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Entités géographiques
|Pays, régions, bassins fluviaux
|Ressources en eau
|Usages de l'eau
|Irrigation et drainage
|Eaux usées
|Cadre institutionnel
|Autres thèmes
Type d'information
|Ensembles de données
|Tableaux récapitulatifs
|Cartes et données spatiales
Info pour les médias
|Le saviez-vous...?
|Visualisations et infographies
|ODD Cible 6.4
|UNW Synthèses
|Year: 2011
|Revision date: 2014
Revision type: Minor
Dam capacity corrected
|Regional report:
|Water Report 37, 2012
Bangladesh is a low-lying riverine country located in southern Asia, covering 144 000 km2 (Table 1). The country has been formed as the largest deltaic plain at the confluence of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra (Jamuna) and the Meghna rivers and their tributaries. It has a common border to the west, north and east with India, a short border with Myanmar in the southeast, and is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the south.
The country is divided into six administrative divisions, which are named after their respective divisional headquarters: Dhaka, Rajshahi, Chittagong, Khulna, Barisal and Sylhet. The Divisions are subdivided into 64 districts (Zilas) and each district is further subdivided into Upazilas or Thanas, of which there are 508. Finally, each Thana is again subdivided into Unions or Wards, of which there are 6 766.
About 80 percent of the landmass is made up of fertile alluvial lowland that becomes a part of the Greater Bengal Plain (Lower Gangetic Plain). The country is flat with some hills in the northeast and southeast. A great plain lies almost at sea level along the southern part of the country and rises gradually towards the north. The land elevation on the plain varies from 0 to 90 m above sea level (asl). The maximum elevation is 1 230 m asl at Keocradang in the Rangamati hill district. The geomorphology is comprised of almost 80 percent floodplains some terraces and hilly areas. About 7 percent of the total area of Bangladesh is covered with rivers and inland water bodies and these areas are routinely flooded during the monsoon. Forests cover about 16 percent of the total area of the country.
The total cultivable area is an estimated 8.77 million ha. In 2009, the total cultivated area was an estimated 8.55 million ha, of which 7.57 million ha was for annual crops and 0.98 million ha for permanent crops. Most farmers own less than 1 ha of land and many have less than 0.2 ha.
Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon climate with significant variations in rainfall and temperature throughout the country. There are four main seasons: the pre-monsoon (March-May), which has the highest temperatures and experiences the maximum intensity of cyclonic storms, especially in May; the monsoon (June-September), when the bulk of rainfall occurs; the post-monsoon (October-November) which, like the pre-monsoon season, is marked by tropical cyclones on the coast; and the cool and sunny dry season (December-February).
About 80 percent of the total rainfall occurs during the monsoon, and the average annual precipitation is 2 320 mm. This varies from 1 110 mm in the extreme northwest to 5 690 mm in the northeast. The country is regularly subjected to drought, floods and cyclones. The country's mean annual lake evaporation is approximately 1 040 mm, which is about 45 percent of the mean annual rainfall.
Mean annual temperature is about 25 °C, with extremes as low as 4 °C and as high as 43 °C. Ground frost can occur in the hills. Humidity ranges between 60 percent in the dry season and 98 percent during the monsoon.
The total population in 2009 was 147 million, around 72 percent of which lived in rural areas (Table 1). Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with 1 021 inhabitants/km2. Over the years, the country has succeeded in significantly reducing the population growth rate. In 1991 the population growth rate was 2.17 percent, it is currently 1.39 percent (BBS, 2008). Despite the steadily declining fertility rate, the country's population is expected to exceed 176 million by 2025, when the population density will rise to about 1 200 persons/km2.
In 2008, access to improved drinking water sources was 80 percent (85 and 78 percent for the urban and rural population respectively).
In 2009, the total population that was economically active in agriculture was an estimated 32.22 million, amounting to 46 percent of the economically active population, of which 50 percent were women. In 2009, GDP was US$89 360 million of which agriculture accounted for 19 percent.
Despite continuous domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation. Since 1990 the country has been able to achieve a growth rate of only 5 percent owing to frequent natural disasters (such as cyclones, floods, droughts) and inefficient management of government economic policies and private sector organizations. The Government is currently focussing on agriculture and rural development, power and energy, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), human resource development, creation of employment opportunities, and increasing investment for pro-poor development activities, with a view to achieve macro-economic stability by enhancing the annual GDP growth rate.
Agriculture plays a dominant role in the growth and stability of the economy. The country has a favourable natural environment for crop production. Of the arable land, 33.3 percent is under single cropping, 45 percent double cropping, 11.5 percent triple cropping and 10.2 percent is cultivable waste and currently fallow land. Agriculture is also the prime source of raw materials for most industries.
The agriculture sector comprises crops, livestock, fisheries, homesteads and forestry. Within the crop subsector food grains, particularly rice, dominate for both cropped area and production. Yield of non-cereal crops such as pulses, oil seeds and vegetables including potatoes has almost stagnated, while that of wheat has barely increased.
Bangladesh made steady progress in crop agriculture during the post liberation period. Growth in the agricultural sector averaged over 3 percent/year during the 1970s and the early 1980s. Thereafter, the average growth rate declined to about 1.7 percent, which resulted from the slowdown in irrigation development, the unprecedented flood damage of 1987 and 1988 and the Government cutback in development expenditures for agriculture. Despite the sluggish growth rate in the agriculture sector, food grain production increased at an annual rate of 3 percent during the early 1990s. Much of the increase in production came from irrigated Boro rice.
The cropping intensity increased from 148 percent to 180 percent and food grain production almost doubled from 1970 to 1993. During 2000-2001, total rice production was 25.08 million tonnes. Since then, food grain production, particularly rice crop production, has increased steadily; though it depends on the vagaries of nature. Total rice production during 2007-2008 was 31.67 million tonnes (DAE, 2009) and wheat production in the same year was 0.74 million tonnes (BBS, 2008). Such achievements were possible owing to government efforts to introduce high-yielding varieties (HYV), small-scale irrigation, modern inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides and the use of agricultural machinery.
Despite the growth in food production and its availability, food insecurity is still a major problem because of the lack of purchasing power and therefore access to food, especially for the ultra poor. A major portion of the rural population is landless and, as labourers, they depend on casual earnings for their livelihood. As a result of the seasonal variation in agricultural employment, and limited employment opportunities in the non-farm sector, millions of people suffer from chronic and transitory food insecurity. For this reason, national level food grain availability does not mean household food security. In spite of the increased food grain production and a reduction of the real price of rice, over half of the country's population cannot afford an adequate diet. The Government has identified food security as an important factor contributing to its socio-economic stabilization and development (MoF and DM, 2006).
Most of Bangladesh is located within the floodplains of three great rivers: the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM), and their tributaries, such as the Teesta, Dharla, Dudhkumar, Surma and Kushiyara. The three major river systems drain into the Bay of Bengal through Bangladesh:
The combined discharge of the three main rivers is among the highest in the world. Peak discharges are 100 000 m3/s in the Brahmaputra, 75 000 m3/s in the Ganges, 20 000 m3/s in the upper Meghna and 160 000 m3/s in the lower Meghna.
There are 230 rivers criss-crossing the country, most of which are either tributaries or distributaries to the GBM river systems. The total length of the rivers is approximately 24 000 km and the total GBM catchment area is about 1.75 million km2, out of which only 7 percent lies within Bangladesh. There are 57 transboundary rivers, of which 54 are shared with India and the remaining three originate in Myanmar.
On average, 1 121.6 km3 of water crosses the borders of Bangladesh annually, of which 85 percent between June and October. Around 48 percent (537.2 km3) is contributed by the Brahmaputra, 47 percent (525.0 km3) by the Ganges, 4 percent (48.4 km3) by the Meghna/Barak and nearly 1 percent (11 km3) by other minor rivers to Chittagong in the southeast.
Because of the great disparity between the monsoon floods and the low flow during the dry season, the manageable surface water resources are considered to be 80 percent of the dependable flow in March. Surface water resources are used extensively for dry season irrigation, mainly Boro rice using low-lift pumps (LLPs) and traditional devices.
The availability of groundwater resources in Bangladesh is determined by the properties of the groundwater storage reservoir and the volume of annual recharge. Key factors that determine groundwater availability include the capacity of the country's aquifers to store water, and the characteristics that govern economic withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation, domestic and industrial needs. The source of recharge is rainfall, flooding, and stream flow in rivers. The quaternary alluvium of Bangladesh comprises a huge aquifer with reasonably good transmission and storage properties. Heavy rainfall and inundation during the monsoon substantially recharge aquifers annually.
A regional groundwater recharge assessment took place in 1987 by Master Plan Organization (MPO) under the National Water Plan (NWP) of the Ministry of Water Resources. Subsequently, MPO updated the groundwater resources assessment during the NWP Phase–II in 1991 and the average annual available groundwater recharge for the country was estimated as 21 km3 (Table 2).
The internal renewable water resources are an estimated 105 km3/year (Table 3). The overlap is considered negligible, this includes 84 km3 of surface water produced internally as stream flows from rainfall and about 21 km3 of groundwater resources produced within the country. Part of the groundwater comes from the infiltration of surface water with an external origin. Since annual cross-border river flows and entering groundwater are estimated to be 1 121.6 km3, the total renewable water resources are therefore estimated to be 1 226.6 km3.
The Kaptai dam on the Karnafuli river in Rangamati Hill district in the Chittagong Hill Tracts is the only large dam constructed in Bangladesh, mainly for hydro-electric power purposes. Its total capacity is 6.477 km3. In addition, there are barrages constructed across the Teesta, Tangon and Manu rivers, which are used as diversion structures for irrigation only.
In 1995, the installed capacity of all the country's power plants was about 2 907 MW, of which about 230 MW was hydroelectric.
India controls the flow of the Ganges river with a dam completed in 1974 at Farraka, 18 km from the border with Bangladesh. This dam was a source of tension between the two countries, when Bangladesh asserted that the dam held back too much water during the dry season and released too much water during monsoon rains. A treaty was signed in December 1996 under which Bangladesh is ensured a fair share of the flow reaching the dam during the dry season. Such agreements for other transboundary rivers are yet to be made for equitable share of surface water resources of the country.
In 2008, the total water withdrawal was an estimated 35.87 km3, of which 31.50 km3 (88 percent) was for agriculture, 3.60 km3 (10 percent) for municipalities and 0.77 km3 (2 percent) for industries (Table 4 and Figure 1).
