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* Community Groups
* Community Groups
* Curated IoT Reading List
* Curated IoT Reading List
== Project Leaders ==
== Project Leaders ==
Revision as of 06:30, 27 October 2015
- Main
- IoT Attack Surface Areas
- Top IoT Vulnerabilities
- Top 10 IoT Vulnerabilities (2014)
- IoT Testing Guides
- IoT Security Guidance
- Talks
- Curated IoT Reading
- Community
- Podcasts
- IoT Conferences
- IoT Framework Assessment
- Principles
OWASP Internet of Things (IoT) Project
Oxford defines the Internet of Things as: "A proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data."
The OWASP Internet of Things Project is designed to help manufacturers, developers, and consumers better understand the security issues associated with the Internet of Things, and to enable users in any context to make better security decisions when building, deploying, or assessing IoT technologies.
The project looks to define a structure for various IoT sub-projects such as Attack Surface Areas, Testing Guides and Top Vulnerabilities.
The OWASP Internet of Things Project is free to use. It is licensed under the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license], so you can copy, distribute and transmit the work, and you can adapt it, and use it commercially, but all provided that you attribute the work and if you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.
What is the OWASP Internet of Things Project?
The OWASP Internet of Things Project provides:
Project Leaders
Major Contributors
Related Projects
Email List
Quick Download
IoT Attack Surface Mapping DEFCON 23
News and Events
The OWASP IoT Attack Surface Areas (DRAFT) are as follows:
|Attack Surface
|Ecosystem Access Control
|Device Memory
|Device Physical Interfaces
|Device Web Interface
|Device Firmware
|Device Network Services
|Administrative Interface
|Local Data Storage
|Cloud Web Interface
|Third-party Backend APIs
|Update Mechanism
|Mobile Application
|Vendor Backend APIs
|Ecosystem Communication
|Network Traffic
The top IoT vulnerabilities (DRAFT) are as follow:
|Attack Surface
|Username Enumeration
|Weak Passwords
|Account Lockout
|Unencrypted Services
|Two-factor Authentication
|Poorly Implemented Encryption
|Update Sent Without Encryption
|Update Location Writable
|Denial of Service
|Removal of Storage Media
|No Manual Update Mechanism
|Missing Update Mechanism
|Firmware Version Display and/or Last Update Date
For each attack surface areas, the following sections are included:
- A description of the attack surface
- Threat agents
- Attack vectors
- Security weaknesses
- Technical impacts
- Business impacts
- Example vulnerabilities
- Example attacks
- Guidance on how to avoid the issue
- References to OWASP and other related resources
- I1 Insecure Web Interface
- I2 Insufficient Authentication/Authorization
- I3 Insecure Network Services
- I4 Lack of Transport Encryption
- I5 Privacy Concerns
- I6 Insecure Cloud Interface
- I7 Insecure Mobile Interface
- I8 Insufficient Security Configurability
- I9 Insecure Software/Firmware
- I10 Poor Physical Security
Tester IoT Security Guidance
The goal of this page is to help testers assess IoT devices and applications in the Internet of Things space. The guidance below is at a basic level, giving testers of devices and applications a basic set of guidelines to consider from their perspective. This is not a comprehensive list of considerations, and should not be treated as such, but ensuring that these fundamentals are covered will greatly improve the security of any IoT product.
|IoT Security Consideration
|I1: Insecure Web Interface
|I2: Insufficient Authentication/Authorization
|I3: Insecure Network Services
|I4: Lack of Transport Encryption
|I5: Privacy Concerns
|I6: Insecure Cloud Interface
|I7: Insecure Mobile Interface
|I8: Insufficient Security Configurability
|I9: Insecure Software/Firmware
|I10: Poor Physical Security
General Recommendations
Consider the following recommendations for all user interfaces (local device, cloud-based and mobile):
- Avoid potential Account Harvesting issues by:
- Ensuring valid user accounts can't be identified by interface error messages
- Ensuring strong passwords are required by users
- Implementing account lockout after 3 - 5 failed login attempts
Manufacturer IoT Security Guidance
The goal of this section is help manufacturers build more secure products in the Internet of Things space. The guidance below is at a basic level, giving builders of products a basic set of guidelines to consider from their perspective. This is not a comprehensive list of considerations, and should not be treated as such, but ensuring that these fundamentals are covered will greatly improve the security of any IoT product.
|IoT Security Consideration
|I1: Insecure Web Interface
|I2: Insufficient Authentication/Authorization
|I3: Insecure Network Services
|I4: Lack of Transport Encryption
|I5: Privacy Concerns
|I6: Insecure Cloud Interface
|I7: Insecure Mobile Interface
|I8: Insufficient Security Configurability
|I9: Insecure Software/Firmware
|I10: Poor Physical Security
General Recommendations
Consider the following recommendation for all Internet of Things products:
- Avoid the potential for persistent vulnerabilities in devices that have no update capability by ensuring that all devices and systems are built with the ability to be updated when vulnerabilities are discovered
- Rebranded devices used as part of a system should be properly configured so that unnecessary or unintended services do not remain active after the rebranding
[ NOTE: Given the fact that each deployment and every environment is different, it is important to weigh the pros and cons of implementing the advice above before taking each step. ]
Developer IoT Security Guidance
The goal of this section is help developers build more secure applications in the Internet of Things space. The guidance below is at a basic level, giving developers of applications a basic set of guidelines to consider from their perspective. This is not a comprehensive list of considerations, and should not be treated as such, but ensuring that these fundamentals are covered will greatly improve the security of any IoT product. Strongly consider using a Secure IoT Framework in order to proactively address many of the concerns listed below.
|IoT Security Consideration
|I1: Insecure Web Interface
When building a web interface consider implementing lessons learned from web application security. Employ a framework that utilizes security controls to ensure that vulnerabilities are mitigated in code. Be sure to plan for eventual upgrades or security fixes to the framework as well. If you use optional plugins to the framework be sure to review them for security.
Deploy and protect the web interface in the same way you would any web application. Utilize encrypted transport protocols if possible, being sure to validate certificates. Limit access in whatever ways possible. Assume users will not change configuration so deploy in a secure manner with strong credentials already in place.
|I2: Insufficient Authentication/Authorization
Refer to the OWASP Authentication Cheat Sheet
|I3: Insecure Network Services
Try to utilize tested, proven, networking stacks and interfaces that handle exceptions gracefully. Be sure that any test or maintenance interfaces are disabled or properly protected. Avoid exposing unauthenticated protocols (such as TFTP) or unencrypted channels (such as telnet) if possible. Consider the attack surface that device network services present. Turn off unnecessary services and deploy measures to protect required services, detect malicious activity, and react to an attack with measures such as lock-outs or temporary firewall rules.
|I4: Lack of Transport Encryption
Utilize encrypted protocols wherever possible to protect all data in transit. Where protocol encryption is not possible consider encrypting data before transfer.
|I5: Privacy Concerns
Data can present unintended privacy concerns when aggregated. As a rule collect the minimal amount of data possible. Consult with data scientists, legal and compliance teams to determine risk of data collection and storage. Consider implications of consent and the fact that IoT devices may not present an interface for collecting consent and may passively collect data about people other than owners and operators. IoT may collect information about individuals who cannot provide consent (such as minors) and data collection should be modified accordingly.
|I6: Insecure Cloud Interface
Cloud security presents unique security considerations, as well as countermeasures. Be sure to consult your cloud provider about options for security mechanisms. Consult the OWASP Cloud Top 10 Security Risks documents.
|I7: Insecure Mobile Interface
Mobile interfaces to IoT ecosystems require targeted security. Consult the OWASP Mobile Project for further guidance.
|I8: Insufficient Security Configurability
Security can be a value proposition. Design should take into consideration a sliding scale of security requirements. Architect projects with secure defaults and allow consumers to select options to be enabled or disabled. IoT design should be forward compatible with respect to security - as cipher suites increase and new security technologies become widely available IoT design should be able to adopt these new technologies.
Remember the security lifecycle of protect, detect, and react. Design systems to allow for the detection of malicious activity as well as self defending capabilities and a reaction plan should a compromise be detected. Design all stages of the lifecycle to be evolutionary so improvements can be added to a system or device future releases, updates, or patches.
|I9: Insecure Software/Firmware
Many IoT deployments are either brownfield (i.e. applied over existing infrastructure) and/or have an extremely long deployment cycle. To maintain the security of devices over time it is critical to plan for patches and updates.
Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) are primary concerns when providing binaries and updates to edge devices. Encrypt updates before distribution, providing decryption keys along with download instructions to authorized devices. Updates should have cryptographic signatures using public key cryptography that can be verified by devices. A cryptographic signature allows for distribution of updates over untrusted channels, such as Content Delivery Network (CDN), peer-to-peer, or machine to machine (M2M).
Devices should always validate cryptographic certificates and discard updates that are not properly delivered or signed. If unencrypted updates are utilized be sure that a cryptographic hash of the update is provided over an encrypted channel so the device can detect tampering.
Provide a mechanism for issuing, updating and revoking cryptographic keys as well. Key management and lifecycle should be taken into consideration prior to deployment. This includes the SSL trust store, or root trust, on a device, which may have to be modified over the lifespan of the device.
|I10: Poor Physical Security
Plan on having IoT edge devices fall into malicious hands. Utilize whatever physical security protections are available. Disable any testing or debugging interfaces, utilize Hardware Security Modules (HSM's), cryptographic co-processors, and Trusted Platform Modules (TPM's) wherever possible.
Consider the implications of a compromised device. Do not share credentials, application or cryptographic keys across multiple devices to limit the scope of damage due to a physical compromise.
Plan for the transfer of ownership of devices and ensure that data is not transferable along with the ownership.
General Recommendations
Consider the following recommendations for all user interfaces (local device, cloud-based and mobile):
- Avoid potential Account Harvesting issues by:
- Ensuring valid user accounts can't be identified by interface error messages
- Ensuring strong passwords are required by users
- Implementing account lockout after 3 - 5 failed login attempts
[ NOTE: Given the fact that each deployment and every environment is different, it is important to weigh the pros and cons of implementing the advice above before taking each step. ]
Consumer IoT Security Guidance
The goal of this section is help consumers purchase secure products in the Internet of Things space. The guidance below is at a basic level, giving consumers a basic set of guidelines to consider from their perspective. This is not a comprehensive list of considerations, and should not be treated as such, but ensuring that these fundamentals are covered will greatly aid the consumer in purchasing a secure IoT product.
|IoT Security Consideration
|I1: Insecure Web Interface
|I2: Insufficient Authentication/Authorization
|I3: Insecure Network Services
|I4: Lack of Transport Encryption
|I5: Privacy Concerns
|I6: Insecure Cloud Interface
|I7: Insecure Mobile Interface
|I8: Insufficient Security Configurability
|I9: Insecure Software/Firmware
|I10: Poor Physical Security
General Recommendations
If you are looking to purchase a device or system, consider the following recommendations:
- Include security in feature considerations when evaluating a product
- Place Internet of Things devices on a separate network if possible using a firewall
[ NOTE: Given the fact that each deployment and every environment is different, it is important to weigh the pros and cons of implementing the advice above before taking each step. ]
RSA Conference San Francisco
Securing the Internet of Things: Mapping IoT Attack Surface Areas with the OWASP IoT Top 10 Project
Daniel Miessler, Practice Principal
April 21, 2015
Defcon 23
IoT Attack Surface Mapping
Daniel Miessler
August 6-9, 2015
A global grassroots organization that is focused on issues where computer security intersects public safety and human life.
Their areas of focus include:
- Medical devices
- Automobiles
- Home Electronics
- Public Infrastructure
A project focused on helping small business connect with security researchers to aid in securing their IoT-based products before going market.
Their goals include:
- Focus effort towards small business
- Build partnerships
- Coordinate efforts
- Curate informational resources
- Present research
Formed as an informal industry working group in 2005, today OTA is an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) approved 501c3 charitable organization with the mission to enhance online trust and empower users, while promoting innovation and the vitality of the internet. OTA is global organization supported by over 100 organizations headquartered in Bellevue, Washington with offices in Washington DC.
Addressing the mounting concerns, in January 2015 the Online Trust Alliance, established the IoT Trustworthy Working Group (ITWG), a multi-stakeholder initiative. The group recognizes "security and privacy by design" must be a priority from the onset of product development and be addressed holistically. The framework focuses on privacy, security sustainability. The sustainability pillar is critical as it looks at the life-cycle issues related to long- term supportability and transfers of ownership of devices and the data collected.
The AllSeen Alliance is a Linux Foundation collaborative project. They're a cross-industry consortium dedicated to enabling the interoperability of billions of devices, services and apps that comprise the Internet of Things. The Alliance supports the AllJoyn Framework, an open source software framework that makes it easy for devices and apps to discover and communicate with each other. Developers can write applications for interoperability regardless of transport layer, manufacturer, and without the need for Internet access. The software has been and will continue to be openly available for developers to download, and runs on popular platforms such as Linux and Linux-based Android, iOS, and Windows, including many other lightweight real-time operating systems.
The Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)
The Industrial Internet Consortium is the open membership, international not-for-profit consortium that is setting the architectural framework and direction for the Industrial Internet. Founded by AT&T, Cisco, GE, IBM and Intel in March 2014, the consortium's mission is to coordinate vast ecosystem initiatives to connect and integrate objects with people, processes and data using common architectures, interoperability and open standards.
