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Want to alleviate stress or cope with depression? Exercise may help. Increasingly, there is evidence from researchers that certain levels of physical activity can positively affect mental health. Let's take a look at what research has discovered about the connection between exercise and mental health.
A growing body of research over the last 10 years shows that physical activity and exercise also improve psychological well-being. Published data show that people with higher levels of fitness are capable of managing stress more effectively than those who are less fit. It appears that cardiovascular exercise is the method that most benefits stress reduction. The research indicates that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, performed three times a week (sessions lasting over 20 minutes) for up to 12 weeks, has the most influence on stress management.
The antidepressant action is one of the most commonly accepted psychological benefits of exercise. Patients diagnosed with depression have credited exercise as being an important element in comprehensive treatment programs for depression. Cardiovascular and resistance exercise seem to be equally effective in producing antidepressive effects. It also appears that both a one-time exercise session and chronic exercise training programs have a positive effect on people with clinical depression. The effects of exercise on depression seem the same for men and women.
The results of over 30 published papers show a link between acute and chronic exercise and the reduction of anxiety. There appears to be much debate about whether low-intensity, moderate-intensity or high-intensity aerobic exercise is most beneficial. (If you're not sure at what intensity you should exercise, consult with a personal trainer.) It appears that even short bursts of 5 minutes of cardiovascular exercise stimulate anti-anxiety effects. The research also indicates that people who train for periods of 10–15 weeks receive the greatest beneficial effects.
Get in a Better Mood
It appears that cardiovascular and resistance exercise can positively affect various mood states, including tension, fatigue, anger and vigor (a psychological variable defining vitality or energy) in normal and clinical populations. Plus, it has been shown that even a single session of 25–60 minutes of aerobic exercise (at low, moderate or high intensities) increases positive mood feelings while also decreasing negative mood feelings. Researchers need to further research resistance training to learn more about the connection between it and mood state.
Full Article and References
Monday, January 23, 2017
Mental Health and Exercise
Posted by Viktoria Brautigam at 5:35 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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The Sienna Wind Vest features a windproof membrane and fleece backing to keep you warm and safe from the elements. The draw cord at the waist allows for a slimming silhouette while not compromising flexibility and movement. You won't want to take this off - on or off the course.
- Shell Fabric: Water Repellent Honeycomb Polyester Shell/3 Layer Melange Softshell
- Windproof membrane and fleece backing
- Dual direction zipper technology
- Drawcord at waist
- Interior wind flap with chin guard for extra comfort
- Interior pockets

subset: commoncrawl


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A whopping 45 new distilleries registered last year, bringing the total in the UK to an estimated 273 distilleries.
To break that down further, that number represents an increase of 135% since 2010.
'This is yet another positive sign of the UK spirits industry going from strength to strength,' Miles Beale, chief executive of the Wine and Spirit Trade Association, said.
'From traditional products like Scotch, to the Great British gin boom and newer products like English and Welsh Whisky, it is an exciting time for spirits producers across the UK. Consumers here at home and around the world have developed a real thirst for top quality British spirits, and a new distillery is coming online at the equivalent rate of one per week to rise to that challenge.'
He added: 'As the Government negotiates free-trade deals with both Europe and third countries there is a real opportunity for the UK to boost its exporting capacity by trading quality spirits overseas. We have already seen how successful and in-demand British gin is to 139 countries around the world. But we believe with the right support the industry can go further to access more markets overseas.'


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Register your model to our database
The aim of the Modelling Consortium is to help improve scientific support for decision making by co-coordinating a wide range of research activities in mathematical modelling of the HIV epidemic. In order to do this we would like to invite you to include the details of your mathematical model to our model database.
As we plan future projects that will likely include multi-model collaborations we would like to ensure that we have a comprehensive understanding of who is modelling what and where and whether there would be an interest in participating.
The survey is very short, but we hope it will enable us to be systematic in constructing workshops, and seeking experts for consultations.
If you would like to the details of your model(s) in HIV then please complete the following survey: http://www.hivmodelling.org/modelling-survey
As you can see, our website we have begun to present the details of modellers in our database in the form of a map that shows which countries are currently being modelled by research groups. We hope that pooling these details and creating a reference point of who is currently working in certain areas will foster dialogue and research.
If you would not like the details of your model to be included on the website please send an email our administrator Ali Ayoub.


