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Improving Lustre OST Performance with ClusterStor GridRAID. John Fragalla Principal Architect High Performance Computing
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1 Improving Lustre OST Performance with ClusterStor GridRAID John Fragalla Principal Architect High Performance Computing
2 Legacy RAID 6 No Longer Sufficient 2013 RAID 6 data protection challenges Long rebuild time per 4TB drive Impact to large systems Multiple ongoing rebuilds across system Diminished performance TB and larger capacity drives Excessive rebuild time using RAID 6 Unacceptable impact to large systems Prolonged risk window New Approach Required to Support Large Capacity Drives
3 ClusterStor GridRAID ClusterStor GridRAID restores full redundancy up to 400% faster ClusterStor GridRAID Consolidates 4 to1 reduction in Object Storage Targets Traditional RAID 6 Rebuild Time RAID Rebuild Time Mandatory to effectively implement high capacity drives and solutions
4 What is ClusterStor GridRAID? GridRAID is ClusterStor s Implementation of Parity Declustered RAID Parity Declustering is designed to balance cost against data reliability and performance during failure recovery. It improves on standard parity organizations by reducing the additional load on surviving disks during the reconstruction of a failed disk s contents. And it yields higher user throughput during recovery, and/or shorter recovery time. Mark Holland, Garth A. Gibson (1992)
5 ClusterStor GridRAID - Introduction GridRAID Lives Here
6 ClusterStor GridRAID - Tile Definition Data is organized into tiles : Stripes laid out in typewriter fashion Smallest number of rows that contain an integral number of stripes Stripes in this example are defined as RAID6 (3+2)
7 Notice, each remaining drive receives less recovery work. Therefore, each disk has more bandwidth for client IO. Also, when extended across the full disk, all drives participate in the recovery increasing the available source bandwidth. Notice, in a single tile several disks are not utilized. For this reason a unique permutation is used for each subsequent tile. ClusterStor GridRAID Tile Unique Permutations
8 ClusterStor GridRAID Distributed Sparing Distributed Sparing: Augment tile matrix with spare columns: Permute all the columns:
9 ClusterStor GridRAID Reconstruction Recovery Phase 1 Data reconstruction to the distributed spare Begins automatically if a distributed spare is available Source data distributed across all remaining drives Default recovery bandwidth of 50 MB/sec / drive 40 * 50MB/s = 2GB/sec / 9 = 222 MB/sec recovery rate 4TB / 222 MB/sec = ~5 hours Reconstructed data written to all surviving drives Full redundancy restored in ~5.5 hours with default setting < ¼ time of RAID 6
10 ClusterStor GridRAID Recovery Workload Example
11 GridRAID Improves Lustre Performance Traditional RAID 6 with 50MB/s rebuild rate of a 4TB Drive take approximately 22 Hours to complete Rebuild Translates: A OST performance will degrade by 45% of peak performance under heavy I/O load during rebuild for 22 Hours Note 4 OSTs per OSS with RAID 6 GridRaid using the same 50MB/s, but now it s a reconstruction rate, of that same 4TB Drive takes 5.5 Hours to completely recover Translates: The performance impact to an OST under heavy I/O load during reconstruction is the same 45% degradation, but only for 5.5 hours instead of 22 hours. Note 1 OSTs per OSS with GridRaid
12 Slowest OST impacts a Lustre FS When MPI applications using a Lustre FS, overall I/O is impacted by the slowest running OST during run-time GridRaid, 4x less OSTs per OSS, performance impact for application runtime lasts ¼ as long compared to RAID 6 RAID 6 and 4x more OSTs at a smaller size per OST, application performance impact will exist for 22 hours, and performance impact during rebuild is 4x longer than GridRaid Applications performance impact using GridRaid for each Lustre OST during reconstruction will only exist ¼ of the time compared to traditional RAID 6
13 ClustreStor Tunable Settings Customers may choose to change the default reconstruction rate that favors more front-end I/O performance, or vice versa Same command can be used for traditional RAID 6 rebuild rate as well Default value is 50MB/s and higher in the rare case of a double disk failure per OSS controller Default values can be reduces or increased depending on application performance requirements Settings can be dynamically set globally for all OSTs or per OSS control to optimize application performance during run-time
14 Benefits of ClusterStor GridRAID for Lustre Improved MTTR Reconstruction >4X faster than RAID 50MB/s per drive Distributed Recovery Workload Less disruption to client IO Overcomes the single drive bandwidth bottlenecks Reduced Lustre OST Configuration Reduces OST count by a factor of 4 4 Distributed Spare Volumes per SSU RAID 6 provides 2 Global Hot Spares per SSU
15 Thank You
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subset: commoncrawl


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Author(s): Chil Rajchman
A devastating account of Treblinka by one of the camp's few survivors.
Chil Rajchman was born in Lodz in Poland, and was an active member of his Jewish community. After the Treblinka trials he emigrated to Uruguay, where he died in 2004. Solon Beinfeld taught Modern European and Jewish History at Washington University in St. Louis and he has written and consulted extensively on the Holocaust. He is currently editing a new Yiddish-English dictionary.
Preface by Samuel Moyn. Treblinka. 'The Hell of Treblinka' by Vasily Grossman. Map. Further reading.


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This story first appeared in the April 19, 2004, issue of Sports Illustrated.
Late on Easter Sunday, Phil Mickelson stood over a birdie putt on the 18th hole to win the 68th Masters, and it was as quiet as church. Thousands of fans had encircled the green, glowing from sweat and the most exciting Masters finish since 46-year-old Jack Nicklaus reinvented himself in 1986. Ernie Els, the game's gentle giant, was in the clubhouse after a dazzling 67, having rushed to the lead of the tournament with two eagles in a span of six holes midway through the round. Mickelson had chased him down with a back-nine charge for the ages, and now, having endured countless heartbreaks in his decade-plus pursuit of a first major championship, Mickelson was facing the most important putt of his career, 18 feet that meant so much to so many.
Behind the green was Mickelson's wife and college sweetheart, Amy. She had been blinking back tears since the 15th hole, so overwhelming was the emotion of the day. Nearby two sets of grandparents were passing around Phil and Amy's three young children, including Evan, who had just turned a year old. In March 2003 Amy and Evan had both nearly died during childbirth. Phil was so shaken by the trauma that he sleepwalked through the 2003 season, his worst in 12 years on the PGA Tour.
In San Diego, Mickelson's 92-year-old grandmother, Jennie Santos, was resting comfortably in front of the TV. She had been getting ready to leave for Augusta when she suffered a mild stroke. Just before Christmas, Jennie's husband, Al, had died at 97. He had adorned their kitchen with the 18th-hole flags from each of their grandson's first 21 wins on Tour. Finally, in 2002, he told Phil that the only flag he would accept was one from a major championship. Shortly before his death Al whispered to Phil that this would be the year he broke through.
All of this feeling and personal history was distilled into one downhill, right-to-left putt. At last Mickelson nudged his ball toward the cup. He had been on the other end of one of these life-changing strokes, Payne Stewart's 18-footer for par on the final hole of the 1999 U.S. Open at Pinehurst. At that moment Amy was in Scottsdale, Ariz., trying to slow the signs of labor, as their first child, Amanda, was on the way. When the putt dropped, dealing Mickelson another in a string of devastating defeats, Stewart took Mickelson's face in his hands and told him that becoming a major champion could not compare to becoming a father. Now, five years later at Augusta National, Mickelson was on the verge of being both.
