text:
Biologists using tools developed for drawing evolutionary family trees say that they have solved a longstanding problem in
The family includes English and most other European languages, as well as Persian, Hindi and many others. Despite the importance of the languages, specialists have long disagreed about their origin.
Linguists believe that the first speakers of the mother tongue, known as proto-Indo-European, were chariot-driving pastoralists who burst out of their homeland on the steppes above the Black Sea about 4,000 years ago and conquered
The new entrant to the debate is an evolutionary biologist, Quentin Atkinson of the University of
The result, they announced in Thursday's issue of the journal Science, is that "we found decisive support for an Anatolian origin over a steppe origin." Both the timing and the root of the tree of Indo-European languages "fit with an agricultural expansion from Anatolia beginning 8,000 to 9,500 years ago," they report.Continue reading the main story
But despite its advanced statistical methods, their study may not convince everyone.
The researchers started with a menu of vocabulary items that are known to be resistant to linguistic change, like pronouns, parts of the body and family relations, and compared them with the inferred ancestral word in proto-Indo-European. Words that have a clear line of descent from the same ancestral word are known as cognates. Thus "mother," "mutter" (German), "mat' " (Russian), "madar" (Persian), "matka" (Polish) and "mater" (Latin) are all cognates derived from the proto-Indo-European word "mehter."
Dr. Atkinson and his colleagues then scored each set of words on the vocabulary menu for the 103 languages. In languages where the word was a cognate, the researchers assigned it a score of 1; in those where the cognate had been replaced with an unrelated word, it was scored 0. Each language could thus be represented by a string of 1's and 0's, and the researchers could compute the most likely family tree showing the relationships among the 103 languages.
A computer was then supplied with known dates of language splits. Romanian and other Romance languages, for instance, started to diverge from Latin after A.D. 270, when Roman troops pulled back from the Roman province of Dacia. Applying those dates to a few branches in its tree, the computer was able to estimate dates for all the rest.
The computer was also given geographical information about the present range of each language and told to work out the likeliest pathways of distribution from an origin, given the probable family tree of descent. The calculation pointed to Anatolia, particularly a lozenge-shaped area in what is now southern Turkey, as the most plausible origin — a region that had also been proposed as the origin of Indo-European by the archaeologist Colin Renfrew, in 1987, because it was the source from which agriculture spread to Europe.
Dr. Atkinson's work has integrated a large amount of information with a computational method that has proved successful in evolutionary studies. But his results may not sway supporters of the rival theory, who believe the Indo-European languages were spread some 5,000 years later by warlike pastoralists who conquered Europe and
A key piece of their evidence is that proto-Indo-European had a vocabulary for chariots and wagons that included words for "wheel," "axle," "harness-pole" and "to go or convey in a vehicle." These words have numerous descendants in the Indo-European daughter languages. So Indo-European itself cannot have fragmented into those daughter languages, historical linguists argue, before the invention of chariots and wagons, the earliest known examples of which date to 3500 B.C. This would rule out any connection between Indo-European and the spread of agriculture from Anatolia, which occurred much earlier.
"I see the wheeled-vehicle evidence as a trump card over any evolutionary tree," said David Anthony, an archaeologist at Hartwick College who studies Indo-European origins.
Historical linguists see other evidence in that the first Indo-European speakers had words for "horse" and "bee," and lent many basic words to proto-Uralic, the mother tongue of Finnish and Hungarian. The best place to have found wild horses and bees and be close to speakers of proto-Uralic is the steppe region above the Black Sea and the Caspian. The Kurgan people who occupied this area from around 5000 to 3000 B.C. have long been candidates for the first Indo-European speakers.
In a recent book, "The Horse, the Wheel and Language," Dr. Anthony describes how the steppe people developed a mobile society and social system that enabled them to push out of their homeland in several directions and spread their language east, west and south.
Dr. Anthony said he found Dr. Atkinson's language tree of Indo-European implausible in several details. Tocharian, for instance, is a group of Indo-European languages spoken in northwest
Dr. Atkinson said that this was a "hand-wavy argument" and that such conjectures should be judged in a quantitative way.
Dr. Anthony, noting that neither he nor Dr. Atkinson is a linguist, said that cognates were only one ingredient for reconstructing language trees, and that grammar and sound changes should also be used. Dr. Atkinson's reconstruction is "a one-legged stool, so it's not surprising that the tree it produces contains language groupings that would not survive if you included morphology and sound changes," Dr. Anthony said.
Dr. Atkinson responded that he did indeed run his computer simulation on a grammar-based tree constructed by Don Ringe, an expert on Indo-European at the


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1940s clay poker chips, 1920s crystal doorknobs
San Diego Reader Classified ads, December 11, 2019
3 p.m., Dec. 11
Looking for a low budget weekend vacation abroad?
This Friday, Turista Libre heads to the beaches of Tijuana for a night on the town. $15 gets you a ride on a party bus to and from the border, a bar hop around Playas de Tijuana, and entry to the Los Master Plus concert with an opening set by Point Loma - the solo project of Bostich from the prominent Tijuana norteño/techno outfit Nortec Collective.
Tour guide Derrik Chinn, a former San Diegan who has lived in The Most Visited City in the World for over four years, calls Los Master Plus "the hypothetical love bastards of narco patron saint Malverde and Peaches, the Guadalajara electro-norteño duo con big bigotes has done Spanish covers of half of the contents of your iPod."
Songs like Daft Punk's "One More Time" ("Una Vez Mas"), Kings of Leons' "Sex On Fire" ("Sexo En Fuego"), and Radiohead's "Creep" ("Pero No Soy Asi").
"More than a cheesy cover band (check out the vid for 'Mamarazzi'), they're hauling the naco-sexy show all the way to the literal northwesternmost corner of Latin America, Playas de Tijuana," Chinn writes in the
Recent Turista Libre outings include a lucha libre wrestling night, a waterpark, a craft beer tour, a basketball game, and an art tour.
The group meets at 7 p.m. in Tijuana's Colonia Federal, just south of the San Ysidro pedestrian border crossing.
Prepay is mandatory to reserve your spot

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"...ye can put this down as thrue fr'm wan that's seen manny a shootin', that a man, barrin' he's a polisman, on'y dhraws a gun whin he's dhrunk or afraid. Th' gun fighter, Hinnissy, tin to wan is a cow'rd."
"That's so," said Mr. Hennessy. "But it don't do to take anny chances on."
"No," said Mr. Dooley, "he might be dhrunk."
-- Finley Peter Dunne, 1899.


text:
Conference will teach farmers how to conserve soil
COLUMBIA - The Soil Health Expo will begin at the Bradford Research Center Monday and will aim to teach farmers how to conserve soil, one of their most valuable resources.
Researchers and specialists will teach farmers strategies to keep soil healthy.
According to the Bradford Research Center, Missouri farmers are losing soil at a faster rate than most of the country.
Missouri has the fifth highest amount of soil erosion among U.S. states.
Conservation efforts helped improve Missouri's standing since the 1980's, when Missouri was ranked second.
Farmers in Missouri currently lose an average of 5.3 tons of soil per acre to erosion. The Bradford Research Center said the optimal amount of soil loss to keep a sustainable environment is 1 to 2 tons per acre.
Presentations will be given about several ways to improve soil health and prevent soil loss.
The event runs from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Monday and Tuesday.


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One of my favourites from the start! Loved it! So happy for your 3rd place!
i'm so happy about this positive surprise...
Oh la la la, Oh la la la, You're my love and my aphrodisiac
Top 3 for this little country is absolutely massive! I always believed in this entry, well done Moldova, so deserved!
Eh, kinda fun, good performance and staging, but it still bothers me that it wasn't even one of their best songs. I think people just voted for it because of the viral popularity, the song itself was weak, which makes it just the kind of thing Salvador objected to All respect to them though, hope they can go on with releasing even better stuff in the future.
You a furry too? Join facebook.com/groups/EuroFurs
That moment when Moldova gets a better result than you smh the wonders of having the epic sax guy
So happy about Moldova´s result :-) Also voted for them tonight.
Dont stop rock, rock this place - Dont stop tryin, try your best - Dont stop, dont stop movin´ (Switzerland 2012 - Sinplus - Unbreakable)
Usually songs like this don't appeal, but I've always liked this and a well deserved 3rd place. And also greatful that my Moldova top 5 bet paid off.
Current 2019 ranking (23rd February) 12. Australia, 10. Estonia, 8. Albania, 7. Spain, 6. Czech Republic, 5. Latvia, 4. Italy, 3. Romania, 2. Germany, 1. Slovenia
Well, this will go down really Chisinau, undoubtedly. Sunstroke Project is truly one of the best music acts that Moldova has to offer, and their quirky yet charming style of ethno-edm is exactly what Europe needed (and the world needs, but hasn't realized it yet). This is great exposure for Moldova as a country as it attempts to branch out internationally in these first couple decades of independence.
Sunstroke Project, as stated before, is one of my favorite groups and this top 3 is a breath of fresh air.
The most random, out of nowhere hot result for an entry since i've been watching this contest. I'm pretty sure even after the songs were performed, if someone said Sunstroke Project would beat Francesco, they would have been laughed out of the building, but they did! Moldova's first top 5, a bronze medal after three failures to reach the final in a row! Woah. I was never a fan of the song, but the performance was super charming, and this went from something I didn't like, to something that entertained me for three minutes (even though I don't think i'd choose to listen to this outside of the contest). People must have remembered the epic sax guy meme and got pumped. What's stranger still is that the jury ate it up, and somehow I don't mind as it was very well performed and sweet.. It's been the most extraordinary Eurovision.
Who in the world ever thought this would have a chance to finish in 3rd place? Most people weren't even fully convinced it would qualify last week! As Volodomyr says, "IT'S AMAZING!"
And the juries result too, top 10, was very surprising!


