text:
Rice Institute basketball player Temple Tucker
Black and white photograph of Rice Owls basketball player Temple Tucker, accompanied by text headlining his achievement and entry into the Rice Athletic Hall of Fame. Caption reads: Temple Tucker signed with Rice in 1954 after Rice had tied for the Southwest Conference championship and advanced to the NCAA tournament for just the third time in the school's history. The native of Bowie played the 1954-55 season for fellow Hall of Fame inductee Charlie Moore and then went on to win letters for coach Don Suman's varsity Owls in 1956, 1957 and 1958. Tucker was a valuable asset to the Owl's team that in the 1955-56 season finished 19-5 and thrid in the SWC race with an 8.4 record. The sensational sophomore averaged 22.1 points per game that year, which at the time was the second best average ever by an Owl cager. He also pulled down 12.7 rebounds a game to lead the SWC. He again led Rice in scoring and rebounding his junior year with averages of 15.1 points and 10.5 rebounds per game. His senior year, Tucker was awarded the Billy Wohn Award as the team's most valuable player. He finished his Rice career with 1,218 points, which at the time was the third best on the career list. Hi 768 career rebounds was the second best total at the time. A fourth-round pick by the NBA's Philadelphia Warriors in 1958, Tucker, who majored in business and economics at Rice, opted instead to join a life insurance agency, which he had enjoyed learning about in a series of estate planning seminars during his junior and senior years. Tucker received the Chartered Life Underwriter diploma in 1965, and in 1969, he became NASD licensed to deal in, sell and service investments, including mutual funds. He later received the Chartered Financial Consultant diploma in 1984. Tucker was active in the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and the Rice basketball booster club, particularly in Don Knodel's years as coach. He also served as an interviewer of Rice applicants for several years. He has served on the board of the Houston chapter of Chartered Life Underwriters (which is now the Society of Financial Service Professionals)and the board of Houston Business and Estate Planning Council. He is also a life member of the Million Dollar Round Table.
Rice University Athletic Hall of Fame
Citable link to this pagehttps://hdl.handle.net/1911/64572
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→ ADSA-RealDrop method for measuring contact angle without Axisymmetric Shape
→ Only Contact Angle meter with DSA-RealDrop method is real contact angle meter
→ Meter Using circle fitting or ellipse or tangent Is just goniometer not contact angle meter
→ World leading 3D contact angle sample stage and 3D contact angle microscope lens
→ World leading dynamic interfacial tensiometer by Wilhelmy plate method
→ Innovative development from 2D to 3D contact angle
→ New Application for contact angle hysteresis phenomenon
→ Improving the measuring accuracy of contac angle and surface free energy
→ Analysis of Heterogeneity of solid surface by 3D contact angle tool
We are willing to share you our research and measuring experience
→ We can make special function or accessories for you to meet your application
→ More than 200 videos for solution of measuring contact angle or surface tension
→ Professional experts to give you recommend for contact angle meter or surface tensiometer
→ We have provided more than 1000 machines all over the world
→ Parallel background light and telecentric lens
→ Automatic rotating stage with resolution of 0.001° for dynamic contact angle
→ 3 syringe system for automatic surface free energy measurement
→ World Leading software CAST3.0 with ADSA-RealDrop special for contact angle and surface tension
→ Modular design idea:3D contact angle, scalable extensibility, adhesive force by weight method
→ Max temperature 200℃, Max pressure 70MPa
→ Drop shape analysis system by spinning drop method
→ Lowest value of interfacial tension can reach 10-6mN/m under pressure conditions
→ Patent technology in China and more for your applications in the oil field
→ We are the first one provide the rotating stage for standard part
→ We are the first one using multi-tilted sample stage controlled by micrometer to level the surface
→ World Leading software CAST3.0 provides ADSA-RealDrop for contact angle and surface tension
→ We are the first one using blue light LED and Color camera for measuring contact angle
→ Max 4 syringe system for measuring 8 contact angle values in one captured image
→ Adopt analytical balance with speed 92datas/second
→ Based on Young-Laplace equation correcting method by A.W.Neumann
→ Positioning Stage for sample stage using Grinding screw with 0.5mm screw pitch
→ Benefit from correcting contact angle and buoyancy, We are the only one can measure dynamic interface tension
→ Measuring density under condition of high pressure and temperature
→ Provides storage tank for crude oil and piston sampling tank
→ Provides high pressure system for air such as CO2 or methane
→ Automatic constant high pressure system to provide a stabilized condition
→ Interfacial Rheometer using servo motor under high pressure and temperature condition
→ World leading software CAST3.0 using ADSA-RealDrop for contact angle, surface tension and density
There are a lot of contact angle meters or contact angle measurement instruments with different measuring method or made by different manufactory. And, quality and working accuracy of these contact angle meters or contact angle measurements instrument is quite differ from each other. How to choice most suitable contact angle meter for us is more important. This article will show you how to begin your contact angle measuring experience by choosing the most suitable contact angle meter from different manufactory in worldwide.
1, Startup choosing contact angle meter from What material do you want to measure and what's you purpose to measure contact angle?
Material which you want to measure is always taken seriously when one choose contact angle meter. Actually, material such as fiber (especially measuring contact angle between resin and single fiber, or single fiber with super-hydrophobic surface), powder (with contact angle above 80゜) and uneven surface is difficult to measure contact angle. All of these need special ways to measure contact angle. (Email us to get more information about measurement of contact angle for these conditions)
Material with Super-Hydrophilic (contact angle below 3゜) surface (such asaluminum foil of air conditioning) or super-hydrophobic (contact angle above 140゜) surface (such as lotus leaf or water strider leg) is also difficult to measure contact angle. General method of contact angle meter is useless in this condition.
So, when you measure such material as described above, you should tell it to you supplier and ask them for a suitable solution.
The second thing we should consider is outline dimensions of measuring sample, especially size of one side and thickness of sample, because to capture small droplet image, work distance of lens is usually not very long (max. word distance of lens with 0.20X auxiliary lens is about 360mm). And in commercial contact angle meter, work distance of lens is usually about 170mm and it can used to measure contact angle for sample with size of one side about 300mm. As an alternative when we measure contact angle for especially large sample such as LED displayer, we use prism to refract the observation angle and background light. (Refer portable contact angle meter model SL200P series).
The third thing that need to be considered is concave sample. Due to view of lens is side-looking, contact angle of concave sample cannot be measured using normal sessile drop method. We should use top-side view to measure contact angle of such sample and use ADSA-D method to calculate contact angle.
2, Choose contact angle meter based on measuring method
There are about ten methods to measure contact angle (refer: surface science techniques, Gianangelo Bracco Bodil Holst editors, springer 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-34243-1, for more information), including the following methods:
2.1 Direct measurement by telescope-goniometer:
This is usually called as contact angle goniometer. The most widely used technique of contact angle measurement is a direct measurement of the tangent angle at the three-phase contact point on a sessile drop profile. The first commercial contact angle goniometer is designed by W.A.Zisman, and was manufactured by Ramehart instrument company. Usually, contact angle meter with camera but without complexity algorithm (such as drop shape analysis system) is also called as contact angle goniometer. Most manufactory's contact angle measurement instrument is fall into this category except contact angle measurement instrument with drop shape analytical system. Refer 2.10 drop shape analysis system for more information.
2.2 Captive bubble method:
Instead of forming a sessile drop on the surface of solid, an air bubble is formed beneath the solid sample, which is immersed in the testing liquid. This method is very useful for material with Super-Hydrophilic (contact angle below 3゜) surface (such as aluminum foil of air conditioning) or super-hydrophobic (contact angle above 140゜) surface (such as lotus leaf or water strider leg).
2.3Tilting plate method: This method is rarely used due to its poor precise and operation inconvenient.
2.4Wilhelmy balance method:
The Wilhelmy balance method is a widely used technique that indirectly measures contact angle on a solid sample. The Wilhelmy balance technique is an indirect force method. It is usually used to measure dynamic contact angle of smooth and known wetting length. And sometimes, it is maybe an alternative solution when one want to check sessile drop method. Some manufactory that don't make optical method will always emphasize advantage of this method and ignore its disadvantage. So, we must be sure what we really want, then you will make a good choice.
It has several advantages over conventional optical methods. First, the task of measuring an angle is reduced to the measurements of weight and length, which can be performed with high accuracy and without subjectivity. Second, the measured force at any given depth of immersion is already an average value. Although this feature does not help determine the heterogeneity, it does automatically give a more accurate contact angle value that reflects the property of the entire sample. In addition, the graph produced by this technique (Fig. 1.8) is useful for studying dynamic contact angles and contact angle hysteresis at different wetting speeds. The smoothness of the curve indicates the heterogeneity of the solid sample. It is even possible to study absorption or surface reorientation by repeating the submersion circle. However, the method also suffers from several drawbacks. The solid sample must be produced with a uniform cross section in the submersion direction. Rods, plates, and fibers with known perimeters are ideal samples, but it is sometimes difficult to measure the perimeter and the wetted length precisely. Other than regular geometries, the sample must have the same composition and topography at all sides, which might be difficult to meet, particularly if one wants to investigate films or anisotropic systems. Also, a sufficient quantity of liquid must be used, which might cause the solid sample to swell and/or absorb vapor unintentionally.
2.5Capillary rise as a vertical plate:
When a liquid comes contact with a vertical and infinitely wide plate, it will rise due to the capillary effect. The height of capillary rise h can be determined by the integration of the Laplace equation
sin θ = 1 − Δρgh2/(2γlv).
This method is rarely used in commercial contact angle meter or any other contact angle measurement instrument.
2.6Individual or single fiber:
The above mentioned Wilhelmy balance method is probably the most reliable technique for measuring contact angles on individual fibers of known diameter. The precise value of the fiber diameter can be determined by using a liquid of known surface tension to wet the fiber completely (i.e., zero contact angle). Given that cos θ = 1, the perimeter p of the fiber can be calculated from whilhelmy balance equation. Similar to the solid plate used in Wilhelmy balance method, a continuous immersion circle of the fiber in the liquid can also be used to test the homogeneity of the fiber surface.
But, for fiber with diameter about 5um, we usually used micro-balance with precise 0.001mg (1ug). It is more expensive.
Sometime, this solution may be out of work due to liquid for test is viscosity or fiber is variable bended.
2.7Capillary tube:
In circumstances when both the inside and outside surfaces of the capillary tube are made of the exact same material, the Wilhelmy balance method can be used to measure the contact angle. The perimeter p of the capillary tube should be the sum of the inner and outer perimeters. In general, the Wilhelmy balance method can be applied to a wide range of plates, rods, wires, tubes, and capillaries.
2.8Capillary penetration method for powders and granules (Modified and extended Washburn method):
