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Organized by Seogchan Kang, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
At present, the genomes of more than 150 microorganisms have been sequenced or sequencing projects are underway. Although plant pathogens have been underrepresented in this group, this situation is rapidly improving due to the community-wide efforts to promote the genomics of plant pathogenic organisms. Information and technology resources derived from these efforts will significantly enhance our ability to develop effective measures to control important plant diseases. This symposium will not only highlight the progress of genome sequencing efforts for selected plant pathogens, but also present how genome sequence data have been utilized to investigate the biology and evolution of pathogens and the mechanisms of their interactions with host plants.
B. G. Turgeon1,2, S. Kroken2,3, B.-N. Lee2, S. E. Baker2, P. Amedeo2, N. Catlett2, U. Gunawardena2, E. Wagner2, B. Robbertse2, J. Wu2, O. C. Yoder2, N. L. Glass3, J. W. Taylor3(1) Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;(2) Torrey Mesa Research Institute, 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121; (3) Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720.
Communication between microbe and plant is mediated by components of communication circuits (signal transduction pathways) that start with or lead to production of signaling effectors, some of which are likely to be small molecules elaborated via the enzymes of secondary metabolism. Our genomics program focuses on several filamentous ascomycete pathogens (approximately 35 Mb in size) representing wide phylogenetic distribution, and on two pathogens from within the same genus (Yoder and Turgeon 2002). Our primary focus is the maize pathogen, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, chosen as a model pathogen for functional analyses because it is among the most genetically tractable (sequenced to >5X coverage). For comparative purposes, we have included Gibberella fujikuroi (Fusarium verticillioides), causal agent of stalk rot of corn (sequenced to >5X coverage), and G. zeae (Fusarium graminearum), a pathogen of wheat, corn, rice and barley (sequenced to 2X coverage), and Botrytis cinerea, a cosmopolitan pathogen of dicots, including Arabidopsis (sequenced to >5X coverage). In addition to their phylogenetic distribution, these fungi use different modes of infection and are of varying degrees of economic importance.
Of major significance is the fact that Cochliobolus spp. and a sister genus, the Alternaria spp., plus the Gibberella spp., are all notorious for their ability to produce a wealth of secondary metabolites, some of which have clear roles as pathogenicity/virulence determinants such as the host-specific toxins produced by Cochliobolus spp. (Yoder et al., 1997) and the Alternaria spp. (Hatta et al., 2002) and the trichothecenes produced by G. zeae (Cardwell et al, 2001). Little is known about the importance of secondary metabolites in pathogenic behavior of B. cinerea. We have employed phylogenomic analyses to help evaluate roles in pathogenesis of two important classes of enzyme involved in secondary metabolism- polyketide synthases and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, responsible for production of polyketides and small peptides, respectively. All genes for these enzymes in the sequenced genomes have been identified and annotated, and compared to their counterparts in the genomes of other fungi that have been sequenced: e.g., the early diverging saprophytic ascomycetes Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and the human pathogen, Candida albicans, and other filamentous ascomycetes, i.e., the saprophyte Neurospora crassa, the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, the plant pathogens Magnaporthe grisea (rice) and Ashbya gossypii (cotton bolls) and the microsporidian, Enchephalitozoon cuniculi.
We have discovered that:
• The early diverging ascomycetes have few or none of these secondary metabolism genes, while all filamentous pathogens, both plant and animal, have many. The filamentous saprophyte Neurospora has an intermediate number.
• Saprophytes and plant pathogens have the same classes of secondary metabolite genes.
• The plant pathogens have different sets of orthologous genes.
• Few PKS or NRPS orthologs are shared among three polyphyletic plant pathogens.
• Even closely related fungi vary greatly in presence/absence of these genes.
• Saprophytes and plant pathogens have the same classes of secondary metabolite genes.
• The plant pathogens have different sets of orthologous genes.
• Few PKS or NRPS orthologs are shared among three polyphyletic plant pathogens.
• Even closely related fungi vary greatly in presence/absence of these genes.
PKSs can be grouped according to the small molecule produced: linear or cyclic toxins, pigments, or 6-methylsalycylic acid-based toxins. NRPSs can be classified as those producing siderophores, penicillin-like compounds, phytotoxins and mycotoxins, cyclosporin-like toxins, and those that fall into three novel clades with no characterized genes. Among these, we are particularly interested in genes of unknown function, conserved across the fungi, which fall into virulence clades, as these are candidates for roles as general virulence factors; interrupting function of these genes or their products may offer a solution for general disease control.
OneOneAt least one example has been identified in the NRPS gene set. The gene is also present in Neurospora, leading us to speculate that the product may have been recruited from its original function for a specific aspect of the pathogenic lifestyle.
Phylogenomic analyses have revealed orthologs of secondary metabolite genes that have discontinuous distribution among species. For example, in G. fujikuroi the FUM1 gene encodes a PKS involved in the biosynthesis of fumonisin, a potent mycotoxin. FUM1 resides in a cluster of fifteen genes all involved in the biosynthesis of fumonisin (Proctor et al, 2002). None of the genes in the FUM1 cluster is found in a sister species, G. zeae, which does not produce fumonisin. Yet, the FUM1 cluster is found in distantly related C. heterostrophus, although there is no microsynteny between the two clusters and the C. heterostrophus cluster lacks five of the genes found in the G. fujikuroi cluster. Comparisons of the two clusters and knowledge of the structure of fumonisin allows us to predict the structure of the hypothetical fumonisin analog produced by C. heterostrophus.
To summarize, there is a correlation between the pathogenic life style in fungi and numbers of genes in the genome involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Pathogenic fungi have many such genes, saprophytes have few or none. Moreover, among the gene sets in pathogenic fungi there are few orthologs, an observation that predicts an astonishingly large number of small molecules produced by fungi on this planet.
Cardwell, K.F., Desjardins, A.E., Henry, S.H., Munkvold, G., Robens, J. 2001. Mycotoxins: The Cost of Achieving Food Security and Food Quality
Hatta R, Ito K, Hosaki Y, Tanaka T, Tanaka A, Yamamoto M, Akimitsu K, Tsuge T. 2002. A Conditionally Dispensable Chromosome Controls Host-Specific Pathogenicity in the Fungal Plant Pathogen Alternaria alternata. Genetics. 161:59-70
Proctor R.H., Brown, D.W, Plattner, R.D., and Desjardins, A.E. 2002. Co-expression of fifteen contiguous genes delineates a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in Gibberella moniliformis. Fungal Genetics and Biology. In press.
Yoder O.C., Turgeon B.G. 2001. Fungal genomics and pathogenicity.Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4:315-21
Yoder O.C., Macko, V., Wolpert, T.J., and Turgeon B.G. 1997. Cochliobolus spp. and their host-specific toxins. pp145-166. In The Mycota: Plant relationships. Vol. 5. Part A. edited by G. Carroll and P. Tudzynski. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Sophien Kamoun, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster
Oomycetes, such as Phytophthora, form a unique branch of eukaryotic pathogens and are arguably the most devastating pathogens of dicot plants. Molecular phylogenies based on ribosomal RNA sequences, compiled amino acid data for mitochondrial proteins, and several protein encoding chromosomal genes strongly suggest that oomycetes form a unique lineage of stramenopile eukaryotes, unrelated to "true fungi", but closely related to heterokont (brown) algae. It is evident from these analyses that oomycetes evolved the ability to infect plants independently from other eukaryotic plant pathogens, and are likely to have unique mechanisms to do so.
The most destructive and best-studied oomycete is Phytophthora infestans, the cause of late blight, a disease that results in multibillion-dollar losses in potato production and is considered a significant threat to global food security. Similar to other plant pathogens, P. infestans has the remarkable ability to manipulate biochemical, physiological and morphological processes in its host plants through a diverse array of virulence or avirulence molecules, defined here as effectors. In susceptible plants, these effectors promote infection by suppressing defense responses, enhancing susceptibility, or inducing disease symptoms. Alternatively, in resistant plants, effectors are recognized by the products of plant resistance genes resulting in the hypersensitive response and effective defense responses. One central objective in studying the molecular basis of pathogenicity of P. infestans is to identify and functionally characterize effector genes.
Structural genomic studies of P. infestans are well under way within the framework of the Phytophthora Genome Consortium and the Syngenta Phytophthora Consortium, as well as efforts in individual laboratories. Ongoing and pending projects consist of:
• cDNA sequencing.
• Genome sequencing.
• Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone-end sequencing.
• Sequencing of selected BAC clones.
• Genetic and physical maps.
• Mitochondrial genomics.
• cDNA sequencing.
• Genome sequencing.
• Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone-end sequencing.
• Sequencing of selected BAC clones.
• Genetic and physical maps.
• Mitochondrial genomics.
Genomic science promises to significantly impact our understanding of P. infestans biology and pathology. The main applications of genomics are:
• Understanding the molecular basis of P. infestans pathogenicity through the identification of genes that contribute to the infection process.
• Identifying P. infestans targets for genetic control, specifically avirulence genes that function at host and nonhost level.
• Identifying P. infestans targets for chemical control, such as essential genes.
• Understanding P. infestans population structure and evolution, through improved molecular markers and markers that determine phenotypes.
• Understanding the molecular basis of P. infestans pathogenicity through the identification of genes that contribute to the infection process.
• Identifying P. infestans targets for genetic control, specifically avirulence genes that function at host and nonhost level.
• Identifying P. infestans targets for chemical control, such as essential genes.
• Understanding P. infestans population structure and evolution, through improved molecular markers and markers that determine phenotypes.