text:
Final Four teams' future outlooks
While cutting down the nets in Houston is by far the top priority for the Final Four teams, their coaches will always have next year and beyond in the back of their minds.
Successful programs depend on the ability to consistently land top recruits – players who are talented and able to develop, but also young men who will fit a school's program, gel with an existing roster and excel within its style of play.
SEE ALSO: Final Four teams ranked by historical significance
So which of the Final Four teams are best positioned for prolonged success? Who will still be contending for a national championship five years from now? Here's a look at what's to come:
North Carolina
Roy Williams defines prolonged success in college basketball as much as anyone. While there were whispers earlier this season that Williams, 65, was on the verge of retirement, he strongly denied those claims.
The Tar Heels say farewell to a pair of seniors, Brice Johnson and Marcus Paige, both of whom have had extraordinarily successful college careers and will play at the next level. Teams like North Carolina simply reload, however, and on the way in 2016 are a pair of highly regarded recruits in big man Tony Bradley and shooting guard Brandon Robinson.
With six teams in this year's Sweet Sixteen, the ACC showed it was the best conference in the land. Assuming that the NCAA doesn't hammer the men's basketball program when (if?) it levies punishment for the university's academic scandal, expect North Carolina to be among the best of the best for years to come.
The Sooners went 15-16 in Lon Kruger's first season five years ago, but they've improved in each of the subsequent seasons and are now back in the Final Four for the first time since 2002. Kruger, 63, has solidified Oklahoma as a perennial contending team in the Big 12 conference.
Buddy Hield, a senior guard and national player of the year candidate, is irreplaceable, but Kruger has an impressive recruiting class on the way - led by Kameron McGusty, who could ease the pain of Hield's departure.
The biggest question about Oklahoma's future could be how long Kruger stays. His coaching history – four seasons Texas–Pan American, four at Kansas State, six at Florida, four at Illinois, seven at UNLV and now in his fifth at Oklahoma – suggests a pattern. If this is Kruger's last coaching job and he's in it for several more years, that's good news for the Sooners.
Despite being 71 years of age and in his 40th season as head coach of the Orange, Jim Boeheim has no plans to retire following the season. He reiterated that this week, saying as long as he's winning, he wants to continue coaching. Given that's all he's ever done at Syracuse, more of than can be expected.
This season was a challenging one for the Orange, who endured a rocky start while Boeheim served a suspension for violating NCAA rules. But look at them now, back in the Final Four for the sixth time since 1976.
Seniors Michael Gbinije and Trevor Cooney will depart but Malachi Richardson is just a freshman. On the way is a sharpshooting blue chipper in Tyus Battle. This year's regular season was a bit of an aberration – Syracuse remains an elite program and will be as long as Boeheim is around.
One of Jay Wright's trademarks at Villanova has been consistency. He's won over 70 percent of his games and his teams have now advanced to the NCAA tournament in 11 of 12 years. The Wildcats are finishing up Year Three of a remarkable run – they're a combined 95-13 heading into the weekend in that span.
Wright, 54, will lose at least a pair of seniors in Ryan Arcidiacono and Daniel Ochefu. Kris Jenkins and Josh Hart are juniors. But on the way next season is some serious size – at 6-9, 275 lbs, Omari Spellman is expected to be a force. At the end of the day, there is no reason to believe Villanova won't continue to win at a high level for several years to come.
See Gallery


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The display assembly and front cover to the Garmin Nuvi 200W are exposed more than other internal elements of the device. Due to this vulnerable position, the cover may become scratched, damaged, or broken under stress. Replacing the rear cover can make the Nuvi 200W look new again, at much less cost!
It is important to note, however, that the case and it's internals require very specific screws, that are small and easy to lose. It is recommended that a magnet or tap is used to secure screws after removal. It is also important to gently remove the back cover, as it will be attached to other interior elements. This connection is sensitive and should be treated as such until the guide shows proper disconnection of this particular cable.
Only basic tools are required, such as screw drivers, and opening tools.
Peel off the sticker in order to find the two Torx T5 screws.
Carefully use the black spudger to lift the white retaining clamp on the display cable ZIF connector.
Slide the orange ribbon cable away from the ZIF connector.
To reassemble your device, follow these instructions in reverse order.
To reassemble your device, follow these instructions in reverse order.
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text:
Under Construction
Completed Home Gallery
Development & Speculative Packages
About Us
Contact Us
Oasis Custom Homes Inc.
is a local upstate North and South Carolina design and construction company.
opened its doors in 2000, specializing in custom homes, mostly in the Cliffs Communities. We have since grown to have over 40 homes built, several renovation projects, a development side and an even wider market place including horse farms, retirement homes, mountain retreats, and downtown redevelopment.
These are our values. . .
utstanding quality, craftmanship and value in the homes we build.
ttention to detail- details are what make a house a home and they are unique to each client.
upport throughout the whole process from land acquisition to site selection/ from design to decoration.
ntegrity. We believe in building relationships, not just a client base. This begins with an open, honest exchange of information and ideas.
ervice. At Oasis we choose to limit the number of custom homes built each year in order to provide the personal attention that our clients deserve in the creation of their dream homes.
These are the values that we strive toward for every home that we build.
Design, Construction, Renovation or Remodel whatever your needs, let us help you...
Envision your Oasis. . .
Web site designed and developed by:
* NOTE: This is a registered mark
of The Cliffs Communities, Inc.
and is used with permission.
Oasis Custom Homes is neither
affiliated with nor endorsed by
The Cliffs Communities.
Privacy Act


text:
Alumni Discount Program
Chatham University is pleased to offer Chatham alumni holding an undergraduate degree from Chatham University a special 20% tuition reduction benefit for most graduate programs at Chatham University.
- This discount applies to graduates of an undergraduate Chatham degree program
- The 20% discount pertains to the tuition charge only on degree-seeking programs, and does not apply to any fees or indirect charges associated with the participating graduate programs
- This discount does not apply to the following programs:
- Master of Physician Assistant Studies (MPAS)
- Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT)
- Entry-Level Doctor of Occupational Therapy (EOTD)
- Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
- RN-to-Bachelor of Science in Nursing (RN-BSN)
- RN-to-Master of Science in Nursing (RN-MSN)
- Doctor of Psychology in Counseling Psychology (PsyD)
- Master of Science in Athletic Training (MSAT)
- All Certificate Programs
- Integrated Degree Programs
- Any additional program that is already billed at a discounted rate
- This discount does not apply to graduate-to-graduate programs
By receiving the 20% reduction students will not be eligible for any other reduced tuition rates offered by the University. Additionally, if a student already receives a reduced tuition rate, which includes all Graduate Chatham Aid, they will not be eligible for the alumni discount program benefit. As required by federal guidelines, the 20% tuition reduction must be counted as a financial aid resource for students receiving financial aid assistance.


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< Changes
LVM Cache Logical Volumes
LVM can now use fast block devices (e.g. SSDs and PCIe Flash) to improve the performance of larger but slower block devices. These hierarchical or layered logical volumes are called "Cache Logical Volumes" in LVM.
- Name: Alasdair G. Kergon
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Name: David Cantrell
- Email: email@example.com
- Name: Dave Lehman
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Release notes owner:
Current status
- Targeted release: Fedora 21
- Last updated: (DATE)
- Tracker bug: <will be assigned by the Wrangler>
Detailed Description
LVM is now capable of using fast block devices (e.g. SSDs) as write-back or write-though caches for larger slower block devices. Users can create cache logical volumes to improve the performance of their existing logical volumes or create new cache logical volumes composed of a small and fast device coupled with a large and slow device. These cache logical volumes can be used with most LVM segment types, including RAID 1/4/5/6/10, linear, stripe and thin pools.
Benefit to Fedora
Users will have the advantage of fast block device speeds with the capacity of larger but slower block devices.
- Proposal owners:
- Other developers: N/A (not a System Wide Change)
- Release engineering: N/A (not a System Wide Change)
- Policies and guidelines: N/A (not a System Wide Change)
Upgrade/compatibility impact
- Nothing changes for users following update path.
- The logical volumes using cache will become unavailable from systems using older kernels and LVM. The cache will have to be dropped to grant access for those legacy systems.
How To Test
To test the feature user will have to:
- install the system with cache configured once the Anaconda UI is available
- converting existing LVs to use SSD cache once the LVM package is updated to include latest upstream patches
An SSD or other fast block device is recommended to actually increase the speed but the feature will be testable without one as the user may create a cache device from the data disk with effect of decreased performance.
Information on how to setup cache logical volumes can be found in the lvm(8) man page.
N/A (not a System Wide Change)
User Experience
Users will enjoy the increased speed of disk storage while keeping capacity of HDD.
- Anaconda: Implementation of UI
- Dracut: Module to Detect and install required configuration files and kernel modules
Contingency Plan
- Contingency mechanism: (What to do? Who will do it?) N/A (not a System Wide Change)
* LVM2: the change is present in upstream * Dracut: there is already hardcoded dm-cache installation. If the detection is in done in time it will work as is. * Anaconda: cache will work even without UI except it will not be configurable by regular users without using command line. * LVM2: we will need an ability to drop the cache shall the cache device fail or become corrupted (this can be done using Live CD.)
- Contingency deadline: beta freeze
- Blocks release? No (not a System Wide Change), Yes/No
- Blocks product? -
- Command line: Cache section of the upstream [lvm(8)] man page.