The capillary penetration method was developed by Washburn, who monitored the rate at which a liquid penetrates into a compressed powder cake. The measurement was achieved by recording the depth of the liquid front intrusion as a function of time. The contact angle can then be deduced according to Washburn theory:
l2 = rtγlv cos θ/2η
where l is the depth of liquid intrusion, γlv is the liquid surface tension, θ is the contact angle, η is the liquid viscosity, t is the time required for penetration, and r represents the pore radius. Numerous qualitative measurements have been performed, and the method has been developed theoretically .
But this method need to find a liquid that can form contact angle about 0゜on powder, and when measuring contact angle is above 90゜, this method is useless.
There are about 5 methods for measuring contact angle of powder. Email us for more information.
2.9Caplillary bridge method:
Restagno et al. developed a high-precision contact angle measuring technique, which they referred to as the "capillary bridge method". In their experiment, a spherical solid surface (usually a watch glass) is put in contact with a large liquid bath. Due to the capillary effect, a meniscus or "capillary bridge" forms around the contact line, which defines the wetted area on the solid surface. The shape of this "capillary bridge" between the solid surface and the liquid changes as the solid is slowly moved up or down to give a systematically varying wetted area. By monitoring the changes of the wetted area and the distance that solid surface moves, the dynamic contact angles can be quantitatively determined through numerical resolution of the Young-Laplace equation or by a simplified approximated relation:
A = 2πR(k −1(2(1+cos θ)) ^(1/2)−h)
2.10Drop shape analysis system:
Bashforth and Adams were the first to use the Laplace equation to analyze the shape of droplet profile. They manually generated a collection of sessile drop profile according to different values of surface tension and the radius of curvature at the drop apex. Consequently, the task of determining surface tension become simple interpolation from their tables. Their tremendous contribution led to booming development in the area. Blaisdell, as well as Tawde and Parvatikar extended the Bashforth and Adams tables. Fordham and Mills generated equivalent tables for pendant drops. Ever since digital computers become popular, drop shape analysis has been greatly improved, and many new methods have been developed.
Usually there are 3 generation of drop shape analysis system. Most manufactory's contact angle meter used Young-Laplace equation fitting method based on selected plane method (such as Kruss, Dataphysics, KSV, Ramehart, etc.)
Refer http://www.uskino.com/article/64.html for more information of drop shape analysis system.
3, Choose contact angle meter based on optical method by its functional module
Generally, contact angle meter (contact angle goniometer) is always consist of (1) Sample stage and its control system, (2) Dosing system and its control system, (3) Vision system and its control system, (4) Environment chamber, (5) Drop shape analysis software. So, choose contact angle meter for your purpose based on its functional module maybe a most useful way. And, you can also check out the rationality of contact angle meter's function designs.
(1) Sample stage and its control system:
- Size of your sample will affect your choosing of travel range of XY direction if you want to measure all point located on sample surface.
- Which control system do you want? Manual control system or automatic control system that controlled by software?
- The weight of the sample. Some contact angle measurement equipment adopts rack and pinion dovetail stage, and its load capability is poor.
- Do you need rotating system for measurement of dynamic contact angle or thermodynamics intrinsic contact angle? Contact angle meter model SL200K and C60 are equipped this system as standard accessories.
(2) Dosing system and its control system
- Direct syringe pump or Multi-syringe pump? Later is for measuring surface free energy, and we use different liquid to measure contact angle in this case. But, later is contaminated easily due to difficult for you to cleantube.
- Manual or automatic syringe pump. First one is cheaper and its dosing precision is also possible down to 0.02uL (with 100uL syringe pump).
-Manual or automatic transferring the drop to sample surface.
-If it has mechanical system corresponding to adjustment focus distance and position of needle?
(3) Vision system and its control system
- What speed of camera do you want? If you measure sample with super absorbent, you should choose high speed camera such as 100FPS or higher.
- The reliability and accuracy of measurement of contact angle or surface tension. If the budget allows, you can choose vision system with telecentric lens and parallel light background light to achieve higher accuracy of measurement contact angle or surface tension.
(4) Environment chamber:
- What temperature do you want?
- Do you carry out measurement of contact angle or surface tension under condition of pressure or vacuum?
- Do you need humidity environment?
(5) Drop shape analysis software
- What function do you want?
- Measurement of static contact angle or dynamic contact angle?
- Do you want to measure surface tension or interfacial tension by drop shape analysis software using pendant drop or sessile drop method?
- Do you want to calculate surface free energy?
- Do you want to measure dynamic surface tension or interfacial tension?
4, Overview of difference between KINO's contact angle meter and other manufactory's
standard component + PA3220 Tilting Base Assembly for DSA100 + EM3210 Electronic Module + DS3210 Single Direct Dosing System
standard component + T330 Motorized XYZ sample stage + C204A Tilting cradle
Model 590
Standard component + DM-SA01 sliding method kit
Sample stage and its control system *1
X axis*2
Automatic, Motorized linear stage controlled by software with slide guide, travel range: 100mm, accuracy: 5um, resolution:0.1um
Automatic, common motion system controlled by software, travel range: 100mm
Automatic, controlled by software, travel range: 180mm, Resolution: 0.01mm
Manual, travel range is not mentioned
Automatic, controlled by software, travel range: 150mm
Y axis
Automatic, controlled by software, travel range: 60mm, Resolution: 0.01mm, provide a long travel dovetail guide for quick movement
Automatic, controlled by software, travel range: 75mm
Z axis*3
Manual, controlled by crossed-roller guide positioner with micrometer, travel range: 50mm, accuracy: 0.01mm
Manual, controlled by rack and pinion dovetail stage, travel range:40mm
Automatic, controlled by software, translating optical post holder, travel range: 30mm, Resolution: 0.01mm
translating optical post holder
Manual, Z-axis: 35 mm
Moving camera
Levelness adjustment*4
Dual-axes tilting stage with micrometer
Simple screw adjusting structure
Size of sample stage
51 x 76mm
Max sample size
Unlimited x 310 x 100 mm
Unlimited x 300 x 100 mm
W unlimited x L 180 x H 95mm
up to 300 x 300mm
150 mm x ∞, thickness 35mm, 400g max
Tilting stage *5 (For measurement of roll-off angle and advancing and receding contact angle)
Specially designed mechanical Structure: Rotating only Lens, sample stage and its control system.
Complete machine rotated
Dosing system and it control system
Dosing system*6
Automatic direct single syringe pump
Manual singe syringe pump or automatic syringe pump
automatic syringe pump
Drop transferring*7
Needle up and down
Automatic, sample stage up and down
Positioning of needle X axis
Manual, controlled by crossed-roller guide positioner with micrometer, travel range: 12.5mm, accuracy: 0.01mm
Not Mentioned
Focus distance adjustment
Vision system
1/1.8" HD and high speed camera (Image resolution:1280*1024, Speed: 60FPS (1280*1024)-119FPS(640*512)-221FPS(320*256)-427FPS(800*120); USB3.0)
1/2" VGA camera, Image resolution: 780*580, speed: 61FPS (780×580)- 73FPS (780×480)-212FPS (780×120)- 311FPS(780×60);
IEEE1394b interface;
IEEE1394b PCI express card must be needed.
1/2" VGA camera, Image resolution: 640 x 480, Speed: 60 FPS (640*480)
1/3" VGA camera, Image resolution: 768x494, 70FPS
IEEE1394a interface;
IEEE1394a PCI express card must be needed.
VGA camera, Standard camera with speed max. 60fps
Telecentric Lens
Field of view with 1/2" camera: 3.5 ... 22.8 mm diagonal. (about 0.5X)
Common zoom lens 0.5X
Field of view with 1/2" camera: 3.2 ... 22 mm diagonal. (about 0.5X)
Common zoom lens
Field of view with 1/2" camera: 2...12.8 mm diagonal. (about 1X)
Fixed focus lens
3 Step Zoom lens, field of view (width -6.6mm, 11.8mm, 17.0mm, about 8.25, 14.75,21.25mm diagonal) (about 0.24X, 0.18X)
Tilted angle of camera
Manual, controlled by micrometer
Background Light*9
parallel light background light
LED light with adjustable brightness
halogen illumination with adjustable brightness
diffuse light
LED light with adjustable brightness,
Variable Fiber Optic Illuminator
tungsten lamp with adjustable brightness
Calculating method of contact angle
Auto calculating
θ/2 (WH), circle fitting , ellipse fitting , curve ruler (tangent fitting ), Spline curve-fitting , and Young-Laplace equation fitting (RealDrop)
WH method, Tangent method (composite curve "y=a+bx+cx0,5+d/lnx+e/x2" used only in Kruss's software, ellipse fitting), Circle fitting, Young-Laplace equation fitting (>30°)
Circular fit, Polynomial fit, Young-Laplace
Circle method, extrapolated Secant method, Line method, full Drop method (Young-Laplace equation fitting) (>45°)
θ/2 method, Circle fitting, Ellipse fitting, Tangent method
Automatic tracking
Not mentioned
Recalculate contact angle by manual if automatic calculation is failure due to quality of image is poor.
Includes all methods
Method of Young-Laplace equation fitting * 10
Based on ADSA and RealDrop method
B. Song's method
Young-Laplace equation fitting based on select plane method
Jennings's method
Young-Laplace equation fitting method based on rotational discrim ination method (1988, angmuir,1988, page 9592)
Hansen's method
Algorithm of Young-Laplace and ds/de methods (simplified select plane method)
Data management
Managing measured values and captured images. one-to-one correspondence of data and drop images; backup, compression, and exporting to Excel files; measured values and curve-fitting results can all be saved into exported image.
measure, store and
report measured contact angle values
Managing measured values and videos.
Managing only measured values.
Method for calculating surface free energy (SFE)
Equation of State (Neumann et al.), Good-Girifalco, Owen-Wendt-Rabel, Simple Fowkes, Extended Fowkes, WU method 1-2, Schultz method 1-2, Acid-base (Van OSS & Good), Jhu, and Zizman Plot (critical surface tension) method, Chibowski method
9 kinds
of state, Fowkes, Fowkes
(Extended), Owen-
Kaelble, Acid-Base, Wu1, Schultz-1 /2, Zisman
5 kinds
Zisman Plot, OWRK/ Fowkes, van Oss Acid-Base, Wu,
Neumann's Equation of State
7 kinds
Acid – Base tool, geometric mean (Owens), Rabel, Equation of stage (Neumann), Zisman's Plot Tool, Schultz 1, 2
4 kinds
Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, acid-base, Zisman
Liquid database
300 kinds liquid and about 800 data
50 kinds liquid and 102 data
18 kinds liquids includes Mercury
wetting envelope
3 methods
1 methods
Calculating thermodynamics intrinsic contact angle
Curve surface base line
Curve ruler method: any shape surface
Circle fitting method:
Auto Base line
Software triggering technology
Image Sharpness Measurement
Auto threshold
Function of export to AVI after deleting some images.
just record
Record image and export to AVI file.
Without fitting curve.
Writing fitting curve to captured image
Export to EXCEL files and BMP format picture
Only Value export to EXCEL or TXT files
Images should save or record into video.
Only Value export to EXCEL
Control hardware such as dosing and positioning
1, 2, 3 Control of sample stage along XY axis is used for measuring contact angle of different position on sample surface. And, control of sample stage along Z axis is used for measuring sample with different thickness. KINO is only manufactory of contact angle meter that adopts motorized linear stage or manual positioner for motion control system. By comparison, contact angle meter made by other factory always uses common adjustment mechanism such as "dovetail stage" or just one optical bench with holder unit and height adjustable rod stand. (Note: these is always used for quick and long travel range adjustment that need no accuracy.)
For more information of them, visit https://www.newport.com/Products/5465115/1033/nav.aspx or http://www.sigma-koki.com. KINO's contact angle meter adopts such motion control system as this manufactory's and accords with its design accuracy. You can find difference such as load capacity and travel accuracy between rack and pinion dovetail stage, translating optical post holder and crossed-roller guide positioner with micrometer. It is shown that crossed-roller guide positioner with micrometer is most suitable for vertical position. Motorized linear stage controlled by software with slide guide provide more stable and smooth movement and positioning of drop.