Securing Smart Cities is a not-for-profit global initiative that aims to solve the existing and future cybersecurity problems of smart cities through collaboration between companies, governments, media outlets, other not-for-profit initiatives and individuals across the world.
Conference Call for Papers
IoT Framework Security Considerations
Designing a secure IoT solution depends on a number of security considerations. One of the most important consideration is the use of a secure IoT framework for building your ecosystem. Using a secure framework ensures that developers don't overlook security considerations and allows for rapid application development. Ideally a framework contains security components baked into the framework in such a way as to provide security by default that developers don't have to think about. This frees developers and architects to focus on features and capabilities without burdening their development efforts with security considerations (or mistakes).
The purpose of this document is to outline a vendor agnostic set of evaluation criteria that developers and architects can use to measure relative security strengths of IoT development frameworks. This should serve as a useful benchmark as well as impetus for vendors to produce more robust IoT development frameworks to address the many security issues that beleaguer IoT.
Evaluation criteria are broken down into four distinct sections. These sections are representative of typical IoT system archetypes. Each section has specific security related concerns that are outlined in the framework evaluation criteria for that section. These sections are:
- Edge
- Gateway
- Cloud Platform
- Mobile
The edge code that runs on actual IoT devices. Often times edge components are resource constrained or operate in isolated environments. A gateway device is often used to aggregate and bridge communications from edge devices. The edge, or gateway, will often communicate with some sort of cloud component, often a web service. This component could be deployed in a company data center or a public cloud computing environment. The cloud component often supports complex user interfaces, analytics capabilities, and provide access to data aggregation back ends. Finally, many IoT ecosystems consist of mobile application components that allow users to interact with the ecosystem via smart phones or tablets.
The edge is the actual physical device that makes up the IoT ecosystem. Note that in many deployments the edge is heterogeneous, meaning it is made up of any number of types of devices with different hardware, operating systems, networking or communications capability and resources. An ideal framework will provide cross platform components so that edge code can be deployed anywhere from bare metal, to an embedded operating system, to a mobile OS, to a full blown desktop computer, and so on.
Framework Considerations for Edge Component
- Communications encryption
- Encrypted communications should occur end-to-end wherever possible. Keep in mind that some communications may pass through a barrier, such as a gateway or load balancer, which may impact end-to-end encryption. Encryption allows endpoints to validate identity (such as through x509 certificates and roots of trust) to ensure that communications cannot be intercepted or redirected.
- Storage encryption
- Sensitive data on the edge is liable to theft or exposure unless it is stored with proper security considerations. Frameworks should offer some form of secured local storage for data that protects it from local malicious applications, compromised operating systems, or malicious owner/operator. Sensitive data can include sensor reading, configuration settings, authentication credentials, or cryptographic keys.
- Strong logging
- The framework should offer robust logging, including security event logging. The log events should be customizable and should report sensitive events in a usable format for end users, managers, and operators. Logs often provide forensic evidence of abuse so integration with common log formats (such as Windows event logs or Unix syslog), allows for integration into more robust monitoring systems.
- Automatic updates and/or version reporting
- Keeping software up to date and allowing for patches and updates is critical for a secure framework. The framework should clearly identify the running version and allow for software patches and updates. An automatic updating process frees users from having to manually update systems, raising the likelihood that systems will be kept up to date.
- Update verification
- Updates should be delivered over a secured channel and verified after download to ensure that updates are legitimate. Binary signing (and checking) and update hashes delivered over a verified, encrypted, channel ensure that malicious updates aren't installed on a device. Be aware that physical access may allow an attacker to "side load" a binary to place it directly on a device so updates should be verified prior to installation rather than simply checking a download.
- Cryptographic identification capabilities
- IoT ecosystems are primarily comprised of autonomous systems which are extremely capable of performing complex cryptographic operations. Frameworks should support cryptographic capabilities to verify trusted components (such as gateway, cloud, or mobile) and include cryptographic lifecycle management. This means supporting the issuing, and re-issuing, of cryptographic material, expiration of cryptographic certificates, a revocation and revocation checking mechanism, and a system from signing key material. This capability enables strong cryptographic authentication, which is particularly important with machine to machine (M2M) authentication and communications encryption.
- No default passwords
- The framework should support custom credentials that can be created, set, and reset by the operator. The framework should eschew default or shared credentials across the ecosystem. Credentials includes local authentication components as well as authentication components to cloud, gateway, mobile, or other ecosystem devices.
- Strong local authentication
- The framework should provide strong authentication of operators to the edge. Where possible this should include complex passwords and multi-factor authentication. The authentication mechanism should report or log failed authentication attempts and provide a exponential delay or lock out mechanism to prevent brute force attacks.
- Offline security features
- The framework should assume that the edge component may lose connectivity and fall back to local security features in the absence of network resources. These offline security features should be just as robust as online features in order to prevent attackers from disrupting communications so as to degrade security countermeasures.
- Configurable root trust store
- Cryptographic roots of trust are critical for using certificates for identity validation. These stores should be configurable in order to add new certificates and expire or remove revoked certificates to maintain forward compatible security. The framework should enforce checks on the ability to manipulate the trust root.
- Device and owner authentication
- The framework should recognize that in an IoT ecosystem the device may need to authenticate as itself or broker identity of an owner or operator. The identity model of the framework should recognize the unique access and authentication needs for both the autonomous component and the human user(s).
- Transitive ownership considerations
- IoT devices are often sold or ownership is transfered. The framework should allow the device to be wiped, reset, or otherwise have data compartmentalized or destroyed to protect owner information. Whether the device is a set piece in a physical location whose owner might change, or physically transferable to a potentially hostile or competitive owner, the framework should take into consideration the transitive nature of the device and allow for information protection accordingly.
- Defensive capabilities
- The framework should provide mechanisms to detect malicious and anomalous activity or integrate easily into device side malware protection or anomaly detection products. To the extent possible the framework should support a self defending edge component.
- Plugin or extension verification, reporting and updating
- Additions and extensions to the edge components should be validated prior to installation by the framework. The framework should support reporting and updating capabilities for extensions in the same manner as for the core.
- Secure M2M capabilities
- The framework should support machine to machine trust, authorization, verification, and authentication. To the extent possible this support should extend to offline capabilities to avoid a single point of failure in a platform or gateway. The framework might support transitive trust, so that an owner might certify a number of devices which could then authenticate and trust based on the owner, independent of the device or platform in the ecosystem. The platform or gateway may also be able to confer transitive trust for M2M communications.
- Secure web interface
- Frameworks that provide an interface for edge components should utilize an interface that addresses the OWASP Top 10 at a minimum. To the extent possible, web interfaces should be constructed with web application development frameworks that ensure security countermeasures against common vulnerabilities such as authentication bypass, cross site scripting and cross site request forgery. Web interfaces should be presented over TLS (HTTPS) and should not use self signed or invalid certificates. To the extent possible the framework should limit access to the web interface to prevent unauthorized use or abuse.
- Utilize established, tested networking stacks and protocols
- Frameworks should utilize well supported network stacks and protocols to avoid common security vulnerabilities in newer, untested, or exotic stacks and protocols. Frameworks should limit the number of protocols to the minimum possible and should provide protocols or stacks in a disabled-by-default state to limit attack surface.
- Use latest, up to date third party components
- Frameworks should use up to date 3rd party components as well as the capability to report on versions and update these components as they age or security updates become available. The framework should insure that any updates should be distributed over a secured channel and verified before installation.
- Capability to utilize hardware devices
- The framework should support the use of any available hardware security features such as Hardware Security Modules (HSM's), Trusted Platform Modules (TPM's), and cryptographic coprocessors. The framework may not require these components, but should utilize them if available.
- Support multi-factor authentication
- The framework should support multi factor authentication for the device and/or any operators if possible.
- Support temporal and spacial authentication and functionality
- IoT devices might be moved and the framework should have the capability to fine tune permissions based on space and time. The framework should support location aware permissions utilizing any number of the sensors on an edge device and should also support a permissions model that can change based on rules of time.
- Tracks and contains data from potentially tainted (insecure) sources
- IoT devices might be required to process data from channels that cannot be secured. The framework should allow for some form of data tagging or sanitization to track and contain data from untrusted sources.
- Features (interfaces) are disabled by default
- The framework should strive to disable as many services and features as possible by default, allowing developers and deployment configuration to enable features as necessary in order to minimize attack surface. The framework should allow for configuration reporting and potentially for remote configuration changes to respond to ecosystem changes.
- Written in a type safe programming language or subject to scrutiny
- Framework components for edge devices should be written in programming languages that posses security countermeasures and demonstrate a history of strong security. Framework edge components written in languages prone to security issues, such as C, should be rigorously scrutinized to ensure that code level vulnerabilities, such as buffer overflows, are not present.
- Does not employ secrets in code
- The framework edge components should be architected in such a way as to recognize the likelihood of reverse engineering and physical compromise and employ defensive countermeasures to protect any secrets in the component.
- Device monitoring and management capabilities
- The framework should enable device platform monitoring, and possibly management, capabilities to allow for detection of security weaknesses or vulnerabilities in other components on the edge.
The gateway will often support weak edge devices, or allow edge devices a bridge networks to cloud components. Gateways can serve as a communications aggregation and control bottleneck and can allow for an easy interface between an insecure, but trusted, local network, and a secure connection to the untrusted public internet. Often times gateways will support range limited or proprietary protocols from edge devices and in many ecosystems the gateway and the edge might be synonymous, with sensors communicating to the edge which brokers those communications into the IoT ecosystem. A gateway may, or may, not have any sort of user interface, which can present benefits and limitations to the device. Typically gateways have greater resource availability than edge devices and run full operating system stacks. Because it serves as an aggregation point, the gateway has a very security sensitive role in the ecosystem.
Framework Considerations for Gateway Component
- Multi-directional encrypted communications
- The gateway should enforce secure communications so as to not degrade the security of messages in any direction wherever possible. Sometimes a gateway will bridge secured and unsecured communications channels, in which case careful consideration should be given to data interception, manipulation, and injection on insecure endpoints. The gateway should provide capabilities to segment and isolate communications where possible as well.
- Strong authentication of components (edge, platform, user)
- Edge components should provide authentication mechanisms as strong as any other component in the framework. Where possible the gateway should authenticate multidirectionally to ensure trusted communications to the edge and to the cloud. Cryptographic capabilities in gateway authentication should be a strong component of the framework solution.
- Storage
- The gateway may serve as a single point of failure (or attack) in the ecosystem and should store only the minimum amount of information, in an encrypted format if possible.
- Denial of service and replay attack mitigation
- The gateway should be able to detect and resist attacks from the edge including spoofing, replay, and excessive communications. The framework should support the ability of the gateway to log, alert, and respond to detected malicious or anomalous activity by the edge components.
- Logging and alerting
- The gateway will have access to a volume of traffic and should be able to log and alert based on event logging. The framework might include integration with standard logging services or intrusion detection systems. The framework might even support alternative methods for alerting in the gateway (such as SMS).
- Anomaly detection and reporting capabilities
- The framework should allow the gateway to observe, baseline, and monitor communications traffic and behavior of components. The gateway will be uniquely suited to monitor traffic to and from the cloud and should support anomaly detection or integrate easily with anomaly and intrusion detection systems. A strong gateway framework might even support intrusion prevention capabilities to exclude suspicious actors from the ecosystem.
- Use latest, up to date third party components
- Frameworks should use up to date 3rd party components as well as the capability to report on versions and update these components as they age or security updates become available. The framework should insure that any updates should be distributed over a secured channel and verified before installation.
