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Spanish missions in the Americas
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Spanish missions
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The Spanish missions in the Americas were Catholic missions established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th to 19th centuries in areas extending from Mexico and southwestern portions of current-day United States to as far south as Argentina and Chile.
At the start of the Age of Discovery, European governments sent explorers to find trade routes to facilitate economic relations with Asia and Europe. During this time, these men found the new lands that could be used for the economic benefit of their home countries and their own. In order to understand these new lands and the resources that might be available, explorers fostered relationships with the native people. This led to the colonization of the Americas. The Catholic Church was an essential part of both the Spanish and Portuguese Empires so as the empires spread to new lands, it was the moral and unifying duty of the King to be sure Christianity was spread into the New World.
Often these empires used missions to teach indigenous people about Christian values that were practiced in Europe at this time. These values did not only include religious teachings but cultural aspects of life such as dress and behavior. Missions were formed in different ways across the Americas that have had a lasting impact on the culture of these areas. Catholicism is still a prevalent religion in both North and South America. The formation and implementation of the missions across the New World reflected the beliefs of the Catholic clerics who created and implemented the missions. In the Catholic church, monks, priests and other clerics take vows and are affiliated with a certain order. These orders, their religion emphasized aspects, and era can be linked to the way of life and teaching in the missions.
Despite extensive efforts and even successes in recovering the cultural history of the cultures colonized in the Americas, much of the evidence currently available comes from the colonizers themselves. Many of the cultures impacted by missionaries had no written language and were thus robbed of much of their oral history when the populations were decimated by Old World illnesses.[1] Cultures that possessed written languages, such as the Maya, often had their artifacts deemed sacrilegious and burned.[2] Therefore, much of the history of Christian missions comes from accounts of missionaries and—to a much lesser extent archaeological investigation, and should be handled with care. Readers should consider the ethnocentric and theocratic context in which accounts recorded by missionaries are presented.
Spanish colonialism[edit]
Catholic missions were installed throughout the Americas in an effort to integrate native populations as part of the European culture; from the point of view of the Spanish Kings, naturals of America were seen as Crown subjects in need of care, instruction and protection from the military and adventurers, most of them in the pursuit of gold, silver, land and nobility titles. The missionaries goal was to convert natives to Christianity, because diffusion of Christianity was deemed to be a requirement of the religion. Spanish Vice-royalties in America had the same structure as the Vice-Royalties in Spanish provinces. The Catholic church depended on the Kings administratively, but in doctrine was subjected, as always, to Rome. Spain had a long battle with the Moors, and Catholicism was an important factor unifying the Spaniards against the Muslims. Further, the religious practices of American natives alarmed the Spanish, so they banned and prosecuted those practices. The role of missionaries was primarily to replace indigenous religions with Christianity , which would also make possible the integration of the native populations into the Spanish colonial societies.[3] One symbolic example of this was the practice of constructing churches and cathedrals, such as Santa Domingo and Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption, on top of demolished native temples.[4] Establishment of missions was often followed by the implementation of Encomienda systems by the Vice-royal authorities, which forced native labor onto land granted to Europeans by the Spanish Crown and led to oppression.
Pedro de Gante was a European missionary who desired assimilation of Native American communities in order to further educational discourse amongst indigenous communities. He was so influential in his work, he became known as "The first teacher of the Americas".[5] Originally, Peeter Van der Moere, Pedro de Gante, came to New Spain, in 1523 also known as Mexico. A missionary, Pedro de Gante, wanted to spread the Christian faith to his native brothers and sisters. During this time, the mentality of the Spanish people was to not empower the indigenous people with knowledge because it would give them motivation to retaliate over their Spanish rulers. Nevertheless, Pedro de Gante saw the ritualistic practices being made by the indigenous, which traditionally had meade human sacrifices (specially from enemy tribes) , and as a missionary, saw the need for a change in faith. He decided in order to best approach theses indigenous communities he had to adapt to their way of life. He learned their native tongue and participated in their conversations and games.[6] Despite having a stutter, he was a successful translator of Nahuatl and Spanish.[5] Additionally, Pedro de Gante was a big advocate of education of the youth, where he established schools throughout Mexico to cater to the indigenous communities.[7] His influence spanned so wide, others like him followed by example. Of the future missionaries to come to America, at least three of his compatriots came.[8]
Native revolts[edit]
In addition to the encomienda system, the aggressive implementation of missions and their forcible establishment of reductions and congregations led to resistance and sometimes revolt in the native populations being colonized. Many natives agreed to join the reductions and congregations out of fear, but many were initially still allowed to quietly continue some of their religious practices. However, as treatment of natives grew worse and suppression of native customs increased, so did the resistance of the natives.
The most notable example of rebellion against colonization is the Pueblo Revolt in 1680, in which the Zuni, Hopi, as well as Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, Tano, and Keres-speaking Pueblos took control of Santa Fe and drove the Spanish colonial presence out of New Mexico with heavy casualties on the Spanish side, including 21 of the 33 Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico. The region remained autonomous under native control despite multiple non-violent attempts at peace treaties and trade agreements until 1692.