text: You do not have to open a PayPal account to pay online if the website has set up a Paypal merchant acct. I did a website for a non-profit that was raising some money on the website, and we used Paypal. The donor clicked on a link on our ssite that took them to a Paypal page where they had to just fill out their credit card info. Nan -----Original Message----- From: thelist-bounces at lists.evolt.org [mailto:thelist-bounces at lists.evolt.org] On Behalf Of John Allsopp Sent: Sunday, July 29, 2007 6:19 AM To: thelist at lists.evolt.org Subject: Re: [thelist] Alternatives to PayPal > Maybe I'll get stomped on for saying this, but I've used PayPal (as a > buyer) for years, and have never had one bad experience. Is it not true to say that Paypal has a £500 lifetime limit on paying using credit cards without having a Paypal account? In my experience people don't really want to open accounts they didn't specifically request, they just want to pay with their credit card. Having to open a Paypal account has them leaving, so an alternative is always necessary. Or am I wrong? J -- * * Please support the community that supports you. * * http://evolt.org/help_support_evolt/ For unsubscribe and other options, including the Tip Harvester and archives of thelist go to: http://lists.evolt.org Workers of the Web, evolt !


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Mountain View, California (EastBayDaily) — WattzOn, the personal energy management platform, announced today the results from an innovative program that helps military families reduce energy use and lower energy expenses. To date, the program has been active in 5,600 military family homes, saving residents 15 percent off their energy bills or about $250 per home per year. WattzOn partnered with Balfour Beatty Communities, a provider of property services for military housing, to develop and deliver the energy savings program, under the name Switch4Good. Through personal behavioral recommendations, the program puts money back into the pockets of military families and defines the path to smart energy habits.
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 mandated all branches of the United States Armed Forces to reduce overall energy consumption by 30% by 2015. On-base housing can make up to 25% of military base energy use, so finding ways to reduce residential energy consumption is a key part of meeting that goal.
"Military families face a number of challenges when saving energy: frequent moves; frequent travel for deployments and training; rental housing; young families; and more. During the past few years, as the military has focused on reducing its energy footprint, on-base homes have become individually metered, and residents billed for energy use. Unfortunately, this can increase stress, and we're delighted to offer an antidote." said WattzOn co-founder and CEO Martha Amram. "WattzOn has proven that when families are provided actionable energy tips, personalized through the use of smart meter data, they can really save. This program puts money back into military families' pockets."
WattzOn's energy management platform is particularly useful when renters are involved, because of its capability to focus on behaviors and habits that provide no-cost ways to save. Starting in the first month after joining the program, families experience immediate savings by using specific recommendations to change their behaviors at home. This builds a foundation for energy saving habits that military members can use at home, bring to work and when they move off base.
"We're delighted with the success of WattzOn's energy management platform in the military community," said Amram, "and look forward to expanding it to other bases and residential communities. Sixty-five million homes will have smart meters by 2015, and the innovative solutions from WattzOn are a great fit as it makes that massive amount of data insightful and actionable."
About WattzOn:
WattzOn is a personal energy management platform that helps companies, communities and individuals to save money and energy. By combining advanced technology, behavioral science and powerful data and analytics, the company provides innovative energy management solutions for consumers, businesses and government agencies. The company has plans to roll out similar programs at military bases around the country.
For more information, please visit: http://www.wattzon.com


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Cheryl Cole Opens Up About Split From Liam Payne: 'I Hate the Lows'
Cheryl Cole is getting real about life after her split with ex Liam Payne.
The 35-year-old entertainer recently opened up about their relationship and her plans for the future.
"There's no animosity whatsoever. We are learning all the time. And it's good, it's healthy. We're just like any other couple that have gone through this, but we have a few more eyes watching us…Just a few," Cheryl told DailyMail.
She added that she's definitely not looking for another relationship right now.
"I hate the lows…I hate the lows. It's kind of one of the things that makes us not want to get into a relationship. Nothing quite makes you feel like that, does it? Nothing else. And I know you have to take the highs with the lows, so I'm working on being OK with that, but at the moment, I just don't need it. I don't want it," Cheryl explained.
But despite the lows, Cheryl hasn't given up, adding, "I wouldn't say I've given up on love. I love, love. But I have paused my relationship goals. All is well. I'm just going with the flow, but I have no plans to meet anybody anytime soon."


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I'm having a hard time finding all the minor specs of different laptops. Most laptops just specify only few things like CPU, RAM , Graphics card, and few other specs in a generalized way. It gets more worse if we are shopping in online websites. Most of the times they say like 2 GB DDR3 ram but they don't give any clue about what the frequency is. And similar things like 320 GB hard disk without any rpm specified, WiFi b/g/n without any details specified like no of bands mimo speed etc,
Where can i find all these specs.
