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Brigham Young
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|Brigham Young
Brigham Young c. 1870
|2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
|December 27, 1847– August 29, 1877
|Joseph Smith
|John Taylor
|President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
|April 14, 1840– December 27, 1847
|Thomas B. Marsh
|Orson Hyde
|End reason
|Became President of the Church
|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
|February 14, 1835– December 27, 1847
|Called by
|Three Witnesses
|End reason
|Became President of the Church
|LDS Church Apostle
|February 14, 1835– August 29, 1877
|Called by
|Three Witnesses
|Initial organization of Quorum of the Twelve
at end of term
|No apostles immediately ordained[1]
|1st Governor of Utah Territory
|In office
|February 3, 1851 – April 12, 1858
|Alfred Cumming
|Personal details
|June 1, 1801
Whitingham, Vermont, U.S.
|August 29, 1877 (aged 76)
Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, U.S.
|Cause of death
|Ruptured appendix
|Resting place
|Brigham Young Cemetery
|See List of Brigham Young's wives
|John and Abigail Young
Brigham Young (/ˈbrɪɡəm/; June 1, 1801 – August 29, 1877)[4] was an American religious leader, politician, and settler. He was the second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death in 1877. He founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also led the foundings of the precursors to the University of Utah and Brigham Young University.
Young had many nicknames, among the most popular being "American Moses"[5] (alternatively, the "Modern Moses" or "Mormon Moses"),[6][7] because, like the biblical figure, Young led his followers, the Mormon pioneers, in an exodus through a desert, to what they saw as a promised land.[8] Young was dubbed by his followers the "Lion of the Lord" for his bold personality and commonly was called "Brother Brigham" by Latter-day Saints. A polygamist, Young had 55 wives. He instituted a church ban against conferring the priesthood on men of black African descent, and also led the church during the Utah War against the United States.[9]
- 1 Early life and succession to Latter Day Saint leadership
- 2 Governor of Utah Territory
- 3 LDS Church presidency
- 4 Legacy
- 5 Cultural references
- 6 Literary works
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Early life and succession to Latter Day Saint leadership[edit]
Young was born to John Young and Abigail "Nabby" Howe, a farming family in Whitingham, Vermont, and worked as a travelling carpenter and blacksmith, among other trades.[10] Young was first married in 1824 to Miriam Angeline Works. Though he had converted to the Methodist faith in 1823, Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the Book of Mormon shortly after its publication in 1830. He officially joined the new church in 1832 and traveled to Upper Canada as a missionary. After his wife died in 1832, Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in Kirtland, Ohio. Young was ordained a member of the original Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1835, and he assumed a leadership role within that organization in taking Mormonism to the United Kingdom and organizing the exodus of Latter Day Saints from Missouri in 1838.
In 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith, president of the church, was killed by an armed mob. Several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Before a large meeting convened to discuss the succession in Nauvoo, Illinois, Sidney Rigdon, the senior surviving member of the church's First Presidency, argued there could be no successor to the deceased prophet and that he should be made the "Protector" of the church.[11] Young opposed this reasoning and motion. Smith had earlier recorded a revelation which stated the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was "equal in authority and power" to the First Presidency,[12] so Young claimed that the leadership of the church fell to the Twelve Apostles.[13] The majority in attendance were persuaded that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was to lead the church with Young as the Quorum's president. Many of Young's followers would later reminisce that while Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, which they attributed to the power of God.[14][15][16][17] Young was ordained President of the Church in December 1847, three and a half years after Smith's death. Rigdon became the president of a separate church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and other potential successors emerged to lead what became other denominations of the movement.
Migration west[edit]
Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, which was then part of Mexico. Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the final destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico, although U.S. sovereignty would not be confirmed until 1848. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847, a date now recognized as Pioneer Day in Utah. Young's expedition was one of the largest and one of the best organized westward treks.[18] On August 22, 29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the Mormon Tabernacle Choir.[19]
After three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was sustained as the second president of the church on December 27, 1847.
Governor of Utah Territory[edit]
As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territory's first governor and superintendent of American Indian affairs by President Millard Fillmore on February 3, 1851.[20] During his time as prophet, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Under his direction, the Mormons built roads and bridges, forts, irrigation projects; established public welfare; organized a militia; issued an extermination order against the Timpanogos and after a series of wars eventually made peace with the Native Americans. Young was also one of the first to subscribe to Union Pacific stock, for the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad. Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territory's first capital.
Young organized a board of regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley.[21] It was established on February 28, 1850, as the University of Deseret; its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah.
In 1851, Young and several federal officials, including territorial Secretary Broughton Harris, became unable to work cooperatively. Harris and the others departed Utah without replacements being named, and these individuals later became known as the Runaway Officials of 1851.[22]
Young supported slavery and its expansion into Utah, and led the efforts to legalize and regulate slavery in the 1852 Act in Relation to Service, based on his beliefs on slavery.[23][24][25]
In 1856, Young organized an efficient mail service. In 1858, following the events of the Utah War, he stepped down to his successor, Alfred Cumming.[26]
LDS Church presidency[edit]
Young was the longest-serving President of the LDS Church in history, having served for 29 years.
Educational endeavors[edit]
On October 16, 1875, Young deeded buildings and land in Provo, Utah to a board of trustees for establishing an institution of learning, ostensibly as part of the University of Deseret.[27] Young said, "I hope to see an Academy established in Provo ... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country."[28] The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy,[28] the precursor to Brigham Young University.
Within the church, Young reorganized the Relief Society for women in 1867, and he created organizations for young women in 1869 and young men in 1875.
Temple building[edit]
Young was involved in temple building throughout his membership in the LDS Church, making it a priority of his church presidency. Under Smith's leadership, Young participated in the building of the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples. Just four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Young designated the location for the Salt Lake Temple; he presided over its groundbreaking on April 6, 1853.[29] During his tenure, Young oversaw construction of the Salt Lake Tabernacle and he announced plans to build the St. George (1871), Manti (1875), and Logan (1877) temples. He also provisioned the building of the Endowment House, a "temporary temple" which began to be used in 1855 to provide temple ordinances to church members while the Salt Lake Temple was under construction.
The majority of Young's teachings are contained in the 19 volumes of transcribed and edited sermons in the Journal of Discourses. The LDS Church's Doctrine and Covenants contains one section from Young that has been canonized as scripture, adding the section in 1876.[30]
|Mormonism and polygamy
Portrait of Ira Eldredge with his three wives: Nancy Black Eldredge, Hannah Mariah Savage Eldredge, and Helvig Marie Andersen Eldredge.
Though polygamy was practiced by Young's predecessor Joseph Smith,[31] the practice is often associated with Young. Some Latter Day Saint denominations, such as the Community of Christ, consider Young the "Father of Mormon Polygamy".[32] In 1853, Young made the church's first official statement on the subject since the church had arrived in Utah. Young acknowledged the suffering the doctrine created for women, but stated its necessity for creating large families, proclaiming: "But the first wife will say, 'It is hard, for I have lived with my husband twenty years, or thirty, and have raised a family of children for him, and it is a great trial to me for him to have more women;' then I say it is time that you gave him up to other women who will bear children."[33]
One of the more controversial teachings of Young was the Adam–God doctrine. According to Young, he was taught by Smith that Adam is "our Father and our God, and the only God with whom we have to do". According to the doctrine, Adam was once a mortal man who became resurrected and exalted. From another planet, Adam brought Eve, one of his wives, with him to the earth, where they became mortal by eating the fruit of the Garden of Eden. After bearing mortal children and establishing the human race, Adam and Eve returned to their heavenly thrones where Adam acts as the god of this world. Later, as Young is generally understood to have taught, Adam returned to the earth to become the biological father of Jesus.[34][35][36] The LDS Church has since repudiated the Adam–God doctrine.[37]
Young is generally considered to have instituted a church ban against conferring the priesthood on men of black African descent, who had been treated equally in this respect under Smith's presidency.[38] After settling in Utah in 1848, Young announced the ban,[38] which also forbade blacks from participating in Mormon temple rites such as the endowment or sealings. On many occasions, Young taught that blacks were denied the priesthood because they were "the seed of Cain",[39] but also stated that they would eventually receive the priesthood after "all the other children of Adam have the privilege of receiving the Priesthood, and of coming into the kingdom of God, and of being redeemed from the four quarters of the earth, and have received their resurrection from the dead, then it will be time enough to remove the curse from Cain and his posterity."[40] These racial restrictions remained in place until 1978, when the policy was rescinded by LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball,[41] and the LDS Church subsequently "disavow[ed] theories advanced in the past" to explain this ban,[42] thereby "plac[ing] the origins of black priesthood denial blame squarely on Brigham Young."[43]
In 1863, Young stated: "Shall I tell you the law of God in regard to the African race? If the white man who belongs to the chosen seed mixes his blood with the seed of Cain, the penalty, under the law of God, is death on the spot. This will always be so."[44]
Young was a vocal opponent of theories of human polygenesis, being a firm voice for stating that all humans were the product of one creation.[45]
Shortly after the arrival of Young's pioneers, the new Mormon colonies were incorporated into the United States through the Mexican Cession. Young petitioned the U.S. Congress to create the State of Deseret. The Compromise of 1850 instead carved out Utah Territory and Young was installed as governor. As governor and church president, Young directed both religious and economic matters. He encouraged independence and self-sufficiency. Many cities and towns in Utah, and some in neighboring states, were founded under Young's direction. Young's leadership style has been viewed as autocratic.[46] When federal officials received reports of widespread and systematic obstruction of federal officials in Utah (most notably judges), U.S. President James Buchanan decided to install a non-Mormon governor. Buchanan accepted the reports of the judges without any further investigation, and the new non-sectarian governor was accompanied by troops sent to garrison forts in the new territory. When Young received word that federal troops were headed to Utah with his replacement, he called out his militia to ambush the federal force. During the defense of Utah, now called the Utah War, Young held the U.S. Army at bay for a winter by taking their cattle and burning supply wagons. The Mormon forces were largely successful thanks to Lot Smith. Young eventually relented and agreed to step down as governor. He later received a pardon from Buchanan. Relations between Young and future governors and U.S. Presidents were mixed.