The putt crawled toward the hole. Moments earlier Mickelson had studied playing partner Chris DiMarco's unsuccessful effort from virtually the same spot. "Chris's ball was hanging on that left lip, and when it got to the hole, it just fell off," Mickelson said. "And my putt was almost on the identical line. Instead of falling off, it caught that lip and circled around and went it. I can't help but think (my grandfather) may have had a little something to do with that."
The crowd exploded, a release years in the making. Mickelson did a low-flying jumping jack and screamed, "I did it!" His longtime caddie, Jim (Bones) Mackay, rushed over for a hug. Mickelson walked behind the green and scooped up his daughter Sophia. "Daddy won! Can you believe it?" he said. He wrapped Amy in a long, tearful hug. The 18th green at the Masters has seen some of golf's most memorable displays of emotion. Phil and Amy were in almost the same spot where Tiger Woods and his father, Earl, embraced after Tiger's victory in 1997. The final green is where Ben Crenshaw was doubled over in agony and ecstasy after having been guided to victory in '95 by the unseen hand of his teacher Harvey Penick, who died two days before the tournament began.
Now Mickelson had joined the pantheon of Masters winners. After 17 career top 10s in the majors, including three straight third-place finishes at Augusta, he had proved himself in the most audacious fashion imaginable. On a course that is far tougher than it was in '86, when Nicklaus shot a back-nine 30 to surge to victory, Mickelson birdied five of the last seven holes to finish with a 31 on the final nine on Sunday. He became only the sixth player to win the Masters with a birdie on the 72nd hole, a list that includes Arnold Palmer, who had a birdie-birdie finish in 1960.
"Now we can finally stamp him APPROVED," said Davis Love III, a close friend of Mickelson's. "It's like a…what's the right word?… It's like a coronation."
You can't have a coronation without the King, and over the first two days Mickelson and every other competitor had to take a backseat to Palmer, who was saying goodbye to Augusta after 50 years of mythmaking. Palmer was the first player to win four green jackets, between 1958 and '64; the Masters is where his Army first marched. As he said goodbye on Friday, the pines echoed with the roars from the standing ovations he received on every hole. At 18, in a golden twilight, Palmer tapped in for a final bogey. Behind the green he kissed a pretty girl — his fiancee, Kit Gawthrop — and then he was gone.
At that moment, on the 17th hole, Mickelson was charging. Something in his strut looked familiar during a week in which so much footage of the vintage Palmer was unreeled. As Mickelson walked toward the green, where a frighteningly fast 30-footer for birdie awaited, his swing coach, Rick Smith, whispered into the ear of Amy Mickelson, "Look how fast he's going. He knows he's going to make this putt. He's dying to hit it!" Sure enough, Mickelson poured the putt into the hole, the last exclamation point on a solid 69 that vaulted him into a tie for fourth place, three shots back of Justin Rose, the young Englishman.
As a phenom back in 1991, Mickelson was saddled with the tag of the Next Nicklaus, but he has always had a lot more in common with Palmer. Both have made an intensely personal connection with fans, thanks to an agreeable, approachable manner and a go-for-broke style. They have also been defined as much by their shattering defeats as by their many triumphs. Until last week Mickelson had been 0 for 46 in the majors, in large part because of the real Next Nicklaus: Tiger Woods turned out to be the Bear apparent. With Woods almost clinically winning seven of 11 majors from 1999 to 2002, the deficiencies in Mickelson's game were thrown into sharp relief. He was one-dimensional in his ball striking, employing almost exclusively a hard draw that could turn into a runaway hook. Mickelson loved to bomb it off the tee, accuracy be damned, and he was inclined to fire at every flag, regardless of the consequences. That style worked wonderfully at the Bob Hope Classic but was fatal at the Grand Slam events, where tougher courses with exacting setups extract severe penalties for mistakes. Yet Mickelson defiantly refused to change his approach.
A brutal 2003 compelled him to do some soul-searching. He had failed to win all year for only the second time in his career and plummeted to 15th in the World Ranking. He had slipped to 189th in driving accuracy. At year's end Mickelson took a hard look in the mirror. While the buffed Woods increasingly resembles an NFL safety, Mickelson had the body of a couch potato. Not anymore. Since December he has lost 15 pounds by going bunless at In-N-Out Burger and laying off his beloved doughnuts, as well as by working out six times a week with Sean Cochran, a former strength and conditioning coach for the San Diego Padres who accompanies him to every tournament on Mickelson's Gulfstream.
More important, Mickelson reshaped his swing. Around Christmas, Smith spent five 10-hour days working to quiet Mickelson's lower body and shorten his backswing when hitting his irons, leading to more balance and consistency. They also perfected a reliable fade, sacrificing a few yards for greater control. Mickelson looked like a different player while winning his season debut at the Hope, even (gasp) laying up on a watery par-5 down the stretch. (That he went on to three-putt for bogey was an irony even Mickelson could appreciate.)
Augusta National, though, loomed as the ultimate test. In the previous three Masters, Mickelson had made 60 birdies, while the respective champions combined for 58, but to win he would have to make fewer big numbers. Last week the course's dangerous par-5s were the battlefield where the war played out between the old and new Phil. When, instead of boldly firing at the flag on 13 on Thursday, he conservatively aimed 35 feet left, it was clear that Mickelson was playing a different game than in years past. And when you don't tempt the golf gods, you are rewarded. At 13 on Friday, Mickelson pulled his approach, and it rolled off the green toward Rae's Creek before stopping inches above the hazard, the most momentous Velcro job since Fred Couples's ball stayed up on 12 in 1992. Mickelson turned a would-be 6 into a 4, the key break of the tournament.
For this Masters, Mickelson throttled back in another way, abandoning his trademark flop shot on Augusta National's tight lies and using his putter from off the greens. This wasn't glamorous, but it got the job done. At the 18th on Saturday he got up and down from behind the green with a deft putt off a mound, preserving a bogeyless 69 that gave him his first 54-hole lead in a major.
Over the first three rounds Mickelson played the most controlled, disciplined golf of his career, hitting 73-6% of his fairways and leading the tournament in greens in regulation. Still, Sunday would be his most important round ever. That Woods, his nemesis, was in 20th place, at three over par, surely helped. "Well, it doesn't suck," Mickelson said, breaking up a loosey-goosey press conference.
However relaxed Mickelson seemed, you just knew he wouldn't make it easy on Sunday. Early on he came down with a case of the yips (missing a 3 1/2-footer for par on 3) and then the fluffs (leaving a sand shot in a bunker on 5 for another bogey). Mickelson was three down to a charging Els when he reached the heart of Amen Corner.
Mickelson might have played Nicklaus's brand of percentage golf to get this far, but now it was time to get after it like Arnie. On the par-3 12th, the scariest little hole in golf, Mickelson attacked the flag, sticking an eight-iron to 12 feet for the birdie that began his comeback. At 13 he ripped a high fade around the corner and then rifled a seven-iron to 20 feet, setting up a two-putt birdie. He was one back, but only for a moment, as Els played a superb chip at the par-5 15th, capping a run in which he went six under in a nine-hole stretch.