Approximately 28.48 km3, or 79 percent of the total water withdrawal, comes from groundwater and 7.39 km3, or 21 percent, from surface water (Figure 2).
Irrigation is considered to be a necessary precondition for the enhancement of agricultural production. The earliest approach to irrigation facilities was during 1960-1970 with the construction of large-scale multipurpose irrigation, flood control and drainage projects. To some extent, these projects were successful for flood control and protecting coastal areas from tidal bores and saltwater intrusion. But they played a minor role in irrigation development and only about 7 percent of the total irrigable area was covered by these very costly projects. Though the country has abundant surface water resources, particularly in the monsoon season, its flat deltaic topography and the instability of major rivers make large gravity irrigation systems both technically difficult and costly. On the other hand, during the dry season irrigation using surface water has become difficult or practically impossible owing to the limited availability of surface water. Therefore the use of groundwater for irrigation has become increasingly important.
The expansion of minor (small-scale) irrigation is a vital component of the Government's agriculture strategy. Minor irrigation consists of low lift pumps (LLP: power operated centrifugal pumps drawing water from rivers, creeks and ponds), shallow tubewells (STW: with a motorized suction mode pumping unit), deep tubewells (DTW: with a power operated force mode pumping unit), manually operated pumps (MOP: extracting water from a shallow tubewell) and traditional systems. At the end of the dry season, the water level falls beyond the suction limit of the centrifugal pump. In these situations, it is possible to draw water by placing the STW in a pit, which is called a deep-set shallow tubewell (DSSTW) or a very deep-set shallow tubewell (VDSSTW). Where static water levels fall further (over 10.7 m), a submersible or vertical turbine (FMTW: force mode tubewell) is needed.
Between 1950 and 1987, public tubewells, regulations governing private installations and public monopolies of the supply of pumps, motors and other equipment constrained irrigation development. Since 1972, the emphasis has been on minor irrigation using low lift pumps and tubewells (STW, DTW and FMTW).
From 1979 to 1984, there was a liberalized expansion of minor irrigation, mainly with STW in the private sector. In 1982, about 1.5 million ha were under food crop irrigation. The rate of minor irrigation development slowed from 39 000 STW in 1984 to less than 5 000 in 1986. This was because of a number of reasons: private sector STW sales were limited, there was official concern over reported declines in groundwater levels where STW operated, an embargo on all diesel engines was imposed in 1985, and engines were standardized.
In 1991, the National Minor Irrigation Development Project (NMIDP) was established in response to the needs of farmers and the requirement for increased private sector investment in minor irrigation technologies. The project activity mainly concentrated on VDSSTW and FMTW technology, whereas irrigation using STW was mainly controlled by the private sector. In 1994, 665 VDSSTW and 32 FMTW had been constructed by farmers as a result of the promotional action of the project. However, there has been a general reduction in the area irrigated by wells because of aquifer drawdown, and there has been an increase in salinity intrusion particularly along the coastal areas in the southwest of the country.
Currently, the irrigation potential is estimated as 6.93 million ha. During 2006, there were 29 170 DTW, 1 202 720 STW and 107 290 LLP and the total irrigated area was an estimated 4.88 million ha; where groundwater and surface water coverage were 81 percent and 19 percent, respectively. In 2008 the national irrigation coverage was 5.05 million ha, where groundwater covered 79 percent and surface water covered 21 percent of the total irrigated area (Table 5 and Figure 3). Table 6 gives a summary of irrigation methods using surface water and groundwater during 2008 is presented in Table 5.
In 1993, the total area of wetlands was 3.14 million ha, of which almost 1.55 million ha were cultivated. Thus, total water managed area is an estimated 6.59 million ha.
Surface irrigation is the only technology used in large irrigation schemes. In 2008, the total area equipped for full control irrigation covered by large irrigation schemes (major irrigation) was an estimated 0.14 million ha (3 percent). Small irrigation schemes covered a total area of 4.91 million ha (97 percent) (Figure 4).
In 1992, the average cost of irrigation development for large surface water schemes operated by the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) was an estimated US$522/ha as reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2007). At that time the operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of these projects was estimated at US$100/ha; but under the 1983 Irrigation Ordinance, BWDB collected only Tk250/ha (nearly US$6/ha) as O&M fees. The average cost of irrigation development in minor irrigation schemes including O&M was estimated at US$50/ha in 1990-1991; recently this has risen to US$113/ha (BBS, 2008).
In 2008, total harvested irrigated cropped area was estimated at 5.98 million ha, of which the most important crops are rice accounting for 4.34 million ha (73 percent), wheat 0.31 million ha (5 percent), potatoes 0.26 million ha (4 percent) and vegetables 0.24 million ha (4 percent) (Table 5 and Figure 5).
Improved irrigation water management (IWM) practices, increased use of modern variety (MV) seeds and fertilizers have made a major break through in achieving almost self-sufficiency for cereal crop production. Irrigation is mainly practiced in the dry season to cultivate Boro rice and wheat. Supplementary irrigation could appreciably increase transplanted Aman rice production by mitigating the effects of drought.
Irrigated paddy yield is moderately high, ranging from 3.85 to 4.75 tonnes/ha. During 2007-2008 total Boro rice production (including HYV, hybrid and local varieties) amounted to 18.67 million tonnes and the total rice (Aus, Aman and Boro together) was 31.67 million tonnes (DAE, 2009). The total irrigated rice production was about 58 percent of the country's total rice production.
Because of the low-lying topography, about 26 500 km2 or 18 percent of the country is inundated during the monsoon season each year. During severe floods the affected area may exceed 53 000 km2 or 37 percent of the country and in extreme events, such as in the 1998 flood, about 66 percent of the country is inundated. Floods are caused by overspills from main rivers and their distributaries, overspills from tributaries and by direct rainfall. Flood control works can reduce floods caused by the first two, but only drainage can have any effect on the latter two. The basic benefit of drainage is water control – supply as well as removal. The particular benefits can be: i) potential increase in cropped area with earlier drainage; ii) higher yields from transplanted Aman rice with early planting; iii) crop diversification in the wet season with better drainage; and iv) more control over crop calendars and patterns with control of the water regime.
In 1964, a master plan was developed for water resources development. This envisaged the development of 58 flood protection and drainage projects covering about 5.8 million ha of land. Three types of polders were envisaged: gravity drainage, tidal sluice drainage and pump drainage.
Flood control and drainage projects have accounted for about half of the funds spent on water development projects since 1960. They include:
During the National Water Plan Phase I and Phase II period (1986-1991) the Master Plan Organization (MPO) made a comprehensive assessment of the ongoing water resources development projects (large-scale irrigation projects, flood control and drainage (FCD) projects, and flood control, drainage and irrigation (FCDI) projects. It was noted that the performance of FCD and FCDI projects needs to be improved under the NWP. The FCD projects under this NWP strategy would focus on gravity drainage schemes in shallow to medium flooded areas, and submersible embankments in deeply flooded areas. After 1991, FCD projects were implemented under the Flood Action Plan (FAP) by the MoWR. This was a comprehensive plan for the progressive reduction of floods from major rivers in association with improved drainage systems. Under the existing Five Year Plan (Planning Commission, 2009), the Government approved 12 FC and FCD investment projects in the Annual Development Programme (ADP) (2009-2010).
In 1993, the total area of wetlands was 3.14 million ha, of which 1.55 million ha were cultivated and 1.38 million ha were drained by surface drains. In 1992, the average cost of drainage development was US$192/ha.
Different types of floods occur in Bangladesh. Of the total cropped area, about 1.32 million ha are severely flood-prone and 5.05 million ha are moderately flood-prone. The flood protected area in 1990 was an estimated 4.20 million ha.
In Bangladesh, public sector involvement in irrigation water management (IWM) is shared between three ministries. Minor irrigation and small-scale surface irrigation schemes are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LG&RD), respectively. Large-scale irrigation schemes, including FCD projects, are under the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR).
The MoA is mainly concerned with agricultural policy development, planning and monitoring. Project delivery is the responsibility of its various agencies, the most important being the Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC). In the past, the BADC was directly involved in supplying inputs to minor irrigation and looked after the O&M of all sorts of equipment. It has now withdrawn from all commercial operations relating to minor irrigation, leaving them to the private sector. The Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) demonstrates and extends information to farmers on crops, agronomic practices and use of on-farm water management and agricultural machinery. The Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA), under the MoA is also responsible for water resources management in agricultural development of the Barind Tracts region.
The Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), under the MoLG&RD, implemented Small-Scale Water Resources Development (SSWRD) projects Phase I and II by constructing 26 rubber dams in the medium and small rivers in different parts of the country. LGED was also responsible for participatory management of these projects, which was achieved by forming the Water Management Cooperative Associations (WMCAs) for each project. The Bangladesh Rural Development Academy (RDA), under the MoLG&RD, is currently implementing a package model of Multipurpose Low-Cost DTW Projects in different parts of the country with a view to achieving optimum utilization of water resources for irrigation, domestic and other purposes such as fisheries, livestock rearing and nurseries. These multiple uses bring significant benefits and contributions to livelihoods, especially for poor households.
Under MoWR, the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) is responsible for the planning, implementation and operation of medium- and large-scale surface water irrigation schemes, FC and FCD projects. The Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO), under the same ministry, has a mandate to ensure coordination of all relevant ministries through the National Water Council and to plan all aspects of water resources development including large-scale and minor irrigation, navigation, fisheries and domestic water supplies.
Water Management (WM) is considered to be the planned development, distribution and use of water resources, in accordance with predetermined objectives with respect to both quantity and quality of water. WM deals with integration of all activities having the aim of systematically controlling the inter-relationship between water and society. The the main purpose is to limit damage caused by water and reduce its exploitation both technically and economically. Therefore, WM has become important for addressing increasing pressure on available water resources. Agriculture is the greatest consumer of water resources, accounting for approximately 88 percent of all the freshwater withdrawn (Figure 1). Modern high-yield and diversified crop production systems can be sustained only with the proper utilization of irrigation water and management at the farm level.
