text:
Geodata Interoperability –
A Key NII Requirement
An Open GIS Consortium (OGC) White Paper
David Schell, Lance McKee, and Kurt Buehler
Open GIS Consortium
firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com, email@example.com
White Paper submitted to the NII 2000 Steering Committee of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the National Research Council.
A wide range of activities depend on digital geographic data and geoprocessing, and these information resources are rapidly becoming more important as commerce expands, information technology advances, and environmental problems demand resolution. Unfortunately, non-interoperability severely limits the use of digital geographic information. Spatial data exist in a wide range of incompatible and often vendor-proprietary forms, and geographic information systems (GIS) usually exist in organizations as isolated collections of data, software, and user expertise.
The potential uses for geodata in the context of the NII reach far beyond current uses, making current limitations even more disheartening. If legacy geodata and data generated by new technologies such as geopositioning systems (GPS) and high resolution satellite-borne sensors were easily accessible via networks, and if spatial data of various kinds were compatible with a wide range of desktop and embedded applications, the effects would be revolutionary in NII application areas such as emergency response, health and public safety, military command and control, fleet management, traffic management, precision farming, business geographics, and environmental management.
The problem of geodata non-interoperability will be solved in part by institutional cooperation: organizations need to create data locally in standard formats that can be used globally. But we need to plan a technological solution if we want systems in which diverse applications can transparently exchange diverse geodata types and in which applications can access remote spatial databases and spatial processing resources in real-time. The technological solution: develop a common approach to using spatial data with distributed processing technologies such as remote procedure calls and distributed objects.
This paper looks at the components of the geodata non-interoperability problem and describes the technical solution and the unique consortium that is providing that solution. This consortium approach, which involves users in the specification process and which organizationally isolates technical and political agendas, holds promise as a model means of simultaneously developing important technologies and developing and implementing technology policy.
The importance of geospatial information and geoprocessing services:
The National Information Infrastructure broadly defines an information technology environment for the development and use of many information-based products of vital significance to the nation. Fundamental to the design and function of many of these products is the use of geospatial data, more commonly known as "geographical information." So widespread and critical is the use of geographical information and the "geographical information systems" (GIS) that have been marketed to work with it in its many forms, that President Clinton issued Executive Order 12906 (April 11, 1994) to establish a "National Spatial Data Infrastructure" (NSDI) and commissioned the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC -- chaired by Secretary of the Interior Babbitt) to document it, to give it operational form, and to provide a management structure designed to help it grow and become a focus for the combined efforts of both public and private sector organizations concerned in any way with the development and use of geospatial information.
In terms of the clear objectives that give it form and sustain it, as well as its highly focused data development and standardization activities, the NSDI is positioned to be a well defined and vital component of the NII, and a valuable resource for those working in a variety of the application areas targeted for intensive development by NII policy planners. The NSDI, however, although conceived as a distributed data resource, lacks the operational framework to support real time access to distributed geoprocessing resources and their associated database archives -- resources such as Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) and Government Information Locator Service (GILS) are available for catalog access and superficial browsing of spatial data sets, but the problem of remote query against the wildly heterogeneous assortment of spatial data sets that constitute the NSDI's "Clearinghouse" environment will not be solved until an operational model for the interoperability of distributed geoprocessing environments is developed and accepted by the geoprocessing community.
The nation's wealth of geospatial data is vast and of increasing use to developers and planners at all levels of operation in both the public and private sectors. Much of the information technology world is rapidly transforming its basis of computation from the tabular domain, the world of spreadsheets and accounting ledgers, to the spatial domain, the world of maps, satellite imagery and demographic distributions. Applications that merge digital mapping, position determination, and object icons are already being introduced in activities such as overnight delivery service and urban transit. These three technologies and new database management systems capable of handling multidimensional data will play an important role in operations decision support systems, maintenance management, and asset management wherever assets and processes are geographically dispersed. As the NII concept challenges organizations to adopt more comprehensive, enterprise processing models based on wide-area, multi-media communications technologies, the need increases to invest the NSDI with distributed processing capabilities that can ensure the full integration of geoprocessing resources into these models. Commercial need for better spatial data integration is already clear in areas such as electric and gas utilities, rail transport, retail, property insurance, real estate, precision farming, and airlines. Given the critical nature of applications positioned to combine "real-time" and geospatial attributes -- emergency response, health and public safety, military command and control, fleet management, environmental monitoring -- the need to accomplish the full integration of NSDI resources into the NII context has become increasingly urgent. The importance of interoperability standards to NII-based applications:
Fundamental to the development of enterprise information systems is the concept of "interoperability". The term "interoperability" is used at all levels of information technology development to define a user's or a device's ability to access a variety of heterogeneous resources by means of a single, unchanging operational interface. At the level of chip technology the interface is a backplane or a bus specification; at the network level the interface may be a hardware-based transmission protocol or a packet specification; at the operating system level the interface is a set of system calls or subroutines; at the object programming level the interface is a specification for the behavior of a object classes. In short, "interoperability" denotes the user's ability to function uniformly and without product modification in complex environments by applying a standard interface to heterogeneous resources.
In the geodata domain interoperability is defined as the ability to access multiple, heterogeneous geoprocessing environments, either local or remote, by means of a single, unchanging software interface. Interoperability in this context refers as well to accessing both multiple heterogeneous datasets and multiple heterogeneous GIS programs. By definition this view of interoperability assumes the sort of interoperable network environment envisioned by NII policy.
The interoperability profile of the NII is characterized by multiple hardware and software standards, some complete and some under development. Such standards are the product of years of concentrated effort on the part of both public and private sector organizations, as well as such recognized standards bodies as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Within the operational framework established by these standards, it should be possible to exchange diverse information encoded in a wide variety of data formats among all known makes and types of computer, communications and video systems. Already significant strides have been taken towards integrating such forms of information as database tables with the result that both database applications and non-database applications such as spreadsheet and word processing documents can use database information without switching applications.
In order to integrate geospatial data into the application environment of the NII and to use it in a coherent way the FGDC has taken valuable first steps by organizing an approach to standardizing on an exchange format that includes entity attribute schemes for each of the significant geoprocessing application areas in the federal government and a standardized description of the content of geospatial data collections (i.e. their metadata). Associated with this effort is the establishment of the National Spatial Data Clearinghouse, a directory and metadata catalog accessible by the Internet describing a rich assortment of registered databases meant to define the resources of the NSDI. Taken together, the geodata standardization and Clearinghouse initiatives comprise the data resources needed to introduce geoprocessing into the mainstream of NII-based distributed application systems. They do not, however, address the interoperability issue, and remain available as a "static resource", requiring either that data be accessed by software that is familiar with its native format, or that entire datasets be converted to standardized transfer formats and reconverted to the user's processing format before any useful work can be done with them. Many databases are frequently updated, which adds to the cost of acquisition and conversion.
In order to make the NSDI data both freely available and useful in the NII environment it will be necessary to introduce a standardized interoperability mechanism specifically designed for remote access of geographical databases. Such a mechanism must embody the interoperability principles on which the NII is based. That is, it must enable transparent, barrier-free access to heterogeneous geospatial datasets in a distributed environment, relying on standardized interfaces for the generation of queries in real-time, and the consequent retrieval of query-derived datasets to the user's native environment.
A significant issue faced in recognizing the necessity of such an interoperability mechanism for geoprocessing is the fact that the geoprocessing community has been slow to adapt many recent advances in main-stream information technology. Traditionally GIS packages, whether commercial or public sector, have created highly structured and architecturally closed operational environments, tightly coupling display graphics with spatial analysis mechanisms, and relying on a tight coupling of spatial analysis with proprietary spatial database designs. Such packages tend to be operationally monolithic, lacking the modularity that is required for an efficient use of the distributed architectures that are more and more coming to characterize enterprise computing. In the past the GIS user worked primarily in a closed shop environment on limited datasets which could be archived and maintained in the local environment, and only intermittently updated by means of tape import or batch transfer over the network. With the advent of the Internet and the associated surging demand for "processed data" in real-time, such closed environments fail to provide geoprocessing professionals the same ready access to the nation's data resources as people in general are coming to expect of such institutions as libraries, legal archives, news and entertainment programming, and general information and interaction services on the Internet.
Contingencies and Uncertainties:
The growth of the NSDI subset of the NII, like the growth of the NII itself, is a complex, many-faceted phenomenon. As in a developing economy or ecosystem, there are many complex dependencies. Organized cooperative effort will characterize the growth in some domains, while chance, raw market initiatives, and surprise breakthroughs will dominate in others. The rise of geodata interoperability depends on the expertise, commitment, and user focus of those who are directly addressing the problem, but it also depends on the infrastructures that support their efforts and on the vagaries of the market.
In this section of the paper we describe a geodata interoperability standards effort that is in progress, and we note the other standards and new technologies upon which it depends. We also describe the process by which the standard is being developed, and the participation upon which that process depends.
The OGIS:
The Open Geodata Interoperability Specification (OGIS) is a specification for object-oriented definitions of geodata that will enable development of true distributed geoprocessing across large networks as well as development of geodata interoperability solutions. OGIS is like other emerging distributed object-oriented software systems in its basic structure and benefits, but it is the first large scale application of object technology to GIS and to the management of spatial data in the global and national information infrastructure contexts. It is being made sufficiently general so that it can be implemented using software methodologies other than object technology, including remote procedure call (RPC) architectures such as the Open Software Foundation's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) or application linking schemes such as Microsoft's Object Linking and Embedding (OLE).
The OGIS will specify a well ordered environment designed to simplify the work of both developers and users. Developers adhering to OGIS-defined interface standards will easily create applications able to handle a full range of geodata types and geoprocessing functions. Users of geodata will be able to share a huge networked data space in which all spatial data conforms to a generic model, even though the data may have been produced at different times by unrelated groups using different production systems for different purposes. In many cases automated methods will bring older data into conformance. The OGIS, and the object technology that underlies it, will also provide the means to create an extremely capable resource browser that users will employ across networks to find and acquire both data and processing resources. Searches will be executed using powerful, object oriented distributed database technology developed to handle large, complex, abstract entities that canít be managed in conventional relational database management systems. Queries will potentially return only the data requested, not whole datasets that will require further reduction and preparation before the user can begin.
With the OGIS in place, the GIS industry will have the tools it needs to address the expensive geodata incompatibility problems faced by federal agencies, large private enterprises, and state and local governments. The OGIS will provide a technological boost to organizations committed to spatial data transfer standards. By providing a "smart" generic wrapper around data, OGIS will achieve the objectives of a universal data format while respecting the widely varying missions of data producers. Making good use of distributed processing on high bandwidth networks, OGIS will multiply the utility of geospatial databases and reduce the size and duration of data transfers.
Object Technology:
To understand how the OGIS will work, one must understand the basics of object technology. Object technology will, over the next five years, change the way we conceptualize, build, use, and evolve computer systems. It provides a way to integrate incompatible computer resources and a way to build software systems that are much easier to maintain, change, and expand. Its robust components can be quickly assembled to create new or modified applications. It is synergistic with the Information Highway, offering a model in which adaptable agents spawned by a userís local computer can act across the network. In harmony with todayís emphasis on sharing of data and resources within enterprises, it breaks out of the earlier model that sequesters proprietary software and data within isolated systems. Object technology will make it much easier for non-technical people to access and customize information and information systems, because many instances of data conversion and manipulation will become transparent.
The old way of programming, procedural programming, segregates data from programs that operate on the data. Procedural programming makes sense when processing resources are in short supply and programmers are available in abundance to maintain and debug aging software systems that have grown into "spaghetti code." The world is moving away from this model. Processing power is abundant and cheap, and large enterprises now look to object technology to reduce escalating software maintenance costs (and data conversion costs) that are straining their budgets.
Moving beyond standalone programs that operate on specific kinds of data to perform specific tasks, developers of large enterprise systems are now beginning to write software in special modules called objects. Objects typically include both data and behaviors. Data is spoken of as being "encapsulated" in an object. The capsule that contains the data is a set of behaviors (or procedures, or methods) that can act on the data and return a result when requested to do so by another object. If an object is requested to do something it canít do, it returns an error message. Older, pre-existing data and applications can be encapsulated so that they will work in the object environment.
Client objects in distributed object systems can learn other objectsí contents and capabilities and invoke operations associated with those capabilities. In other words, objects interact as clients and servers. The object-to-object messaging that is central to object technology gains efficiency through a system by which objects belong to classes with common properties. Classes can be nested in hierarchies. In these hierarchies, classes inherit attributes (data and procedures) from classes that are higher in the hierarchy. Inheritance allows objects to efficiently represent the large amount of redundant information that is common to all the objects of a class.
Large object systems, especially distributed systems, typically have an interface layer called an Object Request Broker (ORB) that keeps track of the objects and activities in the system. The ORB screens for improper requests, mediates between competing requests, makes request handling more efficient, and provides an interface through which dissimilar applications can communicate and interoperate.