After a perfect drive at 14 Mickelson and Mackay stood in the fairway chewing on club selection. Bones is the only caddie Mickelson has ever had. He is part of what Amy calls "our gang." She says, "We joke that Phil is the only player in golf history to have the same wife, caddie, agent and nanny his whole career." Standing 146 yards from the hole, Bones talked Mickelson out of a nine-iron and persuaded him to hit a hard pitching wedge. It stopped two inches from the cup for a gimme birdie. One down. "That was a very good idea," Mickelson said of the club Bones had pulled.
Mickelson was still one down when he arrived at the par-3 16th. The hole cost him dearly in 2001, when his hooked seven-iron put him above the hole, resulting in a three-putt that killed his chances. This time Mickelson trusted his high fade and fed an eight-iron off the slope to 15 feet "That one swing says more about Phil's development than any other," said Smith. When Mickelson buried the putt, he was even with Els, setting up the drama of the 72nd hole.
Long after the winning putt had dropped, there was a sense of disbelief that Mickelson had really done it. Wearing his new 43-long jacket, he said, "It was an amazing, amazing day, the fulfillment of all my dreams." Amy still couldn't stop dabbing her eyes, while Amanda was telling any adult within earshot, "Green is my new favorite color."
With Woods fighting his swing and on the verge of domesticity, for Mickelson this Masters should be not the culmination of a career but the beginning of a wondrous second act. One of the game's greatest, Ben Hogan, didn't win his first major until he was 34. By the time he was 41, he had eight more. Mickelson is only 33. For years golf fans have been waiting for someone to play Palmer to Woods's Nicklaus. Now Mickelson has arrived. The King is gone. Long live the new king.


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Save the Date! June 3rd – June 7th, 2020
Bacon for the brain, belly and soul
Zingerman's Camp Bacon® is a food lover's camp. It is a food historian's camp. It is a camp that fills your mind as much as your stomach. We love to taste the bacon and don't get us wrong, you will leave having tasted a lot of bacon, but we are there to share the story behind the bacon. We share with you new ways to appreciate bacon and talk about how what we feed the animal impacts the flavor of the meat you are eating. The passion of our guest speakers is edible, you can literally taste the hard work and love they put into their bacon and dishes. Join us!
Listen to Hannah Baiardi's sizzlin' podcast of Camp Bacon 2019
Get Your Tickets Now


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Jacket Nautica
Reworked vintage jacket with embroidered casino slots design
Upcycled vintage Nautica jacket with huge fruity casino embroidery. This garment is part of our collection of reworked vintage. We handpicked 50 vintage pieces to upcycle into completely unique 1 of 1 garments giving them a new lease of life and transforming them from that garment at the back of your wardrobe which you haven't worn in years into something you can't stop wearing again. Everything has been designed, printed and embroidered in our London studio. Vintage supplied by Gully Garms and the collection is available exclusively to ASOS Marketplace. ------- Model is 6ft2". Garment specifics: size x-large 26 inch pit to pit. 27 inch length ------- Comes with free stickers and postcards. We have a 28 day no fuss returns policy. Follow us on Instagram. User- dreambutdonotsleep
- Condition: Vintage
- Vintage Era: Early 1990s
- Material: Cotton
- Colour: Cream
- Brand: Nautica
Size Details
Relaxed fit. We recommend ordering the size you would usually wear. If you are between sizes then size up. Model is 5ft6".
Garment Care
Wash on 30 degrees. Reshape whilst damp.
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The Seller will then provide you instructions on how to return your item and once your item is received back, they will process your refund through Paypal.
Return postage is your responsibility unless the item is incorrect or faulty, in which case the Seller will refund the return postage. If you cancel your contract under the Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013 any standard shipping charges that you have paid to receive your purchase will be included as part of your refund.
Please note that the Seller may refuse a refund if the garment has been made according to your precise measurements ie) made-to-measure. The items you return must be unworn and in their original condition save for your right to inspect the goods and try on the garments. It is your responsibility to ensure that you package the returned goods adequately so that it arrives back to the Seller undamaged.
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Centuries have passed since Woodlawn Plantation was established in 1840. Amid stately oaks and lush landscaping, Woodlawn takes its guests on a leisurely stroll to a time when hospitality and graciousness were not just appreciated but a cornerstone of Southern heritage.
One of the few surviving antebellum natural cedar and cypress wood plantation homes, Woodlawn Plantation provides the perfect setting for entertaining – welcoming porches, intimate garden settings and rolling fields anchored by centuries-old trees and outbuildings. Whether it's a wedding reception or a long-overdue gathering of friends and family, what better way to celebrate than at a place where the simple pleasures of the past don't seem so far away.
At Woodlawn, we want you and your guests to feel right at home. We open our doors to you, and we're glad you're here.
Welcome to Woodlawn Plantation – we hope you'll stay awhile…


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Tahari, M., Shamanian Esfahani, M., Salehi, M. (2015). Investigation of oxidation behavior and Thermal spray of mechanically milled CoNiCrAlY–YSZ powders.
Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing
, 3(1), 51-58.
Mostafa Tahari; Morteza Shamanian Esfahani; Mehdi Salehi. "Investigation of oxidation behavior and Thermal spray of mechanically milled CoNiCrAlY–YSZ powders".
Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing
, 3, 1, 2015, 51-58.
Tahari, M., Shamanian Esfahani, M., Salehi, M. (2015). 'Investigation of oxidation behavior and Thermal spray of mechanically milled CoNiCrAlY–YSZ powders',
Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing
, 3(1), pp. 51-58.
Tahari, M., Shamanian Esfahani, M., Salehi, M. Investigation of oxidation behavior and Thermal spray of mechanically milled CoNiCrAlY–YSZ powders.
Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing
, 2015; 3(1): 51-58.
Investigation of oxidation behavior and Thermal spray of mechanically milled CoNiCrAlY–YSZ powders
Article 6
Volume 3, Issue 1
, Winter 2015
, Page
Document Type: Research Paper
Mostafa Tahari
Morteza Shamanian Esfahani
Mehdi Salehi
Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
In this study, the effects of mechanical milling and YSZ reinforcing on oxidation behavior of CoNiCrAlY coatings were investigated. Various amounts of YSZ particles (0%, 5%, 10% and 15 wt.%) were mixed with commercial CoNiCrAlY powder and milled for 24 hrs. Then, the mechanically milled and commercial powders were deposited on Inconel 617 substrate using High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) process. Freestanding bodies of nanostructured and conventional HVOF CoNiCrAlY coatings were oxidized at 1000 °C for different times to form the thermally grown oxide layer. X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray mapping were used to analyze the scales formed on the surface of the oxidized samples. The results showed that nanostructured coatings exhibited higher porosity due to undesirable morphology of feedstock powders. This factor accelerated diffusion rate of oxygen into coating body. On the other hand, undesireable oxidation of nanostructured particles during spraying leads to increase in the oxidation rate of coatings.
Oxidation behavior
High velocity oxy-fuel
Main Subjects
Surface Engineering
M. Seraffon, N. J. Simms, J. Sumner, J. R. Nicholls, "The development of new bond coat compositions for thermal barrier coating systems operating under industrial gas turbine conditions", Surf. Coat. Technol. Vol. 206, 2011, pp. 1529-1537.