4, Level adjustment of sample stage except adjusting complete machine by four adjustable legs is most important. For example, after you adjusted levelness of sample stage at first, when you measure sample with poor level surface, it is more difficult to get good base line and obtain two contact points. As shown below:
o:spid="_x0000_s1084" strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight=".5pt" style="position: absolute; width: 3048px; height: 9620px; visibility: visible; top: 35909px; left: 46863px; mso-wrap-style: square; v-text-anchor: middle; rotation: 180" type="#_x0000_t87">5, Tilting system for measurement of roll-off angle of KINO's contact angle meter adopts motorized rotation stage with very low backlash, low wobble (about 40urad) and high absolute accuracy (about 0.01°) . KINO exclusively provides you specially designed mechanical Structure (Rotating only Lens, sample stage and its control system) instead of rotating complete machine. Accuracy and backlash of latter is very poor due to control complete machine is very difficultly.
6, We suggest our customer to choose direct single syringe pump instead of syringe pump with tee-junction because latter is difficult to clean and easily lead to cross contamination e.g. water for measurement of contact angle is contaminated by oil.
direct single syringe pump
- Advantage: Easy to clean and remove syringe, High precision, pollution-free.
- Shortcoming: inconvenient to measure contact angle with multiple liquid.
syringe pump with 3 port value
- Advantage: Difficult to clean pump, value and tube, easily lead to cross contamination, cannot dosing liquid with viscosity
- Shortcoming: convenient to measure contact angle with multiple liquid when equipped with multi-channel pump.
7, usually, there are two drop transferring method- by move needle down and then up or by move sample stage upside and downside. We prefer first method due to we can easily control the base line of contact angle (it remains at same position) by first one. By second one, base line is bound to move because sample surface moved during this process. And for measuring contact angle of super-hydrophobic surface, movement of needle must be very carefully because it is difficult to transfer drop to this surface. So, we adopt positioner stage with micrometer or controlled by step motor to get high precision of control.
8, Interface of Camera that USA KINO adopted is USB2.0 or USB3.0, which is more mutually compatible with PC than IEEE1394a or IEEE1394b. Most suitable resolution of camera for contact angle meter is about 130M, and 40M is most common resolution that used. Visit http://www.uskino.com/news/50.html to find more information about this topic.
9, Telecentric Lens and Parallel light Background light are most suitable for contact angle measurement for the following reasons. With them, we can benefit highest precision measurement values at sub-pixel resolution.
(1) Magnification Constancy
Common lenses give different magnifications at different conjugates: as such, when the object is displaced, the size of its image changes almost proportionally with the object-to-lens distance. This is something anybody can easily experience in everyday life, for example when taking pictures with a camera equipped with a standard photographic lens.
Fig. 1: a standard lens generates different size images when changing the object-to-lens distance (indicated as "s" in the drawing). On the other hand, objects of different sizes would look as if they had the same dimensions, provided they subtend the same viewing angle.
With telecentric lenses the image size is left unchanged with object displacement, provided the objectstays within a certain range often referred to as "depth of field" or "telecentric range". This is due to the particular path of the rays within the optical system: only ray cones whose barycentric ray (or "principal ray") is parallel to the opto-mechanical main axis are collected by the objective. For this reason, the front lens diameter must be at least as large as the object field diagonal. This optical behaviour is obtained by positioning the stop aperture exactly on the focal plane of the front optical group: the incoming rays aim at the entrance pupil which appears as being virtually placed at the infinity. The name "telecentric" derives from the words "tele" (which means "far" in ancient Greek) and "centre" which accounts for the pupil aperture, the actual centre of an optical system.
Fig. 2: in a telecentric system rays get into the optics only with an almost parallel-to-the-axis path.
(2) Low Distortion
Distortion is one of the worst problems limiting measurement accuracy: even the best performing optics are affected by some grade of distortion, while often even a single pixel of difference between the real image and the expected image could be critical.
Distortion is simply defined as the percentage difference between the distance of an image point from the image center and the same distance as it would be measured in a distortion-free image; it can be thought of as a deviation between the imaged and the real dimensions of an object. For instance, if a point of an image is 198 pixels distant from the center, while a distance of 200 pixels would be expected in absence of distortion, the radial distortion, at that point, would be
Distortion = (198-200)/200 = -2/200 = 1%
Fig.3: "pincushion" type distortion "barrel" type distortion
Positive radial distortion is also called "pincushion" distortion, negative radial distortion is called "barrel" distortion: note that the distortion depends on the radial position and can also change of sign. Distortion can be also viewed as a 2D geometrical transformation of the real world into the virtual space created by the lens; as this transformation is not perfectly linear but is approaching 2nd or 3rd degree polynomials, the image becomes slightly stretched and deformed.
Common optics show distortion values ranging from some percent to some tens percent, making precise measurement really difficult; things get even worse when non-telecentric lenses are used. Since most machine vision optics have originally been developed for video-surveillance or photography applications, relevant distortion values have usually been considered acceptable, as the human eye can compensate distortion errors up to 1-2%. In some cases, like in fish-eye lenses or webcam-style lenses, distortion is intentionally introduced to make the lens work on large angles also providing an even illumination of the detector (in these cases distortion is helpful in reducing cosine-to-the-fourth law effects).
High quality telecentric lenses normally show a very low distortion degree, in the range of 0,1%; although this amount seems to be very small it would actually result into measurement errors approaching the size of one pixel of an high resolution camera. For this reason, in most applications, distortion has to be software calibrated: a precise pattern (whose geometrical accuracy must be at least ten times better than the needed measurement accuracy) is placed at the center of the field depth; distortion is then computed at several image points and, based on these data, the software algorithm transforms the native image into a distortion-free image. Few people know that the distortion also depends upon the distance of the object, not only upon the optics itself; for this reason it is very important
Few people know that the distortion also depends upon the distance of the object, not only upon the optics itself; for this reason it is very important that the nominal working distance is strictly respected.
A fine perpendicular alignment between the lens and the inspected object is recommended in order to avoid non-axially symmetric distortion effects. Trapezoidal distortion (also known as "keystone" or "thin prism" effect) is another important parameter to be minimized in an optical inspection system as it is asymmetric and very difficult to software calibrate. Lens focusing mechanism can also introduce some symmetric or non-symmetric distortion effect because of mechanical play or optical element decentering.
Fig. 4: on the left an image of a distortion pattern taken with a telecentric lens, where no radial or trapezoidal distortion is present. In the middle the image of the same pattern showing strong radial distortion. On the right an example of trapezoidal distortion.
(3) Perspective Errors limitation
When using common optics to image 3D objects (non completely flat objects) far objects will look smaller than close objects. As a consequence, when objects like a cylindrical cavity are imaged, the top and the bottom crown edges will appear to be concentric although the two circles are perfectly identical.
On the contrary, by means of a telecentric lens, the bottom crown edge will disappear because the two crown edges are perfectly overlapping.
Fig. 5: Common optics showing significant image perspective error (on the left). A telecentric lens is able to cancel any perspective effect (on the right).
This effect is due to the specific path of the rays: in the case of common optics, any geometric information that is "parallel" to the main optical axis also shows a component on the detector plane direction, while in a telecentric lens this perpendicular component is totally absent.
One could describe a common lens as a mathematical function building a correspondence between the 3-dimensional object space and the 2-dimensional detector (image) space while a telecentric would build a 2D-2D correspondance as would not display an object's third dimension thus making it the perfect component for profile imaging and measurement.
Fig. 6: Common optics (left) project longitudinal geometrical information onto the detector, while telecentric lenses are not.
(4) Good image resolution
Image resolution is decribed by CTF (contrast transfer function) which quantifies the contrast ratio at a given spatial frequency on the camera detector plane, expressed in lp/mm (line pairs per millimeter).
Fig. 7: good and bad contrast achieved with optics of varying CTF looking at a standard USAF test pattern.
Quite often, machine vision integrators tend to combine cameras having tons of small pixels with cheap, poor resolution lenses, resulting in blurred images; the resolution provided by telecentric lenses is compatible with very small pixel sizes and high resolution cameras thus increasing the measurement resolution.
(5) No edge position uncertainty
When common back lighting an object it can often be difficult to determine the exact position of its edges.
This can happen because the bright pixels in the background tend to overlap with the dark pixels at the object edges. Moreover, if the object is highly 3D-shaped, also a border effect could furtherly limit the measurement precision; as shown in the following drawing, rays grazing the object edges at certain incidence angles could be reflected by the surface, but still be collected by the lens.
The lens would then see those rays as if they were coming from behind the object; as a result, slices of the image could disappear, thus making the measurement very much imprecise and unstable.
Fig. 8: Border effects in a common imaging lens are strongly reduced by means of a telecentric lens
This effect can be efficiently limited by means of a telecentric lens: if the pupil aperture is small enough, the only reflected rays which could enter the lens would be those nearly parallel to the optical main axis.
As these rays are affected by very small deflection, the reflection from the object surface doesn't jeopardize the measurement accuracy.
To get rid of such issues, Parallel light Background light (also called "collimated" or "telecentric") illuminators can be interfaced to telecentric lenses, taking care of matching the lens aperture and FOV with the collimated source divergence. With this option, all the light coming out of the illuminator is collected by the lens and delivered onto the detector, allowing extremely high signal-to-noise ratios and incredibly low exposure times. On the other hand, only "expected" rays come into the imaging lens so that no problems occur at the borders.
Fig. 9: Parallel light Background light (Collimated light, telecentric) illumination projects only the expected rays into the imaging system.
We captured some images use using 2 different combinations of lens and background (one is common lens and diffused background light as used in general contact angle measurement instrument, another is used telecentric lens and Parallel light Background light)
Fig. 10: Image of pendant drop used Parallel light Background light and telecentric lens. We can find little change range of sharpness at image edge when zooming it about 1500X.
Fig. 11: Image of pendant drop used common Background light and lens. We can find more change range of sharpness at image edge when zooming it about 1500X.
Fig. 12: Image of sessile drop with little change range of sharpness used Parallel light Background light and telecentric lens.
Fig. 13: Image of sessile drop with more change range of sharpness used common Background light and lens.
(5) Not disturbed by flare veiling glare
Flare veiling glare will not disturb image capture process.
Link: KINO China, USA KINO
keywords:Interfacial tensiometer|Interface tension|Interfacial tension|measurement of contact angle|measurement of surface tension|interface tensiometer

