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Throughout history, women have played a vital role in shaping our educational system. From Clara Barton, the person responsible for our nation's first public school, and Mary McLeod Bethune, educator and president of the National Association of Colored People, the impact of women in education continues today. Of the nearly three million full-time elementary teachers in the U.S., 76% are female.[i]
In honor of Women's History Month, Edmodo wants to celebrate the unbelievable contribution women have made to education. To start our four-part series, let's take a look at the nation's most powerful woman: Michelle Obama. Although her career in teaching was brief, her current emphasis on America's youth makes her a driving force in education today.
The daughter of a City of Chicago Waterworks pump worker, Michelle Obama, born Michelle LaVaughn Robinson, grew up on the South Side of Chicago during the 1960s and 70s. With education an important part of family life, Michelle and her older brother Craig each learned to read by age four and skipped second grade.
"Without being immodest, we were always smart, we were always driven, and we were always encouraged to do the best you can do, not just what's necessary," her brother, Craig, has said. "And when it came to going to schools, we all wanted to go to the best schools we could."[ii]
A cum laude graduate of Princeton University with a B.A. in Sociology, as well as a J.D. from Harvard Law School, the First Lady cited her parents' "unwavering belief in the power of education" as a vital tool to her success.
Making Motion a Movement
After supporting and helping to fundraise her husband's two campaigns, First Lady Obama has since devoted her time to promoting the well-being and improvement of the nation's youth, both mentally and physically. This past year, she introduced the Let's Move initiative, designed to get children moving again and to fight obesity. The U.S. Olympic team and other sports organizations, along with the First Lady, joined forces in order to get young people to try out a new sport or activity.
"This year, 1.7 million young people will be participating in Olympic and Paralympic sports in their communities—many of them for the very first time. And that is so important, because sometimes all it takes is that first lesson, or clinic, or class to get a child excited about a new sport," Mrs. Obama said in a statement.[iii]
Sharing Personal Struggles
Drawing from her own personal life, the First Lady also extended her support to students struggling in environments that limit advancement. In front of a group of 10th graders from Bell Multicultural High School, minutes from the White House and in an area similar to South Side Chicago, First Lady Obama offered advice on overcoming adversity.
"Some of my teachers straight up told me that I was setting my sights too high. They told me I was never going to get into a school like Princeton. It was clear to me that nobody was going to take my hand and lead me to where I needed to go; instead it was going to be up to me to reach my goals.
"I went to law school, became a lawyer. I've been a vice president for a hospital. I've been the head of a nonprofit organization. And I am here today because I want you to know that my story can be your story. The details might be a little different, but let me tell you, so many of the challenges and the triumphs will be just the same. That is my message for all of you today. And over these next few years, I'm going to continue sharing that message all across the country and all across the world to students just like you."
Mrs. Obama's success personifies the American Dream; the belief that we, as individuals, are endowed with an inalienable right to improve our lives and seek out happiness and prosperity. The First Lady's example proves that it's the student who can make the most of his/her situation, that regardless of background, there are still means to reward those who truly put in the effort.
"No matter what the president does, no matter what your teachers and principals do, or whatever is going on in your home or neighborhood, the person with the biggest impact on your education is you…It's going to take young people like all of you across the country stepping up and taking control of your education."[iv]
To recognize Women's History Month, we thought it fitting to illustrate the educational history of the female figure under arguably the nation's largest spotlight. Michelle Obama's passion for and dedication to furthering the education of children is an extension of her own struggles and accomplishments. Her story provides a platform from which students can launch into new academic frontiers and truly reach their full potential.
Who are you honoring during Women's History Month? Share in the comments section below, or in the Edmodo Communities, and check back every Thursday in March to read about another historical woman's contribution to education.
[i] National Center for Education Statistics. Teacher Trends. U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences National Center for Education Statistics, n.d. Web.
[ii] A+E Networks. "Michelle Obama Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, 2014.
[iii] Obama, Michelle L. "First Lady Michelle Obama Speaks on The Power of Education."The White House. The White House, 12 Nov. 2013.
[iv] Ibid 2


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Chapter Meeting Minutes - 6/14/10/
Jay Wilkes opened the meeting with a comment on the very successful work part at Olde Rope Mill Park on National Trails Day, June 5th. With strong support from REI, including Volunteer T-shirts for all participants, and lunches provided by Canyon Burgers, 170 volunteers participated in the largest work party SORBA Woodstock has ever held. The next work party will be June 26th. John Hicks will be training interested volunteers on bridge building techniques. The first six miles of the Taylor Randahl Memorial Mountain Bike Trails are scheduled to be completed later this year.
Tyler McDaniel was in attendance at the meeting and was recognized for his excellent work in constructing the kiosk at Olde Rope Mill Park. This was his project for his Eagle Scout award.
Jay reported that the bridge over the Little River has been delayed because of the Georgia DOT. The environmental impact studies have expired and will have to be redone. We estimate it may take about one year before this bridge is completed.
Scott Stewart will begin Dirty Thursday work parties at Blankets Creek this coming Thursday, June 17th. The focus will be hand finishing the re-route on Dragon's Tail. The wet areas on Mosquito Bite are a high priority as well.
The downhill trail on the old fire road section of the Dwelling Loop has been delayed a few weeks due to a change that was required in the plan we submitted to the USACOE. The original plan called for using telephone poles and the COE will not allow them. We must use natural wood from trees that have fallen. We revised the plan and expect approval soon as they have expressed support for the plan.
The trailhead park renovation continues to move forward. Ross Engineering has been contracted by the County and is finalizing their plans for submission to the County. Once submitted to the COE we expect a response in about 90 days. We anticipate work to begin this fall.
We have had discussions with the County about the concept plan for connecting Blankets Creek and Olde Rope Mill Park. The discussions have been productive and positive. This project will take time to develop and execute. We do not have an anticipated timetable at this point in time.
The trail counters at Blankets Creek recorded approximately 7,500 users in May, despite some rain during the month. There were 6,800 loops on Dwelling, the highest number recorded to date.
We have added additional ropes at the Kevorkian Pass on the VMT to help prevent riders from falling off the trail at that point.
Our events coordinator, Melanda Murchison, has announced two upcoming group rides. The first will be a women's ride at Blankets Creek on June 26th at 8:30 am. The second ride will be a camp and ride event at Raccoon Mountain in Chattanooga on July 24th.
Free-Flite will have a demo day at Blankets creek on July 27th and Trek and Gary Fisher will demo at Blankets on July 11th.
Stephanie Bunkley reported that three of her high school club members have qualified to race at the USA Cycling Mountain Bike National Championships at Granby Ranch, CO on July 15-18.
The meeting was adjourned.


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BGCI and our partners invite your valuable contribution to an online Seed Conservation Knowledge Hub!
Initial activities in 2017 are focused on building a directory of facilities, individuals, and expertise related to all aspects of seed conservation of wild plants. More details can be found at https://www.bgci.org/plant-conservation/scsg.
Please complete the form at the link below – it only takes 7 minutes! The information you provide (apart from your contact information, unless specified) will be included in an online directory hosted by BGCI. You have until 30 September, 2017 to become part of this exciting new seed conservation tool.
Visit https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/SeedDirectory2017 to access the form.
Thank you for supporting the development of a resource that will benefit the broader seed conservation community. If you have any questions or any trouble accessing the form, please email email@example.com.


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when I want to add a folder the browser takes me up to my drivers, c:\ and d:\. maybe I can set a music folder to look for music files. I haven't seen the option to set this !!!
fi freezes , graphically.So the progress will toWhat is the amount of files in the folder that your loading So I can do the same see what happens
Page created in 0.052 seconds with 27 queries.


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Remember to like DIY FIX on Facebook and PINTEREST to be updated every time we post new and interesting articles.
Lemony Artichoke Pasta Salad
"This easy Lemony Artichoke Pasta Salad is quick and easy to make ahead, tossed with a zippy lemon basil vinaigrette, and SO delicious!"
Potluck and cookout season is here, can I get a hallelujah?! And one of the best ways to celebrate this spring is by whipping up this Lemony Artichoke Pasta Salad. It takes barely any time to make and the flavor is so vibrant, so light, and so yummy that your tastebuds will sing! And just a note from me: if you don't have any pine nuts, take a page from my book and toast up some sliced almonds, they're still quite tasty.


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61 Ursae Majoris is a star system (also known as the Archer system) centered around yellow dwarf star (spectral class G8V) of the same name located about 9.5 parsecs (31 light-years) from Earth, where it is visible in the constellation of Ursa Major. The system was named for Captain Jonathan Archer, who surveyed the system in 2151 aboard the Earth Starfleet starship Enterprise.
This system is the location of the planet Archer IV and also later on the Archer shipyards also located on Archer IV. (ENT episodes: "Strange New World", "In a Mirror, Darkly, Part II", "Home")
In 2366, the USS Enterprise-D traveled to the Archer system following their investigation of a suspected temporal anomaly. In an alternate timeline, the fourth planet of the Archer system was the site of a battle between the Enterprise-D and Klingon warships. (TNG episode: "Yesterday's Enterprise")
In another alternate timeline, the Archer system was occupied by Dominion forces in 2373, who hoped to synthesize Ketracel-white from a lichen native to one of the moons in the system. (TNG short story: "Gods, Fate, and Fractals")
- Since 61 Ursae Majoris is a "real" star, modern scientists know a few things about its makeup that weren't in its Star Trek mentions.
|Stars, systems and objects of the Ursa Major constellation
|61 Ursae Majoris • Alpha Ursae Majoris (Dubhe) • Beta Ursae Majoris (Merak) • Epsilon Ursae Majoris (Alioth) • Eta Ursae Majoris (Alkaid) • Iota Ursae Majoris (Dnoces) • Lalande 21185 • Zeta Ursae Majoris (Mizar)
- 61 Ursae Majoris article at Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
- 61 Ursae Majoris article at Memory Alpha, the wiki for canon Star Trek.
- 61 Ursae Majoris at the Internet Stellar Database.
- 61 Ursae Majoris at SolStation.com.