The degree of Young's involvement in the Mountain Meadows massacre, which took place in Washington County in 1857, is disputed.[47] Leonard J. Arrington reports that Young received a rider at his office on the day of the massacre, and that when he learned of the contemplated attack by the members of the LDS Church in Parowan and Cedar City, he sent back a letter directing that the Fancher party be allowed to pass through the territory unmolested.[48] Young's letter reportedly arrived on September 13, 1857, two days after the massacre. As governor, Young had promised the federal government he would protect immigrants passing through Utah Territory, but over 120 men, women and children were killed in this incident. There is no debate concerning the involvement of individual Mormons from the surrounding communities by scholars. Only children under the age of seven, who were cared for by local Mormon families, survived, and the murdered members of the wagon train were left unburied. The remains of about 40 people were later found and buried, and Union Army officer James Henry Carleton had a large cross made from local trees, the transverse beam bearing the engraving, "Vengeance Is Mine, Saith The Lord: I Will Repay" and erected a cairn of rocks at the site. A large slab of granite was put up on which he had the following words engraved: "Here 120 men, women and children were massacred in cold blood early in September, 1857. They were from Arkansas." For two years, the monument stood as a memorial to those travelling the Spanish Trail through Mountain Meadow. Some claim that, in 1861, Young brought an entourage to Mountain Meadows and had the cairn and cross destroyed, while exclaiming, "Vengeance is mine and I have taken a little".[49]
Before his death in Salt Lake City on August 29, 1877,[50] Young was suffering from cholera morbus and inflammation of the bowels.[51] It is believed that he died of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix.[2] His last words were "Joseph! Joseph! Joseph!", invoking the name of the late Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormon faith.[52] On September 2, 1877, Young's funeral was held in the Tabernacle with an estimated 12,000 to 15,000 people in attendance.[53] He is buried on the grounds of the Mormon Pioneer Memorial Monument in the heart of Salt Lake City. A bronze marker was placed at the grave site June 10, 1938, by members of the Young Men and Young Women organizations, which he founded.[54]
A century after his death, one writer stated that[55]
[Joseph Smith] was succeeded by one of the outstanding organizers of the 19th century, Brigham Young. If the circumstances of his life had worked out differently [he] might have become a captain of industry—an Andrew Carnegie or John D. Rockefeller or a railroad builder. Instead, this able, energetic, earthy man became the absolute ruler and the revered, genuinely loved father figure of all Mormons everywhere.
He credited Young's leadership with helping to settle much of the American West:[55]
During the 30 years between the Mormons' arrival in Utah in 1847 and [his death in] 1877, Young directed the founding of 350 towns in the Southwest. Thereby the Mormons became the most important single agency in colonizing that vast arid West between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada.
Memorials to Young include a bronze statue in front of the Abraham O. Smoot Administration Building, Brigham Young University; a marble statue in the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol, donated by the State of Utah in 1950;[56] and a statue atop the This is the Place Monument in Salt Lake City.
Young's teachings were the 1998–99 course of study in the LDS Church's Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes.
Family and descendants[edit]
Young was a polygamist, marrying a total of 55 wives, 54 of them after he converted to Mormonism.[57] The policy was difficult for many in the church. Young stated that upon being taught about plural marriage, "It was the first time in my life that I desired the grave."[58] By the time of his death, Young had 56 children by 16 of his wives; 46 of his children reached adulthood.[2]
Sources have varied on the number of Young's wives, due to differences in what scholars have considered to be a "wife".[57] There were 55 women who Young was sealed to during his lifetime. While the majority of the sealings were "for eternity", some were "for time only". Researchers believe that not all of the 55 marriages were conjugal.[57] Young did not live with a number of his wives or publicly hold them out as wives, which has led to confusion on the number and their identities.[57] This is in part due to the complexity of how wives were identified in the Mormon society at the time.
Of Young's 55 wives, 21 had never been married before; 16 were widows; six were divorced; six had living husbands and the marital status of six others is unknown.[57] In 1856, Young built the Lion House to accommodate his sizable family. This building remains a Salt Lake City landmark, together with the Beehive House, another Young family home. A contemporary of Young wrote: "It was amusing to walk by Brigham Young's big house, a long rambling building with innumerable doors. Each wife has an establishment of her own, consisting of parlor, bedroom, and a front door, the key of which she keeps in her pocket."[59] At the time of Young's death, 19 of his wives had predeceased him; he was divorced from ten, and 23 survived him. The status of four was unknown.[57] One of his wives, Zina Huntington Young, served as the third president of the Relief Society. In his will, Young shared his estate with the 16 surviving wives who had lived with him; the six surviving non-conjugal wives were not mentioned in the will.[57]
Notable descendants[edit]
In 1902, 25 years after his death, The New York Times established that Young's direct descendants numbered more than 1,000.[60] Some of Young's descendants have become leaders in the LDS Church.
Cultural references[edit]
In comics[edit]
Brigham Young appeared at the end of Le Fil qui chante album, the last Lucky Luke album written by Goscinny.[61]
In literature[edit]
The Scottish poet John Lyon, who was an intimate friend of Young, wrote Brigham the Bold in tribute to him after his death.[62][63]
Florence Claxton's graphic novel, The Adventures of a Woman in Search of Her Rights (1872), satirizes a would-be emancipated woman whose failure to establish an independent career results in her marriage to Young before she wakes to discover she's been dreaming.
Arthur Conan Doyle based his first Sherlock Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet, on Mormon history, mentioning Young by name. When asked to comment on the story, which had, "provoked the animosity of the Mormon faithful", Doyle noted, "all I said about the Danite Band and the murders is historical so I cannot withdraw that though it is likely that in a work of fiction it is stated more luridly than in a work of history." Doyle's daughter stated: "You know father would be the first to admit that his first Sherlock Holmes novel was full of errors about the Mormons."[64]
Mark Twain devoted a chapter and much of an appendix to Young in Roughing It.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., talking about his fondness of trees, joked in his The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table: "I call all trees mine that I have put my wedding-ring on, and I have as many tree-wives as Brigham Young has human ones."[65]
In movies[edit]
Brigham Young was played by Dean Jagger in the 1940 film Brigham Young.
In television[edit]
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Byron Morrow played Young in a cameo appearance in the Death Valley Days 1966 episode, "An Organ for Brother Brigham". In the story line, the organ built and guided west to Salt Lake City by Joseph Harris Ridges (1827–1914) of Australia becomes mired in the sand. Wagonmaster Luke Winner (Morgan Woodward) feels compelled to leave the instrument behind until Ridges finds solid rock under the sand.[66]
In another Death Valley Days episode in 1969, "Biscuits and Billy, the Kid", Michael Hinn (1913–1988) of the former Boots and Saddles western series was cast as Young. In the story line, the Tugwell family, Jason (Ben Cooper), Ellie (Emily Banks), and Mary (Erin Moran), are abandoned by their guide while on a wagon train from Utah to California.[67]
Gregg Henry depicts Young in the fourth (2014) and fifth (2015) seasons of the TV series Hell on Wheels, a fictional story about the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad. As the competing rail lines approach Utah from the east and west coasts, Young supplies Mormon laborers to both railroad companies and negotiates with the railways to have them make Salt Lake City their meeting point. In the Season 5 mid-season finale, "False Prophets", Young's son, Phineas, attempts to murder his father. Persuaded by The Swede, Phineas believed he was the chosen one to go forward to lead the Mormons, instead of his father.
Literary works[edit]
Since Young's death, a number of works have published collections of his discourses and sayings.
- Teachings of President Brigham Young: Salvation for the Dead, the Spirit World, and Kindred Subjects. Seagull Press. 1922.
- Brigham Young (1925). Discourses of Brigham Young. selected by John A. Widtsoe. Deseret Book.
- Young, Brigham (1952). The Best from Brigham Young: Statements from His Sermons on Religion, Education, and Community Building. selected by Alice K. Chase. Deseret Book Company.
- Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1801–1844. Eldon J. Watson. 1969.
- Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1846–1847. Eldon J. Watson. 1971.
- Dean C. Jessee, ed. (1974). Letters of Brigham Young to His Sons. Deseret Book Company.
- Everett L. Cooley, ed. (1980). Diary of Brigham Young, 1857. Tanner Trust Fund, University of Utah Library.
- The Essential Brigham Young. Signature Books. 1992. ISBN 1-56085-010-8.
- Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Brigham Young. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1997. LDS Church publication number 35554
- Young, Brigham (2009). Richard Van Wagoner (ed.). The Complete Discourses of Brigham Young. 5. Smith-Pettit Foundation. ISBN 978-1-56085-206-3.
See also[edit]
- Brigham Young (1940 film)
- Brigham Young Winter Home and Office
- This Is The Place Heritage Park
- Ann Eliza Young[14]
- ^ A year after Young's death, Orson Hyde died and Moses Thatcher was ordained an apostle. The First Presidency was not reorganized until October 10, 1880, after which Francis M. Lyman and John Henry Smith were ordained. Orson Pratt died in 1881, and the Quorum of the Twelve did not have twelve members again until October 16, 1882, when George Teasdale and Heber J. Grant were ordained.
- ^ a b c "Brigham Young Biography: Facts of Faith", Y Facts, BYU, archived from the original on September 20, 2013, retrieved September 19, 2013
- ^ Smith 1994, p. 16
- ^ "Brigham Young (1801–1877) | FamilySearch". ancestors.familysearch.org. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
- ^ "Topics and Background: Topic – Brigham Young", Newsroom (MormonNewsroom.org), LDS Church
- ^ Gibbons, Francis M. (1981), Brigham Young: Modern Moses, Prophet of God, Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book, ISBN 978-0877478584
- ^ Steorts, Jason Lee (October 29, 2012), "The Mormon Moses", National Review
- ^ Nelson, Russell M. (July 1999), "The Exodus Repeated", Ensign,
Many instructive parallels exist between the exodus from Egypt of the Israelites under Moses and the exodus from the United States of the Latter-day Saint pioneers under Brigham Young. We can learn much from these stalwarts of ancient and modern Israel.
- ^ Roberts, David. "The Brink of War". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ Sheret, John G. (Fall 2006 – Winter 2007), "Brigham Young: Carpenter and Cabinet Maker", The Crooked Lake Review (141)
- ^ Roberts, B. H. (ed.), "XVIII", History of the Church, 7
- ^ Doctrine and Covenants 107:23–24
- ^ Roberts, B. H. (ed.), "XIX", History of the Church, 7
- ^ a b Quinn, D. Michael (1994). The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power. Signature Books. p. 166. ISBN 1-56085-056-6.; Harper 1996; Jorgensen, Lynne Watkins (2005), "The Mantle of the Prophet Joseph Smith Passes to Brother Brigham: One Hundred Twenty-one Testimonies of a Collective Spiritual Witness", in Welch, John W. (ed.), Opening the Heavens: Accounts of Divine Manifestations, 1820–1844, Provo, Utah: BYU Press, pp. 374–480; England, Eugene (Winter 1978), "George Laub's Nauvoo Journal", BYU Studies, 18: 16,
Now when President Young arose to address the congregation his voice was the voice of Bro[ther] Joseph and his face appeared as Joseph's face & should I have not seen his face but heard his voice I should have declared that it was Joseph. [spelling and punctuation normalized]; Burton, William, William Burton Diary, May 1845, LDS Church Archives,