T. Liang, H. Guo, H. Peng,
S. Gong,"Microstructural evolution of CoCrAlY bond coat on Ni-based superalloy DZ 125 at 1050 °C", Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol. 205, 2011, pp. 4374-4379.
B. A. Pint, M. A. Bestor, J. A. Haynes, "Cyclic oxidation behavior of HVOF bond coatings deposited on La- and Y-doped superalloys", Surf. Coat.Technol., Vol. 206, 2011,
A. Keyvani, M. Saremi, M. H. Sohi,"Oxidation resistance of YSZ-alumina composites compared to normal YSZ TBC coatings at 1100
C", J. Alloys Compd.,Vol.509, 2011,
pp. 8370-8379.
J. H. Lee, Pi-C. Tsai, J. w. Lee, "Cyclic oxidation behavior and microstructure evolution of aluminized, Pt-aluminizedhigh velocity oxygen fuel sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings", Thin Solid Films, Vol. 517, 2009,
pp. 5253-5260.
H. Guo, L. Sun, H. Li, S. Gong, "High temperature oxidation behavior of hafnium modified NiAl bondcoat in EB-PVD thermal barrier coating system", Thin Solid Films, Vol. 516, 2008, pp. 5732-5739.
F. Tang, L. Ajdelsztajn, G. E. Kim,
V. Provenzano, J. M. Schoenung, "Effects of variations in coating materials and process conditions on the thermal cycle properties of NiCrAlY/YSZ thermal barrier coatings", Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 425, 2006, pp. 94-101.
T. Sadowski, P. Golewski, "The influence of quantity and distribution of cooling channels of turbine elements on level of stresses in the protective layer TBC and the efficiency of cooling", Com. Mater. Sci, Vol. 52, 2012,
pp. 293-299.
L. Ajdelsztajn, J. A. Picas, G. E. Kim, F. L. Bastian, J. Schoenung, V. Provenzano, "Oxidation behavior of HVOF sprayed nanocrystallineNiCrAlY powder", Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 338, 2002, pp. 33-43.
K. Ma, J. M. Schoenung, "Isothermal oxidation behavior of cryomilledNiCrAlY bond coat: Homogeneity and growth rate of TGO", Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol. 205, 2011, PP. 5178-5185.
S. Kamal, R. Jayaganthan, S. Prakash," Mechanical and microstructural characteristics of detonation gun sprayed NiCrAlY + 0.4 wt% CeO2 coatings on superalloys", Mater. Chem. Phys. Vol. 122, 2010, pp. 262-268.
M. D. Ferdinando, A. Fossati, A. Lavacchi,
U. Bardi, F. Borgioli,C. Borri, C. Giolli, A. Scrivani, "Isothermal oxidation resistance comparison between air plasma sprayed, vacuum plasma sprayed and high velocity oxygen fuel sprayed CoNiCrAlY bond coats", Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol. 204, 2010,
L. Ajdelsztajn, D. Hulbert, A. Mukherjee, J. M. Schoenung, "Creep deformation mechanism of cryomilledNiCrAlY bond coat material", Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol. 201, 2007, PP. 9462-9499.
F. Tang, L. Ajdelsztajn, G. E. Kim, V. Provenzano, J. M. Schoenung, "Improvement in oxidation behavior of nanostructured conicra1y bond coat dispersed with nano-size alumina particles", International Conference of Fundamental Science of Energy 004, USA, 2002, P. 293.
L. Ajdelsztajn, F. Tang, G. E. Kim,
V. Provenzano, J. M. Schoenung, "Synthesis and Oxidation Behavior of NanocrystallineMCrAlY Bond Coatings",J. Therm. Spray Technol., Vol. 14, 2005,
pp. 23-31.
D. Mercier, C. Kaplin, G. Goodall, G. Kim, M. Brochu, "Parameters influencing the oxidation behavior of cryomilledCoNiCrAlY", Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol.205, 2010, pp. 2546-2552.
D. Mercier, B. D. Gauntt, M. Brochu,"Thermal stability and oxidation behavior of nanostructured NiCoCrAlY coatings", Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol. 205, 2011, pp. 4162-4168.
M. Krasnowski, T. Kulik, "Nanocomposites obtained by mechanical alloying in Fe–Al–Ti–C system", J. Alloys Compd., Vol. 448, 2008,
pp. 227-233.
C. C. Koch,"Intermetallic matrix composites prepared by mechanical alloying—a review", Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 244, 1998, pp. 39-48.
F. Valenza, M. L. Muolo, A. Passerone, "Wetting and interactions of Ni- and Co-based superalloys with different ceramic materials", J. Mater. Sci., Vol. 45, 2010, pp. 2071-2079.
S. Deshpande, S. Sampath, H. Zhang, "Mechanisms of oxidation and its role in microstructural evolution of metallic thermal spray coatings—Case study for Ni–Al", Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol.200, 2006, pp. 5395-5411.
S. Deshpande, A. Kulkarni, S. Sampath,
H. Herman,"Application of image analysis for characterization of porosity in thermal spray coatings and correlation with small angle neutron scattering",Surf.Coat. Technol.,
Vol. 187, 2004, pp. 6-15.
D. J. Young, High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion of Metals, 1rd ed., Elsevier, England, 2008, p. 348.
T. Kai, Z. Xiang, C. Hua, Z. J. shan,"Oxidation and hot corrosion behaviors of HVAF-sprayed conventional and nanostructured NiCrC coatings", trans. Nonferrous met. Soc. China., Vol. 19, 2009, pp. 1151-1160.
R. A. Mahesh, R. Jayaganthan, S. Prakash,
"A study on the oxidation behavior of HVOF sprayed NiCrAlY–0.4 wt.% CeO2 coatings on superalloys at elevated temperature",Mater. Chem. Phys., Vol. 119, 2010, pp. 449-459.
T. Y. Choi, J. H. Yoon, K. S. Kim, K. O. Song, Y. K. Joo, W. Fang, S. H. Zhang, S. J. Youn,
H. G. Chun, S. Y. Hwang,"A study on HVOF coatings of micron and nano WC–Co powders", Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol.202, 2008,
pp. 5556-5564.
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Ranked among the top five decorative coatings companies in the world, Asian Paints has a finger firmly on the pulse of its consumers.
In fact, it wouldn't be far-fetched to say that innovation and customer centricity, like warp and woof of a fabric, are woven in and out of Asian Paint's business strategy.
It is for this very reason that the company forayed into B2C painting services with its Ezycolour brand. With this astute business move, Asian Paints transitioned from being a company selling paint boxes to a company that partners with its consumers on home décor.
Paint as a category is a product which is not very frequently purchased. The process of painting, however, requires a high level of involvement from the end customer. It is a technical process and not many people are aware of the same.
In response to this customer requirement, Ezycolour brand offers a number of services to the end customer including recommendations on what color to choose for getting the house painted.
Consulting services on Asian Paint palette
In business, as in chess, forethought wins. In line with this philosophy, Asian Paints conceptualized a program named "Concierge service" wherein the company assists its consumers in the process of colour, product, and applicator selection along with educating her in the nuances of painting.