Though there has been a significant increase in irrigated agriculture over the last decade, most minor and major irrigation systems have shown poor field performances owing to a lack of technical know-how, as well as poor on-farm water management (OFWM) practices. The Government has recognized the importance of introducing appropriate water management techniques and technologies at farm level as key to ensuring food security, employment generation and eliminating poverty through intensification and diversification of agricultural production. With this view, MoA has undertaken some development projects for improving the efficiency and overall performance of irrigation systems with better OFWM practices. Few investment projects have been initiated by the Government, some have been financed by donor agencies under the Technical Assistance (TA) programme.
Participation of women in IWM activities has not been encouraged; though in many villages they are active in other agricultural practices such as post-harvest processing, home gardening, rearing of livestock and poultry. However, here and there women operate treadle pumps for irrigation. Moreover, indigenous and tribal women are involved in collecting water for domestic purposes and irrigating homestead gardens.
There are no policies or acts related to irrigation or water management. This is because of rapid growth during the 1980s of minor irrigation using DTW and STW. In 1985, the MoA enacted the Groundwater Management Ordinance, which controlled the spacing for installation of irrigation equipment. This Ordinance was suspended in 1987 with a view to expansion of minor irrigation (mainly STW irrigation) to the private sector. Because of the suspension of space requirements for irrigation equipment, optimum utilization of groundwater resources has been impeded. In recent years, however, Government policies such as the National Agriculture Policy – NAP (MoA, 1999), National Water Policy – NWPo (MoWR, 1999) and the National Water Management Plan – NWMP (MoWR, 2001) have, to some extent, addressed the minor irrigation and water management issues.
Minor irrigation has been in the domain of private sector agriculture, where there has been a rapid expansion of irrigated agriculture, which resulted in a significant increase in crop production. In this regard, the Government has given special emphasis to minor irrigation development in the NAP, which was formulated in 1999. In relation to irrigation water management the mandate of the NWPo (MoWR, 1999) is to focus on increasing efficiency by recycling drainage water; rotational irrigation; introducing cropping patterns that conserve water; the conjunctive use of both surface water and groundwater; addressing the non-point pollution of water systems by fertilizer and pesticides, and issues of equity and social justice.
The NWMP, which was formed by the MoWR in 2001, has the mandateto address the overall issues of water resources management. It provides direction to short-, medium- and long-term action plans. The NWMP has emphasized the expansion of private STW irrigation in slow-growth regions, and issues are to be addressed that are related to arsenic pollution and salinity; especially in the coastal areas.
Bangladesh is now widely recognized as one of the countries that is most vulnerable to climate change. Increased variability of temperatures and rainfall and increased occurrence of natural hazards are expected to affect the availability of both surface water and groundwater. Investment is required to ensure a continuous and sustainable access to water resources.
As a result of the limited availability of surface water during the dry season, the use of groundwater has become increasingly important as a source of water for irrigation, municipal and industrial purposes. In many areas environmental hazards have been encountered, and a number of adverse effects have emerged owing to the overexploitation of groundwater, such as lowering of water tables, reduction in dry season flows of rivers and streams, groundwater pollution, intrusion of saline water in coastal areas, ecological imbalance and possible land subsidence. There is evidence of permanent depletion of groundwater levels in some locations, particularly in the Dhaka metropolitan area, where the water level's average annual decline is about 3 m (BADC, 2006), and in the northwest region of the country.
In 1993, the estimated area affected by salinity caused by by irrigation was 100 000 ha.
Irrigation water quality has deteriorated in some locations because of pollution caused by agrochemicals, industrial waste and other sources. Arsenic contamination of groundwater, particularly water from STW and HTW, in 59 out of 64 districts, has been reported by many government and donor agencies (GoB, UNICEF, WB, FAO). In most regions, maximum arsenic concentration has been found within the upper 50 m depth of aquifers (Water Aid, 2000). In many places, concentration of iron and arsenic in irrigation water has gone beyond the limit of the safe water quality standards of Bangladesh and the World Health Organization (WHO). Some diseases and health hazards such as arsenicosis, blindness, physical disability, occur as a result of arsenic toxicity to human body (RDA, 2001). Throughout the country, about 1.44 million tubewells (STWS and HTWs have been affected by arsenic contamination and about 30 million people are exposed to arsenic toxicity (Ahmed, 2007).
In some parts of the country, particularly the Barind Tracts in the northwest region, there are already symptoms of deterioration in the natural hydrological regime. Declining groundwater levels have affected water quality causing it to affect soils, the growth of agricultural crops, flora and fauna and to increase health hazards. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to these environmental issues in order to harness the beneficial uses of irrigation water comprising both surface water and groundwater resources.
Under climate change and the related increased temperatures, evapotranspiration will increase and the river system will suffer during dry months because of the acute low-flow condition. Consequently, the dry season water demand for irrigated agriculture, salinity control, and stream flow maintenance will increase significantly leading to the escalating shortfall in water supplies. Greater cooperation is required between the riparian countries to augment dry season flows in the transboundary rivers so as to meet the increasing gaps in water availability.
The main source of irrigation water during the last decade has been groundwater. There is a question of risky over-dependence, and over use of this water resource, and related quality constraints and emerging environmental concerns. The NWMP (MoWR, 2001), therefore, focuses on short-term and long-term strategies for agricultural water management, such as: i) balanced conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources; ii) future growth of tubewell irrigation with FMTWs; iii) surface water conservation and rainwater harvesting using rubber dams in small and medium rivers; iv) new low-cost major irrigation schemes (gravity flow system); and v) larger floating pumps, particularly in the southeastern part of the country.
On-farm water management (OFWM) can be considered as a potentially useful measure to save irrigation water use per hectare and to expand the irrigation command area, mainly for STW and LLP irrigation within the coastal zone and other water crisis areas. Wherever feasible, tubewell irrigation should be integrated with domestic water supply. The RDA developed multipurpose low-cost DTW technology package is one that can be replicated in suitable areas.
According to NWP estimates in 1991, the expansion of irrigation coverage would reach its maximum potential limit by 2025. However, the rate of increase in water demand is expected to decline in response to demand-management practices such as conservation, water-use efficiency, recycling.
The strategy of water resources development has so far been centered on flood control and irrigation expansion to promote food grain production. Without denying the importance of food production and food security, it is now widely recognized that conflicts among alternative and competing uses of water are becoming sharper as the demand for water has been increasing. It is, therefore, necessary to formulate a long-term vision for IWRM to address the demands of all water using sectors in order to sustainably maintain the environment.
Some challenging issues that are related to agricultural water management, such as arsenic pollution, climate change, salinity, have been found in many locations. The impacts of which have already been discussed. As a result of reduced freshwater flows, caused by upstream abstraction of the Ganges water, the salinity front in the coastal areas of Bangladesh has already advanced. About 10 percent of the southwest region has experienced increased salinity in the wet season, which rises to 40 percent in the dry season (BWP, 2000).
The salinity problem adversely affects the availability of required irrigation water in this region. The possible solution to this particular problem could be to take advantage of the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty of 1996 between India and Bangladesh, which specified the amount of water to be released downstream of Farraka during the dry season. A major endeavour, to meet this end, is the Gorai Restoration Project. Moreover, assured in-stream flows in the Ganges have increased the potential for surface water augmentation in the southwest region after construction of the Ganges Barrage.
Ahmed, M. Feroze. 2007. Integrated water resources management in Bangladesh. RSS Workshop on IWRM, Dhaka, Bangladesh. University of Engineering & Technology, .
BADC (Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation). 2006. Groundwater zoning map and its application. A National Seminar Paper presented by Eftekharul Alam, April 9, Dhaka, Sech Bhaban.
BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics). 2008. Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh. Ministry of Planning, GoB.
BWP (Bangladesh Water Partnership). 2000. Bangladesh Water Vision 2025 – Towards a sustainable water world. Dhaka, Global Water Partnership/BWP.
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MPO. 1987. The groundwater resource and its availability for development. Technical Report 5, National Water Plan Phase –I, Ministry of Water Resources, GoB.
MPO. 1991. National Water Plan Phase II. Vol I & II, Ministry of Water Resources, GoB.
MoA (Ministry of Agriculture). 1999. National Agriculture Policy (NAP). GoB.
MoA. 2008. Minor irrigation survey report 2007-08. Survey and Monitoring Project, BADC, October, Dhaka.
MoF&DM (Ministry of Food and Disaster Management). 2006. National workshop on food security. Dhaka
MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources). 1999. National Water Policy (NWPo). GoB.
MoWR. 2001. National Water Management Plan. GoB.
Planning Commission. 1998. The Fifth Five Year Plan, Ministry of Planning. GoB.
Planning Commission. 2009. The Annual Development Programme (ADP) 2008-09. Ministry of Planning, GoB.
RDA (Rural Development Academy). 2001. Safe drinking water supply through RDA- developed low-cost deep tubewell. A Report prepared by M.A. Matin, M.H. Khan and M.N.I. Khan, RDA, Bogra, November 2001.
Water Aid. 2000. An overview of the arsenic issues in Bangladesh. Edited by M. Jones Elizabeth, Dhaka, Water Aid Bangladesh.
WARPO (Water Resources Planning Organization). 2009. National water resources database (NWRD). Ministry of Water Resources, GoB.
United Nations. 2009. World population prospects (Table-A.1 2008 revision). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
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Denver Beer Co's Ugly Sweater Party & Toy Drive at Both Taprooms
December 8, 2018 @ 11:00 am - 11:59 pm
Time to Fa La La La La at DBC's Ugly Sweater Party and Holiday Toy Drive!
Don you now Mom's holiday sweater from 1982 and play Santa to a child in need! Join us in Olde Town Arvada or at our Platte St. Taproom! We'll be celebrating the season all day on December 8th. Anyone who wears a sweater and brings in a toy gets a Buy One Get One beer!
We'll be tapping our limited edition holiday brew for the occasion.
All toys will be donated to our friends at Rocky Mountain Children's Health Foundation and we will also be accepting cash donations on their behalf during the party.
We hope you'll join us for holiday fun and to share a bit of holiday cheer to local kids in need!