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The Cherkas Dental Center, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania
By Dr. Leonard Cherkas
The scene was unreal. After serving the Horsham, Penn., community since 1976, Dr. Leonard Cherkas's life work was now a smoldering, charred building, a result of a tragic fire on April 7, 2013. Inside, everything the doctor had built over his career was in ashes. Nothing could be salvaged. It would have been very easy for Dr. Cherkas to give up, to chalk up the disaster as a heartbreaking and untimely end to a long and successful career. He battled many different emotions, watching his practice destroyed so abruptly, and it was just as difficult to think about what to do next. Some advised him to let it go and retire. But he wasn't ready to give up. He convened a staff meeting at his home and announced his intention to rebuild the practice, and not just rebuild in the image of what it was before, but to "recreate and elevate" the practice so it would be as he had always dreamed it could be. Those three words became his motto as he embarked on the journey to a new office.
Henry Schein Equipment Sales Specialist Mary Robbins and Field Sales Consultant Kevin Rizzotte heard the news of the fire and were devastated for the doctor and his team.
"Years ago, I worked in a dental office that experienced a fire, too. I could relate to their loss and their pain," sympathized Robbins.
Even though Dr. Cherkas was not a Henry Schein customer, Ms. Robbins wanted to offer her condolences and assistance, so she reached out to him.
Doctor Shares His Vision
To her surprise, Dr. Cherkas called back quickly, and they met for lunch the very next day. Over the course of a four-hour meeting, he shared his thoughts and emotions about moving on from his old office, and the hope he had about starting again in a new office. Through that conversation, he even began to talk about the type of office it could be and the equipment he would want. He had specific preferences for Pelton & Crane equipment and envisioned a move from paper charts and outdated technology (they had lost 4,500 patient records in the fire) to a state-of-the-art office that would be fully digital. He and Ms. Robbins even began scouting new locations, and something that seemed unthinkable just a few days earlier began to take shape.
After careful consideration, Dr. Cherkas chose Henry Schein to build his new office and moved his entire relationship over. Henry Schein could offer him the product lines he wanted and provide everything—from office design to technology to supplies—in a truly turnkey solution.
The doctor and his staff continued to care for patients in a temporary space while the new office in nearby Willow Grove was being built. He found space in a professional building that was close to most of the major highways and his previous office—convenient for both new patients and existing ones accustomed to the old location. Henry Schein's National Design Group worked on the plans, and the doctor hired a local builder to carry them out.
Less than a year after the flames were put out, the new 2,400-square-foot, state-of-the art building has given Dr. Cherkas a fresh start more than 35 years into his career! Today, he and two specialists, including a periodontist and an endodontist, offer patients the very latest in dental care and technology in a soothing and luxurious environment, an honest reflection of their expertise and skill.
Quick Decisions: Choosing Equipment and Technology
With such a short timeline, Ms. Robbins and Dr. Cherkas had to work fast to make equipment selections. Together, they attended the AAO (American Association of Orthodontists) convention, held in Philadelphia, an excellent one-stop location for Dr. Cherkas to get an in-depth look at a whole array of imaging options. He favored the image quality of the Planmeca ProMax, which he integrated with Planmeca sensors and Planmeca Romexis software. Because he was already accustomed to tomography and panoramic imaging, it was a natural transition to the digital technology. He was also happy to know how easy it would be to upgrade to 3D in the future.
The loss of his patient records in the fire was another motivating factor to move everything over to digital, and he chose Dentrix as his practice-management software. It not only allowed for a streamlined and backed-up patient record system, in which the digital images could be stored right with the patient files, but it also allowed him to show the images to patients on the chairside computer screens during treatment discussions.
Next, Dr. Cherkas and Ms. Robbins traveled to North Carolina to visit Pelton & Crane for a whirlwind day of selecting operatory equipment and furniture. Knowing he was on a very tight deadline, he completed his selections before returning home! He chose Pelton & Crane's Spirit 1800 chairs and Helios 1800 lights in three of the four treatment rooms, and in the fourth room, he installed a Spirit 3000 chair and Helios 3000 lights.
A private office for Dr. Cherkas was plumbed and wired, on Ms. Robbins recommendation, to prepare for future expansion. The sterilization area is a spacious galley style, with Pelton & Crane and Midmark equipment. It flows smoothly from dirty to clean, and the separate entrance and exit allow the staff to move through easily. Next to the sterilization area is a small lab where some of the practice's restorative work is done in-house.
I wanted to recreate a dental practice that focused on the individual needs of my patients," said Dr. Cherkas
"I needed a trusted team to work beside me, and who would not only start the project but also finish it well," said Dr. Cherkas. "Mary and Kevin walked us through every step of the process in order to make sure we designed the most sophisticated office with attention to detail," said Dr. Cherkas. "Henry Schein did everything in their power to make sure that our transition to the new office was seamless."
Upscale Décor Soothes Patients
In keeping with the goal of giving patients elevated care in a recreated space, great attention was paid to the décor so it would put visitors at ease and pamper them during their appointment. The reception area is a rich palette of neutral colors and textures. A natural stone fireplace draws visitors to the cozy beige and cream suede chairs placed next to it. A beautiful coffered
ceiling holds an oversized wrought-iron pendant light that— when paired with the stone and lush fabrics—gives a sophisticated but rustic feel to the room. The rounded check-in area, topped with granite and lined with the same stone as the fireplace, ties the reception area together into a cohesive, attractive space for patients.
Throughout the entire office, patients are surrounded by rich cherry wood, granite countertops, and striking arched doorways: touches that make it seem more like a home and less like a dental office.
Out of the Ashes Comes a Silver Lining
When Dr. Cherkas decided to rebuild the office, it was a very personal decision, and it wasn't easy. He was entering the twilight of his career, and to take on this project and literally start over seemed very daunting. To do it, he had to change his lifestyle and double his work hours. He had to work through the emotions of losing the old office while trying to look forward to the future of a new office. All difficult tasks, but in the end, Dr. Cherkas was able to rebuild, recreate, and elevate his practice into exactly what he wanted it to be, and he did it in eight months.
"I wanted to recreate a dental practice that focused on the individual needs of my patients," said Dr. Cherkas, "and elevate the facility to include state-of-the-art technology in order to produce the ultimate experience in dental care. The Cherkas Dental Center marks a new era of comprehensive and cosmetic dentistry. Every patient that walks through the door tells us how stunning the office is and how they see the attention to detail that went into every process of rebuilding the office. It has had a huge impact," admits Dr. Cherkas.


text:
Mar 13, 2007 | ISBN 9780767917346
"Horrifying! Annie Cheney's account is meticulously reported and compellingly written. She uses details to anchor scenes visually and then pushes the reader to visualize the entrepreneurial manipulation of corpses—their dismemberment, sale and use—as both gruesome and matter-of-fact. She backs up her narrative with research into history, literature and crime."
—Society of Professional Journalists 2005 Featuring Reporting Award, judges' citation


text:
Our friend Alex, AKA LolaSportsTalk, is the man who went to every Jets game last year and lives in Atlanta. With the Jets in town, he took the opportunity to go with his friends to the Monday night game.
Here's Alex's pictures and entertaining writeup from the win in Atlanta.
See more of Alex's NBA work over at Bleacher/Report.


text:
Dragon Ball GT
Feb. 07, 1996 Fuji TV
Son Para/Sūgorō (voices)
Son Gohan/Son Gokū/Son Goten (voices)
Trunks (voice)
Oob (voice)
Vegeta (voice)
Piccolo (voice)
Pan/Videl (voices)
Bulma/Bra (voices)
Cyborg #18 (voice)
Kuririn (voice)
Video trailer
Ten years have passed since Goku left his friends and family to hone his skills. But Goku soon finds himself helpless against the mystical power of the Dragon Balls and an accidental wish made by the devious Emperor Pilaf. The wish; that Goku once again become a child! Not daunted by this small setback, Goku, together with Trunks, and his own granddaughter Pan, blast off into the outer reaches of space in search of the mysterious Blackstar Dragon Balls. But these Dragon Balls have a fatal secret: if not collected within one year Earth will be destroyed.
Original title ドラゴンボールGT
First air date Feb. 07, 1996
Last air date Nov. 19, 1997
Seasons 1
Episodes 64
Status Ended


text:
@christoph.gysin, the problem does persist. it might be due to a sudo and tty problem. there seems to be a problem reported before: https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2016-February/034893.html
I installed the package via
makepkg --syncdeps --nocheck --install. Note, however, that this is not the way we should install. I am disabling the tests :(


text:
PCBG Class Descriptions
- Call to sign-up for classes.
- Fill out our registration packet before your first class.
- If you experience trouble downloading this packet, please contact the office at 860-741-2541 or email us at email@example.com
The best core exercises may surprise you. It's not enough to just do ab crunches and sit ups. To build a strong core you need to exercise a variety of muscles from your hips to your shoulders. Most people think of the core as a nice six-pack, or strong, toned abs, but the truth is that the abdominal muscles are a very small part of the core. The abs have very limited and specific action, and what experts refer to as the "core" actually consists of many different muscles that stabilize the spine and pelvis, and run the entire length of the torso. With a strong core, we are able to generate powerful movements of the extremities, control movements, transfer energy, shift body weight and move in any direction. A strong core distributes the stresses of weight-bearing and protects the back. Our Core Complete class targets all these muscle groups to ensure you improve to your max!
Get into shape with our boot camp workout! Blast your metabolism with our awesome boot camp workout. This boot camp workout leads you through a variety of moderate to high intensity strength and cardio exercises designed to challenge your strength and endurance while burning lots of calories. The workout moves quickly, taking you from one exercise to the next with little or no rest. You can take breaks when you need to, but the idea is to try to keep your heart rate up. All activities are modified to meet the needs of the individual in the class.
This 45 minute class begins with a warm up of 5-10 minutes of light cardio (walking, marching in place, etc.), followed by the exercise circuits and then a cool down with 5-10 minutes of light cardio and stretching.
Mini Boot Camp will be a 45-minute circuit class designed to integrate both upper body and lower body exercises along with core strengthening to help you burn calories and develop a lean body. This will help you improve your functional abilities in every day activity. Feel stronger and last longer!
Each class will have a different mix and match of exercises to always keep you at your best. There will be a warm-up, a variety of exercises and then a cool down. A demonstration of the circuit for the day will be done at the beginning of class as well as modifications that will be needed for individuals. During the class, the Trainer will supervise technique, motivate clients and keep class moving.
Have you experienced a decline in balance? Do you have an increased fear of falling? Through a series of gentle movements, this class will place an emphasis on proper postural alignment, improved balance and mobility, and result in reducing the risk of fall related injuries. This is a must have for anyone wanting to improve and/or maintain health and independence and move confidently.


