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Plasma Amino Acids and Excretion of Protein End Products by Mice Fed 10 or 40% Soybean Protein Diets with or without Dietary 2-Acetylaminofluorene or A/,/V-Dimtrosopiperazme1 PATRICIO HEVIA,2 C. RICHARD TRUEX, PETER B. IMREY, STEVEN K. CLINTON, HEATHER J. MANGIAN AND WILLARD J. VISEK3 University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by guest on June 9, 2014 ABSTRACT Studies were conducted with 5- to 8-week-old male and female BeCaFi mice to determine the influence of two carcinogens, 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and N,]V-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP), on plasma amino acid concentrations and on the excretion of lipids and nitrogenous metabolites. The carcinogens, AAF and DNP, were fed at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.05 g/kg of purified diet, respectively. Soybean protein constituted either 10 or 40% of the diet. Nutritional balances were measured over a 7-day period, after 7 days of acclimatization. Females ate less feed, gained less weight during acclimatization and excreted less fecal lipid as a percentage of intake than males. On the average, animals fed 40% protein consumed less total feed than those fed 10% protein. During acclimatization, DNP-fed animals ate and gained significantly less than controls. During week 2 DNP-fed animals gained signifi cantly less than controls, although their feed intake was not significantly different. Fecal lipid excretion as a percentage of intake was significantly lower with carcino gens in the diet. The 40% protein diets increased lipid excretion in total and as a percentage of intake. With the exception of decreasing fecal lipid, AAF caused no consistent changes in feed intake, body weight, nitrogen (N) retention or N excretion. Neither carcinogen significantly influenced total fecal or urinary N, or the relative concentrations of the different forms of urinary N, when expressed as a percentage of N intake Plasma ammonia rose with AAF feeding and plasma histidine rose with DNP feeding. Plasma concentrations of other amino acids were not changed consis tently by either carcinogen. Feeding 40% protein caused a significant rise in plasma branched-chain amino acids, glycine and phenylalanine, and a significant decline in aspartate, threonine, serine, proline, citrulline, lysine and arginine. J. Nutr. 114: 555-564, 1984. INDEXING KEY WORDS plasma amino acids •mice •2-acetylaminofluorene •N,Af-dinitrosopiperazine •soybean protein A large proportion of human cancers are at any of several steps (2). related to environmental factors (1). The Most experimental carcinogenesis models current outlook views cancer as resulting _ from the eluding interaction OÕ multiple genetic predisposition, factors in- ©19S4 American Institute of Nutrition. Received for publication chemical 2s,Ju1*' 1983 substances, radiation, infectious agents, and diet. Cancer . ... is a multistage ,., , PrOCeSS , fromi and nutrition may modify the sequence of events . 'Current address: Oepto. Procesos Biológicosy BioquÃ-micos,Universidad SimónBolÃ-var,Caracas, Apartado Postal 80659, Venezuela. 555 ib whom reprint requests should besent. 556 HEVIA ET AL. MATERIALS AND METHODS B6C3Fi 5- to 6-week-old male and female mice, weighing from 17 to 23 g and 18 to 26 g, respectively, were randomly assigned4 to individual hanging wire cages so that ani mals of opposite sex occupied alternate posi tions in the rack. They were fed ad libitum a 20% soybean protein diet containing the American Institute of Nutrition recommended vitamin and mineral mixes (5) (table 1) for 5 days while adapting to their environment. The animals were then transferred to two 1Diet TABLE compositionIngredientsIsolated diet20.00.315.050.05.05.03.51.00.2100.0 of protein'DL-MethionineCornstarchSucroseFiber2Corn soybean oilMineral mix3Vitamin mix4Choline bitartrateTotal% 'Supro 620, Ralston Purina, St. Louis, MO. 2Solka Floe, Brown Co., Berlin, NH. 'Mineral mixture (grams/kilogram mixture): calcium phosphate, dibasic, 500.0; sodium chloride, 74.0; potassium citrate, monohydrate, 220.0; potassium sulfate, 52.0; magnesium ox ide, 24.0; manganous carbonate, 3.5; ferric citrate, 6.0; zinc carbonate, 1.6; cupric carbonate, 0.3; potassium iodate, 0.01; sodium selenite, 0.01; chromium potassium sulfate, 0.55; sucrose, powdered, 118.03. 'Vitamin mixture (in milligrams/kilogram mixture except as noted): thiamin • HC1, 600; riboflavin, 600; pyridoxine • HC1, 700; niacin, 3 g; calcium pantothenate, 1.6 g; folie acid, 200; biotin, 20; cyanocobalamin, 1; retinyl palmitate (500,000 lU/g), 800; d/-a-tocopheryl acetate (250 lU/g), 20 g; cholecalciferol (40,000,000 lU/g), 2.5; menaquinone, 5.0; sucrose, finely powdered, 972.9 g. racks of 24 identically arranged metabolism cages (No. AC5462, Acme Metal Products, Inc., Chicago, IL [name changed to Hazeltine]) with four males and four females assigned to each of the following six treat ments: 10% soybean protein, 10% soybean protein + AAF, 10% soybean protein + DNP, 40% soybean protein, 40% soybean protein + AAF, 40% soybean protein + DNP. The 10 and 40% soybean protein diets were iden tical to the basal diet, except that the pro tein was exchanged for sucrose on an equal weight basis. AAF (A-410-9, Aldrich Chemi cal Co., Milwaukee, WI) or DNP (1033, Frinton Laboratories, Vineland, NJ) was mixed into the complete diets by successive dilutions, to final concentrations of 0.25 and 0.05 g/kg, respectively. Dietary carcinogen concentrations (6; Perkins, E. G., Truex, C. R. & Visek, W. J., manuscript in prep aration), total N (7) and crude lipids (8) of *A formal sex-stratified randomized scheme, generated using the Statis tical Analysis System procedure PLAN (16), was employed in the initial caging of animals and maintained (with necessary adjustments due to transfers to and from metabolism cages) throughout the experiment. Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by guest on June 9, 2014 utilize a small number of exposures to high doses of an initiating agent. Laboratory procedures, facilities and safety precautions necessary to chronically expose animals to low dietary doses of carcinogenic agents are expensive and time consuming. However, models utilizing such long-term low dose feeding of chemical carcinogens are much more analogous to human exposure and offer certain advantages for examining nu tritional influences on carcinogenesis. To understand how dietary protein may influence early stages of chemical carcino genesis, we are investigating the effects on nitrogen (N) metabolism of diets containing carcinogenic agents. JV,N-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) represent two major classes of environmental carcinogens, the nitrosamines and aromatic amines, respectively. These carcinogens were fed for 2 weeks, at concentrations known to be carcinogenic (3, 4), to groups of male and female adult mice consuming diets differing in the level of protein. Plasma amino acids, fecal nitrogen excretion, and urinary urea, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid and allantoin were measured. The present studies were conducted to obtain information about the effects of car cinogenic agents on nutritional status and the influence of specific dietary treatments on the ability of mice to withstand these chemical insults. BeCsFi mice, used in these studies, show a low incidence of spontane ous tumors, are extensively employed for testing potential carcinogens and have been suggested as highly desirable animals for nutrition and cancer investigations. This report also includes some base-line nutri tional data on this mouse strain. CARCINOGENS AND NITROGEN METABOLISM tiple covariance analysis (15). The three major replicates were treated as statistical blocks, as were the two racks within each replicate Covariates representing horizontal and vertical positions within a rack were also incorporated into the analysis. This was done to account for environmentally related differences associated with cage position that were not fully equalized across diets by the experimental plan or were later unbal anced by death of mice during the experi ment. Main effects and all interactions of carcinogen, protein level and sex were in cluded in the statistical models used, as were interactions of carcinogen with block. The validity of each statistical analysis was examined by residual plotting. For each variable, a few outlying observations were corrected or removed as most reasonable. Residual plots strongly suggested that statis tical analysis of the amino acids and six of the nitrogen-related variables be conducted on the log scale, primarily to equalize vari ances, so this was done All significance test ing of main effects utilized the 5% level, but testing of interactions employed the 1% level to control the effects of testing multiple hypotheses about the same variable Statisti cal computing was accomplished with the Statistical Analysis System procedure GLM (16), employing Types I and III sums of squares. RESULTS Observed means for each sex by diet com bination over all three experimental blocks are shown in table 2 for food, N, carcinogen and lipid intakes, body weight changes, carcass N, N output, overall N recovery and fecal lipid output. Table 2 also summarizes statistically significant main effects of sex and dietary factors. For each experimental factor, the magnitude of a significant effect is reported as a relative difference, obtained by dividing the adjusted mean difference between relevant groups by the adjusted mean of a reference group [eg., (adjusted female mean minus adjusted male mean)/ (adjusted male mean) x 100% for effect of sex]. For instance, females averaged 19% less carcass N than males, although N intake for females averaged only 5% less. Summa rizing sex effects in table 2, female mice con sumed less food and protein, gained less Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by guest on June 9, 2014 the experimental diets were determined be fore initiation of feeding. Protein (6.25% X Kjeldahl N) ranged between 8.7 and 8.9% for the 10% protein diets and between 35.1 and 35.8% for the 40% protein diets. After the 5-day adaptation period, mice were assigned to the experimental diets and placed in metabolism cages for 14 days. The metabolism cages were modified from the standard design to minimize loss of feed and mixing of excreta with food. Food consump tion and weight change were recorded for each week of this period. After 6 days the mice were placed in their conventional cages for 24 hours while the metabolism cages were cleaned. The mice were then returned to the metabolism cages for a 7-day collec tion period. Urine and feces were collected on days 9, 12 and 14 and subsequently pooled for analysis. To prevent microbial growth, urine was collected in vessels containing 0.7 ml of l M H2SO4. On day 14, the mice were transferred to their conventional cages, fasted for 9 hours, lightly anesthetized with ether, and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture. Plasma from heparinized blood was immediately deproteinized with sulfosalicylic acid precipitation (9). The depro teinized plasma was quickly frozen in liquid