Just as a Microsoft Word user can now, without changing applications, run analyses on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet embedded in a Word document, a GIS user will, through the development of the OGIS and the object technology environment, access a full set of GIS capabilities while working in an application that may not be a GIS application. Just as the Word user no longer needs to convert the spreadsheet to tab-delimited text before importing the static data into the Word document, the GIS user will not need to convert data formats and projections.
The OGIS Architecture:
The OGIS will provide:
By providing the above interoperability standards, the OGIS will provide the means for creating:
The two main components of the architectural framework of the OGIS are the OGIS Geodata Model (OGM) and the OGIS Reference Model (ORM).
The OGM is the core component of the framework. It consists of a hierarchical class library of geographic information data types which comprise the shared data environment and unified data programming interface for applications. Cohesive, comprehensive, and extensible, encompassing all current geospatial and temporal descriptions of data, presentation issues, analysis modes, and storage and communication issues, the OGM will be the language of OGIS. The OGM will be the interface to geodata transfer standards such as the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS); Spatial Archive and Interchange Format (SAIF); and Digital Geographic Standard (DIGEST). It will be interoperable with SQL3-MM, the next generation of SQL, which will be object oriented and which will support multimedia entities, including geospatial data.
The OGM will support object queries, read/write of multiple formats, temporal modeling and long duration transactions. It will, to accomplish these objectives, include sophisticated GIS definitions of spatial objects, fields, and functions.
The ORM describes a consistent open development environment characterized by a reusable object code base and a set of services. The design approach for the OGM determines the set of services that must be supported in the ORM. As a result, the ORM requires directories of services and databases, which will support complex query processing. It also specifies standard methods for requesting and delivering geospatial transformations and processing tasks. The ORM will also facilitate transformations between "private" data and OGM constructs, as well as coordinate conversion and raster/vector conversion. It also manages visualization and display, and it supports data acquisition.
Other emergent IT standards and their relationship to OGIS:
As mentioned above, implementations of the OGIS will be layered on interfaces such as CORBA, DCE, and OLE. These are, in fact, the three major interfaces that are likely to be used. So the success of the OGIS will ultimately depend on the robustness, completeness, stability, schedule, and market acceptance of these standards. CORBA and DCE are the products of consortia, OLE is the product of Microsoft. The success of a consortium-produced standard depends very much on whether the members put in enough time and money to finish the standard in a timely and complete fashion, and whether the members understand the needs of the community that might use the standard. The success of a vendor-produced de facto standard like DCE depends very much on the vendor's market penetration. The success of any standard depends on whether the standard solves a problem for a sufficient number of users, with sufficient cost/benefit advantage to make the standards-based solution more attractive than alternative non-standards-based solutions.
The robustness, completeness, stability, schedule, and market acceptance of other aspects of the NII also bear on the success of the OGIS. Everything from the installation schedule of broadband cable to the security of network-based payment schemes will affect the demand for geodata and remote geoprocessing. Reciprocally, working geodata and geoprocessing solutions will help drive the demand for bandwidth, payment schemes, and network-ready devices, as well as the demand for more data and applications.
In the domain of GIS, the standards work of the FGDC and other groups focused on institutional solutions to interoperability will contribute to acceptance of OGIS-based solutions. These groups are focusing the attention of tens of thousands of traditional GIS users. These users will be motivated to publish their data electronically, and at the same time their need for data will increase the demand for remote access to others' data. The expense of manually bringing data into conformance will, we believe, often be greater than the expense of using OGIS-based automated methods, thus increasing the demand for OGIS-based solutions.
Factors in making the Business Case: Who will build the OGIS and why?
The Open GIS Consortium, Inc. (OGC) is a unique membership organization dedicated to open system approaches to geoprocessing. By means of its consensus building and technology development activities, OGC has had a significant impact on the geodata standards community, and has successfully promoted the vision of "Open GIS" as the vehicle for integration of geoprocessing with the distributed architectures of the emerging worldwide infrastructure for information management.
OGCís direction is set by a board of directors selected for their ability to represent key constituencies in the geoprocessing community. The OGC board speaks on behalf of both public and private sector users interested in finding more integrated and effective ways to use the worldís increasing wealth of geographical information to support problem solving in such areas as environmental monitoring and sustainment, transportation, resource management, global mapping, agricultural productivity, crisis management and national defense.
The OGIS Project Technical Committee of the OGC operates according to a formal consensus process structured to be fair and equitable and to ensure the technical completeness of the specification. To ensure the eventual adoption of OGIS as an official standard, the OGIS Technical Committee is represented on key geodata, GIS, and geomatics standards committees, including the ISO (International Standards Organization) TC211 GIS/Geomatics Committee and the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) X3L1 Committee. In addition, the OGIS Technical Committee maintains close ties to the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC).
The OGIS Project Management Committee is composed of representatives from the Technical Committee, representatives of the Principal Member organizations, and others who represent particular constituencies. The Management Committee maintains a business plan for the Project and sets overall policy for the Project. The dual committee structure serves to separate technical and political issues.
OGC was founded to create interoperability specifications in response to wide-spread recognition of the following problematical conditions in the geoprocessing and geographic information community:
The multiplicity of geodata formats and data structures, often proprietary, that prevent interoperability and thus limit commercial opportunity and government effectiveness.
The need to coordinate activities of public and private sectors in producing standardized approaches to specifying geoprocessing requirements for public sector procurements.
The need to create greater public access to public geospatial data sources.
The need to preserve the value of legacy GIS systems and legacy geodata.
The need to incorporate geoprocessing and geographic information resources in the framework of national information infrastructure initiatives.
The need to synchronize geoprocessing technology with emerging Information Technology (IT) standards based on open system and distributed processing concepts.
The need to involve international corporations in the development and communication of geoprocessing standards activity, particularly in the areas of infrastructure architecture and interoperability, in order to promote the integration of resources in the context of global information infrastructure initiatives.
OGC is a not-for-profit corporation supported by Consortium membership fees, development partnerships, and cooperative agreements with federal agencies. As of April 26, 1995 the Consortium included 40 members. Though organized to manage multiple project tracks, OGCís initial focus is on the development of the OGIS. OGC plans to establish other project tracks in areas related to implementations of the OGIS architecture.
Who will use the OGIS and why?
The OGIS will be used by at least the following groups:
Software vendors have already begun writing software that conforms to the object-based paradigm exemplified by the OGIS. GIS Database, visualization, desktop mapping, and application tool vendors will all be able to provide capabilities that will seamlessly integrate into applications targeted for specific end-user communities. Just as the new paradigm will transform monolithic desktop applications into environments of compatible components (such as printing modules that work with spreadsheet or word processor, making it unnecessary for the spreadsheet or word processor to contain its own printing software), OGIS-based components will perform specific analysis and display functions, and they will work seamlessly with other non-GIS applications.
Integrators working on systems that require the ability to access geodata and geoprocessing resources are already building OGIS compliance into their frameworks.
Data providers, public and private, who are preparing to serve data across networks, are planning and prototyping encapsulation schemes and database approaches that will depend on the OGIS. This group will ultimately include public digital libraries; remote sensing data vendors like SPOT and EOSAT; state and federal agencies that need to distribute data to agency offices and/or that are obliged to make their data publicly available; major corporations with spatial data in their corporate databases; military intelligence, planning, and training groups; etc.
Ultimately, the OGIS will be an invisible but essential enabler of ready access to remote geodata in all of the application areas mentioned above, and probably in others that we have not imagined. Like other standards, it will not be noticed or understood by most people who use it. It will make an extraordinarily complex activity simple.
What can the Federal Government do to facilitate the process?
Many agencies of the Federal Government have a critical interest in geodata interoperability, and some are already providing support to OGC. Though most of OGC's funding and technical participation comes from the private sector, OGC was started with funding from the US Army Corps of Engineers Construction Research Laboratories (USACERL) and the DoA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Both of these agencies are still involved with OGC. Also, the Universal Spatial Data Access Consortium (USDAC), a NASA-funded digital library technology project, has joined the OGIS Testbed Program of OGC. Funding for USDAC comes from a Cooperative Agreement Notice, "Public Use of Earth and Space Science Data Over the Internet," provided by NASAís High Performance Computing and Communications Program. Other Federal agencies that are members include USDoC NOAA-Nautical Charting Division, USDoD Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), and USDoI Geological Survey - National Mapping Division.
Other Federal agencies with a critical interest in geodata interoperability would benefit from participating in the development of the OGIS, because their specific needs would be represented and they would be in close touch with the organizations best able to help them. Also, their support would help ensure timely completion of the OGIS and thus they would begin to reap the benefits of OGIS-based solutions as early as possible.
The Federal Government can also encourage other distributed computing standards efforts upon which the OGIS will depend, such as the Object Management Group's Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). The OGIS will have value in non-distributed environments, but its greatest potential lies in the potential for remote geodata access.
Perhaps the most important way the Federal Government can help the cause of geodata interoperability -- which is to say, to bring the NSDI into the NII -- is to make the OGIS Project a special focus for the National Information Infrastructure Task Force (NIITF). Technology policy at the NIITF level needs to stress private sector support for the standards activities of OGC. The NIITF is positioned to strongly encourage major corporations, particularly telecommunications companies, to put significant resources into supporting OGIS development work, testbed activities, and finally, OGIS-based products and services. The NIITF can provide solid leadership in showing major corporations why this kind of interoperability ought to be viewed as a high priority development issue.
Projections, including barriers:
OGIS-based implementations will become available in the same time frame in which underlying and auxiliary NII capabilities will become available. Early prototype work has begun at testbed sites, even though the specification is not complete. The specification will be complete in about a year, and several testbed projects and independent efforts by vendors are expected to begin yielding useful implementations at about that time. The OGIS merely prepares the world of geodata and geoprocessing to participate in the general progress of Information Technology (IT) that industry experts forecast. The OGIS is being developed concurrently with other essential software standards and components of the NII that will be developed, released, and tried in the real world of the marketplace in the next five years.
Dissension in the software community is the principal barrier to this general progress and to the progress of geodata interoperability. The long history of UNIX shows how industry giants seeking dominance can thwart standards efforts and stunt the growth and acceptance of a useful technology. Every standards consortium confronts the tendency for industry leaders to fly apart because of competitive issues. From the standpoint of the OGIS, it is important that underlying standards like CORBA and DCE succeed, and that the members of OGC stay true to the vision of geodata interoperability across the industry.
How can the problem be addressed by a public and private partnership?
As described above, the problem of geodata non-interoperability is being addressed by a standards consortium, the Open GIS Consortium. OGC is developing not another geodata standard, but a standard approach to using distributing computing methodologies, primarily object technology and RPCs, in geodata and geoprocessing applications. participation by public and private organizations is particularly important in this case because so many public agencies are critically dependent on geodata and geoprocessing, and because most geodata is a product of public agencies. The public agencies have everything to gain and nothing to lose from their support of OGC, because 1) the OGIS Project gives them an opportunity to increase the certainty that the specification, and solutions based on it, will meet their needs, 2) agency representatives have the opportunity to learn about and learn from the most knowledgeable technology providers, and 3) the capabilities unleashed by the OGIS will enable them to vastly improve their ability to fulfill their missions.
OGC members, public and private, recognize the wonderful opportunity afforded by the timing of this effort: At this point in time, no vendor has dominated the market with object-based GIS solutions that might hinder the effort to create a rational, comprehensive, standardized approach that can potentially benefit everyone. Vendors and integrators have, through the consortium, an opportunity both to involve sophisticated users in their common technology specification effort, and to share the costs of this development. All of the members believe that their collective efforts will lead to greatly expanded markets, though they also recognize that their existing products and services will need to change to accommodate the new paradigm. Most understand that change is inevitable in the IT industry whether they embrace it or not, and OGC offers a way for them to exert a degree of control, stay at the leading edge, and make relatively sound business projections.
OGC's goal is to create successful standards for geodata interoperability, and many of the discussions surrounding its founding focused on the failings of other consortia that tried and failed in their attempts to create standards. Leading consortium lawyers and experts in technology standardization contributed to the formation of OGC and its bylaws, and their guidance continues. The challenge is to carefully craft an organization and a set of goals that make all participants winners, and to be sure that all the interests of all affected constituencies are represented.
OGC has a unique organizational structure that resulted from the process described above. It has a Board of Directors, a full-time professional staff, and separate project tracks. The Board of Directors has responsibility for approving business plans from each track, for organizing new tracks, and for setting overall Consortium direction and strategy. Each project track has its own membership and is managed by a Management Committee that is responsible for strategic and business planning, technical oversight, and product approval. (OGC products are IT standards related to geodata interoperability.) Each track also has a Technical Committee responsible for technology development and mediation of the different technical views of the membership. A testbed program in each track coordinates early implementation efforts and provides feedback to the Technical Committee. The Technical Committee is responsible for product development, which it then delivers to the Management Committee for final approval. This organizational structure isolates technical issues from management issues and allows a better overall progression of product development. It also isolates the Board from each project track.
The NIITF is positioned to help OGC succeed by encouraging key NII-building companies to participate in OGC's efforts. Clearly, the technology policy mission of the NIITF is perfectly aligned with the mission of OGC. But OGC also offers the NIITF a higher-level benefit: the opportunity to observe and evaluate a state-of-the-art consortium that may be the forerunner of tomorrow's technology policy planning bodies. The continuing acceleration of technological change forces a new, more anticipatory and proactive approach to technology policy planning, an approach based on community-wide discussion of objectives followed by development of standards that channel vendors' efforts in agreed-upon directions.
The Information Infrastructure: Reaching Society's Goals. A Report of the Information Infrastructure Task Force Committee on Applications and Technology. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. NIST Special Publication 868.
Putting the Information Infrastructure to Work: A Report of the Information Infrastructure Task Force Committee on Applications and Technology. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. NIST Special Publication 857.