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Well Brynn you certainly do know how to give me content for your love letter. This month you decided to start crawling two days before you turned 7 months old. We knew it was going to happen soon and during story time in Rylee's room you decided to take off after one of her books. Of course this distracted Daddy and I because we wanted to watch and cheer you on. Rylee was distracted because you were after one of HER books. I cannot imagine how many times, in the coming months that, I'll be telling her that she has to share with you.
Now that you're on the move we've ditched the blanket that you sat on to play. It just gets bunched up and frustrates you. Besides, you now want to crawl into the playroom to see what you can pull out of the toy box. Or as Rylee calls it MY TOY BOX!
You also seem to be fascinated with toes that are painted. That means that you go after my toes and Bobbi's toes. For those who come to our house to visit, while it's still warm, consider yourself warned about the pretty painted toes!
You are definitely a growing girl who loves to eat. Your favorite thing to eat is the Gerber Puffs. You are so proud when you feed yourself and most days you can't seem to eat them fast enough. You are still smaller than your sister was at this age though. Your cheeks have filled out and Momma just loves to eat them up.
We've been able to get out for some nice walks now that the weather has been cooler and drier. You love riding in the wagon with Rylee when we walk in the neighborhood. She really enjoys her time riding with you as well.
Our trip to the zoo last month was so much fun. You tormented the female lion and didn't even know it. She thought you looked mighty tasty on the other side of the thick glass. She tried to get to you a few times and you just sat there completely oblivious. I got such a kick out of it. Rylee did too once she got over being startled by the lion herself.
I know this next month is going to be so much fun. I'll be chasing you around much more and you'll be going on your first trip to Walt Disney World!! Momma and Daddy are really looking forward to this trip with both of our girls. I can't wait to see how you react to Mickey Mouse and all of his friends.
Love, Momma


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Proton X70: Creating a Connected Car
Slightly over a month after showing their new SUV to the Malaysian media at a static preview, PROTON have released more details about the Proton X70. The second round of previews for the first co-developed vehicle by Geely and PROTON concentrated on the Integrated Cockpit Information System (GKUI), which will offer owners multiple user functions via apps as well as the option to stay connected to the car via their mobile device.
Below are the technologies featured in the upcoming Proton X70 that you need to know.
A car that connects users to the world
Picture source: PROTON's official website
Featuring an embedded eSIM card, the GKUI in the Proton X70 is preloaded with five apps offering services such as online radio, online music, navigation, weather forecasts and voice recognition. Access to the apps and other car functions is via an 8-inch Android based touchscreen interface featuring a 1280 x 720 full colour display with 16GB of internal memory space. The system also has Wi-Fi connectivity so the X70 can be used as a mobile hotspot.
To fully exploit the connectivity capabilities, owners can pair their cars with their personal mobile device via Proton Link and use an individual ID that is assigned to every buyer. They can then create a profile of their driving through the on-board telematics that will record data such as distance travelled, fuel economy, journey times and keep track of service intervals. There is also a 'find my car' function that will be particularly useful when parking in huge and unfamiliar parking complexes.
"The GKUI system in the Proton X70 allows owners to stay almost constantly connected to their car. It's an active two-way system that allows for multiple options to fit the preferences of individual owners. In the future, the ability to download additional apps will also be offered and just like mobile devices, it means no two cars will be exactly alike," said Abdul Rashid Musa, Chief Executive Officer of Proton Edar.
The GKUI offers Android mobile device users full mirroring capabilities. That means apps owners have on their device can be accessed on the Proton X70's touchscreen thus offering more connectivity possibilities. Apple OS users won't be able to do the same though they will be able to connect to the X70 via Bluetooth to access telephone and contact list functions.
Voice recognition allows true hands-free operation
Picture source: PROTON's official website
Hands-free operation of a number of functions on the Proton X70 is now possible through an advanced voice recognition software that allows the use of spoken commands. Access to the system is granted when an owner utters the phrase 'Hi Proton' which opens up a variety of choices that can be controlled simply by speaking a command. This includes operating the windows and air conditioning system and even accessing the navigation app to look for places to eat nearby.
"The Proton X70 is the first Proton model to use voice recognition technology, which is something we think our owners will appreciate. Hundreds of voice samples were recorded for each phrase to ensure the system would have a high degree of accuracy even when you take dialects into account. For ease of use, the GKUI will also type out each spoken phrase on the screen to confirm each command.
"Currently, the GKUI offers voice recognition for English phrases only as there are software limitations, but we have ensured the phrases it recognises are easy to use even for owners who are not fluent speakers of the language," added Abdul Rashid.
Hosting the media-exclusive event was Dr Li Chunrong, Chief Executive Officer PROTON, Dato' Radzaif Mohamed, Deputy Chief Executive Officer PROTON, and senior management members of PROTON who explained the features of the GKUI and answered queries relating to the SUV.
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Subjects: General Economics ; Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics
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NMYF Project
June 14, 2015
This building was being used as a drug house in the Moraton area in San Ignacio. BDU is working with NMYF (Nancy Marin Youth Foundation) to transform it into a place where youths can come for training, counseling, learn to use computers, prepare for jobs and more. We have 3 computers on the way to … More NMYF Project


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Many of us were unable to attend GayRomLit for different reasons so I thought I would bring some of the action to you by way of a small selection of photographs. A few of the photos have the same people in them and that's because they were the ones who were kind enough to send me their pictures. I hope you enjoy our small attempt to capture a bit of the fun of GRL. Special thanks to Poppy Dennison, Lara Brukz, L.C. Chase, Amy DiMartino, J.P. Barnaby and Ethan Day for sending me photos and links. Thanks also to Aunt Lynn for saving my bacon with the damn pictures. You rock Lynn :skoal:
I'm also linking to a special anthology in PDF format for GRL called Don't Read in the Closet. It's free, so you can share it among your friends. (Note that it's pretty big, so it may take a moment to download)
Here are links to J.P. Barnaby's GayRomLit post, K-Lee Klein's album and Tracy Ward's GRL album
UPDATE: I've added a few more pictures from M.L. Rhodes' album. 🙂
ML said, and I quote "I have to say, this was, bar none, the BEST retreat/conference/writing event I've ever attended! Huge, huge kudos to the organizers–Lynn Lorenz, Ethan Day, J.P. Bowie, Amanda Young, and Carol Lynne. These five put an incredible amount of work into this event and they should all be awarded gold medals for it! It was a great four days!"
And that's a wrap for GRL 2011. See you next year! :biglove:


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Tagged: Saba
SABA Men's White Shirt – Similar here or if you want a woman's version ASOS got you covered | Camilla and Marc Leather Leggings | Senso Boots – Similar here and here| Vintage Chanel Earrings | Karen Walker Joyous Sunglasses | ASOS Bandana – Similar here
Coco Chanel said "Everyday is a fashion show and the World is your runway". Well sometimes I can't function well enough to simply put one foot in front of the other, let alone dress well enough for a runway. BUT one lesson I've learnt along the way is that a boring outfit can be brought to life with some great accessories.
The other day, my alarm beeps, I roll over, hit snooze, hit snooze, hit snooze, hit snooze… You get where I'm going. All of a sudden I have 15 minutes to get ready and be in my car fighting the shitty Sydney peak hour traffic. With no time to think, I throw on my black leather leggings and a white button up shirt and look at my shabby self in the mirror. I mean, as you can see I don't even have time to iron the shirt, if I'm being honest I actually didn't even notice how badly crushed the shirt was until I looked at the photos. Whoops #blogging101.
I desperately need a quick fix to take this outfit from the "I have no clean clothes" look to "I clearly planned this" look. Just like delicious cream cheese icing hides a terrible, dry, vanilla cake. With 5 minutes and counting I grabbed the most patterned/busy shoes I could find (a lucky last minute purchase at the Senso warehouse sale), the biggest earrings I have and a crazy pair of gold, glitter, mirrored sunglasses. With one last look at myself, I run out the door.
To be fair I was still a couple of minutes late to work and when I sat down I noticed my shirt buttons were misaligned… Doh. Let's just hope everyone was too busy looking at my earrings or my dirty hair to notice.
Day 2
It's no word of a lie that the majority of my wardrobe is black, grey and white. Why? I'm not really sure, perhaps it was all the horrible colour choices I made in the 90's and early 00's. However, I do make a couple of exceptions to the colour rule, special occasions and denim.
With that in mind, here we are at day 2 of 5, featuring the newest addition to my denim family, the Zara Basic Dept Z1975 light washed jean. As with most of my denim companions, they didn't last long before I got stuck into them with my dressmaking scissors.
Over the past few years I've developed a weird aversion to wearing unripped denim. I instinctively feel the need to ruin them immediately, almost like a right of passage, or a battle wound that they can brag about to their other denim counterparts. It's the same sort of feeling you get with new shoes, I just want to run around in the dirt and make them look old.
You'd think after 13 pairs of jeans I would have a strategy, a special technique I could perhaps share with you? Sure, It's a 3 step process really. Get your notebooks out, you're going to want to write this down…
1) Pick a random spot, cut into it with my scissors
2) Rip open with hands (strangely satisfying)
3) Hope that I haven't just ruined my brand new pair of jeans.
What can I say, I live on the edge.
No regrets. Mostly.
Zara Basic Dept Z1975 Jean similar here / Uniqlo Men's Shearling Hoodie / Saba Cotton Knit Jumper similar here and here / Fur Vest similar here and here / Miss KG Heels
Set to drop in Jigsaw stores in a month these cropped wide leg Cupro trousers are comfortable enough to be pyjamas, cooler than track pants and dressier than harems.
These trousers are a great update for your casual wear wardrobe with a T-shirt or a new take on boring work wear with a crisp white shirt.
Whether you're a heels or sandals gal, grab life by the cojones and give this silhouette a go this Spring/Summer, trust me, you'll never look back.
Once you go cropped, you'll almost never full length again.
Saba Cotton Jumper | Jigsaw Cropped Wide Leg Pants | Jigsaw Felted Fedora | Steve Madden Heels


