian ruler of the Franks who succeeded his father, Charlemagne, as emperor in 814 and whose 26-year reign (the longest of any medieval emperor until Henry IV [1056–1106]) was a central and controversial stage in the Carolingian experiment to fashion a new European society. Commonly called Louis the Pious, he was known to his contemporaries by the Latin names Hludovicus or Chlodovicus, which echo the Latin name of Clovis (c. 466–511), the illustrious founder of the Merovingian dynasty. Louis was appointed king of Aquitaine in 781 and was already a seasoned 35-year-old politician and military commander when he became coemperor with Charlemagne in 813. He was the fourth monarch of the Carolingian dynasty, preceded by his father; his uncle, Carloman; and his grandfather, Pippin III, the Short.
King of Aquitaine
The vast realm Louis inherited stretched from the modern-day cities of Hamburg, Germany, in the north to Barcelona, Spain, 900 miles south, and from Nantes, France, in the west to Osnabrück, Germany, 720 miles east. The Frankish empire of the "First Europe" was actually an ethnic, linguistic, and cultural patchwork of Franks, Saxons, Bretons, Aquitanians, Spaniards, Lombards, Jews, Byzantines, Romans, Bavarians, Avars, Slavs, and other tributary peoples. Charlemagne attempted to manage his far-flung lands by establishing subkingdoms. In 781 three-year-old Louis was appointed king of Aquitaine, and he gained much valuable experience and matured greatly during the 33 years of his rule. Aquitaine was no sinecure. Incorporated into the Carolingian regime by force, Aquitaine needed watching, especially because it abutted the Spanish March, a military frontier region that had become even more dangerous after Charlemagne's abortive Spanish campaign in 778.
As king, Louis had his own palaces, chancery, treasury, and mints. He commanded military expeditions and supervised the Frankish counts, abbots, and vassals that were sent to Aquitaine. In 794 Charlemagne picked a bride for 16-year-old Louis, already the father of two children by concubines. Irmingard, the daughter of Count Ingram, whose connections with the Carolingian family stretched back to the 7th century, completed Louis's court in Aquitaine. Within 10 years the royal couple had five children. Irmingard also participated in her husband's efforts to reform monastic life, which were spearheaded by Benedict of Aniane, a Goth who had founded a monastery on his family's property. Benedict was only one of a group of southerners destined to play significant roles in Louis's reign. Claudius, a Spaniard, and Jonas, an Aquitanian, became bishops of Turin and Orleans, respectively. Helisachar, a Goth, served as Louis's chancellor and as the abbot of several monasteries. Agobard, a Spaniard, became archbishop of Lyon in 816. Not only did southerners retain close ties to Louis, but Franks who were close to him when he was the king of Aquitaine remained close to him as emperor. One of this latter group, Bego, became count of Paris. The most remarkable tie Louis forged in his youth was with Ebbo, the son of his peasant wet nurse, Himiltrude. Charlemagne gave his son's servile playmate his freedom and an education and sent Ebbo to Aquitaine to serve as Louis's librarian. In 816 Louis raised eyebrows when he appointed the former serf archbishop of Reims, the most prestigious bishopric in the Frankish empire.
The challenges of empire
The imperial title that Pope Leo III bestowed on Charlemagne on December 25, 800, was problematic. Laconic contemporary sources suggest that neither the pope nor the new emperor completely understood the meaning of the revival of the imperial office. (Tellingly, the precise term Sacrum Romanum Imperium, or "Holy Roman Empire," was not used until the mid-13th century.) After reflection, Charlemagne seems to have regarded the office as personal. In 806 he ignored the uncertainties of the imperial title when he outlined the future division of the empire among his three legitimate sons, Charles, Pippin, and Louis. On September 11, 813, with his eldest sons dead, Charlemagne bestowed the office of emperor on Louis without benefit of papal consultation or approval.
With his father's death five months later, Louis faced the task of running an empire that in Charlemagne's seventh decade had suffered from disobedience, corruption, and inefficiency. In 811 Charlemagne had revealed the deep pessimism of his last years when he had asked the leaders of his empire, "Are we indeed Christians?" The answer to that question furnished Louis with a platform for a reform agenda that began at the centre. Aachen (now in Germany), where his father had established his palace, was cleared of its prostitutes; Louis's unmarried sisters, who had consorted sexually with court palatines, were sent to monasteries. Louis also tackled wider issues. In his first year as emperor the chancery dispatched nearly 40 diplomas (legally binding written records) to all parts of the empire, nearly double the number Charlemagne had issued during his last 13 years.
In these documents and those that followed, Louis portrayed himself as emperor of the Christian people, not of various ethnic groups. In proposing a vision of Carolingian society based on the unity of the people in the body of Christ and in Christ's church, Louis crafted a sophisticated notion of empire in which religion, society, and politics coalesced. The implications of his bold design—in effect an empire that challenged regional, dynastic, and papal visions of society—were breathtaking. The blueprint for this empire, the Ordinatio imperii of 817, attempted to deal with the centrifugal realities of the regions and Louis's own family when it prescribed how to maintain the unity of the empire while dividing it among his three sons. Lothar (b. 795) became coemperor with Louis; Pippin (b. 797) and Louis the German (b. c. 804) were assigned subordinate roles as kings of Aquitaine and Bavaria, respectively. Like Charlemagne's division of 804, Louis's Ordinatio was conceived without reference to the papacy.
The historic Pactum Hludowicianum, also issued in 817, replaced the ill-defined "friendship alliance" between the Carolingians and the popes with a carefully arranged imperial-papal relationship that the emperor dominated. Louis later described the pope as his helper (adiutor) in caring for God's people. He was no less dynamic in the political realm. When Louis's nephew, King Bernard of Italy, challenged the emperor's authority in 817, Louis swiftly quashed the rebellion, blinding Bernard and exiling the other conspirators. To forestall further dynastic challenges, Louis had his half-brothers, Drogo, Hugo, and Theoderic, tonsured and placed in monasteries.