subset: commoncrawl


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Has the economic crisis actually been a good thing for your retirement savings?
If you asked this question, most people, still reeling from the hit their 401(k)'s took from during the market's dive, would think you were nuts. But there is at least one potential plus-side to what we've been though over the past year.
Many consumers appear to be responding to the recent economic and financial turmoil by increasing — not decreasing — their retirement savings, according to responses to Principal Financial's latest Well-Being Index.
The survey, which polled more than 1,000 workers and 500 retirees of small and mid-sized businesses in late April and early May, found that 14 percent of workers have increased the amount of money they are saving for retirement over the past six months.
- Americans' Debt Rises at Lowest Level in Nearly A Year
Also, the number of workers not saving for retirement has dropped from 20 percent in the first quarter this year to 16 percent.
Retirees and workers alike also are socking more money away in an emergency fund. Sixty-six percent of retirees and 36 percent of workers said they could cover more than six months of living expenses. Both numbers are up significantly from the fourth quarter of 2008, when Principal last asked this question.
It seems consumers are finally being nudged into doing what financial advisors have coached them to do all long. Save and pay off your credit cards.
"The fact that 92 percent of workers are contributing to or increasing their retirement contributions is great news," says Dan Houston, president of Retirement and Investor Services at Principal. Unfortunately, about 8 percent of workers have reduced their contributions, the survey found.
And, even with the increased savings, most workers are not saving enough for their retirement, according to Houston. He says most people are putting away about 7 percent of their salary, and that contribution should be closer to a 10 to 15 percent range.
But the the trend is "directionally correct," he says.
Houston attributes the shift in behavior to the unprecendented events of the past few months.
"In a very loose credit market, people weren't as disciplined," he says.
In order to sock more money away for retirement, many of those polled are reining in spending on food, activities and clothing. Despite this more cautious behavior, consumers are optimistic.
According to the data, more than a third of workers and 31 percent of retirees expect the current economic crisis to be better by the end of 2009.
"If the eye of the storm was over us in the first quarter, it sure seems to be moving out to sea," he says.
More from Consumer Nation:
- LeFrak: Lenders Must Keep More Skin In The Game
- Hertz CEO: We're Buying Cars...Lots of Cars
- More Signs of A Stressed Consumers? Digital Coupon Use Surges
Questions? Comments? Email us at email@example.com


text: Giving Thanks. Sending Thanksgiving greetings in appreciation for everyone who helps ASF support our students. Advancing Students Forward is especially thankful for our dedicated volunteers from the University of San Diego! We couldn't do it without you! Share this:Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)


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The Brock Doctoral Scholarship (now accepting applications)
We are happy to announce that one of Guelph's most prestigious scholarships is available for outstanding Doctoral applicants who will be starting their programs in S18, F18 or W19. Please visit our website for further information. If you think that you would be a competitive applicant and are interested in joining the math.epi.lab please contact me to discuss opportunities within our group.