But their [Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith's] places were filed by others much better than I once supposed they could have been, the spirit of Joseph appeared to rest upon Brigham"; Johnson, Benjamin F. (1928), My Life's Review, Independence, pp. 103–104,
But as soon as he spoke I jumped upon my feet, for in every possible degree it was Joseph's voice, and his person, in look, attitude, dress and appearance; [it] was Joseph himself, personified and I knew in a moment the spirit and mantle of Joseph was upon him"; Life Story of Mosiah Hancock, BYU Library, p. 23,
Although only a boy, I saw the mantle of the Prophet Joseph rest upon Brigham Young; and he arose lion-like to the occasion and led the people forth; Woodruff, Wilford (March 15, 1892), "none", Deseret News,
If I had not seen him with my own eyes, there is no one that could have convinced me that it was not Joseph Smith; Cannon, George Q. (October 29, 1870), Juvenile Instructor, 5 (22): 174–175,
When Brigham Young spoke it was with the voice of Joseph himself; and not only was it the voice of Joseph which was heard, but it seemed in the eyes of the people as though it was the every person of Joseph which stood before themCS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
- ^ However, historians have come to different conclusions on whether the occurrence of such events is supported by contemporary records. Van Wagoner observed of contemporary accounts that "none of these references an explicit transfiguration, a physical metamorphosis of Brigham Young into the form and voice of Joseph Smith," and "[w]hen 8 August 1844 is stripped of emotional overlay, there is not a shred of irrefutable contemporary evidence to support the occurrence of a mystical event either in the morning or afternoon gatherings of that day.": Van Wagoner, Richard S. (Winter 1995). "The Making of a Mormon Myth: The 1844 Transfiguration of Brigham Young". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 28 (4): 1–24.
- ^ Jorgenson, Lynne W. (1996–97). "The Mantle of the Prophet Joseph Passes to Brother Brigham: A Collective Spiritual Witness". BYU Studies. 36 (4): 125–204.
- ^ Arrington, Leonard J. (1986). Brigham Young: American Moses. University of Illinois Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-252-01296-8.
- ^ "Brigham Young". historytogo.utah.gov. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – When was the Mormon Tabernacle Choir formed?", Mormontabernaclechoir.org, Mormon Tabernacle Choir, archived from the original on March 29, 2013
- ^ "Utah's new capitol grows from humble beginning; first political sessions were held in council house; fight for statehood". Salt Lake Telegram. October 22, 1916. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
- ^ Ison, Yvette D. (January 1995), "The Beginnings of the University of Utah", History Blazer, Utah State Historical Society. Online reprint, with permission, at HistoryToGo.utah.gov by the Utah Division of State History, Utah Department of Heritage and Arts, State of Utah.
- ^ Randal S. Chase, Church History Study Guide, Part 3, 2012, p. 85.
- ^ Utah Legislative Assembly (1852). Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, of the ... Annual Session, for the Years ..., Volume 1. pp. 108–110.
- ^ Young, Brigham (1987), Collier, Fred C. (ed.), The Teachings of President Brigham Young: Vol. 3 1852–1854, Salt Lake City, Utah: Colliers Publishing Company, pp. 26–28, ISBN 0934964017, OCLC 18192348,
Inasmuch as we believe in the ordinances of God, in the Priesthood and order and decrees of God, we must believe in slavery
- ^ "Brigham Young: We Must Believe in Slavery (23 January 1852)". mit.irr.org.
- ^ Brigham Young, Utah State Archives
- ^ Sloan, Robert W. (1884). Utah Gazatteer and Directory of Logan, Ogden, Provo and Salt Lake Cities, for 1884. p. 278.
- ^ a b Bills, Sarah (April 16, 2003). "Warren Dusenberry (1875–1876)". The Universe (BYU). BYU NewsNet. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012.
- ^ Hanks, Marion Duff (1992), "Salt Lake Temple", in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 1252–1254, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140
- ^ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- ^ "Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo". ChurchofJesusChrist.org.
- ^ Richard and Pamela Price (2000), "Vol.1, Ch.4: Brigham Young: The Father of Mormon Polygamy", Joseph Smith Fought Polygamy: How Men Nearest the Prophet Attached Polygamy to His Name in Order to Justify Their Own Polygamous Crimes (self-published), Independence, Missouri: Price Publishing Company, ISBN 1891353063, LCCN 99041763, OCLC 42027453
- ^ http://jod.mrm.org/4/51. Vol.4 p.56
- ^ Widmer, Kurt (2000), Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830–1915, Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, p. 131.
- ^ Gary James Bergera, "The Orson Pratt–Brigham Young Controversies: Conflict Within the Quorums, 1853 to 1868" Archived June 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 13(2):7–49 (1980) at p. 41.
- ^ Boyd Kirkland, "Jehovah as the Father: The Development of the Mormon Jehovah Doctrine", Sunstone 44:36–44 (1984) at p. 39 (Adam "later begot Jesus, his firstborn spirit son, in the flesh").
- ^ Spencer W. Kimball, "Our Own Liahona," Ensign, November 1976, p. 77 ("We denounce that theory and hope that everyone will be cautioned against this and other kinds of false doctrine.").
- ^ a b Bush, Lester E., Jr.; Mauss, Armand L. (1984). "Chapter 3: Mormonism's Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview". Neither White nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in a Universal Church. Midvale, Utah: Signature Books. pp. 54–65, 70. ISBN 978-0-941214-22-3.
- ^ Bush, Lester E. (Spring 1973), Mormonism's Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview, Dialogue, pp. 54–97, retrieved December 17, 2013
- ^ Journal of Discourses, 2, p. 142
- ^ "Official Declaration 2", Doctrine and Covenants
- ^ Gospel Topics – Race and the Priesthood, LDS Church
- ^ "The Mormon Church Disavows Its Racist Past But Still Offers No Apology". Huffington Post. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
- ^ Journal of Discourses, 10, p. 110. See also: miscegenation.
- ^ Daniel Peterson quoting statements from Paul Reeve in Religion of a Different Color
- ^ "Brigham Young", Encarta, archived from the original on October 30, 2009, retrieved October 31, 2009.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Eakin, Emily (October 12, 2002). "Reopening a Mormon Murder Mystery; New Accusations That Brigham Young Himself Ordered an 1857 Massacre of Pioneers". The New York Times (Late Edition-Final ed.). p. Section B, Page 9, Column 2.
- ^ Brigham Young to Isaac C. Haight, September 10, 1857, Letterpress Copybook 3:827–28, Brigham Young Office Files, LDS Church Archives
- ^ Sally Denton (2003). American Massacre: The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows, September 1857 (New York: Vintage Books, ISBN 0-375-72636-5) p. 210.
- ^ "Death of Brigham Young", The New York Times, August 30, 1877.
- ^ "Brigham Young's Health", The New York Times, August 29, 1877.
- ^ Quinn, D. Michael (August 1977), "Brigham Young: Man of the Spirit", Ensign
- ^ "Brigham Young's Funeral", The New York Times, September 3, 1877.
- ^ "Grave of Brigham Young". State of Utah. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ^ a b Paul, Rodman W. (December 1974 – January 1975), "The Mormons of Yesterday and Today" (PDF), Engineering and Science, California Institute of Technology & Alumni Association, 38 (2): 12–27, retrieved September 19, 2013
- ^ "Art: Sculpture – Statues: Brigham Young", Explore Capitol Hill, Architect of the Capitol
- ^ a b c d e f g Johnson, Jeffrey Odgen (Fall 1987), "Determining and Defining 'Wife' — The Brigham Young Households", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 20 (3): 57–70
- ^ "People & Events – Polygamy and the Church: A History", The Mormons, PBS, April 30, 2007, retrieved September 19, 2013
- ^ DeHegermann-Lindencrone, Lillie. "The Sunny Side of Diplomatic Life, 1875–1912". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved July 18, 2006.
- ^ "Descendants of Brigham Young to Hold Annual Mass Meetings", The New York Times, June 22, 1902.
- ^ Homer, Michael (September 2010). "From Sherlock Holmes to Godzilla: The Mormon Image in Comics" (PDF). Sunstone: 73.
- ^ Lyon, T. Edgar (1989). John Lyon : the life of a pioneer poet. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. ISBN 0-88494-708-4.
- ^ ""Fair Home of My Choice" (1853–1889) | Religious Studies Center". rsc.byu.edu. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
- ^ Schindler, Harold (April 10, 1994), "The Case Of The Repentant Writer: Sherlock Homes' Creator Raises The Wrath Of Mormons", The Salt Lake Tribune, p. D1, Archive Article ID: 101185DCD718AD35 (NewsBank). Online reprint Archived September 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, with permission, at HistoryToGo.utah.gov by the Utah Division of State History, Utah Department of Heritage and Arts, State of Utah.
- ^ Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1952). The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. p. 222. ISBN 1406813176.
- ^ "An Organ for Brother Brigham on Death Valley Days". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
- ^ "Biscuits and Billy, the Kid". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
- Arrington, Leonard J., Brigham Young: American Moses; University of Illinois Press; ISBN 0-252-01296-8, (1985; Paperback, 1986).
- Nibley, Hugh W. (1994). Brother Brigham Challenges the Saints (The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, vol. 13). Salt Lake City, Utah: Shadow Mountain Pub. ISBN 0-87579-818-7., republished online at Brother Brigham Challenges the Saints by Hugh W. Nibley. FARMS. Retrieved April 28, 2009..
- Bergera, Gary James, Conflict in the Quorum: Orson Pratt, Brigham Young, Joseph Smith
- Cannon, Frank J.; Knapp, George L. (1913). Brigham Young and His Mormon Empire. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co.
- Tullidge, Edward W. (1877). Life of Brigham Young: Or, Utah and Her Founders. New York: Tullidge & Crandall.
- Turner, John G. Brigham Young: Pioneer Prophet. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2012.
- Waite, C.V. (Catherine Van Valkenburg) (1868). The Mormon prophet and his harem: or, An authentic history of Brigham Young, his numerous wives and children. Chicago: J.S. Goodman & Co.. See also: The Mormon Prophet and His Harem.
- Young, Brigham (April 9, 1852). "Self-Government — Mysteries — Recreation and Amusements, not in Themselves Sinful — Tithing — Adam, Our Father and Our God". In Watt, G.D. (ed.). Journal of Discourses by Brigham Young, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others. 1. Liverpool: F.D. & S.W. Richards (published 1854). pp. 46–53.
- Young, Brigham (March 2, 1856). "The Necessity of the Saints Living up to the Light Which Has Been Given Them". In Watt, G.D. (ed.). Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, and the Twelve Apostles, and Others. 3. Liverpool: Daniel H. Wells (published 1856). pp. 221–226.
External links[edit]
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Brigham Young
|Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Brigham Young
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brigham Young.
|Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mormons.
- Brigham Young biography at Joseph Smith Papers Project
- Brigham Young Letters, MSS SC 890 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
|Political offices
|Preceded by
| Governor of Utah Territory
|Succeeded by
Alfred Cumming
|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints titles
|Preceded by
Joseph Smith
| President of the Church
December 27, 1847 – August 29, 1877
|Succeeded by
John Taylor
|Preceded by
Thomas B. Marsh
| President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
March 17, 1839 – December 27, 1847
|Succeeded by
Orson Hyde
|Preceded by
David W. Patten
| Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
February 14, 1835 – December 27, 1847
|Succeeded by
Heber C. Kimball
- Brigham Young
- 1801 births
- 1877 deaths
- People from Whitingham, Vermont
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- American general authorities (LDS Church)
- American carpenters
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- Converts to Mormonism from Methodism
- Governors of Utah Territory
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- Mormon pioneers
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- Politicians from Salt Lake City
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text:
Professional Ethics Exam
Successful completion of this exam is required by the Tennessee State Board of Accountancy prior to issuance of a Tennessee CPA Certificate.
This self-study course and exam teaches you the AICPA, SEC and GAO independence rules. Through interactive case studies, exercises and illustrative graphics, you will learn the most up-to-date AICPA, SEC and GAO rules.
This course also explains the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct and conceptual framework, which all members of the AICPA must follow. It covers the basic tenets of ethical and professional conduct, covering the principles of ethics, and it explains why the code is necessary and how it is organized.
Questions? Contact TSCPA at 615/377-3825.