P. infestans genomics has already started to impact our understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenicity through the identification of effector genes. The challenge in the post-genome era is to link a sequence to a phenotype. An overview of ongoing functional genomic studies on P. infestans is described in Kamoun et al. (From sequence to phenotype: Functional genomics of Phytophthora. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 24:6-9, 2002.). These studies have allowed us to unravel a battery of novel P. infestans genes that trigger a variety of cellular and molecular responses in plant cells and to start to establish functional connections between P. infestans genes and plant processes.
To link sequences to phenotypes, we applied the functional genomics paradigm for the discovery of novel effector genes and fungicide targets in P. infestans. First, we developed computational tools for mining the sequence data, then we applied robust high throughput functional assays to validate the predicted function of the candidate genes.
To select candidate genes from sequence databases, we used the following selection criteria:
• Genes that encode degradative enzymes. These genes are predicted to encode putative virulence factor involved in host tissue penetration and degradation.
• Genes that encode extracellular proteins. These are more likely to be involved in cross-talk with host plant.
• Genes that are up-regulated during infection. These encode putative virulence or pathogenicity factor and could serve as fungicide targets.
• Genes that are conserved across oomycetes. These could serve as fungicide target.
• Genes that encode degradative enzymes. These genes are predicted to encode putative virulence factor involved in host tissue penetration and degradation.
• Genes that encode extracellular proteins. These are more likely to be involved in cross-talk with host plant.
• Genes that are up-regulated during infection. These encode putative virulence or pathogenicity factor and could serve as fungicide targets.
• Genes that are conserved across oomycetes. These could serve as fungicide target.
Examples of candidate genes identified using the various data mining strategies includes genes predicted to function in adhesion to host cells during appressorial formation, genes encoding degradative enzymes that may facilitate penetration of plant tissue and formation of haustoria, as well as genes that function in infection, such as putative virulence and avirulence genes.
To validate the various candidate genes and to identify novel ones, high throughput assays need to be implemented. At this stage, there is still a need for improvement and adaptation to large scale analyses of the gene knockout and complementation assays currently available for P. infestans and other Phytophthora species. However, ectopic expression of pathogen genes in plant cells can be performed at a remarkable high throughput rate using potato virus X (PVX) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based vectors. Therefore, we have been using virus-mediated gene expression to carry out high throughput functional screens of Phytophthora genes in plants. Preliminary PVX based functional screens unraveled a battery of novel Phytophthora effector genes that trigger hypersensitive-like necrosis in Nicotiana, tomato, and potato as well as genes that alter the interaction between Phytophthora and plants.
In summary, P. infestans genomics has already generated numerous candidate genes, several of which are being validated using various functional assays. This is allowing us to understand the molecular basis of pathogenicity, to identify targets for genetic and chemical control, and to understand population structure and evolution in P. infestans.
In collaboration with others in the P. infestans community, we are now seeking to complete the sequence of the 237 Mb genome of P. infestans before the year 2005. Grant proposals to this effect are pending and additional proposals will be submitted in the coming years. The sequence will be of tremendous value for the oomycete and plant breeding community by providing significant insight into key molecular processes regulating this economically important pathosystem and offering novel tools for improvement of late blight resistance in potato. We therefore urge the late blight and plant communities at large to support our efforts and to submit letters of support to help this initiative.
Phytophthora genome Consortium
Phytophthora infestans genome sequencing
Global Initiative on Late Blight
NSF Potato Functional Genomics
Molecular Plant Pathology - Pathogen Profile "Phytophthora infestans enters the genomics era"
Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology article "From sequence to phenotype: functional genomics of Phytophthora"
Kamoun Lab web page
A. Collmer1, J. R. Alfano2, A. M. Baldo3, C. R. Buell4, S. Cartinhour3, A. K. Chatterjee5, T. P. Delaney1, S. G. Lazarowitz1, G. B. Martin1, D. J. Schneider3, X. Tang6
(1) Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; (2) University of Nebraska, Lincoln; (3) USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY; (4) Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD; (5) University of Missouri, Columbia; (6) Kansas State University, Manhattan
Bacterial speck of tomato caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Click image for larger view).
Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 is an important model in molecular plant pathology because it is a genetically tractable pathogen of the well-studied hosts tomato and Arabidopsis, its interactions with plants appear representative of many common bacterial and fungal pathogens, and its parasitic abilities appear to be based largely on a variety of virulence "effector" proteins that are injected into plant cells and which provide a tractable starting point for the molecular dissection of pathogenesis. The NSF Plant Genome Research Program has funded a multi-institutional project to explore the functional genomics P. syringae interactions with plants. The Pseudomonas-Plant Interaction (PPI) project involves researchers at Cornell University, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Kansas State University, University of Missouri, University of Nebraska, and The Institute for Genomics Research (which is sequencing the DC3000 genome). Publication of the complete and annotated genome sequence is pending, but all draft editions of the genome have been made immediately available for public use from TIGR (see the TIGR Microbial Database), and these draft sequences have already supported several papers from members of the NSF project and the larger scientific community.
A primary focus of researchers working with the draft sequence has been the identification of novel Hops (Hrp-dependent Outer Proteins), which are secreted by the P. syringae Hrp (type III secretion) system. Some Hops may function as extracellular components of the type III "injector" system, but most are thought to be effectors that are injected into plant cells to promote bacterial parasitism. Finding the genes encoding such effectors has been difficult heretofore because mutations in these genes typically do not have a strong effect on virulence, apparently because of redundancy. Thus, despite their presumed central role in bacterial parasitism, effector genes are typically missed in mutant screens based on reduced bacterial virulence. To overcome this problem the NSF PPI project, in collaboration with the USDA/ARS Center for Agricultural Bioinformatics at Cornell University, has used an iterative process involving computational methods and gene expression and protein secretion assays to characterize the Hrp regulon and potential protein targeting signals and to identify more than 22 Hops in P. s. tomato DC3000.
Sequence logo representing the Hrp promoter Hidden Markov Model (Click image for larger view).
The first stage in this search for novel effectors was founded on the knowledge that the limited number of effector genes that were previously known (many designated "avr" because of the avirulence phenotype they conferred) in various strains of P. syringae are preceded by "Hrp box" promoter sequences. Because there is substantial variation in these promoter sequences, a reporter transposon approach was used with P. s. tomato DC3000 to identify additional functional Hrp promoters. This enlarged training set of functional sequence variants was used to generate a Hidden Markov Model, which was subsequently used to globally identify potential Hrp promoter sequences in the DC3000 genome (Fouts, D. E., Abramovitch, R. B., Alfano, J. R., Baldo, A. M., Buell, C. R., Cartinhour, S., Chatterjee, A. K., D'Ascenzo, M., Gwinn, M. L., Lazarowitz, S. G., Lin, N.-C., Martin, G. B., Rehm, A. H., Schneider, D. J., van Dijk, K., Tang, X., and Collmer, A. 2002. Genomewide identification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 promoters controlled by the HrpL alternative sigma factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:2275-2280).
The second stage in the search for novel effectors addressed the signals at the N-terminus of Hops that target these proteins to the type III secretion pathway. Several of the candidate effector genes that are linked to Hrp promoters were experimentally demonstrated to encode proteins secreted in a Hrp-dependent manner. Analysis of the enlarged collection of P. syringae proteins traveling the Hrp pathway revealed a pattern of equivalent solvent-exposed amino acids in the N-terminal five positions, a lack of acidic amino acids in the first 12 positions, and other predictive properties. These characteristics were used to search the DC3000 genome, yielding 32 additional genes that are likely to encode effectors based on potential targeting signals and other properties. Interestingly, one of these encodes a homolog of SrfC, which is a candidate effector in Salmonella enterica (Petnicki-Ocwieja, T., Schneider, D. J., Tam, V. C., Chancey, S. T., Shan, L., Jamir, Y., Schechter, L. M., Buell, C. R., Tang, X., Collmer, A., and Alfano, J. R. 2002. Genomewide identification of proteins secreted by the Hrp type III protein secretion system of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:7652-7657).
The approaches described above are now being amplified to complete the inventory of virulence effector genes in P. s. tomato DC3000. They demonstrate the power of combining computational and experimental methods in exploring pathogenic mechanisms. Many important questions now can be addressed. For example, what are these effector proteins doing in plants to promote parasitism, what additional virulence factors will be found when the complete genomic sequence is analyzed, and how can we use this new information to develop better controls for bacterial plant diseases?
J. Glazebrook, J. D. Clarke, B. Estes, W. Chen, H.-S. Chang, and T. Zhu, Torrey Mesa Research Institute, San Diego, CA
Plants respond to pathogen attack by activation of a large number of defense responses, including transcriptional activation of hundreds of genes. The signal transduction network controlling activation of defense responses is complex, and most of the genes responsible for its control and for executing defense mechanisms remain to be discovered. Complete elucidation of plant responses to pathogens will require application of high-throughput approaches for identification of participating plant genes and understanding of their roles in disease resistance. In an attempt to contribute to this undertaking, we are using expression profiling and reverse genetics to study the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to infection by the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola strain ES4326 (Psm ES4326).
