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Digital Web Article PostedAugust 06, 2003
In Defense of Fahrner Image Replacement, my first article for Digital Web Magazine has been published. Feel free to discuss in the comments.
Particularily good comments in the past 24 hours:
#6 — "Most browsers are configured not to print background images, so your headers may come out blank in the print (this is also true of people who surf the web with images disabled in their browser). The first can be solved with a print stylesheet (does IE5/Windows support these?) but the second is a bit nasty." — Simon Willison
#12 (on a new FIR variant) — "The best part is that this technique works in JAWS (tested, and approved), and there is no additional hacks or markup needed in your HTML or your CSS. The text-indent takes care of it all." — Mike
#25 — "Regarding the recipe example: the first person I thought about on the accessibility side was not the blind user who is read to, but the low vision user who may be using a visual browser and text zoom" — Ed Nixon
#33 — "There are a significant number of people who for good reason surf without images. The primary reason is just download speeds over slow connections (which I hear quite a bit from English and other European surfers) and the over abundance of images on the web. Then there's privacy concerns, filtering, and lastly those people who can't take advantage of visual media." — Michael
#39 (on solving real-world problems before the theoretical) — "What's the point of discussing which materials to use for building homes on Mars if we did not yet figure out how to get there in the first place?" — Didier Hilhorst
#42 — "…let's just say that JAWS and Windows Eyes are currently the top two screen reading applications on the market. As having a near monopoly, they are free to to handle things just about however they want. […] Getting their software to play ball with CSS is *way* at the bottom of their list, and that is a problem." — Nic
#53 — "I'm posting this comment from Lynx right now. It's a beautiful thing when even a text-only browser has full access to my site, and it's actually usable." — me
Reader Comments
Congratulations, Dave — an excellent read.
Great article Dave, I think you did a good job of raising all the relevant issues and consequences of using the technique. Its often tempting to just dive head first into something new without considering the outcome (i've been guilty of that)… also very surreal reading my name in print ;)
This is what I've been wondering about: has the W3C published anything that might clarify how a screen reader User-Agent should ideally behave? The kinds of CSS it *should* use or ignore?
"As long as you are responsible in your usage, make sure your media types are safe…"
Speaking of "safe media types" has there been a verdict on CSS Zen Garden or are you still mulling it over?
Still thinking.
Tantek himself dropped by to point out that technically, the validator is in error for listing the box model hack as an error. So in principle, I could re-instate screen media and we'd be cool. Except that a lot of the CSS files would break when validated, and people using the Garden as a learning tool will be left scratching their heads. Best not to over-complicate this.
When we factor in that FIR is getting better and better, and the spans are becoming less and less relevant, and that the media thing might not be a problem much longer… there's a whole laundry list of things that we could change now that we know better.
As I say in the text which nobody bothers reading anymore, "One day this gallery will be a historical curiosity; that day is not today." — the code will slowly deprecate over time, and in a year it will look horrible. But right now it's still pretty damn good, all things considered.
Oh, best resource I can point you to off the top of my head for what screen readers should be using — CSS2 spec: media types. Not very comprehensive, so there probably exists a better guide somewhere.
congradulations, dave! very nicely written and a good read, too :)
/bookmarks to blog later
ed… I think the answer to your problem is to use em's when possible to size the content. That way when the user uses the built in CTRL+ or CTRL-Scroll ZOOM for the browser the text sizes up as well as the boxes and the images. I've done this successfully on a prototype site I've been working on but haven't yet tested it in the older browsers.
Another solution maybe similar to the "skip to" links… provide some way at the beginning of the content to swap themes to something more obviously to the persons liking.
I might get flamed for posting this but well I just needed to add my two cents.
What is this rambling about images off and CSS on? Seriously? Who in the world is going to do this? See I'm smart enough to get the point and… in theory people that bring up this argument have the right to do so and may have a point.
But I'm a designer and not a coder. All these statements are great for the record but they're just not usable. Somehow I feel that we always end up in an endless discussion of exceptions that make up a very small minority. I know that accessibility is important and I'm willing to support it. However, not at all costs.
Sometimes I feel like I'm the only one who's thinking along these lines. It makes me think of that post where Zeldman got flamed because he used tables on some of his commercial work. Come on guys. Let's get real. I'm looking for things that work and look good.
We have to take care of all sorts of things when designing a site; from visual aspects, usability, accessibility to more. Those people that are trying to ban any form of visual art from the web: use Lynx and don't complain. Why do you think CSS based design has not yet taken off among the best designers around? Because they like their art and in most cases they're certainly do not like to compromise. That's why flash got popular. No strings attached. Don't have the plug-in? Too bad.
Is this good? Probably not. But it's how things work. Designers mainly have visual skills, so logically they do not take into account persons that are blind are have bad eyesight. Have you ever seen an artist think of blind people (or limited vision) when painting? I did not.
Does this mean that blind people do not have the right to experience paintings? Of course not! Different projects try to solve this (challenging) task.
My point is that we should reach a golden mean (as Dave does mention in his article, allbeit in slightly different words). The CSS Zen Garden is a step in the right direction and is a fantastic resource. It proves that designers do not have to fear CSS but embrace it! Before we talk about exceptions let's talk about all that old rubbish and other spacer.gifs that are around. Because right now 99% of the web is not accessible. No turned off images or CSS are going to change that. Amen!
"I think the answer to your problem is to use em's when possible to size the content. That way when the user uses the built in CTRL+ or CTRL-Scroll ZOOM for the browser the text sizes up as well as the boxes and the images."
Tecnhically speaking, Opera's zoom feature (everything gets bigger–not just text) is what the W3C favours so …if I weren't so lazy I would dig up the reference…
"What is this rambling about images off and CSS on? Seriously? Who in the world is going to do this?"
It does seem like a very rare circumstance. However, if you are a blind person I think you might turn images off since they do you no benefit and pages will load up faster as a result. CSS usually isn't something you can turn off completely in a browser (except Netscape 4) that I'm aware of.
I have a comment and a question.
First, I think that CSS-3 will let you do this:
h1 { content:url("logo.png"); width:x; height:x; }
That should solve every problem with screen readers and IE 5.5 and below, but most browsers will need to support CSS-3 before this becomes usable.
Maybe FIR can be combined with this CSS-3 code somehow to make things more accessable. Something like:
h1 { width:x; height:x; background:x; }
h1 span { content:""; }
Well, a lot of work needs to be done to that code, but that may be a start.
Second, what's the sin involved in simply putting an img tag inside a h1? It's valid, and people with disabled images, screen readers, and even Google will all get the alt text.
Didier: good points but a little off.
There are a significant number of people who for good reason surf without images. The primary reason is just download speeds over slow connections (which I hear quite a bit from English and other European surfers) and the over abundance of images on the web. Then there's privacy concerns, filtering, and lastly those people who can't take advantage of visual media.
It is difficult to catch everyone. Most people and most businesses are unwilling to attempt it because it seems so insurmountable. Mostly because they can't find that "golden mean" that balance for how exactly you connect with people. Too often the attempt is made to make ONE site version that looks pixel perfect identical in ALL browsers. That's been the wholy grail for decades. Can't happen.
But I think what we learn here and what gets taught here by quibling over the details is that we are MOVING in a forward direction. It lets others out there, designer and user alike know that we are attempting to see where they are coming from and how they can be served. It shows people that there are options.
We can't go site by site and force people out of tables and force them away from spacer.gif. Heck I've even tried gentle nudging and politely offered to redo people's sites for FREE and they won't go for it.
It's up to us as individuals to pass along the word that good HTML/CSS doesn't have to be plain and that having a nice designer site doesn't have to be innaccessible.
Unfortunately there are still people out there that refuse to even try. They get so set in their ways and they pick apart any new thing that comes along. It's fine to pick if you're picking for a solution, but if your picking as an excuse not to move on and not to make an effort… that's just sad.
I think we need to quible over these facets because todays minority is tomorrows majority if we play the game well.
Didier, your analogy is misleading. True, a website can be compared to a painting in that both involve elements of design; however, a website's purpose is also to communicate through words and not just through visuals. And that's why it is important that even if a site's visuals are only available to some of your audience, the text - the true content, the "meat" of your site - should be available to all.
Now, making a site's content accessible to all is admittedly not an easy task for those of us with 20/20 vision. It is tempting to simply write off the small percentage of people who are not able to experience the visual design of a website. But the Internet is an open medium, and designing sites in a way that locks out part of your potential audience goes against the nature of the Web itself.
Your approach to web design makes it seem like you are a print designer by training or inclination. To completely butcher an analogy, designing for the Web is a whole different kettle of fish.
Good article, but you forgot to address one of the most important reasosn not to use FIR: most browsers are configured not to print background images, so yoiur headers may come out blank in the print (this is also true of people who surf the web with images disabled in their browser). The first can be solved with a print stylesheet (does IE5/Windows support these?) but the second is a bit nasty. Luckily it only affects a very tiny number of users, but it's still worth considering, especially as browsers that are not displaying images will display ALT text just fine.
"Second, what's the sin involved in simply putting an img tag inside a h1? It's valid, and people with disabled images, screen readers, and even Google will all get the alt text."
It's valid for the time-being. The tag won't it exist in XHTML 2.0 (unless the working group gives into pressure like they did with the style attribute). We're expected to use the Object tag instead, but Internet Explorer still has some serious problems with it.
"Somehow I feel that we always end up in an endless discussion of exceptions that make up a very small minority."
The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect.
→ Tim Berners-Lee
Micheal: Good points.
I'm certainly with you on moving forward. I agree that discussing techniques and improving them will eventually lead to a better (more accessible) solution. But I think we should make a clear distinction between discussing technical matters and the general concept of standards. I think standards could use a push in terms of marketing and getting the message out there.
Ruth: Do not make statements that you can not verify.
"Your approach to web design makes it seem like you are a print designer by training or inclination."
I do not come from print design. I'm currently finishing a MSc in Economics and Informatics for those that wonder what I'm doing (aside from that my spare time is indeed dedicated to design, but not print). However the latter is not important to this discussion. Nor would it have been if I were to come from print. The web is and will primararly always remain a visual media. Point à la ligne. I agree that the web is also an open medium and therefor efforts should be made to make it as accessible as possible.
My analogy was used on purpose because I know some don't like to hear it (and I'm actually being nice). As for the question: "What is this rambling about images off and CSS on? Seriously? Who in the world is going to do this?". It was a retoric question. I'm fully aware of the reasons why some people do. But that was not my point.
Don't get me wrong here. I'm in favor of accessibility. But the web is about business too. People have jobs and companies make profits (or atleast try). In business no one is looking for the minority. They all want the majority. Back to CSS and FIR, I'm getting off topic.
I didn't post this message to stop people from adding valuable ideas and concepts to CSS. Not at all. I'm more questioning the broader view on web standards and how they're syndicated and implemented. The latter is also the case with FIR. Dave discussed technical issues, but moreover he linked it to real-world situations. To some this might have needed more attention. It's not an easy task though but I think we're getting there. Slowly but steadily.
I was puzzled by the consternation that using a 'hack', in this case Tankek's, might cause a validation error. If it doesn't break the stylesheet why should it matter. I know that CSS should also been clean to prevent problems down the road. Using the appropriate mediatype seems to have priority in this case. It's the user that should benefit not the code.
This hack is just a hack and shouldn't warrant another workaround, especially when it's not needed. And in this case it's a well thought out hack and should be used normally, as if it was supposed to be there. And should be removed when no longer useful.
So media type 'screen' it is.
"Second, what's the sin involved in simply putting an img tag inside a h1? It's valid, and people with disabled images, screen readers, and even Google will all get the alt text." —me
"It's valid for the time-being. The tag won't it exist in XHTML 2.0 (unless the working group gives into pressure like they did with the style attribute). We're expected to use the Object tag instead, but Internet Explorer still has some serious problems with it." —MikeyC
Well, there are quite a few browser support issues that need to be solved before anyone starts primarily using XHTML 2.0. But since the W3C has specificly stated that XHTML 2.0 is an "alternative to" XHTML 1.1, and not a replacement for it, it there really any harm in using a img inside of a h1 in XHTML 1 or HTML 4?
Also, by the time XHTML 2.0 is widely supported in most browsers, CSS-3 will be widely supported as well, and we can simply use "content:url('logo.png')" for image replacement in XHTML 2.0 documents.
"..the most important reasosn not to use FIR: most browsers are configured not to print background images, so yoiur headers may come out blank in the print.."
Simon, I actually find that a great plus of FIR. See Bibliotheek Leeuwarden, where the titles of the page come out like clean type instead of an ink-eating block of dark colors.
The disadvantage when disabling images and keeping CSS is painfully visible here as well.
Did you try media="screen, aural"?
Basically what I tried to get across was:
What�s the point of discussing which materials to use for building homes on Mars if we did not yet figure out how to get there in the first place?
Yes, there is a point! Which at the same time is the problem of the whole discussion. It makes sense to discuss future matters that may not seem a priority now, but first: let�s keep it real. Because theory is not paying my bills (atleast not yet).
Side note:
Please do not tell me that a manned voyage to Mars is actually already possible. I know it might. But I'm discussing real life here, not Star Wars.
I wish people would stop viewing XHTML or pretty much much any version of any markup language as a replacement. I hate it when people say things like "XHTML 1.1 is the currently recommended standard", it just isn't true.
All the standards should be viewed as something separate, not upgrades you're forced into using (apart from minor upgrades like 4.0 to 4.01).
Nobody is going to force you to use XHTML 2.0 anytime soon, if ever. It'll be your choice if you want to use it. Please don't be a sheep and follow others just to have the latest W3C badge on your homepage.
"Your approach to web design makes it seem like you are a print designer by training or inclination."
"Ruth: Do not make statements that you can not verify."
Didier, I meant no offense, and I apologize if my comment did offend you. (In my own defense, I did say "makes it seem like", not "is", but that's arguing semantics.)
All I meant by that sentence was that the approach towards web design that you seem to be in favor of is similar to that favored by print designers - get the message across to the largest possible audience at the lowest possible cost/effort. This makes very good business sense, and as you pointed out, "the web is about business too." If the cost of accessibility is prohibitively high, then it makes perfect economic sense for a company to not make the additional effort to reach a tiny fraction of their target population.
But with the Web, it is easier to reach audiences that print media is inaccessible to. After all, it's a lot easier - not to mention cheaper - to use em's on a website than to print the company's monthly newsletter in both normal text and Braille.
To conclude, yes, extra effort is required in order to make an inacessible website accessible. But not as much as one would think. And the payoff is the inclusion of hundreds of thousands of visually-impaired people into the online world.
"The disadvantage when disabling images and keeping CSS is painfully visible here as well."
You could give the replaced element a background-color. If the image is not displayed or unavailable there is still a block of different color to show that something is missing.
(…. but the image should not be transparent)
First, Dave, thank you for your article, as FIR has been bugging me because of lack of access, I'm glad to see that aspect seriously examined.
ed, it's worth noting that people who have a level of low-vision low enough to be considered a disability under many standards such as Americans with Disabilities Act tend to actually use software, such as Zoom-Text, which blows up a whole part of a screen, not just text.
A point on not being bothered to design for a "minority" of people with vision disabilities. At last count, there were over TEN MILLION people with visual disabilities in the US alone. These people use the Internet a lot to shop, because in the end it still is more accessible than the world at large.
Please don't tell me that a company is not interested in that kind of potential customer base. I'm tempted to digress to a bit of "education" about what it is to live with a disability and be discriminated against, left aside because "we're just a minority", but this is not the place.
As for what screen reading application developer should do in terms of support… Well, let's just say that JAWS and Windows Eyes are currently the top two screen reading applications on the market. As having a near monopoly, they are free to to handle things just about however they want. It is difficult enough to get them to develop for applications such as Word, Excel, Access (yes, all MS products…). Getting their software to play ball with CSS is *way* at the bottom of their list, and that is a problem. The fact that to purchase a full version of JAWS with an SMA costs over US$1,200 doesn't help anything.
I am currently tracing a new screen reader that I must test drive that is about US$90 and that apparently is as muscled as JAWS. This may be an improvement.
Finally, while I really think that we, as coder and designers have a resonsibility to provide as much accessibility as possible, I also think that users with disabilities have a responsibility to understand the technology at their disposal. In this case, learning to set the preference in their browser to simply turn off style sheets!
I've been playing with the idea of putting a note on some of my sites, a link to a "how to make this page more accessible to you". Not sure how to best implement that, but it may be an idea. Dunno
Oh… Perhaps it's worth me saying that while I do not have a vision disability, I am a person with a disability and work in disability rights for my "real job". Web stuff is just "fluff" for me.
I think what I'd really like to see is the browsers supporting transparent as a valid color for text. I tried this one day in IE and it appeared to work unfortunately it failed everywhere else. If we could background a section of text with it's appropriate image and then make the foreground text transparent we'd have the best of both worlds. I guess the caveat there is still "images turned off, css turned on" and I guess there's not a way to tell if the user has images turned off from script or css.
Dave, I think it might be worth mentioning this alternative to FIR that accomplishes the same thing:
With html like this:
<div class="logo" title="Site Logo">
Logo text here…
I use CSS like this:
.logo {
text-indent: -100em;
overflow: hidden;
background: url(stylizedtext.gif);
… }
This moves the text out of the containing element, and lets the background image shine through.
The best part is that this technique works in JAWS (tested, and approved), and there is no additional hacks or markup needed in your HTML or your CSS. The text-indent takes care of it all.
Simon — would you believe that's the first time I'd heard about that particular problem? Stands to reason, now that you bring it up, but I haven't actually encountered it myself yet. View the print preview for this page - nice and headerful.