subset: commoncrawl


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Karl Lagerfeld has adopted Goethe's famous motto: "Build a better future by expanding on elements of the past." At CHANEL he has changed nothing and everything, interpreting CHANEL in his own way with elegance and wit. He would have certainly met Mademoiselle's approval, since her ideas also often created mini-revolutions before becoming the industry standard.
–Chanel Corporate
The above statement is on the Chanel website and it is eloquent and precise in describing Karl Lagerfeld's deft hand in picking up where Coco Chanel left off. You can see elements of Coco Chanel in all the collections but nowhere has this been more apparent than in the Chanel's Fall-Winter 2011/2012 Haute Couture collection, appropriately called Les Allures de Chanel.
In the sketch above, Karl lends his hand to a dress that Coco Chanel designed in 1931. The first thing I noticed was the peplum – many pieces in the Chanel's Fall-Winter 2011/2012 Haute Couture collection highlighted this same very design feature.
Below you can see the 1920s influence of the flapper dress with low waist, straight silhouette and neckline with deep V detail.
In the next image you can see a Chanel print that may have inspired the fabrication of the dress on the left. The black fabric with pops of color seem reminiscent of the Chanel print.
Finally, there's the boater hat – the hat that started it all. The boater hat is the first hat that Coco Chanel started designing. She would buy them in bulk from the store and then customize them. Her simple straw hats were a fresh counterpoint to the heavily feathered hats of the day that made Coco wonder how women could think underneath all of that excess. Karl Lagerfeld knows the significance of the boater hat so I'm guessing that is why every model in the show was wearing one. An homage to Coco would be nothing without a boater.
Unfortunately there are not a lot of images of original Chanel designs but I will continue to look for comparisons to see how Karl has taken the legacy of Coco Chanel and given it a current spin in future collections.
Image 1: Karl Lagerfeld sketch of a Coco Chanel dress designed in 1931, scan from Coco Chanel: The Legend and The Life by Justine Picardie, p. 193.
Image 2: Left: Chanel evening dress, 1923-24, scan from Chanel: The Couturiere at Work, by Amy de la Haye & Shelley Tobin, p. 37. Right: Style.com.
Image 3: Christian Bérard illustration featured in American Vogue, July 1937, scan from Coco Chanel: The Legend and The Life by Justine Picardie, p. 231. Right: Style.com.
Image 4: Chanel wearing one of the first boater hats she designed to the horse races in 1910, Chanel and Her World: Friends, Fashion and Fame, p. 60. Right: Style.com


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Tuesday, July 16, 2019
Pep Guardiola says Manchester City may no longer be able to match the standards of the best teams after a painful defeat against Manchester United left them 14 points behind
Tammy Abraham has emerged as Chelsea's talisman thanks to a breakthrough season that has taken his side to the brink of the Champions League last 16.Just 18 months ago, Abraham
AFP, Milan :Lautaro Martinez has had an explosive start to the season, powering Inter Milan's league title ambitions and European hopes under new coach Antonio Conte.The 22-year-old - known as
AP, London :A club-record eighth successive English Premier League (EPL) victory for Leicester. An eighth straight game scoring for Jamie Vardy.Leicester has rolled the clock back four years with another
Real Betis captain Joaquin became the oldest player to score a La Liga hat-trick after he inspired his team to beat Athletic Bilbao 3-2 on Sunday.At 38 years and 140
Neymar scored a sublime free-kick and set up another goal as Paris Saint-Germain rallied to beat 10-man Montpellier 3-1 on Saturday and restore their lead at the top of Ligue
AFP, Manchester :Manchester United boss Ole Gunnar Solskjaer demanded a life ban from all football grounds for the spectator who allegedly aimed racist monkey chants at his team's Brazilian midfielder
Lionel Messi broke yet another record by hitting his 35th La Liga hat-trick on Saturday as Barcelona thrashed Real Mallorca 5-2 to keep pace with Real Madrid at the top
AP, Madrid :French players Raphael Varane and Karim Benzema scored a goal in each half Saturday as injury-depleted Real Madrid defeated Espanyol 2-0 to provisionally move ahead of Barcelona at
Jose Mourinho said he reacted to Tottenham's midweek defeat at Manchester United by sleeping at the club's training ground.Mourinho's 100 percent record since taking over at Spurs came to an
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York Rose Theatre 2018
Posted on 26th May 2018 at 09:09
To Be Or Not To Be? Discover Shakespeare's Rose Theatre in York this summer ...
The historic city of York will host Europe's first ever 'pop-up' Shakespearean theatre this summer (25th June to 2nd September).
Over four centuries ago, audiences enjoyed the experience and excitement of William Shakespeare's plays close at hand. This playwright went on to change the world of theatre forever.
The theatrical stage during Shakespeare's time was very different to today's offering. Back then, watching a play was a crowded affair in a small space that placed the audience very close to the action.
Whether you are a fan of Shakespeare or have maybe avoided his works as they seem difficult, then prepared to be wowed by the Shakespeare Rose Theatre next to York's 13th century Clifford's Tower in the very heart of the city.
The pop up theatre is inspired by the London Rose Playhouse, built in 1587, twelve years before the world famous Globe Theatre. As well as referring back to the experience audiences would have had 400 years ago, York's Rose Theatre will combine cutting edge scaffolding technology, included corrugated iron and timber in the 13-sided construction and will seat up to 950 guests.
The theatre will accommodate 600-seated guests on three tiered balconies surrounding an open-roofed courtyard, while there is standing room for the remaining 350 guests who were known as 'groundlings' in Shakespearean jargon!
In case you're wondering which of Shakespeare's plays will be performed, four of his most celebrated ones have been selected from a number of genres. These include Macbeth, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet and Richard III. The plays will be performed by two companies in repertory for the duration of the summer. Romeo and Juliet and Richard III will be directed by Lindsay Posner (of West End fame) while York Theatre Royal's Artistic Director and Assistant Director Juliet Forster will direct Macbeth and A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Those who book the seats will be no more than 15ft from the action, so it will be an in-your-face, action-packed experience. And outside the theatre, discover Shakespeare's Village, showcasing local food and drink with free wagon performances and other Elizabethan-inspired entertainment.
Yorkshire-born celebrity chef Brian Turner has helped create some tasty dishes using Yorkshire fare along with a fully licensed bar house in oak-framed and reed thatched buildings.
There will be an Elizabethan garden including fragrant flowers and herbs, while prepare to be educated by a selection of fascinating display boards including details of Clifford's Tower, Castle Museum and grisly hangings!
And if you book your tickets, be sure to give us a call so you can book a taxi. Make it a memorable night out with friends or family and get there and back in the comfort of one of our vehicles.
Tagged as: York Rose Theatre 2018
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Cape Cod Activities
Things to Do on Cape Cod
Cape Cod, Massachusetts is famous for its stunning beaches and outdoor fun, but don't forget to plan time to fully explore the area while you're on vacation. With our great location, the Candleberry Inn offers a number of things to do in Cape Cod. There are also many great attractions in Brewster, MA to experience. With rich historical sites and abundant wildlife, make sure you schedule a tour to visit the landmarks and museums. Also, take advantage of the unique opportunity to cruise the ocean and see whales, dolphins, and other sea creatures.
If you haven't already, be sure to download our free Vacation Guide!
Below are a few of our suggestions on what to do in Cape Cod and fun things to do in Brewster, MA. If you would like assistance in planning your trip, please ask and we will be happy to help.
Outdoor Recreation
Visit the stunning beaches of Cape Cod, and find out why they are considered to be the best in the world.
Brewster Beaches
Beach stickers are sold Monday through Friday from 9am – 3pm at the Brewster Visitor Center in the Brewster Town Hall Offices, 2198 Main Street (Route 6A). The sticker office is open from June through August, the phone number is 508-896-4511. Brewster's Beaches are located along the Cape Cod Bay where the waters are calm, and the low tides with water receding make them ideal for families with children.
Breakwater Beach
A bayside beach off Breakwater Road, off 6A; near the Brewster General Store. This beach is a popular destination for families.
Crosby Landing Beach (Crosby Beach)
A bayside beach on Crosby Landing Road, off 6A; about 1.5 miles before the Orleans town line on Route 6A
Ellis Landing Beach
A bayside beach on Ellis Landing Road, off 6A; about 2 miles before the Orleans town line on Route 6A
Linnell Landing Beach
A bayside beach on Linnell Landing Road, off 6A; about 1.75 miles before the Orleans town line
Paine's Creek Beach
A bayside beach on Paine's Creek Road; 1.5 miles west past the intersection of Route 137 and 6A
Point of Rocks Beach
A bayside beach off Point of Rocks Road, off Route 6A; 1 mile east of the intersection of 6A and Route 124
Robbins Hill Beach
A bayside beach 1 mile off Lower Road, which intersects with Route 6A
Nickerson State Park
Nickerson Park off of 6A in Brewster offers beautiful fresh water ponds for swimming and kayaking.
Saint's Landing
A bayside beach 1 mile off Lower Road, which intersects with Route 6A *Long Pond*: Off of Mammon Drive in Brewster Upper Mill Pond: Off of Run Hill Road in Brewster.
One of Cape Cod's and Brewster, MA's best attractions is the beautiful golf courses. Book a tee time during your stay, and experience for yourself the scenic and challenging courses.
Captains Golf Course
The Captains Golf Course is Cape Cod's premier public golf course facility, located in Brewster, MA, which is known as the "Sea Captain's Town" and "Golf Capital of the Lower Cape." The Captains Golf Course features two championships eighteen hole courses – Port and Starboard.
Cranberry Valley Golf Course
This magnificent, full-service 18 hole municipal golf facility located in Harwich, Massachusetts offers a championship layout designed by noted architects Cornish & Robinson.
Dennis Pines & Dennis Highlands Golf Courses
The Town of Dennis has two of the finest golf courses on Cape Cod! Dennis Pines and Dennis Highlands are open to the public on a year-round basis, depending on weather, with one course closed from December through the end of March.
Chatham Seaside Links
The Chatham Seaside Links was built in 1895 as part of the Chatham Bars Inn resort, but the course has since been taken over by the town of Chatham. It is a compact, very playable 9-hole course that is centrally located right in downtown Chatham. Though it is a smaller course, golfers of all levels are sure to find some challenges here and getting matched with a 3-some is never too long a wait.
Sailing & Whale Watching
Enjoy an unforgettable experience and plan a trip for whale watching or sailing in the local Cape Cod waters.
Cape Sail
Explore the quiet of Nantucket Sound aboard Sabbatical, a 35′ Southern Cross. Captain Bob Rice has been sailing local waters for more than 45 years. Guests are welcome to take the helm or just sit back and relax as we take advantage of our proximity to the National Wildlife Refuge at nearby Monomoy Island.
The Dolphin Fleet
Unlike many other whale watches, Dolphin fleet trips offer a wide spectrum of educational tools that go beyond the "average whale watch". All trips are designed to enhance awareness of whales, other marine life and the marine habitat that surrounds us.
Hyannis Whale Watcher Cruises
Hyannis Whale Watcher Cruises are the Mid-Cape's only Whale Watch. Our high speed, state-of-the-art vessel sails daily – May through October – from Barnstable Harbor. Since 1981, Hyannis Whale Watcher Cruises of Cape Cod has been offering whale watch adventures as a platform for conservation and education.
Sports Fishing
Cape Cod and Brewster, MA offer some of the best fishing. During your visit, schedule a time to experience the wonderful fishing Cape Cod offers.
The Traveling Angler to Cape Cod
Located in Chatham, Massachusetts, Traveling Angler hosts more than 20 local fishing guides and also offers destination hotel packages and recommendations. Their concierge services offer anglers a wide array of choices which include: offshore/tuna trips; inshore / striped bass and bluefish; kayaks estuary; flat's boats / light tackle; and beach surfing. Call them at (508) 241-1596 and they'll help you book book your fishing and Cape Cod excursion.
Adventures in Cape Cod Sports Fishing
Located at Saqutucket harbor in Harwich Port, Massachusetts, we are closest to the heart of the summer fisheries and with our superior speed you spend more time fishing and less time getting there. Whether we are fishing for Black sea bass, porgies, stripers, sharks or giant blue fin tuna, our gear is best matched for the catch. Captain Len Greiner has been running Sportfishing Charters, Eider Hunts, and Seal watches for years. His knowledge, expertise and sense of humor will ensure you have a good time no matter which you choose.
Not sure what to do in Cape Cod when you visit? Schedule a tour, day trip, or short cruise to sightsee different regions of Cape Cod.
Cape Cod Scenic Tours, Day Trips, and Sightseeing
Touring Cape Cod in our 14 passenger sightseeing van allows you to meet and mingle with visitors from all parts of the world. Our day tours are six hours in duration and include a picnic lunch. Join us for a fun and interesting day on Cape Cod!
Ferries to the Islands (Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard)
If you're planning ferry travel to Nantucket or Martha's Vineyard, you'll find schedules from all ports servicing the Islands including Hyannis, Harwich Port, New Bedford, Woods Hole, Falmouth in Massachusetts, as well as New York City, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. Visit Nantucket Ferries and Martha's Vineyard Ferries for these ferry schedules.
HarwichPort Freedom Cruise Line, Inc
Let FREEDOM CRUISE LINE take you back in time… to the historic whaling port of Nantucket. On a short cruise you will see Cape Cod disappear and the island they call the "Grey Lady" appear ahead of you on the horizon.
HyLine Cruises
We are pleased that you have chosen us to be a part of your trip to "Old Cape Cod." Whether it's a day trip to Nantucket or Martha's Vineyard, sightseeing past the Kennedy Compound, deep-sea fishing or a journey on the Cape Cod Canal, we're sure you'll find something to enhance your vacation experience.
Steamship Authority
The vision of the Steamship Authority is to provide excellent customer services through a safe, convenient and efficient transportation system while responding to changing needs and market demands as well as community concerns within a work environment that promotes quality performance and recognition of our employees.
Cape Cod Bike Guide
The Cape is a great place to bike and has numerous bike paths that make your biking safe and enjoyable.
Arts & Entertainment
Visit one of the many museums in Cape Cod during your vacation to learn about Cape Cod's history and important landmarks.
Cape Cod Museum of Natural History
The Cape Cod Museum of Natural History inspires appreciation, understanding and stewardship of our natural environment through discovery and learning as museum of natural history, nature education center, and steward of conservation land.
John F. Kennedy Hyannis Museum
The John F. Kennedy Hyannis Museum captures the years JFK spent at the family compound in Hyannis Port – his time with family and friends, and with national and international persons of prominence.
Heritage Museums and Gardens
The Heritage Museum is famous for the Dexter Rhododendrons that bloom throughout the beautifully landscaped grounds. An Antique Automobile Collection is displayed in a Shaker round barn and an operating hand-carved carousel are two of the museum's popular attractions.
Plimoth Plantation
Visit Plymouth as a 1627 English Village, talk with historical interpreters who portray the Plymouth colonists (Pilgrims) going about their daily lives in this small, re-created coastal village. Discover a different perspective at the Wampanoag Homesite, where Native American staff practice and preserve traditional skills and speak about the history and culture of the Wampanoag People.
Theater & Music
Enjoy an evening out on the town and visit the amazing theaters and music venues on Cape Cod and Brewster, MA.
Just a 5-minute drive from our inn, the Cape Rep Theatre works to blend the talents of local, up-and-coming artists and established professionals. This unique facility is comprised of an old barn, Cape House, an indoor theatre, and an outdoor theatre (the only one of its kind on Cape Cod). Visit the Cape Rep website for information on upcoming performances and special events!
Cape Playhouse
The legendary Cape Playhouse has been bringing Broadway actors to Cape Cod for nearly 80 years. Often referred to as the "Birthplace of the Stars", the Cape Playhouse has attracted a long litany of famous actors since its inception in 1927.
Harwich Junior Theater
The mission of the Harwich Junior Theater is to provide young people with the opportunity to explore and expand their creative talents and aspirations, to entertain, to develop and foster a love and full appreciation of theater and to enrich lives throughout the theatrical experience.
Brewster Band Concert
Listen to the Brewster Town Band while enjoying a pleasant summer evening by the sea. Bring a blanket and a picnic basket full of your favorite goodies!
Cape Cod Melody Tent
The Cape Cod Melody Tent presents world-class entertainment in an intimate theatre-in-the-round where every seat is within 50 feet of the stage.
Fairs and Festivals
Depending on when your vacation is there are multiple fun fairs and festivals in Cape Cod and Brewster, MA.
Barnstable County Fair
The Barnstable County Fair is an annual summer tradition on Cape Cod. There are animal shows, 4-H demonstrations, petting zoos, horticulture displays, rides, games, live music, arts & crafts, food and commercial vendors with various arts and crafts for sale.
Brewster in Bloom
A week long celebration of spring, flowers and fun in the town of Brewster. Featured are a parade, a 5K road race, arts, crafts, and antiques.
Provincetown International Film Festival
The Provincetown Film Festival is dedicated to showcasing independent American and international films, nurturing aspiring independent filmmakers, honoring industry luminaries, and preserving and sustaining cinema as an art form through educational forums.
Area Attractions
Nickerson State Park
Nickerson State Park has 1900 acres with more than 420 campsites, including yurt camping. There are eight miles of roads, hiking trails, and an eight mile bike path that connects to the 25 mile Cape Cod Rail Trail. The Park features eight crystal clear "kettle ponds", formed as glaciers retreated from the Cape over 10,000 years ago.
Cape Cod National Seashore
The Cape Cod National Seashore incorporates forty miles of pristine sandy beach, marshes, ponds, and uplands that support diverse species. Swimming beaches and walking and biking trails, as well as lighthouses, cultural landscapes, and wild cranberry bogs offer a glimpse of Cape Cod's past and present ways of life.
Brewster Whitecaps
Take a front row seat as the Brewster Whitecaps take on the rest of the Cape Cod League. At any given game, you're looking at an average of six future major league players! Enjoy the old time, town team atmosphere, including ballpark franks and 50-50 cash raffle. No admission charge, donations only. Kids return foul balls for treats, test their fastball on the radar gun and get autographs from players.
Cape Cod Baseball League
The Cape Cod Baseball League is arguably the most respected amateur baseball league in the country. Some of the finest college ballplayers from around the country are invited to spend the summer on the Cape and play on one of the teams. Major League scouts are among the spectators at Cape League games as the baseball stars of tomorrow take the field.
Our Friends & Neighbors
Experience the wonderful shopping in Cape Cod and Brewster, MA.