Infection by Psm ES4326 triggers activation of a signal transduction pathway that uses salicylic acid (SA) as a signaling intermediate. Mutations that interfere with SA signaling lead to enhanced susceptibility to this pathogen, indicating that SA-dependent signaling controls activation of defense responses that limit Psm ES4326 growth. Some other pathogens, for example the fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola, are not inhibited by SA-dependent responses, but are inhibited by responses under control of a different signal transduction pathway that requires jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) as signaling intermediates. These two pathways are interconnected in a complex manner, as SA signaling can inhibit JA/ET signaling, and vice versa, while some genes are positively regulated by both pathways (See Glazebrook, 2001; and Kunkel and Brooks, 2002; for reviews of disease-resistance signaling pathways in Arabidopsis).
To identify plant genes induced in response to infection, we profiled wild-type plants infected with Psm ES4326 on an Affymetrix GeneChip representing approximately 8,000 Arabidopsis genes (Zhu and Wang, 2000). We also profiled a number of similarly-infected mutant plants with defects in SA, JA, or ET signaling, as well as mutant plants with enhanced susceptibility to Psm ES4326 but whose effects on signaling were unknown. Analysis of the data revealed pathogen-induced genes controlled by different signal transduction pathways. One group of genes required SA signaling, and was negatively affected by JA/ET signaling. Another group required JA/ET signaling, and was negatively affected by SA signaling. Other groups with more complex patterns of regulation were also observed. The mutants were sorted into a hierarchy according to observed alterations in gene expression patterns. As expected, mutants with defects in SA signaling formed a group distinct from mutants with defects in SA or ET signaling.
The pathogen-induced genes may include some that are required for effective disease resistance. We have tested this idea using a reverse genetics approach. Syngenta has created a large collection of Arabidopsis plants carrying T-DNA insertions (See Description of SAIL Project at TMRI) . The positions of the insertions were determined by DNA sequencing of the flanking regions of the genome. Using this collection, we have identified plants with mutations in several hundred pathogen-induced genes. We are now testing the mutant plants for enhanced susceptibility to Psm ES4326. Among the first 111 genes tested, 27 reproducibly display an enhanced-susceptibility phenotype, indicating that they contribute to resistance to Psm ES4326. Clearly, this combination of expression profiling and reverse genetics is an efficient method for identifying plant genes required for disease resistance.
Glazebrook, J. (2001). Genes controlling expression of defense responses in Arabidopsis--2001 status. Curr Opin Plant Biol 4, 301-308.
Kunkel, B.N., and Brooks, D.M. (2002). Cross talk between signaling pathways in pathogen defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 5, 325-331.
Zhu, T., and Wang, X. (2000). Large-scale profiling of the Arabidopsis transcriptome. Plant Physiol 124, 1472-1476
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by Stephanie Vance
Richard Sallington pushed his way through the undead protestors, trying to get up the steps of the Capitol building. Chants of "Brains Are For Thinking, Not For Eating!" and "Broccoli not Brains" rang in his ears. A gaunt woman wearing a tie-dye t-shirt stepped in front of him. She poked her gray, mottled finger in Richard's face.
"YOU," the woman shouted. "You're the lobbyist for 'Big Zombie,' aren't you?" She reeked of the halitosis zombies get from eating only vegetables.
"And you're a 'Zombies for Human Welfare' protester," said Richard. "What of it?"
The woman glowered. "WHAT OF IT? You're behind that heinous new human brain factory farm. You and that bought and paid for human Congressman." One of the protestors threw a cauliflower, the preferred food of the vegetarian zombie movement. It crumbled all over Richard's favorite navy blue Armani suit. His favorite suit. The suit that brought out the gray in his undead eyes and hair, and set off the pallor of his vein-marked skin. He stepped forward, baring his teeth in a slow, hungry, shark's grin, and flicked florets at the tie-dye wearing man.
"Ma'am, we zombies are at the top of the food chain, and we eat human brains. If you want to eat other shit, that's fine. But don't force your hippie, peace-and-love lifestyle on me. Now get out of my way." He kept his voice measured, trying not to reveal his irritation as he stormed into the Congressman's office.
A man stood in front of a window with his back to Richard. "Mr. Sallington," he said. He didn't turn to shake Richard's hand or offer him a chair.
"Congressman," Richard responded, recognizing the Congressman's use of the "we're-no-longer-on-a-first-name-basis" tactic. He'd played this game hundreds of times and played it better than anyone else in DC. That's why his clients paid him $1,500 per hour – plus expenses. He decided to counter with the "pretend-nothing's-wrong" approach, and joined the Congressman at the window.
"So, this is interesting," Richard said, looking out at the protesters as well. "It looks like we'll need a little help with that contract."
"Well, yes. About that…" Congressman Benedict turned. With his tanned skin, carefully wind-swept hair, blue eyes, and sparkling teeth, he looked like a model for a high-end cruise brochure. The perfectly crafted politician. "I've been looking at the plan for the facility."
"It's beautiful right? State-of-the-Art."
"Except that the humans you grow there can't even turn around in their pens."
Richard scrutinized him, trying to assess the depth of the Congressman's new-found concern about the welfare of his fellow humans. "You've been listening to those protestors, haven't you?"
"They may look like a bunch of hippies, but have you seen the most recent poll numbers? I'm not sure it's politically expedient for me to support the cultivation of humans for slaughter right now."
"Stan," Richard said. He clapped his hand on Benedict's back in a standard "we're-all-friends-here" gesture – lobbying 101. The Congressman winced and turned away. Richard took that as a sign of weakness. "We've talked about this. Zombies eat brains. Humans have brains. When you think about it, we need this facility to protect your current constituents. Do you think they want to be zombie-chow? This facility will promote better human/zombie relations."
Benedict snorted. "You didn't mention the eight-billion dollars 'Big Zombie' will get from this."
"True. Nor did I mention that we funded your entire political campaign." Richard paused and let that sink in. He could feel the Congressman's resolve dissolving, and stepped back, holding out his hand, ready to shake on a done deal. But the handshake didn't come. Instead, Benedict turned toward Richard, squared his shoulders, and looked him in the eye.
"You know what? I don't need Big Zombie's money any more. My poll numbers will skyrocket if I stand up to you on this. Frankly, the only way you'll get me out of this seat is to pry it out of my cold dead hands."
Richard's boggled mind shifted through his options. Should he try the old "Let's talk more at your next "event" (wink, wink, nudge, nudge)"? No, that would never work. How about "Let's get together over drinks"? No, this needed to be finished now. After running through another half dozen scenarios, he realized he had one choice. The ultimate strategy. What his clients expected from their $1,500 per hour zombie lobbyist. He took a deep breath, bashed Benedict's skull against the window, cracked it open and began to eat his brain.
It was the most disgusting thing he'd ever tasted, far worse than the brains of telemarketers or even used car salesmen. It tasted like motor oil mixed with dog shit mixed with lies. He tried to spit it out, but some of the tendrils trailed down his throat. He had no choice but to force it down. When he finished it, he staggered out of the office, picking bits of pre-frontal cortex out of his teeth.
That should put the fear of God into the rest of them.
And it did. Six months later, after a quick passage through the House and Senate, "Big Zombie" broke ground on the largest human brain factory farm in the country. Everyone congratulated Richard on his political acumen in knowing when to use bribes versus when to eat brains. His employers gave him an obscene amount of money as a bonus. He bought a new car and a second condo in Miami. The lady zombies lined up to spend time with him.
There was just one problem: after eating that horrid wrinkled mass, he could no longer stand the sight, smell or even mention of a human brain. He tried all-organic, GMO-free brains. He tried free range, happy human brains, cultivated in a loving environment. He tried brains from humans already on the brink of death. Yet he vomited up everything he managed to swallow.
After a few weeks of noticeable deterioration in his performance, Richard's inability to play the "I'll eat your brain" card in the game of politics didn't sit well with his employers. He went from golden boy to dirt in the course of three weeks. "You know how it is. We need a lobbyist who can eat brains when needed," they said, right before they told him to clean out his office.
"You're useless to us. No hard feelings."
Dazed by his stunning reversal of fortune, Richard stood in the street outside his K street office building, staring up at the window that used to be his corner office. A young zombie, with the same superior, determined look Richard once wore so well, looked down at him and sneered. He opened the window and yelled, "Thanks for the office, Mr. Sallington. It will look great once I wash the stench of failure out of the carpet."
At his words, something inside Richard snapped. He'd spent decades helping those sons of bitches and this is how they repaid him? Screw them. He threw his box of personal effects into the gutter (a dead plant and a picture of him shaking hands with the president), and took an Uber over to the Capitol.
The "Zombies for Human Welfare" still sat at the steps, but their numbers had grown. The tie-dye wearing protester who'd yelled at Richard earlier stood in the middle.
"YOU!" she yelled. "You're the lobbyist for …"
"…nope. Not anymore," Richard interrupted, holding up his hand. "Now I'm a free agent. And I want to help you."
The woman paused, eyeing Richard suspiciously. "You want to help us do what?"
"Win," Richard said, gesturing at the Capitol. "I want to help you stop "Big Zombie." I want to help you get funding for whatever it is you freaky, vegetarian, undead want." He nodded toward the crowd.
"Let's say I'm doing it for the money. How much can you pay?"
The woman stared at him for a while, then grinned. "I know how this game works, too," she said. "You don't want money. You want revenge. And you want it pretty bad if you're willing to make a deal with me." She looked Richard up and down. "How about twenty dollars an hour and all the cauliflower you can eat."
Richard bared his teeth in his shark's smile and picked up a sign.
"I'm in."