- Automatic updates and/or version reporting
- Keeping software up to date and allowing for patches and updates is critical for a secure framework. The framework should clearly identify the running version and allow for software patches and updates. An automatic updating process frees users from having to manually update systems, raising the likelihood that systems will be kept up to date.
The cloud component of an IoT ecosystem refers to the central data aggregation and management portion of the ecosystem. The cloud component will typically consist of a data storage layer (such as a database), analytics and reporting, ecosystem management, a web interface, and other components such as e-mail, backups, etc. The cloud component may or may not be hosted on public cloud infrastructure. Access to the cloud component is typically restricted, especially to the supporting infrastructure. The cloud component carries significant risk because it is the central point of aggregation for most data in the ecosystem and often includes a command and control (C2) component that allows for the manipulation of other components including the delivery and distribution of updates and extensions. It is critical that the cloud component contains extensive and effective security controls since it is the keystone of most IoT ecosystems.
Framework Considerations for Cloud Component
- Encrypted communications
- The cloud component should support encrypted communications including security certificates to identify itself to other components in the ecosystem. The framework should support cryptographic certificates to identify other components as well, for bi-directional identity verification.
- Secure web interface
- The cloud web interface should be build using technology that bakes solutions to common web application vulnerabilities in to the code (such as a secure web application development framework). The application should mitigate the OWASP Top 10 at a minimum.
- Authentication
- The cloud component should allow for complex authentication including multi factor authentication. The interface should include brute force and anti-account enumeration mitigation features as well. The interface should not ship with default credentials and should allow users to easily set, and safely reset, account information.
- Encrypted storage
- The cloud component of an IoT ecosystem is often the system of record and aggregation for the entire deployment. Wherever possible the framework should support data encryption at rest, including in the persistence layer as well as in any export or backup mechanism.
- Capability to utilize encrypted communications to storage layer
- Communications between the cloud interface and data aggregation layer and the data persistence layer should utilize encrypted communications channel. The framework should utilize encrypted communications by default to prevent data from being exposed in transit.
- Data classification capabilities and segregation
- The cloud component will collect a variety of varying data from other components in the ecosystem. Some data might be highly sensitive and other data might be benign. The framework should provide the capabilities to classify data and protect data dependent on classification. Interface controls should limit access and exposure of sensitive data according to classification.
- Security event reporting and alerting
- The cloud component often has the greatest visibility into ecosystem function and security controls are critical at this layer. The cloud component should have robust security event monitoring, reporting, and alerting capabilities. The framework should enable the cloud component to detect and react to malicious activity. The cloud component should be able to segregate bad actors, limit access to malicious parties, and integrate easily with third party logging and intrusion detection and prevention systems.
- Automatic updates and update verification
- The framework should recognize the need for updates and support easy updates and update verification of the cloud component. The framework should have an easy interface for reporting versions and any available updates. Ideally the framework should support automatic updates to the cloud component. Automated alerting of updates out of band (for instance via SMS or e-mail) is desirable for non-automatically updating components.
- Use latest, up to date third party components
- Frameworks should use up to date 3rd party components as well as the capability to report on versions and update these components as they age or security updates become available. The framework should insure that any updates should be distributed over a secured channel and verified before installation.
- Plugin or extension verification, reporting and updating
- The cloud component will often have enhancements and customization options in the form of extensions and plug-ins. The framework should allow for modular updates and monitoring of these components. The framework should ideally ship with a minimal set of features enabled by default to limit attack surface. An easy accounting interface for extensions and plug-ins should be available to administrators. Automated alerting of updates out of band (for instance via SMS or e-mail) is desirable for non-automatically updating components.
- Interface segregation and isolation based on utility (device, management interface, user interface, etc.)
- The cloud component of an IoT ecosystem will often communicate with various other components of the ecosystem. The utility necessary to communicate with an embedded device will necessarily be very different from the utility provided to a human user of a web interface. The framework should allow for the segregation and protection of communications channels to reduce the attack surface and enforce the principle of least privilege. Attackers may seek to exploit vulnerabilities available to non-human facing interfaces, such as device facing API's. To the extent possible the framework should limit access based on role and use. Cryptographic certificates utilized for purpose access can be useful in this goal. At the very least the framework should provide purpose built interfaces customized for intended use.
- Application level firewall and defensive capabilities (IP blocking, throttling, account management, etc.)
- The cloud component should have the capability to block certain actors, throttle malicious activity and respond to threats. This should include the capability for the framework to perform mass credential resets, deprecations, and other disaster and breach response capabilities.
- Ensure ecosystem segregation in the case of multi-tenant solutions
- In the case that the framework supports diverse customer base in a single ecosystem the framework should provide appropriate segregation and data protection. This might include dedicated data storage layers per customer, or data tagging to ensure segregation and access control.
- Stack security considerations (no web UI to execute arbitrary code)
- Recognizing the complexity and multitude of component security configurations the framework should support full stack security solutions in the cloud component. This includes security countermeasures and integrations on all layers of the cloud component, including potentially integration with cloud provider specific security countermeasures such as isolation or intrusion detection. The cloud component should include secure configuration management and integration with other system automatic updates.
- Audit capability
- In many ecosystems it is critical to track communications to ensure their proper delivery and timeframe. Frameworks should provide mechanisms to ensure delivery of targeted messages to specific edge components. This feature will allow confidence in audit and troubleshooting and can be used to support delivery guarantees of security sensitive instructions or data. This audit should be bidirectional to allow for tracking of messages to the edge and receipt of messages from the edge.
Mobile interfaces in IoT deployments vary in capabilities and integration. Some mobile applications merely provide limited data reporting from specific edge devices, others allow for the manipulation of edge components, and still others provide a full view analytics and cloud management capabilities. Particular care and attention should be paid to mobile components in IoT ecosystems since they typically are deployed beyond the boundaries of device management, can grant privileged access to alter, adulterate or expose sensitive information, may have the capability to actuate edge devices, are portable and can easily fall into malicious hands. Mobile components may carry many of the same risks as cloud components but are often given less security consideration and are exempt from the robust physical and access security controls that can be placed on cloud components.
Framework Considerations for Mobile Component
- Ensure mobile component enforces authentication requirements equal or greater to other components
- The limited interface and storage capabilities of mobile applications often encourages simplistic authentication mechanism. Recognizing that attackers will find and target the weakest component of the ecosystem the framework should ensure that mobile authentication mechanisms don't degrade auth requirements.
- Local storage security considerations
- The framework should be mindful of the sometimes limited storage security on mobile devices. The threat of theft or loss also means that local storage could fall into malicious hands. The framework should strictly limit the amount of data stored on the device and the data should be encrypted where possible.
- Capabilities to disable or revoke mobile components in the case of theft or loss
- The framework should support the ability to deprovision mobile components quickly and easily to support response in the case of mobile device theft or loss.
- Strong audit trail of mobile interactions
- Because the mobile device might fall into malicious hands it is critical to keep a security audit trail of mobile application interactions with the ecosystem. The framework should support robust logging and appropriate credentials to track interactions from mobile components to support forensics and in cases were mobile devices were discovered to be used maliciously after the fact.
- Mobile application should perform cryptographic verification and validation of other components
- Where possible the mobile framework should support cryptographic verification and validation of the other components during interactions. Proper certificate checking and authentication should always take place.
- Encrypted communications channels
- Mobile devices are particularly prone to use in hostile networks and encrypted communications should be the framework default. Mobile application should operate under the assumption of a hostile observer who will attempt to inspect, interdict, interrupt, replay and otherwise manipulate traffic.
- Multi-factor authentication
- Mobile devices have extended capabilities to perform multiple factors of authentication. Sensors and biometrics should be supported by the framework for extended security checking on the mobile platform.
- Capability to utilize mobile component to enhance authentication and alerting for other components
- Where possible the mobile component should integrate into authentication and alerting for events at other components. Edge, gateway, or cloud components might alert to the mobile framework, or the mobile framework might allow for multi factor authentication or enhance authentication to other components.
Principles of IoT Security
- Assume a Hostile Edge
- Edge components are likely to fall into adversarial hands. Assume attackers will have physical access to edge components and can manipulate them, move them to hostile networks, and control resources such as DNS, DHCP, and internet routing.
- Test for Scale
- The volume of IoT means that every design and security consideration must also take into account scale. Simple bootstrapping into an ecosystem can create a self denial of service condition at IoT scale. Security countermeasures must perform at volume.
- Internet of Lies
- Automated systems are extremely capable of presenting misinformation in convincing formats. IoT systems should always verify data from the edge in order to prevent autonomous misinformation from tainting a system.
- Exploit Autonomy
- Automated systems are capable of complex, monotonous, and tedious operations that human users would never tolerate. IoT systems should seek to exploit this advantage for security.
- Expect Isolation
- The advantage of autonomy should also extend to situations where a component is isolated. Security countermeasures must never degrade in the absence of connectivity.
- Protect Uniformly
- Data encryption only protects encrypted pathways. Data that is transmitted over an encrypted link is still exposed at any point it is unencrypted, such as prior to encryption, after decryption, and along any communications pathways that do not enforce encryption. Careful consideration must be given to full data lifecycle to ensure that encryption is applied uniformly and appropriately to guarantee protections. Encryption is not total - be aware that metadata about encrypted data might also provide valuable information to attackers.
- Encryption is Tricky
- It is very easy for developers to make mistakes when applying encryption. Using encryption but failing to validate certificates, failing to validate intermediate certificates, failing to encrypt traffic with a strong key, using a uniform seed, or exposing private key material are all common pitfalls when deploying encryption. Ensure a thorough review of any encryption capability to avoid these mistakes.
- System Hardening
- Be sure that IoT components are stripped down to the minimum viable feature set to reduce attack surface. Unused ports and protocols should be disabled, and unnecessary supporting software should be uninstalled or turned off. Be sure to track third party components and update them where possible.
- Limit what you can
- To the extent possible limit access based on acceptable use criteria. There's no advantage in exposing a sensor interface to the entire internet if there's no good case for a remote user in a hostile country. Limit access to white lists of rules that make sense.
- Lifecycle Support
- IoT systems should be able to quickly onboard new components, but should also be capable of re-credentialing existing components, and deprovisioning components for a full device lifecycle. This capability should include all components in the ecosystem from devices to users.
- Data in Aggregate is Unpredictable
- IoT systems are capable of collecting vast quantities of data that my seem innocuous at first, but complex data analysis may reveal very sensitive patterns or information hidden in data. IoT systems must prepare for the data stewardship responsibilities of unexpected information sensitivity that may only be revealed after an ecosystem is deployed.
- Plan for the Worst
- IoT systems should have capabilities to respond to compromises, hostile participants, malware, or other adverse events. There should be features in place to re-issue credentials, exclude participants, distribute security patches and updates, and so on, before they are ever necessary.
- The Long Haul
- IoT system designers must recognize the extended lifespan of devices will require forward compatible security features. IoT ecosystems must be capable of aging in place and still addressing evolving security concerns. New encryption, advances in protocols, new attack methods and techniques, and changing topology all necessitate that IoT systems be capable of addressing emerging security concerns for years after they are deployed.
- Attackers Target Weakness
- Ensure that security controls are equivalent across interfaces in an ecosystem. Attackers will identify the weakest component and attempt to exploit it. Mobile interfaces, hidden API's, or resource constrained environments must enforce security in the same way as more robust or feature rich interfaces. Using multi-factor authentication for a web interface is useless if a mobile application allows access to the same API's with a four digit PIN.