N and stored at -70°C (Beckman applica tion DS 561) until analysis (Beckman 119CL Amino Acid Analyzer, Beckman Instruments, Palo Alto, CA). The mice were killed by cervical fracture, and the intestinal contents were removed. The carcasses were analyzed for N content. Fecal and urinary collections were stored at - 18°C.Feces were freeze-dried, weighed, ground and analyzed for total N (7) and crude lipids (8). Urine total N (7), urea (10), creatinine (11), ammonia (12), uric acid (13) and allantoin (14) were determined. The ratio of N recovered in the urine to the total in urine and cage washings was used to esti mate losses during the collection process. The entire experiment as described above was replicated three times in sequence, with 48 animals used each time, for a total of 144 animals. The three replicates differed in arrangements of diets across cages, which were chosen so as to minimize the influence of any environmental effects related to cage position. Some adjustments to the feeder were also made during the first run. The observations were interpreted by using mul 557 558 HEVIA ET AL. TABLE 2 Mean intakes, weight changes, carcass nitrogen, nitrogen balance measures, fecal weight and fecal lipid output measures, by sei and treatment, with statistically significant main effects of sex, protein and carcinogen' Males fed 40% protein + 10% protein Measure Week 1 Food intake, g Carcinogen intake,7 mg Body wt change, g Week 2 Food intake, g N intake,' Body wt change, g Carcass N, mg Carcass N, % N gain,9 mg N balance Total N output,8 mg 27.3 1.39 26.4 363 1527 1.10 752 3.01 31.6 16.2 361 26.3 5.7 1.41 25.9 1.5 1.25 25.2 361 25.6 352 1505 5.5 0.82 749 2.96 23.4 31.1 330 1485 1.5 1.01 689 2.85 23.9 30.2 322 AAF 24.9 1.80 24.5 5.4 1.56 DNP 22.5 1.3 -0.90 25.2 1426 25.7 1433 24.8 1406 1565 1680 5.7 1.32 807 3.25 42.7 200.1 1232 1674 1.4 1.00 694 2.87 28.4 184.0 1245 1.27 746 3.08 35.5 152.8 1269 Overall %Fecal N recovery," gFecalwt, outputFecal lipid lipid/lipid Intakes x 1Q-3942.19564922.18858922.18357893.0206132892.8200123882.9192115 'Values are means. Abbreviations: C.V., coefficient of variation; AAF, 2-acetylaminofluorene; DNP, N,Ndinitrosopiperazine; Prot, protein. 'Levels of statistical significance: 'P < 0.001; bP < 0.05; "P < 0.01; NS, P > 0.05. 3For variables analyzed on the logarithmic scale, this "% difference" characterizes the relative ef fect of the involved factor at all levels of the other experimental variables when there is no interaction. For variables not transformed prior to analysis, it is the absolute rather than the relative difference which is constant across levels of the other factors, and relative variation may be higher or lower than reported at particular factor levels associated with low and high average responses, respectively. The reported percent difference is, however, essen tially an average (the harmonic mean) of the true percent differences at the various levels of the other factors, and hence provides a reasonable measure of relative effect. 4Female mice relative to males. 540% soybean protein diet relative to 10% soybean protein diet. "Carcinogen present relative to no carcinogen. weight, showed less total N output and car cass N, and excreted less fecal dry matter, less fecal crude lipids and less fecal lipid per lipid intake than their male counterparts. Mice fed 40% protein diets consumed less food during both experimental weeks, and gained 28% less weight during week 1 than mice fed the 10% protein diets, while con suming almost four times the protein. They also excreted almost four times the N, 37% more fecal dry matter and lipid, and more fecal lipid per lipid intake during the collec tion period (week 2). Average food intake was depressed during the first week in all groups fed DNP, with weight gain depressed by 86% in the first week of carcinogen feed ing and 18% during the collection week. No significant interactions were observed involv ing the above variables. A statistically signifi cant interaction of sex and AAF, relative to N gain, stems from an estimated overall 15% greater N gain associated with AAF in females, but not in males. However, this difference between males and females was not observed consistently across blocks or protein levels and appears to be a statistical artifact. Mice fed AAF or DNP had less fecal lipid per lipid intake. A significance test suggests that AAF affects N balance, but unusual patterns of variation in the data indicate that the test is unreliable and that the results must be viewed as inconclusive. Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by guest on June 9, 2014 Lipid intake7 Carcinogen intake,7 mg DNP AAF 559 CARCINOGENS AND NITROGEN METABOLISM Females fed 40% protein 10% protein AAF 24.5 0.85 23.5 5.2 0.66 DNP 23.6 1.4 0.41 AAF 22.7 0.73 22.6 5.0 0.88 Overall mean DNP 20.6 1.2 0.01 24.1 0.84 Significant effects2 % difference1 C.V. 11.3 187 Sex4 Prot5 AAF" DNP6 -9a -9- NS -8' -48b -28e NS -86e 25.53551480__1.086002.7927.832.9322912.1835624.735414725.41.136022.8730.048.0306862.0735024.934514361.51.075872.7725.934.8310891.96647 L15261.116672.9230.5101.77366.35 Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by guest on June 9, 2014 L892.4132.986.410.3—1.711.3_6112.910.96.35.4—3.217.813.317.214.3-6e-5eNS-1 Proportional to food intake and dose (carcinogen intake) or proportional to food intake and dietary lipids (lipid intake). "L denotes mean natural logarithm, for variables analyzed on that scale. Reported group means for nitrogen intake, output, balance and recovery occasionally appear inconsistent due to partial missing data for particular animals. Each variable was analyzed appropriately by using all reliable data pertaining to it. "N gain represents the change in weight observed during week 2 of the experiment converted to N using the carcass N determined after death. Significant interaction (P < 0.01) of sex and AAF. See text. '"Although a statistical ly significant main effect of AAF was found through formal hypothesis testing, discrepancies between blocks and unusual patterns of within-group variation preclude meaningful inference of an effect of AAF on this variable. "Nitrogen recovery = (Total N output/N intake) x 100. No other significant effects of AAF or DNP were found for this set of variables. Table 3 summarized significant main effects of experimental factors on fecal and urinary N, and on five forms of urine N. Excretion variables were analyzed on two scales: total measured N and fraction of N intake. Use of the latter would be expected to eliminate differences between groups due solely to variations in N intake, if excretion were roughly proportional to intake over the range of intake studied. Female mice excreted significantly more ammonia and uric acid N but less urea N than male counterparts, after adjustment for intake Significant re ductions of total N output, urinary N and urinary creatinine N in females did not per sist after correction for intake. Total and urinary N excretion rose as N intake increased from 10 to 40% soybean protein diets. How ever, the distribution of excretion products varied with protein level. Urea and ammonia N excretion increased for 40% protein-fed animals more than did N intake, and the increase in urea remained significant after correction for intake. Based on either scale of analysis, urinary allantoin, uric acid, creatinine and fecal N outputs increased significantly less than intake Whereas AAF produced small reductions in total urea and allantoin N and DNP reduced total urinary N, allantoin, creatinine, fecal and total N excretion, none of these differences remained significant when corrected for intake No 560 HEVIA ET AL. TABLES Statistically significant main effects of sex, diet and carcinogen on total nitrogen (N) output, total urinary N, colorimetrie N, and fecal N, with and without adjustment for intake, expressed as % différences1 Excretion/ intake Excretion Parameter measured Sex" Significant effects Prot3 AAF4 DNP4 Mean5 C.V. Significant effects Sex2 Prot3 AAF4 DNP4 mg/wk Mean5 C.V. mg excreted/ mg intake % Urinary N TotalUrea L514.05.97 NAmmonia L18.42.61 NAllantoin L14.30.62.098.04.41 NUric NCreatinine acid NFecal KA-72-24NSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNS0.7630.5920.0220.0210.0010.004- L—3.5—3.0—11.515.419.915.3—5.6NS-834NS10NSNSNS16"NS-54_ 'See table 2, footnotes l, 3. !Female mice relative to males. Total urinary N, uric acid and unadjusted ammonia effects are significant at P < 0.05; total N output, creatinine N, and adjusted urea and ammonia N effects are significant at P < 0.01, and other effects at P < 0.001. 3Dietary 40% soybean protein relative to 10% soybean protein. Creatinine and adjusted urea effects are significant at P < 0.01; other effects are significant at P < 0.001. The adjusted urea N effect is the average of effects which differed significantly (P < 0.01) between experimental blocks. 'Carcinogen present relative to no carcinogen. AAF effects are significant at P < 0.05, as are DNP effects on total urinary N, total N output and fecal N. DNP effects on creatinine N and allantoin N are significant at P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively. 5L denotes mean natural logarithm, for variables analyzed on that scale. "Reported effect averaged over significantly different blocks. significant interactions were observed. Observed pooled means of plasma amino acids are shown in table 4 along with statis tically significant main effects of sex and diet. All plasma amino acid concentrations were statistically analyzed after logarithmic transformation. Females showed higher plas ma concentrations of citrulline, tryptophan and lysine but lower concentrations of aspar tate, threonine, serine, asparagine, gluta mate, glycine, valine, leucine, tyrosine and histidine than males. Mice fed 40% protein diets had higher concentrations of glycine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine and lower concentrations of aspartate, threonine, serine, proline, citrul line, lysine and arginine than those fed 10% protein diets. The reduction in lysine associ ated with the 40% protein diet was signifi cantly greater for females (32%) than for males (15%). Dietary AAF was associated with a sig nificant (39%) increase in plasma ammonia concentrations, and the sex difference in aspartate concentration when AAF was fed was slightly greater than in control animals. No other effects of dietary AAF on plasma amino acid concentrations were statistically significant. Dietary DNP increased plasma histidine by 13%, decreased tryptophan by 32% in males and increased tryptophan by 16% in females. DNP was associated with an in crease in plasma phosphoserine of about 60% in females fed 10% protein diets, al though other sex by diet groups showed DNP-linked reductions averaging 23%. This finding was not consistent across blocks, and may be artifactual. Another three-way inter action, involving DNP and phenylalanine, was significant due to large but opposite effects in different blocks, and no reliable conclusion is apparent. The occasional occur rence of statistically significant but possibly random complex interactions is to be expected in a study involving this large a number of variables, in which several types of interac tion are separately tested in relation to each variable. DISCUSSION The mouse and rat are competing animal models for use in long-term cancer studies. Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by guest on June 9, 2014 L0.12819.615.933.717.021.4—2.623.0 5.825 N-10-1322NSNS-14NS28233832684'76*7187NS-10NS-8NSNSNS-9NSNS-14NS-8-11645.06.24 CARCINOGENS AND NITROGEN METABOLISM 561 1'1i 8 .s T! I 1 Q - » -È-S -s £T ible So a 2 a S -S1S Sex•s f.s -» I+ I« ; .B 2 Z. m->,o cH S P « _- Si 2 7zz7z+lzzzllz 2 + ZZ + , z co i—co io ^r ' O3 O5 00 IO Ci us CO CO 00 ^f i*- <—<l~- o—< COÅ"t^^H^HlO^ïOCNQCOt— t^t^w5co-«ro^c7iocooiraco-H^HOj O3CNOÕCO CO CM^l—CNt— CD oiiooiinoio l p ££ 1« o* C/3* ts S z • »li iCNOst^t— I 3 i- -H oo co co ' •H ^H ' . ! '-l 135 r- (N sa •§, «v . 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The effects of the initial actions of chemi cal carcinogens on protein and purine metab olism are unknown. Other studies have shown elevated uric acid and allantoin ex cretion by rats following irradiation or in jection of alkylating agents such as dimethylnitrosoamine (30-33), suggesting some al teration of nucleic acid metabolism during the initiation phase of carcinogenesis. Al though adding DNP to the diets reduced food intake, weight gain and N output, the effects of DNP or AAF on the N in the ex cretory products measured in the present studies were minimal and generally not sig nificant when expressed as a function of N intake This suggests that the depressions in the urinary output of urea and allantoin associated with dietary AAF or of total N, allantoin, creatinine, fecal N and total N output associated with DNP resulted from differences in N intake and were unrelated to direct toxic effects. Even though these concentrations of AAF and DNP are carcino genic in long-term studies, short-term feed ing caused no significant changes in excre tion of protein or purine metabolites. The levels of plasma amino acids in BeCaFi mice used in this study compared well with values reported for other mouse strains (3436). The higher level of lysine in the plasma of female mice compared to male mice has also been well documented by previous re searchers (34). The high concentrations of citrulline, tryptophan and lower levels of threonine, serine, glutamate, glycine, valine, leucine, tyrosine and histidine found in female mice in our study have not been noted previously. The large number of in dividual samples, more modern equipment and procedures, precise control of dietary intake, and powerful statistical analysis undoubtedly increase the sensitivity of the presently reported experiment. There are few studies reporting plasma amino acid levels in mice fed diets differing in protein concentration. The present data provides base-line information on plasma Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by guest on June 9, 2014 Since mice are smaller and require 75 to 80% less feed than rats, their use offers dis tinct economic advantages. However, although dietary requirements of the two species are known to be qualitatively similar (17, 18), more nutritional data and studies of carcino gen metabolism are available for rats than for mice. Also, mice tend to scatter food, requiring special precautions to adequately measure food intake. Since the volume of excretory products produced by mice is low, small losses of urine or feces introduce pro portionately larger errors into metabolic studies of mice than of rats. The special feeder employed in this study minimized spillage and urination into the feed. Recovery of N in urine and feces av eraged 89% of N intake, estimated from ration weights. Several factors presumably contributed to the departure from total recovery. Skin and hair losses were not esti mated. Subject animals, which gained weight, undoubtedly accumulated N over the study period. This accumulation was estimated, from weight change and carcass N data, as about 30 mg/week. Food scattering and excretory collection errors also contributed. As expected, increasing dietary protein by a factor of four increased excretion of pro tein end products. However, while there was approximately a fourfold increase in the excretion of urea and ammonia associated with increasing protein from 10 to 40% of the diet, there was only a doubling of the purine end products, uric acid and allantoin. Increases in uric acid excretion with increased protein intake have also been shown in hu mans (19). On the other hand, others have seen no difference in urinary allantoin and uric acid in rats fed 8 or 21% protein (20). A doubling of fecal crude lipid excretion was associated with the increase in dietary soybean protein from 10 to 40% (table 2). Since the ratio of lipid excretion to lipid intake was also higher, the higher fecal lipid output was clearly due to the increased in take of soybean protein. The increase in fecal lipids resulting from increased protein intake may influence intestinal carcinogenesis. We have previously reported increased 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis and blood cholesterol in rats fed diets high in protein (21). The association among dietary lipids, fecal lipids, fecal steroid excretion and colon cancer has been CARCINOGENS AND NITROGEN METABOLISM food intake when high protein or amino acid-deficient or imbalanced diets are fed (41, 43). Other than the elevation in serum am monia concentrations by AAF and the eleva tion of histidine by DNP, these carcinogens had no consistent effects on plasma amino acid concentrations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to Joan M. Alster, M.S., for data management and statistical programming support, as well as editorial assistance; Pamela A. Anderson, Ph.D. and Sherry Long, M.S., for assistance with tech nical procedures. LITERATURE CITED 1. Doll, R. & Peto, R. (1981) The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J. Nati. Cancer Inst. 66, 1192-1308. 2. National Research Council (1982) Report of the Committee on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 3. Clayson, D. B., Lawson, T. A., Santana, S. & Bonser, G. M. (1965) Correlation between the chemical induction of hyperplasia and the malig nancy in the bladder epithelium. Brit. J. Cancer 19, 297. 4. Greenblatt, M., Mirvish, S. & So, B. T. (1971) Nitrosamine studies: induction of lung adenomas by concurrent administration of sodium nitrite and secondary amines in Swiss mice. J. Nati. Cancer Inst. 46, 1029-1034. 5. American Institute of Nutrition (1977) Report of the AIN Ad Hoc Committee on standards for nutritional studies. J. Nutr. 107, 1340-1348. 6. Perkins, E. G., Hendren, D. J., Truex, C. R. & Visek, W. J. (1983) A simple and rapid method for the determination of 2-acetylaminofluorene in laboratory diets. J. Liq. Chrom. 6, 367-373. 7. Shahinian, A. H. & Reinhold, ]. G. (1971) Appli cation of the phenol-hypochlorite reaction to measurement of ammonia concentrations in Kjeldahl digests of serum and various tissues. Clin. Chem. 17, 1077-1079. 8. Blight, E. G. & Dyer, W. J. (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911-917. 9. Mondino, A., Bogiovanni, G., Fumerò,S. & Rossi, L. (1972) An improved method of plasma deproteination with sulphosalicilic acid for determining amino acids and related compounds. J. Chromatogr. 74, 255-263. 10. Foster, L. B. & Hochholzer, J. M. (1971) A single reagent manual method for directly deter mining urea nitrogen in serum. Clin. Chem. 17, 921-925. 11. Folin, O. & Wu, H. (1919) A system of blood Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by guest on June 9, 2014 amino acids in BeCsFi mice fed a defined diet under controlled conditions. It should be noted that these mice were fasted for 9 hours prior to plasma sampling, which may have minimized changes in plasma amino acids. Based on current recommendations for weanling mice, the 10% soybean protein diet is slightly deficient, while the 40% soy bean protein diet greatly exceeds require ments (5, 37). Soybean protein is relatively high in lysine and low in methionine. Publi cations concerning relationships between protein level and source (and thus amino acid intake) and concentrations of plasma amino acids tend to vary. For example, Steele et al. (38) found no difference in plas ma amino acids of mice fed 10 or 50% pro tein. Harker et al. (39) reported that when rats were fed diets composed of 115, 110, 85 and 70% of the protein requirements (1) only plasma lysine was positively related to protein intake at all levels, (2) threonine was directly related to protein intake at 100, 85 and 70% and (3) there was no consistent relationship between intakes of nonessential amino acids and plasma amino acids. Young et al. (40) reported that essential amino acid levels in the blood of rats were lower at all times in those fed protein-deficient diets than in controls. In an experiment where rats were offered a self-selected diet (41), neither changes in individual or total essen tial amino acids correlated with the protein selected. Our findings of lower plasma con centration of threonine, serine, proline, citrulline, lysine and arginine and higher glycine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine for animals fed the 40% protein diet compared to the 10% diet does not suggest a previously reported pattern. The large decrease in plasma arginine in mice fed high protein diets may be related to a greater use of arginine for urea synthesis (42). The effects of an increase in dietary protein on plasma amino acids will depend on the physiological and nutritional state of the animal, the strain and species, the amino acid composition of the diet, and the time of plasma sampling, factors that make it diffi cult to compare reported studies (43). Mice fed 40% protein diets had decreased feed intakes during both experimental weeks. This agrees with previous studies and sug gests that changes in plasma amino acid levels may contribute to the regulation of 563 564 HEVIA ET AL. 28. Gregor, O., Toman, R. & FruSova, F. (1969) Gas trointestinal cancer and nutrition. Gut 10,1031-1034. 29. Jain, M., Cook, G. M., Davis, F. G., Grace, M. G., Howe, G. R. & Miller, A. B. (1980) A case control study of diet and colorectal cancer. Int. J. Cancer 26, 757-768. 30. Mefford, R. B. & Martens, H. H. (1955) Excre tion patterns of rats following total body exposure to x-radiation. Science 122, 829-830. 31. Jackson, K. L. & Entennian, C. (1958) Urinary excretion of uric acid and allantoin by the x-irradiated-adrenalectomized rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 97, 184-186. 32. Pentz, E. I. (1969) Adaptation of the RiminiSchryver reaction for the measurement of allantoin in urine to the autoanalyzer: allantoin and taurine excretion following neutron irradiation. Anal. Biochem. 27, 333-342. 33. Chu, B. C. F. & Lawley, P. D. (1975) Increased urinary excretion of nucleic acid and nicotinamide derivatives by rats after treatment with alleviating agents. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 10, 333-338. 34. Pleasants, J. R., Reddy, B. S., Hessling, J. J., Reyniers, J. P. & Wostman, B. S. (1979) Effect of germfree status, lactation and fasting time on plasma amino acids of C3H mice. J. Nutr. 109, 70-76. 