text:
Our luxury coachbuilt motorhome suitable to hire for 4 people. You have the rear lounge which converts to a good fixed double or leave up as a fixed bed and you still have the dinette area to sit and relax. Both the drivers and passengers seats swivel round for added comfort. If you are using as a fixed bed you also have the benefit of additional storage space below. This rental motorhome gives you all the facilities you need but still in a compact vehicle, perfect for the winding Highlands roads.
European Approval ensures compliance with strict weight, dimension and safety regulations
Body insulated with high performance 3M's 'Thinsulate'
Fiat Ducato 2.0 litre new Euro 6 upgrade to 130bhp engine with automatic gearbox
Extra long wheel base 3.5 tonnes – 184
Upgraded Silver cab with body coloured bumper
Alloy wheels
Fully integrated factory-fit Radio/MP3 player with Bluetooth and roof mounted aerial
LED side entrance light
Driver airbags
Driver and passenger chairs with headrest, wider backrest and cab seat swivel
Height adjustable drivers seat
Electrically operated and tinted cab windows
Key fob operated remote central locking
Rain diverter over side entrance door
ABS brakes
EBD (electronic brake force distribution)
Immobiliser with rolling code
Variable power steering
Headlamp height adjustment
Adjustable steering wheel position
Central cup holder with slot for full width tablet
Two 12V sockets in cab
Fix 'n' Go puncture repair kit
Tablet holder