In 822 at Attigny (now in France), Louis, firmly in control of the empire, added a new dimension to medieval kingship when he performed voluntary penance for his sins. The emperor's spontaneous display of royal humility, preceded by reconciliation with his enemies, deeply impressed contemporaries. One, the anonymous author of the Life of Emperor Louis, paid his subject a high compliment when he compared Louis's actions to those of the Roman emperor Theodosius the Great.
Rebellion and recovery
Not all challenges to Louis's authority could so easily be managed. The birth of Charles in 823 to Louis's second wife, Judith, and the accommodations required by another heir provoked a crisis in the family and the empire. Reformers complained about the rampant corruption of powerful nobles who preyed on church lands and the poor. Moreover, the various ethnic and linguistic groups that resided along the empire's extensive borders required continual attention. Slovenians proved troublesome in the southeast, while in the northeast Louis was able to defuse the Danish threat when King Harald was baptized into the Christian faith with Louis as his godfather. In the west Louis campaigned personally in Brittany, where he established nominal authority. In Gascony and the chronically troublesome Pyrenees borderlands, Counts Hugo and Matfrid failed to support Louis's military efforts, and the emperor summarily stripped them of their positions. This forceful action and a growing resentment of Judith's efforts on behalf of Charles led to a palace revolt in 830. Pippin, Louis the German, and Lothar, aided by Hugo and Matfrid, sought to "free" the emperor from the tyranny of the "jezebel" Judith, but Louis's supporters, sowing discord among his elder sons, restored him to authority in October 830. The abortive coup claimed a victim, however, when the Ordinatio imperii was replaced by a new Divisio regnorum, which called for a division of the empire into four approximately equal kingdoms that were to become independent upon Louis's death, thus restoring the traditional Frankish practice of succession.
Supporters of a unified empire agitated against the Divisio, while conflict among the brothers, exacerbated by the involvement of opportunistic nobles, continued. On June 30, 833, Louis met Lothar at the so-called "Field of Lies" near Colmar in Alsace (now in France) ostensibly to settle their differences. Instead the emperor found himself facing a coalition of his three eldest sons, their supporters, and Pope Gregory IV. Leading clerics—including Agobard of Lyon and even Ebbo of Reims, Louis's childhood companion—demanded that Louis abdicate. In a humiliating ceremony, he acknowledged his crimes, removed his imperial regalia, and accepted the penalty of perpetual penance. In reaction to this mistreatment of a father by his sons, to another round of conflict between the brothers and their supporters, and to increasing violence, support soon swung back to Louis, who was orchestrating his return. When he was freed from confinement in 834, his weapons, his wife, and his youngest son were restored to him.
Emperor once again, Louis ruled energetically, bestowing key appointments on his supporters and punishing those who had betrayed him. Over the objections of Louis the German, the emperor provided for Charles. When Pippin died in 838, Louis ignored the claims of Pippin's son and granted the kingdom of Aquitaine to Charles. Lothar dedicated himself to his Italian lands and never challenged his father again. Louis rebuilt his political network by holding frequent assemblies of the lay and ecclesiastical nobility beginning in 835 and by presiding at ceremonies and ritual activities. Hunting, his favourite pastime, served him especially well in this regard. He also collected public revenue and directed successful military campaigns. In 839 the Byzantine emperor Theophilus recognized Louis as his colleague and congratulated him on his stout defense of Christendom.
Louis was buried in a late Roman sarcophagus in the monastery of Saint-Arnulf in Metz (now in France) beside his mother, Hildegard, and his sisters, Rotrud and Hildegard. Contemporaries immediately recognized the significance of his dramatic reign. Poetry and even biblical exegesis were used to interpret the political issues of Louis's reign. And after a silence of 700 years, writers suddenly were concerned again with understanding secular leadership. Louis directly and indirectly inspired a rush of thoughtful reflections on empire, dynasty, loyalty (and disloyalty), family, religion, and society that percolate in Einhard's Life of Charlemagne (814-830), Thegan's Life of Louis (836-837), an anonymous Life of Emperor Louis (840-841), Ermoldus Nigellus's Poem in Honor of Louis Augustus (mid-820s), and Nithard's Histories (841-843).John Contreni
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
France: Louis IOnly chance ensured that the empire remained united under Louis I (the Pious), the last surviving son of Charlemagne. Louis was crowned emperor in 813 by his father, who died the following year. The era of great conquests had ended, and, on the…
France: KingshipThis idea reached fruition under Louis the Pious, who understood his role as that of a Christian emperor and dispensed with the royal designations that his father included in his official title. He also redefined Carolingian relations with the pope, who crowned Louis in 816 and whose role became central…
France: MonasticismLouis the Pious, acting on the advice of St. Benedict of Aniane, imposed the Benedictine rule, which became a characteristic feature of Western monasticism. The Carolingians, however, continued the practice of having lay abbots.…
Christianity: Papal missionHis son, Louis the Pious, sent a mission to the Danes in 826, and later emperors built upon this precedent.…
Germany: The kingdom of Louis the GermanHis son Louis I (Louis the Pious) remained involved in the affairs of the German, Danish, and Slavic lands, but his primary focus was on the regions of his empire where the Romance, or proto-Romance, language was spoken. In 817, however, he issued the Ordinatio Imperii, an…


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Five Questions: Gretzky believes Kings can repeatby Dan Rosen
NHL.com will periodically be doing a series called "Five Questions With …," a Q&A with some of the key movers and shakers in the game today aimed to gain some insight into their lives and careers.