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Friday, May 22, 2009
Monday, May 11, 2009
Dimetrodon Head Study and Maquettes
While working on my efforts for a large scale dimetrodon drawing I decided to try working on toned paper for the first time. I'm doing a headshot and was surprised to see that the toned paper seems to eat up colored pencils pretty quick because of the paper tooth but it isn't leaving the particles all over the place that seems to happen when I work with illustration board. I usually have to brush every few minutes but at this juncture I haven't brushed a single time and have seen no ill effects! I also thought this would give me a chance to get the prismacolor bug out of my system because I was wanting to do the scene in graphite...What has happened unfortunately I have now planned on doing a super large version of a head shot of some sort of dinosaur...I say unfortunately because I know it is going to destroy a lot of pencils in the process...plus I'll be working on the graphite scene at the same time...but perhaps doing two really big projects at once will keep me motivated...
I made some maquettes and had some trial and error issues...I started with foil to just get the mass of the body. I was really concentrating on the pose...I used to have a couple of different monitors (a savannah monitor and an asian water monitor) and I remembered vividly different ways they would posture themselves depending on the situation...
Then I overlaid the foil with sculpey...Mistake number one...I should have started with wire in the foil and set the arm screws first. It didn't make that big of a difference because I knew the maquettes were rough...if I wanted to make a detailed model there would've been lots of cracks I would've had to dealt with. I then got toothpicks and cut them in a manner that would give a good sail...sails seemed to vary depending on which skeleton I looked at with regards to shape and how they laid.I was smart enough to pre-press holes for the toothpicks...an even better solution would've been to use wire attached to a wire frame...a couple of former students showed up and one of them had some leftover wire which she donated to me...Thanks J-PO!!!
I wasn't happy with how the back laid out because it seemed too straight at this point so with the second one I made a bit of correction and then went back and adjusted the arch on this one with some additional sculpey...the other problem I ran into...the fingers were fragile and while I could use foil to protect parts from over-baking eventually the items started cracking slightly...instead of doing all for legs at once and baking I was afraid I wouldn't be able to stand the item...so I did one leg then baked x's 4...
IF:Meanwhile...Back at the Nudist Colony...(Parade)
"There she goes parading around the house with her clothes on again for all the world to see...I wonder if she's ever heard of curtains..."
Tuesday, May 05, 2009
Dimetrodon Prep I
After finishing Dr.Minceworm and seeing Detlef's latest efforts I started figuring out what my next item was going to be. Since that and my IF post gives me two official items completed I guess I can do another Dino without accusations that all I ever do is draw dinosaurs (although I know there are some purists out there that will argue dimetrodon isn't a dino)...plus I would like to point out I draw lots of mimes and skunks.
I've been trying to figure out what the composition and scale is going to be...at first I wanted to do a closeup with a head in the forefront and then another dimetrodon in the background. But for some reason I feel like someone is going to accuse me of not being able to draw bodies and limbs...I think that insecurity comes from all the times in my younger days when I always focused on what I felt was the most interesting part instead of thinking of the item as a whole...kind of like how sometimes people always hide hands in pockets or feet in tall grass...I still like to do just detail shots (and I've got some colored paper to do a detailed head shot in prisma color just for exploration...strangely enough I can't ever recall drawing on colored paper and I see so many great examples from people I know makes me want to give it a shot.)
I planned on doing a larger drawing again so I can try to wiggle in some detail work, even though I thought I'd sworn off big items...this one I am planning for is 20x30...
I actually really like the simplicity of this one and may do a smaller drawing of it or test painting as I try to get back into oils.
After doing another thumbnail that hit close I sketched out the setup on a large piece of white-board to see how the size vs. detail workout was going to be as well as placement. The general idea is okay but it still seems a bit stiff.While I liked the dimetro 'sitting' higher I'm not sure that their skeletal structure would allow them to get into that pose, so I kept them lower to the ground. Which led me to try something else a bit new to me...I typically use a lot of traditional reference materials but I've never actually made my own...
Next post: I made maquettes!!!
Sunday, May 03, 2009
IF:Hierarchy...Low Man on National Forestry Service Ladder
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Holiday Sampler
State parks and historic sites celebrate the season with lights, food and song.
By Carol Flake Chapman
As the season to be jolly approaches, sometimes Christmas may be too much with us. Peace and goodwill take a backseat as crowds throng to the malls and children clamor for the latest computer games. But for those looking for places to celebrate the Christmas spirit in quieter, simpler ways, there are joyous holiday events across Texas in our state parks and historic sites that hearken back to the roots of our diverse culture and remarkable history. More than a dozen events celebrate traditions from our Hispanic, German, frontier and more recent American heritage.
This is Christmas illuminated by starlight or the soft glow of candlelight, lanterns, or luminarias, scented with freshly cut juniper trees and holly boughs, and serenaded by the sound of voices raised in song and laughter echoing off old stone walls. Adults and children alike can join in the thrill of singing carols in a cavern that once served as a church; riding in a horse-pulled wagon as bells jingle all the way; listening to cowboy songs and poems around a campfire; meeting Santa on a mountaintop; watching the traditional Mexican Christmas procession, La Posada, enacted in an old Western fort; or savoring tea and pastries in a historic adobe mansion bedecked with period decorations.
Imagine traveling back in time to the holiday season as it was observed a century and a half ago in a little settlement on the Brazos River, where the last president of the Republic of Texas retired from his patriotic duties to raise cotton. At Washington-on-the-Brazos State Historic Site's Candlelight Christmas celebration, you'll be welcomed warmly at the Barrington Living History Farm, just like the friends and neighbors of Anson Jones, who presided over the Republic of Texas before it became a state. From early afternoon until well into the evening, "there's never a dull moment," as park interpreter Janice Campbell says.
Although the park staff and volunteers used to decorate the Jones home prior to the event, Campbell says, "we realized it would be a lot more fun to have our visitors help us." And so, guests join in making and setting out the simple decorations of holly and pyracantha sprigs, ribbons and paper ornaments. Don't expect a Christmas tree, though, as that tradition came to the state by way of German settlers.
Guests may also be lured into watching and sampling the cooking that goes on all afternoon in the farm's two kitchens. Undoubtedly, there will be an old-fashioned taffy pull. Baked creations this year may include a One-Two-Three-Four Cake, a poor-man's pound cake that comes from a historic book compiled by Lydia Maria Child, whom Campbell dubs "the Martha Stewart of the mid-19th century."
Meanwhile, children gather to play games and make period toys and keepsakes, including noisemakers called whiz-buzzers, composed of nothing more than buttons and string. Instead of popping hog bladders by tossing them in a fire pit, an activity children enjoyed in the old days, the park staff substitutes balloons, which make just as satisfying a bang. For quieter fun, the young folks gather in the parlor, crowding around Janice Campbell for a reading of "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (the original title of Clement Moore's "Twas the Night Before Christmas"). Park interpreter Mark Sanders will bring out his fiddle to provide the melodic motivation for musical chairs.
Before Sanders has a chance to catch his breath, it will be time to head to the barn to bring up the oxen, Bud and Abe, their horns entwined with holly, as well as the big Percherons, Waylon and Willie, sporting bells on their harnesses, for an impromptu wagon-pulling parade. Waylon and Willie also pull the stagecoach at the Fanthorp Inn State Historic Site, which celebrates its own Christmas event, the Twilight-Firelight, in late November. If you happen to attend that event, you might recognize Sanders as the bearded inn owner Henry Fanthorp, one of the historical characters who is portrayed in the inn's celebration.
As the sun goes down at the Jones homestead, things shift to party mode for adults, with polka dancing on the front porch. But after the music stops, there is time to just listen to the quiet. Park staffer Bill Irwin recalls: "There are times when the mist comes up from the Brazos while you're there on the front porch, and you can hear the coyotes howling in the distance, and you feel like you've really stepped back in time. Those are the moments that make what I do worthwhile."
If you're still yearning for a Christ-mas tree and lots of twinkling lights, head for the Trail of Lights and the Early German Christmas at the Monument Hill and Kreische Brewery state historic sites. Volunteers from the Friends of Monument Hill and Kreische Brewery have been putting on these events for 20 years now, so they've had time to perfect them. For example, they've kept adding lights to the trail that leads up to the high bluff on the south side of the Colorado River, with its dazzling view of the competing lights of La Grange in the distance. Inside the historic stone Kreische home, arrayed in early German Christmas finery, including a Christmas tree, volunteers offer up old-fashioned baked goodies and musical good cheer. Listening to a cappella choirs in this setting is special, says volunteer Jeanette Huelsebusch. "You'll fall in love with the Kreische house," she says. "The acoustics are great with those stone walls. Choirs love it because they sound so good there."
Choirs also love performing an annual Christmas concert in Mission Espíritu Santo at Goliad State Park, says staffer Leah Huth. The chapel was built with acoustics in mind, she says, and "it has a unique sound that you don't get in modern auditoriums." And, of course, the concert offers the chance to view the fresh strands of yaupon holly woven around the altar and the chapel's newly restored wall fabric, originally painted by Franciscan monks in geometric and floral designs.
Longhorn Cavern also has great acoustics, as singers have discovered in one of the newer park Christmas traditions, Caroling in the Cave. The festivities begin and end "topside," as park superintendent Kaye Barlow calls park headquarters. Visitors participate in games and drawings for door prizes and listen to "Twas the Night Before Christmas," read in a booming voice by mustachioed park geologist Al Gerow, whom Barlow refers to as the "oldest living formation in the cave." Park staff wearing reindeer antlers lead the guests as they carol their way down to the cavern's Indian Council Room, which has served in the past as a den for prehistoric carnivores, a campsite for Comanche Indians, an outlaw hangout, a dance hall and a church. The limestone walls, with their crystallized calcite formations, resemble the marble walls of a cathedral as lantern light flickers over sparkling striations. And the acoustics for a cappella concerts in the chamber are "to die for," says Barlow.
For an equally unusual place to absorb the Christmas spirit, head to the Battleship Texas, anchored near the San Jacinto Battleground. Staff and volunteers decorate the ship for the holidays the way its crew once did, with boughs of holly adorning the bulkheads and lights strung from the bow to the masts and down to the stern. "It was so beautiful when they decorated the berths with whatever they had on hand, whether it was ribbons and tinsel or paper chains and cutouts," says staffer Susan Smyer. The staff also lovingly reproduced a handmade Christmas village, complete with a porch and mailbox, created by crew members in one of the marine spaces using corrugated siding.
For an earlier look at how members of our armed services observed Christmas, head out to Fort Richardson, where the officers' quarters are decorated in 1870s frontier fashion, with a Victorian flair of ribbons and bows. Head further west to Fort Leaton, near the border town of Presidio, and to the Barton Warnock Environmental Education Center in Lajitas for celebrations that gather traditions from both sides of the border. At Fort Leaton, luminarias flicker against the walls of the old ruined fort, as local schoolchildren enact the Posada, going from window to window, as though from inn to inn, in search of shelter for Mary and Joseph. At Barton Warnock, the Christmas on the Border festivities include folklorico dancing, a visit from Santa, and a caroling-amid-the-cacti concert by the community choir from nearby Terlingua.
In El Paso, you can choose from high tea or a visit with Santa high on a mountaintop. At Wyler Aerial Tramway, you can take the tram up to Ranger Peak, where Santa will be waiting on the observation deck at 5,632 feet. The ticket dispatcher radios ahead with the names of the children, who are amazed when Santa calls them by name as they arrive. At the Magoffin Home, you'll join volunteers from the Casa Magoffin Compañeros for an elegant afternoon of finger food and beverages served amid heirloom decorations displayed around the 19-room adobe mansion.
Period decorations adorn many of the state's other historic homes, including the Starr Family Home State Historic Site, where you can enjoy a gourmet dinner by candlelight, served by volunteers dressed in Victorian garb. At Fulton Mansion, fresh garlands add fragrant accents to handmade Victorian-era decorations such as glass-blown ornaments and a tree made of goose feathers. For more Victoriana, buy a ticket for the Texas State Railroad, which will pull out of the Palestine station for its special Victorian Christmas journey with Santa and passengers in period costumes. At Varner-Hogg Plantation, costumed interpreters will lead tours, carriage rides, craft demonstrations around the grounds and waltzing on the front porch of the plantation house.
For something a little more rugged and outdoorsy, you can carol around campfires at Lake Mineral Wells and Cedar Hill state parks or join hayrides at Brazos Bend and Stephen F. Austin state parks. As you gaze up at the stars, listening to cowboys singing Christmas songs not far from where the Goodnight Loving Trail began, or enjoy a picnic under the moss-draped oaks of the Brazos river bottom, where Stephen F. Austin brought the first 300 families to found a colony, you might think to yourself — only in Texas.
You might count your blessings as you contemplate the notion that there are times when an entire state can seem like one big extended family.