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Giving the two phones a casual look-over, it can be easy to miss some of the differences between the Sony Xperia Z1 and the new Z2. On a spec sheet, the changes seem subtle, like an SoC bump, extra RAM, and and a slightly larger display. As time goes on, though, we've been getting a greater appreciation for just what the Xperia Z2 offers, like how that bigger screen also brings with it much superior color reproduction, or how the phone's video-out supports the new MHL 3.0 standard. Now we're turning our attention to the Z2's camera, and what improvements it delivers.
Just like the Z1, the Z2 has a 20.7-megapixel backside illuminated 1/2.3-inch Exmor RS sensor. While that should put both phones on a quite even playing field, sample shots taken with both models appear to reveal pronounced improvements in the Z2's image quality. Noise levels seem substantially reduced, and the images are overall more crisp and detailed.
Could this mean that a software update may enhance the Z1's performance to bring it up to this Z2-level quality? We can't say, but considering the comparable camera hardware shared between the two models, we're certainly optimistic.
Source: SoyaCincau
Via: Xperia Blog

subset: commoncrawl


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Hospice and termites. . .
Hospice and termites, who could ask for anything more???
This is my diary of Monday and Tuesday and my
To-Do list for the rest of the week!
Monday a.m.
Hospice intake nurse (Erin) came and spent several hours, made many notes and really got the ball rolling.
Monday p.m.
Hospital bed, walker, another wheelchair, port-a-potty, oxygen (tanks and non-portable) were all delivered and set up with the help of Chuck. New medicines were ordered and received. Bought new sheets and a baby monitor.
Monday late p.m., Tuesday early a.m.
Bob took the new medicine (morphine) and slept for 6 hours straight. In fact, I had to wake him up to give him his 9 a.m shot. This is really a good thing, he has not been sleeping for longer than 2 hours at a time because of the foot pain. No wake up = no pain!
Tuesday a.m.
Swarm of termites took up residence in my entry way. Actually swarming and taking up residence are opposites. They swarmed, Chuck and I sprayed Raid and vacuumed them up.
Tuesday p.m.
Nurse Kelly came, more questions, checked out Bob's foot, re-bandaged it. Nurse Kelly will come on Tuesdays and Fridays for the time being. We are going to watch Bob's new drugs very carefully, because right now he is in no pain, but he can't focus his eyes, can't complete a sentence and just wants to sleep. Five minutes after the nurse left, Bob wanted a cigarette so he took his walker to go outside on the front porch and fell. (see the above sentence about not focusing!) It is also reason #985 to quit smoking! I knew cars and boats were problems for him but walkers???? No major damage to Bob but I lost about 4 years!
A.M Doctor's appointment
P.M. Hospice Social Worker (Toni)
P.M. Exterminators
A.M. Dentist - Sue
P.M. Hospice Chaplain (Howard)
P.M. Hospice Nurse Kelly
And people say retirement is boring, HA!
I hope you never have to use Hospice and my experience is only 2 days old, but I have to say they are efficient and quick. It appears to be a well run organization. Different departments actually communicate with one another and they do what they say.
I know this was long, sorry, but the blog is a good outlet for me too.
Take care,