The Tepehuan Revolt was likewise stirred by hostilities against the missionaries, which arose due to the concurrent and explosive rise in disease that accompanied their arrival.[9] The Tepehuan associated the rise in death directly with these missionaries and their reductions, which spread disease and facilitated exploitative labor to encomanderos and miners.[10] The revolt lasted from 1616 to 1620 with heavy casualties on both sides, during which time the Spanish abandoned their policy of "peace by purchase (tribute)" in favor of "war of fire and blood".[11]
Epidemics in Missions[edit]
With resistance and revolts, the native population dropped drastically with the introduction of Spanish missions. However, the main factor for the overwhelming losses were due to epidemics in the missions. Despite being affected before the introduction of missions, the buildings allowed rodents to infiltrate living areas and spread disease more rapidly. Many natives were living in cramped spaces with poor hygiene and poor nutrition. This led not only to high mortality rate, but to low fertility rates as well. It is estimated that every 20 years or so, a new epidemic would wipe out the adult population of natives in many missions, giving no chance for recovery.[12]
Cultural Changes[edit]
In converting natives, missionaries had to find various ways of implementing sacramental practices among them. Some sacraments, like Baptism, were already similar to the Nahuatl rituals during birth, usually performed by a midwife. Many missionaries even allowed for natives to keep some aspects of their original ritual in place, like giving the child or newborn a small arrowhead or broom to represent their future roles in society, as long as it complied with Catholic beliefs. Other sacraments, like Matrimony, were fairly different from native practices. Many natives were polygamous and to perform the sacrament of marriage, Franciscan friars would have a husband bring his many wives to the church, having them all state their reasons for being the one true wife. The friars would then decide based on the testimony who was his wife and perform the sacrament.[13]
In addition to religious changes, Spanish missionaries also brought about secular changes. With each generation of natives, there was a gradual shift in what they ate, wore and how the economy within the missions worked. Missionaries introduced adobe style houses for nomadic natives and domesticated animals for meat rather than wild game. The Spanish colonists also brought more foods and plants from Europe and South American to regions that initially had no contact with nations there. Natives began to dress in European-style clothing and adopted the Spanish language, often morphing it with Nahuatl and other native languages.[14]
Catholic Orders[edit]
Franciscan missionaries were the first to arrive in New Spain, in 1523, following the Cortes expeditions in Mexico, and soon after began establishing missions across the continents.[15][16] In addition to their primary goal of spreading Christianity, the missionaries studied the native languages, taught children to read and write, and taught adults trades such as carpentry and ceramics. The first missionaries to arrive in the New World were Franciscan friars from the observant faction which believed in a strict and limited way of practicing religion. Because the friars believed teaching and practicing can only be done through "meditation and contemplation", Franciscans were not able to convert as many people as quickly as the Spanish would have liked. This caused strain between colonial governments and Franciscan friars, which eventually led to several of the friars fleeing to present day western Mexico and the dissolution of Franciscan parishes. Other issues also contributed to the dissolution of Franciscan parishes including the vow of poverty and accusations made by the colonial governments. However, Spanish missions often used money provided by the King to fund missions. Having friars taking money proved to be a controversial issue within the church. In addition, the colonial government claimed missionaries were mistreating indigenous people who were working on the missions. On the other hand, the Franciscan missionaries claimed that the Spanish government enslaved and mistreated indigenous people. Present day efforts are to show where Franciscan missionaries protected the indigenous people from Spanish cruelties and supported empowering the native peoples.[17]
The Jesuits had a wide-spread impact between their arrival in the New World about 1570 until their expulsion in 1767. The Jesuits, especially in the southeastern part of South America, followed a widespread Spanish practice of creating settlements called "reductions" to concentrate the widespread native populations in order to better rule, Christianize, and protect the native populace.[18] The Jesuit Reductions were socialist societies in which each family would receive a house and field, and individuals were clothed and fed in return for work. Additionally, the communities would include schools, churches, and hospitals as well as native leaders and governing councils to be overseen by two Jesuit missionaries in each reduction. Like the Franciscans, the Jesuit missionaries learned the local languages and trained the adults in European methods of construction, manufacturing, and, to a certain extent, agriculture.[19] Spanish settlers were prohibited from living or working in reductions. This led to a strained relationship between Jesuit missionaries and the Spanish because in surrounding Spanish settlements people were not guaranteed food, shelter, and clothing.[20]
Another major Jesuit effort was that of Eusebio Kino S.J., in the region then known as the Pimería Alta – modern-day Sonora in Mexico and southern Arizona in the United States.[21]
The Dominicans were centralized in the Caribbean and Mexico and, despite a much smaller representation in the Americas, had one of the most notable histories of native rights activism. Bartolomé de las Casas was the first Dominican bishop in Mexico and played a pivotal role in dismantling the practice of "encomenderos",these laws were intended to prevent the exploitation and mistreatment of the indigenous peoples of the Americas by the encomenderos, by strictly limiting their power and dominion over groups of natives, with the establishment of the New Laws in 1542.[22]
See also[edit]
- ^ "The Impact of European Diseases on Native Americans – Dictionary definition of The Impact of European Diseases on Native Americans | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
- ^ 1524–1579., Landa, Diego de (1978). Yucatan before and after the conquest. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486236223. OCLC 4136621.
^ story "History of Spanish Colonial Missions | Mission Initiative" Check
|url=value (help). missions.arizona.edu. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ "Cathedral of Cusco City". www.qosqo.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ a b L. Campos. Gante, Pedro De. Detroit: Gale, 2007, 89.
- ^ Lipp, Solomon. Lessons Learned from Pedro de Gante. American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese. Hispania, 1947, 194.
- ^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Pedro de Gante. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1998.
- ^ Proano, Agustin Moreno. The Influence of Pedro de Gante on South American Culture. Artes de Mexico: Margarita de Orellana, 1972.
- ^ May), Gradie, Charlotte M. (Charlotte (2000). The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616 : militarism, evangelism and colonialism in seventeenth century Nueva Vizcaya. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0874806229. OCLC 44964404.
- ^ May), Gradie, Charlotte M. (Charlotte (2000). The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616 : militarism, evangelism and colonialism in seventeenth century Nueva Vizcaya. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0874806229. OCLC 44964404.
- ^ Powell, Phillip W. (1952). Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: The Northward Advance of New Spain, 1550–1600. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- ^ Newson, Linda. "The Demographic Impact of Colonization." The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005.
- ^ Reilly, Penelope. The Monk and the Mariposa: Franciscan Acculturation in Mexico 1520–1550(2016).
- ^ Jackson, Robert H., and Edward D. Castillo. Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization : The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians. 1st ed. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico, 1995.
- ^ Page, Melvin E (2003). Colonialism : an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia. Sonnenburg, Penny M. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1576073353. OCLC 53177965.
- ^ Higham, Carol L. (9 May 2016). "Christian Missions to American Indians". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001 (inactive 28 August 2019).
- ^ Schwaller, John F. (October 2016). "Franciscan Spirituality and Mission in New Spain, 1524–1599: Conflict Beneath the Sycamore Tree (Luke 19:1–10) by Steven E. Turley (review)". The Americas. 73:4: 520–522.
- ^ Caraman, Philip (1976), The lost paradise: the Jesuit Republic in South America, New York: Seabury Press.
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Reductions of Paraguay". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ^ "Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Quotes, & Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
- ^ Whitaker, Arthur P. (1982). "Rim of Christendom: A Biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino, Pacific Coast Pioneer Herbert Eugene Bolton Eusebio Francisco Kino". Pacific Historical Review. 6 (4): 381–383. doi:10.2307/3633889. ISSN 0030-8684. JSTOR 3633889.
- ^ "Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Quotes, & Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- Logan Wagner, E. The Continuity of Sacred Urban Open Space: Facilitating the Indian Conversion to Catholicism in Mesoamerica. Austin: Religion and the Arts, 2014.
- Yunes Vincke, E. "Books and Codices. Transculturation, Language Dissemination and Education in the Works of Friar Pedro De Gante." Doctoral Thesis (2015): Doctoral Thesis, UCL (University College London). Web.