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Gastronomic restaurant in Aix-en Provence
Gourmet cuisine
The Mas d'Entremontwill be delighted to welcome you in its gourmet restaurant. The dishes on the restaurant's seasonal menu reflect the fine lifestyle of Aix-en-Provence. Our restaurant has been awarded the title 'Maître Restaurateur'.
Our suppliers are selected with care and we place particular importance in their approach. We only work with people who are passionate about what they do, and who strive to maintain the know-how that guarantees French culinary excellence. We favour local produce, such as rice and bull beef from La Camargue, cured meat from Mont-Ventoux, and fruit and vegetables from the Provençal orchards of Le Luberon. We also source produce from specific regions for special foods, such as foie gras from Les Landes, duckling from Les Dombes and Bresse pullets.


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pauline anthropology
this is excruciatingly long but my friend roy asked if i would post it. please dont feel obligated to read it unless u just really dig academic writing.
Pauline Anthropology: Body, Flesh, Mind, and Inner Man
I. Introduction and Thesis
Anthropology is typically associated with the sciences as it is the methodical study of what comprises man. However, the nature of biblical anthropology, though still concerned with man's composition, attempts to focus on how man is created with respect to his Creator. The primary New Testament exposition of theological anthropology may be found as an underlying theme in Paul's letters to the churches, and especially in his letter to the Romans. This paper will address Paul's sense of anthropology as it relates directly to his overall theological presentation in the letter to the Romans. Addressing Paul's anthropology will require a brief, but systematic look at Paul's training and background as a consideration of the dominant Hebraic influences reflected in his thinking. In order to fully understand the nature of his approach, it will also be necessary to understand the key Hellenistic concepts and terminology he employs in relating it. The apostle Paul wrote extensively throughout his lifetime addressing all manner of topics and ideas, but he did not, for whatever reason, set down in writing a precise exposition of the composite man. The idea of human anthropology, with respect to the body, flesh, spirit, soul, mind, and inner man is not something Paul addresses often or comprehensively, yet it can be found as an underlying motif throughout his corpus of writings, giving weight to his understanding of man's nature and relationship to his Creator, and finding its apex within his systematic address in Romans 6-8.
II. Paul's Training and Background
In approaching the subject of Pauline anthropology it is necessary to understand what factors influenced Paul's thinking on the subject. Paul's proclivity for turning to the Law and Prophets as the source of authority on all matters reveals his approach in realizing this issue as also being firmly rooted therein. Of utmost importance in understanding Paul's sense of man's composition is the dominant environmental factors contributing to his view. Paul displays two major influences in his overall thought and writings. Though many have made claim of various levels of Hellenistic influence in his writings his own testimony is contrary to this with respect to his anthropology. Paul's primary view-shaping dynamic comes from his rabbinical roots, as can be seen in both his own testimony throughout his ordeal in the book of Acts, as well as by looking at his background and the impact it had on him, even beyond his conversion experience.
1. Jewish Rabbinical Training
Until his conversion experience on the road to Damascus, Paul was a highly esteemed Pharisee. This can be gleaned from his own statements to the fact as well as Luke's documentation of particular facts and events in the book of Acts. Having ties with the Pharisaical court of the Jews in itself was not a negative thing, though the modern nuance of the word Pharisee bears a bad connotation. In fact, there is scriptural evidence that some of the Pharisees believed in Jesus and quite possibly became devout followers of the Way. Nicodemus is the most obvious example, who, in his seeking out Jesus in the garden at night in John 3 and by bringing burial oils and assisting in Jesus entombment, as revealed in John 19, aligns himself straightforwardly with the band of disciples who followed Jesus. That aside, it is Paul's devotion to Pharisaical Judaism which ultimately brings him into conflict in the presence of the risen Christ on the Damascus road, as he was on his way to persecute those who had believed Jesus in that city. In the exchange recorded in Acts 9, and in subsequent references to the experience recorded there, Paul never renounces his Pharisaical upbringing; rather, he discusses his conversion in terms of a more complete understanding of his Hebrew roots. It is no stretch then, to parallel Paul's anthropological view with that of his Pharisaical predecessors and contemporaries, as is evidenced by his numerous post-conversion allusions to being a member of that group. In a series of defensive statements during a trial and ordeal that spanned the remainder of his life and concluded with his imprisonment and death in Rome, Paul makes five separate declarations specifically aligning himself with the anthropological and eschatological beliefs of the Pharisees.
(1) First claim before the Jewish mob at the Antonia Fortress (Acts 22:3) While in Jerusalem Paul's Jewish adversaries seized him in the Temple area and after accusing him of bringing a gentile into the Temple court they began to beat him. After a Roman Commander stops the beating, Paul is chained and taken to the barracks. It is at this point that Paul asks to make a statement to the crowd and in it he boldly states, "I am a Jew, born in Tarsus of Cilicia, but brought up in this city, educated under Gamaliel, strictly according to the law of our fathers, being zealous for God just as you all are today." This indicates not only familiarity with the beliefs of the Pharisees, but by including his well-known teacher's name he unswervingly aligns himself with that viewpoint before the mob that had just beaten him.
(2) Second claim before the Sanhedrin (Acts 23:6) the following day, when Paul is placed on trial before the Sanhedrin, he declares in his opening defense statement, "Brethren, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees! I am on trial for the hope and resurrection of the dead!" In doing so he allies himself with the basic thinking and underpinnings of that sect with respect to their eschatological sense of anthropology.
(3) Third claim before the Roman Governor Felix (Acts 24:14-15) More evidence is provided when, in his opening statement before the Roman governor Felix, Paul emphasizes his relationship to Pharisaical beliefs, stating, "But this I admit to you, that according to the Way which they call a sect I do serve the God of our fathers, believing everything that is in accordance with the Law and that is written in the Prophets; having a hope in God, which these men cherish themselves, that there shall certainly be a resurrection of both the righteous and the wicked." Here Paul is once again clinging to the nature of his pre-conversion understandings with regard to non-messianic issues.
(4) Fourth claim before the Roman appointed King Agrippa (Acts 26:4-5) As Paul stands accused before Agrippa, he states his defense by once more linking himself directly with the beliefs of the Pharisees when he says, "So then, all Jews know my manner of life from my youth up, which from the beginning was spent among my own nation and at Jerusalem; since they have known about me for a long time, if they are willing to testify, that I lived as a Pharisee according to the strictest sect of our religion."
(5) Fifth claim in a letter to the Philippian church (Philippians 3:5) Outside of the book of Acts there is only one other mention Paul makes in relationship to these defensive declarations. In his letter to the Philippians, Paul emphasizes his alignment with these traditional roots again, almost boasting, "circumcised the eighth day, of the nation of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; as to the Law, a Pharisee;" leaving no room for doubt about the strictly Hebraic nature of the dominant influence in his thinking.
Taken in whole, these dramatic sequences in which Paul stands accused before various councils and tribunals and offers his Pharisaical roots and beliefs as the main component of his defense stand in sharp contrast to any idea that would set him against such ideas, in favor of a Hellenistic inclination. There need be little guesswork in coming to the conclusion that though Paul's conversion changed his understanding of Messiah, it did not in fact drastically altar his keen Judaic sensibilities and theological understanding of certain pre-conversion concepts, anthropology being only one.
2. Limitations of Hellenistic Influence
It is clear that Paul was well-versed in the Hellenistic thinking of his day. His familiarity with specific Greek philosophical terminology and ideas displays a sound grasp of the theoretical archetype prevalent in the first century Greco-Roman world. What is challenging to identify with any assurance is whether his familiarity fostered a paradigm-shift within his own thinking, away from his Pharisaical roots. As discussed previously, his own statements seem to countermand this notion, linking him directly with the more archaic Hebrew understanding. If anything, it seems that Paul merely drew upon the terminology and particular references from within the classical Hellenistic ideal to make his points more approachable to that audience. Grundy agrees, saying "The contrast between inner and outer man was native to Hellenistic thought. But unlike Hellenistic thinkers, Paul does not denigrate the outer man as evil or irrational. And the eschatological frame of reference…contrasts with Hellenistic thinking." (Grundy, 1987) This would very much be in keeping with his statement in 1 Corinthians 9:2, when he states, "I have become all things to all men, so that I may by all means save some." Consequently, Albert Schweitzer denies any Hellenistic influence in Paul's theology. In his book on Paul he makes the bold assertion that, "Our review of the characteristics of Pauline mysticism has shown that it is closely connected with the eschatological world-view; that it finds no place for the conceptions of rebirth or deification; that it is dominated by the eschatological idea of predestination; that it has a kind of realism which is foreign to the Hellenistic mysticism; and that the symbolism which plays so essential a part in the sacramental side of Hellenistic mysticism here plays no part at all." (Schweitzer, 1998) Schweitzer goes on to make the case that the church in fact did integrate Hellenistic influences, but almost as a reaction against Paul's mystical teachings, and certainly not in agreement with them. In light of such evidence it would be difficult to extrapolate any Hellenistic dominance in Paul's anthropological position.
III. Explanation of Terminology
1. Hebrew
Consideration of the ancient Hebraic perception of man and its correlating terminology, by which Paul's precursory formal training was most certainly structured, will assist greatly a comprehension of his dominant anthropological perception. Such Hebrew words as spirit (neshamah) soul (nephesh) flesh (basar) and man (adamah) relate the foundational premises of conception in Hebraic thought. It is the concepts conveyed through these words which undoubtedly helped formulate Paul's overarching anthropological view.
(1) Neshamah. This word is a peculiar Hebrew term finding attribution only to God or as a link from God to man, which by its very nature sets man apart from the animals in some abstract way though he is still obviously tied to them in a natural physical way. Albert Barnes notes, "It expresses the spiritual and principal element in man, which is not formed, but breathed by the Creator into the physical form of man. This rational part is that in which he bears the image of God." (Barnes, 1983) In this word then is found a direct and unparalleled link between man and his Creator. It is the neshamah that defines the life-essence of man as being directly related to God. This is a Hebraic distinctive that cannot be dismissed when determining Paul's view.
(2) Nephesh. This Hebrew term has many meanings, including soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, and passion. The concept of soul in Hebrew bears numerous different meanings when translated into the Greek as well, each depending on the context for denotation. It is probably best translated as "living being" and can be found throughout the Old Testament, referring not only to man, but to all other creatures as well. This establishes the term as another Hebraic distinctive in that it reveals man as native to the world of created and living things and thereby bound to it. The complimentary nature of neshamah and nephesh with respect to man is clear in the Genesis account, and so bears relevance on the underpinnings of ancient Hebraic thought, and likewise on Paul.
(3) Basar. This is the Hebrew term for flesh used throughout the Old Testament. It bears several meanings, but most often demarcates the actual bodily form of man or animal. In Hebrew thought, flesh simply consisted of all animate or inanimate bodies, taking on no abstract meaning in the absence of life.
(4) Adamah. The first man derives his name from the substance of his creation, that is, from the dirt of the ground which in Hebrew is adamah. This term, though given as a name to the man God created to tend the garden is also used to delineate all of mankind in a holistic sense. Countless sources throughout the Old Testament make reference to coming from or returning to the earth in the birth and death cycles of life. It is noteworthy that Paul draws on this meaning in his description of the first man and an identification of his fall in the garden with the ongoing sin problem which separates God from the rational beings he created in Romans 6-8 and its corresponding link in 1 Corinthians 15.
2. Greek