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Winter Camping In Massachusetts
Camping season is not just a warm weather activity as many people enjoy the exciting outdoors in the beauty of winter. However, off season camping in Massachusetts involves a great deal of preparation that may not have been needed in the warmer New England weather. Below are just a few things that can eliminate an unexpected problem during your camping trip: –Navigation: Bring a map of the area you will be camping in and use a protective case or bag to carry it along...Read More »


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Delivered To Your Meeting Space
Options for All Ages & Times of the Day
It's the idea of water cooler talk; people gather around food to fellowship! So let us help you get the most out of your retreat fellowship times. Let us handle all preparation and clean up, so you can focus on ministering to your attendees. You can add some extra comfort to your meeting room with a hot decanter of coffee, teas, or ice water; maybe a tray of fruit, vegetables, cheese and crackers, or fresh baked cookies. Think outside the box! Try our s'mores package during your group bonfire, or a late night pizza party at the outdoor pool. Contact Conference Services about adding our food and beverage services to your event. For a printable version of our meeting room food & beverage menu click here.


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We are proud to announce that our patented TS1100-AC (AC Powered) and TS1100-SP (Solar Powered) System Controllers were evaluated and approved by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) as meeting all A615 environmental requirements.
Both of our crosswalk system controllers feature conformal coating material on circuits to protect against moisture, dust, chemicals, and temperature extremes. The TS1100-AC controller also includes a Power Interrupt Controller (PIC) circuit to maintain system operation during power interruptions.
Our TS1100 crosswalk controllers feature:
- Multiple MUTCD compliant – regular and enhanced – flash patterns
- Auto-sequencing through all enhanced flash patterns, one pattern per activation period
- Internal components protected by input and output surge protection
- Replaceable fuses to protect against output overload conditions
- Easy onsite customization of system operation


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The Congress is India's oldest party and has known some great leaders in the past. And though the party has many deep flaws, one expects the Congress, more than others, to maintain some decency and decorum. Unfortunately, the current face of the party, Rahul Gandhi, seems intent on destroying whatever is left of the party's image with his increasingly low level of politics. While criticising political opponents is only to be expected, what is disgraceful is that the Gandhi scion has been resorting to blatant lies in order to show the BJP and Narendra Modi in a poor light.
Let's consider the most recent cases of his deliberate lies, which were exposed immediately by media and others.
First, when the Delhi high court dismissed the petition of Rahul Gandhi and co in the National Herald case, Rahul Gandhi immediately alleged that the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) was engaging in vendetta politics. What Rahul perhaps forgot was that he was accusing the Delhi high court of functioning under the influence of the PMO, an allegation that can be construed as contempt of court. Despite his ill thought out comments, one can still give benefit of doubt to Gandhi given his political immaturity and frustration at being defeated on a prestige issue in court.
People can tolerate inexperienced and even immature politicians, but will they accept a habitual liar?
But soon after, in two separate incidents, Rahul revealed his true colours in a way that could not be explained away as mere poor judgement (although that too was abundantly evident).
On 14 December, Rahul claimed that RSS members prevented him from entering Barpeta Satra, a 16th-century holy site in Assam. Before he could rack up any sympathy points, Rahul's lies were immediately exposed by the local media, which had been present at the location, and soon national news covered the story about Rahul's baseless allegations. The head of Barpeta Satra, Basistha Sarma too confirmed that there was no RSS present and said that he along with many men and women were in fact waiting for Rahul Gandhi's visit for hours with excitement. Sharma also expressed regret because the Satra was unnecessarily dragged in to politics. Chandan Sarkar a Congress MLA also told the media that Rahul Gandhi didn't visit the Satra as planned because he hadn't had a bath at that time and didn't have the customary dhoti'. According to him, Rahul Gandhi didn't want to disrespect the Satra; another Congressman, Anjan Dutta, said that Rahul postponed his visit to the Satra because he was running late for a rally as his arrival had been delayed due to inclement weather. Dutta told a press conference: "We were informed that 50,000 people had gathered at the rally venue. So, we decided that we would first go on with the march and enter the Satra on the way back."
Rahul Gandhi, thus, attended the rally without informing the people waiting at Barpeta Satra. When in the evening he dropped in at the holy site, the Congress realised that the people waiting were incensed at being disregarded. That's why the blatant lie was told Rahul Gandhi but unfortunately for him, the facts got the better of him.
Isn't it a gross insult to India when you tell blatant lies about the democratically elected leader of India?
Rahul's tenuous relationship with truth showed further strain when he accused Prime Minister Modi, who was visiting Kerala, of insulting the state's Chief Minister Oommen Chandy by not inviting him to the inauguration of the statue of former Kerala CM R Shankar. Rahul also accused the PM of "insulting the people of Kerala". This lie was also laid bare quickly when the BJP shared a letter in which the CM's office informed that Chandy would be unable to attend the event. It also came to light that the event's organiser, the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Yogam, had requested Chandy not to attend the function as there was a chance of demonstration against him. Nowhere is it evident that the Prime Minister had any involvement whatsoever in any of this confusion.
The point is very simple, Rahul Gandhi needs to rethink his brand of cheap politics, especially because he really isn't very good at it. It' anyone guess if he can redeem his reputation in the eyes of the people -- people can tolerate inexperienced and even immature politicians, but will they accept a habitual liar?
And here's something else worth considering. If not inviting the Kerala CM is an insult to all the people of the state, what does it mean when several Congress CMs decide to stay away from an important Niti Aayog meeting under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister of India? Isn't it a gross insult to all the people of India? Isn't it also a gross insult to India when you tell blatant lies about the democratically elected leader of India?
Mr Rahul Gandhi must understand that playing with public wisdom is always a dangerous game which may cost his party dearly, resulting in a "Congress-mukta Bharat" in the near future. And the blood will be not on the BJP's but the Congress's own hands.
Contact HuffPost India
Also see on HuffPost:


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Click on image for details.
Paraganglioma with unusual presentation in parotid gland: A diagnostic dilemma in fine needle aspiration
Anagh A Vora MD , Chi K Lai MD , Jian Yu Rao MD , Sophia K Apple MD , Neda A Moatamed MD
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
Correspondence Address:Neda A MoatamedDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California USASource of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: NoneCheck2DOI: 10.4103/1742-6413.105119
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
Paragangliomas (PGLs) are uncommon tumors. Although PGLs are known to occur in the head and neck region, especially the carotid body, middle ear, and larynx, involvement of the parotid glands has not been reported. In this article, we report the fine needle aspiration features of tumor in an unusual location, presenting as a parotid gland mass, submitted to pathology for initial diagnosis. The clinical presentation, cytomorphology, and the immunohistochemical features for the diagnosis are described. To our knowledge, this is the first case of paraganglioma of the parotid gland reported in the literature.
Keywords: Fine needle aspiration, paragangliomas, parotid gland
Editorial/Peer-Review Statement:
To ensure the integrity and highest quality of CytoJournal publications, the review process of this manuscript was conducted under a double blind model (authors are blinded for reviewers and vice versa) through automatic online system.