Mike - your method was brought to my attention just yesterday actually. Going out on a limb here and setting myself up to be completely wrong, I'd guess that it may cause problems in older browsers. I originally assumed it had already been tested and rejected, but looking back in my notes I'm seeing nothing of the sort. It's worth running through the gauntlet (IE5 Win/Mac, Opera 6 etc.) to see if it holds up; it's a nice, simple solution that doesn't require nearly as much code as the Leahy/Langridge method.
@Mike, you should change that HTML really. It should be h1 er something similar. But it looks like the best hack ever. If i ever need that, I normally use img, I'll use yours.
I found your article very informative and entertaining. But don't you think you are receiving an inappropriate amount of undue credit for redundant information which has mostly been scraped off from another article? Just curious is all.
Kiffin — I don't know, am I?
Doug's original article focuses on the technique and how to use it. I'd like to think mine covers in more depth the problems with using it, and how to solve them. An intro to the technique was necessary in mine for people who aren't familiar with it to peruse; there's overlap there.
Do I provide enough new information to be able to justify the new article?
You can check out a running example on my currently-being-redesigned site: phark.net
At the top, where it says "BLOG 'N PERSONAL SITE OF MIKE RUNDLE", that is a background-image to a span element where I make use of the above technique (check the source if you don't believe me lol).
In browsers I usually check on (IE5+, Mozilla, Safari, etc.) it worked great. I think I remember looking at it in Opera and things worked well, but I'm not totally sure.
Anne: You're right, I should have used a more structural element, but I just wanted to throw the code up real quick for people to check it out ;)
Since I seem to find a lot of great information here I have a sort of related question:
So now I have a method for easily replacing text with an image - what about rollovers, more specifically what about preloading images for the CSS based rollovers. Has anyone come up with a method for implementing that.
Mike - checks out fine in Opera 6/Win. I'll keep testing.
Michael — top right corner of this here site, all those roll-overs are FIR. I tried to get the preloading happening (read about it over at zeldman.com) but didn't succeed.
Note to all: see Tom Gilder's post about this subject.
It's getting tricky to keep track of all the variants…
Dave (in #3): "So in principle, I could re-instate screen media and we'd be cool. Except that a lot of the CSS files would break when validated…"
FYI: I accidently discovered a workaround for this validation bug while working on the Wired redesign last year. Instead of linking directly to multiple style sheets from the HTML, link to a master CSS file using media="screen". Then use the master CSS file to @import any style sheets which use the box model hack. And your style sheets will still validate. (Just don't use the box model hack anywhere in the master style sheet.)
I originally created a master style sheet to keep all the files for Wired as organized as possible, and to avoid needing to change any HTML files as we were adding new CSS files or renaming them. The master CSS file was kind of like a master "include" file if you're familiar with SSI. Once I did that, no more validation errors complaining of an incorrect property for the screen media type. I'm not sure why the "bug" in the validator doesn't look past the @import statement for this error, but it doesn't. And it still looks through all the linked and imported style sheets as it would normally. The same technique has been used on Stopdesign ever since as well.
FYI2: I'm very close to coming up with an alternative image-replacement technique which works almost everywhere (and solves the "images off, css on" problem). But I'm having trouble working with IE5/Win's broken box model. That browser be damned…
Wow, talk about catch-up.
Ed — your point about image-based text not being zoomable is equally valid given an <img> - no new problem arising with FIR here. But CSS-served images could present an interesting solution, since you can define multiple style sheets for a site. Theoretically if one were to care enough, they could dish up a 'regular' .css file, a 'zoomed' .css file with larger images/text, and an 'alternate' .css file with text instead of FIR. Extreme example, but possible.
Tom — doesn't deprecation invalidate your point, though? If HTML 4.01 was really not an upgrade, than 2.0 should not be deprecated.
Nic — Thanks for speaking up. Your voice is important. Expect an e-mail from me.
This is great! I love all the new techniques popping up and they all seem like great solutions to real world problems. Now if someone would be so kind as to set up a "Battle Royale" between the techniques so I know which one to wrap my head around – that would be killer.
One of "my readers" has a great looking method:
Only setting font-size to 0. I don't know about Jaws and I didn't do any browser testing, but to me it looks browser proof :).
Anne - I don't think that works in Safari. AFAIK, Safari sets a default minimum of x pixels, and doesn't let you shrink below that.
See my mnemonic design in Safari, particularly the text under 'Archives' - if you're seeing images, it worked. If you're seeing HTML text, it didn't. I'd need independent verification of this, not having a copy of Safari on hand.
Enjoyed your article. Thanks for taking the time to write it. I have two points/questions/niggles:
1. Regarding the recipe example: the first person I thought about on the accessibility side was not the blind user who is read to, but the low vision user who may be using a visual browser and text zoom. It's a function I'm sorry to say I use with increasing frequency as the days turn to months, etc. The recipe content graphically imbedded will not zoom and may well be illegible. This is kind of beside the point of your article, but I think it bears a remark. The demographic that would be inconvenienced by graphical text content is expanding very quickly, they have a fair amount of money and they also know how to complain.
2. I was getting a bit impatient by the time I got to the comments about printing and background graphics or whatever. I think the mediatype "print" is useful in this regard and is pretty widely supported, at least among the newer crop. It offers yet another opportunity to create a media appropriate design – different graphics, fonts, sizes, etc. – this time for good old paper.
Dave - on the mnemonic design I see both text and images, with the text overlapping and a bit off center.
Guess that means it's not working?
Great article, just what I was looking for since recently my interest for FIR was sparked again.
Cinnamon uses FIR for the main navigation. It gets inaccessible when CSS is on and images are off; I am thinking of dropping FIR for this navigation.
And that brings me to the only thing I miss in the article; some advice or re-assurance towards designers on when and where to use and not use this technique. Lack of this does not make the article less good, but it did prevent me from sending the URL out to colleagues who are not (yet) very deep into this.
Maybe there needs to be a textonly media type. Browsers can simply load the css for that media if images are turned off. The tty media type already specified is a little too restrictive. There should also be a media type addressing lack of color in a visual media (like black and white printers, monochrome monitors, otherwise normal but colorblind users, etc.).
Nic: Thank you for posting your message.
I think it is important that I clearly state that I am in favor of accessibility. Personally I think you should always be bothered to include every single living human in your audience. Thus make your website as accessible as possible. At the same time there's nothing wrong with being a minority. Whenever I talk about a minority I do not assimilate it with discrimination or other negative aspects. But experience learned me that being part of a minority has certain disadvantages towards the majority. It's always been like that.
I am fully aware of the number of visually disabled people in the US. I agree that this represents a group that no company should neglect. Unfortunatly not many companies have accessbility on their priorities list. Because however big ten million sounds it's still a relative small population. Again I do not favor this behaviour and I try as much to make pages accessible. Otherwise I wouldn't be bothered to post comments here.
"I also think that users with disabilities have a responsibility to understand the technology at their disposal."
I think this was a very important statement to make and I'm very happy it came from you. Any other person would've taken the heat for daring to say this. In essence it is what I meant by bluntly asking the retoric question why people turned CSS on and images off.
Merci Didier.
You're right, most companies don't see 10 million people as a large market. It only represents, after all, 2% of the population of the US. Of course, for every one person with disability not shopping in one location, you have their friends, family, and other relations that may boycot the company based on lack of access.
I think it is important, as a designer, to make people understand the importance of accessibility to our clients. While there is controversy at this point about the applicability of the ADA to commercial websites (bad case law against it), any entity receiving federal funding is liable under section 508 (US based companies only, of course).
Given that under other laws, such as Fair Housing, ADA, etc, lawsuits have been brought against not only the non-accessible building, but the architects, builders and developers, it stands to reason that pretty soon we'll start seeing cases being brought to court where not only the business, but the web designers will be named as defandants.
Dave's asked me to do something on this topic, so I'll shut up now :-) Feel free to contact me direct.
Geez louise! Wasn't this a post about FIR? Looks like the comments took on an "atricle" of their own right, leaning towards accessability.
Just as having your design look the same in all browsers is a "pipe dream", I think making your site completely accessable to everybody is also a "pipe dream". It's a good thing to try to make a site accessable to everybody, I agree, but when does accessabilty slow down the production of a website? Certainly at some point a blind, deaf, mute quadrapeligic might be offended that s/he can't access E-bay (seriously, I'm saying this without malice or disheartedness- just an extreme example), but would it be in E-bay's financial interest to make their site accessable to this person?
The concept of extreme accessability is wonderful. The reality of it is only possible. I think what the whole concept needs is a "prophet", if you will, who has real life accessability issues yet is building sites and things for people with these disabilities. Someone like a Steven Hawkins of the web. Then I think the big boys of commerce might turn their head (and wallets) around.
But digressing back to FIR: I still think it rocks!
There's a thread running about the technique here that you can watch/join in on … if you do so desire :-)
You know….. to listen to you people talk you'd think 95% of the world surfs with page-readers, images turned off, java turned off, javascript turned off, reading from a wheel chair in a hospital bed with no arms no legs and blind in both eyes. And of course if they do have some sort of vision…it's impared or they're color blind. Good lord, where do most of you people do your surfing…?
Well…..I'm going to Best Buy before Hellen Keller grabs that Imac I've been saving up for.
The discussion verged toward accessibility because it is, IM(NS)HO, the major problem with FIR…
I don't 100% agree with you James, but you did make me laugh with "Well…..I'm going to Best Buy before Hellen Keller grabs that Imac I've been saving up for". I think it's kind and generous of designers to go that extra mile. Do companies generally care if you do? I doubt it, but it truely is a humanitarian gesture.
And I'll tell you, Hellen Keller was a genius, and she'd probably make better use of that iMac than most "non-impared" people.
Jai — What Nic said. Accessibility is a big factor when talking about FIR, and it's terribly important. You'll never reach 100% of the people, 100% of the time, but if you can get both of those numbers up to 99% or higher you're doing everything you can. Today's web standards make accessibility really easy (and to me anyway, enjoyable).
To take a step backward with a technique like FIR is reprehensible, so finding middle ground is essential. I have no doubt we'll do it. The ideas that are floating around right now might just be the ticket, but even if they aren't - sooner or later we'll get it.
"Just as having your design look the same in all browsers is a 'pipe dream', I think making your site completely accessable to everybody is also a 'pipe dream'." —Jai
Not exactly. If you design with CSS and correctly structure your documents in HTML or XHTML, any user agent can access the "meat" of the document, and browsers that support it will get the added benefit of CSS styling.
The main problems are: (1.) browsers that don't fully support CSS, but try to, like Netscape 4, and (2.) browsers that support the wrong CSS media type, like an aural browser that reads "screen" media, or, as Dave recently found out, MSN TV (a "tv" browser that reads "screen" CSS).
We have to be careful to work around some of those problems, but accessability is not a "pipe dream."
There is a method to keep the text visible if images are turned off. A span is necessary.
Amen, brother Tom!
When you get right down to it, HTML 2.0 is not deprecated because the W3C says so… it's deprecated because it's no longer useful when compared with HTML 4.01. Any web designer worth his or her salt can use HTML4 + CSS to compose a page that looks great and degrades gracefully in ancient browsers. Unless you are in some sort of very specialized situation, there's really very little downside in going with HTML4 over HTML2.
The same is not true when comparing HTML4 and XHTML. XHTML1.1 provides some nifty functionality that is simply not available in HTML4. But the trade-off is that you have to construct your site so that it is 100% valid, absolutely bulletproof XHTML, all the time. (Otherwise you're deriving no benefit whatsoever from the XML-ness of XHTML, nor are you future-proofing your site – all you're doing is producing malformed HTML.) Since producing a bulletproof XHTML site is a major effort, there's your tradeoff. For some people, like me, plain ol' HTML 4.01 + CSS is easy and gets the job done. For others, XHTML is critical.
In short: as Tom said, we must evaluate each technology separately. Unfortunately the W3C is not doing a good job of pointing out the benefits and drawbacks of each, so this is all more work for us than it should be.
Jai - one more reason to consider accessibility. I'm posting this comment from Lynx right now. It's a beautiful thing when even a text-only browser has full access to my site, and it's actually usable.
Animated GIFs? not with FIR/Safari?
Safari will not display animated GIFs placed on the page using the FIR technique. Safari will not display *any* animated GIF placed in the background of any element using either CSS or HTML.
Not knocking the FIR technique, it's rad, Apple needs to fix Safari.
I encourage everyone to report this 'bug' to Apple.
To clarify… and quote myself even:
"The concept of extreme accessability is wonderful."
Sounds like the replies to my post make me sound opposed to it. I'm certainly not opposed to it at all; quite the opposite actually. What I'm not convinced of is that it will be a major issue with the companies responsible for web advancement (MS, Mozilla, Sun, Oracle, etc.). And thus, it will be brushed aside in he manner of "oh, that's nice that you can do that" and then ignored.
Now, anyone who links to my site from here knows that I didn't build it with accessability or validation in mind. The scary thing is that untill recently I never heard of either one. Why is that? It's not like I hadn't "been around the web". Anyway. So what I'm hearing is that FIR has accessability problems because of the extra span attribute in the middle of the markup right? It's still a great tecnic 99% of the time, so far as I can tell.
I do think that the technologies and scripting languages are "getting there" in terms of separating content from design, so that both become aesticly pleasing in their own right. But, as teh Zen Garden says, "That day is not today"… but I'll agree, that day is closer than it was yesterday.
Long discussion here, and it sounds from some recent posts like a couple of the key problems and the size of their audiences have been drowned out. I hope nobody minds if I do a little re-cap here.
1. Browsing with images turned off
Effected audience - due to slow connection speeds much of Europe and the rural US, not to mention the rest of the world.
Solution - not far off by the looks of things, check the link above.
2. Inability to zoom the text
Effected audience - can you say baby-boomers? The largest age group in the states isn't getting any younger. My stepfather Norman would never let me hear the end of it if I used pixel sized text - an image or otherwise.
Solution - hope that people will use screen-zooming software (Opera :-), or make that text image large and legible!
Please point out any bigs ones I missed. Eagerly awaiting whatever it is Nic and Dave have brewing. I strongly aggree with what somebody said about the need for someone in the disabilities community to also become vocal in web development.
Nils - thanks for the summary. Give me a day or two, it's already done, just needs a few final touches.
Some people (including me) have been throwing figures and statistics around. I want to point out that it is hard to accuratly state how big a certain group or population is. A few resources:
"European broadband subscriptions will outpace the U.S. by 2007, according to findings from Jupiter Research (a unit of this site's corporate parent), that reveal a high-speed surge. By 2008, Jupiter predicts that 48 percent of all European households will have broadband, compared to 46 percent in the U.S.
While 81 percent of European online households accessed the Internet via a narrowband connection at the end of 2002, 26 percent have indicated that they are likely to upgrade to broadband by year-end 2003."
Full article
"Adults 35-54 are 19% more likely than the average adult to be heavy on-line users, and 13% more likely to be heavy radio drive time listeners.
The percentage of adults 35-54 who reported using on-line services in the past 30 days grew from 22% in 1998 to 37% in 1999."
Full article (PDF)
Now academically speaking I have no idea if these resources are correct or used a proven methodology. But these findings do come from some of the more respected research institutions. They can however be used without risk as a rough indication of future developments.
Yes, overflow hidden should not be necessary. In fact, using it means that the alternative text may not be fully visible if images are unavailable.
But i think it would be better to keep the it, because the design is less likely to break. (if the issues with IE5.1/OS9 are solved)
claire you're right: putting the at the end does remove the need for z-index in older Operas.
Please disregard my last comment
z-index is still necessary to please opera 5 and 6
(note to self: be sure to check in the right browser)
Hi.. consider this a vote for Levin's method ;)
nice work..
however regarding the using of overflow: hidden; and it's interference with IE/mac, I would opt for a font-size (% or ems) instead so that the text will always be visible and sizeable should images be turned off. I know trying to control the font-size is not perfect, but I see it as the best of the alternatives.. reasons follow below:
note: if you put the span element at the end of the heading text it should avoid the need for z-index to be specified.
I personally like the text-indent : -100em method for it's ease of use but that method, along with Leahy/Langbridge method, will mean that the although text will be read by Screen Readers it will not be visible on the screen. Due to overflow: hidden; still being parsed if CSS is on.
For a true all round, keep the most people happy. this has to be the best yet.
Another problem I've been reading about is that Search Engines may not like the use of overflow: hidden or display: none; as it has the possibility to be abused/misused (I know they're not indexing external CSS Files, YET!!) and Levin's method, with the font-size adjustment need not use either.
One of the pros of FIR - some of us are too lazy to type the alt text for every imaga to make it all xhtml valid
thanks Levin, nice to have confirmation..
I just tried in 7.1 too ;)
Whoa… Tom and I were listed on Zeldman this morning… super cool!
Levin pointed out in comment #10 above – http://www.mezzoblue.com/cgi-bin/mt/mezzo/archives/000211.asp#c000946 – something that bears repeating: for his and Tom Gilder's techniques, the images used can't be transparent or the text will show through. Took me longer than I care to admit to figure this out this evening.
(BTW, Dave, the form on "preview" still shows the "simple XHTML" rule and includes expanded URLs in the textarea.)
There are no accessibility concerns if you use this method: http://levin.grundeis.net/files/20030809/alternatefir.html
JAWS reads it, Browsers show the Image or the replaced element/text if images are disabled or unavailable.
(you can even select the text behind the image, try that with an alt-tag)
re: I'm not sure what the FIR method is trying to solve
- With replaced headlines the _text_ is the content not its graphical layout.
- You can't put structured markup (em, strong or even li) in alt-tags.
- You can replace an _image_ to make it fit your current site-style.
- You can change the image at any time or try not to include an image at all in alternative styles (like for WAP, PDA or Print styles)
I think the technique is neat, but in every article I've read that highlights it, all of the accessibility issues get brushed under the rug.
I've only used Jaws, but from what I hear, it's fairly popular. The problem is that Jaws is not a web browser. It's a screen reader. It has no concept of CSS or anything of the sort. It simply reads what gets rendered in the browser.
With FIR, nothing gets rendered for the screen reader to read. It can't 'see' the text, nor is there an alt tag to read.
So, with that said, I'm not sure what the FIR method is trying to solve. Images are content. Just stick the image there with alt text.