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ride Start: Deerfield Park
(Route Slip – SAT07)
Food stop: Knowlwoods - Irvine, Sand Canyon & Burt
Short: 17 miles
*Medium: 30 miles, flat *NO DROP – Irvine Bl, Turtle Rock (Map and Elevation)
Long: 39 miles, 1400' Climb – Irvine Bl, Jeronimo, Turtle Rock (Map and Elevation)
Show your colors: Wear a BCI Jersey if you have one!
If you don't yet have a BCI jersey - see ordering info here!
*Being the 1st Saturday 'Jersey Day' we will have a no-drop sweep following the Medium group so if you worry about keeping up, getting lost or need a flat repair, some one will be bringing up the rear - and we'll all go to lunch after the ride.
WE NEED VOLUNTEERS fo the 1st Saturday Sweep for a month or two in 2017, contact email@example.com
see more on the Lunch


text:
It was my sons birthday last Saturday.
Yes. 10 years old.
Some might feel old when their kids get older. Me, umm... I don't think I feel older. Well, maybe. I had him at 21, so really I'm not old at all. Quite young. Some are just getting married and starting families of their own at 31. What does sadden me is that he's getting older. He could be moved away in 8 years.
I now feel this less than panic to fit in all the hugs and I love you that I can now. It sort of saddens me that he doesn't really tell me that he loves me back.
This is becoming a tear fest. Get yourself together woman.
What's most important.
I just hope I'm doing as God would like me (and my husband) to do.
Proverbs 22:6
Train a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn from it.
Let's carry on.
Bowling was a blast.
We definitely need to bowl more often.
Like my shoes!
Ecclesiastes 3:1-8
1 There is a time for everything,
and a season for every activity under heaven:
2 a time to be born and a time to die,
a time to plant and a time to uproot,
3 a time to kill and a time to heal,
a time to tear down and a time to build,
4 a time to weep and a time to laugh,
a time to mourn and a time to dance,
5 a time to scatter stones and a time to gather them,
a time to embrace and a time to refrain,
6 a time to search and a time to give up,
a time to keep and a time to throw away,
7 a time to tear and a time to mend,
a time to be silent and a time to speak,
8 a time to love and a time to hate,
a time for war and a time for peace.


text:
Postcards from every country and territory in the world. That which is significant about this blog is I have visited all the post offices and locations exhibited. If you have a love of travel, postcards and stamps, this site is for you. When completed it should be the first site to have at least one postcard sent by one person from every postal administration. 327 countries/territories plus some extra Islands. This all started with my love of postcards in 2004. Enjoy!
Thursday, 17 December 2015
Thursday, 3 December 2015
A is for Aland 2007
|Back on my A list again. Been busy at work , so now can go back to the list. I visited Aland in 2007 . In between Sweden and Finland. Has its own Flag and Stamps. Though part of Finland , the people here speak Swedish. There is the usual Post office photo . A large post office with a full selection of stamps. Enjoyed my trip here.
Tuesday, 1 December 2015
Ashford Castle
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)


text:
The picture below entitled with Lighting Small Space Kitchen Designs. This photo was upload at July 12, 2013 upload by Verney Levesque in Kitchens category.
You can save Lighting Small Space Kitchen Designs photos in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size line below. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with the photograph.
You can search for pictures above in Google with the following keyword tags : design for small kitchen spaces, design ideas for small kitchen spaces, designs for small kitchen spaces, kitchen design for small space, kitchen design for small spaces, kitchen design ideas for small spaces, kitchen design ideas small spaces, kitchen design in small space, kitchen design in small spaces, kitchen design small space, kitchen designs for small space, kitchen designs for small spaces, kitchen island designs for small spaces, modern kitchen designs for small spaces, outdoor kitchen designs for small spaces, simple kitchen designs for small spaces, small kitchen design for small space, small space kitchen design, small space kitchen design ideas, small space kitchen designs, small space kitchen designs ideas.
Download by size: Handphone Tablet Desktop (Original Size)
Decorating a small kitchen is a daunting task because the limited space will also limit the decor that can be applied. This is why many people with small space kitchen usually find difficulties in making their kitchen more beautiful and functional. Many small space kitchen designs are actually available for helping you decode easily what kind of style you can create in your small space kitchen. There are actually some rules for decorating a small kitchen so that you can effectively use every space in your kitchen.
If you want to design your kitchen, you can start by making the design
Back To Decorating Small Space Kitchen Designs


text:
Unique gifts from the heart is our specialty
Babydreams is an exclusive boutique specializing in unique baby gifts from the heart. We are located on the main strip of historic downtown Highland Park surrounded by restaurants, entertainment, and local boutiques. (Visit www.cityhpil.com to learn more about our family-friendly community.) Babydreams offers a fun and welcoming environment…where children are invited to play while their "companions" shop. We are proud to also support local artists, showcasing their talents through the seasons. The gifts themselves as well as the presentation are aimed to impress. Your experience shopping at Babydreams will bring you back time and time again.
We love what we do!


text:
THE FUSE #22 is available today from @imagecomics and it's a big one. Lots of answers here as we head into the finale of this arc.
From the solicit:
"Betrayal in the MCPD! Who's in cuffs this time? Why are Klem and Bianca jumping in and out of molecule scanners? What are the terrorists REALLY planning? Like we're going to tell you in the solicit!"
Writer: Antony Johnston (@antonyjohnston)
Artist: Justin Greenwood (@justingreenwood)
Colors: Shari Chankhamma (@shari)
Letters: Ryan Ferrier (@rferrier)
You can also check out original art for sale from this book on my site HERE.


text:
I glance down at a list of joy things, slow things, to
It's been a long while since I've properly gauged my feelings and written my thoughts.
We've sold a house and moved to another a long distance away; new smells, new people, new adventures surround us.
I've leaned into change or should I say I'm trying to embrace it.
At least some things never change.
My God.
It's been hard, a hard letting go during these many many months. Letting go of ME. The stubborn, selfish, my way me.
On this blog, I've been absent, and for good reason. It's OK to take a break from trying to form or conform. It's OK to back away from something that may cause more mess at the end of the day. The striving, pushing to do things, just so - mess.
I'm learning.
These dogs here on my orange rug, they're a vehicle for some acceptance of mess. The normal everyday mess that I don't put on myself. The mess that brings you to tears or to smiles. And well these two girls have brought both to my life. This mess I'm in is breaking old habits off and hopefully creating healthier ones in place.
My God.
He's good at that.
Replacing, creating, moving, breaking, repairing.... All making a MESS!
I must be a better me.
... mother, wife, housekeeper, teacher, Christian, daughter, artist, writer, organizer, etc.
I'm weary of each word down, each hard to break but not unbreakable MUST in my life.
God make a mess in me, in us!
Those words. That call. That demanding. Are heavy. Powerful.
I want to back out, back away through that door. The selfish wants to run away from Him. But that's fool talk.
Ask and receive.
Ask for mess and receive Christ.
What better exchange is that!
Philippians 2
Good Day,