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To Preview Your App, Follow the Directions Below
Follow these directions if you're on you're desktop computer:
1. Click on the Play button
2. Enter your App Code in the "email address" field
3. Leave the "password" field blank then click "Enter" on your keyboard to view your app
Follow these directions if you're on your mobile device:
1. Click on "Tap to Play"
2. Click "OK" (doesn't matter)
3. Click "Don't Allow" (doesn't matter)
4. Click "No" (doesn't matter)
*Note: When the your app is live, clicking yes allows you to view content even though you're not connected to the Internet)
5. Enter your App Code in the "email address" field then click "Next"
6. Leave the "password" field blank then click "Go"
If you are on your smartphone or tablet, you can download the Preview App from the Apple App Store or Google Play. Click on the link below, download the app, then follow the directions above.
iOS devices (iPhones and iPads): Sorry, No longer available
Android devices:


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You've heard the saying before…'All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy'? Well, it's more important now than ever before to strike the right work-life balance. Phones, tablets and laptops mean you're probably always connected to work even when you're out of the office. Making sure that you take time-out from a hectic schedule to do the things you love can be difficult. But it's not impossible.
Imagine how much easier it would be if you could leave the driving to someone else? Forget about battling congested roads and the constant circling to find a non-existent car parking space. Kick back, relax and enjoy the scenery as you're whisked off to a concert, a fabulous restaurant or even a holiday hideaway in a beautifully appointed luxury chauffeur-driven limousine. After all, your downtime should always be a peaceful refuge from your work time.
Want to go to that expo everyone's been talking about? Have a front row seat to the New Year's Eve celebrations in your hometown? The cricket, football or rugby? Maybe you want to see for yourself why the Melbourne Cup is the race that stops a nation? Whatever the event you want to be a part of, we've got you covered.
Sometimes, a great night out at a restaurant can be spoilt by having to limit your alcohol intake if you're driving. You want to be free to enjoy the finer things in life. At the same time, you have to ensure that you do the responsible thing and avoid drink-driving.
Sure, you can always book a taxi but it can be a bit hit and miss, especially if you're hoping to create a great impression with a dining experience. You don't want to be let down by a taxi that arrives late…or not at all. A reliable and professional door-to-door limousine service will ensure that you can enjoy the very best restaurant experience possible without having to sweat the small stuff.
Ever wanted the rock star treatment? Imagine arriving at a concert in a luxury chauffeur-driven limousine. Your wonderful night out starts from the moment our professional driver ushers you to a luxury vehicle and makes you feel like your album has just reached number 1 on the charts.
A night out at the theatre
Australian theatre is taking the world by storm. There's nothing like a magical few hours spent in the company of some of our greatest talents, immersed in a gripping storyline. But when the applause has died away and everyone is dashing for the exit, imagine how much you'll love bypassing the crush to find your chauffeur and limousine waiting to whisk you away right out the front of the theatre?
Limousines for touring
The best thing about a long drive is the amazing scenery that flies past. But you won't get to see it properly and enjoy it if you're focussed on the speed limit, other vehicles and the road ahead. It can also be difficult to relax and reconnect with the people who mean the most to you.
Our chauffeur driven luxury limousines are a wonderful way to take that special drive, be it for a winery tour or a drive in the country. It's never been easier to leave the bustling city far behind and get out on the open roads for some you-time.
Starting your holiday early
It's often the way that the start to a holiday can leave you even more stressed and exhausted than you ever thought possible. Getting to an airport or cruise ship terminal on time is critical.
Avoid the shuttle bus or the overcrowded taxi rank. Avoid the hassle of having to drag your luggage around and start your holiday from the moment you lock the door behind you. Our professional drivers will take care of everything while you settle back and remember what it's like to feel like a kid on the last day of school again.
Why CitiCar makes relaxing easy
No matter what it is that floats your boat in your spare time, we have a wide range of beautifully-appointed luxury sedans to suit your every need. Think that this kind of luxury and pampering is out of your price range?
We can assure you that hiring one of our limousines won't set you back much more than a taxi. Unlike a taxi though, our professional uniformed drivers will ensure that all of the smallest details of your leisure hire service are taken care of so that you can relax and enjoy every single moment. Hatching a plan for a fabulous night on the town or getaway?
Wherever you are in Australia, CitiCar operates either via our national affiliate network or directly in the following cities: Sydney Limo Hire, Melbourne Limo Hire, Brisbane Limo Hire, Gold Coast Limo Hire and Adelaide Limo Hire. Get in touch today and discover why so many people are choosing CitiCar.


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Remember the House of Representatives' Don't Let the Bed Bugs Bite Act of 2008? It would institute a grant program for states to inspect hotel rooms for bed bugs.
Well, according to the Library of Congress's Thomas system, it's now being considered by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.
The Washington Watch site now has five comments up and a poll (to state whether you're for or against the Bill).
I'd encourage more people who've had bed bugs to weigh in, since the poll is currently 90% against, 10% for.
Of course, members of the House of Representatives are likely more intelligent than certain members of the public who comment on such sites, but why not express our point of view?
However, keep in mind that online polls do little or nothing to affect politics.
As always, writing your representative is the only way to be sure s/he knows this issue matters. Have you dropped your Representative and the Committee on Energy and Commerce a note yet, expressing your support of the bill?
Please find your state Representatives here (you can search by your zip code), and drop them a quick email or give them a quick phone call telling them you support HR 6068.
And since the bill is currently being considered in the Committee on Energy and Commerce, I strongly urge you to drop them a note, telling them why the bill matters. You can do it here.
It takes only a couple of minutes to tell political representatives why this bill matters.


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At the age of 4, Sydney Keiser or better known to the Instagram universe as Mayhem from Milford, Ohio is going to partner up with J.Crew to make a clothing line for kids. Mayhem came to spotlight in February, thanks to her mom who had created a blog "Fashion by Mayhem"and started putting their looks on her Instagram account.
And Angie's account has now over 400,000 followers who are always excitingly waiting to see the new pieces from the two.At first the mom and daughter due did recreations of famous red carpet looks from Jennifer Lawrence to LupitaNyong'o and Taylor Swift.
Of course, Sydney didn't just stop at recreation dresses, soon after she started designing her own, Mayhem originals. Probably the most important fact about the two is that all of their clothing is made out of different materials such as paper, feathers, gift wrap, and aluminum foil and are brought together using glue and tape. In the interview she gave for CBS, Sydney said that she uses about 10 hours to practice and make clothing.
It didn't take long until J.Crew's head designer Jenna Lyons took notice of the duos work and she didn't take long before she contacted the two. And now everything's been planned out and the Mayhem fashion line is set to hit the shelves in the summer of 2015.
And this only seems to be the beginning for Mayhem, who has also been featured on the website of Vogue magazine. According to Angie they have more plans and projects, but more about that will be revealed later. We are excited to see what knew ideas and designs will Sydney and Angie come up with. It's safe to say that Sydney's imagination will only continue to amaze us with more amazing designs and recreations.


text: Graham is learning to walk Just a picture of Mom helping Graham take steps at the park today. Graham has been pulling himself up on everything he can and walking along furniture and chairs I am sure that Before we know it he will running! Share this:TwitterFacebookLike this:Like Loading... Related


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TOMORROW - Trailer - YouTube
We have an opportunity to screen this film in Tenterden so we feel it is only right we try to find out how many people would come to a screening before we try to find a venue. Here's the trailer:
How many people would be interested in coming to a screening of this film? Comment below please, share this blog, talk to your friends about it, tweet and retweet about it. This is too important of a film to ignore.


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What was agreed?
EOR was originally developed as a means to extract more oil from fields that were reaching the end of their lifespan. This is still its primary purpose, rather than reducing emissions. If included in the CDM, a calculation of "reductions" would be made in relation to the amount of CO2 pumped into old oil wells. The calculation would not consider the far larger volume of CO2 released into the atmosphere through the extraction and burning of more oil. As has been seen with other CDM methodologies, the "lock in" effect of subsidising a fossil-fuel based energy model is not considered relevant to how offset "reductions" are calculated.
Looking further ahead, CCS is being promoted as "clean coal" in the electricity sector, as well as attracting interest from a variety of industrial sectors (notably, steel) that are keen to claim emissions reductions without engaging in a fundamentally cleaner development path or technological overhaul. What all of these technologies have in common is an assumption that the capture, transport and storage of carbon can be viably achieved on a large scale. This has not yet been proven, and there are many reasons to believe that this will be neither technically feasible nor economically viable.
The Cancun decision is not the end of the story of CCS in CDM. Implementing the agreement requires that a series of issues are "resolved in a satisfactory manner." The decision catalogues a series of pitfalls, including the risk that CO2 storage is not permanent and could leak from underground geological formations. Other environmental and public health risks, and legal liabilities in the case of leaks or "damage to the environment, property or public health" remain to be addressed. The text of the decision also claims that projects will need to make "adequate provision for restoration of damaged ecosystems and full compensation for affected communities in the event of a release of carbon dioxide." The CDM contains no mechanism to enforce such provisions, and the nature of the scheme (which is primarily a means for subsidising polluting industries) makes it unlikely that such provisions will emerge.
Read the rest of the article here