text:
Save the Forest
(before 2003)
Read the story. Click the "LISTEN" button at the bottom of the page to hear the story. When you are done, click the "NEXT" button.
A change is coming in the forest. Scientists are trying to make the logging companies stop clear cutting. We have to protect the fish, wildlife, and water quality. They have value, too. The forest is a beautiful place that people should be able to enjoy.
It changes everything when the all the trees are cut. The trees, animals, and water depend on each other. Many plants and animals disappear. The water level in the ground changes. It can even affect our climate.
This does not mean some of the trees cannot be cut. It just means all the trees in one place cannot be cut at one time. It means that you plant new trees when the old ones are cut. When trees are cut in this way, the land does not erode. The streams do not fill with dirt and the animals are not destroyed.
The industry is beginning to cut trees this way. They are leaving many dead trees so small animals will have homes. They are leaving many trees alone to give shade and shelter for animals. This also means that the forest's trees are not all the same kind. This seems very import to the survival of the forests.
Both the loggers and the forest scientists are trying to agree on things. They have to balance the lumber we need with the forest's protection. A good rule seems to be not to cut more than you grow each year.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dutch Bulbfields & Amsterdam - Fri 5th April 2019
- 기간: 4 일
- 위치: Papendrecht
The amazing spectacle of Keukenhof Gardens is situated in a huge 32 hectare park of trees, ponds and fountains and is often described as 'the greatest flower display on Earth'. In the spring, millions of tulips, hyancinths and daffodils burst in to bloom covering large areas of the gardens and attracting visitors from all over the world. This holiday includes entrance to Keukenhof Gardens plus a full day excursion to Amsterdam. Our excellent value breaks to the Dutch Bulbfields have always been popular offering a good quality hotel located within easy driving distance of Keukenhof allowing for plenty of time to explore the gardens. Beware cheaper alternatives, staying in cheap hotels and hours from the gardens. Book early !!
After being collected from your local pick up point around 6.00/7.00am we travel to Folkestone with comfort stop before joining the Eurotunnel. Continuing to arrive at the hotel in Holland early evening with a welcome glass of beer, wine or soft drink included before dinner.
Today we have an excursion to Amsterdam with plenty of time to explore the cultural centre of this wonderful destination. We drop near the centre with easy access to popular sights like
Dam Square, Anne Frank's House (best pre-booked) and the tourist boats to explore the city from the hundreds of canals which criss-cross the centre. Excellent transport links to other attractions including the Rijksmuseum and the Van Gogh Museum. One of the great cities of Europe.
After breakfast we depart for Keukenhof Gardens which is approximately 1 1/4 hours away. Entrance to the gardens is included in the price of your holiday. We shall stay at the park for the whole day, so plenty of time to explore this extraordinary visual feast for the senses. Returning to the hotel early evening.
We leave the hotel and head home - stopping for lunch before boarding the early afternoon Eurotunnel. Arriving back in the local area at approx 7.00pm.
Meal plan included - Dinner, Bed & Breakfast
4* Apollo Hotel
Very well received by our customers in 2018.
This modern highly rated hotel is situated in a suburban area north of Dordrecht giving easy access to the road system. Furnished in a typical European style the hotel has an open plan feel with a large lobby, a bar with comfortable seating and a large restaurant and terrace. The hotel enjoys a good reputation for its food - choice of menu served buffet style. Tea & Coffee is included after dinner.
All bedrooms are very comfortable with ensuite bathroom, Colour TV and tea/coffee facilities and there is a lift to all floors.