subset: commoncrawl


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Say hello to my beautiful cousin Eloise, my second stunning model from my BOMANI WOMAN™ photo shoot with my dear friend Simon Richardson. Inspired by the painting 'Johannes Vermeer I wanted to put my own twist on it and create 'Girl with the Silver Septum'. As this was the first photo shoot from the aspiring actress I must say I was very impressed with her poise, confidence and the results, well you can see for yourself…
Photography: Simon Richardson
Jewellery: Elisha Francis London
Model: Eloise
Styling: Elisha Francis


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Setting up your own website these days could not be easier. If you visit popular outsourcing website Fiverr you can literally pay someone five dollars to set it up for you. With new website templates even a complete internet novice can have their own website ready to take orders by the end of the day. Even if you are running an offline woodworking business having a website is an important contact point for your customers.
If you're in business, whether it be a home woodworking business or any other form of business, you need to know how to calculate all your operating costs. Many home businesses overlook some important "costs of doing business", and you want to ensure that you achieve an in-the-black profit status. That's why you should have use an accounting system to adequately calculate all your costs of doing a home woodworking business.
It is not uncommon when starting a new business to become excited and want to rush into this new money-making venture.There is a great saying: "If you fail to plan, then plan to fail".
If you need some items that are more specific or technical, start by creating a list of needed tools and then write everything else you want down on a separate list. Decide a time table for getting each of these tools. This decision can be adjusted later, especially if the business prospers a lot faster than you originally imagined.
The following is a list of what is contained in the course:
5. Google AdWords
One of the surprising things about woodworking and the internet is how slow many woodworkers have been to move into this space. The fact is that most of the customers are online; hungry for quality handmade wooden products but many woodworkers refuse to show up. One objection that is offered is that my product isn't suitable or is too big to sell online. As you can buy everything from exotic animals to trucks online, this argument does not hold much water. Many woodworkers have already made the profitable move to the online space but there is still a lot of demand out there that isn't being met.
One of the best places to find quality woodworking plans is on the internet. It is an excellent place to find ideas plans for small woodworking projects that will not take up a lot of space. Utilizing your garage as a workshop will factor in to making your new woodworking business a profitable one. This may allow you to move to a bigger rental workshop in the future after you grow your business to the size it needs to be to justify the cost.
Woodworking Business Tips
Best Regards


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I've been putting the Samsung Galaxy S III through its paces recently, which means I've been treated to the glorious expanse of its 4.8″ Super AMOLED panel every time I've checked my email, sent a text message, or watched a YouTube video over the past few weeks. Just a year ago, a display of that size on a smartphone would have been considered gigantic beyond belief. In fact, the Samsung Infuse 4G boggled my mind with its 4.5-inch display when I stopped by an AT&T store around this time last year (I was there to pick up an HP Veer, so the size shock was especially apparent). Sure, there are bigger displays on the phone market right now, like the 5.3-inch panel on the Galaxy Note. But that's a hybrid phone/tablet device; in the "pure smartphone" category, the Galaxy S III's screen is currently the biggest around.
The question arises, then: what place do mobile-optimized sites have in today's jumbophone-dominated world?
You know the sites I'm talking about. Both the simple, text-centric WAP sites of yesteryear and the more-polished web apps of today qualify as "mobile sites." They're often stripped-down versions of the full website you're trying to visit, sometimes bare-bones to the point of not including any graphics at all. We've got a pretty good one here at Pocketnow, I think:
… but there are a lot out there still haunted by the ghosts of internet past:
It's not quite as easy to find mobile sites as it used to be, with most companies now offering an app-based mobile experience, but there are still plenty to go around. When we asked on our Facebook page what version of a site you prefer, fully half of those who voted selected "desktop site." Check out our infallible, hugely scientific survey.
Okay, yes: it's anecdotal evidence at best. But it shines a light on a trend that's been slowly developing in the mobile space: desktop-class browsing on smartphones has become increasingly popular over the years. There's a very clear set of reasons for that, the first of which of course being that it wasn't always possible to browse full websites on a mobile device.
Oh sure, I could load full HTML pages on my Blackberry 7520 back in 2004, or on my Motorola Q in 2007; in fact, when Apple made the claim that the first iPhone was the first device to allow "real web browsing," I facepalmed so hard I left a welt on my forehead. But -and this took me a while to admit- it really was the iPhone that brought properly rendered websites into customers' hands on a large scale. Instead of broken columns and odd layouts, to the average Joe it looked like "the real internet." And when webOS, Android, WP7 and others followed suit with their own WebKit-based browsers, equaling and then surpassing the capabilities of mobile Safari, the case for desktop-site browsing on a mobile device became even harder to argue against.
That's pretty much where the argument for eliminating mobile sites has its foundation. We're accessing the internet from smartphones which in some cases out-spec our home computers. The Galaxy S III I have sitting here features a 720p display and a quad-core processor, neither of which are offered by the Macbook Air I'm writing this piece on. That's a gross simplification, sure; mobile and notebook processors aren't created equal, and the Air's display has a good 8 inches on the SGS3's. But it still begs the question why anyone would settle for a mobile site when modern smartphones are perfectly capable of displaying their full-desktop kin.
I've been turning this question over in my head for a few weeks. And as much as I value full-scale capability everywhere I go, I have to say: there are still compelling reasons for keeping mobile sites around. I've organized them into two categories, for your reading enjoyment.
Ease Of Use
Jakob Nielsen has some great opinions on the subject of mobile-vs-desktop web design at his site, UseIt.com (link below). His principal point is that a combination of mobile and desktop sites are needed to provide a full user experience. His stance is best summed up in this quote:
Good mobile user experience requires a different design than what's needed to satisfy desktop users. Two designs, two sites, and cross-linking to make it all work.
I think he's right. While I enjoy the ability to access a full desktop site from my smartphone, I'm usually doing that in a very specific set of circumstances: I have both hands free, I've got the phone in landscape mode, and my attention is entirely devoted to what's on the display.
The problem, of course, is that that's not typically how I use my smartphone. It's called a "mobile device" for a reason. More often than not, my attention is divided, or I'm otherwise encumbered. Take the other day for example: I was grabbing a quick bite between appointments, standing outside a
McDonald's organic farm-fresh deli. I was reading on my phone (Evan Blass' excellent piece about .ZIP files on Android devices, in case you're wondering), and only had one hand free because the other was covered in salty french-fry grease heart-healthy hummus. I happened to be on Pocketnow's desktop site, and for whatever reason, I couldn't double-tap to zoom in on the text column. The result was that I had to pan-and-scan my way around the article, probably the most frustrating way to read anything on the internet. And without the ability to pinch-to-zoom, clicking links to go to other stories was a real hassle- even on the 4.8″ display.
Mobile sites streamline this stuff for us. Even on a full desktop site without column-centering issues or ad banners with impossible-to-click X-buttons, the links are still undersized. Even (or especially) on 720p displays, the text is still tiny. And even on processing powerhouses, the heavy Flash-based galleries or shadowboxes are laggy and cumbersome.
The mobile version of most sites may not be as pretty, but it's a whole lot easier to use. Especially one-handed.
Just The Basics
Six months of absurd data speeds on my Verizon Galaxy Nexus have spoiled me somewhat. Carrying the Sprint version of the Galaxy S III for the past few days, with its EvDO radio my only option in LTE-less Boston, has reminded me of something: not everyone gets to bask in 4G goodness day in and day out. Furthermore, most of us no longer live in a world of all-you-can-eat data; we're increasingly confined to a small smattering of GBs to get us through the month as carriers' terrifying overage swords loom over our heads.
That matters because loading a desktop site versus a mobile one often means you're incurring a significant data penalty. Combine that with the added page load times over slower networks, and you've got a really compelling case for a site that just gives you the basics: a solid-color background, spiced up with the occasional low-resolution image, featuring big, simple, easy-to-tap links.
Also -and this is heresy to mention on an ad-supported publication- mobile sites often spare users the headache of dealing with advertisements. If ads are present, they're usually confined to small banners or text-centric boxes shifted off to the side or hidden away in the footer. The aggravating pop-ups and resource-intensive animations are usually nowhere to be seen, reducing the number of obstacles between the user and the content. It's just a better user experience.
Embrace The Gray Area
The best part about mobile sites, though? Using them isn't an either-or proposition. Recall one of the principal points Nielson mentioned above: the link to the full-desktop version of the site should be available in case a user needs it. Mobile websites don't need to battle it out with their desktop siblings; the two can -and should- work together, along with native apps, to provide a great user experience no matter what use case presents itself.
For my part, I'm going to continue to maintain my collection of desktop- and mobile-oriented bookmarks so as long as I keep using my phone in both one- and two-handed scenarios. For all their limitations, mobile-optimized sites still serve a purpose in my mobile-heavy life, and I hope they stick around for a long time to come.
Agree? Disagree? You know where to drop them comments. And thanks to our new format, you can even do it from our mobile site. Ain't life grand?
Mobile vs Desktop UX concepts source: UseIt