subset: commoncrawl


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A little over 1 full acre to build your dream home! Public water and sewer already exist! Remote peaceful area but close to downtown. This lot is ready to be built on now. Tax record exists under 0 Bush Chapel Road. Contact listing agent for details.ADDRESS: 100 Bush Chapel Rd, Aberdeen MD 21001
|Price Reduced from $110,000 to $99,900
|$10,100 (9.18%)
The listing content relating to real estate for sale on this web site is courtesy of MRIS. Listing information comes from various brokers who participate in the MRIS IDX.Properties listed with brokerage firms other than Compass are marked with the MRIS Logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers.The properties displayed may not be all the properties available. All information provided is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed and should be independently verified.All listing information copyright MRIS 2019.
Listing information last updated on December 12th, 2019 at 5:45am EST.


text:
We are a 'Good' School
Set in the breath-taking rural setting of Herefordshire, we are approximately three miles south of the historic market town of Bromyard, and within easy reach of Leominster. The school is located just off the A44 in the village of Bredenbury.
Bredenbury Primary School offers your child an unparalleled educational experience. We believe that every child is unique and our broad, exciting curriculum reflects this. We are proud of our reputation for ensuring that every child is treated as an individual, and are committed to building good relationships with everyone who steps through our doors. We welcome children from 4 – 11 years.
In 1870 it was compulsory for schools to be established in parishes where there was no adequate education. Funds were raised by the ratepayers and the schools were run by locally elected boards. A school board of five members under the chairmanship of Mr W H Barnaby was founded in 1874 and the present school was built for the united districts of Grendon Bishop, Bredenbury and Wacton. Mr W H Barnaby donated the present site for the school and also the stone of which it was built. The building cost £1,000! The school opened for the first time on January 4th 1875 and the logbook records 39 children present in the morning and 44 present in the afternoon. It also tells us that the roads were very dirty and the weather, unfavourable!
During 1939 and 1945 a Birmingham school was evacuated and some of its children were sent to Bredenbury. This increased the school's numbers by some twenty to thirty pupils.
Mr Baron, the Headmaster in 1954, wanted the house so the parish room became the extra classroom until a temporary hut was put up on neighbouring land. In 1959 the school was still using bucket closets but then witnessed the installation of flushing toilets and a kitchen. In the early 1960s there were eighty to ninety children on the books.
In 1961 the Queen Elizabeth Humanities College opened. When Bredenbury Primary School children reached the age of eleven they progressed to that high school. In the 1970s, when Mr Williams was Headteacher, a second temporary classroom was erected in the style known as "terrapin" and then in the 1980s the school was completely remodelled. The temporary huts were demolished and permanent buildings were incorporated into the old building creating the school we are more familiar with today.
In recent years expansion of the buildings has continued, adding some wonderful new space and valued facilities. These in turn contribute towards the outstanding quality of learning that Bredenbury Primary School provides for its pupils today.
For more information about the school today click on the link below.


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Home > All celebration cakes. > Shaped Cakes / Celebrations. > Gaming / Shaped X Box - Click on the pic for more info
S-XBox shaped cake with controller
Is this a favourite game or an institution - X Box
This is the top of the line with the controller.
Available in Classic chocolate or White chocolate
Serves 24 dessert or 60 coffee serves
The price includes writing on the board and up to ten candles
This cake will keep for 3-4 days from purchase and should not be stored in the fridge.
Order for delivery on Friday and the cake will keep fresh for 3 days from delivery.
Requires four days' notice
Deliveries are Monday to Friday, except public holidays, from 8:30am to 6.00pm.
All our cake are made without chemicals and contain no preservatives or colouring in the baking.
We only use free range eggs.
Always buy the best food you can afford. You never regret buying quality.


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*Updated prices to reflect current sale prices*
Harris Teeter will have a Super Double Coupon Event starting Wednesday,April 27th!
*Looking for the Sale Ad? Go here*
A new list will be posted on Tuesday with the sale ad items. Asterisk marks an item currently on sale. I've posted the regular price & will check on Tuesday to see if the sale continued. I anticipate more freebies if some of the current sales continue.
Do you prefer the deals sorted this way or with the free, under $1 & over $1 categories?
For those of you unfamiliar with the event, below are some details. You will also want to familiarize yourself with the new Coupon Policy.
This promotion will run 04/27-05/03
Harris Teeter will double coupons with a face value up to and including $1.98. A $1.50 coupon will be worth $3!
Limit 20 coupons per day
Limit 3 like coupons per transaction, 2 like printables
Some stores will NOT allow doubles on coupons that state "Do Not Double"
- Can only use 1 coupon for B1G1 items
FREE and super cheap items go fast so shop early if you can
Looking for more matchups?