text:
(Extract From The Public Accountancy Act.)
15. (1) No person, unless he is a registered public accountant, shall in Jamaica (a) practise as a public accountant; (b) use, in relation to himself, the designation "Public Accountant", either alone or in conjunction with any other words or initials; or (c) use, in relation to himself, any designation, title, name, initials or description indicating or implying that he is entitled to so use the designation mentioned in paragraph (b), or that he is a registered public accountant.
(2) A person practises as a public accountant within the meaning of paragraph (a) of subsection (1) if- (a) he practices accountancy within the meaning of subsection (3); and (b) in practising accountancy as aforesaid, he holds himself out (whether expressly or by implication) as being
a professionally qualified accountant or an expert in accounting or auditing matters.
(3) A person practises accountancy within the meaning of paragraph (a) of subsection (2) if, for reward, he prepares or examines financial, accounting or related statements, or issues any written opinion, report or certificate concerning any such statement, but a person does not practise accountancy as aforesaid by reason only that- (a) he does so in the course of his duties as an employee of any person; or (b) he engages in book-keeping or cost accounting or the installation of book-keeping, business or cost systems, not including the preparation of financial statements purporting to reflect a true and fair view or to be in conformity with generally accepted accounting standards or in such work as may be prescribed for the purposes of this subsection.
(4) Any person who contravenes the provisions of this section shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate- (a) in the case of a first offence, to a fine not exceeding two million dollars and in default of payment thereof to imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding six months; and (b) in the case of a second or subsequent offence, to a fine not exceeding four million dollars and in default of payment thereof to imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding twelve months.
PART 111. Chartered Accountants
16. (1) As from the 6th July, 1970, the persons who are for the time being members of the organization constituted on the eighteenth day of January, 1965, under the name of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Jamaica shall be a body corporate under the name of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Jamaica.


text:
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome Awareness in Orono, Ontario
Sandra Topper and daughter Leanne Hudson help to create awareness about Loeys-Dietz Syndrome at the annual Carol Sing Along and Fundraiser on December 1st.
Awareness of connective tissue disorders in our communities is of utmost importance; knowing the characteristcs and teltale signs of Marfan, Loeys-Dietz, and other related syndromes, can help to save lives. Thank you to Sandra, Leanne, Nevaeh and the Orono community! For more information about Loeys-Dietz Syndrome visit www.loeys-dietzsyndromecanada.org.


text:
Send Us a Message
We welcome your questions, comments and feedback.
We welcome your questions, comments and feedback.
Larchmere is home to a remarkable collection of art, antique and auction galleries, shops, restaurants and more. Larchmere offers a unique shopping experience with personal service in a vibrant neighborhood.
The Larchmere district starts at East 120th Street and extends east to North Moreland – one block north of the Shaker Square shopping district. Detailed Directions >


text:
At the moment, I'm getting both the image and the text.
I've tried almost everything I know.
6 answers
text-transform: capitalize;
It's pretty insane but it works. Example: http://jsbin.com/ifibo
Edit: I cleaned up the example. This works in IE6 and IE7. IE8 doesn't have the problem.
Paul. I don't unfortunately as its on a local machine. However I've fixed the issue now using this method
font-size: 0px;
line-height: 0px;
Hi Lee,
I would seriously recommend something called a "reset" CSS, it essentially resets the default CSS values that some browsers have (IE mainly) and will help with cross-browser compatibility. It is important you read the documentation with Reset CSS Frameworks, as sometimes they can do things you don't expect.
A popular Reset CSS can be found at: http://developer.yahoo.com/yui/reset/
The most common mistake I do which results in this scenario is to have text-align anything other than left.
Do you have an example page that shows the problem, Lee?
@Dylan Holy crap that's insane. It's awesome in its simplicity, but so full of fail in that it works... Only in IE can such paradoxes occur :-P


text:
Researchers pinpoint pests' weak spot for natural toxin
A molecule discovered in the gut of a microscopic worm could help researchers protect crops from insect pests and develop new ways of treating parasitic infections in people, according to research in the latest issue of Science.
Researchers, led by Raffi Aroian of the University of California — San Diego, United States, say the molecule makes roundworms and insects vulnerable to a natural toxin called Bt.
The Bt toxin 'recognises' the molecule's shape and attaches itself. This leads to the insect or worm's gut rupturing and the animal dying.
Organic farmers use the Bt toxin, which comes from a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis, to ward off crop pests. It is also used in crops that have been genetically modified to resist attack by insects. However, both approaches carry the risk of insects developing resistance to the poison.
Aroian told SciDev.Net that his team's work could allow such resistance to be monitored, as researchers would be able to look out for changes in the structure of the molecule that the Bt toxin latches onto.
Any change to the structure could mean that the insect is no longer susceptible to the toxin. Farmers could use this information to alter practices in the local area to prevent the spread of resistance. Aroian suggests that combining pesticides that target different molecules could also slow the development of resistance.
The researchers also believe that the Bt toxin — which is harmless to humans — could be used to treat parasitic roundworm infections in people. The developing world is most heavily-affected by these parasites, which include the worms that cause river blindness and elephantiasis.
Aroian says the low cost of making pills containing the Bt toxin would make such a therapy accessible to people in developing countries.
Link to full research paper in Science
Reference: Science 307, 922 (2005)


text:
--Whitney Houston
If you plan on heading into the mountains, prairies or to the nearest marsh to hunt, here's one simple suggestion: take a kid with you. A recent survey by Southwick Associates and HunterSurvey.com shows that nearly 46 percent of surveyed sportsmen and women took at least one boy or girl into the field with them in the past year.
"We remain committed to ensuring the future of elk, other wildlife, their habitat, and our hunting heritage. And who holds the keys to that future if not our sons and daughters and grandchildren?" said David Allen, RMEF president and CEO.
Passing on our hunting traditions to the generations that follow is a key component of RMEF's mission. That's just one reason why RMEF recently launched the new RMEF Youth Membership. The membership targets youth under the age of 18 and offers members online access to Bugle magazine, a hat and some other benefits. RMEF also sponsors youth camps, hunting and fishing clinics, and educational programs such as the SAFE Challenge and Elk Trunks, kits containing lessons plans and hands-on activities for educators to teach kids about elk and the outdoors.
Survey results indicate most children that hunted within the last year did so with a parent. In fact, 59 percent did exactly that but outdoorsmen and women also reach out to other relatives and friends. Twenty-seven percent of respondents accompanied a girl or boy that was not related to them while 20 percent took a nephew or niece and 17 percent took a grandchild. Nearly four percent took a child as part of an organized activity such as scouting or part of a church group event.
"Sportsmen have long sought to share their love for the outdoors with the people in their lives, particularly young people, and when it comes to hunting, introducing kids to the outdoors isn't limited to just immediate family members," says Rob Southwick, president of Southwick Associates.
When asked how many children they took hunting within the past 12 months, 21 percent of those surveyed reported one, 15 percent took two, five percent took three, two percent took four and a little more than two percent took five or more.
|Madison Sergent, RMEF member and volunteer
from Delmarva Chapter in Delaware
"Right now, we're busy passing on our hopes and dreams and the things we love most to our youth. Before we know it, though, we'll be passing on the reins to this next generation of hunters and conservationists. We need to make sure their ranks are strong," added Allen.
And what better way to do so than to take a young hunter into the field with you?


text:
Omaha Real Estate Lawyers
Serving Clients in Real Estate Transaction in Omaha
From the initial stages of financing through the construction process, we have a track record of being practical, yet successful in negotiating and representing our clients in all phases of real estate transaction. At Carlson & Burnett, we put our clients first. We take the time to get to know our clients, their needs, and their circumstances so that we can represent them in a way that is tailored to meet their needs and achieve their goals. With decades of collective experience, our real estate attorneys in Omaha are able to capably represent clients in a variety of real estate cases.
Dial (402) 810-8611 to speak with a legal professional from Carlson & Burnett. We offer free case evaluations!
Real Estate Cases We Handle
As Omaha real estate attorneys, we have negotiated and drafted real estate transactional documents for buyers and sellers, and for lenders and borrowers. We also represent Sanitary and Improvement Districts.
Our firm can capably handle the following:
- Contractual matters surrounding acquisitions, lease and sale of real estate
- Real estate financing from standard bank loans to non-conventional sources
- Agricultural real estate leases and transactions
- Commercial leasing
- Real estate development, zoning and land use
- Construction contract matters including the preparation of AIA contracts
- Extensive "Like-Kind Exchange" transactions
- Litigating disputes between contractors, owners, architects and engineers
From the small residential transaction to foundations building large commercial and residential facilities, we have earned an implacable reputation for paying attention to the details.