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(Adds CEO, analyst comments, background, shares)
By Vibhuti Sharma
May 3 (Reuters) - Apple supplier Skyworks Solutions Inc forecast current-quarter revenue below estimates on Thursday as global smartphone demand slows and U.S. restrictions on customer ZTE weigh, overshadowing better-than-expected second-quarter results.
Skyworks, whose radio frequency chips are used in Apple Inc's iPhone, joins a long list of global suppliers to warn of smartphone weakness that had fueled fears of waning demand for iPhones. However, Apple reported resilient iPhone sales on Tuesday.
Piper Jaffray analyst Harsh Kumar said the company's forecast miss is mostly because of the action against ZTE.
The hit on revenue from ZTE of about $25 million to $30 million was included in the guidance, Chief Executive Officer Liam Griffin said on a conference call with analysts.
The United States in April banned American firms from selling parts and software to Chinese telecom equipment maker ZTE Corp for seven years for violating the sanctions against Iran.
Skyworks said it expects third-quarter revenue in the range of $875 million to $900 million, while analysts were expecting $931.8 million.
Analyst Kumar said the guidance was "really not that bad" as investors expected much worse because of soft trends at Apple.
CEO Griffin said he expected meaningful sequential growth into the fourth quarter and into December following a traditional seasonal pattern for mobile and smartphones.
Strong demand for chips used in network gear, connected devices and automobiles helped Skyworks top estimates for second-quarter profit and revenue.
The company's net income rose to $276 million, or $1.50 per share, in the three months ended March 30 from $224.9 million, or $1.20 per share, a year earlier.
Excluding certain items, Skyworks earned $1.64 per share, above estimates of $1.60.
Revenue rose to $913.4 million from $851.7 million, beating estimate of $910.7 million, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.
Shares of the Woburn, Massachusetts-based company were marginally lower at $91.83 after the bell.
(Reporting by Vibhuti Sharma and Sonam Rai in Bengaluru; Editing by Sriraj Kalluvila)


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The Lands & Survey Department has a satellite office on Cayman Brac, staffed with a land registry officer and a land survey team. This office provides land registry and surveying services for Cayman Brac and Little Cayman. Surveys for the private sector are also undertaken in the Sister Islands. Please contact this office for estimates and advice on all Sister Islands survey business.
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The Trump administration recently released two proposed rules. One is designed to bring more fiscal integrity to Medicaid, a federal and state program with shared dollars that are used to provide healthcare for low-income people. The other rule is designed to provide more accessible information for patients about medical costs.
So many iconic images and phrases come to mind when you think of California. The Gold Rush. The American Dream. Hollywood. The place where anything was possible and big dreams can come true—thanks to the smashing success of capitalism. "Go West, Young Man." It was the pinnacle of American culture, industry, and innovation, and, at one time, a bastion of conservative thought, voting Republican in nine of the ten presidential elections between 1952 and 1988 and producing two famous twice-elected Republican presidents of the twentieth century, Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan.
Since its establishment in 1965, the federal government and the states have jointly administered Medicaid. The program's characteristics and logistics vary from state to state, and there is always some give-and-take between the states and the feds. States want more flexibility; the federal government wants to make sure states are complying with the law. One thing that has never been permitted is for a state to implement a work requirement for certain Medicaid beneficiaries. That unwise tradition, however, appears to be changing.
On November 7, 2017, Mainers will head to the polls to vote on four ballot measures, including Question 2, which would expand Medicaid in the state to cover able-bodied adults without children whose income is equal to or less than 138 percent of the federal poverty line. In an off-year election, not many will vote; one prediction estimates turnout at 20 percent. That's a shame, because those who vote will help determine the fiscal future of the state.
Oregon attracted national ridicule in 2013 and 2014 as its state-run online Obamacare exchange, Cover Oregon, epically failed to sign up even one person for coverage, despite a federal grant of $303 million. The fiasco was so colossal that the state gave up completely and had the federal government take over its enrollment for the next year's sign-up period.
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Hear and Listen: The Success of Zionism
It is impossible to say with certainty how a thinker from the past would react to today's events. I am sure that I am not qualified to debate Rabbi Melamed. However, I did think that his article on Rabbi Kook needed some additional context for readers unfamiliar with Rabbi Kook's writing.
It can't be denied that Rabbi Kook asserted that he had much to contribute to the development of Zionism. It is also true that he felt that he had much to learn from other streams in the movement. He saw the different approaches as complementary, rather than contradictory.
Rather than eleborate, I would prefer to let Rabbi Kook speak for himself. It will be up to the reader to decide if Rabbi Melamed captured his tone or message properly. (it goes without saying that translation errors are my own fault and that emphases are mine)
Here is the first source:
Three Factions
We now have three noteworthy factions among our people. The first is Orthodoxy, as we are accustomed to call it. It champions the cause of the holy; it speaks with vigor, with zeal and with embitterment on behalf of the Torah and the mitzvot, of religious faith, and of everything sacred to the Jewish people.
The second is the new nationalism that battles for everything toward which the national spirit aspires. It embraces many of the characteristics of a nation seeking to renew its national existence after a long period of exile. It also seeks to include many elements deriving from the influence of the other nations, to the extent that it judges them desirable and appropriate for itself.
The third is liberalism, which was an advocate of the Enlightenment in the recent past and still has a following in many circles. It does not confine itself to the domain of the national but demands general human enlightenment, culture, morality and much more.
It is understandable that in a healthy setting there is a need for each of these three forces. We must always seek to reach this healthy state, where these forces will act in our lives jointly, in all their fullness and their goodness, in harmonious integration with nothing in excess or in diminution. The claims of the holy, of the nation, and of humanity will be joined together in a spiritual and practical love. Individuals and parties will be in agreement that each one is to recognize with goodwill the positive service of the other. This acknowledgement will then develop to a point where each one will recognize the positive role in every cause, that it is desirable, and that in order to pursue it for the general good of spiritual harmonization as well as the enhancement of the particular cause with which he himself is identified. He will go even further in recognizing a positive dimension in the negative aspect of every cause, within its proper delimitation. He will know that it is to the benefit of the very cause of which he is an advocate to be influenced to some extent by the negation, because by its challenge it sets his beloved cause within its proper sphere and saves it from the perilous detriment of excess and exaggeration…
If we shall examine the tension that we suffer in this generation we will know that only one course is open to us. Everyone, the individual or the community, must take to heart this admonition: that together with the need to defend the particular position to which one is attached by natural inclination, habit or training, one must know how to utilize the positions that have found a following among other people and their parties. Thus one will perfect oneself and one's party, both through the positive aspects in the position of the others, and through the beneficial aspects in their negations, by safeguarding one's own position against the defect of exaggeration which produces weakness and destruction. Thus we may hope to attain a way of life appropriate for a people of high stature…
Orot, pp. 70-72
Here is the second:
The Rabbinate
The rabbinate is that great spiritual force, that crucial force which always shaped public opinion in the Jewish world… In our era, however, it has been greatly damaged, and its influence has waned. This development has had a detrimental affect on every aspect of our collective lives…
Now that we desire to reestablish and thoroughly repair our national lives, we must also implement deep and penetrating reforms into the rabbinate of Eretz Yisrael, to breathe new life into this essential, spiritual force… [into] a significant force that will influence every aspect of our national revival…
Rabbis must play a prominent role in Israel's revival. They must work with the people in every facet of the building and the national restoration… A continuous, mutual connection must exist between the rabbinate and every productive force in the land.
[Rabbis must] constantly strive to bring people closer to each other and introduce a spirit of peace between all factions and parties, by way of the holy sentiments that are equally shared in every Jewish soul.
Rabbis must stay far away from all factional disputes and differences, they must view everything in a positive light, focusing only on the side of every faction and every event. This way, they will be able to infuse a spirit of sanctity, faith and pure Jewish awareness into the nation's entire collective existence, materially and spiritually.
HaRabbanut, Ma'amarei HaRe'iyah, pp. 52-54