[[Category:History of Catholicism in South America]


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Design considerations
Free space on both sides of the bearing
To prevent interference between rotating bearing parts and stationary machine parts, free space (Ca) should be provided as indicated in fig. 1. The requisite width of the free space depends on:
- the actual misalignment
- lubricant space requirements
Abutments for sealed bearings
The diameter of the shaft abutment should not exceed da max (→ product table), certainly for the 1 to 2 mm closest to the bearing, to prevent interference with the seal (fig. 2). If the bearings are to be located axially on the shaft by a lock nut, SKF recommends using a KMFE lock nut (fig. 3) or fitting a spacer ring (fig. 4) between the bearing and the lock washer to prevent interference with the seal.
Bearings on sleeves
Spherical roller bearings with a tapered bore can be mounted with:
an adapter sleeve on plain or stepped shafts (fig. 5 or fig. 6):
- SKF adapter sleeves are supplied complete with a locking device.
- Use appropriate SKF adapter sleeve assemblies for sealed bearings (fig. 7) to prevent the locking device interfering with the seal (→ product table). Alternatively, a spacer ring can be inserted between the bearing and the lock washer.
- a withdrawal sleeve on stepped shafts (fig. 8)
Appropriate bearing housings
The combination of a spherical roller bearing, appropriate sleeve (where needed), and an appropriate SKF bearing housing provides a cost-effective, interchangeable and reliable solution that fulfils the demand for easy maintenance. The comprehensive assortment of SKF bearing housings is provided in the following tables:
- split plummer (pillow) block housings (table 3)
- non-split housings (table 4)
- application-specific housings (table 5)


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I#ve read the bad news about firefly support at the moment, but i thought maybe an advanced user can help me, too.
Can someone explain me how to scroll the camera if my mouse is at the edge of the window for y-position?
I managed it for x-position, but how to translate y-position to z-dimension.
What i have done?
I've created events for xmouse and ymouse.
For example:
If xMouse <= 20 -> set XCoordinate to position of "Camera" + 1 -> that worked!
Furthermore i have set a target:
Always -> set target to absoluteXPosition (X=CameraX,0,0)
How to achieve this for "If yMouse <= 20" ?
Has someone an idea what i could try?


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Swallowtail Hill scooped the Bronze award for Glamping Business of the Year at the 2018 Beautiful South Awards held at the Grand Hotel in Brighton on December 5.
Glamping is a luxurious and stylish form of camping.
SEE ALSO: Hastings Wetherspoons rates one of worst in Sussex
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Run by Tourism South East in partnership with Services for Tourism Ltd, the Awards recognise achievement in the tourism industry over the last 18 months.
Pictured L to R: Nigel Smith, Chief Executive of Tourism South East, Sarah Broadbent, Founder Swallowtail Hill and Ian Hardwick, Business Development Director of Eviivo, sponsors of the award.
See also: Homeless man jailed for assaulting woman in newsagents after stealing two bottles of beer.
See also: Read about lifeboat capsize that was covered up for years.


text: Depression Print What to Say When Someone Is Depressed Finding the Words to Help Reviewed by facebook twitter instagram Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 14, 2019 Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Written by twitter Written by Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Updated on September 02, 2019 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Knowing what to say to someone who is depressed isn't always easy. While you may feel awkward and unsure at first, know that whatever you say doesn't have to be profound or poetic. It should simply be something that comes from a place of compassion and acceptance. Try not to be dissuaded by worry over saying the "wrong" thing. Too many people with clinical depression feel alone—a state that only worsens their condition. If you don't know what to say, just say that—and tell your friend that you are there for him. Often the simplest way to initiate a conversation is to be direct—ask your friend if they are depressed. Don't accuse, threaten, blame, or make light of what your friend is feeling. Let them know that you are there to talk about it. Research has shown that people tend to withdraw when they are depressed, so reaching out to a friend in need is an important first step. If your friend isn't ready to talk, continue to offer your support by spending time with them and try to talk regularly, either in person, on the phone, or by text. When you want to say more, but have a hard time expressing what you feel, try referencing these ten statements someone who is depressed might find helpful to hear. "I Care" These two simple words—"I care"—can mean so much to a person who may be feeling like the entire world is against her. A hug or a gentle touch of the hand can even get this message across. The important thing is to reach out and let the person know that she matters to you. "I'm Here for You" Depression can feel as if no one understands what you are feeling or even cares enough to begin to understand, which can be isolating and overwhelming. When you reach out to a friend, letting them know that you are going to be there every step of the way can be very reassuring. You may not quite know what this will look like at first, but know that just reminding your friend that you are someone he can lean on can mean the world. "Is There Anything I Can Do to Help?" Depression places a great weight on the person who has it, both physically and mentally, so there are probably many things you can do to ease the burden as your friend recovers. He may be reluctant to accept your offer for fear of becoming a burden on you, so make it clear that you don't mind and want to help in the same way you know he would for you in a similar situation. It is also possible that depression may leave your friend so tired and down that he doesn't even know what kind of help to ask for. Be prepared with a few specific suggestions, which may include: Could you use some help with housework or grocery shopping?Would you like some company for a while?Would you like me to drive you to your doctor appointments? Being specific in regard to both the time and activity can be helpful. For example, instead of saying "Is there anything I can do for you?" perhaps ask, "Could I come over on Saturday morning and do some yard work for you?" Remember, too, that the help you think your friend may need may not match with what would actually be beneficial in his eyes. Suggest—and listen. "Have You Told Your Doctor How You Are Feeling?" Depression treatments are a very important part of recovering from depression, but people often feel ashamed of their condition or pessimistic about whether treatment will really help. If your friend has not yet seen a doctor, encourage him to seek help and reassure him that there is nothing wrong with asking for assistance. Depression is a real—and treatable—illness. If he is already seeing a doctor, offer to help with picking up medications and being on time for appointments. "Do You Need Someone to Talk With?" Sometimes the most important thing you can do for a depressed friend is to just listen sympathetically while she talks about what is bothering her, allowing her to relieve the pressure of pent-up feelings. This can help make her mental and emotional pain more bearable as she goes through the course of treatment prescribed by her doctor and/or therapist. Make sure to listen without interrupting. We all wish to fix things for those we care about and often offer quick fixes to cope with our own feelings of helplessness. Sometimes people who are depressed just need to talk without having the conversation taken over with well-meaning advice. "Your Life Makes a Difference to Me" A common feeling among those who are depressed is that their lives don't matter and no one would even care if they were gone. If you can sincerely tell your friend about all the ways that she matters to you and others, this can help her realize that she has value and worth. "I Understand" (If You Really Do) Before you tell someone "I understand," you should be certain that you actually do. Have you ever