35. Drewes, P. A. & McKee, R. W. (1967) Amino acid composition of ascitic fluid and blood plasma from mice bearing Ehrlich Littre tumor. Nature (London) 213, 411-412. 36. Miller, H. K., Krakoff, I. H., Salser, J. S. & Balis, M. E. (1970) Sensitivity to L-asparaginase and amino acid metabolism. J. Nati. Cancer Inst. 44, 1129-1139. 37. National Research Council (1978) Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, pp. 38-53, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 38. Steele, B. F., Reynolds, M. S. & Baumann, C. A. (1949) Effect of amino acids in blood and urine of mice of various ages. Arch. Biochem. 25, 124-132. 39. Harker, C. S., Allen, P. E. & Clark, H. (1968) Growth and concentrations of amino acids in plas ma of rats fed four levels of amino acids. J. Nutr. 94, 495-503. 40. Young, V. R., Vilaire, G., Newberne, P. M. & Wil son, R. B. (1979) Plasma insulin and amino acid concentrations in rats given an adequate or low protein diet. J. Nutr. 105, 720-729. 41. Ashley, D. V. M. & Anderson, G. H. (1975) Cor relation between the plasma tryptophan to neutral amino acid ratio and protein intake in the selfselecting weanling rat. J. Nutr. 105, 1412-1421. 42. Visek, W. J. (1979) Ammonia metabolism, urea cycle capacity and their biochemical assessment. Nutr. Rev. 37, 273-282. 43. Harper, A. E., Benevenga, N. J. & Wohlhueter, R. M. (1970) Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiol. Rev. 50, 428-558. Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by guest on June 9, 2014 analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 38, 81-110. 12. Chaney, A. L. & Marbach, E. P. (1962) Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8, 130-132. 13. Liddle, L., Seegmiller, J. E. & Laster, L. (1959) The enzymatic spectrophotometric method for determination of uric acid. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 54, 903-913. 14. Young, C. E. & Conway, C. F. (1942) On the estimation of allantoin by the Rimini-Schryver reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 142, 839-853. 15. Gill, J. L. (1978) Design and Analysis of Ex periments in the Animal and Medical Sciences, vol. 2, The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 16. Helwig, J. T. & Council, K. A., eds. (1979) SAS User's Guide. SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems) Institute, Inc., Raleigh, NC. 17. John, A. M. & Bell, J. M. (1976) Amino acid requirements of the growing mouse. J. Nutr. 106, 1361-1367. 18. Bell, J. M. (1972) Nutrient requirements of the laboratory mouse In: Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, 2nd éd., pp. 46-55, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 19. Allison, J. B. & Bird, J. W. C. (1964) Elimina tion of nitrogen from the body. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism (Munro, H. N., ed.), vol. 1, pp. 483-512, Academic Press, New York. 20. Bass, A. D., Tepperman, J., Richert, D. A. & Westerfeld, W. W. (1950) Excretion of uric acid and allantoin by rats depleted of liver xanthine oxidase. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 73, 687-689. 21. Topping, D. C. & Visek, W. J. (1976) Nitrogen intake and tumorigenesis in rats injected with 1,2-dimethyIhydrazine. J. Nutr. 106, 1583-1590. 22. Hill, M., MacLennan, R. & Newcombe, K. (1979) Diet and large bowel cancer in three socioeconomic groups in Hong Kong. [Letter to the editor.] Lancet 1, 436. 23. Reddy, B. S. (1979) Nutrition and colon cancer. Adv. Nutr. Res. 2, 199-218. 24. Hill, M. J., Drasar, B. S., Aries, V., Crowther, S., Hawksworth, G. M. & Williams, R. E. O. (1971) Bacteria and aetiology of cancer of large bowel. Lancet 1, 95-100. 25. Reddy, B. S., Mangat, S., Sheinfil, A., Weisburger, J. & Wynder, E. L. (1977) Effect of type and amount of dietary fat and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on biliary bile acids, fecal bile acids, and neutral sterols in rats. Cancer Res. 37, 2132-2137. 26. Cohen, B. I., Raicht, R. F., Deschner, E. E., Fazzini, E., Takahashi, M. Sc Sarwal, A. (1978) Effects of bile acids on induced colon cancer in rats. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 19, 48 (abs. 190). 27. Armstrong, B. & Doll, R. (1975) Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in dif ferent countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int. J. Cancer 15, 617-631.
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Scam Letter(s) from Selina Henry to Mary (USA)
Letter 1
Yesterday when I told the people who gave me the contract that I was leaving. They told me to start the work as I am here for them to see that I want to do the work before I leave. They told me that I know the work is for 8 months and I need to do it as soon as possible or they will take the contract from me and give it to another person. So now I have to open an account on monday to get money in so that I can use to start the work for them to see, then I will leave on friday. So i cold not leave yesterday I cancel my flight. So please I no you want to see me very bad but please if you realy love me please understand me because I can't lose this contract. But for sure I will be leaving next week Friday. So i have even book my flight for that date. How our work is. Is like when you get the contract you use your own money to do it, then when you finish they will come and inspect it. Then if everything is good they will pay you your money. That is how our work is. So now I have to open account on monday have money in then I will pay for them to clear the site for them to see that I want to do the job. Then I can leave for my assistant to take over. So please please i know you will be hurt but please just give me one week and I will make it up to you please. Honey I realy love you with all my heart and soul. Please don't be angry or be hurt. I have told you that good things come to the people who wait so please.
Letter 2
What are you saying. If I am not real. Have I told you something bad?
Letter 3
Just look for Walmart store in your area you will get money gram in it to send the money..
Letter 4
So i said 700$ I will pay it back on saturday honey.
Letter 5
The country is ghana. And the city is. accra .. 464/7 Obutu road Ghana Accra West Africa
Letter 6
Who is that in the picture she bought you a car?
Letter 7
You did text me my dear you wanted to show me your new girl friend she is nice and beautiful.
Letter 8
I did not send the pictures and all i said i will do I deleted them all because you are a good person to me and I did not want to harm you.
Letter 9
You told me that when I don't send those things and come clean you will send me some money through money gram. Now I did not send the things and I have come clean so can you send me the money you promised?
Letter 10
Okay I am very sorry for putting you through all that. You send me any money to money gram. for me to look after my kids okay please any money you will send me I will thank you okay please. At least know that I am not a bad person because i dis not send those things to anyone and tell any body about it. Is money I want because I don't have it and you have it so please anything you send to me I will be happy and thank you.
Letter 11
Well I have 2 kids and I am a lesbian I don't talk to men or have sex with men only woman. I am the picture I send you. All I told you was true but I am now in Africa ghana.
Letter 12
I send you over and over. I am the same lady in red you love...
Letter 13
Hahaha that is the truth I am coming clean to you honey
Letter 14
Have you got the one I send you?
Letter 15
so that is your new car is very nice honey. and let me tell you i did not want your credit card what do i need your credit card for honey..
Letter 16
Okay honey I hear you but I am the woman is the pictures I send you.
Letter 17
I still want you and want as to be together please.
Letter 18
yes is the same me i took this today as i was walking and i ask someone to take me to send you with his phone.
Letter 19
i saw a begger on the street and send by him to take a picture with him for you to know that i dont realy have money
Letter 20
no i dont like it here honey i want to come back. now you believe me.
Letter 21
i dont like it here at all honey.
Letter 22
the pictures i send you now i tool all in new jersey with my friend kim
Letter 23
the one i was siting own with the begger i took it in ghana today when you ask me to take a picture for you.
Letter 24
i realy love you
Letter 25
now let me tell you the real truth. the real truth is what i told you from the begining. yes my father has a contraction company i only have one child. who is now 19 and leaving in belgium with my mother. as i told you that i came here to ghana is very real i came to work on a contract but my step mother is not giving me money to do the work so i am here.i want to just leave the job for another contractor and come back to the u.s. please lets start all over again this time no liers please give me your number and let me call you. i lost your number.
Letter 26
i am very happy to have heard your sweet and sexy voice honey...
Letter 27
no is not free to call you have to buy a credit and load it on the phone. before you can call.and you no i dont have money.
Letter 28
i am even owe someone 500$ here as i said i dont have money.
Letter 29
i feel hot down there anytime i hear your voice.
Letter 30
i will be very happy if you can get me that phone honey.
Letter 31
okay honey can you get me the ipone 6 plus unlock
Letter 32
yes i honey and i have a ticket coming back. i cancile it the other time
Letter 33
honey you dont know my name. selina henry
Letter 34
how much is that phone online, if it cost too much you can buy another nice phone that is cheap.
Letter 35
sprint, but you have to buy a phone i can use it in any country i think that is the unlock one dont buy the lock one. the lock one only u.s i can use it.i hope you know that
Letter 36
yes honey i know that. then i hope you wear black pants too
Letter 37
that will be great i will love to meet you there.
Letter 38
i want be long here i am looking for someone to give the contract to then i will leave so it can be 2 weeks or mostly 3 weeks. 464/7 obutu road accra ghana west africa
Letter 39
get it from the store because i dont trust ebay
Letter 40
i told you i have come clean to you and will not lie to you i say live in bayonne. okay
Letter 41
how much did you buy the car honey because i am checking the price and is about 100.000$ and over...
Letter 42
well i leave in an apartment in bayonne.. my place in bayonne i rent.
Letter 43
you know i cant lie toy ou honey.
Letter 44
i finish cleaning your pussy here for you.
Letter 45
why am i killing you honey.
Letter 46
noo you have tast both in women and in cars..
Letter 47
so now do you want it to be are you going to london?
Letter 48
I am up honey how are you doing I realy miss you soo very much.
Letter 49
I wish I am there to lick your pussy honey.
Letter 50
Yes honey please are you getting my phone for me?You said you will get it from the store. Also please send me the money today to pay the person I owe and add some too because the 100$ can't do anything here I pay hotel bills and also eat. So please try and send me about 800$ through money gram today. Please i will pay all back to you when I come please honey okay please.