text:
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|The XML configuration model (see package org.apache.synapse.xml) is independent of the mediator model. The XML configuration model is based on an xml.MediatorFactory, which simply takes an XML tree and creates a mediator object. This is done recursively until the tree is built. The Java2 JAR file service provider model (see [http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/guide/jar/jar.html#Service%20Provider]) is used to automatically register new XML syntaxes.
|The XML configuration model (see package org.apache.synapse.xml) is independent of the mediator model. The XML configuration model is based on an xml.MediatorFactory, which simply takes an XML tree and creates a mediator object. This is done recursively until the tree is built. The Java2 JAR file service provider model (see [[http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/guide/jar/jar.html#Service%20Provider]]) is used to automatically register new XML syntaxes.
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|The model is designed to be compatible with WS-Eventing ([[http://www.w3.org/Submission/WS-Eventing/]]) spec in the engine.
|The model is designed to be compatible with WS-Eventing ([[[http://www.w3.org/Submission/WS-Eventing/]]]) spec in the engine.
*** Attn: This document is DEPRECATED Check http://incubator.apache.org/synapse/ for updated information ***
Architecture and Design of the Synapse ESB mediation framework
This paper is designed to capture the overall architecture and design of the Synapse ESB mediation framework. The aim is to provide clear architectural and design guidance and direction as we move towards Synapse 1.0.
Synapse has a few simple design goals:
- Synapse is designed to help intermediate messages as they pass through it from a service requester or client to a service provider or server, and back again.
- Synapse is designed to support any message exchange pattern (MEP).
Synapse supports Connecting systems, Managing interactions and Transforming messages. The main function of Synapse can be categorized into these three areas.
- Synapse is inherently extensible, but is designed to support a large set of useful function out-of-the-box.
Synapse is designed to work with BPM/BPEL solutions, and explicitly leaves stateful process-based integration out of scope.
This paper describes the architecture, design and framework, and also aims to capture the intended 1.0 function. Not everything in this is available in the current release.
Use cases and capabilities: Connect, Manage, Transform
Synapse is designed to support connecting systems across different transports and with different protocols and Quality of Service (QoS) applied. For example, Synapse will support the inter-connection of any of the following models:
- SOAP/HTTP, SOAP/HTTPS, SOAP+WSSec, SOAP+WSRM, SOAP/JMS, SOAP/SMTP, XML/HTTP, XML/JMS
For example, it allows termination or initiation or RM or WSSec sessions. Specific use cases include:
- Terminating RM and WSSec at a gateway and passing simple SOAP/HTTP or XML/JMS messages into an internal system
- Adding a REST-like interface to an existing SOAP service and vice-versa
- Exposing existing XML/JMS queues as SOAP/WSRM endpoints.
Synapse supports virtualization by routing from virtual/logical URIs to real endpoints (EPRs or URLs).
Synapse supports routing of messages based on: headers such as source/destination (Regex matching), content (XPath), user, and time (e.g. managed switchover).
Synapse supports failover and load-balancing to multiple endpoints.
Synapse supports the collection and usage of stats (hit rate, failure rate, latency, etc) to monitor and manage the use of services.
It allows the logging and tracing of services.
It supports fault handling.
It allows the securing of services including XML schema validation, authentication, authorization – including both service, operation and content based access control.
Synapse supports transforming messages using:
- simple scripting languages (such as Javascript/E4X), and
- hand-coded Java.
Transformations include namespace changes, handling different versions, thru to full XML rewriting.
What Synapse doesn't support:
Synapse is designed to be per-message stateless. Mediators can aggregate information (e.g. statistics) across messages, but there is NO support in the framework for message level state. Synapse is not designed to support business process management, or complex stateful message flows. Synapse mediators written to perform correlation or use per-message state must do their own management of state and are not guaranteed to be clusterable. Synapse is designed to work with other engines such as BPEL managers that support complex stateful message flow. The reason for this is that Synapse is designed to be embedded in routers, clustered and to perform very fast, and also is designed to address the simple "router" style case.
Mediation architecture
Synapse supports a very simple model for mediation. Each instance of a Synapse engine has a single "master" mediator through which every message flows. That master mediator may be comprised of one or more sub-mediators. Each mediator simply takes a message, reads or modifies it, and passes it on.
There are three main types of mediators:
- Grouping mediators (e.g. a list mediator which passes the message through a list of sub-mediators in turn),
- Condition mediators (e.g. a mediator which only passes the message through the sub-mediators if the condition is true), and
- Leaf mediators – i.e. mediators that actually do something like logging the message.
Each mediator (see org.apache.synapse.api.Mediator) must be thread-safe as many messages may be simultaneously sent through the same instance of a mediator. It is up to the implementor of the mediator to ensure it is threadsafe.
Mediators are effectively JavaBeans which implement the mediate() interface.
Any properties on a mediator are set() on them using the appropriate method. For example the list of sub-mediators is set on a ListMediator by calling setList(List mediators).
- The properties on a mediator are set before any mediate messages are passed through it. The properties are not per-message.
- Mediators are independent of any XML configuration format. There is an XML configuration format but it is just one potential way of configuring those mediators.
The simplest way of configuring mediators is simply the Java new instantiation. A key design point of Synapse is that there is a programmatic way of instantiating a Synapse instance (This is analogous to the Axis2 model where you can create an empty configuration and populate it).
The XML configuration model (see package org.apache.synapse.xml) is independent of the mediator model. The XML configuration model is based on an xml.MediatorFactory, which simply takes an XML tree and creates a mediator object. This is done recursively until the tree is built. The Java2 JAR file service provider model (see http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/guide/jar/jar.html#Service%20Provider) is used to automatically register new XML syntaxes.
Relationship to Axis2
The default distribution of Synapse is based on Axis2. The inbound and outbound service listeners and invokers are Axis2 based. However, Synapse has a clean API model that is independent of Axis2. Therefore alternative implementations are possible. However the main aim of this is to make it unnecessary to understand the details of Axis2 to configure or code to Synapse – i.e. this is about providing a clear separation of concerns.
Note - there are some mediators that are dependent on being run in an Axis2 environment (e.g. RM, Sec, Addressing). Any Axis2 dependencies are captured in the packages named *.axis2.*.
Configuration scenarios
Synapse is designed to support multiple configuration patterns.
Picture of Synapse configuration models
The simplest patterns are
- Synapse is embedded inside another system and is configured programmatically without any XML or config file, and
- Synapse reads its config from an XML file.
However, Synapse is also designed so that it could be embedded in another solution, and might be configured using JMX, WSDM or any other model.
Deployment patterns
Synapse supports several models of deployment:
- Explicit proxy or gateway: In this model, service requests are targeted at the Synapse instances endpoint. Synapse must be configured with explicit rules that identify the actual destination of a message and route it there.
- HTTP Proxy: In this model, clients are configured to use the Synapse instances endpoint as an HTTP proxy. All messages are sent via Synapse and the actual endpoint of the request is available to the Synapse engine, which it uses to route the message on. This is a simple way of adding Synapse into an existing infrastructure because most service clients allow the configuration of an HTTP proxy without code changes.
- Transparent proxy: this is an extension of the previous model, where a network level router transparently routes messages to Synapse. At this level, Synapse can mediate messages without any change to an existing infrastructure.
- "SOAP Intermediary". In this model, the service client explicitly uses WS-A "To" headers, but delivers the message to Synapse to route on. This model is the replacement for the now dead WS-Routing. In Axis2 this can be enabled by explicitly setting the transport headers to pass the message to the Synapse endpoint.
- Embedded: In this model Synapse is embedded in a client or server and takes the place of a "smart" or rules-based handler.
The core aim of a SynapseMessage is to capture the semantics of a SOAP message plus the context required to mediate it. The SynapseMessage is a simple rendition of a SOAP message plus context. The aim is that the message is injected into Synapse by the underlying framework, mediated by the mediators, and then sent on by the framework.
A given instance of Synapse is represented by a SynapseEnvironment (see org.apache.synapse.SynapseEnvironment). This provides the interface from the mediators into the underlying environment and thus the separation from – for example – Axis2.
Picture of the Synapse Architecture
The SynapseEnvironment offers a few simple functions:
- inject messages into Synapse or
- send messages onwards (or back in the case of responses)
- get a useful classloader (for mediators to load new classes),
- access to other resources (such as a registry), and
- keeps track of any named mediators (for reuse)
- access to global properties (per environment)
The SynapseEnvironment "in-use" for any given message is kept through a pointer in the message. Thus, if the environment is reloaded or rebuilt (for example if the configuration is changed), then any messages currently flowing through the system retain their flow through the existing environment, while other messages could concurrently be flowing through the rebuilt environment.
The SynapseEnvironment interface looks like this:
public interface SynapseEnvironment { public ClassLoader getClassLoader(); public void injectMessage(SynapseMessage smc); public void send(SynapseMessage smc); public Mediator lookupMediator(String name); public void addMediator(String name, Mediator m); public Mediator getMasterMediator(); public void setMasterMediator(Mediator p); public Object getProperty(String string); public void setProperty(String string, Object object); public void setRegistry(Registry reg); public Registry getRegistry(); public void setMetricsFactory(MetricsFactory mf); public Metrics getMetrics(String URI); public Metrics getMetrics(EndpointReference epr); }
Registry interface
The SynapseEnvironment offers mediators access to configuration and the overall SOA "fabric" through the concept of one or more abstract "registries". The registry is abstractly something that offers access to Strings, Properties, XMLs (including WSDLs, Policies, Schemas), URIs and EndpointReferences. Each "registry" that Synapse has access to has a name, and in addition there is a default registry.
The registry is accessed through a "Registry" interface:
public interface Registry { OMElement getXML(String uri); String getURI(String uri); String getString(String uri); Properties getProperties(String uri); List getURIList(String URI); EndpointReference getEPR(String URI); }
The default "registry" is accessible from the SynapseEnvironment with: getRegistry();
In order to manage services, mediators need access to metrics about those services. For example, Synapse can collect metrics about the underlying performance of endpoints that it is calling, and then use that information to load-balance requests across those endpoints.
In general there are three types of metrics:
- The actual metrics associated with external endpoints (which may or may not be visible to Synapse)
- The metrics for outbound services that Synapse invokes
- The metrics for the actual service invocations that Synapse itself makes.
Because of the inherent separation of concerns in the Synapse design, Synapse may be implemented on other systems than Axis2, and so the metrics available from that underlying system are abstracted through the SynapseEnvironment interface:
Metrics getMetrics(String URI);
This method returns an object providing the usual metrics (average response time, hit rate, failure rate, min response time, max response time, etc. Those metrics include metrics for both the time spent inside the local Synapse environment as well as time spent on onbound invocation) for any requests made to the given URI.
The SynapseEnvironment allows multiple "metric" providers to be used. For example, a simple internal system may be used, or a more extensive JMX or WSDM based system may be plugged in via this model. The metric provider is plugged in through the MetricFactory interface.
Events (work in progress)
Another important aspect of an ESB/Mediation fabric is the concept of an event. For example, a typical model is that a mediation engine may generate events – for example – if a failure occurs, or a large transaction goes through.
In order to support a simple event model in Synapse we support a publish capability which is available to a mediator.
The model is designed to be compatible with WS-Eventing ([http://www.w3.org/Submission/WS-Eventing/]) spec in the engine.
The primary interface of interest to a mediator is the publish interface:
void publish(OMElement el);