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What is Toner? What is the purpose of Toner in skin care routine? Why it is important to add this step to your daily skin ritual? Aren't Toners drying my skin?What ingredients to look for in a toner? These are the most often questions I get asked from my clients.
What is Toner? Toner is a liquid that is sprayed onto the skin. Because it is a liquid, it penetrates the skin quickly, so it delivers the beneficial ingredients almost immediately. Toners are applied on the clean skin, before any other skin care products.
What is the purpose of Toner in skin care routine? The purpose and the benefits depend on ingredients in the toner. It could be hydrating for dry skin, antibacterial for acne, balancing for normal skin or after shave spray. Another purpose of the toner is to remove any left over residue of make-up or skin cleanser. In this case you spray toner onto the cotton and wipe the skin. Toners could also be used as a liquid to mix and activate the powder mask, to multiply and strengthen the benefits.
Why it is important to add this step to to your daily skin ritual? Toners are the most neglected products in the skin care routine. Toners are still carrying bad reputation from the past, when they were created with useless inexpensive ingredients. Well designed toners are extremely beneficial and should be an important step in the skin care routine. They should be on the list of Travel Essentials. I always carry a hydrating toner to keep my skin protected and moist while traveling. Anti- bacterial toner also serves as hand and surface sanitizer.
Aren't Toners drying for my skin? Yes, toners could be very drying to the skin if they contain alcohol and/or acids. It can also be damaging and dangerous if it contains toxic chemicals and ingredients like Isopropyl Alcohol, Parabens, Artificial Fragrance, Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate, Mineral Oil and other. Skin may immediately feel a burning sensation, get bumpy or become addictive. For example, Mineral Oil gives a false feeling that your skin is moisturized, but it actually depletes the moisture from the skin. So the more you use the product with Mineral Oil, the dryer your skin becomes.
What ingredients to look for in a toner? My favorite toner ingredients are Aloe Vera juice, Herbal and Floral extracts, Essential Oils and Vitamins. Aloe Vera juice is probably THE BEST ingredient in skin care, because of all the calming and healing properties. Essential Oils provide cell rejuvenation, antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-aging and myriad of other benefits.


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Your Custom Text Here
One thing I really love about photographing weddings is the unique honor I have to be there with a bride on one of the most important days of her life. I get to affirm her as well as calm her down, and help her to breath and take in each moment.
I think almost every couple I've photographed has first warned me with something like, "Be ready. We are extremely awkward in front of a camera," or "Good luck. I am not photogenic." I have come to enjoy this challenge and grin when they express, "You made it so easy. We felt so relaxed!"
It is so fun to capture the personality of the families I photograph, from the uniqueness of each member, tallest to smallest, to the the entire family unit. The joy for me is found in getting some nice family shots and then going beyond this to document the in-between moments that go even further to describe mom, dad, brothers and sisters.
Solo portraits are another favorite subject of mine when it comes to photography, notably for the chance it is to show someone just how beautiful they are. As I snap away and work to put my client at ease (often helped by preceding our session with happy hour), I search for ways to capture in a shutter each individual's unique persona and find their most striking angles.
Kids are on of my absolute favorite subjects to photograph. I simply follow them around and snap away as fast as I can while they run and jump and play in their colorful worlds of imagination. I can always count on the full range of emotion during a session, which makes it all the more interesting. There is virtually no posing involved as they are so candid and unconcerned with how they look or where they should put their arm or which way to tilt their head.
The magnolia flower is, needless to say, often repeated in my work. I find the grand magnolia particularly stunning for its cup-like petals of thick white and its striking silhouette against a dark backdrop of rich shadowed green and ochre leaves. To me, this flower represents boldness and purity.
From the time that I was a little girl to now, you'll still find me walking along the beach with my head down, as I comb the sand for seashells. The shells in my art have been collected from beaches around the world--Cannon Beach, Maui, Mexico, Thailand and Corsica. The seashell illustrations are drawn with pencil or painted with blueberry pigment then softened with dry pastel.
Many of these paintings merge my love for botany and fine art, studying a handful of the many plant varieties that I am particularly drawn to. While there is challenge in aiming for the precise and exact (this is my tendency), it takes a greater amount of effort for me to move away from the tailored and meticulous to a process that is free and non-calculating. The more playfully I applied the paint onto these birch panels the better they were executed. In this series, I also made a point to migrate towards more saturated colors, rather than muted tones and pastels, in which I usually rest.
Peach Icelandic Poppies. Acrylic on birch panel. 12 x 12 inches. Sold.
Gwen's Bouquet. Acrylic on canvas. 60 x 48 inches. Sold.
Gwen's Posey 1. Acrylic on birch panel. 18 x 18 inches. $250
Gwen's Posey 2. Acrylic on birch panel. 18 x 18 inches. $290
Smokebush. Mixed media on birch panel (acrylic and oil pastel). 13 x 20 x 3.75 inches. $325.
Kumquats on the Branch. Acrylic on birch panel. 48 x 60 inches. $850.
Café au Lait Dahlia. Acrylic on birch panel. 6 x 6 inches. Sold.
Bleu. Acrylic on birch panel. 36 x 36 inches. $700.
Nigella. Acrylic on birch panel. 12 x 12 inches. $230.
Wild Rose. Acrylic on birch panel. 12 x 12 inches. $275.
Japanese Anemone. Acrylic on birch panel. 6 x 6 inches. $155.
Black Icelandic Poppies. Acrylic on birch panel. 12 x 12 inches. $250.
Echinacea. Mixed media on birch panel (acrylic and ink). 5 x 5 inches. $140.
Cyclamen. Acrylic on birch panel. 27 x 20 x 3.75 inches. $450.
Coastline. Acrylic on birch panel. 12 x 12 inches. $325.
Silver Dollar Eucalyptus. Acrylic on birch panel. 6 x 6 inches. Sold.
Scabiosa Pod. Mixed media on birch panel (acrylic, oil pastel and ink). 6 x 6 inches. $150.
Maidenhair Fern. Mixed media on birch panel (acrylic and pressed fern). 5 x 5 inches. $145.
Dusty Miller. Acrylic on birch panel. 6 x 6 inches. $145.
Yarrow. Mixed media on birch panel (acrylic and oil pastel). 12 x 12 inches. Sold.
Cherry Tree. Acrylic on birch panel. 5 x 5 inches. $105.