Colour consulting requires paying close attention to the customer preferences. It involves identifying the stage at which the customer is in the overall painting cycle and guiding them through the journey.
During this process, whenever a customer called at the helpline, it took time for the concierge agent to understand customer's query and respond to them.
The main reason for this delay was that the agent had to analyze past transactions, services offered in the customers' locality, offers and promotions that Asian Paints was running at that point in time in the locality etc. This included traversing through various excel sheets and multiple CRM screens.
All the customer related information was tangled together like badly cast fish lines.
Recast coat
In the 20 years that he has been with the company, Harish Lade, GM- Systems, Asian Paints has been a part of several rigorous customer immersions programs. He knew full well that relying on a manual system for such a targeted activity was like trying to drink soup from a fork. "The systems to execute the Concierge service program had to be a user-friendly, business- driven system that could adapt to evolving business requirements," admits Lade.
This was a real world challenge that Asian Paints would have to get around. Lade knew he would have to engineer a smart solution to make the CRM several shades better. The solution lay in executing hyper-personalized real-time campaigns/offers.
CRM is the single source of truth for all end customer-related interactions. "We were amongst the first customers to move our CRM on HANA in Asia. This upgrade enabled us to implement and leverage SAP systems like SAP CEI (now Hybris Marketing) and RTOM. We implemented these two SAP products that leveraged HANA's power to solve the problems we had been facing," he shares.
IT sheen on CRM
Asian Paints leveraged CRM on HANA, Audience Discovery and Targeting (SAP CEI) and SAP Real Time offer Management (RTOM) to execute the project in three phases.
"Migration of CRM on to HANA gave us the horsepower to implement Customer Engagement Intelligence (CEI) in the next phase. Once the CEI usage was stable, we initiated the RTOM implementation on the helpline and the web channel which was completed by October 2015," Lade states.
"The RTOM implementation has given us the capability to run real-time offers to customers. We have empowered the business users to define offers on their own and execute them. We have over 20,000 offers pitched via RTOM that people have shown interest in over last 3 months," he adds.
With these tools in place, Asian Paints has been able to eliminate a lot of manual intervention that went into collating data from various sources and compiling them into a usable format. The array of excel sheets that were managed by individual agents has now been eliminated. The company has also significantly reduced the efforts in the agent training and improved the quality of conversation with the end consumer at the call center.
The agent's time is organized, planned like the timetable of a battle maneuver.
The solution worked like a charm. With this implementation, Asian Paints has empowered the business user to create and implement targeted campaigns without IT intervention. Executing a campaign that earlier took over 2 weeks now can be achieved in less than a day. This has significantly improved the conversion rates.
"It was really great that we have managed to implement a tool which is extremely user- friendly and flexible in its usage. There are over 60 offers running concurrently that have been pitched to over 80000 customers till date. Average Handling Time has reduced signifying that the working of our helpline has been simplified thanks to this tool," he substantiates.
The project enables mapping one-to-one customer journey via means of coupon codes sent out using RTOM. These coupons are redeemed at the physical store via our portals.
IT, truly lend finishing touches to the Concierge service program with the implementation of Real Time Offer Management.


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Altruette wants you to design our next charm!
We love the work that Girl Up does and we want to add a charm that represents your energy and commitment to helping other girls around the world. So instead of designing a charm for you, we want a Girl Up member to design the winning charm.
The winning designer will receive a $500 gift card to Altruette. And she'll also be profiled on our web site and Instagram page @altruettecharms.
Here's how it works: First, get inspired. Think about what design would represent Girl Up and what charm you and your friends would love to wear. You can look online for inspiration, you can talk with friends, you can go to Altruette's Instagram page @altruettecharms, etc. Then sit down and sketch out your design. If you don't like to draw, you can write out a description of what you think the charm should look like. Send your ideas to firstname.lastname@example.com. (You can send more than one design.)
A team of Altruette and Girl Up leaders will choose the top five designs and then all members of Girl Up will be invited to vote for the best design.
Any questions, email firstname.lastname@example.com. And remember, Altruette has professional designers to take your sketch to the next level so don't stress about making it perfect. We want every member of Girl Up to be part of this project. So get started and send us your ideas!
Julie + Lee
Co-founders, Altruette
Still need inspiration?
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Best price guaranteed. Exclusive advantages booking here.
Tenerife Passion And Brazilian Rhythms For Los Cristianos Carnaval It's the biggest, brightest, and most outrageous show of the year, it's all free to enjoy and takes place just down the hill from Hotel Paradise Park in Los Cristianos. Carnaval is packed with tradition and appeals to all ages, you may not have danced for years but you wont be able to resist the infectious rhythms of the bands, singers, and dancers.
The celebrations cover the whole of Arona and start with the opening Cabalgata parade from Veronicas in Playa de Las Americas on Saturday 2 March before taking centre stage around the showground set up next to the Valdes Centre at the main crossroads of Los Cristianos. This years theme is Brazil but although many wear costumes and fancy dress everyone is encouraged to join in the fun.
Sat 2 March – Cabalgata Parade, 7pm from CC Gala (by Veronicas), Las Americas Wed 6 March – Seniors Dance, 6.30pm at Showground next to the Valdes Centre Thurs 7 March – Gala Queen Election, 9pm at Showground Fri 8 March – Junior Carnaval Queen Election, 7.30pm at Showground Sat 9 March – Street Carnaval, noon to 5.30pm at Showground and Plaza del Pescadora followed by street parade from the Cultural Centre to Los Cristianos beach (ferry side) At 8pm Drag Queen Election at Auditorio Infanta Leonor, 8pm, tickets 3 euros. At 11pm Grand Dance at the Showground Sun 10 March - Classic Car display, 10.30am at the Valdes Centre Coso Parade, 5pm from Paloma Beach Apartments to the Los Cristianos Cultural Centre, followed by a grand late dance at the Showground. Mon 11 March – Sardine Funeral, 8pm from the Cultural Centre to Los Cristianos beach
The nights dancing at the showground in the Valdes Centre car park goes on into the early hours of the morning. For many the Coso parade on Sunday 10 March is the star attraction and a real family favourite, the floats and costumes are lavish and colourful and the dancers and bands taking part love to pose for photos for the crowds that line the route.
The sardine funeral is wild and features wailing widows in black and a huge sardine carried along the streets and down to the beach where it is set alight amid showers of fireworks. Carnaval always brings out the best in Los Cristianos.
Coso celebrations
The sardine
(+34) 922 757 227
(+34) 922 757 224
Calle Hawaii, 2, 38650 Arona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
(+34) 922 757 227 ext.1846/1936


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If you want to interview bands, the organisers, write reviews or take photographs please get in touch to be an official press partner of Breaking Bands Festival and we will add you to our sponsors page with a link back to your website.
*2019 press accreditation now closed, 2020 applications will open in June 2019.
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The countdown continues as we're now 10 days away from the big game. The cheapest price on StubHub has dropped 18% to $3,125 and average ticket price has stayed about the same at $5,422 compared to Monday. Sales from each team's location have started to increase but this is still a local event as of today. To see a history of how demand and prices have moved, take a look at our past posts:
Super Bowl Ticket Demand and Price on StubHub – January 25th
Super Bowl Ticket Demand and Prices on StubHub – January 19th
Super Bowl Ticket Demand and Prices on StubHub – January 11th
Super Bowl Ticket Demand and Prices on StubHub – January 8th
Below are the updated Super Bowl 50 numbers. We'll be updating these numbers regularly as we get closer to the big game.