text:
Welcome to the City of Tacoma's Special Events Office
Whether producing an event or a film, the City's Special Events Office is here to assist you with all aspects of the permitting process. On these pages you'll find information, requirements and suggestions on how to make the process as smooth as possible. Don't hesitate to call the office any time at (253) 573-2523. And thanks for choosing Tacoma!
Click here to access the new application form. You will be prompted to pay with a credit/debit card within this system, or you can pay later by check or cash. If you prefer a paper application, please call our office.
The Bring Your Own Bag ordinance that regulates the use of plastic checkout bags went into effect on July 12, 2017. Visit the Special Events Requirements page for more information.
Requirements for a Special Event Permit
Before beginning, check out the Requirements page (Terms and Conditions) to be sure you are informed about what's expected in the application process.
Review this checklist for pricing, deadlines, resources and other information.
Applications should be submitted no later than 60 days prior to the event date. This allows for proper internal review as well as the required notification to impacted residents and/or businesses.
What is a Special Event?
A special event is any organized formation or assembly consisting of 50 or more persons and which include any combination of animals, vehicles, that wishes to assemble and/or travel on streets or sidewalks, and which does not comply with normal or usual traffic regulation or controls. This also applies to a public beach, park or plaza.
Types of Events
Concerts, parades, circuses, fairs, festivals, block parties, community events, fund-raising events, private parties, promotional events, marathons and running events, bicycle races or tours, and Constitutionally Protected Activities.
Apply for a Master Film Permit
You may request an application from the Special Events Office or print a Master Film Permit Application form. Master Film Permits may be submitted within a week of production depending on the complexity of the project. The Tacoma Municipal Code specifies the guidelines for issuing Master Film Permits, as well as other requirements. You may want to review this chapter before submitting your application.
Submit Your Application
You may scan your application and submit via email. Mail or drop it off in person, Monday - Friday, 8 AM - 5 PM.
Now go to Requirements page or Fee Schedules Page.
Special Events Office
Kala Dralle
Permitting Authority
747 Market Street
Room 900
Tacoma, WA 98402
Phone: (253) 573-2523
Fax: (253) 591-5232
Tacoma Police Department
Sgt. Gary Roberts
Special Events Sergeant
Phone: (253) 591-5990
Tacoma Fire Department
Ken Hansen
Special Events Lieutenant
Phone: (253) 591-5762