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Filed under: Uncategorized | Tags: blanket, body pillow, furniture, gift idea, knit, Love Sac, LoveSac, mayfair, mayfair mall, milwaukee, mythic, no voc, non toxic, other comfy stuff, paint, pillow, sac, Sactional, slipper, wauwatosa, wisconsin
The second best moment of the LoveSac year (after Black Friday, that is) has finally arrived: the day that we get all of our new Other Comfy Stuff into the store. For those of you not familiar, Other Comfy Stuff (OCS) is something that no Sac or Sactional owner can live without. It's our own collection of blankets (large and small), slippers, body pillows, bed pillows, and functional stuffed animal friends like Nooder, Spade, and Kobe.
Every year our OCS gets the newest, most trendy, comfy theme we can find to give it a little makeover – and this year is one of the coolest we've had. In addition to our usually Phur products – this year Cow Phur is making its debut – we also have a ton of great knit products. That's right – knit. Super soft and super thick, you can now get Knit Body Pillow Covers (see picture, left), Knit Slippers, and Knit Throw Blankets, all perfect for snuggling under during the coldest months of the year. We're sure that any loved ones you're trying to shop for would love a Knit Blanket, too!
What else is new at LoveSac this year? Well, for those of you looking for more expansive home remodels – more than just a few new blankets or pieces of furniture – we are proud to say that we now carry Mythic Paint, a non-toxic, zero VOC brand that comes in a ton of amazing, vibrant colors. (Something which is rare for eco friendly paints!) Stop on by and take a look at our swatch books. Nothing says 'happy holidays' like a room makeover.
See you soon!
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tags: 5 series, 6 series, christmas, citysac, furoshiki, gamersac, gift idea, gift wrapping, holiday, limited edition, Love Sac, LoveSac, mayfair, milwaukee, MovieSac, package deal, pillowsac, sac, sactionals, supersac, wauwatosa, wisconsin
Alright – so let's get real. Sacs, even when in their vacuum-packed-1/8th their size-shape, are almost impossible to gift wrap. Sure, you can stick a bow on the sucker – but good luck leaving that under the tree for the twelve days of Christmas. We're willing to bet that before the partridge lands in the pear tree, your previously unwitting recipient will have figured out his or her present. (The size name on the side of the duffel is a dead give away.) So what do you do to ensure that your special someone has something to unwrap come the holidays? Here are some of our best suggestions:
1. Wrap the Cover, Hide the Sac. The easiest of the options, boxing up the cover is a great way to give someone something to open. And once they pull it out – confusedly reading the 'LoveSac – The Big One' tag – you move to the closet and yank out that giant 90 lbs bag of foam while the giftee shrieks in delight. But what happens if your ordered a Custom Cover that won't get there before the holidays, or the cover you wanted was out of stock?
2. Wrap a KickSac, Phur Ball, or Throw Pillow when option one isn't feasible. KickSacs and Phur Balls look a lot like LoveSacs – it makes a great gag gift for those young and old who were sure they were getting a Sac! Wait until the X-Box Box syndrome sets in, and then repeat the last step of option one. But wait – not that mean? Or feel like some of your (more dimwitted) friends still won't understand?
3. Try this – take the aforementioned Other Comfy Stuff (KickSac, Phur Ball, Throw Pillow, Blanket – whatever!) and wrap it in a LoveSac T-shirt, furoshiki style. Instead of using a vintage scarf of traditional furoshiki scarf, try using a LoveSac T-Shirt – logo in if you want to preserve the surprise – and watch your giftee squeal in delight over the Sac and sweet extra LoveSac shirt. Not to mention, it's eco-friendly!
Want to give method 3 a try? Check out the video below (the 'books' tutorial is a great guide for wrapping boxed Phur Feet Slippers) – and stay tuned for more updates on how to Sac out this holiday season!
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tags: 2011, 5 series, 6 series, black friday, covers, deal, floor model, foot rest, furniture sale, gamer sac, gift ideas, living room furniture, Love Sac, LoveSac, mayfair, media room furniture, milwaukee, movie sac, november 26, package deal, pillow sac, Sactional, Sale, squattoman, super sac, thanksgiving, thanksgiving weekend, wauwatosa, weekend, wisconsin
Have no fear if you did – you can still snag a great deal this Holiday weekend. Package deals are still 50% off while supplies last, putting the SuperSac Cow Phur Package at $599 and the CitySac Cow Phur Package at$499. Cow Phur not your cup of tea? Ask one of our friendly sales reps about one of our other awesome limited edition packages for the SuperSac, or our super-rare Big One Package.
Looking for a better deal on something out of the package? Inquire about one of our Fluffed Floor Models – we have them in Super, Movie, and Gamer, not to mention several Sactional Set-Ups and Cover Sets for Sacs and Sactionals. Shoot us an e-mail or give us a call (414.774.5683) if you have a question!
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tags: 10% off, 2011, 30% off, 5 series, 6 series, base, BigOne, black friday, black friday sale, blanket, body pillow, changeable, christmas, city sac, citysac, covers, cow phur, day after thanksgiving, day after thanksgiving sale, furniture, gamer sac, gamersac, gift ideas, holiday, king blanket, kobe, limited edition, living room furniture, Love Sac, LoveSac, mall, mayfair, media room furniture, milwaukee, modular, movie sac, MovieSac, nooder, other comfy stuff, package deals, pillow, pillow sac, pillowsac, removable, rugs, sactionals, Sale, side, sjorn, slippers, spade, super sac, supersac, the big one, the bomb, throw blanket, throw pillow, u-drink, u-table, washable, wauwatosa, wisconsin
This is it: the last day that we as a store are open before the Best LoveSac Sale of the Year (AKA, Black Friday). I know, I know, it's awful that we abandon you in your furniture-planning hour of need, but as one of the only days off granted to us in retail – and one laden with food, family, and friends at that – we don't feel too guilty. What does our day off mean for you?
Make sure you know what you want and are comfortable with all sale details NOW. Not sure what we're talking about? Scroll down a few posts and check out the Black Friday Sale Details. Still have questions? Give us a call at 414.774.5683, shoot us an e-mail at email@example.com, or leave us a comment on this blog. After 9pm tonight, we will not be in the store to answer our phone, but we will do our best to check the blog comments and the e-mail (although blog comments are your best bet). Still concerned? Get in line early on Friday – our staffers will be making periodic announcements and line checks to see if anyone is in dire need of having a question answered.
Make sure you have a back up plan. If something is out of stock, we do not (except for very, very rare occasions) promise to have it back in stock before Christmas. In the case of package deals – like the Cow Phur for Super and City Sacs – once they're gone, they are 100% sold out and we will not have the option to order you more. If you have your heart set on one of those, come EARLY or have a plan for a different Sac/Cover combo that you won't mind taking home instead.
Make sure your alarms are set. The best part of the deal takes place between 5am – 5:59am. Have an alarm set and get here early – lines start forming at the door of our store around 4am. Coming in from out of town? Check the Mayfair Mall website for directions. Once you're in the mall, we're upstairs towards Macy's, directly across from the Movie Theater. Not an early riser? You can still snag a small deal later in the day, too! (But trust us – if you get up early, your suffering will not be in vain.)
See you then!
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tags: 10% off, 2011, 30% off, 5 series, 5am, 6 series, base, big one, black friday, black friday 2011, blanket, body pillow, bomb pillow, changeable, chirstmas, city sac, citysac, day after thanksgiving, day after thanksgiving sale, deal, furniture, gamer sac, gamersac, gift cards, gift idea, gift ideas, holiday, holiday sale, king blanket, limited edition, living room, Love Sac, LoveSac, mayfair, media room, milwaukee, modular, moveable, movie sac, MovieSac, package deal, pillow sac, pillowsac, sac packages, Sactional, sactionals, Sale, side, slippers, super sac, supersac, thanksgiving, the bigone, throw blanket, throw pillows, washable, wauwatosa, wisconsin
You just heard about our awesome Black Friday sale – 30% off in the first hour we're open! – and if you didn't, you should probably scroll to the post beneath this one and check it out. Undoubtedly, you're super psyched about the amazing discount you're about to get (once you drag yourself out of bed and into line the morning after Thanksgiving). But what do you do in the meantime?
First and foremost, figure out what you want. The lines on Black Friday are notoriously long – last year, ours was the second largest in Mayfair and went all the way down to the Body Shop (three stores away, for those of you unfamiliar with Mayfair). Because of this, we try very hard to get customers in and out as quickly as possible – but we can only do that if you have an idea of what you are looking at before hand. There will be lovely staff members available to help you, but you need to have some idea of color and size if you want to be home before the last of the leftovers have been devoured.
How do you figure out what you want? Stop into the store! Give us a call (414.774.5683)! Those of you with telephonophobia, feel free to e-mail us or even leave us a comment on the blog. Keep in mind, however, we are closed on Thursday (to devour turkeys and tofurkeys of our own) so get in touch with us as soon as possible. You can even shop around on the website, but please keep in mind – LoveSac.com is generally about 25% more expensive than what you will pay in-store.
What do you do once you know what you want? Set your alarm. To get the best deals, you need to get up and get here during the first hour the mall is open – 5:00am – 5:59am – and we don't want anyone oversleeping! Plan out your outfit for the big day, organize a balanced breakfast. Cooking for Thanksgiving? Toss together a quiche from the leftovers and heat it up Friday morning.
Good luck everybody – we'll see you bright and early Friday!
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tags: 10% off, 2011, 30% off, 5 series, 50% off packages, 5am, 6 series, big one, black friday, black friday deal, black friday sale, changeable, christmas, city sac, citysac, covers, cow phur, day after thanksgiving, day after thanksgiving sale, deal, furniture, gamer sac, gamersac, gift ideas, holiday, limited edition, living room furniture, Love Sac, LoveSac, mayfair, media room furniture, milwaukee, modular, moveable, movie sac, MovieSac, package deals, pillow sac, pillowsac, Sactional, sactionals, super sac, supersac, washable, wauwatosa, wisconsin
Are you ready for the best sale of the year? We certainly hope so – and this year, it's going to be great. From the first hour we're open (5:00am – 5:59am) you'll be getting 30% off everything*.
That's right – we said 30% off everything*. For a store that does not often run sales, this is a pretty big deal. You can get the sale on Sacs, Covers, Other Comfy Stuff (blankets, pillows, Nooder and friends, slippers), and even Sactionals. That's right: you can get your dream living room at one of the best rates you'll ever see in our store, all for the first hour of Black Friday. And of course, you can't forget the limited edition packages. SuperSac Cow Phur Packages will be $599, while CitySac Cow Phur Packages will be $499.
Once the clock strikes 6am, the amazing savings will be over, but the savings themselves won't be quite gone: you'll be able to get 10% off everything* until close of business at 10pm.
Now, for all the nitty gritty details. First of all, as you can imagine, there are going to be a lot of people who want to get in on this sale. It's in your best interesting to get up and get here as early as possible: stores in the mall open at 5am, but Mayfair will likely be open much earlier (we expect lines to start forming around 4am, if not beforehand), so plan ahead! As your friendly sales associates, we're going to try as hard as possible to get you in and out of the store as quickly as possible, but sometimes lines might not accommodate. That being said, we will be taking measures to ensure that if you are in the store (or at least in the line for the store) before your sale hour ends, you will get the sale you were waiting for (even if you're not rung up at the register during that sale). Likewise, we will be equally as strict with those of you who are late. Think your sixth grade teacher strict: no exceptions. If you get into line at 6.01, you will unfortunately be included in the 10% off group, so just remember, better early than late!
The second nitty gritty detail is in terms of inventory. Sac buyers, almost all of you will be able to take your inserts home with you same day. Those of you who won't, we have more inserts on their way and you'll be able to snag 'em in the next few weeks. Sactional buyers: we know you, we love you, we appreciate you, but the unfortunate price you have to pay for the most amazing Sactional Sale ever is that you will not be able to pick your product up same day. Don't worry – we have oodles in stock – we just don't have the time or staff to get all of that delivered on such a busy day. In your case we'll be getting in touch with you all to set up separate pick up times in the next few weeks.
Now for covers and the dreaded * that you saw next to 'everything.' Covers are a hot commodity that we are always short on, and now is no exception. Some of you will be able to take your covers same day (on a first come/first served basis), and others of you will have to wait; however, we will not stop you from preordering your covers to get the sale prices. You might just have a little bit of a wait, which again is a small price to pay for a great deal. If you're concerned on getting product for the Holidays, just ask your friendly Sales Rep (we will be the lovely ladies in the LoveSac shirts, for the record) and she will be able to help you out. As far as the dreaded * goes, we do have to inform you:
*Discounts do not apply to Custom Order Covers from any of the four Custom Order books or Top Grain Leather for 6 Series. You are more than welcome to purchase any of these at full price, though, keeping in mind you can still get your inserts (Sac or Sactional) with the discount. Want a better deal on leather? Consider going to 5 Series Black Leather, which is included in the 30% off!
Sounds pretty great, right? We can guarantee that this is the best deal you'll get all year long (and probably all next year long, too), so start making your selections on what you want to get and setting your alarms now, folks. Remember, if you have any questions on product or the sale, please give us a call at 414.774.5683 or e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com. You can even leave a comment on our blog and we'll try to get back to you. We'll do our best to help you during any business hours (and even some non business ones when the blog is concerned). Other than that, rest while you can and we'll see you on Friday!
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tags: $200 off, 2011, anniversary, birthday, changeable, cover, deal, Love Sac, LoveSac, mayfair, milwaukee, movie sac, MovieSac, removable, Sale, shawn d nelson, ten years, washable, wauwatosa, wisconsin
Does anyone remember back in the day when your MovieSac size was lovingly referred to as the Tonolove? (Some of you with really old covers might still see this displayed on the tag of your ancient microsuedes and corduroy covers!) Well, it being our 10th birthday and all, we have a Tonolove to give: namely to you, the people who have been supporting and loving us all these years. For this weekend only, if you purchase any MovieSac with full priced cover, receive $200 off the price of the insert! It's a great deal and a great time to snag some extra seating for all that family coming into town for the holidays.
We look forward to seeing you in the store this weekend – and here's to another 10 great years!