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How to Save your Dog and your Family's Sanity
Am I ever going to sleep through the night again?
A question one of our most recent Underwater Dogs customers asked herself.
It was midnight, and the incessant itching and scratching coming from the foot of the bed was both frustrating, and upsetting. Overwhelm was now an emotion felt way too oft.
As she watched the clock tick over, her anxiety heightened. She was feeling hopeless.
Would she ever be able to give her dog some respite from this condition?
Does this sound like you?
Well Underwater Dogs would like to help save your dog from this unrelenting suffering.
Sharing a very recent a-ha moment, from one very tired and distraught Australian family, might just be something you're looking for.
Just when they felt like they'd done everything possible for their favourite fur-buddy, a friend mentioned yet another option. One they hadn't heard of before.
"Sometimes we felt like there was nothing else we could do. We were willing to try anything"
It's certainly early days, but one can fully understand the family's anxiety as Misty was driven to scratching herself red raw. Her Human Jennie, literally feeling like there was no-where else to turn.
What would she have to lose?
"I've tried countless shampoos and washes and none of them worked. It has been an uphill struggle to try and get control of it. Her sleeping; and ours, has been affected and her appetite was very poor."
After 7 years 'of trying everything' Jennie's family, living in Dural NSW Australia, have finally witnessed hope.
Here is Misty's Story [courtesy of her Human Jennie]
"Misty has had severe skin problems since we got her; 7.5 years ago.
What started out as mild scratching, turned into literally ripping her fur out and causing bleeding.
Our vet says that if she were human, she would need to see the Dermatologist every week. The problem was resolved temporarily by her taking a tablet, which was an antihistamine/steroid mix.
Unfortunately, she got used to it [the explanation at the time] and it stopped having any real impact.
I tried countless shampoos and washes and none of them worked.
It has been an uphill struggle to try and get control of it. Her sleeping; and ours, was affected and her appetite was very poor."
A friend mentioned a new haircare range called Underwater Dogs; and of-course, I was willing to trying anything.
Anything to offer Misty some relief.
Monday, 5 June 2017
I sent a message to UWDOGS online:
"I am interested in your dog shampoo. My dog has extremely sensitive, red, itchy skin. Will the shampoo calm the itch and reduce the redness and help with the sensitivity?"
An email response came back almost immediately:
Hi Jennie,
Thank you so much for your enquiry.
Firstly, I would like to share with you a testimonial from 'Marley.'
Marley was in a terrible way when we first met, having been scratching himself red raw for years.
His owner had tried everything.
They had ruled out allergies both food and otherwise, but Marley was just so uncomfortable, and his owner beside himself.
Here's what they had to say…
"Hi, I'm Marley. I'm 12 and I am a very happy dog!
I used to have terrible, itchy skin driving myself crazy scratching all the time…not to mention making my owner a little mad…thump, thump, thump on the floor every time I tried to get that really-itchy spot!
Well that's all in the past since my old man found Underwater Dogs. I'm now itch-free, even when I roll in the grass!
Plus, I smell like a perfect coconut, just like when we go on holiday to the beach…and trust me fellas, the little white fluffy lady-dogs really love it!
Oh yay, living the dream at 12, thanks to my old man and Underwater Dogs!"
Marley, Aged 12 Manly Australia
Now every dog is different, and it is important to ask if Misty has been checked for other things like grass allergies or food intolerances. It will never be just one thing.
What I can tell you, is that we've had some wonderful success with our products; skin irritations in mind. Being a professionally formulated product and specifically pH balanced and soap-free, we have seen some wonderful skin recoveries. Marley is just one.
What type of Dog is Misty?
Again, another good question as some dogs are more sensitive than others.
Do you ever Condition Misty?
It's very important to us that we educate dog owners about the cleansing process. That shampooing cleanses and removes dirt, and of course some natural oils. While conditioning replaces the moisture, absorbing into both skin, and the hair shaft.
Ask yourself, would you ever shampoo and not condition your own hair?
Why do we do that?
Well it's the same for Misty – and this could be even more important because of her skin sensitivity.
When natural oils are stripped, the skin dries out and will become itchy over time. It may even become raw and perhaps bleed. Then bacteria gets in…and away we go. Vicious cycle!
We have a customer in South Australia who I could also put you in touch with. She has been buying our Puppy Shampoo and Conditioner (extra-mild formulation) for her dog for some time now. Your stories are similar, she could give you some further insight into our product…other than our own.
Please let us know if this has helped, or you require any further information.
Friday, 9 June 2017
I purchased some Underwater Dogs Shampoo today.
When the package arrived, the Underwater Dogs Shampoo was accompanied by an Underwater Dogs Conditioner.
Honestly, I understand this concept and it makes sense, but I hadn't purchased any. UWDOGS just felt it was important enough for me to try. Such a lovely gesture.
Wednesday, 14 June 2017
I took photos of Misty before her first bath on that Wednesday evening.
Her skin was terribly red and itchy.
Post bath, she smelt edible and her fur was incredibly boofy and soft.
By the next day her skin was a pale pink and her scratching was certainly reducing.
She slept well that night, for the first time in so long.
What's been quite funny is to find people commenting on her 'glorious smell,' rather than call her 'stinky'! [proud human]
I then decided to take photos at regular intervals and to stay in touch with the Team at Underwater Dogs
Thank you again Underwater Dogs; here's hoping for an itch free Misty in the not-too-distant future.
Misty is now three week's into using the Underwater Dogs Shampoo and Conditioner. Our next communication from Jennie went something like this:
Friday, 30 June 2017
Good Afternoon, and a happy Friday to you!
Just to give you some feedback; three weeks into using your shampoo and conditioner.
I have attached some photos of Misty this morning; 3 weeks after use.
During the first 2 week's I bathed her every 4 days and this morning was the first bath in a week.
Since using the shampoo and conditioner, Misty is sleeping like never-before.
She scratches occasionally, but I guess, usual dog scratchies.
The fur on her chest is now growing back; we haven't seen it for years.
Her appetite has improved so much, that she now hunts her bowl around the kitchen checking for more food.
I am going to continue to take photos and let you know how she progresses over the coming weeks.
I am so pleased with your products; you have improved her life and in turn, ours.
Thank you so much Underwater Dogs.
In conclusion, we pose another question.
What does Underwater Dogs think?
Well most importantly, we're thrilled for Misty and her family, but it's early days.
Underwater Dogs have encouraged Jennie to keep a photographic journal of Misty's journey, and to share her story. We will continue to update this Case Study on a regular basis as we follow her progress.
Underwater Dogs is the first to recognise that the whole-animal must be considered when taking this study not account. Jennie has been trying for over 7 years [Misty's entire life], to help reduce the itching and scratching of her very sensitive skin.
Firstly, when your dog scratches itself red raw, there is definitely a good reason.
Whether it is internal [like food allergies], or from external environmental sources [like grasses], one can only encourage dog owners to be diligent in investigating each-and-every cause to help eliminate as best they can any suffering.
This is time consuming, costly and frustrating. But maybe not as frustrating, as it is anxiety building in your favourite fur-buddy.
Underwater Dogs are not Veterinarians, or qualified in any way to diagnose allergies in dogs. We are a professional canine haircare company with a simplistic approach, and that's all about 'good skin health' in your dog.
The most important concept here is pH Balance
Excerpt from 'The Best thing I ever did was use pH Balanced Products on my Dog' Blog Post, UWDOGS
We cannot stress more, the importance of pH balanced products for your dog?
Let's think about the most significant component making up your dog's skin. The Acid Mantle or relative pH Balance – that slightly acidic layer covering your dog's skin which protects them from nasty environmental contaminants like bacteria, parasites and virus.
Scientifically speaking, the Stratum Corneum is the topmost layer of skin responsible for keeping your dog's outer-selves healthy and hydrated.
When we bathe our dog with soaps and shampoos, part of this protective layer of acidic oil gets washed away. It is part of the process and, when the pH balance is disturbed and oils are removed from their skin, they're left defenceless against hosts of micro-organisms which present them with dry, irritated and sometimes flaky skin.
This may lead to an unsightly rash or, leave your dog terribly, terribly itchy.
Did we say itchy?
The second most important concept is Skin Conditioning.
Excerpt from 'Want to know how to Bath your Puppy for the very first time?' Blog Post, UWDOGS
Kristen Duvall, Author at DOGSBLOG says;
The case for conditioners – Shampoos by design are used for cleaning- removing unwanted grime from the skin and coat. But shampooing, without sealing the coat afterwords, leaves the hair shaft open– at that point residue can enter and oils and hydration escapes. What you can do is use a conditioner after shampooing to close the hair cuticle and restore hydration, moisture and elasticity.
Conditioners also fill in the damaged hair that drying, brushing, dematting and rubbing causes. Just normal wear and tear chips away at the hair cuticle. Conditioners can help to remove the cuticle to a smooth state and one that gives a more lustrous appearance and feel.
So honestly, does this sound familiar at all?
Well do yourself a favour and download this case study now. Keep it handy as a reminder to all the family about good skin-health for your dog. Like Jennie, it just might be the answer you're looking for.
A healthy happy dog!
Underwater Dogs is a professional haircare company, hence why we are completely understanding of your dog's pH balance and the importance of good skin health.
Formulations have been scientifically researched and developed. They're soap-free, paraben-free and specifically pH balanced to your canine's skin pH of 7.
We're passionate about what we do and thrilled to have received feed-back from Misty, aiding Dogs to achieve great skin and hair-health; our core company vision.
Watch this space, as we continue to follow Misty in the hope that as her skin health improves, so does her emotional health and well-being. And of course, that of her family.
Thank you to Jennie, Misty and her family. Like others around the world, we admire them for their 'never give up attitude.'
A testament to dog lovers everywhere; relentless in their quest for a healthy, happy dog.
And, a good night's sleep for all.
From the Team at UWDOGS
Ralphie J Cocker, CEO
Underwater Dogs promises you the cleanest, softest, most delicious smelling dog on the block. Why?
Because we care for dirty dogs.


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Thea Rosenburg
Théa Rosenburg has always been drawn to music. At age 12, she learned to play guitar but her passion for songwriting had begun years earlier.
After time spent writing songs about boys, which she admits got old fast, "grown-up life" came along, and her guitar sat unplayed. When she picked it up again and dusted it off, she began experimenting with the instrument that first allowed her to express herself.
Rosenburg says she also "likes to experiment with her voice, with her feet and hands, (her) words, (and) with every square inch of her guitar." Exploring new sounds through alternate tunings, and improvising with variations on the norm — such as using an egg-shaped shaker — increase Rosenburg's passion for music and her appeal.
She credits her husband Mitch for his encouragement and honest opinions, and musician Shawnee Kilgore for their mutual-influence friendship.
Rosenburg's first album, "Tricks and Sirens," is soulful and charming, and you can see her perform her music at 8 tonight at the Green Frog Cafe Acoustic Tavern, 902 N. State St. She is also playing at 8 p.m. Friday at WWU's Underground Coffee House with Jenni Potts, and Saturday at Three Trees Coffeehouse's Musicfest, 118 W. Holly St., which runs from 3 to 11 p.m.
For more information, visit www.myspace.com/thearenee or www.virb.com/thearosenburg.


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Eva Paterson, George Polisner, Stephanie Lacambra, George Hofstetter
Tech and Belonging: Opportunities, Responsibilities, Possibilities
By: Josephine Okudoh
The "Tech and Belonging" breakout panel aimed to address questions around how the power of technology—and the technology industry itself—can be harnessed to create more possibilities for inclusion and belonging. Moderator Eva Paterson kicked off the session by acknowledging that technology has had both positive and negative impacts on society. Using the recently concluded presidential elections as an example, she said that technology has allowed for the creation of communities, but has also allowed for the dissemination of lies. Peterson then invited the rest of the panel to share their experiences in tech and thoughts on the unique possibilities and responsibilities of the tech industry in securing an open, democratic society.
Student George Hofstetter, a self-taught software engineer who uses his skills to advocate for social justice, shared his application, "Cop Stop," as one example of how tech can be used to increase inclusivity and security. Cop Stop protects an individual from police brutality as it notifies one's pre-set contacts when they have interactions with the police.
Others on the panel similarly shared strategies that are currently being utilized, both from inside tech companies and from advocates, to expand safety and inclusion in the online and offline spheres. George Polisner discussed his project civ.works, an online platform similar to Facebook that is privacy protected and whose major aim is to bring people together in a trans-partisan way.
The last speaker, Stephanie Lacambra of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, discussed how tech can be harnessed to actively resist the rise of global authoritarianism and increasing polarization in our society, as well as how the power of technology and the technology industry itself can create more possibilities for inclusion and belonging. The Electronic Frontier Foundation is a nonprofit committed to defending civil liberties in the digital world and champions user privacy, free expression, and innovation through impact litigation, policy analysis, grassroots activism, and technology development. Fundamentally, the foundation works to ensure rights and freedoms remain protected as the use of technology expands—a critical goal in today's online world.
photo by Eric Arnold, see more photos on our Facebook page.