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In partnership with Zappos, I styled my new Paige jeans and Freebird boots with colorful accessories and a tunic adorned with lace and tulle. Zappos has an awesome 365 day return policy and amazing customer service, so do keep them in mind for the rest of your holiday shopping.
My "Skyline Skinnies" by Paige Denim are the perfect alternative for leggings--they're just as comfortable but warmer. Fun fact: Paige Adams-Geller sits at the helm of PAIGE as the only female founder in the denim industry, continuing to challenge convention and infuse her colorful spirit and chic sensibility to every collection she designs.
I'm also wearing Freebird by Steven boots (I got the over-the-knee "Quebec" boots in black). Each pair starts with carefully selected materials and is finished with extreme attention to detail, going through 5 or 6 final steps to ensure each pair is one of a kind. Their original designs inspired by vintage Americana and created using time-honored craftsmanship are a unique way to finish any look.
I wanted to go for a feminine vintage-inspired look and dress these jeans and boots up a little more, so I paired them with a cream lace tunic, a cloche hat, floral necklace, and these adorable purple leather gloves I got from Florence a few years ago.
|Outfit Details:
Cream lace and tulle long-sleeve tunic
Black "Skyline Skinny" jeans in black (Paige Denim c/o Zappos)
Black "Quebec" Over-the-Knee boots (Freebird by Steven c/o Zappos)
Black cloche hat
Purple leather gloves
Pink oversized flower charm necklace
These jeans and boots are so versatile and can easily be dress up or down!
If you need a little help shopping for your loved ones, check out Zappos' Holiday Gift Guide. Don't forget: they have fast and free shipping and sell more than just shoes!
I was selected for this opportunity as a member of Clever Girls and the content and opinions expressed here are all my own.
bloglovin' . gfc . facebook . twitter . instagram


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TV Broadcasters
TV broadcasters face many challenges in today's dynamic, multiplatform, multimedia landscape. Content originators seek to produce high-quality audio and video, including live content, and distribute this content to the widest audience possible. Local call-letter stations seek to easily tailor content to their target audience, deliver local news quickly, and effectively leverage the content of the parent company. National broadcasters and international networks, often encompassing many established, distinct brands, must find ways to share and distribute content effectively and efficiently.
All find themselves in an increasingly interactive world. They must compete for viewer attention — and ad revenue — as audiences seek a true multiscreen experience, where different types of content are available on different types of platforms around the clock. This consumer demand for "anytime, anywhere, any platform" access means broadcasters and content originators must re-invent their business models and embrace new ways to manage and repurpose media.
Imagine Communications enables fully integrated, agile workflows that allow broadcasters to distribute high-quality, relevant content wherever and whenever today's consumer wishes to receive it. Our customizable solutions allow broadcasters to reinforce their brand identity, target content to the intended audience and harness the power of media asset management and archiving to optimize the value of content. Our customers can deliver their content effectively over multiple platforms — from digital terrestrial TV to cable, satellite, IPTV and OTT — and embrace new ad revenue opportunities in the linear/nonlinear TV viewing world.


text: Novelty Spaceman/Astronaut table lamp - would look great on your desk or in a little ones bedroom! Looks just as great turned off as it does on - a quirky sculptural piece. Made from Polyresin, Includes an energy efficient LED bulb. Cable contains on/off switch. Dimensions: 29 x 12 x 12 By House of Disaster


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The Aloha Ninety-Nines are women pilots of all types: professional pilots for airlines,industry and government, pilots who teach and who fly for pleasure. We are mechanics and technicians, pilots who fly for fun and some hold other jobs while we fly toward a career in aviation. Some members no longer pilot the plane but support other women in their love of aviation.
We represent women of all ages and leanings and invite all women pilots who are visiting or living in Hawai'i to join us.


text:
After dining with President Trump at the White House, Chuck Schumer and Nancy Pelosi released a joint statement saying the president had agreed to a legislative replacement for DACA along with border security funding and, crucially, without funding for the wall.
Our thought bubble: If it's accurate, and Trump plans to enshrine DACA into law without funding the wall, he is risking a revolt from elements in his base. Many of his most hardcore supporters voted for him based on his hardline immigration policies. This plan is Jeb Bush/Marco Rubio territory — it's not the Donald Trump they voted for.


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Thanks to everyone who contributed to the Engineering Staff Advisory Council's Holiday Food Drive! Faculty, staff, and students in the College of Engineering donated more than 500 pounds of food and other necessities to support the Crisis Center of Johnson County. The Crisis Center serves about 11,000 individuals in Johnson County and distributes more than 1 million pounds of food each year.
Although there was no formal competition, ESAC President Jon Durst says the Engineering Computer Support (ECS) contributed the most items. "It's impressive," Durst says. "I think the ECS staff take a lot of pride in their contribution each year."
Sara Steussy, chair of the ESAC Community Service Committee, says it's easy to see how important the food pantries are — just stop and talk to a few people who use the service. "They wouldn't have enough food to eat without the help of the pantries," she says.
Read more: Engineering Staff Advisory CouncilTags: ESAC, food drive, Johnson County Crisis Center


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"Full individuation of Self, the apex of individuality, is unity consciousness, as it is the height of unique Self-expression. Unity is not losing yourself into a mass blob of consciousness, it is individuating your Self from it." ~Nathan & Aline
Individuation Is Unity
Posted by Nathan & Aline on
About Nathan & Aline
Nathan and Aline are spiritual teachers and founders of the Unity Process, Unity Tantra, and the Divine Pollination Hive, a Gnostic community that utilizes EFT tapping to integrate the shadow side within. Their passion is to assist the earth, and all of its inhabitants, in the transition from the low vibration of fear based love, and into the higher vibration of truth based love — the Divine Marriage of unity consciousness. They feel that this transition will lead to a real and lasting peace within each and every creature across the globe, where even "the wolf shall lie down with the lamb". View all posts by Nathan & Aline »


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Sandon : A Peaceful Community?
Driving down the A34 it is easy to pass through the village of Sandon with hardly noticing it. Similarly the village itself is so used to the constant rumble of rubber on tarmac that it almost forgets the great highway that dissects the community.
Until the Middle Ages Sandon was actually two villages – Great and Little Sandon. The former lay clustered around the ancient parish church that now occupies an isolated position on the hilltop overlooking the valley below. What caused the decline of this community is unknown. Often settlements in close proximity to great Houses, such as Sandon Hall, were removed at the whim of the owner of the estate under the pretence of spoiling his view. The disappearance of Great Sandon, however, occurred much earlier than the removal of villages for purely aesthetic purposes became fashionable. Possibly its demise may have been the result of the Black Death, or the subsequent conversion of arable land to pasture.
While Great Sandon disappeared its little sibling in the valley below continued. Yet daily life in this agrarian community was far from harmonious – at least for one married couple. On April 28th 1772 Mary Griffin brought before the local Justices of the Peace at Stafford Quarter Sessions Court 'Articles of the Peace' against her husband Thomas, a yeoman, 'for fear of her life or some bodily hurt.'
Mary complained that her husband was 'much addicted to swearing' and had many times threatened to murder her. He had beat her, she claimed, at different intervals to such an extent that she had on various occasions fled the house at night for fear of her life.
On April 14th,without provocation, Thomas began swearing and cursing Mary in a 'very wicked and abusive manner.' When Mary challenged him about his behaviour, he swore that she would have no better treatment as long as she lived. Thomas told her that if she did not immediately leave their house he would get his gun that he kept in the bed chamber and shoot her dead. Mary was left with no alternative but to leave, believing that her husband meant to carry out the threat.
Sometimes she would be subjected to other inhumane behaviour. As she was lying in bed one night during the previous December he had thrown the contents of the chamber pot over her. Mary also said that within the space of six months Thomas had thrown sticks at her, an iron hanging clock, and several other things with great force and violence. Mary did not demand the peace against her husband through any malice, only for her own safety.
It was not only married couples that suffered indifferences. At Staffordshire Quarter Sessions in July 1798 Henrietta Harrison, a widow of Hanbury, complained about local labourer Thomas Morton. Henrietta claimed that the previous month, as well as on several other occasions, Morton had threatened to beat and kill her. This culminated in an incident where Morton was heard to proclaim "Damn your souls madam, I shall draw you into the street and murder you!"
Perhaps one of the strangest requests for Articles of the Peace exhibited against a husband was that brought before the Quarter Sessions by Ann Bowness in July 1791. She lived with her husband Thomas in Wiggington near Tamworth. About a month beforehand Thomas had threatened her by saying "Damn your eyes, limbs and bones, in a little while I will munch you!" For this and other threats Thomas was ordered to find sureties for his future good behaviour.
So the next time you travel through a seemingly tranquil village like Sandon, bear in mind that behind the doors of the picturesque dwellings, life for some was not always a bed of roses.


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Oh, so we've a new member around here (finally…I sent the invite AGES ago), MJ. Now children, don't panic, it's not someone plastic and harmful for you like Michael Jackson, but I guess she's equally wacko (sort of…) by her own confession. Yes, she. Another girl member. New perspectives? Hope so, because Supersonic Aviatrix seems to have taken a holiday from this blog at least.
MJ is among THE most talented in quizzing I've ever known, except for the fact that she never GOES for quiz contests, let alone participate in any. Got a real good grasp of totally useless knowledge (must confess that very few people I know have reached that level), which is pretty much what's thrown at in quiz contests. But doesn't bring these skills to use. The reason? She is also among the LAZIEST people I've ever known, and certainly would give Garfield a run for his money in that department if she ever decides to become a cartoon character.
Got a good (non)sense of humor too, so appreciates mine too; and is a big fan of Schumi (heartbroken due to his decision to retire though; yes it's really sad that he wants to hang up his boots so soon…). Pretty varied tastes in music – how many of you have heard of Harry Belafonte? Well, that should tell you about the diverse music taste I guess.
Started her own blog recently, Cloudy Musings, do visit it and muddle up your thoughts (not much to muddle up now though…). Dunno how long this blog will exist, since going by her lazy attitude I fully expect it to be abandoned. Ok, kidding maybe she won't, but well, let's see…
Oh, and in case I forget, someone with an above-average techxpertise – generally don't come across girls having that. I HEREBY INDEMNIFY MYSELF HERE BY STATING IT'S NOT TO HURT ANYONE'S SENTIMENTS, SO PLEASE DON'T FLAME ME.
I guess that's about it.