Say if i want to get a laptop with Intel® Pentium® Processor 2117U (2M Cache, 1.80 GHz) . The CPU specs say that it has Intel My WiFi technology. Does it mean all laptops having this CPU will have Intel Centrino technology.
Are there any clues so I can find the specs easily.?


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NCMP is OPEN for Riding Wed. Dec 4, Fri. Dec 6, Sat. Dec 7, & Sun. Dec 8 – All tracks + trails will be open for riding. The weather is looking decent with sunshine all weekend.
DECEMBER HOLIDAY HOURS: WE PLAN TO BE OPEN EVERYDAY, WEATHER PERMITTING WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE 24th & 25th….RIGHT ON THROUGH NEW YEARS DAY!!! BRING YOUR NEW TOYS TO THE PARK FOR AN EXCELLENT DAY OF RIDING ON ONE OF OUR MANY TRACKS OR WOODS TRAILS FOR DIRT BIKES!!!
We are proud to once again announce we will be hosting a Loretta Lynn's SE Area Qualifier Championship MX Race April 24/25/26 2020!! Mark your calendars!! Stay tuned for the complete NCMP 2020 race schedule.
"An Offroad Park for Dirtbikes – Built for riders, by riders!"
WE OFFER 4 TRACKS FOR DIRTBIKES: Peewee, Intermediate, SX Style Night Track, Adv. AMA Race Track & Miles of Woods Trails for dirtbikes!!! We also have a new Endurocross course for the XC enthusiasts to check out and train on!!
RV Hookups, Primitive Camping, Acres of parking and several tracks + trails for EVERY skill level!
KENDA TIRES – The Official Tire of NCMP!!
The North Carolina Motorsports Park is proud to announce that KENDA TIRES is on board as the official tire again for 2019!!!!
Kenda Tires has been a leader in the industry and major supporter of off road motorsports for many years. We, at NCMP are thankful for their support and give back 100% of it to the riders and families.
Try their tires if you haven't and see for yourself that they have a tire designed for your adventure! I love my triple sticky's! #kendatires
A Practice, Race and Family Dirt Bike Riding Facility
Open Year-Round, 7 Days a week (weather permitting) 10am-5pm
North Carolina Motorsports Park is your destination for motorsports and family riding fun! Located in Henderson, North Carolina, NCMP was designed and built by the Czysz family and a group of dedicated dirt riders/racers (the Krusty Krew) as a world-class facility for TWO-WHEELED riders of all levels. Family owned and operated, NCMP's goal is to provide a safe, clean, and fun place to ride and camp for everyone! (women & youth ATV riders only allowed on Intermediate and beginner track)
NCMP has over 180 acres of rolling wooded terrain which has been transformed into a motorsports park that has something for riders of all skill levels.
OPEN NOW: WOODS TRAILS including a peewee beginner woods loop, kids peewee mx track, 3/4 mile Intermediate track, 1.75 mi advanced AMA Race track and NEW SX Track!!!
From pee-wee to to the advanced off-roader, NCMP offers something for everyone:
- 1-3/4 Mile MX Race Track
- 1 Mile MX Novice/Intermediate Track
- Pee-Wee MX Track
- SX Style Track
- Miles of Wooded Trails, including peewee beginner loop
North Carolina Motorsports Park is located in Henderson, North Carolina, just 45 minutes north of Raleigh / Durham and just 10 miles north of Louisburg. We are open 7 days a week from 10am to 5pm.


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Up for a decent chat and looking for some creativity?
Send me a message! Or follow me at one of the following Social Networks:
You want to Typographic inspiration? Here you go, the ABC of wonderful animations in this work: Textures.
Read More
Call me. Lets get Creative :: 424-25-VIDEO


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The Why? + Is God really a destiny changer?
So on yesterday's post I said the biggest roadblocks for me were not having enough time and complacency and to be honest I wasn't going to continue this challenge today. After reading the email I was like nah, that's it, am not doing it. Yet here I am again and am sure glad to be writing this, because that's what a challenge is all about, something that pushes you, stretching yourself, going beyond the normal.
I realized in my 4th year of medical school that there was more to life than just my classes, my books, my school, there was more to life than medical school. I am privileged to have met and interacted with so many others who opened my eyes to see just what I was missing. That challenged me to want to know more, to get out my cocoon and learn more about stuff that weren't medically related.