Paul's familiarity with the both the Hebrew Scriptures as well as the Greek Septuagint and the Hellenistic origins of the translated words and the meanings behind them would have given him keen insight into the manner in which all these terms coalesce. Given his position as a Pharisee, he would have been well-studied in the nature of the overlap, having grown up understanding the Hebrew via his temple training and Torah study, and the Greek by means of his formal education. Therefore, by looking into the Greek paradigm in which Paul writes, several words come to the foreground in this discussion which demand understanding through definition. There is such an incredible amount of overlap in so many of these words in Greek that to address the issue properly would take an entire book, if not several volumes. For the purpose of this discussion it is only necessary to discuss those terms which bear relevance to Paul's Hebraic pedigree. With that in mind, only certain terms and their meanings will be addressed here.
The major anthropological terms that occur in Paul's letters are: body (soma), flesh (sarx), soul (psyche), spirit (pneuma), mind (nous), conscience (suneidesis), and inner man (eso anthropos). Understanding how these terms link together and even, quite often, overlap is of vital importance. Undertaking an explanation of Paul's usage of these words in given contexts is a daunting task, but necessary at length in comprehension of the meaning he attaches to them and draws from them.
(1) Soma (1 Corinthians 6:13) this is the Greek word delineating the body, both of men or animals, whether living or dead. Paul makes use of it roughly 85 times in his various letters. As Robinson explains, "…both the most decisive words in Pauline anthropology, 'flesh' and 'body', represent a common Hebrew original." (Robinson, 2002) Paul is applying specific eschatological and anthropological importance to them in his first letter to the Corinthians when he states, "Yet the body is not for immorality, but for the Lord, and the Lord is for the body." By making such a claim, Paul clearly seeks to attach meaning based on function, and thereby to draw out the nature of his view of the practical importance of the body. The function, however is not of natural origin, but of supernatural origin, in that Paul is describing the body as the dwelling place of the Lord, and idea he states even more clearly in 1 Corinthians 3:16 and 6:19, both of which basically relating Paul's thought that the purpose of man's body is to be the dwelling place of God's Spirit. As such, care and maintenance of the body and its faculties is not only a practice in self-preservation but more importantly an act of devotion. This idea is expressed by Paul throughout Romans 6, brought to its culmination in Paul's admonition of 12:1 and similarly echoed in 1 Corinthians 6:20. Such a view of the body as necessary and purposed for holiness is in agreement with Hebraic thinking and stands in sharp contrast to the idea of the negative connotations applied to the body by Hellenistic thought.
(2) Sarx (1 Corinthians 15:39, 42) this is the Greek word for flesh, meaning the soft substance of the living body, which covers the bones and is permeated with blood. The Greek terms soma and sarx allow for a great deal of interplay between two similar ideas. As with soma, sarx applies to both man and animals; however, Paul ignores the most obvious anthropological ties between the two words and in his use of these terms, differentiates between them. Paul never abuses the traditional meaning of sarx; he sets it up in a manner unexpected by employing its connotation of mortality with his notion of the outcome of sin. In his typical fashion, Paul takes a word which conveys a concept and while keeping the word's basic meaning, altars the concept to agree with his argument. This maneuvering is evidenced in 1 Corinthians 15:39, 42 in his statements about the nature of the fleshly body being mortal and the nature of the spiritual body being immortal through resurrection. By way of summary, Robinson notes, "…sarx stands for man, in the solidarity of creation; in his distance from God." whereas "…soma stands for man, in the solidarity of creation, as made for God." (Robinson, 2002)
(3) Psuche (1 Corinthians 15:45) the breath of life and vital force which
animates the body and shows itself in breathing. This is the Greek equivalent of the Hebraic term nephesh, and takes on roughly the same meaning, though it has a tendency to allow for abstraction depending on its usage. This term is curiously absent in the majority of Paul's discourses and especially so in Romans chapters 6-8, yet his foundational dependence on the kindred term, pneuma, is unmistakable in all his writings. What one makes of this exchange is essential in deciding how to go about interpretation of its use in his line of thought. By looking at the similarities between the words psuche and pneuma some insight may be gained into his differentiation between the terms and more frequent use of the latter. It is also important to note that Paul's copious use of the term soma may be of consequence as well in that his ideology caters strongly to functionality.
(4) Pneuma (1 Corinthians 15:45) the spirit and vital principal by which the body is animated. This is man's rational spirit, the power by which the human being feels, thinks, and decides. Paul uses this word often in his writings, and it dominates his thinking in Romans 8. By once again turning to 1 Corinthians 15, a pattern to his methodology may be seen as he draws a distinction between psuche and pneuma by aligning Adam with a living soul and Jesus with a living spirit. That Paul sets these terms at odds in this passage displays his keen disinterest in using them according to their Hellenistic implications which, though unique, were relatively complimentary.
(5) Nous (Ephesians 2:3) the mind, comprising alike the faculties of
perception and understanding as well as those of feeling, judging, and determining. Paul seldom relies on using this term to relate his points; however, it does appear in his efforts at key points of interest and with intriguing association to other words. A prime example is in his letter to the Ephesians where he writes, "Among them we too all formerly lived in the lusts of our flesh, indulging the desires of the flesh and of the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, even as the rest." His purposeful connection of mind with flesh is understood more fully by the manner in which he derives the latter. As stated previously, Paul took a unique approach to flesh based on its mortality. That he here and elsewhere associates the mind with the flesh is certainly no accident, leading his audience to correlate the two in like manner. It is the flesh's inability to last that draws Paul's inference to it as a keen symbol for the nature and end of sin. The definite relationship between it and the mind then, is one of implied mortality. This concept is so foreign to the Hellenistic way of thinking that any correlation between Paul and Hellenistic thought with respect to the nature of terminology is hard to maintain. In using the mind as a means for sinfulness, he is equating man's normative way of thinking and determining with the sinfulness that overrides it.
(6) Suneidesis (Titus 1:15) The soul, as distinguishing between what is morally good and bad, prompting one to do the former and shun the latter; commending one, condemning the other. Paul's use of this Greek concept of man's innate sense of morality seems to hold true to the implicit meaning, though he does link it with the sinful flesh idea at times, such as in his pastoral letter to Titus, where he confers that those who are defiled and unbelieving "…their mind and their conscience are defiled." Though he seems to believe each man's conscience will be used as a character witness in the final judgment, as is seen in Romans 2:15, Paul is relatively quiet on the role of the conscience for the better part of the letter, omitting any discussion of it in chapters 6-8. In spite of its absence in the main body of the discussion, Paul's numerous references to mind, such as in Titus, may very well allow for overlap and as such it remains an integral part of this deliberation. It may very well be tied to Paul's treatment of which law the mind serves in 7:23-25, giving it an indirect role in the nature and predicament of the overall man Paul is focusing on. For this reason mind takes precedence, though conscience is surely at play in the field of related issues.
(7) Eso anthropos (2 Corinthians 4:16) In Greek this is the inner man. The Hebrew language had absolutely no concept that fits this notion, quite possibly due to the fact that, as Robinson notes, "Hebrews were content to leave unasked so many questions which seemed to the Greeks…so obvious." Paul himself only uses the expression three times in his entire corpus of writings. This would point toward either the term having special significance or a general lack of appropriate meaning in relating what Paul wanted to say in the vast majority of situations. In his second letter to the Corinthians, Paul draws on this terminology to bring out his point by stating, "…even though our outer person is being destroyed, our inner person is being renewed day by day." Based on the correlation made here with the other similar statements Paul makes throughout Romans 6-8, it is most likely the former option. Paul's use in both passages not only draws attention to a familiar sentiment being made but heightens the impact of it. Whereas Paul is fairly content to describe the death versus life scenario in terms of flesh versus spirit on most occasions, his employment of the inner man and outer man ideals reinforces the theme he is driving at in both.
IV. The Crux of Pauline Anthropology
Paul's letter to the Romans stands as a monumental effort. In it, he sets down the basics of the Christian faith and belief in Jesus as Messiah. It is also a systematic approach to how things integrate with each other within Christianity. There is little doubt that Paul, having never been to Rome, was attempting to exert some authority on doctrinal matters, as well as prepare them for his planned arrival and stay there. In developing such a comprehensive methodology within a letter, Paul was careful to give frequent and specific reference to the sources he drew upon, as well as to allude to his overarching line of thought made more apparent in other letters where the issues he addressed were somewhat different. Consequently, it will be advantageous to look further into the whole of Scripture to bring about a broader, more rounded understanding of the nature of man's composition, in order to place Paul's general view on the subject within its Scriptural context.
1. Old Testament Sources
(1) Primary statement of anthropological orientation (Genesis 2:7) this passage describes man as comprised of two main elements. He is formed "of dust from the ground" and given the "breath of life" by God in order to become "a living being." This establishes a bipartite being, existing solely in unity. Knowing his Torah, Paul would easily have recognized and agreed that man is composed of body and flesh, both coming from the dust of the ground. He would have also understood the animating factor of spirit as having come from God. Paul's understanding would certainly have taken this into account, given his rabbinic background and familiarity with the Genesis account and the view of man it established; a view that was echoed in the wisdom literature, and especially by Qoheleth in the book of Ecclesiastes.
(2) First example from the writings of Qoheleth (Ecclesiastes 3:19-20) Qoheleth explains that both men and animals have the same fate in death. What is striking about his statement is that he continues on to say, "All go to the same place. All came from the dust and all return to the dust." Such a distinctive correlation between man and animal, both in life and death, has bearing on this discussion in that Qoheleth's treatise on wisdom was certainly not only familiar to Paul as he wrote, but a governing factor in his point of view. There is no doubt then, that just as the Genesis exposition of human anthropology defines man as a bipartite being consisting of dust animated by God's breath, so too does Qoheleth. This fact serves to bolster the hypothesis that Paul must have drawn from in formulating his thinking on the subject.
(2) Second example from the writings of Qoheleth (Ecclesiastes 12:7) in taking the idea a step further Qoheleth reveals, "…then the dust will return to the earth as it was, and the spirit will return to God who gave it." This statement would easily fall in line with what is known of Paul's eschatological view. Again, as before, Qoheleth's earthy outlook of man's natural composition attests to the underlying assumption which guided Paul's thinking, including in this instance a view of God as not only the giver of life, but also the keeper of spirit.
2. Romans 6-8
In opening the chain of thought presented in these three chapters, Paul launches into an explanation of the believers victory of death by means of Jesus' resurrection, and proceeds to make a case for why man should pursue life as he was created to live it as opposed to the inevitable death resulting from allowing the weakness of his flesh to override this purpose. He makes his case with three bold statements. First, in verse 13, he calls for man not to permit this dominance to continue, admonishing him to avoid presenting all his integral parts as "…instruments of unrighteousness…" but instead as a whole person to present ones essential components as "…as instruments of righteousness to God." He reiterates this point by asking a rhetorical question in verse 16, likening man's presentation in this matter to slavery. In verse 19 as in chapter 12:1-2, he champions his audience to "…present your members as slaves to righteousness, resulting in sanctification." This critical section hinges its entire argument on the premise that the whole man is affected by sin leading to death and that likewise the whole man must be offered to God instead. Paul's anthropological understanding, determined as it was by his Hebraic roots can easily be viewed as an underlying motif in this line of reasoning.