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John Batchelor Show Hotel Mars, Wednesday, 11-5-14 November 6, 2014Posted by The Space Show in Uncategorized.
Tags: : John Batchelor, AJ26 rocket motor, Antares rocket, Doug Messier, Dr. David Livingston, Dr. Jeff Foust, hybrid rocket motor, N-1 Moon rocket, NTSB investigation, Orbital Sciences, Russian rockets, safety, SpaceShipTwo feathers, turbopump, Virgin Galactic
John Batchelor Show Hotel Mars, Wednesday, 11-5-14
Featuring Dr. Jeff Foust; Doug Messier
Your Amazon Purchases Helps Support TSS/OGLF (see www.onegiantleapfoundation.org/amazon.htm)
If you rate shows on live365.com, email me your rating reasons to help improve the show
Guests: John Batchelor, Dr. Jeff Foust, Doug Messier, Dr. David Livingston. Topics: Topics: The Antares rocket failure and the SpaceShipTwo accident. You are invited to comment, ask questions, and discuss the Space Show program/guest(s) on the Space Show blog. Comments, questions, and any discussion must be relevant and applicable to Space Show programming. Written Transcripts of Space Show programs are not permitted without prior written consent from The Space Show (even if for personal use) & are a violation of the Space Show copyright. We do not permit the commercial use of any Space Show program or part thereof, nor do we permit Space Show programs to be edited, placed on YouTube, or other private channels & websites. Space Show programs can be quoted in news articles, papers, academic & research work but must be cited or referenced in the proper citation format. Contact Dr. Livingston for questions about our copyright and trademark policies which we do enforce. This program is archived on The Space Show website, podcasting, and blog sites with permission from John Batchelor. Please visit the John Batchelor Show website for more information about this fine program, www.johnbatchelorshow.com. Remember, your Amazon Purchases Can Help Support The Space Show/OGLF (www.onegiantleapfoundation.org/amazon.htm). For those of you listening to archives on live365.com & rating the programs, please email me the reasons for your rating. This will definitely help improve Space Show programming. Thank you.
John Batchelor and I welcomed Dr. Jeff Foust for the first ten minutes of our special edition Hotel Mars program. Our second guest was Doug Messier for the second half of the program. During the first segment with Dr. Foust, we talked about the latest news on the recent Orbital Sciences Antares rocket failure. It seems that Orbital Sciences is going to phase out the AJ26 rocket motor, replace it with a yet unidentified motor, and possibly do some short term launches of cargo to the ISS on an alternative rocket. In the second segment, Doug Messier of www.parabolicarc.com was our guest to discuss the latest news regarding the SpaceShipTwo accident. Doug talked about the NTSB investigation and disclosure about the on-off switch for the vehicles feather system, we talked about Virgin Galactic safety and the type of data that was collected which will assist the NTSB in the investigation.
Please post any comments/questions you might have on The Space Show blog. You can contact any of us through me.
No comments yet — be the first.


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I am reading Marcel Duchamp's biography by Calvin Tompkins and while doing this the sense of the time in which he lived is enlivened with stories, characters and moments, some historicized, others privately retold. One of these characters briefly mentioned is Mina Loy. I first came across Mina Loy as an undergrad in an intro to poetry class. I remember being drawn to her since angst love scorned but feisty women have always been beacons for me. Seeing her name again made me think about her more and to think about the time in which she inhabited and the men she encountered both as peers and as lovers. The time of the aughts during the turn of the 20th century was fertile for the avant-garde, the avant-garde you think of when you think the word "avant-garde" of Paris, of salons, of Gertrude Stein, and of a budding New York bohemian class.
This time was the time of men, many whom have impressed their mark into the artistic landscape that may feel dated today but still leave grappling tracks for any who wish to be considered equal to their measure. In this time there were women like Mina Loy, women who were both muse and artist. Mina was a beautiful women and she had marriages, romances, and children with men that were of note and influence in this scene. What is interesting is that there seems to be, through her life, a trajectory that is similar to her male counterparts. She left her children for new lives, new loves and for freedom of self and her art. She traveled to the places where things were happening and made her presence known. Leaving her children during these quests is shocking, even today. When men do it, it is seen as a shame but something that is somehow understandable because it is at the quest of something bigger, greater, more advanced then the necessity of nurture. I don't know much about the full reason or results of Loy's own self-centric quest but I remark on it to contrast how females and males are judged in this act. The fact that women have artistic and existential drives as strong as males should be recognized. Sadly, it isn't. Even today, the liberations of artistic pursuits are impinged on the mark of your sex and the obligations that it brings.
I'm not much of a fan of Loy's poetry. It is a bit too dramatic for my liking but still, there is force and there is sense of necessity to it, if even only for the writer. What has affected me the most about Loy is that she is not just another women in the books who is either the passive beauty, bulldog patron, or the admiring fan. Her merits were earned and they were acknowledged, even if to a lesser degree then her equal or lesser male peers. In addition, she was a woman and there are no apologies or masking of this in her romantic pursuits or her oeuvre. This is the source she draws from, which today may seem like an easy pool to tap from but then, as it is still is now, it is as honest as any source.
Has it changed for women poets, artists, writers, musicians, and all else who have internal creative landscapes who desire to express this in the form of artistic output? Yes and no. Things are different, as it should be with the efforts of Loy and many before and after, but still there is the reoccurrence of the female archetype in the arts even today. There is the muse, the girlfriend, the supporter, the breadwinner, the hobbyist... There is no answer, no set solutions; there is only the honesty in recognizing and acknowledging the things of the past and the situation of the current. Did Mina Loy want to be in the Boys Club? I don't think so, that wasn't the goal, that never should be the goal.
Below is Mina Loy's "Feminist Manifesto" from 1914. Although not all parts are in alliance with my personal beliefs, it is interesting nonetheless to see a marker of that time and a specific articulation of such an immense thing.
Feminist Manifesto (1914)
Women if you want to realize yourselves-you are on the eve of a devastating psychological upheaval-all your pet illusions must be unmasked—the lies of centuries have got to go—are you prepared for the Wrench–? There is no half-measure—NO scratching on the surface of the rubbish heap of tradition, will bring about Reform, the only method is Absolute Demolition
Cease to place your confidence in economic legislation, vise-crusades & uniform education-you are glossing over Reality.
Professional & commercial careers are opening up for you—
Is that all you want?
Is that all you want?
And if you honestly desire to find your level without prejudice—be Brave & deny at the outset—that pathetic clap-trap war cry Woman is the equal of man-
She is NOT
She is NOT
The man who lives a life in which his activities conform to a social code which is protectorate of the feminine element—–is no longer masculine
The women who adapt themselves to a theoretical valuation of their sex as a relative impersonality, are not yet Feminine
Leave off looking to men to find out what you are not —–seek within yourselves to find out what you are
As conditions are at present constituted—you have the choice between Parasitism, & Prostitution —-or Negation
Men & women are enemies, with the enmity of the exploited for the parasite, the parasite for the exploited—at present they are at the mercy of the advantage that each can take the others sexual dependence—-. The only point at which the interests of the sexes merge—is the sexual embrace.
The first illusion it is to your interest to demolish of women into two classes the mistress, & the mother every well-balanced & developed woman knows that is not true. Nature has endowed the complete functions—-there are no restrictions on the woman who is so incompletely evolved as to be un-self-conscious in sex, will prove a restrictive influence on the temperamental expansion of the next generation; the woman who is a poor mistress will be an incompetent mother—an inferior mentality—& will enjoy an inadequate apprehension of Life.
To obtain results you must make sacrifices & the first and greatest sacrifice you have to make is of your "virtue"
The fictitious value of a woman as identified with her physical purity—is too easy to stand-by—rendering her lethargic in the acquisition of intrinsic merits of character by which she could obtain a concrete value—-therefore, the fist self-enforced law for the female sex, as a protection of the man made bogey of virtue—which is the principal instrument of her subjection, would be the unconditional surgical destruction of virginity through-out the female population at puberty—-.
The value of man is assessed entirely according to his use or interest to the community, the value of woman depends entirely on chance, her success or in success in maneuvering a man into taking the life-long responsibility of her—
The advantages of marriage are too ridiculously ample—
Compared to all other trades—for under modern conditions a woman can accept preposterously luxurious support from a man (with-out the return of an sort—even offspring)—as a thank offering for her virginity.
The woman who has not succeeded in striking that advantageous bargin—-is prohibited from any but surreptitious re-action to Life-stimuli—-&entirely debarred maternity.
Every woman has a right to maternity—-
Every woman has a right to maternity—-
Every woman of superior intelligence should realize her race-responsibility, in producing children in adequate proportion to the unfit or degenerate members of her sex—-
Each child of a superior woman should be the result f a definite period of psychic development in her life—-& and not necessarily of a possible irksome & outworn continuance of an alliance—spontaneously adapted for vital creation n the beginning but not necessarily harmoniously balanced as evolution.
For the harmony of race, each individual should be the expression of an easy & ample interpenetration of the male & female temperaments—free of stress
Woman must become more responsible for the child than man—-
Woman must destroy in themselves, the desire to be loved—
The feeling that it is a personal insult when a man transfers his attention from her to another woman
The desire for comfortable protection instead of an intelligent curiosity & courage in meeting & resisting the pressure of life sex or so called love must be reduced to its initial element, honour, grief, sentimentality, pride and & consequently jealousy must be detached from it.
Woman for her happiness must retain her deceptive fragility of appearance, combined with indomitable will, irreducible courage, & abundant health the outcome of sound nerves—
Another great illusion is that woman must use all her introspective and clear-sightedness & unbiased bravery to destroy—for the sake of her self respect is the impurity of sex the realization in defiance of superstition that there is nothing impure in sex—except in the mental attitude to it—will constitute an incalculable & wider social regeneration than it is possible for our generation to imagine.