Why?Travelling, blogging, writing are the few things I've found that I am really passionate about. I can't say I have the talent, even if I did, talent needs to be developed. Have you heard about the 10000 hour rule? Malcolm Gladwell explains in his book the Outliers (good read) that this is the key to success in any field. In order to excel and become a master at something, we need to have worked hard at it for 10000 hours. That's a lot of time and years if you ask me. And that's it for me folks, my answer to the why? I want to become better at blogging and writing and the best way to do that, is to be consistent and steady. This is why I made up mind and wrote this post today and this is why I will need to keep blogging. What is freedom after all, doing what you really want to do. Sometimes the biggest enemy of our progress isn't others but ourselves personally, which leads me to the next Subheading.
Is God really a destiny changer?Today is sunday, I went to church. A line in one of the songs we sang referred to God as a destiny changer. I really beg to differ. Read Psalm 139:16, Jeremiah 1:5. Its not after we are born that we tell God to change our destinies. God does have a perfect plan for us and that was established even before the foundations of the earth were laid. We change our destinies when we take things into our own hands. I believe that once we come into God, once we become born again, it is settled. Once you acknowledge Jesus as Lord and Savior, it is really settled. Destiny means our inevitable or necessary fate, a predetermined course of events. Once you are a christian really, all you need to do is maintain a life of constant surrender to the King. "In your book were all written the days that were ordained for me" so the Psalmist writes. So, please why are we still telling God to change our destiny?
One scenario comes to mind that may support this song though or not, King Hezekiah when he was told that he would die, then he prayed and God changed His mind regarding his time of death. Regardless that was just one event, destiny sums up a lot, so to just generally say God come and change my destiny is still somehow for me.. haa (I didn't sing it oh)
"You shall know the truth and the truth shall set you free" Perhaps am missing something here and you know what it is, do enlighten me please.
And that's it for today folks. Here's to consistency and steadiness. Fighting!!!!! and Many cheers!!!!!
This blog post is in response to Natalie's 10 Freedom Plan Blog challenge 2


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Display Driver Uninstaller 220.127.116.11
Display Driver Uninstaller 18.104.22.168 in der Version that is aktuellen 17 sich die Treiber von Nvidia- or AMD or und Intel-Grafikchips ohne Rückstände vom System entfernen. Dies empfiehlt sich, wenn die Deinstallationsroutine that is normale versagt bevor eine neue Grafikkarte in den PC eingebaut wird.
The device enables it to become just like you are organizing to install a video clip that is the driver that is fresh a fresh, clean install of Windows after operating show Driver Uninstaller. Below is only an online video tutorial: Intel, AMD, and Nvidia motorists can, most times, be uninstalled aided by the Windows Uninstall products and services display. But, often the typical fails which are uninstalled does maybe not entirely delete the video that is old motorists causing issues whenever installing drivers that are new/updated.
Display Driver Uninstaller 22.214.171.124 makes the system that is many. Additionally, the writer has wisely built in a function to work with you remember to create something that is the new point of operating the cleaner if you experience problems, so you're in a position to go back the human body again. Nevertheless, make sure you become acquainted with how correctly to utilize system restore prior.
Therefore for you if you should be having problems setting up a motorist that is uninstalling that is brand new classic one, Display Driver Uninstaller can do the key.
Portability advantages
Another possibility is to save your self-lots of show Driver Uninstaller up to a USB flash disk or storage that is comparable, to run it on any Computer with reduced effort, since long as it's got .NET Framework installed.
While there is no installation involved, you're able to draw this system files down to any the disk that is main is hard just click the executable to run.
Clear-cut user that is graphical and options
At startup, Display Driver Uninstaller warns users them to create a system that is an operational point to reset settings to default if any protection issues occur later, as well as to restart the computer in safe mode it intends to modify Windows registry settings and suggests.
Also, it can eliminate the motorist folders through the computer, along with creative and save log files into the path that is a startup. It's also possible establishing the Windows Automatic Driver installation to standard.
The screen is user-friendly, based on a window that is single a framework that is regular in which the Windows is showed by the software variation and lets you choose the illustrations driver. Consequently, the device is asked it, or shut it straight down for you to neat and restart the PC, do not reboot.
Conclusion and evaluation\
No mistake dialogs had been shown in our tests. Additionally, the device did possibly perhaps not hang or crash. In general, the task is got by it that is working and may be used by anybody.
The application supports languages which can be numerous contains a response that is good and operates on low CPU and RAM, so that it does not impact the PC's functionality.