Letter 51
Now I don't know but all I think about is you so are you surely coming to London?
Letter 52
464/7 Obutu road accra ghana West africa.
Letter 53
Okay honey. I realy love you with all my heart and soul.
Letter 54
Honey please did you get the address? Also I hope you know the name already. Selina Henry
Letter 55
What do you need to make you feel better honey.
Letter 56
Yes honey you get me the phone and you will have a pic every day because I can't be begging people to take a pic of me to send you. I feel very shy about it. I want to send you my naked pictures every morning.
Letter 57
No money to pay the guy and no money to even buy food to eat. I am more then sad. You can't just take about 20 mins of your time to go to the bank and send me the money to pay the guy. Is the hotel I am that I am paying the 500$ to if I don't pay today they will sack me out of the hotel. Please do something don't let them sack me to sleep out side please. I want to leave here because I can't stay here any longer with out money. But I need to pay the hotel bill for me to leave here please.
Letter 58
Go on Moneygram.com please try and send me the money if not they will kick me put of thus hotel. Please.
Letter 59
i took this yesterday night for you i hope you like it. i was very much ashamed to ask the person to take the picture with her phone. but i hope you like my smile.
Created: 2015-08-27 Last updated: 2015-08-27 Views: 375

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I know this is a super old thread now but I had to bring it back because I just tried this tutorial out today.
This is, I think, the third thing I've tried sewing since I got a (quite lightweight, and it did struggle!) sewing machine for Christmas, and I'm so chuffed with it.
I got these pillowcases from my ex boyfriend who had it in his stash of bed linen that he'd accumulated from his mother (who is a right hoarder). As soon as I saw them I just knew they could be turned into something awesome, with such pretty floral pattern - if I ever learnt to sew. So I kept them. Two years later, and here one of them is, reincarnated as an apron!
Thank-you so much!


text:
Cubans left frustrated by slow and costly Internet roll-out
HAVANA, Cuba (AFP) — Six months on from the euphoria that greeted full Internet access for mobile phones on the communist-run island, frustrated Cubans complain it is too expensive, too slow, and crippled by Government censorship.
Hundreds have joined a Twitter campaign to call for affordable rates.
"We are hungry, hungry for information, hungry for online surfing, hungry for knowledge and intellectual freedom," summed up one user.
"It's not possible that the Internet is a luxury in the 21st century," said another campaigner using the hashtag #BajenLosPreciosDeInternet — "drop Internet prices" in Spanish.
Another accused State-owned telecommunications company Etecsa of spying on the population.
Etecsa "is spying on us and censoring us with full impunity".
"Cubans' purchasing power is one of the lowest in the American continent, so is the minimum wage and access to the Internet is not among the cheapest," said Norges Rodriguez, who runs a technology blog, Yucabyte.org.
Mobile packages run from US$7 for 600 megabytes to US$30 for 4 gigabytes.
Those prices put it out of reach for the vast majority of Cubans who subsist on a wage of around US$30 a month paid by public sector jobs.
Uptake is poor for home Internet. Only 79,000 homes have signed up to the service — out of a population of 11.2 million.
"If you want to connect to the Internet at home 24 hours a day, seven days a week, you have to pay the equivalent of US$800 a month.
"There is no flat rate on that service, as you have in the rest of the world," he said.
Rodriguez said the Havana Government also banned any news sites critical of the Government.
"The Government has blocked all media websites with content they dislike."
The ongoing US embargo means sites like Google, Apple and Amazon cannot be accessed from Cuban IP addresses, said Rodriquez.
The Government recently greenlighted the importation of routers to allow private W-Fi networks, albeit using State-monopoly Etecsa servers.
Critics say the US dollar-an-hour cost makes it too expensive.
Before the roll-out of 3G technology in December — opening up the online world to the country's 5.3 million smartphone users — the Internet was available to the general public only via WiFi hot spots, payable by the hour.
Last year, Abraham Jiminez discovered that his online magazine, El Estornudo, was blocked.
"Readers started to write to me saying they couldn't access it, and when I realised I couldn't either, I thought it was a server problem," he says.
Sixteen months later, the site—which offers an independent view of the news—remains inaccessible in Cuba. He never received an official explanation over why it was blocked.
He says the Havana Government is scared about the reach of social networks, especially since the arrival of 3G.
"This has generated a different discourse from the official discourse, with real life effect," says Jiminez.
"Now, once they organise online, Cubans can demonstrate against animal abuse, for the rights of the LGBT community, protests like that would have been unthinkable in the past."
"That's what the Government is afraid of."
Larry Press, professor of information systems at the University of Texas and author of a blog on the Internet in Cuba, agrees.
"When the Internet was first launched, Cuba was possibly one of the most advanced nations in Latin America and the Caribbean because of connections built-up by the Soviet Union," said Press.
"In the pre-Internet network they were doing quite well. Then they got an Internet connection that was subsidised by the United States
"They decided not to follow the Internet, to not let it in," fearing a large-scale roll-out would lead to social unrest and a political shift similar to Moscow's Perestroika.
"Today, I think it is still in the back of their minds," said Press.
However, Jiminez says that with the roll-out of 3G, however slow, "they cannot go back" now.
Now you can read the Jamaica Observer ePaper anytime, anywhere. The Jamaica Observer ePaper is available to you at home or at work, and is the same edition as the printed copy available at http://bit.ly/epaperlive
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text:
Welcome to the Turley Law Firm – Dallas Personal Injury Lawyers
The Turley Law Firm is driven by three key principles: Integrity, Experience, and Compassion. When you speak with one of our Dallas personal injury lawyers, we will give one-on-one attention to you and your family. At Turley Law Firm, you're not a case – you're a person.
For more than 40 years, the Turley Law Firm has been distinguished by experience. To speak with one of our compassionate Dallas personal injury lawyers, please call (214) 691-4025 today to schedule your free consultation. Our Dallas personal injury attorneys represent clients in Dallas, Texas, as well as other parts of the country.
Ready for Trial Since 1973
Personal injury can take many different forms and run a broad spectrum in terms of severity. If you or a loved one was injured, you'll need the services of dedicated, experienced personal injury attorneys in Dallas who can pursue the full compensation you deserve.
Many clients visit us after being injured in an accident on the busy thoroughfares of Dallas. We provide qualified representation to victims of:
- Car accidents
- Truck accidents
- Bus and commercial vehicle accidents
- Boat accidents
- Aviation accidents
Of course, not all accidents involve a vehicle. Our injury lawyers also represent clients harmed by:
- Defective products
- Dangerous premises
- Construction site accidents involving negligence or dangerous products
- A wide range of oil and gas accidents affecting workers, bystanders, and others
- Medical malpractice, including hypoxic brain injury, cerebral palsy, and shoulder dystocia
With 40 years of experience, our Dallas personal injury law firm has won justice for victims harmed in many different circumstances beyond their control. Our Dallas personal injury lawyers can also pursue a wrongful death case on your family's behalf if a loved one succumbs to injuries caused by negligence.
Seeking Justice for Victims and Families
Although physical wounds can be life-altering, the emotional and mental aftermath of an injury can be just as devastating. Along with personal injury and accident cases, the Turley Law Firm has become renowned as a voice for victims who suffered sexual assault or abuse at the hands of predators in organizations and institutions.
Tragically, many of these cases involve children too traumatized to face the abuse until years after the fact. The Turley Law Firm has the resources and dedication to pursue justice in these cases even when the abuse occurred long ago.
To find out how our Dallas personal injury lawyers can help you, please contact the Turley Law Firm online or call (214) 691-4025 today to schedule a free review of your case.
The Turley Law Firm
Our founder, Dallas personal injury lawyer Windle Turley, started the law firm in 1973. Over the last 40 years, our personal injury lawyers have handled a wide array of personal injury, accident, and wrongful death cases. If you or a loved one, was hurt because of the malicious conduct of someone else – we can help.
It's likely that you and your family members, are confused, hurt, and worried about your future. Accidents can be devastating – not only physically, but emotionally and financially. We understand the pressure you face, and are here to help you. Our attorneys work one on one with every single client and their family, to help them through this difficult time.
We offer a risk free consultation to every single prospective client. We listen to your story, and help you understand if you have a case or not. From your first phone call and meeting at our office, one of our attorneys will be talking to you, providing insights and guidance, and answering your questions.
No Fee Unless We Win
Our law firm only charges a fee if and when, we win your case. We're on your team – and that means aligning our interests with yours. We work on a contingency fee basis, which means we only get paid when you get paid. In the event we're unable to win your case, our firm doesn't charge you a penny.
High Profile Law Firm
We've built a national reputation over the last 40 years, doing high quality, and high profile, litigation. In 2015 and 2016, the Turley Law Firm was named a Tier 1 Dallas practice in Personal Injury Litigation for Plaintiffs by a survey of Best Law Firms. Attorneys at our firm have argued before the highest state and federal courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court. We have the experience and resources, to take your case to trial. Our founder Windle Turley has been named Best Lawyer in Personal Injury Litigation since 1983 by U.S. News and World Report. In addition to his extensive experience as a litigator, Mr. Turley is an accomplish lecturer and author.
We have experience handling accident and injury cases for clients from the USA and 25 other foreign countries. Members of our team speak Spanish, Vietnamese, and numerous other languages.
We Handle All Aspects Of Your Case
If you were injured due to the negligence of a company or individual, we can help. We'll file all the necessary insurance claims in order to avoid any potential delays. We assist you in getting medical treatment, and helping establish lost wages, or loss of earning capacity as a result of your injuries. We retain experts, if necessary, for your accident claim at no up-front cost to you. We work to get you the highest possible settlement off. If necessary, we go to trial, and litigate until we're able to deliver justice.
The Turley Law Firm is a Dallas personal injury law firm that gives clients a strong voice in the courtroom. Our founder created the Turley Law Firm in 1973, and our legal experience allows us to represent clients throughout the state of Texas. Our team includes bilingual staff members who can discuss cases in Spanish, Vietnamese, and many other languages, if needed. Regardless of how you were injured, we can help. We can answer your questions and help you get justice.