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Civil Servants are employed to implement Ministers' decisions – irrespective of what they might think of them, except that every Permanent Secretary (Head of Department) is the Accounting Officer for their department, which means they are directly accountable to Parliament for public spending. They must therefore seek Ministerial cover for a decision to spend money if it does not meet all of the four tests of regularity, propriety, value for money, and feasibility. The Accounting Officer must in these circumstances ask for a written direction to continue from the Secretary of State. The Accounting Officer then implements the decision – but it is the Minister who bears responsibility for that use of public money.
- Regularity which means the requirement for all expenditure and receipts to be dealt with in accordance with the legislation authorising them, any delegated authority and the rules of Government accounting
- Propriety which is a further requirement that expenditure and receipts should be dealt with in accordance with Parliament's intentions and the principles of Parliamentary control, and in accordance with the values and behaviour appropriate to the public sector.
- Value for money (VFM) is pretty well self-explanatory.
- Feasibility is a fairly new test, introduced in 2011. It is a bit more ambiguous than the others - see further below.
The amounts of money at stake have varied hugely – from the vast sums involved in the Treasury's Asset Protection Scheme in 2009, to the modest amount of £500 for the MoD to pay for flights to Croatia for a member of the public to attend the trial of those accused of murdering his son, a British serviceman.
Evidence of Ministerial/Official Disharmony?
Directions gained a poor image in the 1970s when left-wing Minister Tony Benn instructed his very reluctant civil servants to invest in three workers' cooperatives. They were then for many years regarded as 'the nuclear option' - evidence of officials 'blowing the whistle' on crazy Ministers. So neither Ministers nor officials wanted to use them.
(But it is interesting to read the farewell letter, to Mr Benn, from the Industry Department's Permanent Secretary.)
Over time, however, they have become seen as quite useful and transparent tools. It is, after all, quite proper for Ministers to take wider considerations into account, whether humanitarian - see the Croatian example above - or the need to ease the pain caused by large numbers of redundancies in an area of high unemployment. A slightly different but good example was the Transport Minister's decision to require potential North of England rail franchisees to invest in 120 new vehicles. Officials not unreasonably thought this large expenditure went beyond what was necessary, and therefore might cost more than a pure 'value for money' franchise. However, as the Secretary of State wrote: "I believe there are wider issues to consider which I accept fall outside the remit of the Accounting Officer but that I consider material ... uncomfortable and low quality [trains are] incompatible with our vision for economic growth and prosperity in the north". Public finance rules don't take personal comfort of commuters into account!
Minister John Denham, back in 2010, quite correctly said that 'There is no point in having a democracy if Ministers are unable to make a judgement that civil servants are wrong.' Cabinet Minister Francis Maude, speaking a couple of years later, argued very strongly that Permanent Secretaries should feel freer to ask for directions, and Ministers should be more relaxed about giving them. "Any Minister should be confident enough in the judgement he or she has made to be willing to justify it in public".
But the new feasibility test (see above) might cause problems in the future. What would one make of a Minister who told his officials that he or she disagreed with their assessment of the feasibility of a new major project. Evidence, yet again, of Ministers unrealistic expectations, driven by short term political considerations? Or evidence,yet again, of pathetic officials being far too cautious, unimaginative and unambitious? But the first feasibility direction - in which a Minister took responsibility for the risks associated with accelerated introduction of new 'T Level' exams - was a perfectly proper use of the mechanism. Further detail is at Example 5 here.
And a 2016 National Audit Office report asserted that Accounting Officers "appear to lack confidence to challenge Ministers where they have concerns about the feasibility or value for money of new policies or decisions, not least because standing up to Ministers is seen as damaging to a civil servant's career prospects". This startling criticism is discussed in more detail here.
Directions must be formally notified as soon as possible to the Treasury and to the Head of the National Audit Office (the Comptroller & Auditor General) who tells Parliament's Public Accounts Committee. But, with their agreement, the existence of the direction can be remain secret up until the publication of the department's next annual accounts. Delayed announcement often makes sense when publication would damage the organisation receiving the money, for instance when Ministers want to throw a financial lifeline to a struggling entity. An announcement of a bailout which was charcterised as poor value for money might well alarm the organisation's creditors who might then take immediate action to get paid, so undoing the good that the payment was intended to achieve.
Examples and Statistics
Some examples are here, and some data collected by the Institute for Government is here.
The Formal Rule
Where an Accounting Officer of a government department considers that a Minister is contemplating a course of action that would be likely to infringe financial propriety or regularity, or the Accounting Officer's wider responsibilities for economy, efficiency and effectiveness, it is the duty of the Accounting Officer to so advise the Minister. If that advice is then overruled the Accounting Officer will be required to seek a written Direction from the Minister to enable that action to be carried out. If such a Direction is issued by the Minister, the Accounting Officer must comply with it but must also notify the Treasury and pass the relevant documents to the Comptroller and Auditor General as soon as possible.


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By Pearson Brown | Originally published in Westside Today March 30, 2010
We got a taste of the Rocky Mountain spirit when we first arrived at the tiny Montrose Junction Airport, about an hour and a half's drive from our destination of Telluride. As my spouse and I loaded into the shuttle, I reminded our driver that we had requested a child car seat.
'Here's what we've got,' he said, handing me a tattered booster seat.
'This is actually a booster,' I told the driver, trying not to sound too much like an LA diva. 'My son is only two. He needs a car seat with a harness to keep him in.'
'No worries. This is Colorado. He can join us for a drink later if he wants,' the driver said with a laugh as he heaved our bags into the back of the van.
OK, it was time to let loose. I strapped my son into the booster with the lap belt and held him in with an arm across
his chest. 'Here we go. We're in the Wild West now,' I told him as his eyes lit up looking at the magnificent mountain peaks surrounding us.
Onward and upward we went up the icy windy roads to Telluride, an old mining town that has become a winter wonderland for skiers and a year-round playground for hikers, rock climbers, mountain bikers and lovers of the great outdoors.
We had dreaded the trip to Telluride because we had booked late and couldn't get a direct flight from Los Angeles, so we had a plane change in Salt Lake City, and a road trip through the mountains. All with a cranky two-year-old toddler. But our layover was short, made more bearable by a children's play area at the SLC airport, and our driver regaled us all the way to town with local gossip, so before we knew it, we were
there — and was it ever worth the trip.
Right away we felt welcome in the lobby of the Peak's Resort. In front of us was the hotel's Great Room, a splendid oversize living room of rustic leather and cowhide sofas, lounge chairs and ottomans. Guests in zipped-down ski gear were unwinding after a day on the slopes, warming themselves in front of a huge, crackling fireplace and enjoying beverages from the bar and casual dining from a menu of burgers, grilled cheese and hot dogs. It felt like home, only with a dozen suntanned, outdoorsy looking strangers lounging about.
Just through the grand foyer was the Peak's spa, a world-class facility a full fitness center with state-of-the art cardio room, Cybex machines, a yoga studio and even a rock-climbing wall. The spa also offered massage, mani-pedis, tanning, sauna, Roman tubs and a eucalyptus inhalation room. None of that mattered to our toddler, but he could hardly contain his excitement to see not one but two heated pools and an indoor water slide. No wonder the resort was selected by Parent's magazine as a top 10 family winter resort.
We checked into our room, and just as the hotel's Web site had promised, our room indeed had a fabulous view, as does every room at the hotel. From our balcony we saw endless snow covered trees up to the mountain peaks. To our left we could see the ski slopes, with the chair lifts floating up to the mountain top. We couldn't wait to get out in the snow.
It was our toddler first time in the white stuff. We bundled him up in his snow suit and headed out to explore the town. We hardly got past the hotel lobby doors when he bounded into the snow outside the doors where he made his first snow ball, snow man and snow angel. He was in snow heaven.
A three-minute walk from the Peaks we found ourselves in the Mountain Village plaza, a cute collection of boutiques and restaurants with an ice skating rink and bonfire pit. We followed the brick walkway of the plaza and directional signs everywhere to the base of the slopes. Truly a ski-in ski-out resort, snow bunnies bounded all around us, skis propped on their shoulders, walking directly out of their hotels and onto the snow to step into their skis and hop on the lifts.
At the base of the mountain, known as 'the beach,' we caught the free gondola for a ride into the town of Telluride. A true delight for a toddler — and adults — the gondola whisked us up into the air and high over the trails where we watched skiers and snowboarders whoosh by underneath us. We learned that the gondola is the only free transit of its type in the US. It takes visitors and locals back and forth over the mountain at 11 miles an hour, all day from 7 am until midnight, from the town of Telluride to the Mountain Village Plaza, with an optional stop midway at St. Sophia Station, where Allred's, the town's premier fine dining establishment, is perched at 10,000 above sea level for the best food and best views in town.
Other than the gondola, another indispensible mode of transportation we discovered was the plastic toboggan. We learned the hard way that holding a 30-pound kid on your hip or even in a backpack carrier across icy walkways can be hazardous to everyone involved, so we got a tip from a local the best way to get around town with a toddler in tow was to literally tow him. We picked up a small sled and some twine to make an extra long pull cord at the local ACE Hardware. I was the best $16 we ever spent.
Dragging our little one behind us, we set off to explore the many adorable shops, galleries and restaurants. The town itself defines quaint. The the snow-covered streets are lined with story-book cute chalets and small independent boutiques. A couple local snowboarder girls who we shared a gondola cab with informed us that Telluride does not permit chain stores, so you will never see a Starbucks or Pottery Barn or any of the stores that populate Every Mall USA littering the landscape of this purist town. How refreshing.
We stopped for lunch at the charming TPK Bistro where we had a delicious and surprisingly reasonably priced lunch of Panini di Italian prosciutto ham and fontina cheese and Stromboli di pollo, served by a friendly and gracious wait staff, who seemed genuinely happy to serve us. Perhaps one reason the servers were so attentive was the fact that we were the restaurant's only guests, at 12 pm.
Despite excellent food, great service and an ideal location on Colorado Avenue, a central thoroughfare, the eatery was empty, as was much of the town. This was partially due to the flagging economy which brought fewer visitors this year, and also partially because the ski season was nearly over, but according to locals, even during peak season the town is never over-run or crowded, as say Park City, Utah, during Sundance, which can be a bear.
Likewise, the Telluride gets two thumbs up for eschewing commercialism, which has nearly ruined Park City, which must have resembled Telluride before the film festival overtook it. Hopefully Telluride will not head that way, despite the fact that it also hosts the Telluride Film Festival each fall which continues to grow in popularity and rivals Sundance in the quality of films it features, such as Sling Blade, Brokeback Mountain and Slumdog Millionaire, which all had premiere screenings at Telluride.
While there are plenty of cultural scenes in town, including theaters and music venues, the main attraction of Telluride remains the great outdoors, where visitors can enjoy all sorts of activities year round, from fly-fishing and horseback riding to paragliding and hot air balloon rides.
Of course, the snow skiing is legendary, and after a few runs down the slopes it is clear why. Owing to the location of the resort nestled in a box canyon, the weather is ideal for snow and snow making. The snow was perfect. No ice, groomed, packed powder, and I had the trails almost to myself. It was absolutely the best skiing I had ever experienced.
While downhill skiing is why most winter tourists come to Telluride, the resort offers a host of other snow-capades, including cross-country and Nordic skiing, heli skiing, dog sledding, sleigh rides and snowmobiling. The latter was the adventure of choice for us, and on our final day we headed out for a snowmobiling tour with Telluride Snowmobiling Adventures, thanks to a few hours timeout arranged by the Peaks Resort with a local nanny service.
Our friendly guide, Sam Haury, suited us up with warm boots and goggles, and we hopped on our machines and sped off in the freshly fallen snow high into the mountains. Sam stopped along the way to give us an educational tour of the historic spots, such as the Alta Ghost Town where miners and their families once lived.
We also learned that Telluride was the first in the world to have electric street lights (a week before Paris) thanks to the world's first hydro-electric power plant built in 1904 to power the Smuggler-Union Mine. By the end of our two-hour tour, we not only truly appreciated the beauty and history of Telluride, we were expert snowmobilers, flying over whoop-de-dos and winding our way around curves through snow-covered forests with ease.
Our adventures in Telluride were a blast, though our four-day visit was much too short to do all that we wanted to do during our stay. But just because the snow will be melting soon, that won't stop us from returning in the near future, because as the locals kept telling us, 'You can always come back, and the summer season is even better!'