As he continues his argument in chapter 7, Paul develops a quick analogy from marriage to aid his case and then proceeds to hammer on his central concept all the more. As the need arises he begins to incorporate the Law and its purpose, and though portraying it as the vehicle for sins emergence and dominance in man, he resiliently distinguishes it as good. His position on the purpose of the Law finds its apex in verses 13 and 14 where he reveals the objective of the Law as being to reveal the nature of sin in man and for man to recognize that sin as "…utterly sinful." He follows this notion by venerating the Law as spiritual in spite of the bondage to sin it afforded. Here is a turning point in the discussion as Paul begins to make a path toward establishing the desire and focus of everyone in Christ as being able and obligated to live as the spiritual body they have become and are becoming. He makes clear that this requires shedding the death-encumbered life of the sin-enslaved flesh in favor of the freedom of the life found through the Spirit; and that is the Spirit of God. Paul never overlooks the predicament and purpose of the body throughout this discourse as he finalizes his thoughts by illustrating the war taking place between the flesh and the spirit. Unlike the Hellenistic thinking of his contemporaries which saw the body itself as the operative of sin, Paul places the emphasis on the body as of a prize being fought over. Grundy similarly argues, "…the body is not to be blamed, as though the conflict took place simply between the inner man and the body. The real conflict occurs between the inner man and sin, with the body caught in the middle." (Grundy, 1987) From this vantage point, Paul's counter-cultural view of man's composition, and the nature of the struggle within it, acquires its most ardent expression. This leads into his eschatological discourse in chapter 8, wherein the aim of the gospel, and its development with respect to the history and future of mankind comes to rest firmly on the Christocentirc eschatological anthropology Paul has been building his case on.
Beginning with his affirmation that there is no condemnation for those in Christ, Paul marches his line of thought to its logical end. Here, he expounds on the idea of Messiah as the ultimate and only means of life. This stems directly from his Hebraic bipartite thinking in that just as it is God who breathes neshamah into man's body to give him life, so Christ brings life to man's body giving him life. Paul takes the view that to be outside of Christ is to be essentially dead. The impetus of these statements is unrelenting and again, as before, he repeats them for emphasis. In verse 10 he claims that the body is dead because of sin but that if Christ is within the spirit is alive. In verse 13 he puts it another way, stating, "…if you are living according to the flesh, you must die; but if by the Spirit you are putting to death the deeds of the body, you will live." This leaves no room for doubt about Paul's vision of how the transformation from dying to life takes place. It clearly harkens back to the understanding established in Genesis 2.
Not only is Jesus role as Messiah brought to the forefront in this chapter, but also the role of the Spirit. Paul's preferential use of pneuma in chapter 8, in agreement with his other writings, is almost entirely in reference to the Spirit of God, giving the sense that this immortal life is not something innate in man, but brought to him from outside himself. The ultimate eschatological and anthropological hope delivered in this chapter is based on the premise that just as God worked to bring about life in the Genesis account, so too has he worked in Christ to bring about life for all who will receive it, and that this life will be granted to them immediately, yet not completely. In verses 20-23, Paul describes the longing of creation for such renewal, implying directly that such has not yet occurred. Paul then links man unambiguously with the created order, stating our identical longing by saying in verse 23, "…even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting eagerly for our adoption as sons, the redemption of our body." The final expectation is that man will overcome sin and death just as Christ did because of Christ's work of love in renewal. Paul captions it by pronouncing, "But in all these things we overwhelmingly conquer through Him who loved us." This victory is simply a reinstatement of the order God desired in creation.
3. New Testament Sources
Though the bulk of Paul's anthropological framework may be seen in the Romans passages, it is not comprehensive in its description so as to relate his full grasp of the concept. Though several cross-references have already received treatment in the preceding discussion, there remain significant examples from other writings which may add insight and significance to the overall understanding. Therefore, it is crucial to the discourse to address not only the relevant parts of Romans but these other writings from Paul's life as well. For the purpose of this contention 1 Thessalonians 4, 2 Corinthians 5, and Philippians 3 will all be addressed, if somewhat briefly.
(1) First eschatological example (1 Thessalonians 4:13-17) In this passage Paul is addressing concerns about some who have died before the second coming; a reality which apparently took many by surprise. Paul takes an eschatological approach, accenting his comments in Romans 8:23 and comforting them by informing them that those who sleep will rise up and precede those still alive when Jesus returns, at which point the living will be "…caught up together with them in the clouds…" In this teaching can be seen further eschatological development of Paul's anthropological view expounded on in the letter to the Romans. He makes a point of drawing out the idea in fuller scope here by depicting the sequence of events to come, which would inevitably lead to the conclusion that Paul saw a delicate balance between anthropology and eschatology with respect to the nature of their sequential implications.
(2) Second eschatological example (2 Corinthians 5:1-10) Paul uses this opportunity to qualify exactly what comprises a man, and though he does so in an abstract style, his main point can be fairly assessed. His persistence in exemplifying one aspect of man as dying while one aspect consequently becomes more alive pervades this section of thought and can be shown to be congruent with the ideas presented in chapter 8 of Romans. When Paul looks at life as "swallowing" death he is no doubt referring to resurrection again, having drawn this parallel to his statement in Romans 8:13 regarding dying to live, he goes on to pursue the parallel by reiterating the idea laid out in 8:9 concerning being "in the Spirit" by painting two distinct metaphors. The first is of a house or building which Paul says is "not made with hands, eternal in the heavens…" revealing the concurrent link between anthropology and eschatology yet again. The second is of articles of clothing which Paul claims the spiritual man is "…longing to be clothed with our dwelling from heaven…" He concludes this section of thought by stating and then restating the thought that to be alive here or with God is to be home in that place. A perplexing conclusion given the nature of his previous statements in the passage but not contradictory because Paul sought for every believer to be at peace at whatever stage of life they were in.
(3) Third eschatological example (Philippians 3:20-21) The statement he makes to the Philippians with reference to the present state and the state of things to come is an interesting one in that he juxtaposes body (soma) over against itself with the distinction being applied by the nature of the body. He asserts that Jesus "…will transform the body of our humble state into conformity with the body of His glory…" In expressing the idea this way he is tying everything back to the idea of being made alive by the Spirit as indicated in Romans 8:11 and in doing so, relating the entire anthropological eschatology he rests his hope in on the respective proposition.
V. Conclusion
Man. The complexities in describing this statement alone have dominated humanities quest for knowledge over the centuries. People have developed all manner of studying and quantifying man, of associating and labeling him, of defining and characterizing what makes him. In doing so they have discovered a great many things about man but not so much as they would prefer. The reason is quite simple. There's much more to man than anything that can be studied, quantified, associated, labeled, defined, or characterized because man is more than a physical being with physical processes. He is a spiritual machine as well, and in recognizing this, one begins to understand just how important anthropological theology is and why an understanding of Apostle Paul's views on the matter is vital.
With an understanding of Paul's strict Pharisaical roots and familiarity with classical Hellenistic culture, aided by a firm conception of the manner in which Paul employed its terminology to his own ends, the crux of Pauline anthropology takes shape, developing not only a systematic approach to the composite nature of man's being but more importantly, a vital and motivational grasp of how the whole man is related to Jesus in terms of necessity and desire.
1. Albert Barnes, Notes on the Old and New Testaments (Baker Books, 1983)
2. John W. Cooper, Body, Soul, and Life Everlasting (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989),
3. Robert W. Grundy, Soma in Biblical Theology, With Emphasis on Pauline Anthropology (Grand Rapids, 1987)
4. Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988)
5. J. A. T. Robinson, The Body: A Study in Pauline Theology (Transmillenial, 2002)
6. Albert Schweitzer, The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle (Johns Hopkins University Press; paperback edition, 1998)
*All Scripture quotations are from the NASB.
4 Responses to "pauline anthropology"
A logical analysis (found in http://www.netzarim.co.il (that is the only legitimate Netzarim)) of all extant source documents and archeology proves that the historical Ribi Yehosuha ha-Mashiakh (the Messiah) from Nazareth and his talmidim (apprentice-students), called the Netzarim, taught and lived Torah all of their lives; and that Netzarim and Christianity were always antithetical.
That logical analysis proves that Ribi Yehoshua and Netzarim were Perushim (Pharisees).
Thus there were Perushim that believed that Ribi Yehoshua was the Mashiakh. There has been no Perushi (Pharisee) believing that the Christian Jesus was the Mashiakh.
[…] "Surely[d] goodness and mercy[e] shall follow me all the days of my life, and I shall dwell[f] in the house of the Lord forever.[g]" We may also utter the words of the writer of 1 Timothy with full confidence: "13 I charge you in the presence of God, who gives life to all things…he who is the blessed and only Sovereign, the King of kings and Lord of lords, 16 who alone has immortality, who dwells in unapproachable light, whom no one has ever seen or can see. To him be honor and eternal dominion. Amen." (1 Tim 6:13-16) [1] Edward William Fudge, The Fire That Consumes, p. 59 [2] Fudge, p. 60 [3] T.A. Kantonen (The Christian Hope [1954], pp. 30ff) so summarizes Aimo Nikolainen's 1941 Finnish-language study, Man in the Light of the Gospel. Quoted here from Heller, "The Resurrection of Man," p.222, as cited in Fudge, The Fire That Consumes, p. 61. [4] Fudge, p. 62 [5] https://theholywild.wordpress.com/2010/02/04/pauline-anthropology/ […]
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Over 50s coffee morning, CHAWREC, Chester
Tuesdays 10-12
February saw the opening of our Over-50's Coffee Morning, which will run every Tuesday 10-12pm at The Unity Centre, supported by Brightlife. Our customers were very impressed with the artisan coffee and home-made cakes - only £2 for unlimited refills! If you are 50 or over please join us next More…
17 Cuppin Street,Chester,CH1 2BN
Over Sixties Social Swim
Every Tuesday 11am – 12pm and Friday 11am – 12pm
3-15Union StChesterCH1 1QP
People's Choice Knitting Club
Love knitting? Over 16? Come along to our free monthly session Especially for people with learning disabilities/autism but open to the whole community. Do you like knitting or crochet in a relaxed environment and meeting new people? Bring along your own project or join in with one of ours! If this More…
Hunter StreetChesterCH1 2AR
07746 422 282
People's Choice Singing Group
7.00pm to 9.00pm
Love singing? Over 16? Come along to our free monthly session. The Peoples Choice Group is run by See Communications CIC, funded by Cheshire West and Chester council. You don't need to be good at singing, just want to sing along, have fun and meet new people! Especially for people with learning More…
Hunter StreetChesterCH1 2AR
07746 422 282
People's Choice, Eat Drink and Be Merry Supper Club, Northwich
One Tuesday a month, evening
Do you have a learning disability/autism? Are you over 18? Would you like to make new friends? We meet once a month somewhere in Northwich. It is usually on a Tuesday evening. Call Jackie to find out where and when the next meeting will be. At each meal members choose where to go next time. We try to find More…
Dingle Lane,Winsford,CW7 1AA
07596 322 854
People's Choice, Thank you for the Music Singing Group, Northwich
One Thursday a month, 6.30-8.30pm
Especially for adults with learning disabilities/autism but open to the whole community (over 18 only). Volunteers to help run sing along especially welcome too. You don't need to be good at singing, just want to sing along, have fun and meet new people! If you need extra support, for example with More…
Dingle Lane,Winsford,CW7 1AA
07596 322 854
People's Choice, The Crafty Chatters, Craft Group, Northwich
One Sunday a month, 2-4pm
Love Crafts? Come along to our monthly craft group. Especially for adults with learning disabilities/autism but open to the whole community (over 18 only). Do you like being creative and meeting new people? Come to our drop in session. We meet one Sunday afternoon a month. We do knitting, More…
07596 322 854
Place of Welcome with Craft & Chat-Holy Trinity Church Blacon
Mondays 1pm
Norris RoadBlaconChesterCH1 5DZ
07508 855434 01244 630742
Roodee Cafe
The Little Roodee Café is open from 0800-1800hrs Monday-Friday, and 1000-1600hrs on Saturdays and Sundays
Following its closure at the beginning of last year, the Little Roodee Café at Chester's Little Roodee car and coach park has reopened. The café is now owned by Vivo Care Choices – a care provider using the site as a training venue and work placements for adults with learning disabilities. Denise More…
Rosebank After School Club
After school, during term time.
We are an after school club for children with Autism. We run two sessions per week. Tuesday sessions provide multi skills and physical activities and Thursday sessions are more sensory focussed. The after school club is run by school staff and other approved agencies offering a range of More…
Rosebank SchoolTownfield LaneBarntonNorthwichCW8 4QP
01606 74975