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Melbourne, Australia -- (SBWIRE) -- 06/26/2012 -- As most parents know quite well, kids love playing in small and cosy places. From blankets thrown across a couple of chairs in the living room to a fort in the backyard, children really enjoy hanging out in these special spaces.
The staff at Cubbies for Kids understands that kids like having fun places that are all their own. They also know that being a parent is a full time job and sometimes tired mums and dads need a break from all the action.
That is why the new company, which is based in Australia, specialises in making creative and unique cubby houses that will keep kids happy and entertained for hours at a time.
The qualified tradesmen at Cubbies for Kids use their extensive experience in construction and building to create cubbies that are attractive and durable. The outdoor cubby houses are constructed from the best quality materials, and each one can be customised with special touches like a sign, dormer window or even a carport where kids can park their bikes.
Based in Melbourne Victoria, the company will transport its kit cubby houses to all states. Because everything comes pre-assembled, including windows and doors that are pre-installed, all that parents have to do is screw it together.
As a bonus, kids can enjoy playing in their cubby house all year long.
"While most other cubby companies use corrugated steel roofing, which turns the cubby into a sauna in summer and a freezer in winter, we use roof sheet ply with an asphalt sheet covering," an article on the company's website noted.
"This, together with our weather proof construction, means that your kids can be safe from the elements playing in our cubbies all year round."
Using the company's website is easy; the only hard part might be deciding which great-looking cubby house to buy! Parents and their kids are welcome to browse through the user-friendly site, which includes a gallery of photos, a frequently asked questions section, and more.
For example, selecting "Cubby Range" will bring customers to a page that shows the various cubby houses that are available, including The Cottage, The Victoriana and The Tudor.
Clicking on the thumbnail image of each cubby will bring up a large colourful photo as well as detailed information about the product, including its size and features.
About Cubbies for Kids
Cubbies For Kids is an innovative Australian company that listens to the needs of tired parents all over the country. Their range of cubby houses are sure to keep the kids entertained for hours at a time. Cubbies For Kids are based in Melbourne Victoria and transport their cubbies to all states. For more information, please visit http://cubbiesforkids.com.au


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my crew (we call ourselves KLAMP: Kathryn, Lois, Abbie, Mariel and Polly) see why the strange naming of our crew?? :)
Browsing through my photo album folders in my laptop, trying to look for something to blog about, I found these pictures I stole and saved from my friends that uploaded it on Facebook after prom night. Anyway I just thought I'd post something different than just my looks and what I wore and share to you some pictures of my friends as well :)