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You have always dreamed about going to Europe in winter, as the crowds in trips of years past have always bothered you, and you always wondered what how the vibe changes when the chilly and stiff winds of the colder time of year starts to blow.
If you are on the fence with regards to making plans over the next few months, allow us to convince you with the following accessible winter experiences in Western Europe.
1) Admiring winter scenery in the Scottish Highlands
The weather in the Scottish Highlands has always been a capricious creature, fidgeting restlessly between dour rain, mist and fleeting glimpses of sunshine. Its colorful character is only magnified come winter, but with a twist, as the wet nature of the precipitation turns a graceful white at higher elevations.
This places the slopes of mountains like the Cairngorms in a state that makes them the most photogenic of any time in the year. The region is sprinkled with intimate cabins, each one a dot of civilization amidst the untamed moorland that predominates in this corner of the United Kingdom.
2) Cozy up to the fire in the pubs of Ireland
It might seem a bit foolhardy to visit Ireland in the winter time, as its drenching rains (it is called the Emerald Isle for a reason) and 7 ½ hours of daylight don't exactly create an atmosphere conducive to mass tourism.
It is at this time that Irish towns and cities regain their resting pulse after a frenetic high season filled with throngs of foreigners and gargantuan tour buses. As such, those looking for an authentic local experience would be well advised to drop by after the punters have gone home for the year.
Yes, the driving icy rain may be a bit of a challenge at times, but all those minor inconveniences will melt away when you step into one of many countless local pubs, many of which have a roaring fire as warm as the welcome of its inhabitants.
3) Trying out Nordic skiing in Chamonix, France
You might be at a relatively advanced age, but that doesn't mean that you have you resign yourself to the rocking chair like many of your peers. If you want to hold on to your youthful nature, you have to move your body on a regular basis, and make an attempt to try new things.
Going on a winter holiday in Chamonix, France is a prime opportunity to do just that, as there are a variety of winter sports in which one can participate. While downhill skiing might not be something that you're too thrilled about, taking on the Olympic sport of Nordic skiing will provide you with a chance to learn a fun winter activity that provides a vigorous full body workout without the attendant risks of accidentally skidding down a 30 degree slope while attempting to steer yourself to the bunny hill ski run.


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The past week or so, Enchanted Book Promotions has been running a book tour for A.J. Aalto's second book in the Marnie Baranuik Files: "Death Rejoices". As a huge fan of the series, I wanted to participate, but have already posted a review and interview with the author. Instead, I had the opportunity for a guest post from A.J. Aalto herself! Check it out below:
So, I watch the Walking Dead, and as a fan of zombies and horror, I quite enjoy it. I'd lost faith in it lately, (let's face it, 80% of the farm season was so damn boring) but finally, FINALLY, they've reached Stage C: Cannibalism. Really? It took them 5 seasons to start eating humans? I'd have been chowing down on people the first damn week. The military would show up at my house and be like, "Hey, lady! It's not even the apocalypse, for fuck's sake! Put the butcher knife down!" And I'd be all, "*mur-mumble-frgggh!*" with my mouth full of man flesh.
I recently became a vegetarian. Granted, I'm the worst vegetarian ever. I keep forgetting that meat isn't a vegetable. At a craft festival, I ordered a hot dog meal from a chip truck by habit, and I was half way through the wiener before I remembered that I don't eat that anymore. I literally had half a pork tube hanging out of my mouth and a stricken look on my face when my cousin pointed at me and accused, "hey, you're eating meat!"
Being a vegetarian is going to make most post-apocalyptic scenarios difficult for me. To eat fruits, grains, and vegetables, you really have to stay in one place long enough to grow them, and you can't have an ice age or nuclear waste getting in your way, either. My ideal apocalyptic scenarios have been whittled down now: it's got to be a pandemic plague, or floods that recede, or aliens who eat everyone and then leave me behind, or stay but don't mind me gardening. Let's face it, though; a zombie apocalypse is going to put meat back on the dinner table pretty quick for me.
Why are apocalypse scenarios such rich and fertile grounds for the imagination? There's the what-would-I-do factor? That's very human, to prepare for disasters that one can dream up. Oh, you better believe our ancestors prepared for catastrophes, although theirs looked much different than ours do. There's also the how-bad-could-it-get factor that's fodder for the muse. What are people capable of when they're desperate? What am I capable of?
In the second book of the Marnie Baranuik Files, a plague threatens to explode and Marnie has to face the possibilities of zombies. I did not get to explore a worldwide apocalyptic scenario, but I'm sure Marnie wouldn't be chowing down on human flesh. It might be one of the few ways we're different.
If you were faced with a doomsday scenario or post-apocalyptic world, how do you think you'd fare?
Author Bio
AJ Aalto is the author of the paranormal mystery series The Marnie Baranuik Files. Aalto is an unrepentant liar and a writer of blathering nonsense offset by factual gore. When not working on her novels, you can find her singing Monty Python songs in the shower, eavesdropping on perfect strangers, stalking her eye doctor, or failing at one of her fruitless hobbies. Generally a fan of anyone with a passion for the ridiculous, she has a weak spot for smug pseudo-intellectuals and narcissistic jerks; readers will find her work littered with flawed monsters and oodles of snark. AJ cannot say no to a Snickers bar and has been known to swallow her gum.
Keep in touch with AJ!
Thanks for the guest post AJ!


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Personal identity is a philosophical field that deals with questions about human nature. These questions ask who we were when all beings began and what would happen to us at the moment of our death. It questions the self, where the self is defined as some immaterial consciousness. The question of who we are is the most basic problem when dealing with the philosophical field of personal identity. This question is often superposed with the question of whether who we are today is the same self that was yesterday and who we will be the day after tomorrow. It thus consists of discussing features that define an individual as a human being or in colloquial terms "what makes people tick'. Personal identity is vital in the paper since it helps in examining whether Mr. Lee is the same person before and after the deterioration of his dementia.
There are several theories of personal identity that could shed light on whether Mr. Lee's families should honor his two decisions. One of these theories is the memory theory. John Locke suggested that there exist a relationship between a person and his former self since both of his mental stages are stretched on the same spectrum of consciousness. He further proposed that the relationship between his two time-delimited selves lies on that fact that the latter self-has the memories of earlier self and therefore if the memory is intact they can be said to be the same person. In Mr. Lee's situation, the memory theory would instruct us first to consider whether the physical characteristics of Mr. Lee in his current state are the same as they were before being discharged from the hospital. The second consideration would be to see whether his memory of his former self is still intact. Since Mr. Lee suffered dementia, his memory is, therefore, unreliable. Thus, the theory would have us disregarding any insight that Mr. Lee has over his former self. The change in decision to go back to a nursing home should, therefore, be honored since the family is dealing with a new Mr. Lee.
The second theory is the body theory. This theory states that as long as a person's 'self' is still constrained in the same body as it was before then, he or she can be said to be the same person. Arguably, any decision individual should be consistent with his former self's wish. In the case of Mr. Lee, the theory would instruct us to honor his first wish to stay at home since the decision of his current self is affected by the memory loss of his former self's wish. Therefore, the family members who stood by the decision to honor Mr. Lee's first wish were right. Both theories have pros and cons. The memory theory has the proof relevance to Mr. Lee's situation since he has dementia. However, its con is that there is a difference in real memory and apparent memory. The body theory's pro is that Mr. Lee is residing in the same body he was in after he was diagnosed with dementia. However, the body theory fails to consider the difference in the psychological state of Mr. Lee.
Personal identity is a vital philosophical problem as was seen in the case of Mr. Lee it can help us solve moral dilemmas. All personal identity theories seek to solve the question of the 'essence' of humans. They, however, differ in paying precedence to one region of an individual. The memory theory respects an individual's memory while the body theory respects their body in establishing whether that person is the same as they were a moment ago. In my perspective, taking the memory theory approach would be the most appropriate way in handling Mr. Lee moral dilemma. Mainly because it is relevant to his memory situation.