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One of the most important books in my early childhood was transgenerational: our parents grew up with it and passed it on to us, for who knows what reasons, because it was profoundly obsolete by the time I read it. It was origibally published in 1939. But I think we all loved it despite and not because. It was called What I Saw and was a fictionalised, narrativised encyclopedia for a young Soviet citizen. The storyline was a young boy who travels with his mother from a little provincial town to Moscow to see the marvels of the new Communist state. It is told in first-person, naïve voice, with fully developed defamiliarisation, presenting the world a new and exciting. As I see now, it was a remarkably upper-class story given its propagandist agenda: first-class railway sleeper, luxury hotel and other details which, with the knowledge of poverty and terror of the times when it was written feels disgustingly hypocritical. But of course I didn't reflect on these things when I was a child. All the information the book offered, all the horisons it opened, and the lovable character! The only thing that disturbed me was the character's name, Alyosha. Since the cover clearly stated that the author's name was Boris I could not get around the fact that he called himself Alyosha. It sounded unnatural and false. There is research on young children's problems with deixis, and I am a good example. I hated books told in first person in which the author pretended to be someone else. Since What I Saw had an ambivalent fictional status it contributed to my confusion.
I generally had issues with names because although some books I liked had protagonists named Masha, I was uncomfortable about the ownership of my name. It is a very common name, and there were several namesakes among my friends and classmates, but I always felt that a fictional character had appropriated my name and somehow exposed me to the world, in a false identity. One of the favourite books was called About the girl Masha, the dog Cockerel and the cat Thread (it doesn't sound half as awkward in Russian), written by one of the major poets of the Russian avant-guard, Alexander Vvedensky. I didn't know it then of course, and I learned it by mere chance, because sources interested in the avant-guard don't take children's books into account. And it wasn't an avant-guard book, but a very artless, warm story about this five-year-old girl, Masha, and her father the pilot, her mother the painter, her brother and her pets. The main conflict of the story is that the mother gets ill and must change climate for the winter so Masha travels to the Black Sea and makes some new friends. Again, for a book published in 1937 it is rather idyllic.
I have done what we ask our students to do. I have re-read the book. (It is available online). Of course, I cried floods. It all came back to me, the words, the mental images, the sounds, the taste of milk and the smell of the summer meadow. I can see why this book is still in print. I wish I had read it to my children. It is a kind book, unpretentious, simple – in the best sense of the word. It has humour, and it does not talk down to the reader. And something I had forgotten: Masha is a poet. I was a poet too when I was five. I could connect to it. I could also connect to Masha being teased with a rhyme: "Masha – kasha" (porridge). I now remember that I envied Masha because she had a dog and a cat.