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Steve Khan was created on April 28, 1947 in La, California. He is a superb guitarist who initially wound up being renowned for his rock-jazz fusion playing. Steve is however very well-rounded with plenty of of his projects fitting more in to the difficult to classify whole world of publish-bop. The boy of song lyricist Sammy Cahn, he analyzed piano for many years beginning as he was 5 in addition to performed drums using the instrumental guitar surf group The Chantays that had the hit song "Pipeline" in early sixties.
Jazz was constantly around in Steve Khan's home since his father loved to listen to tracks of every versions of their own hit tunes. Khan takes note of when Bob Spickard, The Chantays' lead guitarist, introduced him towards the Jazz Crusaders' "Tough Talk" and Wes Montgomery's "Boss Guitar" albums. It had been years later, as he bought Wes Montgomery's "Movin' Wes" recording and heard "Caravan" he understood he'd not be a drummer who could experience the amount of Grady Tate!
At age 17 Steve Khan transformed to guitar and it was rapidly playing gigs in the la area. With an unpredicted group of conditions and the dealing with the R & B group The Buddies Of Distinction he ended up playing and recording with keyboardist Phil Moore, Junior. That brought him to using Wilton Felder's solo LP, "Bullitt". Steve couldn't think that he was doing something and among the people from the Jazz Crusaders whom he so respected.
Steve Khan finished U.C.L.A. in 1969 having a B.A. in composition and theory. His father targeted to direct him from the possible disappointment of artistic mediocrity and toward a existence like a lawyer. However obviously, Steve did not and wouldn't pay attention to any one of that. After getting carried out with vibraphonist David Friedman and bassist John Burns during a gig with Tim Buckley, Khan was asked arrive at New You are able to throughout the summer time of 1969 and perform love a couple of days in the Music Motel. He soon moved there permanently.
Part of The Brecker Siblings by 1971, Steve Khan beginning carrying out electric guitar duets with Ray Coryell between 1974 – 1975. Bob James and Bobby Colomby signed him to Columbia Records in 1977 which provided Steve the opportunity to shine like a solo artist when nobody else appeared to want to consider hearing him play. On his first tracks like a leader including "Tightrope", "Nowhere Guy", and "Arrows", Steve was striving to single-handedly keep alive the seem from the original Brecker Siblings Band.
It's fascinating to bear in mind that at one time throughout the seventies, in or close to the Chelsea region of Manhattan, the next famous guitarists who have been great buddies resided inside a couple of blocks of one another: John McLaughlin, Rob Towner, John Abercrombie, Bill Connors, John Scofield, and Steve Khan. Exactly what a wonderful situation that has to happen to be for jazz guitar music enthusiasts living for the reason that area at that time!
After that, Steve Khan went onto record a solo guitar album known as "Evidence" outlined with a prolonged Thelonious Monk medley, founded and carried out using the quartet Eyewitness throughout 1981 – 1985, carried out accept Joe Zawinul's Weather Update in 1986, labored with a number of trios including Ron Carter and Al Promote throughout 1991 – 1992, and performed with Dork Samuel's Caribbean Jazz Project throughout 1999 – 2002. Steve has additionally made an appearance like a guest guitarist on all dates with everyone from Miles Davis to Gil Evans and Freddie Hubbard additionally to leading their own bands.


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This is the most recent information about Nitty Gritty Dirt Band that has been submitted to amIright. If we have more information about Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, then we provide a link to the section where it appears (the actual page whenever possible).
These are the alternate spellings of the performer's name we've had to correct in submissions to amIright.Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
New Name
Why It's Better
Submitter Name
|Dirt Band
|Real example; they shortened it from 1976-81.
Submitter Name
|"The Teddy Bear's Picnic,"
|Toys don't initiate picnics.
|Yvette Bristle
|"Life's Railway To Heaven,"
|No railways go there.
|Yvette Bristle
|"Aluminum Record Award,"
|There are gold and platinum recs, but not aluminum
|Yvette Bristle
|"Lost Highway,"
|Roads are incapable of getting lost.
|Yvette Bristle
|"Brass Sky,"
|The sky is not made of brass.
|Yvette Bristle
There are additional literally impossible song titles available.
Song & Band Name
Song & Band Name
|"Magic," Olivia Newton-John
|"Make A Little Magic," The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
|"Piano Man," Billy Joel
|"Old Upright Piano," Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
|"Buy For Me The Rain," Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
|"Ain't Got No Money," Bob Seger
|"Mr. Bojangles," Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
|"Dance Dance Dance," Beach Boys
Original Song Name
Parody Song Name
Parody Author
|"Mr. Bojangles"
|"Baby Trash Pandas"
|Trash Panda Fan
|Stephen Harrington
|"Rocky Top"
|"Rocky Road"
|"Mr. Bo Jangles"
|"Mr. Charles Rangel"
|"Mr. Bojangles"
|"Mr. Old-fangled Derry"
|"Mr. Bojangles"
|"Mr. Viljanen"
|Robert D. Arndt Jr.
|"Rocky Top"
|"Bobby Sox"
|"Mr. Bojangles"
|"Missed the Whole Ball Game (AMIRIGHT IDOL)"
|Gianni Parmesiani
|"Will The Circle Be Unbroken"
|"Will The Circus Be Forgotten"
|"Rocky Top"
|"Rotten Slop"
There are additional song parodies available.
Song Name
|Fishing In The Dark
|Fishing Tackle Shop
Song Name
|American Dream
|Augusta, Georgia Metro Chamber of Commerce
First Band/Song Name
Second Band/Song Name
New Song Name
|Spirit In The Sky
Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
|Borderline In The Sky
|Baby's Got A Hold On Me
Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
|These Boots
Eric Church
|Baby's Got A Hold On These Boots
|You Ain't Goin' Nowhere
Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
|Nowhere Man
|You Ain't Goin' Nowhere, Man
"Mr. Bojangles"
Misheard Lyrics:
High drinks are bid
Original Lyrics:
I drinks a bit
"Mr. Bojangles"
Misheard Lyrics:
Most my time is spent behind these county bars
Hot drinks of beer
Original Lyrics:
Most my time is spent behind these county bars
'Cause I drinks a bit
"Fishin' In The Dark"
Misheard Lyrics:
You and me going poopin' in the dark, wipin' our bums with scraps of bark.
Original Lyrics:
You and me going fishin' in the dark
Lyin' on our backs and countin' the stars.
"House on Pooh Corner"
Misheard Lyrics:
Christopher Robin and I walked the lawn
Original Lyrics:
Christopher Robin and I walked alone
|There are additional misheard lyrics available.
"Mr. Bojangles"
Misheard Lyrics:
As he spoke right out
Original Lyrics:
As the smoke ran out
Story about this misheard lyric by: Mark
Jerry Jeff Walker in his first recording of the song did say " as the smoke ran out" then they later made it "as he spoke right out....cuz the next sentence he says "he talked of life...so they are both correct and NOT misheard..
"Workin' Man"
The Lyrics:
Wandered aimless in the city
With my dirt working boots and my old straw hat in hand
Singing a song by Woody Guthrie
This land is your land; it ain't my land
I'm a working man, with nowhere to go
Who They Mention:
Woody Guthrie
Submitted by: William Ransom
"Will the Circle Be Unbroken"
The Lyrics:
Ones that Mother Maybelle taught us
Who They Mention:
Maybelle Carter
Submitted by: Chris
|There are additional celebrity lyrics available.
"Buy For Me The Rain"
Opening Lines:
Buy for me the rain, my darling, buy for me the rain
Submitted by: Candy Welty
"Will the Circle Be Unbroken"
The Lyrics:
Oh, I followed close behind her
Tryin' to hold up and be brave
But I could not hide my sorrow
When they laid her in her grave
It is an upbeat song about the death and burial of the singer's mother.
Submitted by: David
"Mr. Bojangles"
The Lyrics:
He danced for throws at minstrel shows and county fairs
Through out the south
He spoke with tears of fifteen years how his dog and him
Had traveled about
His dog up and died, he up and died
After twenty years he still grieves.
The NGDB version was rather upbeat, while Sammy Davis, Jr.'s rendition retained some poignancy.
Submitted by: Paul Bear


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Hidden just north of Oxford Street, the Oriental Club in London's West End proved to be an excellent venue for our third Partner Networking event.
Over 80 partners attended and took the opportunity to; meet others, discuss business and talk about opportunities to collaborate on future projects.
Feedback from attendees was excellent and actually sum up the benefits of attending the event far better than we could:
"This is an event where everyone is happy for you to join their discussion so that you can make new contacts and get fresh ideas."
"The networking event was run very efficiently with a great venue, informal atmosphere and a great mix of partners in attendance. It was the first Bramble Networking Event I had been to and one which I'd happily attend again."
"The Bramble Hub Networking event was perfectly set in the ideal location of Oriental Place and the varied people in attendance made it ideal for making new contacts and for forging possibly lasting working relationships."
"I found the Bramble Hub networking event excellent, it gives an opportunity to meet like minded organisations/people in an informal environment to hopefully generate business opportunities."
"One of the best networking events I've been to for a long time- nice and relaxed"
"Very high quality and relevant networking"
"Bramble always find interesting and unusual locations. The staff were welcoming and helpful to assist in networking."
"100% useful contacts"
Richard Archer said ' We were really pleased to see so many partners at the event and delighted that with very little input from us the conversations were obviously flowing. Bramble Hub events exist to help forge long term professional relationships between best-of-type ICT companies and this certainly seems to be happening.'