text:
Weekly song, hymn and recorded music suggestions and resources for worship - based on the Revised Common Lectionary. Suggestions are posted on Wednesday nights, usually a few weeks in advance of each Sunday.
Songs, Hymns & Music for Advent 4C (23 December 2012)
2 comments:
Hi Natalie,
Great to see you at Brunswick last week. Psalms for all Seasons (which we discussed) has a great section of Canticles including 3 for Zechariah and 6 for Mary. For Mary it has a Charles Thatcher 2007 (my soul rejoices in the Lord) which is a cantor/ response; the Haas that you mention (Holy is your name); the Taize Magnificat; the Canticle of the turning; the Miriam Therese Winter one; and one called 'My Spirit Glorifies the Lord' by Dewey Westra.
Hope yours arrives soon! Happy Advent,
- December 7, 2012 at 1:27 AM
Tell out my soul can be great too. I changed the words one year to make it even more like the magnificat, but it was a bit tricky to sing
- December 19, 2012 at 8:57 PM


text:
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) helps you to identify how your thoughts and behaviour impact on your mental and physical wellbeing. The aim is to develop more balanced thinking patterns and change unhelpful behaviour patterns that may be causing you on-going anxiety.
Unlike some of Thinkaction's other talking therapies, CBT focuses on the 'here and now'; instead of focusing on what caused your distress in the past, it looks for ways to improve your state of mind now.
If you have any of these problems CBT can help:
CBT may also help if you have difficulties with anger, a low opinion of yourself or physical health problems like pain or fatigue.
At Thinkaction, your mental health practitioner will work with you to change unhelpful behaviour and thinking patterns and learn how to practice a more effective way of coping.
We offer you the choice of individual or group CBT.
Call us on 0300 012 0012.
Ask your GP to refer you.
Text TALK to 82085.
Find your local Thinkaction service


text:
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen of the media.
This is a very special day for the United Nations. I am very grateful and impressed by such a big turnout of journalists today. When I had a press conference, not as many journalists have participated. But we have Lang Lang today and this hall is full. Thank you very much for your participation.
Lang Lang is one of the most exciting and accomplished musicians of our time.
He has performed for world leaders and worked with some of the greatest orchestras and maestros. We all saw him play at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics.
But he has also used his art and ability to inspire audiences to improve the lives of children everywhere around the world.
For the past 10 years, Lang Lang has served as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.
We are thrilled that he has agreed to expand his work as a United Nations Messenger of Peace.
Messengers of Peace play a vital role in sharing what the United Nations does and why it matters.
Lang Lang will work with us on one of my biggest priorities, global education.
My Global Education First Initiative focuses on three goals: first, getting every child in the world in school -- we still have 57 million school-aged children out of school. We have to get them in school; improving the quality of learning; and also fostering global citizenship.
Lang Lang is a true global citizen.
I understand that he first became interested in the piano in a most unusual way – as a three-year old watching Tom and Jerry cartoons!
You've come a long way!
Music has the power to open hearts and minds.
Through his playful spirit and profound talent, Lang Lang connects people, not only through his music, but also through his passion to build a better world through education.
I know Lang Lang's message will strike a chord from symphony halls to school halls.
It is with great pleasure and pride that I designate Lang Lang as a United Nations Messenger of Peace.
Lang Lang, congratulations and great work for peace in the world.


text:
Many hot keys (or key shortcuts) in Studio use Eclipse's key mappings by default. You can modify these settings on your own if you would like your hot keys to be similar to Emacs, Dreamweaver, Visual Studio, or another IDE. Some commands are contributed via Rubles and must be edited using a different mechanism, outlined at the bottom of the page.
You can also export your keybindings to a file and import them into Aptana. This is useful if you want to share keybinding settings with another user or if you are running multiple instances of Aptana and want to use the same key settings for each instance.
Instructions (Eclipse-based Commands)
This section explains how to modify your shortcut keys and how to export and import your keybinding settings.
Modifying your key settings
To modify your key settings:
- From the Window menu, select Preferences to open the Preferences window.
- On the Preferences tree on the left, expand General > Keys to change your key settings (shown below):
- In the Keys window, select the Command or Binding that you want to modify, which auto-populates the existing key setting for you in the Name and Binding fields (shown below)
- In the Binding field, you can re-map the key sequence. For example, you can change the current Ctrl+F6 shortcut, which tabs to the next open Editor tab, to Ctrl+tab.
- In the Binding field, place your cursor on the current key setting (e.g. Ctrl+F6), and press the backspace key to delete the old shortcut.
- Type the key sequence for the new shortcut (e.g. Ctrl+tab) to create the new shortcut.
- Click the OK button to apply and save your changes.
Aptana retains the new key mappings that you set.
Exporting and importing your keybindings
Note: To be able to export your keybindings, you will need to have made at least one modification to your key preferences (see directions above).
To export your keybindings:
- From the File menu, select Export... to open the Export window.
- On the Export window, expand the General tab, select Preferences, and click the Next button to go to the Export Preferences screen.
- On the Export Preferences screen, choose the Choose specific preferences to export option.
- From the Preferences list, check the Keys Preferences box.
- To the right of the To preference file field, click the Browse button to browse to the location where you want to save the preferences file for your keybindings.
- Click the Finish button.
Aptana saves your keybindings as an .epf file.
If you want to import keybindings, you will need to import an .epf file. This can be a file that you created using the "export" instructions, or a file that someone else created for key preferences.
To import keybindings:
- From the File menu, select Import... to open the Import window.
- On the Import window, expand the General tab, select Preferences, and click the Next button to go to the Import Preferences screen.
- To the right of the From preference file field, click the Browse button, and browse to the .epf file containing the key preferences that you want.
- On the Preferences list, check the box next to Key Preferences. (This will automatically choose the Choose specific preferences to import option for you.)
- Click the Finish button.
Aptana imports the keybindings from the preference file that you specified.
Instructions (Ruble-based Commands)
Rubles do not currently allow associated key commands to be changed using the regular Eclipse mechanism. In this case, you will need to edit the bundle directly.
Modifying the Built-In Bundles
- Find the bundle that contains the command you are interested in. If you don't know which command is the one you want to switch, use the menu item Commands > Bundle Development > Show Command Bindings
- Select the menu item Commands > Bundle Name > Edit this Bundle. It will create a project in your workspace with the contents of that bundle.
- Open up the bundle project, and find the command of interest under the "commands" folder. In general, the command file name will be reflective of the command in the menu.
- Edit (or add) the key_binding section as part of the command. If you need to use modifier keys, see the reference Ruble Specification on how to specify keys such as Command, Shift, Option and Control.
- Restart Studio. Your new key bindings should be in effect.
As an example, we modify the keys for commenting code:
- Select menu "Commands > Source > Edit this bundle."
- Open the file Source / commands / toggle_comment.rb.
- Edit the key_bindings property to use the new key command.
- Save the file and restart Studio. The command should work as expected.


text:
THANK YOU so much for your interest in the 2019 Senior Rep Program! I am so honored that you are here. I am looking for incoming senior girls to be my representatives on your campus. In return for promoting Fara Smith Photography to all your friends and fellow classmates I will give you some remarkable rewards.
First let's go over what would be required of you...
- You must be an incoming 2019 High School Senior who is fun & outgoing with a keen sense of style. You MUST be socially plugged into your school.
- You must have an active social media presence, Twitter, Facebook, and INSTAGRAM are preferred.
- Upon being chosen you must be willing to promote ONLY Fara Smith photography for senior portraits during the duration of your senior year.
- You must be willing to post your senior portraits on social media often as a way of promoting FSP online.
- Parent participation is vital to the success of this program, your parent/guardian must agree to help/participate with you. You and a parent/guardian must attend a mandatory meeting after acceptance into the Rep program. At this mandatory meeting all parties will sign and agree to a written contract.
For all your hard work you will get some pretty remarkable rewards and benefits! Here are just a few...
- You will receive the Senior Portrait Experience portrait session at a highly discounted price!
- You will receive all your low resolution digital proofs for FREE, a $295 value.
- Discounted professional hair & makeup on the day of your session!
- FREE web-sized and water-marked images, from your session for sharing on any/all social media platforms.
- VIP discount on all prints/packages and products.
- $100 CASH for each referral who books and places a minimum print order!
Don't miss out on this exclusive opportunity and all the great benefits that come with it. Parent participation is vital to the success of this program, contracts must be signed by a parent/guardian and they must agree to partner with you to help meet all contractual requirements.
Tell all your friends, spread the word! I can't wait to meet you all, make it an amazing year! To apply for the 2019 Senior Rep Program please fill out the form below completely. Filling out an application does not commit you to anything, nor does it guarantee acceptance into the program.