Our goal is to help our clients recover and to ensure they can focus on healing from their injuries. Our attorneys are committed to helping injured clients get the compensation they deserve and the service they need. We never stop until we can achieve the justice our clients deserve.
We provide punctual and personalized service and focus on the needs of our clients. Our staff members provide timely responses and personalized services for each and every client. We make sure each and every client is able to understand the legal options available to them and the best way to resolve their case. We listen to our clients and provide guidance when they are unsure of what to do next.
We are ready for trial – if that is what it takes to achieve justice. Our litigation team includes investigators, litigators, legal professionals, assistants, and paralegals. We have a network of experts and legal professionals in Texas to get settlements and verdicts that can help us achieve the outcomes our clients deserve. As a trial law firm, we are well-prepared to represent and help injured individuals and their families.
Accidents Can Happen To Anyone
Accidents can happen in many ways. The type of incident that occurred will dictate how we handle the case. For example, if the injury happens at work – your claim will differ from a claim that arises from a car accident or due to medical malpractice. No matter what type of accident occurs, we thoroughly investigate so we can identify the cause and find the negligent parties to hold responsible. We can help our clients recover for things such as: emergency transportation, trauma care, doctor visits, specialist visits, hospitalization, surgery, therapy, equipment, medication, lost wages, and more. For victims who suffer injuries with long-lasting or permanent effects, you may require ongoing treatment. We can help you recover for all losses you suffer, both past and future.
Important Personal Injury Frequently Asked Questions
What is a personal injury case
Several types of accidents can qualify. In general, you may have a personal injury claim if you were injured because another person was careless or negligent. This can occur in many different types of cases. We often handle cases where our client was injured in a car accident, hurt by a defective product, or suffered because a business failed to properly train or supervise an employee. In these situations, the plaintiff (the victim) may be able to file a personal injury claim.
How do I know if I have a claim
In order to have a claim, we need to be able to identify a responsible party who caused the accident and injury. You do not necessarily need to have physically visible injuries in order to file a personal injury claim. Other examples of injuries can be emotional distress, physical impairment, or pain and suffering.
Who can file an injury claim
The person who is injured can file a claim for his or her personal injury. In some cases, the injured person's children, spouse, or parents may also be able to file a claim. Each state has different laws on what qualifies as personal injury. In a personal injury claim, the plaintiff (injured person) must provide evidence showing that the defendant is responsible for the damages incurred.
How much compensation can you get
The value of a personal injury case depends on the damages you have incurred. You may be able to recover for things such as medical bills, lost wages, property damages, emotional damages, pain and suffering, and physical impairment. Every case is different. Some cases resolve quickly, while others take more time to complete. Many different factors—the type of claim, the extent of your injuries, and the circumstances surrounding the incident—can affect how long it may take to resolve a case.
The length of your case and the amount of compensation you receive may be influenced by factors that are outside of your control. These factors may include the amounts of insurance coverage available to cover your injuries, the number of parties involved in the claim or litigation, and the complexity and severity of your injuries.
The complexity of serious personal injury claims is often overwhelming for an injured individual to handle on their own. We meet with each client to develop a personalized strategy to maximize each client's recovery. An experienced personal injury attorney is often necessary to achieve a fair and just recovery.
How much does it cost to speak with you about my situation?
If you are worried about how much it costs to speak with a personal injury attorney, you may find it interesting to learn that it will not cost you any money. Consulting with a personal injury lawyer is free because the attorney works on a contingency fee basis. A contingency fee is based on an assumption that the attorney will be able to help you obtain a settlement or a trial verdict. If you receive compensation, your attorney is reimbursed from your winnings. If you do not receive your compensation, then your attorney will not receive payment for their work either.
Make an Appointment Today
Every state has a statute of limitations. It takes time to build a case. Consequently, it is important to speak with a personal injury attorney now. In the meantime, you and your attorney have a chance to sift through the evidence, look for new witnesses, fill out documents and file a lawsuit at the courthouse. Filing a lawsuit does not mean that you will have an instant hearing before a judge. The date and time of your scheduled hearing may not occur for several months. Plus, you may not even need to appear in court. Your lawyer may agree to an out-of-court settlement.
An Attorney Decides Whether to Accept you as a Client
If you suffer from an injury caused by a negligent party, contact a personal injury attorney so that you can find out if you have a case. Remember that you are not asked to forfeit any money for your consultation or at any time after the meeting until you win your case. If you lose the lawsuit, you do not owe your lawyer any fees even though the attorney spent time on your case. You may need to visit more than one law firm before you find a lawyer who is willing to take your case if the first attorney you consult with does handle your type of case or does not have the knowledge or resources to handle your case.
Bring all the Evidence to your First Appointment
Make sure you bring all of your documents to the meeting. Documentation includes a copy of any incident report or investigation by law enforcement and a copy of your medical records. If you have a list of witnesses, share the information with the personal injury attorney. Bring any photographs and videos you took at the site where the accident took place or of your injuries. Your first consultation is an important event. So, you might want to wear formal attire that helps you make a good initial impression. Personal injury attorneys are in high demand. Each lawyer is looking for clients who have good chances of winning. Plus, an attorney wants to work with a client who has an agreeable personality.
What to Expect During your Initial Consultation
A personal injury attorney tries to get a clear picture of the circumstances surrounding your accident. If you are suffering from a serious injury caused by negligence, you have an excellent chance of working with a lawyer who represents you either in or out of court. During your consultation, an attorney looks at the evidence and asks questions about the case. You may need to fill out a simple form in which you provide your name, address, phone number, email address and social security number. Asking for your social security number is a normal part of the application process.
If your attorney determines that you have a compelling negligence lawsuit, you must sign a contract regarding contingency fees. In a personal injury case, contingency fees take the place of retainer fees. A contract explains the percentage you are required to pay the lawyer if you win your lawsuit.
Even though you are retaining a lawyer, fees are based on an unknown event to take place sometime in the future. Without the help of a personal injury attorney, you may never have a chance to file or win a lawsuit. So, do not feel alarmed when you notice that the personal injury attorney is going to charge you a fee for legal services rendered on your behalf. Your lawyer spent a considerable amount of time developing your case and deserves to receive payment if you win a settlement.
Do I need to hire a personal injury attorney?
If you suffer from an injury caused by negligence, you may need to hire a personal injury attorney. Otherwise, you risk losing your case. A personal injury lawyer provides you with accurate answers to your legal questions. You can even receive help during negotiations with the negligent party's insurance agent. Most personal injury cases involve complex legal issues requiring the professional interpretation of a qualified lawyer. You can always try to file your own case with the court and represent yourself before a jury. However, the odds of winning are not in your favor.
Most Personal Injury Cases Settle Out of Court
You may not realize that the majority of personal injury lawsuits never go to court. Even though a court date is set by a judge, the plaintiff's attorney and the defendant's lawyer discuss the pros and cons of a case until they reach a settlement. If they are unable to agree upon the amount of monetary compensation, they may need to enlist the help of a mediator or arbitrator. In any case, you will find it difficult to negotiate with the opposing party's lawyer should you attempt to represent yourself as a pro se litigant. Even if you succeed in winning your lawsuit, the compensation you receive may not represent the amount of compensation you deserve. When you work with a personal injury attorney, your lawyer strives to win your case until a favorable outcome is reached.
Obtain a Reasonable Estimate of your Damages
If you do not work with a personal injury attorney, you may find that you end up short changing yourself. Unless you have a deep understanding of personal injury laws and civil procedure, it is difficult to arrive at an accurate estimate of the value of the physical, emotional and financial damages that you may be able to recover. If you have a serious disability caused by an act of negligence, you may no longer have the capacity to work at your former place of employment. Plus, obtaining a new job or career may pose insurmountable problems. Your personal injury attorney takes everything into account during your period of legal representation. From determining whether you have a future earning capacity to deciding the type of financial compensation you deserve, your personal injury lawyer represents your needs from start to finish.
You may not have Enough Evidence to Support your Case
Working with a personal injury attorney is not just about filing a lawsuit. Your attorney works hard to gather every shred of evidence to support your claim. For instance, you may not have any witnesses to substantiate your case. Your personal injury lawyer makes an effort to find every witness who saw your accident. In order to prove your case, you must have ample evidence. Working with a professional personal injury legal team ensures that you have sufficient evidence to prove a lawsuit involving negligence. Whether you settle your case in court or via an out-of-court settlement, you still need to provide factual information to support your claim.
A Major Lawsuit Demands Legal Representation
If you have only sustained minor injuries, then you may consider filing a claim without the assistance of a personal injury attorney. For example, a few minor cuts and scrapes may not warrant hiring a lawyer. However, you may still need help with filing an insurance claim and filling out the necessary paperwork involved in bringing a lawsuit to court. If you went to the emergency room soon after your accident occurred, you may want to consult with an attorney before deciding to file a case on your own. In light of the fact that you are not asked to pay a fee for your initial consultation, it is in your best interest to consult with an attorney. Plus, you do not provide payment to a personal injury lawyer unless you win your lawsuit.
Work with an Attorney Instead of Taking Chances
Filing a negligence lawsuit involves detailed comprehension of the law. If you are not a lawyer, you should think about your option to hire an attorney. Winning your case depends on correct interpretation of the intricate details surrounding your accident. If you are injured, contact a personal injury attorney today to find out whether you have a claim that could support a viable lawsuit.


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- ITV Report
Bristol Zoo Celebrates Success
Bristol Zoo had the highest number of visitors for over a decade this summer. The Zoo bucked the national trend, as the wet weather in July, August and September, saw poor turnouts for many other attractions. Their success has prompted a visit from James Beresford, the CEO of Visit England.
Watch Rebecca Broxton's full report here:


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Yes, we've intentionally posted this a little late to illustrate that we all need improvement for something. You have to wonder why they've specifically designated September as Self Improvement Month when self improvement is a life-long endeavor we work on all the time. Maybe it's because traditionally, school starts in September, and from the time we are very young we associate that with new beginnings. Or maybe it's because Fall leads to the holidays, a time when our focus turns to home and family. As we look inward to the things that matter most, we may be open to making beneficial changes in ourselves.