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Very stylish trousers from a pleasant, soft footer - the real hit of this season! Mix and combine with tops, T-shirts, sweatshirts from the Rigel collection and get fashion looks for urban sports style, walks and trips to camps and competitions. Warm, comfortable and fashionable!.
Photo sample:
- The model is 137 сm high, size 32.
On the model, in addition: T-shirt, tank top and hoody from Rigel collection, also hoody Winter Circle and Triada top.
Cotton (cotton 95%, elastane 5%).
Instructions for use:
It is possible to wash cotton items with elastane in a washing machine in a gentle / delicate mode of washing;
The temperature during washing should not exceed 40С;
It is recommended to use mild detergents, specially designed for washing knitwear, otherwise deformation and shrinkage of things may occur;
Can't be used detergents containing all types of bleach;
Pressing should be gently, not twisting. It is recommended to briefly wrap the product in a dry towel or sheet;
Dry: knitwear should be in expanded form on a horizontal surface at room temperature;
Iron: from the seamy side and in the direction of the loops with a moderately heated iron not more than 110 ° C;
If you do not wear a thing for a long time, you should keep it folded, because the hangers can distort the shape of the knitwear.
See also gymnastic shirt.
Trousers Rigel
$ 32
All orders are quaranteed to be delivered promptly. The maximum shipping time is one week since order payment.
New collection 2018-2019
- 为什么我应该添加的结晶,我的紧身衣?
550 晶体
1000 晶体
2000 晶体
Happy acrobat team from Monaco in our custom leotards !!!! Swipe right and see this beautiful and successful acro team!!! Love these juicy leos!!!
White glue (e.g. REST) on PVA base is an ideal variant for those who's recently started pasting. The glue is good for pasting crystals to the mesh. Transparent glue on the gel base is good for pasting crystals to the strong fabrics (e.g. stretch lycra).看看所有的提示
You can easily find FAQ at our web-store and ask your question. We hope it'll help you in the ordering process.看看所有的提示
Any leotard can be sewn as leotard, leotard plus leggings or as unitard.看看所有的提示
It's not recommended to wash leotards with crystals. If necessary, you can rinse only crotch and armpit zones of leotard or take it to the drycleaner. Put on special gymnastics underwear under the leotard. It's invisible under the leotard and it allows to keep the leotard clean.看看所有的提示
Gymnastics demi-slippers made of microfiber are the softest, they serve better for performance. Leather demi-slippers suit better for training, as the leather is very durable material.看看所有的提示
If you haven't found your country in the list of the countries we work with. You are lucky to have special offer for your first Order – having ordered anything you get a present from our web-store!看看所有的提示
We are happy to create leotards for the Teams and Rhythmic Gymnastics Clubs, so do not hesitate to order.看看所有的提示
While ordering, please, fill in all the input boxes and contact details. This will allow us to contact you any time and allow delivery service to bring your order to the right address.看看所有的提示
While ordering a leotard you may choose as many crystals as you want, and not only the standard quantity that we offer看看所有的提示
If you'd like to order leotard to grow into, please, don't indicate larger sizes and measurements, it's better to add this information in the comments to your Order.看看所有的提示
While ordering, please, indicate all the measurements, especially, Breast and Leotard Length. Otherwise you won't be able to place the order and we won't be able to sew the leotard of the right size for you.看看所有的提示
Russian sizes differ from European, British and American ones (see Size conversion chart). Don't be surprised if we offer you larger size for sewing that will be different from the size you got used to. We have Automatic size identification on the site, please, trust it.看看所有的提示
Expensive gymnastics balls (e.g. SASAKI) are afraid of the cold. It's better to transfer them in special heat-insulated (fur) covers. Thus, the balls will keep their initial shape.看看所有的提示
If you'd like to receive your order on the particular date, inform us about it. We can't work miracles, but we can do a lot!看看所有的提示
Everything concerning leotards, crystals, measurements and rhythmic gymnastics in general, you may find in our Helpful Info (see Articles).看看所有的提示
Try our new service "Design leotard". Just indicate your basic measurements, upload the photo or sketch of the leotard you want, and we'll make your dream come true in two weeks!看看所有的提示


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to Miami | Cultural Miami | Guide Services
Museum was founded in 1940 by thirteen private
individuals and tells the stories of South Florida and the Caribbean. The
museum promotes understanding of the past in order to inform the present
and create a better quality of life.
The Historical Museum is one
of the largest private, regional history museums in the country, recognized
for excellence in programming and management by the Florida Department of
State and national museum services organizations.
The Museum
has been accredited by the American Association of Museums since 1979. It
moved to its present site within the Miami-Dade Cultural Center in 1984.
Tuesday - Saturday, 10am to 5pm
Sunday, Noon to 5pm
Mondays and holidays, closed
Archives & Research Center Hours
Tuesday - Friday, 10am - 4:30pm
Historic Tours with Dr. Paul George and Frank Schena.
For almost two decades, Dr. Paul George,
historian for HistoryMiami, has toured his
way to local, national and international acclaim with his continuing series
of historic tours. As a South Florida native, author and Miami-Dade College
professor, Dr. George has gained fame for his uncanny ability to recall
the most impressive details about the people and places that make South
Florida so unique. Frank Schena, long-time Miami resident, has many years experience conducting eco-history tours for HistoryMiami. Frank offers unique and lively presentations on his area of expertise -- the interaction between our region's natural environment and its human population.Click here
for tour programme.
Adults US$8
Seniors and Students with ID US$7
Children (6-12) US$5
Children under 6 FREE
Parking is available at the Miami-Dade Cultural Center Parking Garage, 50
NW 2nd Ave. Take the second level skywalk from the south elevator, directly
to the museum. For discounted parking, tickets must be validated at the
(103) From 41st. Street, Miami Beach via Collins and Washington Avenue
to Miami Downtown Government Center.
Every 20 mins.
S (119) From Sunny Isles Beach, North and South Beach via Collins Ave and Alton Road to Miami Downtown Government Center.
Every 15 mins.
Miami Beach: Exit Miami Beach on 1-95 (Julia
Tuttle Causeway) or 3-95 (McArthur Causeway) to I-95 south. Exit
at NW 8th St (Exit 3B Port of Miami). Turn left onto NW 2nd St and then
turn right onto NW 2nd Ave for one block.
From the north: Exit at NW 8th St
(Exit 3B Port of Miami). Turn left onto NW 2nd St and then turn right onto
NW 2nd Ave for one block.
From the south: Exit onto
NW 2nd St (Exit 2B). Turn right onto NW 2nd St and then right onto NW 2nd
Ave for one block.
and Contacts:
101 West Flagler Street,
Miami, FL 33130.
EMail -firstname.lastname@example.com
Link to HistoryMiami


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When the stakes are as high as they are for the 2015 FEI World Cup Finals, it is important that the officials overseeing the competition be worthy of the world's best horses and riders. Well, an impressive slate of officials is in place for the 2015 Reem Acra FEI World Cup™ Dressage Finals in Las Vegas next April. The officials for the Longines FEI World Cup™ Jumping Finals will be announced shortly.
Heading the list of officials for dressage is Lilo Fore of the United States who will be President of the Ground Jury. She will be teamed with Stephen Clarke of Great Britain, Francis Verbeek of The Netherlands, Peter Holler of Germany, Isabelle Judet of France, Annette Fransen-Iacobaeus of Sweden, and Maria Schwennesen of Australia. Hans-Christian Matthiesen of Denmark is the Reserve. Freddy Leyman of Belgium will serve as Technical Delegate and Elisabeth Williams of the U.S. will be Chief Steward.
The Finals will be managed, as was the case for the Finals' previous appearances in Las Vegas in 2005, 2007 and 2009, by Glenda McElroy and Jennifer Killinger of Cornerstone Event Management.
Liselotte 'Lilo' Fore (USA) – President
Lilo Fore has been involved with top level dressage in the U.S. and around the world for decades. She is an FEI 5* judge, and has been a member of the Ground Jury for numerous international competitions including the Olympics, Pan American Games, and World Equestrian Games (WEG) including the recent 2014 WEG in Normandy, France. Fore is also a 3* Judge for Para-Equestrian and a United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) "R" Sporthorse judge. Fore has also has been successful as a rider, coach and breeder, and she has trained many horses to national and international victories.
Stephen Clarke (GBR)
Stephen Clarke has always been interested in training horses for every discipline. He was a show jumping and eventing rider prior to concentrating fully on dressage starting in the late '70s. He was team reserve rider for the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games with his horse Becket. Clarke is an FEI 5* judge. He is legendary for his leadership and was unanimously elected as FEI Official International Judge General. Clarke travels virtually all over the globe, and has been on the Ground Jury at numerous international competitions including the World Equestrian Games, European Championships, FEI World Cup Finals, and was President of the Ground Jury at the 2012 London Olympic Games.
Francis Verbeek (NED)
Francis Verbeek of The Netherlands is also an FEI 5* judge, and has been successful as a trainer and clinician. Verbeek has been a dressage official at several FEI World Cup Dressage Finals and was President of the Ground Jury in 2010 at s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. She has also officiated at Nations' Cups, European Championships, and most recently, at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games in Normandy, France.
Peter Holler (GER)
German judge Peter Holler has trained and educated dressage riders worldwide. He is an FEI 5* judge and also an FEI Dressage Mentor Judge. He has been an official at top international shows and Championships across the globe including the German Championships, Bundeschampionate, World Championships for Young Horses, and European Championships for Juniors and Young Riders. Most recently, he was the President of the Ground Jury at the Asian Games in Korea.
Isabelle Judet (FRA)
Isabelle Judet is well known worldwide as a FEI 5* judge and as a trainer for over 20 years. She has judged at the FEI Dressage World Cup Finals, European Championships, CHIO Aachen, and was the President of the Ground Jury at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games in Normandy, France. She served as the French Equestrian Federation's Chef d'Equipe from 1991 to 1994 including for the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. From 1999 to 2002, she was France's National Trainer. Judet is also on the long list for the Ground Jury for the 2015 European Dressage Championships.
Annette Fransen-Iacobaeus (SWE)
Annette Fransen-Iacobaeus is an FEI 5* judge for both dressage and Young Horses. She was a member of the Ground Jury for the 2014 FEI European Pony Championships in Ireland, as well as for the 2014 FEI/WBFSH World Breeding Championships in Germany. She is also on the long list for the Ground Jury for the 2014 European Dressage Championships.
Maria Schwennesen (AUS)
Maria Schwennesen resides in Brisbane, Australia. She retired from the workforce and from competitive and professional riding which allows her to dedicate more time to her passion of dressage. Schwennesen is an FEI 4* judge and has worked on many national and state committees and boards including the Australian Dressage Committee. She was an Australian selector for the past two Olympics and for the WEG. She has been involved with the sport for over 30 years, and officiates at many international shows including the FEI World Challenge Tour each year.
Hans-Christian Matthiesen (DEN) – Reserve
Hans-Christian Matthiesen of Denmark became an FEI 5* dressage judge last June. He is also a FEI 5* judge for Young Horses. He is a veterinarian, and has been a member of the Danish Equestrian Federation Board of Directors. Matthiesen was a member of the Ground Jury at the 2014 FEI European Young Rider & Junior Championships in Arezzo, Italy last July.
Freddy Leyman (BEL) – Technical Delegate
Freddy Leyman is passionate about dressage and traveling. He is an FEI 4* Dressage Judge and FEI Dressage Technical Delegate, and has been an official at many international competitions. He was a member of the Ground Jury at the 2014 FEI European Young Rider & Junior Championships and the 2014 Asian Games, as well as Foreign Technical Delegate at the FEI/WBFSH World Breeding Championships in Verden, Germany in August.
Elisabeth Williams (USA) – Chief Steward
Elisabeth Williams was extensively involved with the US Pony Clubs and managed part of their National Championships for many years. Elisabeth has been a US Equestrian Federation Technical Delegate since 1981, and an FEI Chief Steward for Dressage since 1994. She has officiated at many prestigious competitions, among them the 1995 FEI World Cup Finals in Los Angeles, the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, the 1997 North American Senior Championships in Maryland, and the 1999 Pan-American Games in Winnipeg. She has also been the moderator for many US Equestrian Federation and USDF Technical Delegates Forums.
First held in 1986, the FEI World Cup™ Dressage Final features the world's best dressage horses and riders. The United States has won the championship twice – in 2003 (Debbie McDonald with Brentina) and 2009 (Steffen Peters with Ravel). The Final has been held in the U.S. previously in Los Angeles (1995) and Las Vegas (2005, 2007, 2009). There is a sense of great anticipation for the Finals' return to the U.S. next April and I urge everyone to order their tickets today!