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text:
Christmas Bells
I heard the bells on Christmas Day
Their old, familiar carols play,
And wild and sweet
The words repeat
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!
And thought how, as the day had come,
The belfries of all Christendom
Had rolled along
The unbroken song
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!
Till ringing, singing on its way,
The world revolved from night to day,
A voice, a chime,
A chant sublime
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!
Then from each black, accursed mouth
The cannon thundered in the South,
And with the sound
The carols drowned
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!
It was as if an earthquake rent
The hearth-stones of a continent,
And made forlorn
The households born
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!
And in despair I bowed my head;
"There is no peace on earth," I said;
"For hate is strong,
And mocks the song
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!"
Then pealed the bells more loud and deep:
"God is not dead, nor doth He sleep;
The Wrong shall fail,
The Right prevail,
With peace on earth, good-will to men."
--Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Hap Notes: The story to this well-known poem is equally famous. Longfellow wrote these verses during the Civil War after his son had been severely wounded in battle. His son, Charles, had joined the army without Longfellow's permission and this news fell hard on the heels of the loss of his wife just months previous.
The poem has been set to music and used as a hymn. There are two fairly popular versions. Here's the popular Johnny Marks version: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpeGK1U-Cqo&feature=related and and the Calkin version I grew up with: www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcP8xvgwucs&feature=related.
I rarely think of this poem without remembering this very famous cartoon from 1939: www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8OYvHPpGDY
Here is where we have talked about Longfellow before: happopoemouse.blogspot.com/2011/04/number-136-henry-wadsworth-longfellow.html
and here: happopoemouse.blogspot.com/2011/02/number-71-henry-wadsworth-longfellow.html
The masthead is a charming vintage birthday postcard with Longfellow's picture and a verse from his poem "Maidenhood." Notice the use of the word "ruth" which gets little use now except when it is paired with paired with the ending"less." Ruth means a feeling of despairing pity. Did you realize that ruthless meant "unpitying" or "lacking compassion"?
I get so tired of poetry blogs that just throw poems at me without any comments. Why did they choose the poem, what do they like about it? You know, actual sharing. So I started this blog. You are welcome here always. Caution: Instructional materials are volatile. WARNING: DO NOT READ POETRY WHILE OPERATING HEAVY MACHINERY! Material may be explosive. P.S. please check out my kickstarter project if you've got a free moment http://kck.st/1o6eess. Thanks!
Sunday, December 18, 2011
Number 315: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow "Christmas Bells"
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text:
V7 Capital is a start-up studio focused on Romanian ventures.
We are not an incubator, nor a pure venture capital firm. We are simply a company that creates and grows companies.
How we work
V7 either founds new companies based on own ideas or collaborates with founders of early-stage companies whose overall vision and strategy we feel aligned with.
We focus on just a few projects at a time; we are hands-on co-founders that care about the details, but always with a desire to challenge and shape the industry and business models.
We don't invest if we don't believe we'll add value, and we only invest in companies that we can be proud of.
Each of our companies share important characteristics: the goal to build differentiated products, an emphasis on long-term growth prospects and willingness for continuous improvement.
Meet the inspiring companies in the V7 portfolio:
V7 Startup Studio
A boutique coworking space, a place to focus, collaborate and thrive!
The team
Working together for over a decade.
Serial entrepreneurs ourselves, with a background in management and strategy consulting, we know what it's like to be a Founder, grow and exit a business.


text:
Mulled Apple Jelly – Autumn In A Jar
Windfall Apples – Treaure For The Thrifty Cook
I spent a thrifty half hour this week foraging for free apples and damsons in a park not far from the city centre. I have missed the rush this year, sadly. An early spring and warm summer have brought the harvest forward by a few weeks this autumn so the trees were almost bare. The damp grass beneath the trees was still full of windfall apples though: tiny, ugly crab apples lay around my feet in varying states of nibbledness and decay. Now, much as I love a source of frugal fruit, I usually draw the line at eating food from the ground. Apples are an exception. A fruit that is beginning to rot is easily spotted by the softness of its flesh: one that has a few insect or animal bites but is still firm is fit for preserving with – as long as you cut off the parts that have been "pre-loved".
I am not, of course, suggesting that you pop them in anyone's lunch bag but, chopped up, with the offending parts removed, these are the perfect fruit for making jelly. Not convinced? To make jelly you first chop up and boil your fruit before straining off the liquid – so any blemishes or bite marks are removed by the chopping and disinfected by the boiling. I will make a mixed damson and apple jelly (using Pam Corbin's recipe) with some of my 4kg of free fruit. The rest is going to be transformed into one of my personal favourites – Mulled Apple Jelly.
In Praise Of Mulled Apple Jelly
My mulled apple jelly is currently bubbling on the hob and my whole home smells like apple pie. Potted up in jars it will be sweetly spicy enough to serve with buttered toast on a day when the wind blows too hard and cold to go outside.
Or in a warm croissant with thick cream for a treat when the Glasgow rain wears us down next February. On the other hand it is mellow enough to partner cheese and oatcakes or roast pork.
I will be hiding ours until Boxing Day this year, when it will perfect our Christmas Ham sandwiches. After that, the Tartan Family can eat the rest of the jars, as the fancy takes them, with my blessing.
Mulled Apple Jelly How-To
What You Need…
- apples, lots of them, crab for preference, cookers are an acceptable substitute – you need at least a kilo to make it worth your time
- granulated sugar – how much will depend on how much liquid your apples give up
- cinnamon – either ground or a few sticks; whole cloves
- a sugar thermometer or a plate in the fridge to test for setting point
- a jam funnel – not essential but makes life much easier
- jars, and lids or waxed disks and cellophane circles
- a pot with a thick base and high sides or a maslin pan
…And What You Do
- Start by cleaning your apples and cutting off any damaged parts. Now chop up your fruit into rough chunks and weigh them. (Together, not each individual chunk…)
- Put your fruit in a large pan and for every 100g of fruit, add two tablespoons (60ml) of water. Add 10ml of ground cinnamon for every 600ml of water and 2 whole cloves. Put it over a low heat, stick on a lid and leave it alone. It will gradually come to a gentle boil and the fruit will soften to a pulp. When all the fruit has softened, switch off the heat.
- Leave the pulpy fruit to cool completely and then spoon into a jelly bag. Hang the bag up over a large bowl or pot and leave for a good 10 hours or so until it has dripped its last. On no account squeeze the bag or otherwise try to speed the dripping up – this will make your jelly cloudy.
- Wash your jars in warm soapy water and put them upside down in a warm oven to dry. Get your lids or cellophane covers ready. If you are using a funnel wash this too and pop it in the oven. REMEMBER TO HANDLE IT WITH OVEN GLOVES LATER! (Voice of painful experience…)
- Measure your liquid and for every 100ml measure out 75g of granulated sugar. Put the juice into a high-sided and heavy-based pan and put over a medium heat. Bring gently almost to boiling point. Add the sugar and keep gently stirring as it comes to the boil until all the sugar has dissolved. Boil rapidly until setting point is reached. When it is approaching setting point get your jars and funnel out of the oven. Take the jelly off the heat the minute it reaches set point.
- Skim any scum off the top of the jelly with a slotted spoon and quickly pour into your waiting jars. If you like, you can pop a piece of cinnamon stick and a clove into each jar so that they are suspended prettily in the amber jelly. Get your lids or cellophane disks on as quickly as possible.
- If you have a little dribble left, pour it into a shallow dish. Now fill your pot with hot, soapy water and put any implements used into it. Wash the lot now – you do not want to be cleaning that jelly once it has finished setting.
- Now, and this step is the most important, make yourself a round of buttered toast and spread it with some of the little dish of leftover jelly. Eat with the butter dripping between your fingers and the jelly still a little warm. See? That's why this is one of my favourite preserves.