Whatever the reason or the timing, here are a few ideas you might consider worthy improvements that will lead to a happier life.
Taking Time for Yourself: If you're like most of us, every day is filled with commitments and must-do tasks. So it's important to balance them with something you do just for yourself. Even though it's a necessity, far too few people make it a priority. It may involve taking a little alone-time each day or some activity you particularly enjoy, but anything that feeds your soul makes life better and represents self-improvement.
Stretch Yourself: Try something new. Or learn more about something that interests you. Get specific. Fill in the gaps. Not only are there a million things that might enrich your life, there are a million resources for information and experiences. Talk to people. Read more. Make discoveries using the Internet. There's no limit!
Healthy Eating: Does it seem contradictory to talk about healthy eating just as we head into the "Silly Season?" Holiday goodies are everywhere. But it's a fact that many people gain 5-10 pounds between Thanksgiving and the start of the new year, and live to regret it come January. Might there be a way to enjoy the treats and not gain the weight? Of course! If you can watch what you eat in between celebrations and keep up with your exercise program, it can be done. If this is the first year you conquer the tendency to put on weight over the holidays, then consider it a huge dose of self-improvement and something you can keep doing once the holidays are over.
Get Organized: If you feel overwhelmed, the cause might just be too much chaos. When things are more orderly, they are easier to control. And control is really important for a sense of well-being. It might mean straightening up your desk or cleaning out the fridge. It might mean paring down your "to-do" list by deciding that some things can wait. Going from overwhelmed to well-being... definitely self-improvement.
Remember Love: Work, chores, obligations – they keep us on the go. We deal with people in a rush. We can become short-tempered or we can just take people for granted. Don't! Take a moment every now and then to remember love. Really think about it. Be grateful for those feelings. They are a gift. Truly experience love instead of just proclaiming it. The more you love, the greater your capacity to love. And we can't think of an improvement more important than that.
Common Cooking Mistakes
Some people just have a knack for cooking – everything perfect, every time. And then there are those who've had so many disasters they just resign themselves to restaurant meals and take-out. Well, we're here to tell you that's no way to live. Get out your cookware because we believe in you!
Most kitchen flops are caused by simple mistakes, bad habits, and failure to prepare. Here are some of the problems along with easy remedies:
Simple mistakes and simple solutions. Now you're a better cook!
Pizza! Who doesn't love it? Pizza isn't a recent creation; foods that resemble our modern-day pizza have been around since the neolithic period – in other words, the Stone Age! The concept of taking boring old bread (or some flattened base made from grain) and putting a bunch of more interesting ingredients on top of it was something even Barney Rubble could understand.
We rightly think of Pizza as an Italian dish, and it's true that Italian chefs have set the standard. But similar dishes arose in many parts of the Ancient World, and even today, pizza is so popular that people in different localities all over the planet have given the pie their own spin. If you're not a Pizza Purist, you might want to try some of these when you travel abroad.
Italy: Italian Pizza is so well known and so popular that you really don't need to read about it here. Crust, tomato sauce, mozzarella – and there you have it! Add pepperoni, sausage, peppers, olives, anchovies and you've stayed true to the ideal.
Brazil: The large Italian population living in Brazil may stick with tradition, but local toppings include corn, quail eggs, beets, guava jam, chocolate (!), and cream cheese. Many Brazilians put mustard or ketchup on as well.
India: In India, they use an unleavened bread similar to thin pizza crust which they brush with butter and garlic, so they have the makings of something familiar. Many like tandoori chicken or minced mutton as toppings, but non-meat toppings are also popular (especially with the large vegetarian population in India) as are plenty of condiments like chili flakes and ketchup.
Argentina: They call it pizza, but without cheese and tomato sauce, we're not so sure. The crust is topped with seasonings and perhaps onions and olives, but it's more like Focaccia in our opinion.
Japan: As you'd expect, typical Asian flavors adorn the crust, or pancake. You might select kimchi, shrimp, pork belly, and vegetables all topped off with seaweed and pickled ginger.
Germany: One of the most popular toppings in Germany is canned tuna fish. But at least, they do combine it with tomato sauce, cheese, and oregano.
In Australia, toppings include crocodile, kangaroo, and emu. Your pizza in France is likely to be topped with a fried egg. In Sweden, peanuts, pineapple, and curry powder are on the menu.
Wherever you go in the world, you're going to find something called Pizza. What that really means... we leave it up to you to decide.
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In any revegetation plan, using the proper seed to match soil and environmental conditions is critical to achieving a quick, healthy vegetative stand. Whether you are drill seeding, hydroseeding or simply broadcast seeding, Nilex offers a wide selection of individual seed varieties and seed mixes to meet the demands of any job.
Customers looking at this product have also expressed interest in these complementary or alternative products.
Want more information on our products and services? Need help with your order? Contact our team today.
With 38 years' experience in the geosynthetics industry and a long-standing commitment to the environment, our highly qualified staff can assess your needs and work with you to determine the best solution for the challenge you're facing.
Call: 303.766.2000
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Big Innovations from a Big Island
The cumulative expertise of the HNI team catalyzed in Madagascar — the proving ground for DataWinners, the 3-2-1 Service, and our Mobile-to-Mobile Surveys.
As big as France, twice the size of Arizona, Madagascar is the world's fourth-largest island — 1000 miles end to end.
It is one of the poorest countries in the world, with a diverse population and geography, challenging infrastructure, and critical conservation issues.
If a technology solution can work here, it can work anywhere.
David McAfee, HNI's Co-Founder, knew Madagascar well. He had managed a nationwide public health project in Madagascar from 1999 to 2004.
David became frustrated having to make key decisions without good data. It was this frustration that motivated him to found and to lead HNI.
The "human network" refers to families across the developing world connected by simple, inexpensive mobile phones to meet their communications needs.
David returned to Madagascar 2008 to find ways to help organizations and individuals to use the phones and devices they already own in innovative, productive and sustainable ways.
Since our modest beginning in 2008, HNI has grown rapidly. We have worked with dozens of partners across multiple sectors.
We've grown because organizations recognize the importance of putting information and communication technology — ICT — to work for development — 4D: ICT4D
We now have a large staff of professionals: trainers, developers, and managers whose passion is to accelerate development by building the capacity of others to use technology in smart and innovative ways.
HNI's partners in Madagascar
PARTNER SECTOR HNI INNOVATION Abt Associates Public Health Data Collection ADRA Food Security Data Collection Airtel Private Sector Mobile-to-Mobile Survey, Data Collection, 321 Service Ambatovy Private Sector Mobile-to-Mobile Survey CARE Food Security Data Collection Catholic Relief Services Food Security Data Collection Jhpiego (MCHIP) Public Health Data Collection John Snow, Inc. (DELIVER) Public Health Data Collection John Snow, Inc. (MAHEFA) Public Health Data Collection Marie Stopes Madagascar Public Health Data Collection Ministry of Health Public Health Data Collection, 321 Service National Elections Monitoring Committee Good Governance Data Collection National Land Title Office Property Rights Data Collection, 321 Service National Office of Disaster Management Humanitarian Assistance Data Collection National Office of Microfinance Microfinance 321 Service Peace Corps Agriculture, Education, Public Health Data Collection Population Services International Public Health Data Collection, 321 Service System of Rice Intensification Group Agriculture 321 Service UNICEF Education Data Collection WaterAid Water & Sanitation Data Collection World Bank & National Nutrition Office Nutrition Audio Job Aids, Data Collection World Bank & National Statistics Office Economic Mobile-to-Mobile Survey, Data Collection World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Conservation Data Collection


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Plymouth Towing
Automotive Service in Plymouth, Michigan
Plymouth Towing offers responsive and dependable tow truck service in Plymouth, Canton Twp, Novi, Livonia, Northville, Garden City, Northville Twp, Superior Twp, Plymouth Township, Westland, Western Wayne County MI. We offer quality and reliable towing at an affordable price. With years of experience in the towing industry, it's second nature to know the needs of our customers. Need a tow truck for an emergency or just simply to move a car? Give us a call.
Service or Products: Towing, Auto Wrecker
Hours: Mon-Sat: 12:00AM-11:59PM
We are located at 15800 N Haggerty Rd., Ste. 2800, Plymouth, MI 48170 USA.
Call us at (734) 270-4009


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I'm trying to manage my mobile account settings after migrating my local account to a network account.
The problem is that the settings button is greyed out.
How can I change this in order to get my local account syncing with my home server?
note: the lock icon is "locked" in the screenshot, however even unlocked the settings button is still grey


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Dinner Menu
Dinner Menu
Fried Zucchini
House-cut & breaded zucchini sticks are fried to a golden brown and served with zesty ranch dressing.
Fried Cheese Ravioli
Crispy on the outside, gooey on the inside, breaded & fried ravioli are served with a side of warm house-made marinara.
Coconut Shrimp
Six golden fried coconut shrimp are served with our sweet & spicy pineapple pepper dipping sauce.
Eggplant Napoleon
Layers of breaded & fried eggplant are separated by layers of house-made basil pesto, lemony herbed ricotta cheese sauce and molten cheese.
Green Salad
/ Large
Organic mixed greens, red onion, cucumber, cherry tomatoes, carrots and house-made garlic croutons with choice of house-made dressings: creamy blue cheese, zesty ranch or white balsamic vinaigrette.
Eggplant Parmesan
Thickly sliced eggplant is breaded & deep-fried to golden deliciousness, then set atop a mountain of organic Italian wheat spaghetti covered in our house-made marinara and basil ricotta cheese sauces. This vegetarian delight is adorned with parmesan and mozzarella, then broiled until the cheese is gooey and delicious.
Chicken Fried Chicken
A chicken breast is pounded thin, marinated in buttermilk, then breaded and deep-fried. Served with mashed potatoes, creamy white gravy, and our seasonal vegetable of the day.
Fish and Chips
Beer-battered wild-caught Pacific cod filets are served atop a pile of golden french fries. The fish and chips are accompanied by a side of our creamy cole slaw and house-made tartar sauce.