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Back to Grove Hall main page
The name "Grove Hall" comes from the name of the mansion of the wealthy merchant, Thomas Kilby Jones, built about 1800 on a knoll overlooking the intersection of what is now Blue Hill Avenue and Washington Street. This area remained largely rural in character during the first half of the 1800s. However, after Roxbury was annexed to Boston in 1868, it developed more rapidly. From 1906 until the 1950s, Grove Hall and surrounding areas were important centers of Jewish life and religion. By the 1930s some African Americans had moved to upper Roxbury, and by 1950 the numbers had grown in the areas around St. Mark's Congregational Church and Charles Street AME Church. The Grove Hall area experienced a major racial transition in the 1950s and 1960s with the Jewish population moving out to the suburbs. Those years and some of the following period were turbulent times. In the last 15 years the areas along Blue Hill Avenue and the heart of Grove Hall have seen considerable investment and renaissance with a new shopping center, renovations, and new buildings.
One of the early landholders in the area was Edward Payson who owned more than a thousand acres in the 1600s. He came to Roxbury in 1634 and moved to Dorchester near the Roxbury line in 1658.1 When he died in 1689, he left property to his sons and sons-in-law.2 His son Samuel received the western part of his lands near the Grove Hall area, including the homestead where he farmed all his life. He was a constable, selectman, and one of the leading citizens.3 This homestead or its site was then owned by John Goddard, and in 1747 he began operating a tavern there.4 Between 1754 and 1756, Stephen Kent moved from Chelsea to Roxbury, and in 1763 he received approval to operate the tavern at this site. "He hath lately hired a house in Roxbury which hath for many years been occupied as a tavern and was not long since improved as such by one Goddard."5 Stephen died in 1767, and his wife took over as innkeeper for about the next 30 years.6 In 1796 it ceased operations as a public house. Not many years after that, Grove Hall was built on this site (what is now the South East corner of Blue Hill Avenue and Washington Street).
In the 1700s, Governor Increase Sumner (Jr.) also owned land in the Grove Hall area.7 The governor's grandfather, Edward Sumner, owned several lots in Roxbury and Dorchester, and his father, Increase (Sr.) was an industrious farmer with legendary strength who developed what was called the Morgan Farm. When his father died in 1774, Increase, Jr. inherited the farmland, although he made his home on what is now Bartlett Street in town. He was for many years a judge on the Massachusetts Supreme Court before becoming governor in 1797. He was also a talented farmer and taught his son the art of grafting fruit trees. His son, General William Hyslop Sumner, who inherited the estate in 1799, was a founder of the Massachusetts Horticultual Society and the developer of East Boston. In 1832 Marshall P. Wilder purchased the Sumner estate, and for the next half century used the land to experiment with many varieties of fruit trees, plants and flowers. The property included most of the land between Washington Street, Columbia Road and Normandy Street. At one time his pear orchard included 2,500 trees of 800 varieties.8 He introduced several new pears including the Anjou pear. He also grew America's finest collection of Camelias (300 varieties) and was the first in the US to grow and display a number of other flowers like orchids and Japanese lilies.9 In his own way, Mr. Wilder sought to bring beauty to Grove Hall. In general, Grove Hall in the first half of the nineteenth century was sparsely settled and mostly characterized by country estates, farms, and orchards.
Roads, street railways, and railroads have influenced the development of the Grove Hall neighborhood over the years. In 1663 a road was laid out along the lines of the present Warren Street and Washington Street (Dorchester) and was known as the "Way to Braintree" or the "Upper Road to Dorchester."10 It was later known as "The Great Plymouth Road," and the Roxbury segment was renamed "Warren Street" in 1825.11 In 1735 Paul Dudley set out the "Four Mile Stone" on this road near Bugbee's Tavern opposite what is now 473 Warren St.12 In March 1805 the Brush Hill Turnpike Corporation was formed with the intent of laying out a new road from the west side of the Blue Hill in Milton to the "Four Mile Stone in Roxbury." By 1809 this Brush Hill Turnpike had been built as a toll road, but it stopped at Grove Hall a half mile short. This enterprise was not very successful, and in 1856 the company gave it over to the county. It was renamed Grove Hall Avenue and in 1870 became Blue Hill Avenue.13 The part between Grove Hall and Dudley Street was also called East Street at one time. The road called "Long Crouch" was later named Seaver Street after Ebenezer Seaver whose house, built in 1721, was located near the intersection of Cheney Street and the present Blue Hill Avenue.14 Grove Hall was therefore a crossroads for travel to and from the south and southeast into Roxbury and Boston.
The Grove Hall estate and mansion stood at this crossroads for nearly a century from 1800 to 1898, although it served many different purposes over the years. The original owner, Thomas Kilby Jones, was "a prominent merchant and auctioneer of Boston and a gentleman of liberal hospitality."15 He joined the First Church of Roxbury in 1804 and was a trustee of the Roxbury Latin School.16 In 1832 the original Grove Hall mansion was enlarged and became a hotel and summer boarding house resort. By 1837 it was owned by Edward D. Clarke and managed by C. A. Flagg. Bowen's 1838 travel guide describes it as "a delightful resort for private parties, having every accommodation for their recreation and amusement."17 The estate was converted into the American Orthopedic Institute in the 1840s by Dr. Alanson Abbe. The institute treated various medical conditions (curvature of the spine, paralysis of the limbs, club feet, etc.) and offered several regular school courses so young people could continue their studies.18
In 1871, Dr. Charles Cullis remodeled the facilities, converting the estate into the Cullis Consumptives' Home. When it was founded in 1864 on Vernon Street, this was only the third free hospital in America for the treatment of consumption (tuberculosis).19 At Grove Hall it was able to care for 80 male and female patients in the last stages of pulmonary tuberculosis.20 This was a faith-based organization with a sign over the door, "Faith in God." "The earnest and kind workers rely upon no endowment, but believe their aid comes in answer to prayer; and upon that they depend for daily expenses."21 In 1897 a new, attractive building was erected facing Franklin Park opposite Seaver Street. The abandoned old building was considered an eyesore. Therefore, when neighborhood boys set fire to the historic structure in July 1898, the fire department let it burn. Near the new Consumptive Home, also under the same management, were two other homes: the Spinal Home and a Children's Home for children of patients at the Consumptives' Home. The facility always served those without funds and family to take care of them. It was still in operation in the early 20th century.
Because large landowners like the Wilder family, the Cullis Consumptives' Home, the Wales family, Charles Cotting, William McKechnie, Warner Spencer, and the Adams family held on to large tracts of land on both sides of Washington Street at Grove Hall, much of the land south of Quincy Street was still undeveloped even by 1894.22 With better public transportation and the annexation of Roxbury (1868) and Dorchester (1870) to Boston, some new residential development began, but the economic depression of 1873 slowed new building construction for about a decade. Wabon, Wyoming and Howland Streets near Warren Street were built up by 1884, but much of the land toward Elm Hill was still undeveloped. From Waumbeck St. to what is now Ruthven St. between Elm Hill Avenue and almost to Humboldt Avenue, land had been subdivided, but only four houses had been built by 1884.23 However, from 1885 to 1895 there was a building boom, especially west of Blue Hill Avenue. In 1886 Franklin Park was established south of Seaver Street. Also, Oakland Garden, an outdoor summer amusement park, was operating during this period. This so called "Summer Garden" was located between Erie Street and Columbia Road. It offered nightly theatrical presentations, regular band concerts, occasional outdoor sports, and an opportunity to see animals in a caged zoo. The Roxbury Highlands neighborhood of the 1870s and following decade was mostly middle and upper middle class Yankee Protestants or Irish. "Although the highlands was dominated by native [born] American Protestants in 1880, 38.9 percent of the population of this area were foreign-born and their children; by 1905 the proportion had risen to 57.5 percent."24 On the Dorchester side, housing was developed earlier close to the Mount Bowdoin (Erie at Washington Street) and Harvard Street stations of the New York and New England Railroad. Other housing development was spurred on by the expansion first of the horse drawn street railways (Metropolitan and Highland Companies), and after 1889 by the electric street railways. The West End Railway Company located one of its large streetcar barns right at the northeast corner or Blue Hill Avenue and Washington Street. Until the coming of the street railways and their five-cent fares into town, it was simply impractical for most people to live in the Grove Hall area and commute into Boston. The street railways often expanded to areas before they were developed and therefore stimulated development and an increase in property values.
In 1894 the map of Dorchester shows no evidence yet of Jewish property owners along Blue Hill Avenue. However, by 1906 the maps reveal quite a number of Jewish property owners and a new and impressive synagogue on Blue Hill Avenue, called Adath Jeshurun.25 This huge and influential synagogue was built by a congregation of only 140 families in 1906.26 Some of the leaders of the synagogue were also in the real estate business. With the attraction of the new synagogue and the assistance of its leaders, the Jewish community nearby grew rapidly. Three other centers of Jewish settlement on Elm Hill, Erie Street/Mount Bowdoin, and Woodrow Avenue (Mattapan) grew rapidly in the coming years until they all merged into one large Jewish community. The early upwardly mobile, middle class Jewish residents were soon joined by thousands of lower income Eastern European Jews from the West End and Chelsea, where the 1908 fire had left many people homeless. For example, the Russian grandparents of the famous author and journalist, Theodore H. White, bought a wooden-frame house on Erie Street in 1912 for $2,000.27 He was born there three years later. His extended family was representative of the Eastern European Jewish immigrants settling into the area. White describes the neighborhood at that time, "When I was a child, milk was delivered in winter by horse-drawn sleigh… and Erie Street was lit by gas; and a real lamplighter passed before our house each dusk. Storekeepers had transformed Erie Street from the quiet residential neighborhood my grandparents had sought as Jewish pioneers in the district into a semi-permanent bazaar…Herrings were stacked in barrels outside fish stores…All butcher shops were kosher, sawdust on the floor, chopping blocks scrubbed clean every day, unplucked chickens piled in flop heaps in the store window…Pedlars, leading their horse-and-wagons through Erie Street, would yodel and chant their wares."28
In this same area about two blocks from the Mount Bowdoin train station, Beth El, the Fowler Street Synagogue was completed in 1912. By that time 300 Jewish families had settled in the Mount Bowdoin/Franklin Park district, and by 1920 the number had grown to 1,300 families (6,000 people).29 The congregation itself had grown to 400 members, with a women's club, a men's club, a free loan society, adult study groups, a Young Israel group, and a large religious school.30 In 1915 the Crawford Street Synagogue was built in the Elm Hill district and by 1923, under the leadership of Rabbi Louis M. Epstein, had grown to 1,300 members.31 Also in the Elm Hill district, the Jewish community was building what would become a great central synagogue-center for New England. The $750,000 Temple Mishkan Tefila was dedicated on September 13, 1925 and became the dominant Conservative Jewish institution in the area.32 That same year the Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA) building opened a block away to provide gymnasium and meeting facilities for young men of the area. To meet the needs of the rapidly growing Jewish population, many substantial apartment blocks were built during these years. Notable leaders included Rabbi Mordecai Savitsky, an authority on Jewish law and kosher inspections, who was "reputed to possess the greatest memory of any living Rabbi."33 In 1932 Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik, who was regarded as the leader of modern Jewish orthodoxy, came to live on Ruthven Street. He and his wife Tonya founded the Maimonides School in 1937. Their educational goal was to produce young men and women who "integrated the secular knowledge that fits them for the American scene and the religious and spiritual wealth of their own tradition."34
In October 1926 St. Mark's Congregational Church became the first African American church to move to upper Roxbury, purchasing the former Quaker Meeting House at Townsend Street and Humboldt Ave. Under Rev. Samuel Leroy Laviscount's leadership, the church experienced considerable growth even though the neighborhood was not predominantly black. The church soon founded the St. Mark's Social Center that for many years played animportant role in service to the community, especially with programs for children and youth. Charles Street AME Church became the second African American church to move to Upper Roxbury when it bought the St. Ansgarius Swedish Episcopal Church building in 1939. The African American community grew around these two churches, especially around Humboldt Avenue and northwest of St. Marks.35
Theodore White and Nat Hentoff reveal in their tales of growing up in the area that there was a long-standing hostility between the Irish youth of nearby areas and the Jewish youth in the neighborhood.36 In the second half of 1943 violent attacks on Jewish youth increased from two or three reported incidents per month to eight in July, 11 in September, and many incidents in October.37 Wallace Stegner commented in the Atlantic Monthly, "Sometimes, fairly clearly, the violence was the 'kid stuff' that the Boston mayor and the police commissioner called it, and sometimes it was semi-organized warfare between neighborhood gangs. But very often it was a planned assault, preceded by the question, 'Are you a Jew?"38 After the anti-Semitic violence in the fall of 1943, Protestant clergy organized an inter-faith committee in the area for the purpose of promoting good will between all religious and racial groups and equal police protection for all groups.
In 1950 there were about 70,000 Jews in Roxbury, Dorchester and Mattapan. This was still the largest Jewish community in New England even though some families had moved to Brookline and Newton over the two previous decades. During the next seventeen years, almost every Jewish institution in Roxbury and Dorchester either closed or moved. The initial post-war exodus to the suburbs of synagogue members and a significant proportion of key leaders led the Jewish schools and synagogues to consider moving. For example, "by the early 1950s half of the approximately 800 families [of Mishkan Tefila] lived in the suburbs and commuted back to Roxbury for religious services and Hebrew school."39 Also 28 out of 30 executive committee members lived in the suburbs or downtown.40 As key institutions such as the Hebrew Teachers College and four schools, along with several synagogues moved or closed in the 1950s, this triggered an even larger movement to the suburbs. In 1958, the move of Mishkan Tefila, which had been one of New England's leading synagogues, to Newton, was especially significant.
Gerald Gamm argues in his book, Urban Exodus, that racial change took place more rapidly in Jewish neighborhoods like Grove Hall than in Catholic neighborhoods because the synagogues were not deeply rooted in a geographic area like Catholic parishes, the members were not required to live within the local neighborhood, and the synagogue congregations could make autonomous decisions to change or leave.42 These factors probably predisposed Jewish residents to move when faced with some other issues like real-estate agents encouraging panic selling and blockbusting, discriminatory lending and insurance practices, increased crime and arson, and racial change in adjacent areas.43 Blacks and other urban residents for many years faced discriminatory policies of the FHA and financial institutions which "redlined" some urban areas, refusing to give mortgage and home improvement loans. In the summer of 1968, the Boston Banks Urban Renewal Group (BBURG) was established to make available home mortgage funds to low-income black families within a designated area including Roxbury, South End, parts of Dorchester and Jamaica Plain, and the northern part of Mattapan. The BBURG program had some negative unintended consequences such as reckless speculation, a more rapid and tense process of racial change, and a later increase in foreclosures. However, as Gamm argues, it was not the primary cause of most of the Jewish exodus from the city.44 By 1970 that exodus was almost complete, even though some community members like Otto and Muriel Snowden had hoped for and worked to promote an integrated neighborhood.