text: Girls with long hair love to make easy fun hairstyles with their hair. They can try easy cool hairstyles every day, even if they leave hair open still looks beautiful. Here I am sharing a easy hair style for wet hair video, After watching this beautiful hairstyle video I think this is the most if I had long hair I would have made the same bun hairstyle very easily after watching this video …. LOL


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Elena Luzzatto Valentini
Ancona, Italy, 1900 · Rome, Italy, 1983
Primavalle Market
Rome, Italy
The Primavalle Market is a work of Italian Rationalism and is one of the best known works by Elena Luzzatto Valentini. The structure is in reinforced concrete and has reinforced concrete arches supporting the covering. The light comes from big windows that are spread all over the whole upper perimeter.


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Optima 12v 800 CCA Blue Top Spiral Wound Automotive Battery OPT-34M
Product InformationStore Part Number: OPT-34M
Optima batteries are specially designed for rugged use. Because of their unique spiral wound cells, they are 15 times more vibration resistant than conventional batteries. The Optima 34M battery is built for performance. It is extremely vibration resistant, has a high discharge capability, and can perform in both high and low temperatures. This unusual looking battery has 6 packs of spiral wound cells. Optima takes two thin lead plates and winds them in a tight spiral resulting in increased energy, and better deep cycling abilities. Optima batteries may not be a direct fit with your stock battery box, and may require some modification to the connections. The 34M Blue top battery is recommended for Marine and RV starting applications only.
- Mountable in any position
- High power at hot and cold temperatures
- 15 times more vibration resistant than conventional batteries
- Non spill-able and leak proof, even when punctured
- Low internal resistance
- Non Corrosive, Non-venting in normal use
Tech Specs
- Dimensions (LxWxH): 10 x 6 7⁄8 x 7 15⁄16 in
- Weight: 38 lbs
- Model: OPT-34M
- Manufacturer: Optima Batteries
- AH: 50 20hr rate
- Voltage: 12 volts
- Group: 34
- Warranty: 24 Month
- Manufacturer Part #: OPT-34M


text: The EL2200 series of electromagnetic flowmeters represent the state of the art for the accurate measurement for water cycle and process applications. This new generation flowmeter utilizes an innovative structure to route the electromagnetic signal generated by the electrodes, providing a flowmeter with an extremely wide measurement range. The new EL Series meters are capable of a measurement range up to 1000:1.


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Recommended accommodation - Bad Kleinkirchheim, Carinthia, Austria
Apartments Bad Kleinkirchheim, Carinthia, Austria
- Apartments Juri & Hermann 1 Apartments Juri & Hermann 1 is 200 metres away from the ski lift and 500 metres from the cable car, also operating in summer. Some offers ski-to-door access in good snow conditions. Hiking and biking trails start directly at the property, shops and a supermarket are just a few steps away.
- Landhaus Frank Landhaus Frank offers a modern and individually decorated Alpine-style building in Bad Kleinkirchheim, 100 metres from the Maibrunn Cable Car and 400 metres from the Sonnwiesen Cable Car. The apartment comprises an open-plan kitchen which is integrated in the living room featuring a sofa, satellite TV and a CD player.
Holiday houses / Villas Bad Kleinkirchheim, Carinthia, Austria
- Ferienhäuser Brunnleiten Located in a quiet area, a 4-minute drive from Bad Kleinkirchheim centre and 200 metres from the Nockalm Cable Car, Ferienhäuser Brunnleiten offers self-catering accommodation with free public WiFi, a spacious garden, free ski storage and a sun terrace. The holiday homes at the Brunnleiten come with a balcony and a terrace, a well-equipped kitchen and a flat-screen TV with satellite channels.
Bad Kleinkirchheim hotels
- Haus Othmar Schabuss Haus Othmar Schabuss enjoys a hillside position in the Bad Kleinkirchheim Ski Area, 3 km from the ski lift. It offers rooms and apartments with mountain views and free WiFi. The Kaiserburg Golf Course can be found 1 km from the property. From 09 January to 04 March 2016, a ski pass for a child up to 12 years old is available directly at the hotel for EUR 1 if at least one accompanying adult buys a ski pass for the Bad Kleinkirchheim-St..
Town is recommended for
Suitable for older people, Families with pets, Girls Getaway, Families with Young Children, Families with Teenagers
Bad Kleinkirchheim, Austria - General details
Arboretum, atm, speleology, churches, duty free shop, fitness centre, walking paths in forests, supermarkets, hospital, library, marina, water parks, zoo, waterfalls, rich gastronomic offer, tennis clubs, swimming, walking paths, sailing, rent a bike, fishing, horse riding, ski resorts, golf courses, surfing, water ski, mountain biking, mountain paths, paragliding, scuba diving, bird watching, hiking paths, rafting, snorkelling
Bad Kleinkirchheim, region of Carinthia - Distances
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Villach: 24 km
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Zell Am See: 94 km
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Salzburg: 123 km
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Untertschern (5+ villas): 2 km
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Vorderkoflach (8+ accommodation units): 3 km
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Wiedweg (4+ villas): 5 km
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Patergassen (8+ villas): 6 km
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Feld Am See (3+ accommodation units): 6 km
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Radenthein (4+ accommodation units): 7 km
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Mayerling (11+ villas): 7 km
- More detailsBad Kleinkirchheim - Zedlitzdorf (8+ accommodation units): 10 km
- Airport "Alpe Adria", town of Klagenfurt (Germanwings, Air Berlin, Continental Airlines, Ryanair, Lufthansa, Austrian Airlines): 45 km
Salzburg -> Bad Kleinkirchheim - road routes
- 1. Head north on Vogelweiderstr.150 toward Pauernfeindstr. Continue to follow B150.
- 2. Continue onto B156.
- 3. Merge onto A1 via the ramp to München/villach/Innsbruck. Partial toll road. (9.5 km)
- 4. Keep right to continue on E55, follow signs for A10/Italien/Slowenien/Graz/Villach/Turkey/Greece. Toll road.
- 5. Continue onto A10/E55. Toll road. (137 km)
- 6. At the interchange Knoten Spittal-Spittal Nord, keep left and follow signs for B98/Millstätter See/WasserLeben.
- 7. Continue straight.
- 8. Turn left onto Millstätter Str.98. Continue to follow B98. Go through 2 roundabouts. (19.3 km)
- 9. At the roundabout, take the 2nd exit onto Kleinkirchheimer Str./Villacherstr.88. Continue to follow Kleinkirchheimer Str.88. (8.0 km)
- 10. Turn left onto St. Oswalder Str.
- 11. Turn right onto Aigner Weg.
- 12. Turn right to stay on Aigner Weg. Destination will be on the left.
Tourist attractions and sights
- More details Ski resort Afritz, number of cross country pistes: 11km. 11 km from town of Bad Kleinkirchheim.
- More details Ski resort Alpendorf. 72 km from town of Bad Kleinkirchheim.
- More details Ski resort Abtenau, downhill pistes: 80km. 87 km from town of Bad Kleinkirchheim.