This edition features The Great One himself, Wayne Gretzky:
LAS VEGAS -- Wayne Gretzky comfortably calls himself a fan of the game and confidently says he is content with being just that for the foreseeable future.
As a fan, Gretzky watches as many National Hockey League games as he possibly can. He admires the skill, speed and toughness of today's young players. He sees them as the ambassadors of the game and believes the NHL's future is as bright as ever.
So with the spirit of his fandom in mind, NHL.com spoke with Gretzky from his fantasy camp this week to gather his thoughts and opinions on everything ranging from his potential Stanley Cup contenders to his favorite players to watch to his old team in Edmonton.
Here are Five Questions With…Wayne Gretzky:
A year ago we were here at this very camp and when I asked you for your predictions, you never mentioned the Los Angeles Kings, but you did say watch out for the New Jersey Devils. You were halfway there. So even though it's only been a little more than a week, I'll ask you again -- predictions for this season?
"I think you have to give it at least 25 games to see where everybody shakes out of the tree, but I always say you never go against the Stanley Cup champions. When you're a Stanley Cup champion, somebody has to steal it from you. Bryan Trottier told me this one time, and I'll never forget it: After they [the New York Islanders] won their first Stanley Cup, we're sitting there at the NHL luncheon in Montreal and I asked him, 'How was it winning the Cup?' He said, 'You know Wayne, it's the greatest feeling I ever had. I wish every player that plays in the NHL can experience that, but that's what makes it so special is not everybody is going to get that experience.' It's so true. That's why I always say when a team that has won, they know what it's like to do what they did and how hard you have to work. I always say the team that won last year, watch out. So L.A. is going to give it a run.
"But San Jose looks as good as good as any team I have seen. [Patrick] Marleau and [Joe] Thornton are playing with a spirit and passion that has gone to another level. Minnesota made a lot of changes and they could be a tough team. They have always been good defensively and they added firepower from the blue line in. Chicago looks as good as anybody in the West right now. In New Jersey, Marty Brodeur is a special player. He's up there with the greatest goalies to ever play. He's a unique man and age is not a factor for him. I think he'll have a tremendous year so watch out for New Jersey.
"But I think like everybody else, the New York Rangers look as real as any team I have seen this year. They seem to have everything. The one thing about that team is they work so hard and they have such a good goalie [Henrik Lundqvist], but let me tell you, this Rick Nash, he's a really good player. When you have a hard-working team like the Rangers, with guys like [Ryan] Callahan, and you bring in the most talented guy and he works as hard as those guys it goes through your room like it's infectious. That's one thing Nash does, he's a good player and he works his rear end off every day."
Who are the guys you admire in the League now, the guys you can't take your eye off of when you're watching their team play?
"I think [Sidney] Crosby is the best player and he's just really fun to watch. I really enjoy watching [Steven] Stamkos. I think Stamkos is a really special young man. He's really fun to watch and exciting.
"My favorite player over the last 10 years has been [Henrik] Zetterberg. I think Zetterberg is the best player in the game [at his age]. He's been so physically beat up from the Stanley Cup Playoffs, Olympics, all that goes with that, but he's just very special. I think he's the best Swedish player they've ever put into the National Hockey League, and there has been a lot of great ones, from [Borje] Salming to [Nicklas] Lidstrom.
"The guy that I'm a little biased about, but the guy I think has hockey sense to only Crosby and [Brad] Richards in New York is Kyle Turris. His hockey awareness and hockey sense is close to those two guys, and I consider them to have the best hockey sense in the game today. He's going to fit into that category soon."
OK, so let's talk about Turris, who doesn't fit into that category with Crosby and Richards now. You coached him in Phoenix, so you know him well. It's hockey sense and what else that makes you feel that way about him?
"I know the kid and he's a really dedicated young man. His life is hockey and he loves the game, as do all the top players. They selfishly work hard every day. But, I really see Kyle as a special player. I don't care if you're Mario Lemieux, Wayne Gretzky or Kyle Turris, if you lose a little bit of confidence and you don't get the ice time, it's tough. He went through a growing stage as a young player and in Ottawa, he's sort of turned the corner. They're giving him more ice time, more responsibility and I think he's going to be a very, very good, strong player for a number of years."
Turning to Edmonton now, why did you make a phone call to help the Oilers recruit Justin Schultz?
"I just really felt for him he was going to get the ice time in the right situation, with a good coaching staff and a good organization that is bringing young guys along. I really believed it was the right fit for him to go to Edmonton. Hopefully it works out for him."
-- Wayne Gretzky on Justin Schultz's decision to sign with Edmonton
"I think it was the right decision for the young man. Listen, when you're 22 years old, or 21 years old, your dream is to play in the National Hockey League. Once you're playing in the National Hockey League, then it's like, 'OK, I've gotta win the Stanley Cup. But your focus is first to make it, and the only way you can make it is to get ice time. I just really felt for him he was going to get the ice time in the right situation, with a good coaching staff and a good organization that is bringing young guys along. I really believed it was the right fit for him to go to Edmonton. Hopefully it works out for him."
When you look at the Oilers, you can go down the list with young, talented players. Does it remind you of something?
"People over the last six months have talked to me and tried to compare the two teams, the current Oilers versus when we played in Edmonton. Obviously with [Ryan] Nugent-Hopkins, [Taylor] Hall, [Jordan] Eberle there is that comparison to [Mark] Messier, Gretzky, [Glenn] Anderson. That's valid because they're exciting. The intangibles are everything else that is around it.