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Lawdy where did the time go... I started off remembering her birth by her phone call at 12:15am the morning of her birthday telling me she was now legal. I was sitting in my dark(no electricity due to IKE) house and thinking, un un un I can no longer tell her where she can't go. Around 6:30 that morning I send out text messages to my family and friends telling them that "21years ago around this time I was being blessed with a beautiful baby girl". As the replies started coming back to me it was my neice Lynns reply that she was with me throughout the birth that brought the tears down. Lynn, my sister Linda and a friend Chirine had rushed me to the hospital when I called to say my water had broke and they spent the entire time with me (12 hours) until I delivered. Lauren's dad came in from Austin a few hours after I got to the hospital and my good friend Audrey showed up and stayed with me also. The hospital wouldn't give her any information so she came and spent the night with us also. My twin (Lauren's other mom) showed up from Dallas about 3 hours after Lauren was born and the visits and phone calls continued. I can't remember if my mom came the first day or the second but I know I was waiting to tell her I DID IT! I had arrived at Herman Hospital in Houston, TX around 7 pm with just some leakage. Well they decided to break the bag more and then the pains began. I was having the epidural shot so I thought where is the anesthesia dr. My failed epidural will always be in my mind. For some reason I deadened on one side of my body and the other side allowed me to feel those contractions. He kept coming and giving me those shots until I reached the limit trying to get me out of my discomfort. Soon they gave me something to sleep I thought it was morphine I can't remember what it was but I slept and slept. Lynn later told me they had shaved me and other things, I do not remember any of that. What I remember is my nurse waking me at 6:30a.m. and said "come on Laura my shift is almost over let's have this baby" and I did. Nurse Linda had just came on duty when I arrived and she tended to me and some others her entire shift. Steve and Audrey had went downstairs and when they returned Lauren Stephanie Gary was here.
I made Lauren a quilt to commemorate her 21st bd and she celebrated by going to a casino Boomtown in Shreveport LA. Lauren had been asking me to make her a pink quilt for years and this actually was the 3rd one I had started but I was determined to finish it by the birthday weekend. When she arrived in Shreveport my sister Linda and I was still quilting the quilt on the sewing machine. I sewed the label on Saturday the day after the BD and after she spent her first night under it. HAPPY BIRTHDAY MAMAGIRL


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Zombie Slayer. Zombie apocalypse has come and your task is to destroy zombies, which are trying to eat you. Cut them with a chain saw in order to make your way and get to a safe shelter. The game is dedicated to all fans of zombie shooters!
Run JoJo Run. He can walk on the ground, fly as a bird and swim as a fish in the sea. That's why there is no doubt that JoJo is the best candidate to become a prince. He is ready to do anything to complete all the tasks and marry beautiful king's daughter. Help him to bring his dream to life!
Poodle Bounce. Help the dog to catch all the bones. This cute little pet likes to play! The game reminds Doodle Jump.
Jelly Jumpers for Android. Help your cute jelly character jump higher and higher, from one rotating platform to another.
Funny and absorbing game named Grow Away for Android OS will give you lots of unforgettable minutes or even hours of joy and good humor. Enjoy classic in its genre and simple game with easy control from its first levels. You will take side of healthy eating and shoot down your enemy, harmful food with a veggie catapult. Take your valorous team of brave vegetables and show the bad food who is a master here. You can choose 9 kinds of different fruits which can be loaded to catapult to blunt attack of the enemy. The game smoothly and slowly instructs you by its brief hints and slow disclosure of its content. You will never get confused in Grow Away and will never ask a question of what you have to do in this or that situation. Four different surroundings in 40 levels will not let you get bored with monotony. The battle will take place both in green valleys and in plague jungles. It is a merry game for the whole family and the lovers of cartoon graphics will like it without doubt.


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Regardless of how securely users access the deep web, it is important to remember that Bitcoin itself can still be traced via analysis of the Bitcoin blockchain. This is why prior to sending existing cryptocurrency holdings to new Electrum (or other wallets) users should 'mix' coins which they intend to use (or have acquired) on the Dark Web.
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There are a number of trusted top bitcoin mixers for those uncomfortable with the deep web However -it is best practice to always use deep web services to ensure maximum anonymity.
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GUATEMALA CITY, Aug. 29 (UPI) -- Eighty dead sea turtles have wash up on the coast of Guatemala since the first week of July, a wildlife rescue group in the Latin America country has reported.
Among the stranded turtles found on the country's southeast beaches were leatherbacks, a critically endangered species, the group said.
"The entire coast has historically been a significant nesting area for olive ridley and leatherback sea turtles," Colum Muccio of the Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Association told Mongabay.com.
Concerned Guatemalan citizens founded the non-profit group in 1989.
"We manage two of the 24 hatcheries on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala, and carry out research and advocacy for sea turtle conservation," Muccio said.
The appearance of dead turtles on area beaches coincides with the presence of shrimp trawlers in waters off these beaches, the conservation group said in a statement.
"I don't think it's a coincidence that when shrimp trawlers appear in the ocean that we begin having stranded turtles," Muccio said.
"We are currently working on instituting a ban on bottom trawling," he said. "This has recently been done in Belize, Costa Rica and Ecuador, and El Salvador doesn't allow them closer than 3 miles from shore."


text: Share: Comments Print June 11, 2013 at 8:15 AM Album review: Jimmy Eat World, "Damage" (RCA) Posted by Charlie Zaillian Jimmy Eat World, from left: bassist Rick Burch, drummer Zach Lind, singer-guitarist Jim Adkins, guitarist Tom Linton. Photo by Michael Elins. Jimmy Eat World's eighth full-length "Damage," out Tuesday, proves even-keeled bands can, and should, stay together. Initially associated with the late-'90s emo-core scene (anyone remember The Get Up Kids?), time and context have reserved a relevant place for the Mesa, Arizona foursome's earnest guitar-pop. While "Damage" might not have the immediacy or scope of 1996's bracing "Static Prevails" and 2001's platinum smash "Bleed American," its ten songs feature crisp, stripped-down production and some of the group's better melodies in years. First single "I Will Steal You Back" (listen), in particular, effectively distills of all the band's strengths — chiming arpeggios, crunchy power chords, rock-solid rhythms and, up front, Jim Adkins' nice-guy vocals. Those who pine for a full-fledged return to Jimmy Eat World's punk-pop roots will have to keep waiting, however. Adkins' lovelorn, irony-free lyrics can be a bit one-note, and the record's track sequencing is noticeably top-heavy, its B-side fading fast into power-ballad oblivion. With the group's commercial zenith in its rear-view, "Damage" isn't likely to make a huge bump in its audience, but ought to reconnect with fans who've lost touch. Stream the whole album here. Comments | More in Rock/Pop | Topics: Arizona, emo, rock


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[link href='http://fashion.elle.com/.a/6a00d834527a7669e2012877b50b5d970c-popup' style='float:left;' link_updater_label='external' target='_blank']Just in: 3.1 Phillip Lim Fall 2010 collection, complete with full-length runway looks, detail shots, and backstage beauty.
Don't miss ELLE.com's up-to-the-minute Fashion Week Central page for more news on the 3.1 Phillip Lim fall 2010 collection and our complete coverage of fall 2010 New York Fashion Week.
Plus: Check out our runway videos for a 360-degree view of the fall 2010 collections.
Photo courtesy of Imaxtree


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Product Description
Having a cup of tea is an indulgence, a chance to slow down, breathe deep, and revel in a simple quiet moment. Avocado oil in this luxuriously colored bar indulges your skin while you drink in the subtle aroma of a freshly harvested green tea with a scant hint of lemon on a soft floral background.
Ingredients: olive oil, water, coconut oil, avocado oil, sodium hydroxide, fragrance, mica, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, tin oxide, rosemary leaf extract


text: 5 Megapixel Digital Camera Wins for the Most Pixels for the Price Hollywood, FL, December 29, 2004 - Concord Camera Corp. ("Concord") (Nasdaq:LENSE), a leader in award-winning, high-quality, affordably-priced cameras, announced today that the Concord Eye-Q 5062 has won the coveted American Photo "Editor's Choice" Award. In awarding the Concord Eye-Q 5062 with their prestigious Editor's Choice, American Photo stated, "In terms of pixels per penny, it's hard to beat this five-megapixel single-focal-length entry - and you also get 16MB of internal memory to back up your SD card, continuous shooting and macro modes, and 30fps video at QVGA, with sound." The Concord Eye-Q 5062 offers a unique combination of a high resolution 5 Megapixel CCD sensor with a 6x digital zoom, at a value price of only $179.99. The camera provides users with the flexibility of selecting among six image resolution choices (VGA, 1.2, 2, 3.1, 4, and 5 MP), depending on how the image will be used, such as for printing or emailing. The 5062 also features a large 1.8 inch LCD, auto flash and five user selectable flash modes, along with seven preset scene modes for perfect exposure for beach/snow, party/indoor, sunset, night landscape, night portrait, fireworks and sports. These combined features provide the user with the simplicity of selecting a scene mode appropriate for the situation and just shooting, while obtaining the perfect exposure/shutter speed and flash for each scene. "We are extremely pleased to be honored by such a prestigious magazine as American Photo," said Jeff Mandell, VP of Worldwide Marketing for Concord Camera Corp. "The Concord Eye-Q 5062 offers unsurpassed value, combining the power of an advanced 5 Megapixel digital camera with the ease of use and affordable price consumers expect from Concord."About American PhotoAmerican Photo provides its readers with cutting-edge technology, technique and fascinating behind the scenes stories straight from the equipment cases, portfolios and experiences of the world's most noted photographers. Read by the top photographers in the world, the magazine turns to them for their ideas and opinions. Noted photographers take cameras and other gear and use them to make real images, then report back with their reviews. American Photo reflects a way of life - a way of seeing and experiencing the world of photography and how it relates to the world at large. Readers are opinion leaders who respond to visual sophistication and excellence. About Concord Camera Corp. Concord Camera Corp., through its subsidiaries, is a global producer of popularly priced, digital, 35mm traditional and single use cameras. Concord markets its cameras under the trademarks POLAROID, CONCORD, CONCORD EYE Q and JENOPTIK. Concord sells and markets its camera products worldwide through direct sales offices in the United States, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, the Peoples Republic of China, the United Kingdom, Japan and France and through independent sales agents. The Polaroid trademark is owned by Polaroid Corporation and is used by Concord under license from Polaroid. CONCORD and CONCORD EYE Q are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Concord Camera Corp. in the United States and/or other countries. The JENOPTIK trademark is owned by Jenoptik AG and is used by Concord under license from Jenoptik AG. Learn more about Concord Camera Corp. at www.concord-camera.com. Except for the historical matters contained herein, statements in this press release are forward-looking and are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements, including the statements regarding expected cost savings, our ability to meet customer demands and fulfill customer service obligations and anticipated or expected results and the future implementation of our strategic plan, in particular, the restructuring plan, cost-reductions initiatives and anticipated financial benefits of significantly reducing our reliance on internally designed and manufactured digital cameras and increasing the design and co-development of digital cameras with contract manufacturers, involve risks and uncertainties which may affect the Company's business and prospects, including the risks discussed under "Risk Factors" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 3, 2004 and subsequently filed reports. Any forward-looking statements contained in this press release represent our estimates only as of the date hereof, or as of such earlier dates as are indicated, and should not be relied upon as representing our estimates as of any subsequent date. While we may elect to update forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we specifically disclaim any obligation to do so, even if our estimates change. # # #