Super Bowl 50 – February 7th, 2016 at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California
The Cheapest Ticket Available for Super Bowl 50 is $3,125
The Average Ticket Price Sold for Super Bowl 50 is: $5,422
- Average for Super Bowl XLIX in Glendale (2/1/15 Patriots-Seahawks): $4,222
- Average for Super Bowl XLVIII in New York (2/2/14 Seahawks-Broncos): $2,516
Tickets for Super Bowl 50 have sold for in the range of $1,222 to $27,983.
- The least expensive ticket was $1,222 for a seat in Upper Sideline.
- The most expensive ticket was $27,983 on the Lower Prime Club.
Tickets for Super Bowl XLIX in Glendale last year sold in the range of $856 – $19,000
Cheapest ticket purchased last year was on 1/26 at 8:00pm (PST)
Current Buyer Geo for Super Bowl 50 (% of where sales are coming from)
California: 26%
Colorado: 9%
North Carolina: 8%
New York: 5%
Texas: 5%
For more information, speculation, and commentary on the Super Bowl – or any other event – reach out to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Desire is the beginning point of all accomplishment, not a hope, not a wish, but a great throbbing desire which surpasses everything.
Do It Right
Desire breaths life into your dreams and fuels your imagination and anticipation. As you connect with your desire, your imagination, as well as all the favorable thoughts and beliefs about your goal, are lit. To connect with the desire you've got for your goal, merely ask yourself "Why do I wish for this?" As you answer the whys, your passions and emotions flurry and your imagination streams.
Inquiring why also aids you in acquiring clear on the intent behind your goal and how realistic your goal is for you, also what the greater purposes and hoped results of your goal are (what you wish your goal to give you). It can be an uncovering exercise.
Some of the times what we believe we desire can be a product of the consensus, of what other people desire for us, of what we believe we "had better" have, of what our ego believes will satisfy us, or of our rationalizations rather than our heart's desires. If questioning why you desire your goal does not get you jazzed up, you might prefer to question how much you really desire it.
Future Causation
A different tool for adjusting your heart and mind to the final result of your wants is what I call Future Causation. Basically, time and space are an illusion. The future you want already exists. Rather than attempting to guess what that future will be like from your present, go to that bright future and see it for real.
This has been among the most profound methods I've practiced. The insights I've encountered in linking to a wanted future in this way have passed beyond the boundaries of my present imagination or what I'd have consciously planned. I've been gifted with information and states of being that have been way "outside the box" and have altered me and my reality in the present. This is why I address it as the future causation because it can immediately and radically change your current state of vibration by the force of vibrancy. Connecting to that future produces a bridge to that future and acts as a portal for its manifestation in your world.
Your future is always shaping your present. The good news is you are able to decide the future you wish to influence you and allow it to alter you right now.
Manifesting is a powerful way for engaging future causation and will set the law of attraction in motion to manifest it effortlessly into your life.
Rehearse your future on a regular basis. What sort of conclusions would that future have you make, how would they think, feel and be? What answers would they discover, successes create, challenges defeated and so on?
Apply a 'future view' when reaching conclusions, arranging goals or addressing challenges. What would that future you, the cured, gifted, loving, successful self that you're becoming, believe, feel and be? Tie in to that future and permit it to have voice in your world today in the views, beliefs and actions you decide.
Make the Space
For your desire to land in your reality you are required to produce the space and be prepared for it. What requires to be done on a practical, emotional and mental level for you to be set for this reality? Get ready by thinking ahead and making the necessary steps towards your goal.
What new resources, contacts and skills could you require? What new postures and opinions? Think from your future and behave accordingly.
A different way to make space in your life for your ambitions is to clean out the clutter. This can be done on a physical and virtual level such as cleaning out your closets, organizing your papers and filing, discarding old garments and so forth, but it can also be done on emotional and mental levels. What human, concern, bitterness, wrath or loss are you grasping that could be let go of?
If you're desiring a new relationship for instance, is there an ex-partner you have not quite relinquished yet, or a quality about them or that relationship that in your heart you have not yet given up?
What ever you are grasping from your past is what you are bringing into your present reality.


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If AI learns to think like a human, it could one day also be susceptible to stress and disorders like depression, according to a new paper from a trio of AI safety researchers.
Why it matters: Robots may not need therapy yet, but cognitive psychology is already a useful lens for understanding AI decision-making. And, some researchers say it's not too early to start planning for machines that could develop obsessive or depressive tendencies.


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In 2017, Arizona had a population of 7.02M people with a median age of 37.7 and a median household income of $56,581. Between 2016 and 2017 the population of Arizona grew from 6.93M to 7.02M, a 1.23% increase and its median household income grew from $53,558 to $56,581, a 5.64% increase.
The population of Arizona is 54.7% White Alone, 31.4% Hispanic or Latino, and 4.14% Black or African American Alone. 27.4% of the people in Arizona speak a non-English language, and 92.5% are U.S. citizens.
The largest universities in Arizona are University of Phoenix-Arizona (40,418 degrees awarded in 2016), Grand Canyon University (18,469 degrees), and Arizona State University-Tempe (13,805 degrees).
The median property value in Arizona is $223,400, and the homeownership rate is 64.7%. Most people in Arizona commute by Drove Alone, and the average commute time is 24 minutes. The average car ownership in Arizona is 2 cars per household.
Arizona borders California, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Nevada.


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One of the reasons we love going to the Keys is the snorkeling. God knew we were perfect for each over 10 years ago because He knew we both loved snorkeling. We had snorkeled on our honeymoon in Mexico and though that was my first time,I fell in love with it. Since then, we have bought our own gear and try to find the best places to go in the Keys (without having to pay a pretty penny). We are no pros, but we did buy a diver down flag so that we could really go anywhere, which ended up being a GREAT choice because ended up finding some amazing spots outside of the designated areas.
There is just something we love about putting our faces in the water and watching the world down under. Really, though we just love being in or on the water too. Plus, we had such amazing weather, which made it all the better!
Dan had heard of a place called toilet seat cut about 1 1/2 miles from our condo. No we did not snorkel there, but we were able to kayak down to it, which ended up being quite the trip! Our kayak was taking on water, it was SUPER windy so I was just soaked by the time we got there, and then we ran aground. It was quite a trip out there, but very interesting to see all of these toilet seats set up to mark the channel for boats!
And it was fun to read all of the messages on each of the seats!
Dan made his own anchor with some rope and a piece of coral/rock
This is the life!
Our diver down flag so that we don't get run over by boats!
We went snorkeling off the shores of our condo and found plenty to look at!
We even saw a little baby nurse shark taking a nap!
We also went on a guided snorkeling trip to Alligator Reef, which was WELL worth the trip and money!
It felt like we were swimming in our own aquarium!
We were told there was an 9-9 foot nurse shark hanging around that area. Lo and behold, he made his appearance! They are pretty harmless, but boy was it huge!
The water was SO CLEAR!