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Product Details
» Korea
» 8809113256043
» Spectrum
» 2 Discs
» Digipack
» Slipcase
» No
» Yes
Disc 1
» Léon(movie) (Theatrical Cut)
» 10 Year Retrospective (25m 08s)
» Jean Reno : The Road To Leon (12m 24s)
» Natalie Portman : Starting Young (13m 49s)
» Shape of the Heart (music video)
» Behind The Scenes
» Theatrical Trailer
» 2.35:1 Anamorphic
» English DD 5.1
» English DD 2.0 surround
» English, Korean (movie only)
Disc 2
» Léon (movie) (Director's Cut)
» 2.35:1 Anamorphic
» English DTS 5.1
» English DD 5.1
» English, Korean
Movie Details
» Léon
» The Professional
» 1994
» Luc Besson
» Jean Reno, Natalie Portman, Gary Oldman
» http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110413/
Video Review
Discjunkie's Comments
This korean digipack dvd was released by Spectrum who also did a previous two-disc release. If I were to compare this case with their previous digipack I'm not really sure who would be the clear winner. The design is very clean here and I must say that this is a very big plus. The cover is just black, with the title-logo in big red letters. It's such a treat to get a cover that's not smeared with comments by critics and ravings about how good the movie is. I must say that this one just has a very simple and glorious look to it.
The backside look pretty much the same as the front, but done in "reverse" (hm, the red being black, the black being red... I don't know what I meant by "reverse". Go figure). Opening it up we get a great shot taken from the director's cut with Mathilda holding a gun during one of their "training" moments. Everything runs very stylish and slick without a lot of annoying scribble or advertising.
The case is very well made. It's not glossy, as one would hope, but it's still well glued and I'm stunned by the fact that the both the back and the front cover have also been extended into the inside of the slipcase (all the way to the far end of it)... and not only that. The logo has actually been reprinted on the inside as well (!). It's not a big deal for the look of it as you can hardly see this at all except for when you're staring into the empty cover (and I personally never do that to often, at least not for entertainment purposes). There's no embossing or other details to take note off here. It's just a matt, black/red case with some creative artwork on it. A clean case for a classic film. Maybe not the most groundbraking case ever made but I think the cleaner himself would enjoy this design.
I really enjoyed the menu-style of the previous Spectrum release and for some reason I find the menus on this set kind of dull. I don't know what to say. It's not that there ugly, they're just... plain (even though they've tried to make them look good, it might be the music and the animation that doesn't sit right with me). But menu's aren't all that important as long as they're in English (AND THEY ARE!) and you also get a good batch of extras. So let's see what we have.
When the R1-market got the so called "Ultimate Edition" of this film there was much anticipation. The extras on this set are pretty much the same but we (unfortunately) loose the "fact track" of the R1. Instead, this set boosts the following line-up. First off we get both cut's of the film. The theatrical cut (entitled "The Professional") comes on disc one, along with all the extras. This cut has DD 5.1 whilst the director's cut on disc 2 also comes with a DTS-track.
As far as featurettes go the timespan here is somewhere around 1 hour aprox. That sounds ok when I check the timing but at first look the list of extras does seem a bit slim. "10 Year Retrospective: Cast And Crew Look Back" is up first. This is a sort of anti-reunion experience as a bunch of key-people of the cast and crew are interviewed separetely (all over the world) and talk about the film. This runs for 25 min and it's all very interesting to watch. My only concern on this little piece is that one of the frenchman (was he french?) only speaks french and has been dubbed over by an englishman. I would have liked it better if they'de just subtitled that segment but I guess it's fine. "Jean Reno: The Road To Leon" focuses on Jean Reno and how Leon came to affect his life. It's mainly interview footage but it's mixed with other clips as well. I found the interviews to be very well done in general and it feels very heart-warming to hear Jean talk about the effect of this role and how he got the part and all that. It's about 12 and a half minutes worth of info but it's a good 12 and a half minutes. After that comes as simular feature called "Natalie Portman: Starting Young", obviously focusing on Natalie Portman and her experience. This one runs for about one minut more than Reno's and even though it feels short it's very informative and well made.
There's also a so called music video for the song "Shape of My Heart". This is not really a music video per say but rather a montage of movie-footage combined with the music. I don't know how good this is as I don't really like this kind of bonus, but I guess it's nice to get anyway.