text:
Okay Now Lads Let's Get in Formation
If you want to be a true soccer snob, one of the first things you need to do is read Jonathan Wilson's excellent book "Inverting the Pyramid". From there, you can lecture your friends about trequartistas and double pivots, but more importantly it allows you to act like you know what you are talking about when you bring up formations. 4-4-2? "That's so blasé." 4-3-3? "What are we, Barcelona?" 3-5-2? "Not with our wing-backs." You never knew numbers could be so pretentious.
So let's talk about FC Cincinnati's last game against Bethlehem Steel. Alan Koch's men set out in a 4-3-3. In fact the formation was even announced from the team's Twitter account. When I first saw this, I was convinced it was someone taking a guess based on the lineup that was announced, no way would we try a 4-3-3 without a proper striker. But sure enough we saw a formation where Daryl Fordyce was sent to the right of the midfield with Corbin Bone on the left and Kenney Walker holding down the middle. And in front of the midfield, a front three consisting of Dacres on the left, McLaughlin on the right, and Wiedeman up top. We've talked about consistency before on this blog, and changing formations and tactics, along with personnel, is going to catch up with a team eventually. On Saturday, it did.
So we have Walker, who has been FCC's defensive midfielder for two years, being asked to play the role of a box-to-box mid-fielder. Fordyce, who is a striker, being asked to play out wide in the mid-field. And Bone who is a central mid-fielder, out wide. Then there is our winger, Wiedeman, who was asked to play striker. That's four of your attacking players out of position, in the first game without your leading goal scorer.
I do not want to be too critical of Coach Koch here, he has infinitely more coaching experience that I do and sees these players every day in training. But for the life of me, I cannot understand how this lineup made sense. The right midfielder being a striker is just asking for disaster.
And the stats point to it being a disaster. In the full 90 minutes, Opta's data shows that not a single chance was created from the right side of the field by any midfielder or attacker. Not a single cross or pass making its way from the right side of the field into a shooting opportunity. Ouch. Then when you look at the average position of the players, you can see where the breakdown happened. Fordyce's average position ended up being a bit ahead of Dacres, the attacking midfielder. And Bahner, the right full-back, actually ended up right next to Dacres too. So the right back is up with the attacker, and the mid-fielder is ahead of both of them. Is it any wonder that Bethlehem's goal came off a corner created by a breakdown of defensive shape on the right side? This is, hopefully, what the team is being drilled on this week.
As for the goal in this game, it was a complete mental collapse by the defense, a unit that played so well all game up to that moment in the 85th minute.
The goal starts with a bad Delbridge clearance that sends the ball 20 yards down the field in the wrong direction, going out for a corner. It would have been just as easy to send the ball out on the touchline, but instead the ball, lazily, scoots down to go out for a Bethlehem corner.
Bethlehem takes the corner short, passing it up the field where it is then crossed into the box. The FCC defender on the ball doesn't close down in time to prevent the cross, or even contest it. When the cross comes in there is one player in front of the back post completely unmarked. Amazingly however, this is not the player that ends up scoring. The cross comes in shorter, but had it gone long it would have been an extremely easy goal for Bethlehem.
Unfortunately due to the quality of the Stream on YouTube, I cannot make out the numbers, but two FCC defenders are tussling with Bethlehem players in front of goal, only to have them both beat the defender to the ball. For all that tussling, neither defender is able to get in front of their man. There are also two additional FCC defenders who stuck in no-man's land, just in front of the tussling Bethlehem players in the box. One defender makes a half-hearted attempt to jump to the ball, realizing they are way out of position, and it goes about two feet over their head.
Mitch does himself no favors by not making a decision. He is caught off his line, but doesn't challenge for the ball. In the end, he is out of position and the ball goes right past him. This is not to put all the blame on Mitch, I think this ball is going in if he stays on his line and I don't think he would have gotten to the ball if he committed to the challenge. But I trust Mitch's ability enough to have risked him staying on the line and having a chance at stopping the ball.
Now, as the meme went around the internet, Bethlehem's best player on Saturday was probably the goal posts. If a few shots were a few inches higher or lower, left or right, FCC wins this game 3-1 and nobody bats an eye. That's the beautiful game, the best team doesn't always win. And sure, there was another red card in this game that brings the season total to a total that's best not to think about. But the good news is FC Cincinnati has the players to make this work. So long as they finish their chances, stay resolute on defense, and are given a system and lineup that stays as consistent as possible.
On to Richmond.
Kevin Wallace


text:
Research Prizes
Everyone who has the idea of knowing everything about the development of socialism in Amsterdam in the second half of the 19th century will encounter a pleasant surprise when reading the well written and extremely fascinating study by Dennis Bos. Contrary to his many predecessors he does not choose as a starting point the organization of political groups, the leaders and their rhetoric and their mutual conflicts. Much more has the author chosen - guided by an extraordinarily wide range of sources - for a reconstruction of the forms of society that make people prefer to join one faction or the other. People felt connected on the basis of differing social characteristics that had to do with the neighbourhood they lived in, the predominantly socio-economic and socio-cultural characteristics of their district. This approach, which was inspired by anthropology, rests on an extremely thorough investigation of the archival and other sources. In this way the author has succeeded to situate hundreds of active members of the organizations in a social network. Better than the superficial political conflicts of the leading men this explains how segments of the Amsterdam society in very different ways came to join the socialist movement. This study is praised for its innovating and thorough way of handling a societal process of change. It opens new ways into the social history.
Faculty of the Humanities, University of Amsterdam
Supervisor: Prof. P. de Rooy


text: And by "mutually agree", I mean the Hornets likely asked Bower to no longer show up for work. From the Times Picayune: "The New Orleans Hornets team president Hugh Weber said on Tuesday that the franchise and General Manager Jeff Bower have mutually agreed to part ways, effective immediately. A search for his replacement is underway. Bower attended the Hornets' summer league shootaround practice on Tuesday morning, but he left without speaking to the media. 'We feel it is in the best interest for us and Jeff to part ways at this time.' Weber said. 'Our search for a new general manager is already underway. We will target basketball minds that are highly respected in the basketball circles and someone that will help in our pursuit of building a championship team.' Bower spent more than 14 seasons with the club, serving various scouting, coaching and general manager positions."


text:
Adam Swanson, MPP is a public speaker, writer and advocate dedicated to public health system equity. He helps state governments, health care organizations and universities improve the quality of care for people in crisis as the senior prevention specialist at the Suicide Prevention Resource Center. Adam has served on international expert panels to address minority health disparities, and ran national programs to help behavioral health organizations adopt innovative treatment services for youth with serious mental illnesses. In U.S. Senate, he helped advance anti-bullying legislation and HIV/AIDS reforms. Adam is a former Mental Health America fellow.
Contact information: Email: email@example.com Twitter: @AdamDSwanson
Education: Master of Public Policy, George Mason University School of Policy, Government and International Affairs. Bachelor of Arts, Western Kentucky University
Kate Barnes
Kristin Yakas, Esq. obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from the University of Maryland at College Park. She holds a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Baltimore School of Law. She is currently employed in the public sector as an attorney, with a primary focus in social services. She lives in Ellicott City, with her husband and two kids.
Laura Zam is a writer, performer, and professional speaker whose work focuses on resilience. Her writing appears in The New York Times, Salon, The Huffington Post, and in seven book anthologies. Her award-winning one-person plays have been performed Off-Broadway and internationally. Through keynotes and workshops, Laura helps organizations, campuses, and individuals triumph over all kinds of adversity, including the wounds of sexual violation. She just started blog dedicated to sexual healing called OneThePinkCouch.com.
Leslie Spellen is the Lead Physician Assistant for the Adfinitas hospitalist group at Anne Arundel Medical Center. She has 6 years of experience as a physician assistant and has worked in both emergency medicine and with the inpatient population. She also has three years of prior experience as a registered nurse. Leslie has a passion for people and their overall health, including their physical, emotional and spiritual well-being. She is excited to bring this passion to Aha Moment by supporting survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault, stalking, and/or trafficking. Leslie is happy to listen and respond to any of your needs and can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Andre Spellen is a self-taught entrepreneur and is a licensed mortgage and insurance specialist. Since his early 20's, Andre proactively researched, planned, developed, and maintained successful business ventures. He has been involved in many different enterprises, including but not limited to: Real Estate, Logistics, Telecom, and Commodities Trading. His business and finance experiences were major assets that made him a valued member of Aha! Moment's Board of Directors. He looks forward to the opportunity to use his business, leadership, and strategic planning expertise for a cause that he values. In his spare time he enjoys time well spent with his beautiful family of five.
Susan Rosenstock is a children's advocate, an event planner, a mother, and the leader of the suicide prevention organization, umttr (you matter). In 2013, Susan suffered the tragic loss of her son, Evan, to suicide. Days later, four of Evan's friends approached Susan with an idea to honor her son's memory, to raise funds for suicide prevention and research, and to send a message to all the other young people in their community suffering from depression: YOU MATTER. Their idea came to fruition in September 2013 with the first annual Evan Rosenstock 3v3 umttr Memorial Basketball Tournament. In the three years since that tournament, Susan has helped umttr grow into a youth suicide prevention move met with national and international reach. umttr has raised funds to implement peer-led suicide prevention programs in schools around the DC area. Umttr is a founding member and leader of the Mid-Atlantic regional effort of the Campaign to Change Direction, a nationwide initiative that few out of the 2013 White House summit on mental health. They have inspired teens and young adults both locally and around the world to spread the message that YOUR LIFE MATTERS. Susan continues to lead the umttr Team of Champions, dedicated group of young adult volunteers, in pursuit of their goals: reducing the stigma of mental illness and depression, creating a compassionate culture free from bullying in schools and youth athletics, and putting and end to suicide.