"Toughness. We had [Dave] Semenko, [Marty] McSorley, Messier, [Kevin] McClelland. Unselfishness. We had guys like Craig MacTavish, Lee Fogolin and Kevin Lowe. And we had the best goalie that ever played in Grant Fuhr. So it wasn't just the forwards, the name guys, it was the intangibles that went around it that made our group successful.
"The key for them [the current Oilers] is not so much those kids. Those kids are going to get better and be a big part of their success, but the key to them will be the intangibles around it. Can they find the leadership and the unselfishness of guys like Lee Fogolin and Kevin Lowe. Everybody loves to score goals, but we didn't need Craig MacTavish to score goals and he understood that. His job was going to be our third-line checking center, a faceoff guy, penalty kill, and he accepted that responsibility. Those guys become such a factor in the success of a team, and to me those are the intangibles they're going to need to find to go to the next level."


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Sunday, September 12, 2010
Family Memoirs: Don't Forget Your Personal Migration Stories
When I think about my own annual migration pattern it often gets me thinking about past generations and their migrations patterns. If I go on vacation to the same spot every year or visit my siblings, then maybe past generations did the same.
In my mind I am shifting from thinking about the big historic lifetime migrations, say out of New England to the West, to the smaller annual migrations families make. Much can be learned by looking at the annual migrations patterns.
In our own lives our we often overlook our own migration patterns as unimportant. It's just a vacation or visit after all. However, future generations may wonder why did you go to Montreal every year? Without a family connection they may be left wondering.
For instance, my great grandfather, Seeber Edwards, lived his whole adult life in Providence, Rhode Island. Yet I know that he was born on a farm in Glen, Montgomery County, New York. A number of his siblings continued to live out their lives in Glen. I also know that he purchased property in Port St. Lucie, Florida. Whether it was just land or a property with a house on it, I don't know. With this information I can reconstruct that his annual migration patterns may have included one or two of these locations.
Each generation has different migration patterns. My father was raised in a different state than I was. His connections were different too. With the frequency that people move these days, personal migration patterns can change every decade or perhaps even less.
Write Your Story Now
Do your children, grandchildren and descendants a favor and write a brief description of the migration patterns so far in your own life. Let them know why you spent a week in a cottage in Maine every summer. Or stopped to feed the ducks every year at a certain pond in Rhode Island. For that matter, let them know you that you attended the county fair each year.
If you can, write down your parents' migration patterns too. Or better yet, if they are still around, ask them to write it!
Get writing folks! Don't leave your history to public records that may be closed or lost in a digital catastrophe. Give your descendants their own history book to learn from.
3 comments:
Great ideas, Marian! I'm one of those who advocates writing *anything* so our descendants can get a feel for us and *who we were*; yet, I haven't written regularly, shame on me. You give inspiration!ReplyDelete
Great idea! Even my living relative wonder why we go out to Colorado every year - what will future generations think...if they even know. I know that my Mom's family took many vacations - think I'll talk to her more about those.ReplyDelete
- Lauren RichardsonSeptember 12, 2010 at 5:21 PM
Marian, I've thought for years that my descendants were going to go insane trying to follow my grandparents, parents and then my own family through our "migrations" with all the times I have moved. I've tried to leave a good trail of bread crumbs...maybe they will be able to follow...especially if I write down some of it so they have clues!ReplyDelete


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by TOM FABIA
TOM FABIATom Fabia is a french artist living in the south of France. His parents are both artists and he chose to follow their lead. Tom's focus as a photographer is mainly with landscapes. He uses these stunning environments to carry the viewer away on a journey far from reality.
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Posted by Editoress on 08/1/09
Round seven of the 4-Cross series of the Nissan UCI Mountain Bike World Cup presented by Shimano offered spectators the most exciting evening of racing of the entire year. Bromont, Quebec in Canada was selected as the top 4-Cross World Cup of 2008, and organizers wisely decided not to mess around too much with the course. Crashes and upsets featured in every heat, and neither of the World Cup leaders won their respective events. Instead, Fionn Griffiths (Norco) took her second win of the season and Joost Wichman of the Netherlands took his third. Both moved into second in the overall standings behind leaders Anneke Beerten (Suspension Center) and Jared Graves (Yeti Fox Shox).
The women's race saw perennial rivals Beerten and Jill Kintner of the United States move through to the Final, with Griffiths and Joanna Petterson (South Africa) joining them. In the Final, Kintner and Beerten tangled in the first corner, while Griffiths sneaked through ahead of them to take the win. Beerten managed to recover for second, with Kintner third. The result solidified Beerten's lead in the overall standings at 480 points, but Griffiths has now moved up to join Kintner in second place, with both at 400 points.
"It was a hard course, with the corners being really square," commented Griffiths. "Basically, whoever went into the first corner in first place had a problem, so I hung back a bit behind Jill and was then able to get out in front. After that, I just concentrated on riding down cleanly and not crashing."
Canada had one entry to the women's 4-Cross - locally based Anne Laplante – who finished 12th after going up against Kintner in the first round.
For the men, the top-seeded riders began to fall out of contention in the first round. World Cup leader Graves went out in the first round after crashing in the second corner. Number one qualifier Romain Saladini (Team Sunn) crashed out in the second round, as did Roger Rinderknecht (GT Bicycles), who was second in the World Cup rankings and world champion Rafael Alvarez de Lara Lucas (Specialized Factory Team). In the semi-finals it was the Czech rider Tomas Slavik who went down. This left Wichman, Dan Atherton (Animal-Commencal), Czech rider Michal Prokop and a newcomer to 4-Cross: American Junior rider Mitch Ropelato for the final. Wichman managed to get away early and miss the horrific crash that took down the other three riders, to coast in for the win. Ropelato was up first and took silver, while Atherton limped in for third ahead of Prokop. Both Atherton and Prokop were clearly injured, with the Atherton favouring his shoulder on the podium. Graves has already mathematically won the World Cup title, and Wichman now holds a 115 point lead over Rinderknecht going into the final round in Schladming, Austria after the world championships.