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Friday, 6 May 2011
Autumn brings colour (and colds!)
Thought I would start on a bright note of the Autumn shades that I will miss from our garden when we move. The ornamental crabapples, japanese maple, liquid amber and glory vine are finally showing their autumn splendour..........we hope the new family who take over our home enjoy it all too.
Now to the 'not so bright note' but with a touch of humour.......
(and "bright" as in "dumb"!!)
I finally succumbed and have had a week of the dreaded 'lurgie'.....which is the Australian slang for being 'infectious' complete with the razor blade throat, cough and splutter, blocked ears......you get the picture?!! Having been in my sick bed I decided yesterday it was high time I got going, so I put on the bath and then 30 minutes later went to enjoy it. Goodness knows where my head went over that half hour because I was greeted with a river coming at me down the passage - I had forgotten to turn the taps off!!! There are now 22 towels drying on the line (thanks Stan for helping!), and a god awful noise of a massive blower drying out the carpet...well at least the new owners will have wonderful clean carpet and it sure made me get well jolly fast!!
I had the great honour of opening Burra Quilters exhibition last week. The quilts are hung exquisitely in the local art gallery which is so aesthetically pleasing. To see quilts hung in this setting and to have them recognised as "ART" is truly satisfying. It was a wonderful evening of wine, chatter and admiration. Thanks for inviting me girls (and men!)
Visit the website for a few more images; http://www.burragallery.com/2440
Posted by Michele Hill at Friday, May 06, 2011
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Superheroes like Spider-Man, Captain America and Superman have become pop culture icons, but what of the culture that inspired them? In "Disguised As Clark Kent: Jews, Comics, and the Creation of the Superhero," published by Continuum, industry veteran Danny Fingeroth explores the early days of American comics and the circumstances that found Jewish writers and artists poised to create the enduring, iconic heroes that we still read about today. CBR News spoke with Fingeroth about the book.
Fingeroth, who is editor-in-chief of "Write Now!" magazine and a former Spider-Man Group Editor for Marvel, said his new study looks at the cultural origins of the superhero. "'Disguised As Clark Kent' (or DACK, as I like to call it) is a book that explores the fact that so many of the creators of the most well known superheroes were Americans from Eastern European Jewish backgrounds, usually the children of immigrants, or even immigrants themselves," Danny Fingeroth told CBR News. "Immigrants have the ability-and the necessity-to see what it is about the society in which they find themselves that makes them function, and then having to discover a place for themselves in that society. In America, immigrants found themselves in a society whose ideal was that a person would be judged as an individual, not as members of a group. In practice, of course, this wasn't always the case. But in a society with tolerance as its ideal, someone coming from an outsider perspective would be able to live in and among that society and be able to learn from that society's values and dreams.
"From there, it would make sense that individuals with the ability and desire to entertain would be able to reflect back to the society insightful versions of stories of its own history and legends. Why did Jews predominate in the early years of comics (and movies)? Perhaps because of a history of storytelling, going back to the Old Testament, perhaps because entertaining people meant they would possibly accept you and not persecute you as they had in the old country. Certainly, it had to do with the fact of most of 'legitimate' advertising and publishing being closed to Jews in the early part of the 20th century. Nobody cared about comics-they were considered a step away from pornography-so it was a place where young people could tell amazing stories about their view of aspects of the dominant culture all around them. A lot of these people were Jewish, for the reasons stated, and also because there were so many immigrant Jews in New York, looking for a way for themselves and their families to survive. They were a large part of the available talent pool, shut out of other industries, and desperate to survive in this new country."
"Disguised as Clark Kent" is Fingeroth's second book-length non-fiction project on the comics industry, a topic for which he is well placed to document. "As with my previous book, 'Superman on the Couch: What Superheroes Really Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society,' I bring to the table the unique perspective of being someone who has spent decades actually making comics stories, as opposed to someone who brings a fan's or academic's perspective-which are important and valid perspectives, but don't bring the 'insider's' view to things that I do," explained Fingeroth. This insider's advantage goes beyond a familiarity with the publishing process and access to creators. "Well, of course, I had a lot of phone numbers and e-mail addresses for people I wanted to speak to. But the main thing my insider perspective brought was having an understanding of what a comics creator might have been thinking when he or she wrote or drew something. Sometimes fans and critics ascribe motives for comics content that is unconnected to reality. Deadlines and page rates, editorial and marketing demands, interpersonal relationships with others connected to the creation of a given story, all play a part in choices creators make. As a combination of creative and business concerns, comics are affected by all sorts of things you wouldn't think they would be. But the funny thing is, sometimes those kind of business-related pressures, in retrospect, mean that a writer, artist, or editor may let something personal slip into a story that they might not have if they had more time to revise it."
Beyond what he already knew or could discover from personal experience, Fingeroth researched his book with other works written on the comics industry, including Gerard Jones's "Men of Tomorrow," Arie Kaplan's series of articles on Jews and comics, and "'Up, Up, and Oy Vey" by Simcha Weinstein. Fingeroth also praised periodicals such as The Comics Journal and Roy Thomas's "Alter Ego," which, like "Write Now!," is published by TwoMorrows.
Fingeroth noted that among the creators he spoke with, the degree to which the Jewish heritage influence their work varied, though most of these creators believed they had concealed their influences-and not without reason. "While there was never in the U.S. the virulent anti-Semitism of Hitlerian and Tsarist Europe, there were plenty of homegrown bigots and demagogues, the most influential of whom included Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and Father Coughlin," Fingeroth said. "So American Jews, in general, were wary of calling attention to their identities, especially those in media who tended to be either from less traditional homes, or seeking escape from tradition. These early comics creators wanted themselves and their creations to be seen as 'all-American.' I didn't come across anybody from that era who was both extremely religious and a comics creator. The very nature-at least back then-of wanting to create pop-culture fantasy seemed to involve leaving those religious roots behind. I think most of these creators had fleeting relationships with Jewish education and religion-most had bar mitzvahs, but little religious training before or after. Most culturally and ethnically identified as being Jewish, and some felt a kinship with progressive social movements, such as the labor movement, in which a lot of Jews were involved, but had much less involvement in the religion itself. Maybe it goes back to the old prohibition against making 'graven images' that kept more observant Jews from entering comics and other entertainment fields. Or maybe it was that religious families tended to be less tolerant of their children entering 'offbeat' fields. (These days, there are a few Orthodox comics creators.)"
But as with any cultural background that becomes ingrained into a person's sense of self, the concerns and experiences of Jewish creators inevitably seeped into their work. "What I try to do in the book is to point out how, despite the intention to remain non-denominational, Jewish creators (and those of other ethnicities) couldn't help but inject some of their background and their preoccupations into the work. Any Jewish metaphoric content I or others find in the stories and characters was by no means intentionally placed there.
"My favorite involves Marvel's Mighty Thor, who I'd never seen in a Jewish light before. And why would I, or anyone? He's a Norse deity! But in his early stories, covering the first several years of the character's existence, a recurring subplot--that eventually became a main plot--was Thor's love for his alter ego Dr. Blake's nurse, Jane Foster. Odin, ruler of the Norse Gods, and Thor's father, forbade him to marry her because she was a mortal and he was an immortal god."
Fingeroth noted there are often prohibitions in Jewish and other ethnic communities against marrying outside the group, and that the modern tension of breaking away from this system can be seen in the story of Marvel's thunder god. "Stan Lee and Jack Kirby could arguably be interpreted as having been using Thor and Jane to work out their own feelings about the taboos around intermarriage they had grown up with," Fingeroth said. "I'm not saying they did this consciously--just the opposite. But in retrospect, I found it fascinating and worthwhile to discuss that kind of topic in 'Disguised as Clark Kent.'"
The author is more skeptical of links between super powers and Jewish mysticism. "This is one of those things where other people see this more than I do," Fingeroth said. "While there have always been magic-based superheroes, magic has generally been treated in comics as another form of science. There's that old saying, 'magic is just science we don't understand yet.' While I can see some connection between the Golem myths and superheroes, I don't really buy it in my gut. Maybe that's just because I didn't have as many Golem stories read to me as a child as some other people did. Also, I think the 'mystic' elements of Judaism were generally of little interest to most people who were not deeply immersed in Jewish scholarship, which I don't think most of the early comics creators were. I always saw superheroes as just the opposite of mysticism-as the attempt to create a secular pantheon of modern gods who ultimately were about science and rationality, not mystic chants and esoteric systems of approaching and understanding the divine."
While the inherited culture may have colored he stories that were told, the vibrant communities of New York's early Jewish ghettos may have given rise to the concept of the superhero itself. "The superhero mythos in essence speaks of a world where power is used wisely, and for the benefit of the community," Fingeroth said, reflecting the spirit of that community these creators would have found themselves living in. "I never saw superheroes as being a slap in the face of law enforcement, as some people have interpreted them. They always seemed to me to be the distillation of the best of a community and society, helping, not infantilizing those they protect as well as the official police forces. Superheroes are the fantasy figures who will protect you against threats from within the community as well as outside threats to it. The traditional superhero will never attempt to control or manipulate the community, or ask for any reward from it.
"They do right for its own sake."
Now discuss this story in CBR's Community forum.