Wrapping it all up is the theatrical trailer and something they just call "Behind The Scenes". Now the reason I note this featurette specifically is because it seems to be exclusive to this edition but also ecause it's a bit strange (I can't put it any other way actually). It's not too long and is based purely on a bunch of behind the sceens footage. The odd side of it is that (apart from the short timespan) there's just not any info here (!). The whole featurette is played to somewhat action-packed music without any dialogue or original sound left behind. The footage is very nice but it's very fast and cut together in a way that you really don't have to much clue as to what's going on. I think this would have been a great featurette if we could have gotten a commentary track for it, and some original dialogue. Because the stuff looks very entertainging â It's just sad that we seem to be kept out of the loop here.
To summarise this so called Anniversary Edition I'd just like to say the folllowing. In comparison to other regions, this one seems to be at the top of the line (though it all depends what you value I guess). The extras feel a bit short for such a classic and important film but they still feel very well done and they really do make the most of there time. I give it a seven mainly because the featurette's feel a bit lacking in terms of variaty. Still, it's one of the best editions of Leon to date.


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"To young children and all those young at heart, the Apples and Animals Series will bring a smile and laughter to all who read them."
"Ken Berry has been known by the children of Topeka as a man who has worked hard to become the best he can be in professional sports. With his first two children's books, Artie the Awesome Apple and Clyde the Clumsy Camel, Ken continues to touch children through stories that are heartwarming and have a positive problem and solution theme. Andy Valdivia's illustrations are vibrant and even contain pictures of our capital city, Topeka, in Clyde the Clumsy Camel."
"The Apples and Animals Series are wonderful books that not only appeal to children creatively, but also teach lessons in a fun and engaging way. Parents and kids alike will enjoy the adventures of Artie, Clyde and others."
"The Apples and Animals books made me smile and laugh out loud. What a creative and unique way to teach children life lessons. These books are a must have for any grandparent and grammar school teacher. I�m looking forward to the next one in the series!"
"Artie the Awesome Apple is a perfect book for a first or second grade class science project. Apples of different kinds, shapes, sizes and colors. Everything from seeds to trees and grafting. Clyde the Clumsy Camel beautifully illustrates that even with a handicap you can still be successful."
Ken Berry played for 4 major league teams from 1965-1975: The Chicago White Sox, California Angels, Milwaukee Brewers and Cleveland Indians. He won the Gold Glove award as a center fielder for the White Sox in 1970 and Angels in 1972 and was a member of the 1967 All-Star team. Ken finished his 11-year career with a fielding percentage of .989. Nicknamed "The Bandit", he was known for his ability to rob hitters of a home run.
Ken recently finished a 26-year career as a minor league coach, manager and roving instructor working with hitters, outfielders and baserunners.
He loves fishing and listening to Rock & Roll music. His home is in Topeka, Ks.
Andy is a graduate of Kansas State University. He worked in the teaching field for over 30 years and is now retired.
He is an avid artist, muralist, and tennis player. He lives in Topeka, KS with Patti, his wife of 39 years.
Price: $8
(plus $2 shipping per order)
If you have any questions, please call 785-633-6837
A significant number of businesses and individuals have decided to contribute copies of the books to charities. If you're interested in making a donation,
Please call me at (785) 633-6837
Enter your email address below,
and we'll let you know when
Ken releases the next book
in the Apples and Animals series.
(We won't use your email address for any other reason.)
Email address:


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With the weather extremes we experience here in Southeastern Wisconsin, you need to be able to count on your heating and cooling provider. Dave Droegkamp Heating is proud to offer 'round-the-clock, 24-hour heating and cooling emergency service. With experienced technicians only a call away, you get the peace of mind you deserve knowing we'll be here ready to respond when you need us most. We understand the importance of protecting your property and your loved ones. After all, it's not just comfort we deliver, but the assurance that your system is reliable and safe. When you're just not sure it can wait, give us a call at 262-367-2820.
No matter if it's your first home, dream home, vacation property, or rental … it's your investment and worth protecting. Whether the heating and cooling system is newer or almost ready to replace, an Annual Maintenance Agreement is just what you need to keep things running reliably, efficiently, and safely. Regular maintenance is needed on any system to ensure proper performance, but did you also know that manufacturers require it to keep your equipment warranties valid?
An Annual Maintenance Agreement offers regularly scheduled maintenance at the lowest cost available, plus so much more. A well-maintained system is far less likely to break down, offers maximum efficiency (resulting in lower utility bills), and delivers greater comfort. In addition, Agreement customers enjoy extra savings on system upgrades and accessories, pay less for needed repairs, earn discounts toward equipment replacement, never pay more for night or weekend service … and, best of all, we keep track of everything and let you know when your system is due for service.