"There were so many corners, and whoever was first into the first corner had a problem," explained Wichman. "The best line was always the inside one, but that gave you problems in the next corner, so it was very difficult to ride it cleanly. In the Final, I heard the crash behind me, but I didn't look back, I just kept going because I wasn't sure who was chasing me. I think this puts me in a pretty good position for second overall."
Canadian champion Hans Lambert (Norco) did not start the 4-Cross after his crash in the Downhill earlier in the day. Matt Zdriluk finished 20th after going out in the first round.
1 Fionn Griffiths (GBr) Norco World Team
2 Anneke Beerten (Ned) Suspension Center
3 Jill Kintner (USA) Red Bull/Intense/Crankbrothers
4 Joanna Petterson (RSA)
1 Joost Wichman (Ned)
2 Mitch Ropelato (USA)
3 Dan Atherton (GBr) Animal Commencal
4 Michal Prokop (Cze) Author
5 Quentin Derbier (Fra)
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New Report Ranks the Biggest Cities
Large amounts of parkland in cities is important, but equally vital is to have parks which are nearby and easily accessible to residents, according to the latest report by The Trust for Public Land (TPL).
In seven of the nation's largest cities — New York, Chicago, Boston, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. — nine out of 10 residents live within a one-half mile walk to a park, according to the report.
The annual City Parks Facts report, now available at http://cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ccpe-cityparkfacts-2012.pdf is the nation's most complete compilation of data about urban parks. It is collected annually by TPL's Center for City Park Excellence.
"It is not enough for a city to have a lot of park land if it can't be easily reached," said Peter Harnik, CCPE Director. "These seven cities are among the best because they have parks which almost everyone can access."
The absolute amount of urban parkland is also significant, and among the cities with the largest park acreage are Jacksonville, Houston, Phoenix, San Diego and Los Angeles. (First place goes to Anchorage, which contains gigantic Chugach State Park within its municipal border.)
But some cities, even those with a lot of parkland, are not laid out so that the land is well-located for residents' easy access. These places include Charlotte, Jacksonville, Louisville, and Indianapolis.
"With electronic communications making work and workers increasingly mobile, choosing where to live may be based on quality of life factors, such as parks," said Adrian Benepe, senior vice president and director of city park development for The Trust for Public Land. "Parks and playgrounds and recreation facilities are linchpins of quality of life in most cities."
In addition, City Park Facts 2012 tracks numerous comparative statistics, such as:
- Spending on parks: leaders include Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Seattle, Cincinnati and Minneapolis
- Acres of parkland per capita: leaders in the different population density groups are Anchorage, Fremont, Calif., San Jose, and Oakland.
- Number of ball diamonds per capita: leaders are St. Paul, Minn. (5.4 for every 10,000 residents), Minneapolis (5.1), Scottsdale, Ariz. (4.2), and Pittsburgh (4.2).
- Number of off-leash dog parks per capita: Portland, Ore. (5.5 for every 100,000 residents), Norfolk (4.9), Las Vegas (4.3), Madison, Wis. (3.4)
- Number of skateboard parks per capita: leaders are Chula Vista, Calif. (2.9 for every 100,000 residents), Colorado Springs (1.9), and Reno, Nev. (1.8).
- Number of employees per capita: leaders are Seattle, Virginia Beach, Va., St. Petersburg, Fla., and Tampa.
- Largest municipally-owned parks: South Mountain Preserve (16,094 acres) in Phoenix, McDowell Sonoran Preserve (16,000) in Scottsdale, Ariz., Cullen Park (9,270) in Houston
- Oldest parks in the 100 largest cities: Boston Common, Boston (1634), Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia (1682), Battery Park, New York (1686), Military Park, Newark, N.J. (1697).
- City parks with the most visitors: Central Park, New York (37.5 million), Lincoln Park, Chicago (20 million), Mission Bay Park, San Diego (16.5 million).
- City Park Agencies that own the most land outside the city limits: Denver (14,221 acres), Albuquerque (10,884), Colorado Springs (6,811).
These and more are available in the report or in separately downloadable PDF and Excel files at http://cityparksurvey.tpl.org/reports. There is no charge for any of this information.
Earlier this year, TPL launched its ParkScore project, which ranks the park systems of the nation's 40 largest cities. Using computerized mapping technology plus some data from City Park Facts, TPL gave highest rankings (4.5 "Park Benches" out of 5) to San Francisco and Sacramento. (To see the full rankings, click here: https://cityparksblog.org/2012/05/23/what-is-your-citys-parkscore)
Filed under: uncategorized | Tagged: City Park Facts, park statistics, urban land |


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The Queen of Versailles
Billionaires Jackie and David's rags-to-riches story to uncover the innate virtues and flaws of the American dream. We open on the triumphant construction of the biggest house in America, a... View more >
Starring David Siegel, Jackie Siegel
Genre - Documentary
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Opened in Theaters - Friday, July 20th, 2012
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PKRA News:
Day 3 - Trials Commence & Suspense Builds
On day three, the Noumea region experienced a distinct weather transition, allowing the trials to commence and the action to begin. While this only lasted for a brief period, it looks to be the start of good things to come, with strong wind expected soon.
While the day began as what seemed to be another lay day, the breeze picked up around 2pm, at which time, riders started to prepare for the first trial heats of the REEF Kitesurf Pro. Beginning officially at 3:45, competitors put up their 10-15meter kites and entered the water.