The old lighthouse at Alligator Reef
We also went snorkeling at Bahia Honda State Park and saw this beauty! We both had never seen a starfish outside of an aquarium. This starfish was about a foot in diameter!
Can you find the hogfish? (Bottom middle, just to the left)
We also enjoyed swimming by the channel at our condo, where there were lobsters all over the place!
Does anyone know what this is? The tentacles of this guy were a bright blue (though hard to tell in the picture).
More lobster! I so badly wanted to eat him!
What a life!
What better way to spend a vacation, with my best friend by my side, in the beauty of God's creation! We would have spent every waking moment outside, but our skin would have screamed otherwise! Thankfully we didn't get too burned, but our northern skin sure needed some sunscreen! We went through two full bottles and part of another! Dan even bought me a sunshirt that is spf 50, so helped plenty too. So thankful for such a wonderful place to go and such a wonderful vacation, celebrating 10 years of love with my amazing husband!


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from the second, the stretto of which is full of tune and inspiration. In a word, we recognise in 'Zampa' the hand of a master, who to the spirit of Italian music unites the depth of the German and the elegance of the French school.
It is a curious fact that Hérold's own countrymen rank the 'Pré aux Clercs' (Dec. 15, 1832) above 'Zampa,' while the Germans give the preference to the latter. This arises probably from the criticism to which a French audience instinctively subjects the literary part of an opera. Any want of unanimity between dramatist and composer is felt at once. In 'Zampa' this is very marked; for the book, excellent as it is in the number and variety of the dramatic situations, bears marks of being the work of one who does not believe a word of the story he is telling, and has therefore no sympathy with his characters. Hence there is a want of relation between the librettist who is no true poet, and the composer, who moves others because he is moved himself, and is eloquent because he is sincere. In the 'Pré aux Clercs' on the other hand, the action takes place in a region more accessible to the ordinary run of play-goers, and the drama is a very pleasing national poem, free from incongruities and well adapted for music. In setting it Hérold not only did much to elevate the tone of French opéra-comique, but had the satisfaction of treating a historical subject. We might specify each number, from the overture—as full of warmth and colour as that to Zampa, but forming an independent symphony not built upon the materials of the opera—to the scene of the barque, where the expressive tones of the violas and cellos complete the narrative of the voices, and the whole forms one of the finest effects of pathos ever produced on the stage. The work is characterised throughout by unity of style, variety of accent, and sustained inspiration, always kept within the limits of dramatic truth. The great requisites for a creative artist are colour, dramatic instinct, and sensibility. In colour Hérold was not so far behind Weber, while in dramatic instinct he may be said to have equalled him. His remark to a friend a few days before his death shows his own estimate of his work; 'I am going too soon; I was just beginning to understand the [1]stage.' So modest are the utterances of these great poets, who are the glory of their art and their nation!
On January 19, 1833, within a few days of his 42nd year, and but a month after the production of his chef-d'œuvre, Hérold succumbed to the chest-malady from which he had been suffering for some time; and was buried with great pomp three days after[2]. He died in the Maison des Ternes [App. p.671 "a house in Les Ternes"], which had been his home since his marriage with Adèle Elise Rollet in 1827, and now forms the corner of the Rue Demours and the Rue Bayen, on the side of the even numbers. Here were born his three children: Ferdinand, an able avocat, now a senator; Adéle, married in 1854 to M. Clamageran, now member of the Paris Conseil municipal; and Eugénie, born 1832, a gifted musician, who was carried off in 1852 by consumption.
Among the many critical and biographical articles on this eminent composer, we may mention those of Chaulieu, Castil-Blaze, Scudo, Adolphe Adam, a brief but very accurate notice with portrait in the 'Magasin pittoresque' for 1873 (pp. 156–159), and above all 'Hérold sa vie et ses œuvres' by Jouvin (Paris, Heugel, 1868, 8vo), which contains many of his own letters and memoranda. In society he showed himself a brilliant and original talker, though inclined to sarcasm. The best portrait is that in the 'Magasin pittoresque.' His friend David d'Angers made a medallion of him in Rome in 1815; and there are busts by Dantan (1833), Demesmay—now in the foyer of the new Opéra, and Charles Gauthier—in the library of the Conservatoire.
HERMANN, Jacob Z. See Zeugheer.
HERSCHEL, Sir Frederick William, K.C.H., D.C.L. ('Sir William Herschel'), born at Hanover, Nov. 15, 1738, was second son of a musician there. He received a good education, and being destined for the profession of his father, was, at the age of 14, placed in the band of the Hanoverian regiment of guards. He came to England with the regiment about 1757 and was stationed at Durham. He soon became organist of Halifax parish church, and continued so until 1766, when he was appointed organist of the Octagon Chapel, Bath. Whilst residing at Bath he turned his attention to astronomy, and pursued his studies for several years during the intervals of his professional duties. He constructed a telescope of large dimensions, and in 1781 announced the discovery of a supposed comet, which soon proved to be the planet Uranus. He was thereupon appointed private astronomer to the king, with a salary of £400 per annum, and abandoned the musical profession. He removed to Datchet and afterwards to Slough, was knighted, and received an honorary degree at Oxford. In the summer of 1792 he was visited at Slough by Haydn. He died Aug. 23, 1822. He published a symphony for orchestra and two military concertos for wind instruments in 1768.
Jacob Herschel, his elder brother, born about 1734, was master of the king's band at Hanover, came to England and died here in 1792. He composed some instrumental music.
HERZ, Heinrich, born at Vienna Jan. 6, 1806, son of a musician who, anxious to turn his early talent for the piano to the best account, wisely entered him in 1816 at the Conservatoire at Paris under Pradher. He carried off the prize for pianoforte-playing in his first year, and thenceforward his career was continually successful. He became virtually a Parisian, and was known as Henri Herz. In 1821 Moscheles visited Paris, and though


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A six-week research project demonstrates the potential applications of personalresponse systems, including helping to settle a debate on the Lizzie Borden trial.
MARLENE OSBORN HAD never used a personal response system before her life science class took part in a study last fall at Kent State University's Research Center for Educational Technology. She and her Roberts Middle School seventh-graders from Cuyahoga Falls, OH, spent six weeks making use of the center's technology-enabled AT&T Classroom, which features clicker systems, videoconferencing and teleconferencing units, and interactive whiteboards. The project intended to measure the technology's impact onteaching and learning.
Although it was her first time with a personal response system, which is normally used to gauge student comprehension in the midst of a lesson, Osborn took the technology to a whole other territory: to elicit students' opinions on an issue they were studying. She used the systems during a videoconference with a Harvard University professor and two genetic scientists to gather answers to several questions regarding the legal and moral implications of stem cell research.
"It was amazing to get the responses that we did get from the students," Osborn says. "I think the students felt free to answer honestly because it was truly anonymous-I had no idea who had which clicker. It was a jump-start for some really good discussions."
Students are conscious of how well they fit in. They are swayedby what's going on. The [anonymity of the clickers] takes thattotally out of the picture. - Marlene Osborn, Roberts Middle School
Personal response systems, or clickers, as they are known, have been around now for about a decade and are quickly becoming standard equipment in the 21st-century classroom. Their growing use in education coincides with their emergence in other areas. The 2006 World Congress used personal response systems to enable its 2,000-plus participants to cast votes on the issues at hand. American Idol is famous for allowing the audience to weigh in via a personal response system-the telephone-on which aspiring pop star should be heave-hoed. The most essential household appliance, the TV remote, is the original clicker, allowing the viewer to vote yay or nay on a given program.