Grilled Pork Chop
A thick, boneless, marinated pork chop is grilled over open flame until the outside just begins to char. Topped with our special sweet & savory sauce and served alongside creamy garlic rosemary polenta and a side of our seasonal vegetable of the day.
Timberline Meatloaf
A generous portion of our beef, pork, turkey and bacon meatloaf is served next to a creamy mound of mashed potatoes, then drenched in a pool of our rich brown gravy. Served with a side of our seasonal vegetable of the day.
Salmon Chardonnay
A 7-ounce portion of fresh wild-caught Alaskan salmon is grill-poached in a flavorful combination of chardonnay, butter, lemon, dill and herbs. Served with gingery sweet potato mash and a side of our seasonal vegetable of the day.
Grilled New York Strip
Our 12-ounce marinated strip steak is dry-aged for 25 days, then grilled over open flame to your desired level of doneness. Served with french fries or mashed potatoes and a side of our seasonal vegetable of the day. Baked potatoes available Friday & Saturday nights as an alternative to fries.
© 2018 Timberline At The River


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Review: Taking the Lead
One of my guilty pleasures is watching Dancing with the Stars so I decided to read Taking the Lead: Lessons from a Life In Motion by one of the show's stars, Derek Hough. Hough writes a little about his background and shares how he came to be one of the dancers on DWTS. At the end of each chapter, he shares "Leading Lessons," bits of wisdom he's learned from dancing and participating in DWTS. There are also short pieces called "Reflecting on Derek" at the end of each chapter. Written by friends, family members, and former partners, they're very flattering and meant to show what a wonderful guy Hough is.
Taking the Lead was a quick read for me but I didn't find it particularly revealing. I thought it was a bit over-the-top at times – I'm sure Hough is a nice guy but this book makes him sound perfect. The wisdom he shares is important but it's nothing new or earth shattering. I'll admit that I enjoyed Taking the Lead but I'd only recommend it to fans of Hough and Dancing with the Stars.
Review copies provided by Harper Collins. I am an Indiebound Affliate.
November 18, 2014 9:40 am
I'm also a big fan of DWTS (although, less so this season). And I really like Derek (have you seen him in Nashville? – he's a very good actor). But I don't think I care enough to devote time to his paean to himself. But I do think that some of these (auto)biographies are fun to read.
November 18, 2014 6:05 pm
He is a handsome lad, though…


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Membership FAQ's
How soon after my purchase can I begin using my membership?
When you purchase a Museum membership, it becomes effective immediately. Keep your receipt or email confirmation to use as proof of membership until your cards arrive in the mail.
If you are trying to purchase tickets to a Museum or Sea Center event, and you have not received your Membership cards, call our Development Office at 805-682-4711 ext. 110.
If I renew early, will I lose the months of membership I have left?
No, your membership runs an entire calendar year from the date of purchase. If you renew early, the new membership will begin when your old membership expires.
How long is a membership good for?
Memberships are valid for 12 months and will expire the following year at the end of the month purchased.
Can I upgrade my membership?
Yes. If you decide that you would like to upgrade your current membership level, you may do so at any time. Please note, we do not pro-rate our memberships. You will need to pay the difference between the full cost of the membership level you currently have and the level to which you are upgrading.
If you choose to upgrade your membership within 3 months of your expiration date, we will allow you to renew your membership at the higher level for the following year, and will upgrade the remaining months of your membership for no additional charge.
Can I add an additional person or childcare worker on my membership?
Yes, that is the Family Plus level Membership. This level is geared toward families who have a caregiver, grandparent, or frequent guest who visits. By choosing the guest option, the user must be accompanied by named individuals on Membership. By providing a designated name, that individual may visit the Museum or Sea Center without the main card holders.
What if my card is lost, stolen, or has errors?
We are happy to replace membership cards at any time. If you card is lost, missing or stolen there is a $5 fee to replace your card. You may use this link to purchase a replacement card or come to our front desk the next time you are the Museum and one of our Visitor Services Representatives can assist you. If your card has errors, please send an email to email@example.com and provide us the information that needs to be updated. Please be sure to identify who you are and your membership ID number.
Are there any restrictions to ASTC Travel Passport Program?
Yes. The ASTC Travel Passport Program only entitles visitors to free general admission at participating science centers/museums. It does not include free admission to Family Festivals, special events and exhibits, theatre presentations or Planetarium show nor does it include discounts in museum stores, on parking or other benefits.
To receive Travel Passport Program benefits, you must live more than 90 miles away from the center/museum you wish to visit. The admission staff has the right to request proof of residence to apply the benefits. 90 miles is measured "as the crow flies," not by driving distance.
Additionally, science centers/museums located within 90 miles of each other are excluded from the Travel Passport Program unless exclusion is lifted by a mutual agreement. 90 miles is measured "as the crow flies" rather than by driving distance.


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Shaklee Giveaway
I recently received this Shaklee Basic H2 organic cleaning concentrate.
It has so many uses:
Kitchen, appliances, furniture, sealed woodwork, fixtures, walls, stainless steel, sealed granite, marble, bathrooms, windows, mirrors, woolens, nylons, and fine fabrics.
I've heard great things about this product and Shaklee.
Would you like to win some Shaklee Basic H2 + spray bottles for yourself?
To Enter:
1. Tell me what your favorite cleaning product is. What just works wonders for you?
2. For a second entry, Twitter Follow Me and then tweet the following:
"I just entered to win free Shaklee Products @loveveggiesyoga http://tiny.cc/pomfe ″
3. For a third entry, do one of these things (or more if you'd like but you can only claim one for contest purposes)
Facebook Like Me, Stumble Follow Me & Stumble It or post this Give Away on your blog.
Contest will run until Sunday, July 3, 2011 and winner will randomly be chosen and announced. Shaklee will ship directly to the winner.
Open to continental U.S. readers only.
Get your entries in now!


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Uline employees work together as a team to contribute to the company's success.
We are always looking for bright, energetic people from a variety
of backgrounds to lend their unique perspectives and skills.
Join us at our job fair for an overview of Uline and on-the-spot interviews for a variety of positions.
Stop in at our weekly Open House for an on-the-spot interview and an overview of Uline.


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Karen Hussey
Karen Hussey
Dr Karen Hussey is Senior Lecturer at the Fenner School of Environment and Society at The Australian National University where she undertakes research on the policy and institutional dimensions of sustainability. Dr Hussey leads several projects in the area of climate adaptation, energy and water governance, and the links between trade and environmental regulation.
Dr Hussey is Co-Chair of the ANU Water Initiative, Board Member for the ANU-UNESCO Chair in Water Economics and Transboundary Water Governance, and convenor of two courses at the Fenner School (Environmental Policy, and Society and Environmental Change), as well as contributing to the University of Copenhagen's course, Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation.
Dr Hussey has a PhD in Political Science from the University of Melbourne, an M.Econ.Sc from University College Dublin, Ireland, and a B.A (Economics and Politics) from the University of Melbourne.


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Foundation / Corporation
Grants to USA, Canada, and International independent filmmakers for film projects that align with the themes of empowerment, social justice, and cultural exchange. Funding is available to both novice and experienced filmmakers for all stages of development, including development, production, post-production, as well as film festival applications.
FWB is dedicated to empowering the next generation of digital storytellers. FWB filmmaking grants provide funding and support for independent filmmakers to share their stories. Funds are available for narrative, documentary, experimental, and new media projects in various stages of production.
Goals and Objectives
- To empower the next generation of digital storytellers
- To promote diverse communities and cultures
- To share unique perspectives and stories
- To support independent voices from around the world
Grants are available for all of the following stages of production:
- Development
- Production
- Post-production
- Film Festival Applications
Grants are available for all of the following types of projects:
Short Film Projects (6-40 minutes)
- Narrative
- Documentary
- Animation
- Experimental
Feature Film Projects (90+ minutes)
- Narrative
- Documentary
New Media Projects (various)
- Narrative
- Documentary
- Experimental
Proposed projects should address one of the following themes:
- Social justice
- Women's voices
- Youth voices
- Identity
- Cultural exchange
- Climate change
Proposed projects should be aligned with the following guidelines:
- Demonstrated commitment to cultural diversity
- Demonstrated commitment to cultural sustainability
- Demonstrated commitment to empowerment
- Adherence to the American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics
Please note that additional specialized grants are also available for alumni of the following initiatives: Tribeca All Access, Women in Film Finishing Fund, Sundance Native Program, NYWIFT Disability Awareness Grant, National Geographic Explorer, and the Fulbright Scholars Program.
GrantWatch ID#: 182210
Development: $250, $500, $750, or $1000
Production: $500, $1000, $2500, or $5000
Post-production: $250, $500, $1000, or $2500
Film Festival Applications: $100, $250, $500, or $750
Films must be scheduled for completion within 365 days of application deadline.
Before starting your grant application, please review the funding source's website listed below for updates/changes/addendums/conferences/LOIs.
Online application: http://filmmakerswithoutborders.org/grants/apply/
576 Fifth Avenue, Suite 903
New York, NY 10036
Phone: 212-39-1517
Email: grants [at] filmmakerswithoutborders [dot] org
USA: Alabama; Alaska; Arizona; Arkansas; California; Colorado; Connecticut; Delaware; Florida; Georgia; Hawaii; Idaho; Illinois; Indiana; Iowa; Kansas; Kentucky; Louisiana; Maine; Maryland; Massachusetts; Michigan; Minnesota; Mississippi; Missouri; Montana; Nebraska; Nevada; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New Mexico; New York City; New York; North Carolina; North Dakota; Ohio; Oklahoma; Oregon; Pennsylvania; Rhode Island; South Carolina; South Dakota; Tennessee; Texas; Utah; Vermont; Virginia; Washington, DC; Washington; West Virginia; Wisconsin; Wyoming
USA Territories: American Samoa (USA) Guam (USA) Puerto Rico (USA) Virgin Islands (USA) Northern Mariana Islands (USA)
USA Compact Free Associations: The Federated States of Micronesia (USA) Marshall Islands (USA) Republic of Palau (USA)
Canada: Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon
International country outside of the USA, Israel and Canada.