One important community organization that has a long history of working to improve the neighborhood is Freedom House, founded in 1949 by Otto and Muriel Snowden. Otto had been directing the St. Mark Social Center, and Muriel was a graduate of Radcliffe and the New York School of Social Work. In 1952 they were able to raise funds to buy the Hebrew Teachers College building on Crawford Street. They set out with the mission "to conserve and improve the Upper Roxbury neighborhood and to provide opportunities for greater interracial contact and understanding both within the community itself and between its residents and those of Greater Boston." The Snowdens planned programs and events to bring together Jewish and Black youth. They sought to promote an integrated community living in peace and understanding. In those years their "efforts included the establishment of block organizations to deal with neighborhood services including public safety, recreation, trash removal, and street cleaning."45 As most of the Jewish residents moved out of Roxbury, Freedom House began to work more on the Washington Park Urban Renewal project. In the 1960s, Freedom House's Work and Study Project sought to improve the neighborhood by involving high school and college youth in painting houses and tutoring school children. Over the years Freedom House worked on many issues such as affirmative action, innovative educational programs, school integration, urban renewal, and sponsored many programs to provide opportunities for urban youth. The organization became a nationally renowned civic center, and Muriel Snowden received a MacArthur Foundation Grant in 1988.
The most explosive events in Grove Hall's history were the 1967 riots that took place on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, June 2-4. About a year before this, Doris Bland had organized a group called the Mothers for Adequate Welfare (M.A.W.), and they had held several marches during the year to seek improvements in the welfare system. On Thursday afternoon, June 1, about 30 M.A.W. members started a silent vigil in the Grove Hall welfare office at 515 Blue Hill Ave. A small group of protesters also marched outside, and the vigil became an overnight sit-in. The mothers were upset with their welfare checks being cut off without warning; and hostile treatment by social workers, supervisors, and police in the Blue Hill welfare office, in addition to several other grievances.46
On Friday afternoon about 50 men and women, including some children were still holding the sit-in when the welfare workers attempted to close the office for the weekend. The protesters chained the doors shut and requested to speak to the city Welfare Director, Daniel J. Cronin. When he came, they asked to speak with him in the presence of the crowd outside rather than let him come in. About this time a welfare worker inside was reported to have had a heart attack. Police then sought to assist the worker and get the other welfare workers out, but bystanders attempted to block their entry. The police eventually made their entry through a window and cutting the chains. A woman inside yelled that the police were beating people, a door window smashed, and things became chaotic as police tried to remove the workers and the women involved in the sit-in. Black leaders believed the excessive force used by police started and furthered the riot.47 A large crowd had gathered, and several times it surged across the street at the line of police. Rocks, bottles, and bricks flew through the air, battering civilian and police cars, and injuring people. Cars were overturned. The crowd grew to 1,000, and an equal number of police were called in. The police fired 60 rounds over the heads of the rioters. Through the night many store windows were broken and the stores looted and set on fire up and down Blue Hill Avenue. This resulted in 15 blocks of debris-scattered sidewalks and streets, with 45 persons injured and 44 arrested, including Civil Rights leader, Thomas Atkins and Byron Rushing. There were accusations of police brutality during and after the arrests.48
On Saturday night, June 3, the violence continued with a fireman being shot in the wrist, and dozens of gangs of roving youth engaging in spontaneous violence. They went around smashing windows, looting stores, and sounding false alarms, while police tried to control the area. Even with the presence of 1,900 policemen, rioting continued on Sunday night. Although there was still tension in the air, the situation had quieted down by Monday evening. Over the three nights of rioting 75 people were injured and 60-70 were arrested.49 In addition to the millions of dollars of property damage, the rioting had an impact on the social and business life of Blue Hill Avenue that lasted for many years. Twenty years later in 1987, a new 28,000 square foot welfare office was opened nearby on Washington Street offering assistance with employment and training, housing, and health care enrollment.
The following April there were more riots in the Grove Hall area (and other neighborhoods) after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Some looting and arson took place, as well as stoning of cars and buses. A group of black volunteers with white armbands went around the community seeking to cool things down. On Friday, April 5, a group of 400 protesters went to the Jeremiah Burke High School and vandalized some furniture and displays. One teacher was injured and a couple of others were pulled from their cars. With the help of black leaders, things were quiet by Saturday morning. Although 30 were arrested and 13 injured, these riots were far less extensive than in other cities at the time.50
In 1977 Mayor Kevin White set forth an ambitious plan to revitalize Blue Hill Avenue and Grove Hall, but four years later very little had been accomplished.51 This seemed to be typical of the 25 years following the Blue Hill Avenue riots. Various politicians promised plans to revive the Grove Hall community, but actual progress was quite limited. In April 1983 Governor Dukakis spoke to 400 people in Grove Hall about economic development in the neighborhood comparable to Lowell's revival, cautioning that it would not happen overnight.52 Indeed, it would not happen any time soon. In the 1987 Boston Globe article, "A Street Forgotten," Mike Barnicle commented, "In the short stretch between Grove Hall and Dudley Street, Blue Hill Avenue gives every outward appearance of being ready for the grave... In this one-and-a-half mile strip of asphalt, there are 58 boarded-up apartment houses and storefronts. There are 24 vacant lots, some of them as big as prairies."53 According to a 1987 city report, in the general area between Warren Street and Blue Hill Avenue, there were 360 empty lots and 117 vacant buildings (nine percent).54 In the 1980s the new state welfare office opened, a Burger King restaurant started up, and the Franklin Park Zoo reopened, but overall trends in the community were not positive. This was a time of increased drug-related crime, shootings, murders, and gang activity. This caused an increased level of fear and slowed redevelopment of the business district.
In 1988 Mayor Ray Flynn tried to reassure community leaders that the city was committed to redeveloping their neighborhood. Later that year the city's Public Facilities Department and community leaders initiated a $7.8 million effort "to attract new businesses, create jobs, develop housing, and improve the infrastructure."55 This involved the city selling five vacant buildings and making money available from Community Development Action Grants to develop other privately owned properties. Neighborhood leaders considered this a step in the right direction, but not a comprehensive enough plan.
In 1993 Mayor Menino promised to work for the revitalization of Blue Hill Avenue. The leadership of the Blue Hill Avenue Initiative Task Force, the coordination of various government resources, and the involvement of various other community groups like the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative over the last fifteen years have resulted in many positive and substantial improvements. Between 1993 and 2003, the area received approximately $90 million in public and private investment in housing, business, and infrastructure development. In that period, the investment "produced more than 200 units of affordable housing, created or improved more than 30 businesses, and created or retained more than 550 jobs."56
During this period one central building block in this effort has been the $13 million Mecca Mall in the heart of Grove Hall that opened in 2000-2001. The Neighborhood Development Corporation of Grove Hall was a key organization in developing the property. The Mall provided the retail anchor for the business district and also created many job opportunities. This has also encouraged additional business and housing development in the years since it opened. In 2007 the historic Silva Building (formerly called Regents Hall) was restored and reopened at the corner of Warren Street and Blue Hill Avenue, providing space for several businesses including OneUnited Bank and the Long Bay Management real estate firm (the owner and developer).58 Also in the area, Charles Street AME Church is redeveloping the former Skycap Plaza building into the Roxbury Renaissance Center, Habitat for Humanity is building 24 residential units adjacent to Blue Hill Avenue, and Nuestra Communidad Development Corporation is building 48 affordable apartments near the area at the former Kasanof Bakery site.59 These are just a few of the many recent redevelopment efforts in the community. In recent years Project RIGHT60 has provided a collaborative approach to improving other aspects of the community by supporting neighborhood associations, coordinating electoral advocacy efforts, and guiding community development.
Over its history, Grove Hall slowly changed from an untamed wilderness to a thriving business and residential district, and back to a new wilderness of sorts, and once again has slowly changed back to a thriving business and residential district. In conclusion we should all remember the words of hope written by a young student at the Lewis Junior High School. In a 1965 prize-winning essay on "Urban Renewal in Roxbury," eighth grader Brenda Bugg wrote, "Roxbury will be beautiful again because people cared. I hope people will always care."61
1. William Richard Cutter and William F. Adams, Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of the State of Massachusetts (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1910), 1344. See also –"Descendants of Edward Payson," Rootsweb, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~batemanp/pilgrims/test... (accessed 19 May 2009).
2. John William Linzee, The History of Peter Parker and Sarah Ruggles of Roxbury, Mass. (Boston: S. Usher, 1913), 362-3. Will mentions sons –(John, Ephraim, and Samuel) and sons-in-law (Benjamin Tucker and the Capens).
3. Ibid.
4. David M. Balfour, "The Taverns of Boston in Ye Olden Time," The Bay State Monthly 2 (1885):116.
5. L. Vernon Briggs, Genealogies of the Different Families Bearing the Name Kent in the U.S. (Boston: Rockwell and Churchill Press, 1898), 37-38. See also Mellen Chamberlin, A Documentary History of Chelsea (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1908), 1:374.
6. Francis Samuel Drake, The Town of Roxbury (Boston: Municipal Print Office, 1908), 223.
7. Edward W. Gordon, Boston Landmarks Survey of Dorchester: Grove Hall, 1995, www.dorchesteratheneum.org/page.php?id=622 (accessed 18 May 2009).
8. L. H. Bailey, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. 2nd ed. 6 vols. (New York: Macmillan Co., 1917), 3:1603.
9. Ibid.
10. Drake, 199.
11. Ibid., 199-200.
12. Frederick James Wood, The Turnpikes of New England (Boston: Marshall Jones Co., 1919), 146.
13. Ibid., 146-148.
14. D.A.R. Roxbury Chapter, Glimpses of Early Roxbury (Boston: Merrymount Press, 1905), 30.
15. Henry A. Sprague, A Brief History of the Massachusetts Charitable Fire Society (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1893), 35. (T.K. Jones was a trustee, vice president and president of this organization).
16. Walter Eliot Thwing, History of the First Church of Roxbury, Mass. (Boston: W.A. Butterfield, 1908).
17. Abel Bowen, Bowen's Picture of Boston or the Citizen's and Stranger's Guide to the Metropolis of Massachusetts, 3rd ed. (Boston: Otis, Broaders, and Company, 1838), 246.
18. Anthony Mitchell Sammarco, Roxbury. Images of America Series (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub., 1997), 68. See also the "American Orthopedic Institute," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 38 (1848):363.
19. S. Adolphus Knopf, A History of the National Tuberculosis Association (New York: National Tuberculosis Association, 1922), 9.
20. Sammarco, Roxbury, 69.
21. Edward B. Lane, "Some Roxbury Institutions," The Roxbury Magazine, 1899, 27.
22. Boston Atlas, "1894 Dorchester Combine Final Map," www.mapjunction.com.
23. Boston Atlas, "1884 Roxbury Combine Final Map," www.mapjunction.com.
24. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1890, 2nd edition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), 110.
25. Boston Atlas, "1906 Roxbury Combine Map," and "1904 Dorchester Combine Map," www.mapjunction.com.
26. Jonathan D. Sarna and Ellen Smith, eds., The Jews of Boston (Boston: The Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston, 1995), 144.
27. Theodore H. White, In Search of History: A Personal Adventure (New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1978), 14.
28. Ibid., 16, 26, 27.
29. Gerald Gamm, Urban Exodus: Why the Jews Left Boston and the Catholics Stayed (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), 69-70.
30. Ibid.
31. David Kaufman, "Temples in the American Athens: A History of the Synagogues of Boston," in The Jews of Boston, ed. by Jonathan D. Sarna and Ellen Smith (Boston: Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston, 1995), 191.
32. Ibid., 193. (This is the building now owned by the United House of Prayer for All People.)
33. Hillel Levine and Lawrence Harmon, The Death of an American Jewish Community: A Tragedy of Good Intentions, pb. edition (New York: The Free Press, 1993), 34.
34. Ibid., 40.
35. Gamm, 61-64. See Map 11 and Map 12.
36. White, 25. Nat Hentoff, Boston Boy: Growing Up With Jazz and Other Rebellious Passions (Philadelphia: Paul Dry books, 2001), 18,19.
37. Wallace Stegner, "Who Persecutes Boston," Atlantic Monthly, July 1944, 45.
38. Ibid.
39. Hillel Levine and Lawrence Harmon, 59.
40. Ibid.
42. Ibid., 18,19.
43. Ibid., 37-42.
44. Ibid., 50.
45. Hillel Levine and Lawrence Harmon, 57.
46. "Women Stage Overnight Sit-in, Rap Roxbury Welfare Handling," Boston Globe, 2 June 1967, Evening ed., 24.
47. Jack Tager, Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence (Boston: Northeastern Univ. Press, 2001), 182.
48. "Sit-In Escalates to Riot," (and other articles), Boston Globe, 3 June 1967, 1, 4 (regular and evening editions).
49. Boston Globe, 4, 5, and 6 June 1967, 1.
50. Tager, 185.
51. Kenneth J. Cooper, "Blue Hill Avenue: A Dream Gathers Dust: 4 Years Later, Business, Transit Plans Haven't Happened," Boston Globe, 22 October 1981, 1.
52. Joanne Ball, "City Revival a Long Road, Dukakis Tells Grove Hall," Boston Globe, 12 April 1983, 1
53. Mike Barnicle, "A Street Forgotten," Boston Globe, 1 April 1987, 17.
54. The Boston Plan: Revitalization of a Distressed Area: Blue Hill Avenue (Boston: City of Boston, 1987), I-9.
55. Desiree French, "Revitalization Gets Serious at Grove Hall: A $7.8 million Program Formed to Aid Roxbury Business District," Boston Globe, 26 March 1988, 41.
56. Mayor Menino Leads Tour of Blue Hill Avenue," City of Boston Press Releases, 26 March 2003, www.cityofboston.gov/news/default.aspx?ID=1637 (accessed 1 June 2009).
57. "Blue Hill Avenue: Progress, 1993-2003," City of Boston, Dept. of Neighborhood Development, www.cityofboston.gov/dnd/pdfs/BHA_Map_3FLAT.pdf (accessed 15 June 2009).
58. Ron DePasquale, "Grove Hall's Renaissance; New Development Caps Hub Area's Revival as a Commercial Mecca." Boston Globe, 10 Feb. 2007, E23.
59. Roxbury Renaissance Center, http://csrrc.org ; Habitat for Humanity, Greater Boston, Blue Hill Place, www.habitatBoston.org/projects.html#bhp ; Nuestra's Kasanof Bakery Development, www.nuestracdc.org/kasanof.html (accessed 3 June 2009).
60. Project RIGHT stands for Rebuild and Improve Grove Hall Together
61. Brenda Bugg, "Urban Renewal in Roxbury," Freedom House, Essay contest winner, Lewis Jr. High School, 23 April 1965, www.lib.neu.edu/archives/freedom_house/Essaytyped.htm (accessed 1 June 2009).
Design Teams: Grove Hall | Uphams Corner | Bowdoin-Geneva | South End/Lower Roxbury