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"Caderneta de Cromos Contra-Ataca", by Nuno Markl, is the second book based on the hugely successful Radio Comercial show about all things 70's and 80's.
Again, I had the task of illustrating each of the 100 articles. As with the first book, the subjects range from music to film and tv, food, clothes, everyday objects, toys and games.
Bonnie Tyler, Kenny Rogers and António Variações
Alf and E.T.
Marmelada de Odivelas, Nestum and Pez
Pinipons and Bed Bugs
Lassie, The Muppets and Sítio do Picapau Amarelo
The Love Boat and Dempsey and Makepeace
This year, I was also responsible for designing the packaging for a compilation CD and cassette with 70s and 80s music, a 1984 calendar with the most popular editions, as voted by the FaceBook page fans, and, most importantly — and most fun — a set of PVC toys based on the radio show hosts, Nuno Markl, Pedro Ribeiro, Vanda Miranda and Vasco Palmeirim, produced by the mythical toy company Maia e Borges.


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Or, more accurately, will be when I have more chance to write for a moment. But, the hiatus is over, and Mark Noonan is once again commenting on Blogs for Victory.
It won't be exactly like it was before – I simply do not have the time to write 3 to 5 blog entries per day, but you should see me a couple times a week posting – and perhaps more as we get closer to November.
Meanwhile, Zero Hedge has the chart no one dares to show the President; more proof that BLS is putting out bogus data.
How a white man can get hold of Eric Holder's ballot.
It's a good thing that Obama apparently slept through 20 years of this guy's sermons.
The only way Obama can get re-elected: create an alternate universe.
UPDATE: Well, some of us did point out that Obama was "Welcome Back, Carter" – now we have some proof:
Marking the similarities between President Barack Obama's time in office and former president Jimmy Carter's is nothing new. But as of Monday, Obama has hit one more Carter benchmark – both saw gas prices double in their first term of office.


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The knowledge-space dynamic in the UK bioeconomy
Birch, Kean (2009) The knowledge-space dynamic in the UK bioeconomy. Area, 41 (3). 273-284(12).Full text not available in this repository.Request a copy from the Strathclyde author
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2008.00864.x
The loss of manufacturing employment to lower cost economies has meant that countries like the UK have sought to promote innovation in areas such as biotechnology. The emergence of the 'bioeconomy', however, has been highly uneven, with concentrations of activity in certain countries and particular regions in those countries. In the UK, for example, there are four major concentrations of the bioeconomy. Each of these concentrations exhibit distinct patterns of knowledge and spatial inputs into the innovation process, meaning that it is important to consider the knowledge-space dynamic in and of each region.
|Birch, Kean
|Item type:
|ID code:
|UK, bioeconomy, quantitative analysis, biotechnology innovation, regional concentrations, knowledge-space dynamic, Geography (General), Geography, Planning and Development
|Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > Geography (General)
|Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (HaSS) > School of Social Work and Social Policy > Geography
|Depositing user:
|Mr Saheed Alabi
|Date deposited:
|18 Aug 2010 09:09
|Last modified:
|03 Jan 2019 12:36
|Related URLs:
|Export data:


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School News
Our School Vision
'As I have loved you, so you must love one another.' John 13:34
At our school, every child flourishes and becomes a "shining light". We achieve this by following Jesus, loving learning, being a friend and standing strong. Guided by our Christian Values, we celebrate our diversity with joy.
Welcome to St John Baptist Primary School
St John Baptist is a friendly and highly successful one form entry Church of England Primary School. At St John's, we work hard as a team of learners, so that everyone can achieve their very best.
Children at St John's are eager to learn and are very ably supported by our hardworking, dedicated and talented staff. In our community, relationships are based on these core values: loving, caring, attitudes; concern for the whole person; justice and respect for others. We pride ourselves on offering a friendly, supportive environment where all are treated equally.
Whilst we are a church of England Primary School we are here to serve our local community. We welcome applications from families of all faiths and of no faith. For further information on admissions please go to the 'admissions' page.
We hope that you enjoy looking at our website and finding out more about us. If you require a paper copy of any of the information on this website please contact the school office.
School Performance
At St John Baptist our Early Years Foundation Stage, Key Stage One and Key Stage Two results are consistently above the national average. Our latest Ofsted Report graded us as 'outstanding' and we are constantly looking at innovative ways to improve the outcomes for all of our children.
Pupil Premium
What is the Pupil Premium?
The Pupil Premium is government money designed to help disadvantaged children and young people do well at school. The funding is allocated to schools for children from Reception to Year 11 who have registered for free school meals in the last six years, are in care or have parents in the Armed Forces.
Travel Award
This year St John's has achieved the gold award from transport for London for promoting sustainable travel.
Healthy School
St John's has been awarded the 'healthy schools' award. For more information click on the link below
We at St John's believe all children have the right to a broad and balanced education, and aim to meet the needs of individual children to ensure they receive the help they need. Most children make satisfactory progress without the need for special provision; however, from time to time children need additional support.


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Christmas Gifts
Christmas Coffee Mug - Joy to the World with Red Snowflake - Ceramic Cup 11oz or 15oz - Holiday Hostess Gift or Present for Mom
Regular price $12.95
A pretty coffee mug for a special Christmas - adorned with the words from the Christmas Carol: Joy to the World. Our premium ceramic Coffee Mugs make Christmas a part of your everyday life. These cups are one of our most popular gifting items - because they're both useful and thoughtful. Give a Christmas Carol mug to your mom, your holiday hostess or your bestie.
Are you looking for a set? Check out our matching Christmas Carol mugs here:
Peace on Earth Goodwill to Men
O Come All Ye Faithful, Joyful and Triumphant
Our mugs are sturdy and glossy with a vivid print that'll withstand the microwave and dishwasher.
• Ceramic
• Dishwasher and microwave safe
• White and glossy


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The Psychiatric Technician in the Hospital Based Services (HBS) division's Older Adult Program performs the role of physical and emotional care giver to clients who experience mental illness, including dementia and Alzheimer's, within an inpatient hospital environment. On Pine Rest's main campus in Grand Rapids sits our 220+ bed inpatient hospital which includes the 26-bed older adult inpatient unit serving a geriatric population of both men and women. Our Older Adult Program staff are dedicated to providing quality, relationship based care to each and every client they serve in a way which fits the client's needs best. The Psych Tech in the Older Adult Program will at times have responsibility toward medical care of the clients, assisting RN's and other medical staff when the need arises, so in many ways this role is similar to that of Nurse Assistant role within an Assisted Living Center or similar program.
Other primary duties and responsibilities include, but are not limited to:
Education, Training, and Experience:
Specific skills, knowledge, and abilities:
Pine Rest is an EOE
This position is currently not accepting applications.
To search for an open position, please go to http://PRCMHS.appone.com