Still not convinced an Annual Maintenance Agreement is right for you? Call us to schedule your next annual maintenance visit and see for yourself what our technicians can do for your system. There really is a difference from the other guys' bargain-priced "clean-and-check special."
When you make a call to Dave Droegkamp Heating for service, you need something done. We believe anything worth doing is worth doing right. How can you be sure? Our technicians are NATE Certified. NATE (North American Technical Excellence) is a training and testing organization respected and trusted in the HVAC industry for certifying competency. When you have a NATE-certified technician working on your system, you can be sure he has the training and knowledge to do the job right. Technicians who have earned NATE certification are preferred among customers, require fewer callbacks, and demonstrate greater value to you.
In addition to NATE certification, our technicians receive ongoing training to ensure they have the necessary knowledge and skills to deliver. With industry trends changing at a rapid pace and new technology entering the marketplace constantly, training and the experience of tenured technicians is what separates excellence from excuses.
Dave Droegkamp Heating provided friendly customer service for scheduling the appointment, followed-up the morning of the appointment, and they were punctual. The technician was professionally dressed and spent time to understand the issues we were experiencing. He periodically provided updates to inform us on what he was finding and took time along the way to explain what repairs were recommended and why. At the end of appointment the service person took 10 minutes to review both an A/C and furnace service checklist which were very thorough and outlined all repairs completed. Parts that were replaced were presented to show me they had been removed and we were asked if we wanted to keep them or if we wanted him to dispose. A thorough review of the billing was provided at the end of the call.
Kathy C. | Germantown, WI
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The CBS News correspondent Lara Logan and her producer, Max McClellan, made serious errors in an Oct. 27 report on the attack on the American compound in Benghazi, Libya, and will take leaves of absence, the network announced on Tuesday. Four Americans died in the Sept. 11, 2012, attack, including Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens.
The moves come after weeks of criticism directed at a "60 Minutes" report which was based on an interview with a hired security agent, Dylan Davies, whose comments to CBS News were later discredited.
CBS did not specify the length of the leave of absence for its two staff members, nor whether they would continue to be paid. In general, television correspondents do not lose salary unless they are suspended.
Beyond Ms. Logan, who has been a rising star at CBS News, the review could have implications for the leadership of Jeffrey Fager, the chairman of CBS News, who is also the executive producer of "60 Minutes." Mr. Fager sent an email to the staff on Tuesday, saying: "As executive producer, I am responsible for what gets on the air. I pride myself in catching almost everything, but this deception got through and it shouldn't have."
He added: "We are making adjustments at '60 Minutes' to reduce the chances of it happening again."
Mr. Fager has enjoyed a strong reputation both inside and outside CBS News division for emphasizing a hard news approach on the network's news programs, but one fallout from the discredited report may be continued questions about his dual role as both the top executive at CBS News and the person in charge of its highest-rated, most profitable and best-known program, "60 Minutes."
One area likely to be examined is the potential addition of a specific executive, outside of the program itself, who would vet the pieces about to be presented on "60 Minutes." That position existed for years inside CBS News, headed most recently by Linda Mason. But after Ms. Mason retired from the network at the start of 2013, that level of oversight over "60 Minutes" was eliminated.
The review of the Benghazi segment, conducted by CBS News's executive director of standards and practices, Al Ortiz, was unstinting in its evaluation of the report, which Mr. Ortiz called "deficient in several respects."
Perhaps chief among the deficiencies, according to Mr. Ortiz's review, was that the account Mr. Davies gave to Ms. Logan and Mr. McClellan differed from versions he had provided both to his employer, Blue Mountain, and to the F.B.I. This discrepancy, Mr. Ortiz writes, "was knowable before the piece aired."
In a previous interview with The New York Times, Mr. Fager said CBS had tried talking to the F.B.I. in advance of the report in an effort to determine what Mr. Davies had told the agency. The network's sources led the program to believe that the account given to the F.B.I. was "in sync" with the interview Mr. Davies gave to "60 Minutes," Mr. Fager said.
In defense of its report, CBS said earlier that it had been duped by Mr. Davies. Mr. Ortiz contradicted that by saying CBS could have, and should have, been able to verify Mr. Davies's account before presenting him as a reliable source.
"The wider reporting resources of CBS News were not employed in an effort to confirm his account," Mr. Ortiz wrote. He concluded: "Logan and producer Max McClellan told me they found no reason to doubt Davies's account and found no holes in his story. But the team did not sufficiently vet Davies's account of his own actions and whereabouts that night."