experienced clinical depression? If you have, it may be helpful for your friend to realize that you have experienced what he is feeling and were able to get better. Keep in mind that there are several different types of depression, and even if you did experience clinical depression, it may have been very different than what your friend is going through. However, if what you have been through was just a mild case of the blues, your friend may feel like you are trivializing his experience by comparing it with yours. In this case, it would be best to simply admit that you don't understand exactly what he is going through, but you care about him and want to try. Often, the best words to say are, "I don't understand, but I really want to." "It's OK to Feel This Way" Even though your friend's problems may seem minor to you, resist the urge to judge or come up with simple solutions. The biochemical imbalances associated with depression are what is driving how bad she feels about certain situations—not the situations themselves. Instead, let her know that you are sorry that she is feeling so badly and adopt an attitude of acceptance that this is how her depression is affecting her. If your friend only recently started taking medications or attending counseling, it can take time for her to begin to feel better. Just as an antibiotic for a strep throat takes a while to work, antidepressants can take some time to change chemicals in the brain (sometimes upwards of eight weeks or longer). During this time, what she needs most is not references to fast, easy solutions, but an awareness that you will be by her side until her treatment works. "You Aren't Weak or Defective" Those who are coping with depression tend to feel weak or that there is something wrong with them. Depression may be seen as an illness to others, but those who live with it feel that it's a character flaw. Reassure your friend that depression really is an illness caused by a biochemical imbalance in the brain, and it does not mean that he is weak. In fact, it takes a great deal of strength to fight back, so he is probably much stronger than the average person. "There Is Hope" While you are reassuring your friend that she has a real illness, you can also reassure her that there is hope, because, like any other medical illness, depression is treatable. Through the use of medications and therapy, she has a very good chance of returning to feeling normal again. When Good Intentions Go Wrong It is possible that you can say all the "right" things and your friend will still become upset with you. Each person is an individual with unique thoughts and feelings, and being angry and upset is the nature of depression. Sometimes people will lash out at those trying to help them because they are hurting and don't know where to direct those bad feelings. Whoever is nearby becomes a convenient target. If this happens, try not to take it personally. Stay calm and continue to do what you can to love and support your friend in whatever way she will allow. Finally, the risk of suicide is high in those suffering with depression. No matter what you say or what you do to help your friend, he may still experience suicidal thoughts and feelings. Make sure to be on the lookout for warning signs of suicide and know when to seek help. If someone you know is thinking of suicide, call 911 if there is an immediate threat or reach out to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Everything feels more challenging when you're dealing with depression. Get our free guide when you sign up for our newsletter. Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit Article Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial policy to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Cacioppo JT, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychol Aging. 2006;21(1):140-51. doi:10.1037/0882-79126.96.36.199 Griffiths KM, Crisp DA, Barney L, Reid R. Seeking help for depression from family and friends: a qualitative analysis of perceived advantages and disadvantages. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:196. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-196 Trivedi MH. The link between depression and physical symptoms. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;6(Suppl 1):12-6. Andrews G. Should depression be managed as a chronic disease?. BMJ. 2001;322(7283):419-21. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7283.419 Kelly MA, Morse JQ, Stover A, et al. Describing depression: congruence between patient experiences and clinical assessments. Br J Clin Psychol. 2011;50(1):46-66. doi:10.1348/014466510X493926 Benazzi F. Various forms of depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006;8(2):151-61. Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Mcintyre RS, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 3. Pharmacological Treatments. Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61(9):540-60. doi:10.1177/0706743716659417 Lépine JP, Briley M. The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7(Suppl 1):3-7. doi:10.2147/NDT.S19617 Additional Reading Werner Seidler, A. Afzali, MH, Chapman, C, Sunderland, M, and Slade, T. The relationship between social support networks and depression in the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017; 52(12): 1463-1473. doi: 10.1007/s00127-017-1440-7. Gariepy, G., Honkaniemi, H., and A. Quesnel-Vallee. Social Support and Protection from Depression: Systematic Review of Current Findings in Western Countries. British Journal of Psychiatry. 209(4):284-293.


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The last few days I've been geeking out tying up PMD nymphs… It's the middle of winter and I have PMD's on my mind. I have to admit that when the PMD's are on the menu I really dont want to be tying up nymphs. I'd rather be on the water, going for a mountain bike ride after an early morning on the river or just setting outside the camper doing push up watching the sun set! SO I'm making an attempt to get some dozens of different PMD nymphs tied up. This leads me to Hogan's S&M Nymph…
I go through these flies like crazy on the Missouri River and I try to tie my whole stash for the year. Hogan's S&M is a sexy little bug and not all that hard to tie.
Hook – Dai-Riki #305 size 16 is my most common size. I hoping the Firehole sticks #419 size 18 is going to be another good hook size but I'll let you know later…
Bead – Copper 2.0mm
Thread – Brown Veevus 8/0
Tail – 4 Fibers of PT
Ribbing – Small Copper Ultra Wire
Abdomen – Brown Veevus Tying Thread
Wing Case – 1 PMD Turkey Biot
Thorax – Micro Fine Dry Fly Dub, Brown


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Generic Name: obinutuzumab (OH bi nue TOOZ ue mab)
Brand Names: Gazyva
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Jun 7, 2018.
What is Gazyva?
Gazyva (obinutuzumab) is a monoclonal antibody that affects the actions of the body's immune system. Obinutuzumab strengthens your immune system to help your body fight against tumor cells.
Gazyva is used in combination with another cancer medicine called chlorambucil to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Gazyva is also used in combination with other cancer medicines to treat follicular lymphoma (a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma), or to help delay the progression of this disease.
Important Information
If you've ever had hepatitis B, using Gazyva can cause this virus to become active or get worse. Tell your doctor if you don't feel well and you have right-sided upper stomach pain, vomiting, loss of appetite, or yellowing of your skin or eyes.
Gazyva may cause a serious brain infection that can lead to disability or death. Call your doctor right away if you have any change in your mental state, decreased vision, or problems with speech or walking.
Before taking this medicine
You should not receive Gazyva if you have ever had a severe allergic reaction to obinutuzumab, including a condition called serum sickness.
Tell your doctor if you have ever had:
hepatitis B or other liver problems;
kidney disease;
an electrolyte imbalance (such as low levels of potassium or magnesium in your blood);
if you have an active infection.
It is not known whether Gazyva will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.
It may not be safe to breast-feed while using this medicine. Ask your doctor about any risk.
How is Gazyva given?
Gazyva is given as an infusion into a vein. A healthcare provider will give you this injection.