text:
Jordana Brewster (born April 26, 1980 in Panama City, Panama) is a Brazilian-American actress. She began her acting career in her late teens, with a 1995 episode of the soap opera All My Children.
She followed that appearance with the recurring role as Nikki Munson in As the World Turns, for which Brewster was nominated for Outstanding Teen Performer at the 1997 Soap Opera Digest Award. She was later cast as Delilah Profitt, one of the main characters in her first feature film, Robert Rodriguez's 1998 horror science fiction The Faculty.
She also landed a starring role in a 1999 NBC television miniseries entitled The 60s. Her breakthrough role came in the 2001 action film The Fast and the Furious. Other film credits include the 2004 action comedy film D.E.B.S., the 2005 independent drama Nearing Grace and the 2006 horror film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning, for which she received two Teen Choice Award nominations.
She had a recurring role in the NBC television series Chuck and starred in the 2009 film Fast & Furious, the fourth installment of the The Fast and the Furious film series. After guest roles in several television shows such as Dark Blue and Gigantic, she appeared in the fifth film in the franchise, 2011's Fast Five. She starred as Elena Ramos in the television series Dallas between 2012 and 2014, and appeared in the 2013 film Fast & Furious 6; she is set to reprise her role in Furious 7 in 2015.
Brewster lives in Los Angeles with her husband, film producer Andrew Form, whom she met on the set of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning, which Form produced. They announced their engagement on November 4, 2006. They married in a private ceremony in the Bahamas on May 6, 2007. On September 21, 2013, they welcomed their son, Julian, via surrogate. In 2014, her sister, Isabella Brewster, married NBA player Baron Davis. In an interview, she ranked Gossip Girl, The Office, and House as her favorite television shows.
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