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Currently, the Sokol Experimental Design Bureau is a steadily growing enterprise, which has been specializing in the development of unmanned aircraft systems, research and design.
The enterprise's potential enables it to develop target environment to optimize avionics of the fighters and test the SAM systems.
The Dan aerial target drone system is intended to simulate Tomahawk-type tactical aircraft flying at subsonic speeds during combat training of troops and the testing of air defense complexes and weapon systems of fighter aircraft. It is produced serially. The combination of its flying and operating characteristics puts it on a par with foreign counterparts.


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Internet's Deeply Disturbed By WTF Dog Picture Illusion
Archive for November, 2017
Can't handle this level of cuteness! Submitted by: (via Viral Paws) Tagged: beam , amazed , laser , Cats , Video Share on Facebook
For years scientists have used the mirror test to decide which animals are "Self-Aware", but recent studies show that it may not actually work. Submitted by: (via Animalist) Share on Facebook


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How to use Bangkok's Skytrain System: The Rabbit Card Explained
SEE THE UPDATED EDTION OF THE BLOG HERE The in & outs of using a Rabbit Card on the BTS What is a Rabbit Card A Rabbit Card is actually an E-money system for BTS, mass transit and retail partners. Its the easiest payment method for travelling in Bangkok. No more cueing, just beep and go & you only pay for what you use. Register your Rabbit Card online for Rabbit Rewards and start earning Rabbit Reward points. Once you have registered for Rabbit Rewards online, you will be eligibleRead More
Bangkok's Victory Monument
In the midst of Bangkok's steamy traffic stands a tall needle-pointed concrete obelisk of European design that raises more questions than get answered. Thailand's Victory Monument, or Anu Saowari Chai Samoraphum (or just Anu Saowari for short) is situated in one of the busiest and most important traffic circles in Bangkok. However, very few people actually know what victory the monument is actually dedicated to. History The Victory Monument was designed by Italian sculptor Corrado Feroci and erected under his direction in 1941. Corrado has a very interesting and long history with Thailand, andRead More


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I'm terribly sorry for the late of update. Life is eating me alive.
Everyday after school, I tend to pass out.
All's not too bad though, I've been playing Pokemon White. I can't even read Japanese, but I've beaten the 7th gym leader! I've been trying to get ready for Oni-con, an anime convention in Texas. I've been doing alright in school, it's just so tiring. I've explained before in a dream that I only see my mother on Mondays. She's been away for a cruise and she has returned. We spent last Monday watch RED in theaters (which was good movie, imo) and she ordered sushi for me afterwards. That was a pretty awesome day.
Lately... I've been spending time with a girl. I just met her this year, but I feel so close to her. The feeling is mutual. We've told each other I love yous and even both imagined having a physical relationship together. But, it's complicated. We've seriously thought about being in a relationship together, but it seems a bit impossible. I decided to ask her out today, to make things official, she just replied, "I don't know." It's okay. I'm okay. Don't worry.
Since it's close to the topic, a little bit of recommendations. Most of them are just nice, love songs. The first one song sounds like only raindrops at first, but give it a few seconds to let the song begin. Seriously, if you're a gushy kind of person, you really have to listen it to the very end.


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16, 2013
In 1993, one year after one of its former medical students died of cancer, the University of Alaska Anchorage created an award in his honor. This year marks the 20th anniversary of the creation of that award, named for Jon B. Syren, a member of the Thomas Aquinas College Class of 1987.
The university website notes:
Jon Benedict Syren expected to graduate from the University of Washington School of Medicine in the Class of 1993. He began his medical training in Anchorage, Alaska, in the fall of 1989 as a member of the first class of WWAMI (Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho) students enrolled in the Biomedical Program at the University of Alaska Anchorage.…
Jon distinguished himself by earning honors in several categories of studies, both in Anchorage and Seattle. He is also remembered by those who knew him for his strong commitment to his family and his faith, and for his unflagging courage and equanimity in the face of personal adversity.
The Jon B. Syren Award recognizes a first-year medical student in the University of Alaska Anchorage WWAMI School of Medical Education who has demonstrated personal qualities of character, integrity, and compassion, combined with a commitment to and promise of community service in medicine.
Mr. Syren's widow, Angela (Andersen '87) Connelly is a member of the College's Board of Governors. She has spoken eloquently about the blessing that accompanied her first husband's holy death for those around him:
When Jon died, it was one of the most beautiful experiences I have ever had. I saw the effect that our education at the College had had on him. It was absolutely beautiful. And there was a ripple effect on the entire medical community and all that knew him and watched him suffer — in a way so beautifully, not dismayed or broken by it. His suffering was so faith-filled that it was just triumphant.
Twenty-one years later, Jon Syren's life and death continue to touch lives. May he rest in peace.


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Community Based Resource Center (CBRC)
MSS with its contribution and with the financial assistance of Japan embassy in Bangladesh built a Community Based Resource Center (CBRC) in Saidpur Upazilla of Nilphamari district in October 2010. Equipped with state of the art facilities the resource center is aimed at developing human resources providing training to the local community people and members of MSS to enhance skills and involve them in income generating activities. It can also serve as the learning center as the community people can have information on various issues such as agriculture, education, health, nutrition, sanitation, environment and other social issues. The resource center which has a residential facility can accommodate 30 trainees at a time. Side by side a non-residential training for 12 people can also be carried out at CBRC. The resource center can also be used for holding conferences, seminars and workshops for internal and external stakeholders.