Gazyva is given in a 28-day treatment cycle. You may need to use the medicine only on certain days of each cycle. Your doctor will determine how long to treat you with obinutuzumab.
On the days you receive this medicine, plan to spend most of the day at the hospital or infusion clinic.
You may be given other medications to help prevent serious side effects or allergic reaction. Keep using these medicines for as long as your doctor has prescribed.
Obinutuzumab can lower blood cells that help your body fight infections and help your blood to clot. Your blood will need to be tested often. Your cancer treatments may be delayed based on the results of these tests.
If you've ever had hepatitis B, using Gazyva can cause this virus to become active or get worse. You may need frequent liver function tests while using this medicine and for several months after you stop.
What happens if I miss a dose?
Call your doctor for instructions if you miss an appointment for your injection.
What happens if I overdose?
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.
What should I avoid while receiving Gazyva?
Do not receive a "live" vaccine while receiving Gazyva. Live vaccines include measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), polio, rotavirus, typhoid, yellow fever, varicella (chickenpox), or zoster (shingles).
Gazyva side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to Gazyva: hives, rash; fever, joint pain; fast heartbeats, chest pain, wheezing, difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Gazyva may cause a serious brain infection that can lead to disability or death. Call your doctor right away if you have problems with speech, thought, vision, or muscle movement. These symptoms may start gradually and get worse quickly.
Some side effects may occur during the injection, or within 24 hours afterward. Tell your caregiver if you feel feverish, chilled, tingly, light-headed, nauseated, or if you have diarrhea, chest pain, or trouble breathing.
Call your doctor at once if you have other side effects such as:
fever, swollen glands, itching, joint pain, or not feeling well;
pale skin, easy bruising, unusual bleeding;
pain or burning when you urinate;
cough with mucus, chest pain, feeling short of breath;
right-sided upper stomach pain, loss of appetite, yellowing of your skin or eyes;
dizziness, loss of balance or coordination;
confusion, vision problems, problems with speech or walking; or
signs of tumor cell breakdown - weakness, muscle cramps, decreased urination, tingling in your hands and feet or around your mouth.
Your cancer treatments may be delayed or permanently discontinued if you have certain side effects.
Common Gazyva side effects may include:
fever, weakness, low blood cell counts;
diarrhea, constipation;
itching, hair loss;
headache, joint pain;
cough, runny or stuffy nose, sinus pain; or
sleep problems (insomnia).
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
What other drugs will affect Gazyva?
Tell your doctor about all your other medicines, especially:
medicine to treat or prevent blood clots - cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticagrelor, ticlopidine, and others.
This list is not complete. Other drugs may interact with obinutuzumab, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here.
Further information
Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use Gazyva only for the indication prescribed.
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Copyright 1996-2019 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 4.01.
More about Gazyva (obinutuzumab)
- Side Effects
- During Pregnancy
- Dosage Information
- Drug Interactions
- Pricing & Coupons
- En Español
- 1 Review
- Drug class: CD20 monoclonal antibodies
- FDA Approval History


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This goes beyond just being a comic, but I think when you are doing stuff you should have like a threshold that when past, is considered successful. When it comes to comedy however, that can mean several different things and that goal line moves every time you get close to it. When I first started performing, I was just trying to get enough jokes (good ones that is) that I could do guest sets in front of people that paid to see comedy. Once that happened I wanted to get paid. Now that that goal is accomplished I sit here wondering what success will me from here on out. Is it getting steady work? Is it being a touring comic? I have no idea, but it is something that I ponder all the time.
I have been slacking off on my attempts at getting more shows the closer I get to finishing school. I have always just used school as a way to buffer my failings as a comic. If I wasn't getting as much work as someone who started the same time that I did, I just chalked it up to going to college. I wonder what my excuse will be when I am out and working a job that I do not like? The biggest thing that keeps me from getting more work is that I don't push the issue. I will contact a comedy booker and if they do not respond I just go on about my business. There are many more people like me out there. The types of people that will sulk and bitch about shitty comics getting work when those comics are the ones that are pushing it and getting on phones and talking to everyone they can. These are things I have to work on and work on them fast or I will lose more that just confidence.


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Baltimore, Md.—UMBC women's basketball got 11 points from Te'yJah Oliver (Clinton, Md./Riverdale Baptist) and ten points from Laura Castaldo (West Nyack, N.Y./Clarkstown South), but they could not complete the comeback in a 61-48 loss to American on Wednesday.
UMBC falls to 1-7 while the Eagles improve to 4-3 on the year.
Both teams struggled out of the gates, as neither side could find a handle on the ball. American pushed in front thanks to a mini 4-0 run late, but a Janee'a Summers (Bound Brook, N.J./Bound Brook) and one cut the deficit to just one with a minute left in the quarter. The Eagles got a three pointer at the buzzer to take an 11-7 lead after one.
The Eagles would use that three to spark a 9-0 run early in the second. Sophomore Lucrezia Costa (Rome, Italy) came off the bench and sparked the Retrievers, scoring three points late to cut into the Eagle lead. Oliver cut the deficit to just six at the break after a trifecta of her own to make it 25-19 at the break.
Costa paced the Retrievers in the first half with seven points on 3-5 shooting. American kept their distance thanks to seven offensive rebounds, scoring 12 points in the paint.
American came out the locker rooms firing, rattling off nine quick points to take their largest lead of the game at 34-19 just minutes into the third. Senior Lakiah Sims (Riverdale, Ga./Charles Drew/Palm Beach State) gave the Retrievers life off the bench in the third.
Sims scored four straight, including a beautiful fadeaway jumper to cut the deficit to 11. She then stole the ball on the very next possession that led to a Castaldo layup on the other end.
UMBC continued to catch fire as Castaldo and Oliver nailed back-to-back three's in the early going of the fourth to cut it to five, forcing an American timeout. However, the Eagles responded, increasing their lead to as many as 17 in the period to take a 61-48 victory on Wednesday.
Oliver led all scorers with 11 points, adding three rebounds in the loss. Castaldo poured in ten points with three rebounds and four assists.
Maria Liddane, Kaitlyn Lewis, and TaeKenya Cleveland each had 11 in the win.
UMBC continues their three-game home stand against Columbia on Sunday, Dec. 3. Tip-off is set for 1 p.m. on ESPN 3 with Troy Green, Raven Harris and Pandora Wilson on the call.


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Quote of the Day - Never do anything when you are in a temper, for you will do everything wrong.
Is the Forest Service Throwing A Temper Tantrum?