The wind made an appearance; however, only long enough to carry out the first four trial heats. Seasoned PKRA competitors such as Ewan Jaspan (AUS), Victor Hays (FRA), Michael Schitzhoffer (AUT), and Mario Rodwald (GER), advanced with ease into the main event with first place finishes, while local riders, Michael Dinclaux, Terai Orava, Quentin Valesa, and Sebastian Nguyen advanced as well. Now, two heats left in the first round will leave six riders to fight for the remaining 3 spots open for the main event.
With the forecast now improving, the focus is clearly shifting to the 2012 world titles, and at this high level of competition, it remains incredibly difficult to say just who will have the advantage.
The contenders for the men's title will need to leverage the strengths of their individual riding styles to impress the judges in order to score higher. Alex Pastor (ESP) will need to execute his best tricks, combining power and variety with grabs - exemplifying the textbook execution that he is known for. Youri Zoon (NED), on the other hand, will need to leverage his big, aggressive riding style and raw power to put himself ahead of his competitors.
The women's contenders are no different, as Bruna Kajiya's (BRA) strong execution of technical tricks will need to differentiate her from her competitor Gisela Pulido (ESP), who's consistent repertoire of tricks will need to be executed superior to those of her competitors. Karolina Winkowska (POL) too, will need to maintain her consistency that she demonstrated in the last two events by landing her solid variety of powered wakestyle moves, if she wants to earn top placement.
Each rider has his/her own unique riding style, and in the top 5, this couldn't be more evident than in the battle for 3rd place between Alberto Rondina (ITA) and Kevin Langeree (NED). Alberto's style showcases his polished versatility with many switch tricks and toe-side moves such as his Moby Dick 5. Kevin's go big style and trademark one-handed tricks are what really set him apart from his competitors. PKRA judging criteria is the same for everyone and is decided by the riders throughout each tour season. It is ultimately up to the rider's execution and interpretation of the tricks to set them apart in the eyes of the judges.
As in any event, the conditions may favor certain competitors. The perfect flat-water conditions present at the event site will give those riders who have been training during the mid-season break in flat-water spots a definite advantage. Also, with the somewhat unpredictable wind forecast, it is basically a guessing game as to who will be better suited or accustomed to the wind conditions in the heat - thus kite size will remain an important factor.
When asked about strategy, Bruna revealed, "I think that you have to go into a competition believing that you are going to win, it is the right mindset. My way all the way to the semi finals is pretty mellow, but once I get to the semi-finals with Karolina and then Gisela, I just have to go, no holding back, and just go for it".
As is apparent, this final competition is just as much about physical abilities and talent as it is a mental game of preparation and confidence. With the ultimate prize on the line – the World Championship title, there is no telling what surprises the next days will bring. The biggest event of the year is now on deck, and it's anyone's game.
Over the next several days, keep in tune with the event as it happens at www.live.prokiteour.com via the live stream.


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MILLEDGEVILLE, Ga. – The Georgia College men's basketball program and head coach Terry Sellers announced the signing of Will Clifton Tuesday.
Clifton, a 6-foot-4 guard, comes to Georgia College from Wesleyan in Norcross, Ga. where he played under head coach Ryan Hodges. Clifton led all scorers in Gwinnett County this past season, netting 20.3 points per game. He also averaged 4.7 rebounds and 2.5 assists.
"We started recruiting Will while he was playing AAU for the Atlanta All-Stars under coach Ben Miller," said Sellers. "He is an outstanding shooter with good size. Will is a great fit academically and athletically here at Georgia College and we are excited he decided to join our program."
Clifton was named All-Region 7-AA both his junior and senior seasons. This past season, He was named to the Atlanta Journal Constitution AA All-State Team. He scored 1,031 points in his high school career.
The Bobcats battled through the 2012-13 season, a 9-17 year with a 5-14 conference mark. Senior forward Scott Ferguson earned a slot on the All-Peach Belt Conference (PBC) Third Team. Georgia College finished the season third in the PBC in fewest turnovers per game (11.3) and second in defending the three-point shot (.306). Sellers picked up his 200th PBC win this season, his 20th at the helm of Bobcat basketball.
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, two-time winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 11 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at @GCBobcats on Twitter and Facebook for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information, and to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GC Athletics Hall of Fame.


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sleith necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 91 diseños de 19 diseñadores freelance.
My Goal Friend
Have you ever felt like nobody was listening or cared when you wanted to talk about or reach your goals??? Were you surrounded by Dream Stealers??
Well http://www.MyGoalFriend.com is going to solve that problem.
MGF will inspire, teach and support others to go for their goals. (health & fitness, financial, business / career, family & friends, spirituality & mental well being etc)
• To provide a safe online and possibly offline community where people can voice their goals.
• To provide a place where people can celebrate their triumphs, and also not fear being persecuted for any possible set backs.
• To provide accountability partners where needed.
No matter how big or small the goal, we are there to guide and support you - as well as celebrating your goals when you get there (or the steps on the way).
• 30-50 yr old female
• Unhappy with her current situation in some way (health, money, love, business etc)
• Knows she wants to improve so is looking for training, information etc
• Is committed to bettering her situation, but is unsure how to
• Has a personality that needs a bit of support, and feels this support is lacking in her life
• Has heard about goal setting or has used it in the past, and wants to really set and achieve some strategic life changing goals
• Would like her hand held while she did it
• Possibly needs an accountability partner to stay on track
• Needs guidance to set SMART goals
• Finds listening to other peoples stories a great motivator
• Is a bit of a 'searcher'
• Is into technology and the internet as a tool
• Wants goal friends, not dream stealers in her life
• Would like to feel part of a community
The MGF brand will be shown in various places including (but not limited to):
Website - Membership site launching with a teleseminar series in November.