text:
Q: How do we purchase from you?
A: We only do sales from our location. No sales are done over the phone or online.
Q: What's the catch?
A: Absolutely no catch!
Q: Will our seats be all the way in the back?
A: No. Seating is done by the individual theaters and based upon availability.
Q: Do you carry all the shows?
A: No. Not all of the shows offer a 2 for 1 discount, but we do carry 95% of them. Please view our show page for a list of the ones we offer.
Q: Do you only sell in pairs?
A: No. Even though our business model is 2 for 1, we are able to do individual pricing.
Q: How can you sell tickets this low?
A: We contract directly with the shows and theaters to help fill their seats.
Q: What about kids tickets?
A: For many shows we do sell kids tickets at a discount price, but it varies with each show.


text:
A quick glance through the websites and Facebook pages of every Roller Derby league will tell you that they welcome Non-Skating Officials. I can tell you that this is an understatement! More than likely they are crying out, begging and auctioning off their firstborns for NSOs.
A large part of this is that most of us don't come to NSO-ing honestly. A lot of us are injured skaters, an even bigger percentage were cajoled, bribed and threatened into our positions. I understand, it's tough. When your league have a bout game all you want to do is cheer, take photos and watch every second of the action, which is hugely important! But… is there a better position to watch how the rules are put into action and improve your own game play than NSO-ing? You can find out exactly what the referee is thinking when they call that penalty, you can see the penalties stacking up and see how the odd elbow can affect the whole game.
NSOs are responsible for timing, recording penalties and scores, track laying, timing penalties and releasing skaters. If they're good at it, you won't even know they're there, everything will just run smoothly, with as little drama as possible on game day, leaving skaters with nothing to think about but playing.
As well as everything else that goes on at an NRDL game day, officials (both skating and non-skating) have a massive role in building the roller derby community. You can go away and officiate for other leagues, meeting their skaters and officials, making friends and stacking favours for the next time we're short. That way the bigger stuff gets easier, finding skaters for mixed bouts, officials for our own bouts, setting up fixtures, to name but a few.
So this is a call to arms! We always need more NSOs, the more we have the smoother everything runs and the less work we all have to do. You'll learn so much, become indispensable to the league. Not up to bouting but want all the excitement of game day? NSO! Love to see who is scoring the points? NSO! Love stats and spreadsheets? NSO!
We want to hear from you, whether you're already involved in the league and haven't considered NSO-ing before, or have no interest in skating at all but love this crazy sport! There's full training and I promise, it's the best and most rewarding position to play!
Claudette Doom
All photographs copyright of Gradient Photography and used with kind permission.
If you enjoyed reading this, take a look at our other articles.


text:
NPA Advertising Info
Capture your targeted audience with effective, low cost marketing options through the Nevada Psychological Association
Continuing Education Sponsorship/Advertising Options:
Our continuing education programs have been developed to meet the needs of Nevada's mental health providers including, but not limited to, Psychologists, Marriage and Family Therapists, Social Workers, Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselors, and School Counselors. Becoming a sponsor helps support our organization in its efforts to provide high-quality education to the mental health professionals throughout our state. Additionally, sponsorship provides an excellent marketing opportunity for your business that may include incorporating your company information in our newsletter and/or our website, providing a booth to facilitate networking at our events, and a detailed verbal introduction of your company and services during each event. To find the NPA CE sponsorship and advertising packet for our 2020 Continuing Education Series click here
Advertising in NPA Newsletters:
NPA creates newsletters twice a year, in the Spring and the Fall. The Spring and Fall newsletters are circulated in full color electronic format. Ads must be submitted directly to our Executive Director, Wendi O'Connor, at firstname.lastname@example.com. Please contact her directly with any questions about ad dimensions and specifications.
Display Advertising in the NPA Newsletters:
Full Page $300; Half Page 150; Quarter Page $100; Business Card $50 click here
Advertise in both our Spring and Fall issues and receive 20% off the second ad.
Ads are to be submitted camera ready, 300 dpi and in jpeg format. If possible, please submit both full color and black white pdfs.
Ad sizes: Full Page (8″x10.5″), Half Page (8″ x 5."), Quarter Page (4.25″x2.5″)
There is an additional fee for ad design/layout requests.
2019 NPA Fall Newsletter
NPA is currently in production of our 2019 Fall newsletter. Deadline for ad submissions is Wednesday, October 11th, 2019. The newsletter will be circulated electronically to our membership and all licensed psychologists in the state by October 25th, 2019. Please contact our Executive Director, Wendi O'Connor, at email@example.com to submit an ad in our 2019 Fall issue.
Web Advertising at www.NVpsychology.org
NPA's website attracts a growing audience for its Continuing Education offerings, news, member services, consumer information and more. With an average 1000 hits per month, your ad will have excellent exposure to the audience you want to reach.
Classified Ads:
Classified ads listing employment opportunities, office space, items for sale, and services offered can be placed on our online classified site. The Classified section is featured once per month in a special email sent to the entire NPA database, announcing the number of current advertisements listed. This has been a proven driver of traffic to the web and to the classifieds in particular. Ads are listed in the order in which they are received, but an alphabetical listing with job titles is provided at the top of the page with hyperlinks to the specific job listing. A link to the lister's web page is permitted.
Classified Rates
Classified ads on the Web are sold in one-quarter (two month) units for a fee of $50.00. The ad can be removed sooner if requested. To post an ad, please click here
Advertising Policy:
Advertisements accepted on our web site must be consistent with the American Psychological Association ethical guidelines. We do not accept adult content, links to illegal activity of any kind, or other content deemed inappropriate by the NPA Review Committee.


text:
Is It Too Late to Buy Amazon?
The following video is from Wednesday's MarketFoolery podcast, in which host Chris Hill and analysts Matt Argersinger and Jason Moser discuss the top business and investing stories of the day.
A listener writes in with a basic question: "Amazon's great, but is it too late to buy?"
The guys analyze the strengths of Amazon's business, the increase in both customers and customer spending, and why Amazon Web Services may be the hidden gem of the company.
The relevant video segment can be found between 7:42 and 14:16.
For the full video of today's MarketFoolery, click here.
The article Is It Too Late to Buy Amazon? originally appeared on Fool.com.Chris Hill and Jason Moser own shares of Amazon.com. Matthew Argersinger has the following options on Amazon.com: long Jan. 2014 $200 calls, short Jan. 2014 $200 puts, and short Jan. 2014 $300 calls. The Motley Fool recommends and owns shares of Amazon.com. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Copyright © 1995 - 2013 The Motley Fool, LLC. All rights reserved. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


text:
Today tornado watches and warning sirens were issued throughout the day today in north Georgia.
The predicted cold front moving in from the Midwest came in fast and furious this morning. With all of the rain, I decided I would leave around 7 am to allow for traffic since my meeting was at 9 am.
To my surprise, while I was stopped at a traffic light, my iPhone screeched and then an announcement appeared to take cover as there was a tornado warning issued for the area. Now, on one hand I appreciated the information, on the other, it is a little frightening to think that someone knew exactly where I was to send me that message.
Has this ever happened to YOU?
If you found this blog valuable, please subscribe by clicking the button to the right.
What to learn more, Google Me!
The opinions and general information in this blog are soley those of Kathy Sheehan. Specifics regarding an individual case should be discussed in detail with a loan professional. For a confidential consultation, please feel free to contact me via phone or email. All terms and conditions are subject to change.


text:
Durham Distillery Honoured at Gin Industry Annual Dinner
Durham Distillery's founder and owner, Jon Chadwick, was honoured at a ceremony in London on 26th of May 2016. Jon became Warden Rectifier of the Gin Guild, part of the Worshipful Company of Distillers.
The ceremony took place at the Gin Industry Annual Dinner at The Savile Club, Mayfair, London. Jessica Tomlinson, Durham Distillery's Chief Distiller, was also honoured with the rank of Rectifier.
Jon started Durham Distillery 3 years ago, which has grown incredibly quickly as Gin has surged in popularity. At the time it was the first legal Distillery in the North East since the reign of Henry VIII (there had been plenty of bootleggers!). There are now a number of other distilleries following in Durham's footsteps, and the region has a lively craft spirits scene. Durham Distillery can genuinely claim to have transformed the spirits industry in the North East of England.
"It is a great honour to be recognised by the Guild. We are proud to have put Durham on the Gin map!" -Jon Chadwick
"It is always good to be acknowledged by your peers in the industry." -Jess Tomlinson