Businesses argue that the U.S. Forest Service is holding up certain hand-selected projects to force public outcry and a review of a July 2 ruling invalidating several Forest Service regulations. The Forest Service claims it can't approve projects such as cutting down the Capitol Christmas Tree or opening up various ski resorts around the country.
Even environmental groups involved with the lawsuit claim the Forest Service is playing political games with the Christmas tree and the upcoming ski season. "It's clear to me that the Bush administration is trying to manufacture a political crisis," said Sean Cosgrove, a forest policy specialist for the Sierra Club, according to this AP article on Lexis One.
Attempts to hold the Forest Service in contempt have failed.
In response, the Forest Service has suspended approvals nationwide. Lots of projects. Could this reaction be classified as a temper tantrum?


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It's 8:55 a.m. on a crisp Thursday morning in the exclusive New Jersey suburb of Bernards Township, and at 34 Emily Rd., more than 60 people are lined up impatiently outside the front door. Inside, owners Mark and Mary Tuller, who were up most of the night and feel like "zombies," are girding themselves for the onslaught: a three-day crush of strangers pouring into their home, pawing through their family's stuff. Attic to basement, nearly everything is tagged with a price, from the mahogany dining room breakfront ($5,000) to the half-used cans of spray starch (50 cents).
Mark, a 62-year-old former general counsel for Verizon Wireless, and Mary, a retired math teacher, say they couldn't be more excited about their imminent move to a smaller, Mediterranean-style place on the California coast. But with moving trucks arriving in exactly one week, they're more than a little anxious about whether this estate sale will be successful in unloading nearly three decades' worth of accumulated belongings—especially prized pieces like their antique, hand-knotted Persian rugs (the one in the living room originally cost $20,000). "We wanted to sell these expensive items in a way that brought closure," says Mark, "and didn't want them to just walk out the door for almost nothing."
Indeed, to help facilitate the sale, they've chosen a company called The Grand Bazaar to run it; unlike some other mom-and-pop businesses they interviewed, it actually takes credit cards. But from the moment the doors open and salegoers storm the 5,000-square-foot home like pirates rushing a ship, virtually no one bothers with plastic. Not the man with the white ponytail happily scoring a $1 jug of deer repellent or the woman in chunky diamonds and fur-tipped pumps snapping up old garden hose nozzles. Some bargainers cart off books or clothes in bulk, but most arrive at the checkout table with small items: Christmas decorations, souvenir Parisian drink coasters, a board game from the downstairs toy closet. In fact, when the doors close on the Tuller family sale (final take: on the plus side of $30,000), there's still quite a bit of furniture left, most of which is destined for donation or—cue Mary's nostalgic sighs—the Dumpster. And those expensive rugs? At least $30,000 worth of fancy floor coverings are headed into storage. "The sale was a huge success if you were in the market for unopened soap," says Mark.
Video: The Challenges of Downsizing Your Life
Missy Sullivan looks at the challenges that baby-boomers face when they decide to downsize their life and sell a big chunk of their possessions, including getting decent sale prices for their stuff. (Watch video)
Call it the great American sell-off. For years now Americans have been gathering and collecting at an amazing pace, filling homes that over the past half-century have more than doubled in size, to an average of nearly 2,500 square feet. And even that hasn't been enough to contain our nation's overflow of stuff. These days nearly one in 10 U.S. households maintains at least one self-storage unit, 65 percent more than did so in 1995. Filling these spaces, of course, comes naturally to baby boomers. Born into the giddy postwar climate of conspicuous consumption and weaned on decades of easy credit, they're a generation accustomed to regularly leaving offerings at the altar of retail.
That is, until they hit the empty-nest, time-to-start-downsizing phase—and begin wondering what to do with their mountains of accumulated stuff. With some 8,000 Americans turning 65 every day, on average, and the senior population expected to double by 2050, millions are facing a massive, multifaceted purge that's turning out to be much tougher than they thought it would be. And millions more find themselves in similar quandaries as they deal with the truckloads they've inherited from packrat relatives. Indeed, whether they're leaving an heirloom china set at the local consignment store or packing a stately grandfather clock off to Sotheby's, many are discovering that the resale market is glutted with household goods. And oriental rugs are only the beginning. Got a home full of middle-market, traditional-style furniture to sell? Dealers say that stuff's plunged 50 to 75 percent in value. Elaborate silver tea sets are worth more melted than as decorative objects. And huge heavy items like dining-room breakfronts and banker-style desks are often the toughest to unload. "I once sold a piano for $11," says David Rago, a Lambertville, N.J., auctioneer.
For many of those in or near retirement, this is not unimportant income. Inspired by shows like Antiques Roadshow and Pawn Stars, many hope that monetizing that painting over the mantel will help make up ground lost in their battered retirement portfolios, says Julie Hall, a liquidator from Charlotte, N.C., and the author of The Boomer Burden, a book about challenges like these. And beyond the economic significance, there's the emotional struggle that comes with letting go of decades' worth of memory-laden stuff. As David Ekerdt, director of the Gerontology Center of the University of Kansas, puts it, "They're not just things. They're you." But the disconnect between perceived value and actual value—when the kids don't want their parents' stuff and the market is overrun—can be a cold splash of reality. "What are people going to do?" asks Jane C.H. Jacob, a Chicago-based appraiser and trustee of the nonprofit Appraisal Foundation. "Dig a ditch and put it in a landfill?"
Photograph by Misha Gravenor for SmartMoney.
Indeed, it's hard to know where to start. Selling things piecemeal on eBay and Craigslist? Too time-consuming. A weekend garage sale? Too much work—and too hard to figure out pricing. (And what happens with all the unsold stuff?) Like the Tullers, many downsizers begin the liquidation process by interviewing a quirky collection of small-business folk who run estate sales, at companies with names like A Couple of Dusty Old Bags or 2MuchStuff4Me. No one tracks this unlicensed, unregulated universe of mostly family-run firms, but according to John Buckles, founder of Caring Transitions, the industry's first franchised business, the sector pulls in at least $5 billion a year. In Southern California, Betty Ulemek got her first taste of the liquidation industry last fall, when the Santa Ana resident decided it was time to sell her late brother's houseful of lovingly acquired collections—glass, china, clocks and such—and found an estate sale company the way many people do: by asking the real estate agent listing his house. Experienced liquidators say most of their referrals come from clients, real estate agents, estate lawyers or estate trustees. Some are even paid as much as $10,000 by senior living centers to help new residents get "unstuck" from a longtime home.