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BlueStacks has been notable for bringing hundreds of thousands of Android apps to Windows, but what about Windows RT users? According to a recent post on their support forum, that could be a very real possibility in the future. The developers are considering offering BlueStacks for Windows RT sometime "next year". If offered, this would add nearly 700,000 Android apps to Windows 8's already growing 25,000 app catalog.
For those of you who have Windows tablets, what do you think about this offering? Would you like to use BlueStacks on your device?
[via Surface Evangelist]


text: VICKSBURG — The operator of the Vicksburg Convention Center is moving VCC executive director Troy Thorn to another post and will begin looking for new leader. The Vicksburg Post reports that Thorn came to the VCC in January 2012 replacing Larry Gawronski, who left to accept a similar position managing the Bridge View Center in Ottumwa, Iowa. During Thorn's tenure ...Read More »


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Tucked in the back of a Golden Valley industrial park, this home store is worth finding for its deep assortment of contemporary design from tableware to furniture, bedding, and bath. This is the evolution of Finn Style—a showroom double the size, featuring brands from Finland and beyond, including Fritz Hansen, Georg Jensen, Marimekko, Royal Copenhagen, and many others. Always Mod does the lion's share of its business online, but as home base for the retailer, the Twin Cities gets the chance to touch and feel the merchandise.
Claim this listing: email@example.com


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I have always been fascinated and inspired by the BALLETS RUSSES, the story, the costumes and the people involved in the creation of this wonderful ballet troupe. Originally conceived by impresario Sergei Diaghilev, the Ballets Russes is widely regarded as the most influential ballet company of the 20th century. I began in 2014 to create a series of woodcut prints to express my admiration and inspiration for this period of when art danced with music.
I decided to create this series with various printing techniques, Natasha would be a reduction woodcut. To achieve this goal I traveled to New Mexico to work with my friend and mentor, master printer Ouida Touchon. It was a very busy and exciting time.
I began to research images and began sketching ideas for my woodcuts from several publications . This books Ballets Russes and the Art of Design published by The Mocacelli Press became one of my best resources.
^ The Ballets Russes and the Art of Design book | Design of costume for Ida Rubinstein 1909 in Cleopatre ^
I found many wonderful photos pf the work of Leon Bakst who created so many of the costumes in the ballets performed in Paris 1910. The first image below was one of the images I chose as my inspiration for Natasha.
After tracing the drawing, I began carving the 2 x 3 foot board... it took 3 days.
Above you can see the Detail of the carving, followed by the challenging reduction woodcut printing process. Photo 2 above shows Ouida Touchon registering. We printed 8 colors x 8 prints equaling 16 runs of this image. Then the drying process begins.


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I finished my biology degree in december 1997 in UPCH in Lima, Peru. A few months later, I started working as an Embryologist in a local fertility clinic. I might have somebody from the other world with a good soul overseeing me, because I've felt that in more than occasion that "at the right time and at the right place" situations were there for me.
After a couple months as an apprentice, I was sent to Santiago-Chile to be trained in a top practice by the best people in South america. I was certainly fortunate, and I learned a lot. In the following two years I went on a training tour that took me to places like: La Serena, Viña del Mar, Cartagena de Indias, Buenos Aires, Mexico DF, and Caracas.
After working 3 years in Peru, I decided to move the USA, I was hired by the largest Pennsylvania Health System, and spent 4 years working there as an Embryologist for 4 years.
Working in an IVF lab gives you ann incredible vision of reproductive health and all its low- and high-complexity procedures. Even though is just an expression, sometimes I felt the power of creating life with my hands. It was a very rewarding experience, to help thousands of people achieve the purpose of life, to create new life.
Before I finished working as a lab rat, I started turning my eyes and my interest to a new activity. Medical Interpreting captured my attention and I began training. After a 30-day class, I was invited to participate in the first 2nd stage training provided for Medical Interpreters in Philadelphia, and I was certainly the youngest and, by far the least experienced. I hadn't been in the field yet. But I felt deeply challenged and I rose to the occasion.
After finishing my job as an Embryologist, I started volunteering in a company that provided training and experience in the interpreting and cultural competence fields, as well as participating in the training of new Medical Interpreters.
I gotta say that it might have been the most challenging and rewarding experience of life, learning astounding life and death experiences in the best children's hospital in the US, and one of the top three in the world, perhaps the best place a person can work in.
It was during that time when I started experiencing Education. I had to come back to my country because I didn't want to put me and my family in an unsafe situation remaining in the US after my H1B had expired.
That gave me the opportunity to rethink my professional activity, and started working as an educator in a bilingual school in Lima, Peru. After 6 months working there I decided to work in a another bilingual school, from there on a turn in my career had occurred.
Being part of the Education System brought new challenges that I'm trying to accomplish now by preparing myself in a Teacher Certification Program to obtain a Teaching License, and a Masters in Higher Education.
It took me 10 years to trace some of traveling steps back. In November 2008, I was invited to offer a workshop in the "ICT for Teaching & Learning Creatively" in Rio de Janeiro. From there, I was also invited to Bogota, Colombia to launch the first social network from the LAHC at their 13th Annual Meeting, it was in that meeting that I received an invitation to participate as a trainer and lecturer in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from where I just came back today.
All these experiences made me think of my professional career so far. In 10 years, I have managed to help babies be born (Embryologist), then I helped them with their health care (Interpreter), and now I'm educating them (bilingual teacher). I guess the natural progression is to continue in the post-secondary education, perhaps the post-graduate degree will help me in that unplanned progression.


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This 7 year-old Turlocker by the name of Koran has battled Acute Lymphoblastic Lymphoma, a type of T-Cell Lymphoma, since 2013.
Now his wish will come true, but just being picked up by a limousine and meeting Turlock Mayor Gary Soiseth is just one part of the fulfilling day.
We'll have the surprise outcome later today.
Wish Koran well!


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To mark Anti-Bullying Week 2015, the Department for Education have released some interesting statistics on the nature of bullying in English Schools using the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE). This blog post will examine the research behind the headline figures.
wHAT IS THE LSYPE?
The LSYPE is the only major national longitudinal study focussing on pathways through the teenage years and transition into adulthood. The study has followed two cohorts of young people through their later schooling years and collected multiple waves of data.
- LSYPE1 followed 14,000 young people who were in Y10 in 2005
- LSYPE2 followed 11,166 young people who were in Y10 in 2014
One of the advantages of this survey is that it is from a random and representative sample. As a result, we can make generalisations about bullying in England based on the data provided.
what can we learn from the data?
The interesting aspect of examining multiple cohorts of a longitudinal study is the comparative aspect - we can compare changes through time affecting one cohort of pupils, along with changes between the cohorts.
The headline figures highlight 5% decrease in 'overall bullying' between the Y10s in 2005 and Y10s in 2014. 'Overall bullying' is defined as experiencing one or more of the following in the past twelve months: name calling, social exclusion, robbery, threats of violence, and actual violence.
Figure 1: proportion of young people reporting each type of bullying
As figure 1 reveals, alongside the 5% decrease in overall bullying, threats of violence has also decreased by 6% and actual violence has also decreased by 5%. Unfortunately, name calling and robbery have not shared the same proportion of decrease, and social exclusion amongst peers has not changed between the cohorts.
Another headline measure was the reported decline in the frequency of being bullied, between the cohorts. As Figure 2 reveals, the measure for 'any bullying in the past 12 months' declined by 5% between LSYPE1 and LSYPE2.
figure 2: proportion of young people reporting each frequency of bullying
However, despite the welcome decrease in the headline measure, 'daily bullying' only decreased by 1% and 'weekly, fortnightly, or monthly bullying' did not change between the cohorts.
how can these trends be explained?
Although we cannot conclusively determine the causes for the decline in overall bullying and frequency of being bullied, we can reflect on the changes in policy and priorities in the past few decades.
Empirical research that has previously been conducted has highlighted modest decreases in bullying incidences in English schools (Eslea and Smith, 1998; Smith and Shu, 2000).
There has been a 'significant change' in knowledge, policy, and practice around bullying in the past twenty years (Smith and Brain, 2000). For example, the following initiatives perhaps play a role in addressing overall bullying levels:
- the legal requirement for schools to have some form of Anti-Bullying Policy in 1999
- increasing importance of prioritising children's safety and well-being through the Every Child Matters agenda
- the Children's Act of 2004
- the increased public and political pressure on schools through Ofsted and accountability systems
- investment in Anti-Bullying charities such as the Anti-Bullying Alliance and the Diana Award Anti-Bullying Ambassadors programme, to name a few
It would not be surprising if these changes may have resulted - either directly or indirectly - in decreased levels of bullying overall.
However, it is clear that there is still a long way to go when it comes to addressing the damaging forms of bullying. For example, policy-makers and schools should consider the limited decreases in students reporting social exclusion and name calling when devising their anti-bullying interventions in school. Furthermore, whilst we welcome the decrease in frequency of being bullied in the past twelve months, Figure 2 reveals limited changes in 'daily' and 'weekly, fortnightly, and monthly' bullying, which can have disastrous consequences for young people's well-being.
what don't these figures show?
It has been estimated that 30,000 less children suffer from bullying now than they did a decade ago. Whilst we welcome this number, the figure can mask the realities of the state of bullying in English schools. These figures do not tell us about...
- the whole school - these figures only examine bullying experiences of Y10s
- whether this trend represents overall decreases in cohorts prior to 2005 - as we do not have data for the Y10 cohort prior to this, we cannot judge the impact of government policies and initiatives
- we cannot judge whether rates of cyber-bullying has changed for Y10s in 2005 and Y10s in 2014.
- we cannot learn about the detailed experiences of those being bullied in these cohorts as there is no interview data to compliment this - although it is possible to conduct follow up interviews with LSYPE participants
- we cannot understand why there have been decreases or increases in bullying frequencies and types - it is possible to begin to understand causes of this through the use of regression analysis, however the LSYPE dataset does not contain detailed information about the school's anti-bullying policies/initiatives
Smith, P.K., & Brain, P. (2000). Bullying in schools: Lessons from two decades of research. Aggressive Behaviour, 26, 1–9.
Smith, P.K., & Shu, S. (2000). What good schools can do about bullying: Findings from a survey in English schools after a decade of research and action. Childhood, 7, 193–212.
Samara, M. & Smith, P.K. (2008). How schools tackle bullying, and the use of whole school policies: changes over the last decade, Educational Psychology, 28:6.
Department for Education (2015) Bullying: evidence from the LSYPE2, Wave 2. Research Brief. Access the research here.
Produced by Pooja Kumari, Research and Policy Analyst at the Diana Award. If you have any questions, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com


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Italian Christmas Market 2016 held by Italian Commerce Chamber at PMQ officially ended a few days ago. As the only coffee supplier there, Boncafé offered an array of drinks including coffee, hot chocolate and specialty drinks to the visitors. Boncafé is grateful to cooperate with different institutions to provide the best coffee enjoyment to their customers.
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I had been using Bluetooth device browse using my system (Dell Inspiron 1525) and my mobile (Nokia 6233) in Ubuntu 10.04. Yesterday I installed 11.10. Bluetooth, send file option, detecting devices, etc. all are working properly, but the browse option isn't. The application is not crashing or anything, but nothing happens when you click the browse option.
I tried running
blueman-browse from the terminal, but then I got an error that
Could not parse arguments: Unknown option --browser.
When I checked the
nautilus man page, it had a
--browser option, but when I tried running
nautilus --browser from the terminal the same errors as above itself was coming. As the browse device option usually opens the mobile filesystem in
nautilus, I thought that this missing
--browse option might be the reason for this issue.
Any idea?