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VickyDuchess vidéo. Plus vidéos (5)VickyDuchess webcam
VickyDuchess webcam
Hey you! Psst ! Yes you, darling! As you read this, know that the owner of this profile is a really nice and cute girl who is very passionate when it comes to love making. mmm now that we are thinking the same why don't you pay a visit to my room an


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Petroleum product prices are determined by supply and demand - just like any other good and service. During periods of strong economic growth, one would expect demand to be robust. If inventories are low, this will lead to increases in crude oil prices - or price increases for a wide variety of petroleum products such as gasoline or heating oil. If inventories are high and rising in a period of strong demand, prices may not need to increase at all, or as much. During a period of sluggish economic activity, demand for crude oil may not be as strong. If inventories are rising, this may push down oil prices.
Crude oil is an important commodity in the global market. Prices fluctuate depending on supply and demand conditions in the world. Since oil is such an important part of the economy, it can also help determine the direction of inflation. In the U.S., consumer prices have moderated whenever oil prices have fallen, but have accelerated when oil prices have risen.
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Edge 9 Part 1Favorites [+]
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Categories: Fetish Blowjob Cumshot High Definition
Description: They're back! Eight adventurous, blindfolded Chaosmen take their turns in "the chair". They moan and groan as they have their cocks teased, their nipples pinched, their balls tugged and their asses penetrated. Oh, the hours of fun these scenes will bring!
4 Scenes from Edge 9 Part 1
Edge 9 Part 1: Scene 1 Free Preview
Starring: Armani (m) Bentley (ChaosMen) ... More Details
Stars: Armani (m), Bentley (ChaosMen)
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Edge 9 Part 1: Scene 2 Free Preview
Starring: Tegan (ChaosMen) Vaughan Rafferty ... More Details
Stars: Tegan (ChaosMen), Vaughan Rafferty
Positions: Sitting
Edge 9 Part 1: Scene 3 Free Preview
Starring: Noah Riley Pearce (ChaosMen) ... More Details
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You made a way for peace
Laying your body down
You took our rightful place
This freedom song is marching on"
SMK looked gorgeous! Love her earrings! How precious that CEK's friends threw her a surprise party. What precious girls! I LOVE the toile wallpaper in her friend's kitchen!!! So fun to be able to go as you please and take part in all your sweet babies' fun events on the weekends! xo
So happy you were able to photograph SMK! Looks as though she cut her hair a bit. It looks wonderful. They both look wonderful. Such a darling couple.
And CEK.... I cannot image the joy she had to feel as her friends celebrated her! Lovely!
Enjoy your week.
What a fun weekend! Your photos are great as always. and how great was that surprise party? In the 5th grade too, so sweet. Those are some lifelong friends!
Such fun times for both. They must be so happy you capture it so beautifully for them.
This post brought big tears to my eyes. What a beauty your daughter is. They are such a sweet couple. So glad that you can share these moments. Little Bit is as special to her friends like she is to you.
(You look like you have lost weight, not that you needed to at all.....)
How wonderful that you were able to be at both events. Savannah looks beautiful...and I adore Trevor's bow tie :) That was VERY sweet of Caroline's friends to do something so special for her...what a joy!
I'll give you and AMEN and up you to GORGEOUS! I HAVE to know....did she comment on the holes in your jeans???:)
I'm still praying on that "5% is what only you can do" from your last post, and these pictures just show that you have completely taken that to heart and are dedicating your time to doing what only you can do.
That black gown is splendid. You captured the movement of the long skirt beautifully.
They are just the cutest little couple and love all your pictures of course! I need a tee shirt that says, "Paige groupie." LOL
Happy MOnday!!
Savannah looks gorgeous and that dress is AMAZING! Your girls always have the most beautiful dresses everytime.
Little Ms Caroline is one lucky little girl to have such great friends. It looks like you had a happy weekend.
I just love Savannah's dress! So classy! How sweet of Caroline's friends to throw her a surprise party. Definitely looks like she felt extra loved on her special day!
What a beautiful daughter and I love her dress..They are a cute couple..And Caroline's party looks simply adorable...
Great shots of the girls big events..
Aww these are sweet times:)
So fun...Savannah & Trevor are PRECIOUS! The dress looked amazing & Trevor looked quite dapper in his tux & bow tie :-)
So glad Caroline had a great surprise party...what a blessing!
I love reading your blog and have never commented. I live in Southern CA now, but was raised in Marietta and went to UGA, so it is always so fun for me to look in on your life and be reminded of home, especially UGA bits and pieces. Thanks for all of your pretty photos and writing!!
SMK looks gorgeous in that beautiful gown and Trevor is very handsome! I'm sure they had a great time at the formal. How very sweet for the surprise bday party for Caroline! Sounds like a perfect day for your girls! xo
Savannah looks beautiful as always! She and Trevor are so cute! And he is such a sport that he doesn't mind his second mom photographing him all the time! :) And Caroline's friends throwing her a surprise party! I wish we all could be blessed with such amazing friends! God bless the Knudsen girls! I love you all!!
What a sweet day, I know you heart was full. I love that your girl still wants to include you and let you come take picture, I think that screams job well done. I believe she might even be rising up and calling you blessed. Your heart for your girls is a thing of beauty.
Cha Cha
Two sweet events for both your daughters! Loved SMK's dress! Its so nice to see her relationship with her boyfriend going so well, they seem so perfect for each other.
CEK has fantastic friends to give her such a sweet party! she must have felt so loved.
stunning! I am so happy that you are able to be there and share those special times with the girls; life is too short, you need to be there!
Caroline has some great friends; that is so neat that they planned everthing! I bet she was so surprised and so happy!
Have a great rest of the week!
Stories of Hope-Paige from gfc.tv Videos on Vimeo.