The firm Ulemek was referred to, South Hills Antiques & Estate Sales, is fairly typical: It's run by a sole proprietor, Anita Sassounian, who's self-taught in the ways of valuation and who conducts a side business as an eBay seller. Ten years in, the energetic former waitress—who wears a black apron at sales and calls out that she's "86ing" a misbehaving customer—charges 35 percent of the final kitty. (Depending on the size of a house and quality of its contents, a sale can gross between a few thousand dollars and $100,000, with the majority falling in the $5,000 to $15,000 range.) For her cut, Sassounian offers extensive advertising—her mailing list yields more than a few diehard big spenders who sleep overnight in front of the house for the privilege of first dibs—staffs the sale with up to a dozen helpers, and transforms the home into a retail boutique, polishing silver, washing baseboards and bringing in tables, racks and display cases. When it's all over, she arranges for leftovers to be donated and leaves the house, in industry parlance, "broom clean."
In the liquidation milieu, many firms operate on a handshake basis. But the more documentation a liquidator provides, the less room there is for squirrelly dealing—or outright stealing. This is, after all, a business where strangers spend days in a house, often unsupervised, handling every single object and finding surprises ranging from Mom's rainy-day cash stash to letters from Dad's secret mistress. Sassounian works with a contract that leaves little to misinterpretation, helping to ensure, for example, that when a sale's proceeds are to be distributed to heirs, family members can't remove items from the house once the contract is signed. When the sale is done, she provides the estate trustee with an inventory, complete with prices paid. In a field with no licensing, accreditation or official means of censure, Sassounian says, "my reputation is everything."
Critical to the sale's success, of course, is whether she's gotten the pricing right—low enough to tempt bargain lovers while getting as close as possible to fair market value. To research prices of items she's unsure of, Sassounian says, she photographs them and does research on sites like eBay and Google. Because so few liquidators have formal appraisal training, critics question their ability to accurately price the dizzying number of items—and to understand subtleties of how quality, condition and rarity come into play. "I'd be careful of the person who claims to know the value of everything," says New York–based art attorney Amy Goldrich. "Most of the time they can have no idea if it's a fake or a copy, especially if they're doing a quick Web search."
For her part, Sassounian says she brings in outside experts whenever she runs across an unfamiliar item. Still, Ulemek wishes the prices had been higher. "I can't believe she sold my brother's wonderful stuff for pennies," she says, adding that she'd have liked to have been on-site during the sale to press for higher prices. For Sassounian and her peers, that frequently spells trouble, since as they tell it, clients will sometimes put the kibosh on a sale either because they're bogged down in the emotional value ("I've seen people hug toasters because they can remember making toast in the morning," says Hall, the Charlotte liquidator) or they can't imagine that their treasures have depreciated at all from the original retail price. ("I always tell them to take a zero off what they bought it for," says Sassounian.) Ultimately, Ulemek's brother's belongings brought in upwards of $50,000, even with the modest pricing. "And when all was said and done," Ulemek admits, brightening, "the house was nice and clean."
Photograph by Misha Gravenor for SmartMoney.
But a clean path to life's next phase can also start at an auction house. More than $20 billion worth of household items, art, antiques and collectibles sold in a competitive-bid environment in 2008 alone, the most recent year the National Auctioneers Association polled its members. On a chilly Monday morning, the staff at one Philadelphia-area firm, Dutch Auction Sales, is hard at work, dispersing the contents of hundreds of households, more or less en masse. And for anyone with stars in their eyes about the auction market for middle-market furniture and household goods, a trip to Dutch, which caters largely to the wholesale crowd, offers a bracing reality check. Indeed, some of what's offered here is stuff that didn't sell in estate sales, and the occasionally shocking prices ($10 for a hefty antique oak round table in perfectly fine condition) show how the great American sell-off is hurting prices for boomers everywhere.
"Onedollah, onedollah, onedollah," the auctioneer intones. "Sold for...one dollar," he says of the decent-looking seven-piece patio set. Forget the image of a Sotheby's swell with French cuffs and an accent to match. This auction impresario sports a bushy handlebar mustache, scruffy jeans and an unzipped hoodie. He carries a liter bottle of Pepsi in one hand and a wireless mic in the other as he moves briskly with a cluster of buyers across a football-field-size area covered with rows and rows of household castoffs: boxed lots of tools, fat 10-year-old TVs and computer monitors, vintage yearbooks, old plastic rocking horses. The bidders—mostly flea marketeers and eBay resellers—know exactly when to let a whole row of junk pass at $5 and when to pay up for treasures like a newish wine fridge ($17), 1960s-era Bose speakers ($80) or a (presumably working) snowblower ($160).
Every two weeks Dutch processes more than 7,000 items in a marathon that starts at sunup and lasts often into the wee hours, operating in and around a hangar-size warehouse. With relentlessly paced three-ring auction action, it processes a steady stream of items culled largely from middle-class homes: antique furniture piled three or four high; tabletop lots of toys, china, silver and books; and those junkier lots outside. No white-glove treatment here—porters drag heavy wood antiques roughly along the concrete, and more than a few times during the day, glass can be heard crashing to the ground. Dealers park their U-Hauls in a tight row alongside the outside dock, quickly loading antiques that, on average, says Dutch CEO Bob Selmon, are running 50 percent below 2005 prices. (Rugs, he says, are down even more.) According to Rich Holleny, an antiques dealer from Maryland's Eastern Shore, one elegant mahogany dining set that gavels for $400 would have fetched between $1,000 and $1,200 five years ago. A carved oak Victorian fainting couch worthy of a Betty Draper swoon goes for $85. Back at his shop, laments Holleny, traditional furniture is languishing, and even at these prices, it's harder to make margins. "A lot of people have been driven from the business," says Selmon.
While auctions themselves are coping with a surfeit of sellers and cash-strapped buyers, driving down both prices and sell-through rates, they're still big-time liquidation players. But the liquidation universe, which has many tiers, can be confusing for downsizers looking for the best outlet for a fine or unusual estate item. Sellers may assume the holy grail is a high-end auction house like Sotheby's or Christie's, which rarely take on consignments worth less than $5,000, but experts say the best choice comes down to who can drum up the most serious bidders. Niche outfits, for example, reach targeted collector markets, whether for antique duck decoys (Guyette & Schmidt in Maryland), midcentury-modern furniture (Wright in Chicago) or art pottery (Rago's in New Jersey).