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The arc of Stuart Howard's releases as Lapalux has been a subtle but interesting movement through the different phases of decadence and messy nights out in seedy clubs and bars. His earliest releases swam around in a pool of dancefloor-induced sweat and laughs, staying fairly close to the tech and house roots that he was affiliated with. On his previous album, Lustmore, he attempted to take a deep dive into the world of hypnogagia – the place between sleeping and wakefulness – but coming in the aftermath of his clubbier releases, it more resembled the point in the night when you've had too much to drink, smoke or sniff, and the whole world around starts to blur and slide out of view. It was a tangible experience, but one that left you a little unfulfilled, much like the next morning after a heavy night.
Ruinism, his third full length as Lapalux, comes much closer to evoking that hypnogagic state that he was aiming for, as well as evoking the limbo between life and death, which was a stated goal in the creation of the album. He's done this by excavating much of the beat-and-bass-induced structure, and allowing spaciousness in his productions.
The album opens with 'Reverence', which has little more than a central floating violin theme and some atmospheric work around it. It seems like the build up to a big bass drop in the next song, but Howard is content to just let the strings drift away into the ether and start again from scratch with some slowly pulsating bass stabs on 'Data Demon'. Again these initial sounds seem to suggest that the song will be descending into a frenzy of beats and clicks, but instead that pulsating is soon swept aside in favour of more delicately chosen strings, cresting alongside the crystalline falsetto of guest vocalist GABI, before some flutes are added to the mix. Only once all of these elements have settled in place does Lapalux then bring back the more intense electronics that had been suggested prior. And it works – the previously beautiful vocals become more tense and eerie when placed in these new surroundings. Throughout Ruinism Howard is subverting expectations in this way, leaving you unsure where you are or what will happen next – much like that hypnogagic state he seems to be obsessed with.
This is where the album will either lose listeners or suck them in – and Howard is only concerned with catering to those who are willing to go with him. If you haven't caught his vibe by two tracks in, then the rest of Ruinism will slip out of your grasp too. But if you're focused, then the inchoate atmosphere of these productions will lead you down a deep hole, like some futuristic pied piper. As if knowing this, the third track 'Petty Passion' is based around a hypnotic arpeggiating melody and a female vocal sample intoning "I will never see you again"; we're past the point of no return here.
Now under his spell Lapalux can be more indulgent, and he proves this by allowing Louisahhh start off the fourth track 'Rotted Arp' with a spoken word poem amidst a light smoke of electronic ambience. But, once again, what starts as relaxing quickly gets inverted as the closing line of the poem "baby I'll let it" gets resampled atop a commanding bass thump that rumbles up out of the previously steady foundations of the song. 'Displacement' seems an obvious title for an album that does so much to confound expectations of structure, and the song itself is no let down in that department, floating along on a watery melody with subtle female vocals whispering "don't be afraid"; it's like a placid gondola ride down the River Styx.
Those getting a little fatigued by the shapelessness of Ruinism and wishing to hear more of a classic Lapalux sound might be appeased by a selection of tracks here. '4EVA' bobs and floats gracefully, without doing anything too unusual, just allowing its beat to flower while Talvi provides a compelling vocal that keeps you locked in. 'Essex Is Burning' takes us right out of the spookiness and into a hot summer's night in Romford or some such town, where you hear house music and hip hop pumping out of every passing car window or cheap pub. Buoyed by the beautiful wraith-like voice of Icelandic singer JFDR, 'Flickering' connects on a human level, with Howard keeping his beats subtle and almost subterranean, so that the voice really resonates in an album that has been inhospitably strange for the most part.
As if knowing that he may have allowed a little too much of the mortal world into his sound in those few tracks, Howard ends the album with a couplet that reverts back to the shapeshifting of the beginning. 'Phase Violet' and 'Tessellate' each push past the 5-minute mark, and any melody or vocal sample that crops up seems distant, crushed under beats and ephemeral; it's like Howard sucking you back into the void just when you thought you had found the light. Ultimately, this seems to be his goal on Ruinism; to take you into a world of house and electronic music, where each and every artefact that you thought were held dear can be just as easily crumbled and recontextualised to create a whole new atmosphere. This is where which he wants you to venture, and not look back.


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Price: $10
Color: Pale yellow
Nose: Tropical fruit, pineapple, green apple, and a little citrus fruit
Taste: Dry with herbal notes. Tangy acidity and citrus fruit in mouth.
Summary: Crisp and refreshing for your warm weather entertaining.
Product of Chile's Casablanca valley.
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Jacinto Cofiño
VP Risk Services - Latin America and the Caribbean, Visa, Inc.
Since Cofiño was appointed to this position in May of 2002, his primary goal has been to protect the brand, mitigate fraud-risk and its impact to client profitability, proactively develop detection/prevention programs, initiatives, and to implement best practices. In this capacity, he has also led the deployment of new technologies, solutions and services across the LAC region provided by Visa, such as Visa Advanced Authorization, Visa Risk Manager and risk consulting services. Cofiño joined the Visa Systems in 1985, where he later managed the Systems Engineering Team - this department was partly responsible for the VisaNet Access Points (VAPs), allowing connections from the banks and processors to Visa. He was also responsible for the Certification Area and other Visa technical products. In 1996, he was appointed Vice President of Special Projects where he successfully managed, among other initiatives, Visa Cash implementations in several countries and the Y2K transition project. In 1999, Cofiño undertook the Y2K Transition Project for the region, managing all business and technical aspects. As part of this effort, he was responsible for the Event Management Center that involved more than 200 staff members. With 31 years of experience at Visa, Cofiño has contributed to the development of a culture of information protection, helping to keep Visa at the forefront of the technological revolution.


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The whole event became a disaster when a stubborn sponsor decided not to give the organization the agreed amount.
Nine of the models chose to leave while the other five were unsure.
The designer couldn't do the show with five models only.
Everyone was in a frenzy, debating the same issues over and over again when a woman came up from behind and laughed hysterically. She pulled out an automatic and took the money from the sponsor.
"No money. No show. No debate. There, solved. By the way, do you need a free model?" And she struck a pose, smiling.


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Branding and Packaging
The Suter Company is always committed to protecting the brand identity of each customers. This committment remains strong as ever and we value the trust we've earned with our customers. We continuously and consistently deliver high quality, uniquely packaged items under the brand names of the nation's top food retailers.
We are a company that understands that each of our clients are different in their own unique way; thus we are commited to providing products specifically tailored for each. We provide custom recipes, unique labeling, variably shaped and sized containers, and made-to-order finished case packaging. Our integrated services let you bring to market exactly the products your consumers want.


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A 1031 exchange affords taxpayers a significant benefit by deferring the payment of taxes normally payable upon the sale of property when that property is effectively exchanged for property of the same kind that is held for productive use in a trade or business or for investment. Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides for the exchange, afford taxpayers considerable latitude by not defining the term "property" and by using it rather expansively. . Although real estate is frequently the property exchanged in 1031 exchanges, no such limitation is found in the statute and there is no reason to limit the use of 1031 exchanges to transactions involving real estate. In fact, a wide variety of types of property can be exchanged, from real property to computers, automobiles, airplanes, licenses and copyrights. .
While Section 1031 permits considerable latitude in the types of property that may be exchanged, the ability of a taxpayer to execute 1031 exchanges is constrained by what is known as the holding requirement. Section 1031 of the federal tax code provides that "No gain or loss shall be recognized on the exchange of property held for productive use in a trade or business or for investment if such property is exchanged solely for property of like kind which is to be held either for productive use in a trade or business or for investment." 26 U.S.C. §1031(a)(1). The property involved in an exchange must have been or must be "held for productive use in a trade or business or for investment." 26 U.S.C. §1031(a)(1). Thus, both the property being relinquished and the property being received must meet the holding requirement. Ibid.
Nothing, however, in either Section 1031 or its regulations specify a period of time that will meet the holding requirement. One commentary suggests that property be held for at least two taxable years before a 1031 exchange is attempted. Stefan F. Tucker and Tammara F. Langlieb, "Understanding Like Kind Exchanges (With Checklist)," The Practical Tax Lawyer, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 21, 25. The general trend among analysts appears to be that property held for less than a year will likely be viewed by the IRS as not having met the holding requirement, and property held for two years or more likely will be viewed as meeting the holding requirement. Less clear is the fate of property held for between one and two years. Tucker and Langlieb's comment, quoted above, seems to suggest that property held for less than two years but over at least two tax years (and appearing on two consecutive tax returns) is more likely to be viewed as meeting the holding requirement.
A taxpayer considering a 1031 exchange should insure that exchange property is held for business or investment use and should carefully consider whether a contemplated exchange meets the holding requirement.


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Hi Guys! It's a cold crisp morning in London, the sun is shining, and everything feels fresh, new and ready for London Fashion Week! We sure are. We are stocked full of great prints, cozy knits and killer handbags in anticipation of the fashion crowd. (Fun tip: Alexander Wang bought a jacket from us last year!)
Today's post features two pretty young things, who each found something to help them look stylish in the winter months. Check em' out..
The babe on the left chose our vintage Womens U.S Navy jacket with gold embroidery detail and the babe on the right is snuggled up in our vintage cashmere jumper. Looking good ladies!
Wishing everyone a fun week of shows, parties and shopping!


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Trying to find a theme to talk about or start a blog on, but can't quite grasp what your gift is?
Some of you may already know exactly what you'd want to talk about. Others may not be so sure what their message would be.
We all have a unique story to share, whether you know it or not! In this Show-N-Tell, I'll give you 3 simple steps to finding YOUR unique gift to share with the world.