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First came the
Then there were the open-air pedestrian plazas, sprouting from the concrete in hubs like Times Square and Union Square to make the insufferable clamor of crosstown traffic a little less so.
Now, by summer, New Yorkers may find themselves in the throes of the
The Transportation Department plans to connect the public plazas and arcades that run from 51st to 57th Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, creating a quarter-mile walkway through open-access lobbies and canopied spaces between office buildings that offers refuge from the tumult of the main arteries.
Though midblock pedestrian crossings do exist elsewhere in the city, most notably near Rockefeller Center, the proposed stretch is on track to become Midtown's only extended thoroughfare governed by an authority more often found outside Manhattan: the stop sign.
For years, the passageway, linked by a series of privately owned public spaces, has been an open secret among the area's inhabitants, presenting perhaps the most tantalizing jaywalking opportunity in the city. Residents can finish off a lunchtime sirloin at the Capital Grille on West 51st Street, take in a movie at the Ziegfeld Theater three blocks north and retire to West 57th Street for drinks at the Russian Tea Room without ever setting foot on an avenue. Soon, it seems, they will be able to do so legally.Continue reading the main story
"A lot of people don't know that these places exist, hidden within buildings," said
To critics, the proposal represents another in a string of domineering policies that do little but befuddle drivers and pedestrians and choke traffic flow. A stop sign, they say, will only worsen
Perhaps a yield sign would make more sense, particularly since some plazas typically close around 7 p.m., said Senjay Meray, 40, who often makes deliveries to businesses in the area. "In the night people don't travel," he said, sitting in a blue delivery van on Tuesday afternoon on West 53rd Street. "But cars do."
The city says traffic disruptions would be negligible. An average of fewer than 10 vehicles traverse the blocks each minute during peak times, the Transportation Department said, while more than 1,000 pedestrians cross some of the streets connecting the plazas during a typical lunch hour.
On a recent weekday afternoon, most vehicles were forced to wait through at least one light as they crossed West 53rd Street, allowing many pedestrians to slither between stopped cars without a delay. For pedestrians who could not, options appeared to be threefold: jog to safety, timing the expedition from sidewalk to sidewalk; creep out, peeking around parked cars, and wait until no vehicles are in sight; or simply march forth without so much as a glance at the traffic, raising an open hand calmly at the taxi drivers who slam on their brakes near a plaza entrance.
Still, even supporters acknowledge that the proposal, prompted by a request last year from Community Board 5 to use the spaces better, is an audacious step.
"I just don't know how motorists will react late at night," said George Haikalis, a public member of the board's transportation committee, which unanimously approved the proposal on Monday night. "It's not going to be unnoticed. If the city D.O.T. wants to do it, then they'll take the heat on that."
The full community board will take up the proposal on April 12.
Some opponents have cited a tacit understanding among pedestrians and drivers familiar with the area's layout, arguing that a stop sign would introduce chaos to a perfectly functional arrangement.
Joe Ward, 58, a technical writer who often eats lunch in the plaza near West 51st Street, disputed this logic. "People walk into oncoming traffic," he said, discarding a cigarette outside his office building. "I haven't seen any evidence of an unspoken bond."
Shona Lewis, 25, understands the dangers well. During a recent southbound walk through the passageway, which she often takes from her advertising office to reach her gym, Ms. Lewis said she was nearly struck by a taxi — its driver perhaps emboldened by his legal right of way.
"He clearly saw me coming and was going faster," she recalled. "I slammed on the hood — New York style."
Stella Billings, 29, from the
She lauded how pedestrian-friendly the city had become in recent years. "It's such a businessy area," she said. "This is like an oasis."
The prospect of an avenue name involving fractions was equally appealing. "That's cute," Ms. Billings said. "Very
But on transit boldness alone, the Bloomberg administration is unlikely to match at least one predecessor: Mayor William J. Gaynor, who in 1910 proposed a new avenue between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, extending from Eighth Street to 59th Street and splitting Bryant Park in two. Numerous buildings would have been sacrificed to Mayor Gaynor's vision.
"It was a crazy proposal," said Andrea Renner, an assistant curator for the Museum of the City of New York's exhibition on the history of the Manhattan grid.
Months after making his pitch, Mayor Gaynor was weakened by an assassination attempt, robbing the plan of any momentum, Ms. Renner said.
Bike lanes were never discussed.Continue reading the main story


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Jason LaVeris/FilmMagic
Ryan Murphy has welcomed another baby boy!
The genius creator behind Glee and American Horror Story confirmed to E! News that he had his second baby via surrogate Friday.
"His name is Ford. I brought him home today from the hospital and Logan gave him kind of a side eye," he exclusively told E! News at the American Horror Story: Freak Show premiere in Hollywood. "For 21 months, Logan has been the light of my life and now there are two."
Murphy and husband David Miller are already proud parents to an adorable baby boy named Logan. The couple welcomed their first child on Christmas Eve in 2012.


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The music photography magazine gallery of
Nola concert pictures
`Nola`are an organic / Folk / Rock band from Croatia. Here they are photographed and captured from the stage and pit area during the Sea Star Festival in Croatia. For more information and to follow the band on social media use any of the following external links.
Sea Star Festival Nola concert pictures ~ David Gasson
Band members
Gabrijela Galant Jelenić / Marijan Jelenić / Dean Vitasović / Robert Slama
Location and date of these concert captures
Sea Star Festival / Umag / Croatia / 24-25.05.19
Photographer`s favourite shot
Ads / Affiliate links / Buy me a coffee
Chasing The Light Art is a self funding music photography magazine. This post contains affiliate links (ads) that we think are useful to you. When you click/shop through them, Chasing The Light Art will receive a small commission with NO increase in price to you. Google ads are also used & when you activate & view them ,it doesn't cost a penny or a cent more. One of the Easiest options for you to show your appreciation,thanks,support and to help the site grow and to ensure it continues,especially those who have PayPal is Buy Me A Coffee. ..Thank you..
Record label
Special thanks
Thanks to Jovana and all the crew at the Exit Festival / Sea Star Festival for arranging the photo pass and running an excellent pit .The Chasing The light Art photographer got some great shots….Thank you …. it is much appreciated
After you have enjoyed the Sea star festival Nola concert pictures in Croatia from David Gasson then make sure to visit his GALLERY. You will find more of his relevant work and links to his social media /websites and other published and non published portfolios. You can also view this photographer`s full A to Z of ALL the bands and artists they have photographed for Chasing The Light Art.The links below are where you will find more great Rock n Roll and Croatian concert / festival images and reviews from this photographer.


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We monitor compliance and validity of tickets. We undertake payments and money transfer to the seller. We accept the losses, if there is any problem with obtaining payment.
We deliver the tickets ourselves and make sure it's made in time. The delivery is free for the sellers.
The tickets are sold only after they buyer pays for them. The payment is transferred to the seller only after the buyer visits the event.


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Shikha is an investment adviser at Omidyar Network where she focuses on the firm's education strategy and investments across Africa.
Over the last 16 years, Shikha has worked across the development and private sector. Prior to joining Omidyar Network, she worked at the Children's Investment Fund Foundation (CIFF) where she led investment and management of programs to improve basic literacy and numeracy for children in India and sub-Saharan Africa. She was responsible for a portfolio of over $60 million including CIFF's investment in Early Learning Partnership (a multi-donor trust fund with the World Bank), Educate Girls India (the world's first education development impact bond), and Tayari (a low cost, early childhood education model across 1,500 schools in Kenya).
Before CIFF, Shikha was at Accenture advising European utilities on M&A strategic due-diligence, operational improvement, and regulatory strategy. She started her career as an R&D engineer in an energy meter manufacturing start-up in India where she designed the company's first digital meter.
Shikha is a board observer for Spark Schools and Ubongo, and sits on the investment committee for Innovation Edge and on the steering committee for Global Schools Forum.
Shikha received a bachelor's degree in Electronics & Communication Engineering from Thapar Institute India and an MBA from INSEAD France.


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I love this video and came to the conclusion a couple months ago that i am my own best patient advocate. Right now i have a new doctor and i gave her some info but i will be going back with a file of data from reputable sources explaining what is wrong with me. Here there is a extreme doctor shortage and MD's do not have the time to engage in the research that i have found on my own. Even with a doctor shortage i am still entitled to quality care as is my 16 year old bendy daughter. Engaging in our own heathcare speeds up the diagnosis process and is potentialy life saving. Thank you so much for sharing this Diana.
E-patient Dave on TED!
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