The technology is lauded for enabling instructors to immediately discern through spot quizzes how well students are grasping concepts, or even whether they are paying attention, which ultimately can lead to propagating and reinforcing student involvement. A 2005 study, "Teaching With Student Response System Technology: A Survey of K-12 Teachers," by SRI International and a team of researchers from UCLA, University of California-Davis, and Santa Clara University, found that teachers are generally using clickers for both assessment and instruction, more so for summative assessment than formative assessment. In other words, instructors are using the devices more for determining whether students understood a whole lesson or unit than for adjusting their instruction in real time based on student responses.
But its use in the Kent State research project shows to what lengths the technology can be taken. If stem cell research makes for good clicker fodder, then how about the Lizzie Borden trial?
Consider Joy Killough a clicker booster. "I've been using themfor about a year and a half, and I have enjoyed them from theget-go," says Killough, a science instructor at Westwood HighSchool in Round Rock, TX. After using the systems for awhile, she began to see other opportunities where shecould put them to work.
One such example occurred by accident. Killough's chemistry class was employing the clickers as part of an experiment in which they used probes to measure the pH levels of various water samples. The students input their measurements, and once the data was collected,
Killough saw from the graphs created by the readings that although the outcomes were correct, the values varied among the students. The immediate feedback "gave us the opportunity to talk about the variables in data collection," she says.
She is also using the clickers in her AP biology class, where one project involves measuring gene pool changes in subsequent generations. "The students have to gather data at each round, and I need to know where each student is [generation-wise], so each student clicks in their response." Killough thinks both she and her students are benefiting from her regular use of clickers in instruction. "The students uniformly love them. It helps them pay attention-they know now that first we have the lecture, and then questions will [be asked] related to what we've done in class, so they have to be paying attention.
"For me, it's so powerful to see when students have questions, and I can immediately go back and re-teach," she adds. "I'm able to go, 'Gee, only 20 percent got that question right.' It allows me to pinpoint those particular kids and offer help."
In the Kent State project, Debi Bolls, an eighth-grade English instructor also from Roberts Middle School, had her class deconstruct the famous late-19th-century case surrounding the double ax-murder of Borden's father and stepmother. "[It's] an exercise that I started a couple of years ago, when the students were reading a play on the trial," Bolls says. "I thought it would be fun to discuss. I wanted the students to learn to read for details, and I tell them they are all lawyers, and lawyers have to support everything they say.
"This year with the response systems, we asked the students to take the information we had and tear it apart and find, based on that evidence, whether to go to trial. The students were split into two groups and had to argue why or why not, and vote using the response systems. We posted what we called 'Points to Ponder,' which are the debated issues, and the kids had to vote on who won that section of the debate."
Bolls believes the clickers help draw students out, providing a kind of shelter from open verbal sparring, which can cause some kids to clam up. "A lot of students are afraid to express their opinions, but because [the systems are] anonymous, the only person who knows what the students answer is me. It encourages everyone to participate, and once they realize others have the same opinion, it gives them the opportunity to speak up." She says the clickers allow students "to become an active part of the experience."
Karen Swan, a professor at the research center, oversaw the project and says that both the stem cell exercise and the Lizzie Borden trial fit in well with the project's goal to measure whole-class engagement. "We first looked at two measures of engagement-observation and student selfreports," Swan says. "Over time, we discovered that students were more engaged using the clickers. That led us to think we might be on to something."
The center's current experimental study is measuring levels of learning using PowerPoint presentations and clicker systems, but "there are mixed results on whether the kids are actually learning," Swan says.
Although neither Bolls nor Osborn currently has personal response systems in her school, both see the value in usingthem, especially in the middle school environment.
"At the middle school level, students are conscious of how well they fit in," Osborn says. "They are swayed by what's going on. [The anonymity of the clickers] takes that totally out of the picture. Even the quiet ones can be heard."
Charlene O'Hanlon is a freelance writer based in New York.
This article originally appeared in the 05/01/2007 issue of THE Journal.
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Harness the energy of the sun for the most economical way of heating domestic water for sanitary purposes- Eldom Green Line thermosiphon system.
A thermosiphon system is a cost-effective way to heat water with solar energy. It makes use of the natural thermal convection of liquids to transfer the heat from the solar collectors to the water tank.
The system includes a flat plate collector connected to a water tank. The circulation of the heat carrier liquid is driven by natural thermal convection. The heat carrier inside the absorber of the collector is heated by the solar energy and moves up along the piping to reach the water heater where it gives away its heat to the water inside the tank. As it cools down, the heat carrier then is returned to the collector to repeat the process.
Thanks to optimized placing of the connections, the system boasts a smaller footprint at the mounting site.
The water tank also includes an electric heating element, which is used to heat the water when solar energy is insufficient, for example heavy cloud coverage, rainy days or at night.
Product features
- An extremely reliable and highly efficient small investment domestic hot water system for seasonal consumers.
- The thermosiphon Eldom Green Line operates under pressure equal to that of the plumbing, thus providing unlimited installation options as it can operate even on elevation 0.
- Long life - the system stand and the water heater body are made of galvanized steel. In addition the water heater external shell is coated with layer of weatherproof paint. The water heater tank is glazed with heavy-duty enamel zirconium. For additional corrosion protection two anode treads are installed.
- The thermosiphon has minimum heat losses - the boiler is provided with thick and dense Freon-free polyurethane, while the solar collector has improved rock wool insulation. This is guarantees maximum system efficiency even in extreme weather conditions.
- Green – the thermosiphon operates according the natural convection of fluids principle, thus being energy passive. The electricity consumption may be necessary only during periods of cloudy days with insufficient sunlight, or at night.
- The system is compact and fully equipped.
- Improved electrical part - a built-in heater for wintertime is provided, thus avoiding draining of the system.
- The thermosiphon stand is designed for inclined surfaces. All elements may be mounted on it. Recommended installation angle is between 32o and 48o.
|2 Years
|Weight (kg)
|Country of Manufacture
|Water tank volume (L)
|Dimension Width (mm)
|Dimension Height (mm)
|Length (mm)
|Collector case height (mm)
|Collector case width (mm)
|Collector case thickness (mm)
|Stand type
|Inclined roof
|Collector model
|Collector surface (m²)
|Absorber surface
|Heat carrier fluid
|Propylene glycol
|Volume of heat carrier (L)
|Thickness of solar glass (mm)
|Heat carrier pipes material/type
|Material of collector case
|Anodized Aluminium
|Material of absorber
|Coating of absorber
|Mirotherm / Mirosol
|Water tank material
|Zirconium enameled steel
|Water tank casing material
|Galvanized steel
|Heat carrier pipes diameter (mm)
|Heating element
|Electric heating element power (kW)
|Anode protector
|Solar panel : Rock wool 40mm / Water heater : Polyurethane foam
|Stagnation temperature (°C)
|Maximum Operating pressure (bar)
|Inlet/Outlet (mm)
|Electric power supply (V/Hz)
|Ship Bundle Items