YouTube - videos from members about their story.
Facebook / Twitter (other applicable social media)
Possible offline meetings and training.
Speaking events.
Branded merchandise.
So it needs to look good in various sizes in colour as well as black and white simple written material.
The words My Goal Friend need to be included in the logo.
I won't post any examples of logos I like, as I'm really not leaning any one way with this - inspire me please.
However, the inspiration for the colours comes from the attached image. Opal / peacock colours like teal, purple, hot pink etc.
I want the logo to feel friendly and chatty but still professional / a little elegant.
I think we need to include an emphasis on the people aspect of MGF so people don't get confused with the sports goal.
The files we will require are:
Print file format - .ai (CMYK)
Web file format - .jpg and layered .psd (RGB)
Please do not use any stock images or clip art in the logo
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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text: I have been buying yardage of the Moda wildlife prints for about 2 years now. I think I have about all of them - some pieces larger than others. I've bought them because they "just appeal to me" but now I am stuck. I have googled and looked and cannot find a pattern that grabs me and says "this is the one to use for these beautiful fabrics". Any suggestions? I appreciate any help you can give me. I read the board every day and see so many beautiful things. Thanks for all of your inspiration. Have a great day. Sue


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European citizens are major banana consumers, making the European Union (EU) the world's biggest importer of bananas from Latin America (nearly 70%) and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries (around 19%). The EU's own production of bananas amounts to around 11%.
Part of the common organisation of agricultural markets, the EU contributes to a fair standard of living for EU banana producers through measures such as direct payments.
Banana imports to the European Union
Since 1 January 2006, the European Union has applied an import regime on bananas based on customs (known as a "tariff-only" regime) EU tariffs – market access database. Many countries around the world rely heavily on banana production and exports to boost their economies, and the EU's import regime is designed to ensure market access for these developing countries at the same time as supporting European banana producers.
In addition, the EU has concluded specific agreements with various Latin American countries, the USA and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries:
- The 2009 Geneva agreement on trade in bananas is an agreement between the EU and certain Latin American countries, granting then "most favoured nation" status. It also covers the United States. Under the terms of this agreement, the EU is committed to gradually cutting import tariffs on bananas from these countries from €176/t to €114 /t, by 2019 at the latest.
More: Import tariff database
- Free trade agreements including a stabilisation mechanism
Since 2009, most of the major banana producers in Latin American have also signed free trade agreements with the EU: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Panama, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador. These agreements provide for a gradual reduction of the import duty for bananas from these countries down to € 75/t as of 1 January 2020. They also include a so-called 'stabilisation mechanism' that allows the EU, if it chooses to do so, to temporarily suspend the preferential tariffs when imports exceed pre-defined trigger levels and cause a serious disturbance on the EU banana market. These stabilisation mechanisms apply until the end of 2019, when the import duty will be set permanently at €75/t.
- Economic partnership agreements with ACP countries
A range of economic partnership agreements grant African, Caribbean and Pacific banana suppliers duty- and quota-free access to the European Union market.
More: EU trade policy and ACP countries and EPAs in a nutshell.
Market surveillance
The European Commission supervises closely developments on the banana market, monitoring the impact of decisions on prices and trade flows and regularly analysing the market. Effective market surveillance contributes to the prevention of market disturbances.
Up-to-date information on the EU banana market is available via a database, and is updated daily for countries covered by the stabilisation mechanism and weekly for all other countries. The Commission also publishes a banana market report which is updated three times a year.
More information
EU relations with developing countries


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Trafalgar Road Birkdale Southport Lancashire PR8 2HF View with Google Maps
This website is part of the Pitchero Cricket network. Create your own free Cricket club website with Pitchero.
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Steadily running 10k at least five times per week and enjoying it
After 7 years of running on minimalistic shoes, I decided to slow down a little in exchange for higher mileage and frequency, going from 20 miles (32 km) to 35 miles per week (56 km). The first few runs were kind of challenging as I immediately felt the weight of the shoes (compared to Merrell Trail Gloves and Vibram 5 Fingers)...but after easily being able to run beyond the 4 mile mark (6.4 km) while maintaining a decent pace and my feet not feeling tired, I just kept going farther and only stopping because I need time to shower, eat breakfast and get ready for work. After one month, I logged 150 miles (240 km)...now moving towards month # 2 and they keep feeling great, especially now that it's colder in the East Coast. On days that I have minimum time for run, I can still push hard and run 5K in about 20 - 22 minutes without being afraid of pulling my calves or getting injured. As I just entered my 40s, I think the Cloud Flyer Water Proof is making me feel like if I'm as fast as I was in my 30s but I can run farther and better while enjoying the miles I log on them. I love the color and style, hope On comes up with a Black/Grey only Cloud Flyer (like the all black Cloud) for the hot summer months, as I think these ones (water proof version) are good for fall, winter and early spring, not so sure about the hot and humid months of the US East Coast.


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European Commission
Brussels, 20 July 2012
FAQ: Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) - role and achievements
What is RASFF?
Launched in 1979, the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) is primarily a tool to exchange information between competent authorities on consignments of food and feed in cases where a risk to human health has been identified and measures have been taken. Measures include: withholding, recalling, seizing or rejecting products. This rapid exchange of information allows all Member States, in real time, to check whether they are also affected and if urgent action is needed. If a risky food or feed product is already on the market and should not be consumed, the Member States' authorities have the power to take an array of emergency measures, including giving direct information to the public.
Why do we need RASFF?
RASFF is a concrete and visible result of European integration. The quick exchange of information among public health authorities linked to RASFF on food and feed related risks ensures coordinated, coherent and simultaneous actions by all RASFF members which benefits consumer safety as a whole.