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Need feed mechanism for "Podcast (HD video)" for iTunes U
See course http://nanohub.org/resources/9598
For a resource with HD video's available.
I just need to be able to have generation mechanism. I don't need it on the course page although tht would be nice. I don't know how this would work though since most coures/workshops/series do not have HD vidoe content.


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Chad Kroeger: 'I'm the luckiest person alive'
NICKELBACK singer CHAD KROEGER feels like the "luckiest person alive" after AVRIL LAVIGNE accepted his marriage proposal.
The couple stunned fans when they announced the wedding plans this week (beg20Aug12) after a whirlwind romance which began when they teamed up to write a song for Lavigne's new album back in February (12).
They kept their romance out of the spotlight, but have now opened up about their love in a new interview with Canada's Hello! magazine.
The couple is seen embracing on the cover of the publication, with the Sk8er Boi hitmaker flashing her large diamond engagement ring. They also talk about how they fell in love while working together and Kroeger admits the studio sessions were incredibly intense.
He says, "I knew I was falling for her. It was incredibly powerful and something I'll never forget... I feel like the luckiest person alive because I get to be with my best friend every day!"
Lavigne adds, "He makes me laugh every day. He takes care of me in every way and is extremely attentive."
It is also revealed that Kroeger proposed in the studio by adding a page to the singer's scrapbook.
Alison Eastwood, editor-in-chief of Hello! Canada, confirms, "It happened in their recording studio. She was scrapbooking (sic) and he added a page to the scrapbook, and the page said: 'Will you marry me?'"


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Hillary Clinton is only the latest of many Democrats to urge that the U.N. be given a larger role in postwar Iraq. Of course, neither she nor her Democratic colleagues have explained how we would go about doing this, given that the U.N. has largely pulled up stakes and abandoned Iraq until the security situation is improved. By us.
More fundamental, however, is the fact that the U.N. is essentially hostile to American interests and values. It would be unprecedented in human history for a nation to cede control over its foreign policy, voluntarily, to a hostile group of foreign nations.
For statistical proof of how antagonistic the United Nations is to our interests, see this article titled "U.N. General Assembly Voting Habits" by Fred Gedrich of the Freedom Alliance. Gedrich uses as raw material the State Department report on U.N. voting practices which Congress requires the Department to produce; here are the figures for 2002:
"187 UN General Assembly members, out of 90 votes cast, voted against U.S. positions by a 69 percent to 31 percent margin on issues such as terrorism, arms control, human rights and the Middle East.
"The 114 members of the Non-aligned Movement voted against U.S. supported positions 78 percent of the time. This group includes all the world
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"Arise and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time." Winston Churchill
"Proclaim Liberty throughout All the land unto All the Inhabitants Thereof." Inscription on the Liberty Bell


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Weston Beamor has been casting precious metals since 1947. Working with a broad spectrum of customers for over 60 years has made Weston Beamor one of the most respected and trusted names in the jewellery industry.
From students to high-end designers, Weston Beamor offer services to help every jeweller or retailer with their particular manufacturing needs.
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Legal / Privacy Policy
Visit our sister site -


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Art is After Dark: Battle of the Ages
Enjoy a summer night with a mix of rock, classic rock, reggae, and blues for Battle of the Ages! The Battle will be made up of two bands of 6-10 local musicians competing for the title and prizes. The Old Timers (over 35) versus The Young Ones (under 35) will perform live and visitors will get the chance to vote for their favorite band.
Guests are also invited to stroll through the galleries on a docent-led tour from 6:00 p.m. – 6:30 p.m. A cash bar with food will also be available.
**The event will be moved indoors due to the inclement weather.***
Check this page or follow us at facebook/delawareartmuseum and on twitter @delartmuseum for updates.
***Pre-register and be entered to win a $20 gift card to El Diablo Burritos in Trolley Square + 2 free tickets to future Art is After Dark events!***
The Old Timers (over 35):
Guitar/vocals: Rob Grant – Cameltones
Drums/vocals: Kevin McCabe – Mallory Square
Vocals: Kat Pigliacampi
Guitar/vocals: Kurt Houff – Montana Wildaxe
Percussion: Kevin Kelleher – Cameltones
Keys/vocals: Jim Miller
Bass: Randy Waters Brixton Saint
Horns: Mark Macturk
Horns: Kevin McCalley
Guitar: Benjamin Ledyard – Cameltones
Guitar/bass/vocals: Christian Salcedo – Nine Eyes
Bass Aaron Goldstein – Mallory Square
The Young Ones (under 35):
Guitar/vocals: Aaron Poole – The Full Carbon Get Up
Bass: Matt Messatzzia
Drums or Keys: Dave Lee – Still Moon Servants.
Vocals/percussion: Sherri Nicole – Jason Jefferies and the Tall Trees and The Full Carbon Get Up
Guitar/vocals: Jason Webb – The Hold Up
Flute and Trombone: Julius Brown – The Dirty Dozen brass band
Trumpet: Dan Booker
Sax: Nathan Heitzman
Guitar: Gordon Lippincott – The Mad Sweet Pangs
Event Partners & Sponsors:
About Art Is After Dark
The Museum comes alive on select Friday nights! Each night is unique with live music, special performances, Studio activities, films, gallery games, tours, and more! Plus, stroll the galleries and enjoy a cash bar with snacks in the Thronson Café. Free for Members, $8 in advance or $10 at the door for Non-Members.
There's more!
You can also sign up for the popular Friday Evening Adult Workshops from 7:00 p.m. – 9:00 p.m. in the Museum's Studio. Supplies, beer, wine, and light snacks provided. Pre-registration is required. Must be 21 participate. $30 Members, $35 Non-Members. Click here for more information.