Of course, for boomers who don't have the stomach to see the stuff of their lives sold off—and aren't driven by a financial imperative to do so—there's always the option of just passing on to the great beyond and letting the heirs duke it out. Billy Campsey, an Amarillo, Texas, accountant who often acts as a fiduciary on disputed estates, says he recently experienced it all firsthand when his aunt left $150,000 worth of jewels to be split among six family members—who all wanted the same pieces. "Put all six of them in a room and they'd have a fistfight," he says. After hearing from an estate lawyer about a Web-based tool called eDivvyup, he persuaded the heirs to try the closed online auction system (think eBay, only private) that lets an estate executor post photos and information about each piece and assign point shares to heirs based on his or her percentage of the estate. In the end, he says, competitive bidding worked a lot better—and faster—than gambling on a retail consignment. Not only did it squash the squabbling, says Campsey, but it took one year of administration off the total estate.
If there was ever a good time for a wealthy aunt to die, 2010 was it—from a tax perspective, that is. With the estate-tax exemption at $3.5 million in 2009, 34,000 U.S. estates paid taxes to the IRS that year, a decrease from 108,000 in 2001. Although the tax was zero in 2010, it returns this year, at a rate of 35 percent for estates over $5 million. Making distributions before death can help lower the tax hit—and eliminate a lot of disputes, says Kathleen Sherby, a St. Louis tax attorney and fellow of the American College of Trust and Estate Counsel. The problem, she says, is that "a lot of people just don't want to deal with it."
When Tom Tuchmann's father died last summer, who got what was not a big issue. After all, he and his siblings had long since feathered their own nests—and their dad's stuff was, he says, pretty worn out. (They each took a few sentimental items.) The harder part, says the Portland, Ore., forestry engineer, was having to process the reality that the Winnetka, Ill., home his dad had lived in for 50 years, a reassuring time capsule of their childhood, would no longer be there. But while his brother waxed nostalgic about the old ceramic rabbit cookie jar and his well-played 45 of "Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head," Tuchmann hadn't looked closely at the contents of his childhood home in 32 years and felt little compunction to start, he says. "Now that it's done, I'm moving on."
Accumulation Nation
No wonder Americans have so much stuff to sell off. Over the past decade or so, we've spent nearly $2 trillion annually (much more than we're likely to get back) on things like these.
HOMES: $747 billion
U.S. mortgage activity peaked—no surprise—in 2006, when Americans snapped up nearly a trillion dollars' worth of homes.
Difficulty to Dump: Home prices are down 22 percent from their peak in 2006.
MOTOR VEHICLES: $407 billion
Green, schmeen—America likes 'em big. Even though large-truck sales have dropped by more than a third since 2005, they still outsold every other category of vehicle but one in 2010.
Difficulty to Dump: Used-car values rose during the recession, but experts say the rebound in new-car sales will dampen that trend.
APPAREL: $251 billion
Blame our full closets? In 2009, for the first time in U.S. history, spending on clothing and footwear fell below 3 percent of Americans' disposable income.
Difficulty to Dump: Even Goodwill's got a glut: Donations jumped 12 percent last year, more than triple the rise in 2009.
APPAREL: $251 billion
Blame our full closets? In 2009, for the first time in U.S. history, spending on clothing and footwear fell below 3 percent of Americans' disposable income.
Difficulty to Dump: Even Goodwill's got a glut: Donations jumped 12 percent last year, more than triple the rise in 2009.
ELECTRONICS: $158 billion
The typical U.S. household spends $1,350 annually on electronics—more than the average person in Nepal makes in a year.
Difficulty to Dump: Some half a billion old gadgets now languish in our homes, more than twice as many as did so in 2007.
FURNITURE: $87 billion
From 1999 to 2007, U.S. imports of household furniture more than doubled—with more than half coming from China.
Difficulty to Dump: Traditional stuff—think middle-class mahogany—is down more than 50 percent from pre-crash prices.
HOUSEHOLD GOODS: $68 billion
These purchases encompass everything from small kitchen appliances and dinnerware to cleaning materials and, yes, bathroom accessories.
Difficulty to Dump: Forget resale. The EPA reports a 23 percent jump since 2000 in household goods being simply junked.
JEWELRY: $55 billion
Diamonds are still a girl's best friend, making up at least 30 percent of all jewelry purchases in any given year.
Difficulty to Dump: The average sale price of used wristwatches on eBay dropped 28 percent from 2008 to 2010.
FINE ART: $2.4 billion
Call it a renaissance: Art sales at major auction houses exploded in the early '90s, growing tenfold to peak at $4.8 billion in 2007.
Difficulty to Dump: Based on lot prices, the average amount fetched at auction for fine art fell 43 percent from 2008 to 2010.
Sources: American Apparel & Footwear Association; American Home Furnishings Alliance; Artnet; CIA World Factbook; Consumer Electronics Association; CoreLogic; eBay; Edmunds.com; Goodwill Industries; International Housewares Association; Jewelers of America; Kelley Blue Book; Pike Research; U.S. Department of Commerce; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Photograph by David Yellen for SmartMoney.


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Housing Associations
2D and 3D-Grundrisse 1000hands AG for exposes and online portals within 24 h from 12,95. Berlin, January 12, 2009 – the user of the online floor plan services of 1000hands AG now receive when ordering a 2D-Grundrisses of an apartment a lucrative add-on package: 3D views from nine different angles of view are supplied for each apartment. Thus, the prospective tenant has a previously not offered possibility to see his future homes very plastic online. The 3D-Zusatzpaket is available for an additional cost of less than 10.00. Ordinary plans play an increasingly important role in a modern and contemporary marketing. In addition to photos offer important information on the size and distribution of property among its stakeholders and take to purchase crucial. Official site: Debbie Wasserman Schultz. The process is simple: the customer delivers the 1000hands AG the old template as a file, fax or by post staff of 1000hands AG make it an optimized layout for rental and sale. Fast, consistent, cheap and direct sales.
The customer has the free choice from more than 100 floor plans. For the Internet the 1000hands AG has designed floor plan types that are optimized with regard to representation, information density, file format and transmission capacity. Real CAD floor plan in DWG format are available in addition to the popular bitmap formats like JPG, GIF or TIF. Therefore, the floor plans are actually true to size and bemassbar. Also, the calculations can be performed after WoFlV or after II. BV, gif MF-G and DIN 277.
Customers have free design possibilities with regard to: outline-style, 2D or 3D color choice label space stamp furnishings dimension calculation. About the 1000hands AG 1000hands AG focuses on the building documentation. A large team of over 100 professionals from the fields of surveying, architecture and CAD is available for the customers. Altogether the 1000hands AG has edited in the last five years about 100 million square meters of building area. Services include the surveying, the CAD editing and Calculations according to national and international standards. Contact 1000hands AG Carsten Kogel Joachim-based Street 12, 10719 Berlin phone: + 49 (0) 30-889 15 300 fax: + 49 (0) 30-312 65 99 E-Mail: Web: floor plan
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