Consumers can also get access to an online database allowing them to see information relating to RASFF notifications at the latest 24 hours after their transmission into the RASFF network. Thanks to the work carried out by RASFF and depending on different technical and scientific criteria such as nature, seriousness and extent of the risk, public health authorities can take appropriate steps to inform the general public of the nature of the risk, type of food or feed involved and the measures taken to prevent, reduce or eliminate that risk.
How does RASFF work in practice?
First the problem is notified by the member of the network who has information relating to the existence of a serious direct or indirect risk to human health deriving from food or feed. This information is immediately notified to the Commission through RASFF who in turn immediately transmits to the other members of the network.
Member States use a common template to provide all relevant and useful information including:
Once the information is received, other Member States will check to see if they are concerned. If the product is on their market they will be able to trace it using the information in the notification. They will report back on what they have found and what measures they have taken. In case of products produced in the EU, the Member State where the product originates will also report on the outcome of its investigations into the origin, distribution and cause of the problem identified. This allows other Member States to take rapid action if needed.
Who are the members of the RASFF system?
The RASFF network includes: all EU Member States, EEA countries (Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland), the EFTA Secretariat coordinating the input from the EEA countries, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Commission as the manager of the system. Following an agreement that came into force on 1 January 2009, Switzerland is a partial member of the system as far as border rejections of product of animal origin are concerned. Croatia as from 2013 will become a new member of RASFF when they become a full member of the EU.
What are the criteria for sending a notification via RASFF?
Member States must immediately notify the Commission via RASFF when they take action to avoid risk to human health linked to food and feed.
The specific criteria for notification set out in the legislation1 are as follows:
What are the main findings of the RASFF annual report 2011?
In 2011, 9157 notifications in RASFF related to non-compliances with EU food legislation were reported, of which 617 concerned serious risks. Most of the notifications were follow-up (5345) rather than new (3812) notifications. This reflects an increased effectiveness in the system with better targeting and more extensive follow-up. Out of the 3812 original notifications: 3139 concerned food, 361 concerned feed and 312 concerned food contact materials.
These data back our robust EU food safety policy of strengthening border controls for food of non-animal origin. 2011 saw an increase in follow-up notifications. This continuing trend shows that the efficiency of RASFF is ever increasing in providing authorities rapidly with information they need to withdraw unsafe products from the market.
Does the overall increase in notifications mean that our food is less safe?
No. The increase in so-called follow-up notifications means that RASFF is used more intensively to follow up on reported problems. As such, these problems will be solved more rapidly and measures will be put in place to prevent them from happening again. The increase in notifications for products on the market and in particular for border rejections shows that more targeted controls are carried out for products which were previously reported or which are suspect of posing a risk. This actually means that the food consumed by all EU citizens is safer than ever. We are continuously improving our system and our food safety levels.
What is covered by the top notifications?
At what stage is the public informed and who informs them?
Information about RASFF notifications can be consulted through the RASFF Portal database which offers a wide range of search parameters. The RASFF Portal database does however not allow worried consumers to identify in full those notifications concerning products that they should not consume. They should rely on information from the national authorities for that. The public should also be aware that RASFF notifications are issued for specific batches of product where a risk was identified. Often such risk may be present in one batch, but not in the other and may have entered the product despite of the good care taken by the business operator.
Who has what powers to take action when a problem is detected?
When a problem is detected, it is the task of the national food and feed authorities to take the necessary action. This includes any action necessary to immediately eliminate the risk but also to prevent a similar risk reoccurring. A whole range of actions are carried out and reported back through RASFF: withdrawal or recall of the products and their possible destruction, information to the public, re-dispatch to origin etc. If there is a need for emergency (safeguard) measures at EU level, the Commission and Member States can decide upon these measures using a rapid procedure. Such measures are binding with immediate effect on all Member States.
What was the role played by the RASFF in the E-coli outbreak of 2011?
In 2011, the EU experienced one of the most serious food-borne outbreaks in its history with more than 50 casualties, mainly in Germany. Despite its serious consequences, the existence of RASFF, arguably, played an important role in mitigating the impact of the e-coli outbreak.
During that period, a taskforce of specialists worked around the clock and thanks to their tireless work, the food that had caused the outbreak was identified down to the lot number of an imported consignment.
Lessons have been learned: one of the future challenges is how to handle food crisis communication when several actors are involved in order not to create any unnecessary panic. Other lessons relate to improving the way different networks and warning systems interact and focus on emerging risks. With this in mind, iRASFF, an online notification platform was launched in 2011 which will provide to a faster and more efficient RASFF.
Have safety concerns linked to Fukushima and E-coli been resolved?
Fukushima: A substantial review of the existing measures is foreseen before 31 October 2012. Based on the most recent control results (results of sampling controls for the new growing season from March 2012 onwards) will be examined in this review. If the number of prefectures where a testing of all feed and food originating from those prefectures is required before export to the EU can be reduced and if the measures are to be applied to specific feed and foods of concern instead of currently all feed and food (with a few exceptions).
E. coli: The Commission also published today a document on the lessons learned from the 2011 outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 in sprouted seeds. The document refers to actions taken to ensure that similar outbreaks are avoided or at least mitigated as regards public health and economic impact. The actions include strengthening of hygiene and control at production and import of (seed) sprouts, training of Member State competent authorities and major trade partners and a revision of safety of all food of non-animal origin. Crisis management and communication procedures are reviewed including internal operational standards and the creation of an EU network of risk communicators for food safety.
RASFF - Breakdown by Member State (country of origin) of top 5 most notified product category/hazard combination
Article 50 of Regulation (EC) N° 178/2002, OJ L 60, 1.3.2002, p. 70–80
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