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|Richard Bowman
Richard Bowman, July 8, 1998. Interview K-0513.
An Asheville Native Describes Segregation and Racism in North Carolina and California: Richard Bowman reflects on growing up in segregated Asheville, North Carolina, and facing racism during his employment with the army and the Los Angeles Department of Motor Vehicles. He also discusses his work to improve the current Asheville school district and rebuild his old high school. He lived in Los Angeles for four decades and experienced two major riots.
Interviewee: Richard Bowman, Richard Bowman Interviewer: Kelly Navies
Duration: 01:27:26 Annotated Excerpts: Listen to and read all 15 excerpts.


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Wednesday, 9 November 2011
Second edition now available !
I am very happy to report that the second edition of 'For every minute you are angry you lose sixty seconds of happiness' has been published by MACK. It will be launched this week in Paris at Offprint and at the Steidl / MACK stand at Paris Photo. Limited edition C-type prints from the series will also be featured at the In Camera Gallery space (Stand D55) at the Grand Palais.
80 Pages, 42 colour plates, 23.5 X 28cm, hardcover with printed cloth
Designed by Julian Germain and David Ellis at Why Not Associates
€35 / £30 / $45
Available from the usual outlets and direct from www.mackbooks.co.uk
Posted by Julian Germain at 13:33 1 comment:
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Armed Robbery In Brazil Goes Wrong: Man Shoots 2 Robbers At A Bodega!
An attempt robbery at a convenient store gone terribly wrong when two gunmen and a civilian were shot dead. Submitted by: @YungAlchemist - Eid Mubarak
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


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text:
The story of the Pakistan Army
Pakistan Branch, Oxford University Press, 1963 - 250 pages
From inside the book
35 pages matching Lahore in this book
Where's the rest of this book?
Results 1-3 of 35
What people are saying - Write a review
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vn The Army in Kashmir
Alarms and Excursions on the Frontier
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Common terms and phrases
action agreed Armed Forces army's artillery attack August Azad forces Azad Kashmir battalions became British Indian Army British officers command Commander-in-Chief Congress country's Dacca decision Delhi division duties East Pakistan efficiency equipment escort factories Field Marshal Field Marshal Mohammad fighting Frontier Force Hindu Hindu and Sikh Indian Air Force Indian leaders Indian troops Indian Union Infantry Iskander Mirza Joint Defence Council Karachi Kashmir Lahore Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Mountbatten Maharaja major Major-General Marshal Mohammad Ayub martial law meet ment military Mohammad Ayub Khan Mountbatten moved Muslim nation non-Muslim North-West Frontier October officers and jawans old Indian Army operation ordnance organization Pakis Pakistan Army Pakistani troops Partition Council Pathans police political Poonch Prime Minister problem province Punjab Regiment Quaid-i-Azam raids Rawalpindi refugees reorganization responsible Rifles sectors senior Sikh situation soon staff sub-continent Supreme Headquarters task territory tion tribesmen units village West Punjab


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Reviewed by Heavon P. (age 14)
It's a great story and it has many good points in it. My favorite part was when Reuben got injured because I knew something big was going to happen after that. Reuben reminded me of myself because he stayed determined and that's how I am about certain things. One time I suffered a bad injury but I was still determined to play through the pain. I think it was interesting that the author built things up and made me want to read more. Then the author would spring a big event out of nowhere.
I think everybody should really read this book because it is about determination. Whether you are a boy or a girl, a football player or a game-player, determination gets you through some tough times. You will enjoy reading about Reuben's journey.


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Superhero film "Ant-Man" topped the weekend with $58 million, marking the 12th consecutive Marvel film to open in first place.
Going into the weekend, "Ant-Man" was expected to open with up to $65 million, much like Marvel's 2011 titles "Captain America: The First Avenger" and "Thor." However, Disney adjusted its tracking expectations on Saturday evening after news of severe weather in parts of the Midwest and rain in Southern California, which likely slowed weekend grosses.


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Steroids have been a part of our existence for quite some time now.
Almost all sportsmen and women at some point of their careers have indulged in performance enhancing drugs, whether legal or illegal that's up for debate some other time. Steroids, in an almost unmindful manner, have been interwoven in the regular lives of people even remotely connected to the field of performance sports.
The people who are gym junkies and avid sports enthusiasts and are well acquainted with the world of steroids must be hearing about a steroid known as Trenbolone recently. Trenbolone is a steroid that is essentially derived from the anabolic steroid nandrolone but exhibits androgenic qualities more conspicuously.
As far as displaying androgenic qualities is concerned, it is even stronger than our primary androgen testosterone.
For all its qualities, Trenbolone is not a steroid that many people have adequate knowledge about. It has been observed that some gym instructors who promote the use of this mysterious steroid with utmost vigour and enthusiasm don't have even a vague idea about its actuality or its functioning.
The bodybuilding literature is abound with frequent mentions about this steroid, but majority of those allusions lack in credibility and authority as most of the statements or information pertaining to Trenbolone is largely based on conjectures rather than facts. This lack of accuracy regarding the information about Trenbolone has ensued in a cloud of uncertainty and skepticism over our perspective concerning this steroid.
Another factor that has weighed heavily on our stance towards Trenbolone is the atypical and aberrant history of this drug that is typified by short supply and high market price of the same. This limited accessibility to this drug and its high price has certainly moulded the psyche of the athletes regarding Trenbolone, inclining it adversely.
That is also the reason many gym enthusiasts are unfavourably disposed towards the usage of this steroid. The reputation of Trenbolone has suffered due to period of frequent lulls in its manufacturing. This fickle nature of its manufacturing ensued in rising of the market price of the drug which consequently lent an air of dubiety to the repute of Tren steroid.
Another facet of Trenbolone that has spurred the debate on the use of this drug is its propensity to reduce thyroid hormones which is one of the qualities of this steroid that makes it rather intriguing. tren acetate This particular ability is accompanied by a considerable rise in the prolactin levels which is another effect that accounts for the skepticism of people while consuming it.
- 308 Visitors


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It all started with the mustache…now, we've moved to all sorts of facial hair and THEN some! When it comes to photobooth props, the skies the limit…
1st row: Linden Lovebirds, Goldylocks, Whiskerworks
2nd row: DIY Chalkboard talk bubbles via Oh Happy Day, props from Paperfinger
3rd row: Tom Banwell Designs, Smitten Sticks, picture frames via Studiobooth
4th row: Little Retreats, stuffed goodies from Ashley Meaders
By now you know how it goes….leave a comment below for a chance to win a Smitten Sticks bow-tie kit which includes 8 bow-ties! Winner announced on Friday!


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Holiday parks in New Zealand
Choose from over 400 holiday parks throughout New Zealand.
There are over 400 Holiday Parks around New Zealand. All offer powered sites and hot showers, and some are very well appointed with new amenities. Others are older retro-style campgrounds with aged facilities.
Holiday parks
Aare good places to talk with other travellers, charge up your batteries, do your washing and luxuriate in a hot shower. They're also often close to populated areas that offer a night out (or at least civilisation!).
Some parks are affiliated with Holiday Park groups, which provide a consistent standard of facilities across their brand.
Top 10 Holiday Parks
Top 10 have 48 Holiday Parks around NZ, in some of the most iconic travel destinations. They offer a consistent Qualmark 4* standard or above rating for their accommodation, which ranges from tent and campervan sites to motel units and cabins.
Kiwi Holiday Parks
Kiwi offer a range of over 50 campsites, motor camps and campervans parks throughout NZ. There is a minimum Qualmark 3* rating across all of their affiliated parks.
Family Parks :
Originally an Australian-based group, Family Parks are another brand that offer consistency across their 25+ affiliated parks.
Find every Holiday Park in New Zealand, regardless of affiliation, located alongside every other camping area in NZ on this online camping map - www.rankers.co.nz/respect.