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Nepal is a beautiful scenic landscape with an infinity of both natural and cultural heritage. Nepal is rich in tourist attraction with heterogeneous cultural diversity exists all over the country. Over 100 castes people with various culture, norms and values resides together peacefully with each other in this small piece of heaven land. So we can find unity in diversity among existing people.
Now coming back to topic that Nepal is a country with number of potentiality to develop it as one best destination for tourism sector where people can visit greenery place with hundreds of flora and fauna , snowfall , Himalayans range within short span of holidays.
There are thousands of natural destination to travel and visit in Nepal. Among the destination , this is the list of some place where people can spend their best holidays .
- Pokhara
Pokhara, one of the beautiful place of Nepal. It lies at almost 200 km away from capital city of Nepal (Kathmandu ) and can reach only within 6 hours by bus and 25 minutes by air. it is perfect place which set under white peaks of Annapurna range, lakes. It is Nepal's biggest tourist center. So it consist of hundred of hotel with excellent and quality service like Hotel Barahi, Hotel Orchid, Glacier Hotel and Spa and many more. It is clean city of Nepal with fresh atmosphere. It is not only pleasing place but also developing as hub for adventurous sports. Visitors can experience paragliding, zip-flyer and many more.
2. Everest Base Camp
It is already acknowledge by all people that Mt. Everest (highest peak of the world ) lies in Nepal . it is not possible for all people to climb top of the world. Everest Base Camp is a gateway to climb Everest . People can arrive at Everest Base Camp through air up to Lukla and then trek through fascinating rhododendron forest and stone walled local traditional villages, Sherpa Land , Namche and all the way to the village of Phortse Gaon where people can observe magical other peaks of Everest nuptse and many other Himalayans range. it is a destination with challenge and adventure for mentally and physically. On the destination, there is local hotels , and lodging for servicing tourists and pleased with local food . On the way to Everest Base Camp, local people afford the service of labor to carry trekking bag and other accessories so that tourist can travel their destination comfortably.
3. Lumbini
Lumbini," birth place of Gautam Buddha ". It is one of the holy place of all human society. It takes almost 8 hours to reach destination by bus from Kathmandu . It takes only 40minutes by air upto Bhairawa from kathmandu and 30 minutes from Bhairawa. It is granted World Heritage by UNSCO in 1997. As it is pilgrimage site for human people, tourist can find out number of ancient and historical temple. Lumbini is developing as tourist hub . So. Number of hotel and lodge like Hotel Buddha Maya Garden, Hotel Stupa are launched to provide international quality service as per requirement. It is a place where people can soak up to atmosphere, meditation and reflection. So, it is one of the finest place for destination to visit in holiday.
4. Khaptad National Park
Khaptad National Park situated at far-western region of Nepal. It consists of rare flora and fauna . It is composed of four districts – Doti , Bhajura, Dipayal and Bhajyang. Khaptad National Park covered area of 225 sq.km with highest altitude of 3212 m. The weather of this region is unpredictable. The clouds from surrounding low lands would cover the area in no time creating foggy environments. The hotels is available in the National Park. There are 22 open patches of patans mix together with the forest inside the park. One can see a lake called Khaptad Daha from north- eastern part of the park.
5. Langtang National Park Trek
Langtang National Park is the first Himalayan national park of Nepal . It is established in 1976 A.D. It is composed of three districts – Nuwakot , Rasuwa and Sindhulpalchowk. Langtang National Park covered area of 1710 sq. km with altitude of 2160 ft. The weather of the park is dominated by the southwest summer monsoon. Most of days from December to March , days are clear and mild but nights near freezing and in other periods, days are warm and sunny and nights are cool. On the journey of Langtang National Park , visitors can pass through many villages which we can see influence by the Tibetan style. On the trek of the Langtang National Park is , there exists number of hotels and lodge to provide quality service and guide for further journey.
6. Chitwan National Park
Chitwan National Park , one of the attraction of tourist was established in 1974 and was granted World Heritage Site in 1984. It covered an area of 932 sq. km and lie in the subtropical Inner Terai lowlands of south-central Nepal .
Chitwan is the place which has high humidity all through the year. It consists of number of rare animals and birds which make attractive destination of tourism . People can see one horn rhinocerous , crocodile , lions , tiger in same site . In order to huge number of tourist , now native people are encouraged to provide Homestay program to promote village tourism in the area and offering intimate jungle experience. As it is developing as tourism hub , number of hotels and lodge are established for providing quality service and make this destination one of the best moment of life .
7. Nagarkot
Nagarkot is popular tourist destination of Nepal . It lies at just 32 km away from capital city of Nepal at altitude of 2175 metre . Panorama of the main peak of eastern Nepal Himalayas is centre of attraction for visiting this place. Not only this , visitor can watch the panoramic view of Kathmandu valley . On the journey of Nagarkot , visitor can view number of traditional house and temples which make their journey breezy. As it is centre of attraction for tourist , number of quality hotels are established to provide service to visitors .
8. Ghandruk
Ghandruk is a town and Village Development Committee in Kaski District in the Gandaki Zone of northern- central Nepal . It consists of diverse natural scnery , spectacular snow caped mountains, beautiful forest . The village of Gandruk is also famous for its own cultural and tradition that help to increase number of tourists . As the flow of tourist increased each year, the local people are encouraged to provide quality hotel service and boost up economy of that place . From Ghandruk , there are views to the mountains of Annapurna including Machapuchre .
9. Jiri
Jiri is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. It lies at an altitude of 1,905 metres and it is trailhead for many treks into the Mount Everest region . It is a hills station which looks like Switzerland . In the winter , it is quite beautiful here when the snowfall begins and it seems like the hills is decorated with beautiful white cotton of snow . As road service is constructed in this place , so number of tourist is interested to travel this hillstation . So number of hotels is opened to provide service to tourist .
10. Manang
Manang District , a part of Gandaki Zone , is one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal. It is valley situated in the rain shadow in the north of Annapurna range of Himalayas and trans Himalayan region of Nepal . Manang is one of the part of world famous Annapurna Trekking Route . Most of the people inhabitated in Manang is ghale and gurung who are innocent and hard-working and are preserving their culture which attract tourist on their travels . Several hotels are established in Manang to provide service to visitors . In the journey of Manang tour , tourist can also see Mukinath (one of the holy pilgrimage for both Hinduism as well as Buddhism ). On only this in Manang , Gompa and Braga are well worth visiting site .


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CCI Research Presentations and Publications
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Diffusion of Social Media among Public Relations Practitioners in Health Departments across Various Community Population Sizes. Journal of Public Relations Research. 22, 332-358.(2010).
FEMA and the Rhetoric of Redemption: New Directions in Crisis Communication Models for Government Agencies. (Coombs, W. T., & Holladay S. J., Ed.).The Handbook of Crisis Communication. 319-334.(2010).
Health Journalists and Three Levels of Public Information: Issue and Agenda Disparities?. Journal of Public Relations Research. 22, 113-135.(2010).
A Quantitative Review of Crisis Communication Research in Public Relations from 1991-2009. Public Relations Review. 36, 190-192.(2010).
Social Media and Shared - or - Divergent - Uses?: A Coorientation Analysis of Public Relations Practitioners and Journalists. International Journal of Strategic Communication. 4, 189-205.(2010).
Are Crisis Communicators Practicing What We Preach?: An Evaluation of Crisis Response Strategy Analyzed in Public Relations Research from 1991 to 2099. Public Relations Review. 4, 446-448.(2009).
Monitoring Public Opinion in Cyberspace: How Corporate Public Relations is Facing the Challenge. Public Relations Journal. 3 (4), 1-17.(2009).
Public Information Officers' and Journalists' Perceived Barriers to Providing Excellent Health Information. Health Communication. 24,(2009).
A Quantitative Review of Crisis Communication Research in Public Relations: 1991-2009. Annual meeting of the Association for Educators in Journalism & Mass Communication.(2009).
The Role of Social Media as Information Sources for Journalists.. Annual International Public Relations Research Conference.(2009).
Advertising Message and Media Strategies as Predictors of Election Outcome in State Legislative Campaigns. Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Advertising.(2007).
Impact of Political Advertising Message Sponsorship, Strategy, and Valence on Members of the Young Electorate.. Annual meeting of the National Communication Association.(2007).
Public Relations Practitioners' Relationships with Media and Each Other as Moderators of Excellent Health Information and the Local Public Health Agenda.. Public Relations Journal. 1, 1-21.(2007).
Relationships Between Public Information Officers and Health Journalists and Barriers to Excellent Health Stories. Tenth Annual International Public Relations Conference.(2007).
Comparison of Televised Political Advertising during the 2002 Korean Presidential Campaign and the United States Presidential Campaign Advertising Model. Annual meeting of the American Academy of Advertising.(2006).
Sources of Information for Health Journalists: Opportunities for Corporate Health Public Relations. Annual meeting of the National Communication Association.(2006).


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Personal & Premises Licences Explained
This article explains how to get a licence to sell alcohol. To sell alcohol by retail in England and Wales and in Scotland there needs to be a Premises Licence for the premises or location where the sales occur and a personal licence for the individual who makes those sales, or authorises other people to sell on his or her behalf.
Typically therefore a pub, shop or restaurant will have a Premises Licence authorising the retail sales of alcohol and the person making those sales or authorising staff to sell for him or her will have a personal licence.
Every sale of alcohol by retail must be made by or authorised by a personal licence holder, so each premises with a premises licence requires at least one personal licence holder for the business. An application for a personal licence requires the applicant first to gain the Award for Personal Licence Holders (APLH*) qualification in England & Wales or the Scottish Certificate for Personal Licence Holders (SCPLH) for applications in Scotland.
Click to find APLH training courses near you and book online.
Applications for personal licences and premises licences are made to the Licensing Authority (England & Wales) or Licensing Board (Scotland).
Inn Confidence offers a comprehensive licensing application service for both personal licence applications and premises licence applications.
How Do I get my Personal Licence?
England & Wales Applications for a Personal Licence in England & Wales are normally made to the Licensing Authority where the applicant resides.
To apply for a personal licence an applicant must submit:
- A completed application form
- 2 photos, appropriately endorsed
- Disclosure of Convictions (DBS) certificate
- Disclosure of convictions and declaration form
- The appropriate fee
- A certificate of a relevant licensing qualification (such as the BIIAB APLH – click to learn more about the BIIAB APLH qualification)
How To Apply For A Personal Licence
For applicants that choose not to make their own application, Inn Confidence provides an application service for personal licences that involves us liaising with the applicant and the Licensing Authority throughout the process, securing the CRB/DBS certificate and completing and submitting all forms of application. Please click here for our – personal licence application service.
How Do I Get My Premises Licence?
A Premises Licence is required for any place where licensable activities occur.
Such activities include:
- The Retail Sale of Alcohol (for which a personal licence is also required)
- The provision of Regulated Entertainment
- The provision of Late Night Refreshment.
- An application for a Premises Licence is made to the appropriate Licensing Authority.
The premises licence application process involves the completion of an application form, the creation and submission of an effective Operating Schedule and scale plans. Notice of the application must also be posted in the local press and on the premises.
Inn Confidence provides a fixed-fee licence application service for those seeking the grant, variation or transfer of a premises licence, as well as for a range of other licensing applications. Please click here for our – premises licence application service or premises licence transfer application service.
Contact Inn Confidence today for further information on the licences you require and how to get licensed.