The report also criticizes Ms. Logan for not adequately substantiating her conclusion that Al Qaeda took part in the attack and for making a speech in October 2012 that took a position on the attack, and then participating in a story in which she would have been expected to be objective about the facts of the attack.
"From a CBS News standards perspective, there is a conflict in taking a public position on the government's handling of Benghazi and Al Qaeda, while continuing to report on the story," Mr. Ortiz wrote. The report also took "60 Minutes" to task for not disclosing on the air that a book written by Mr. Davies about the incident was published by one of the company's units.
Both Ms. Logan and Mr. Fager initially said that it was an oversight not to mention the connection between the book and CBS.
On Tuesday, CBS said neither the network, Ms. Logan nor Mr. McClellan would have further comment.
My review found that the Benghazi story aired by "60 Minutes" on Oct. 27 was deficient in several respects:
• From the start, Lara Logan and her producing team were looking for a different angle to the story of the Benghazi attack. They believed they found it in the story of Dylan Davies, written under the pseudonym, "Morgan Jones." It purported to be the first western eyewitness account of the attack. But Logan's report went to air without "60 Minutes" knowing what Davies had told the F.B.I. and the State Department about his own activities and location on the night of the attack.
• The fact that the F.B.I. and the State Department had information that differed from the account Davies gave to "60 Minutes" was knowable before the piece aired. But the wider reporting resources of CBS News were not employed in an effort to confirm his account. It's possible that reporters and producers with better access to inside F.B.I. sources could have found out that Davies had given varying and conflicting accounts of his story.
• Members of the "60 Minutes" reporting team conducted interviews with Davies and other individuals in his book, including the doctor who received and treated Ambassador Stevens at the Benghazi hospital. They went to Davies' employer Blue Mountain, the State Department, the F.B.I. (which had interviewed Davies), and other government agencies to ask about their investigations into the attack. Logan and producer Max McClellan told me they found no reason to doubt Davies' account and found no holes in his story. But the team did not sufficiently vet Davies' account of his own actions and whereabouts that night.
• Davies told "60 Minutes" that he had lied to his own employer that night about his location, telling Blue Mountain that he was staying at his villa, as his superior ordered him to do, but telling "60 Minutes" that he then defied that order and went to the compound. This crucial point — his admission that he had not told his employer the truth about his own actions — should have been a red flag in the editorial vetting process.
• After the story aired, The Washington Post reported the existence of a so-called "incident report" that had been prepared by Davies for Blue Mountain in which he reportedly said he spent most of the night at his villa, and had not gone to the hospital or the mission compound. Reached by phone, Davies told the "60 Minutes" team that he had not written the incident report, disavowed any knowledge of it, and insisted that the account he gave "60 Minutes" was word for word what he had told the F.B.I. Based on that information and the strong conviction expressed by the team about their story, Jeff Fager defended the story and the reporting to the press.
• On Nov. 7, The New York Times informed Fager that the F.B.I.'s version of Davies' story differed from what he had told "60 Minutes." Within hours, CBS News was able to confirm that in the F.B.I.'s account of their interview, Davies was not at the hospital or the mission compound the night of the attack. "60 Minutes" announced that a correction would be made, that the broadcast had been misled, and that it was a mistake to include Davies in the story. Later a State Department source also told CBS News that Davies had stayed at his villa that night and had not witnessed the attack.
• Questions have been raised about the recent pictures from the compound which were displayed at the end of the report, including a picture of Ambassador Stevens's schedule for the day after the attack. Video taken by the producer-cameraman whom the "60 Minutes" team sent to the Benghazi compound last month clearly shows that the pictures of the Technical Operations Center were authentic, including the picture of the schedule in the debris.
• Questions have also been raised about the role of Al Qaeda in the attack since Logan declared in the report that Al Qaeda fighters had carried it out. Al Qaeda's role is the subject of much disagreement and debate. While Logan had multiple sources and good reasons to have confidence in them, her assertions that Al Qaeda carried out the attack and controlled the hospital were not adequately attributed in her report.
• In October of 2012, one month before starting work on the Benghazi story, Logan made a speech in which she took a strong public position arguing that the US Government was misrepresenting the threat from Al Qaeda, and urging actions that the US should take in response to the Benghazi attack. From a CBS News Standards perspective, there is a conflict in taking a public position on the government's handling of Benghazi and Al Qaeda, while continuing to report on the story.
• The book, written by Davies and a co-author, was published by Threshold Editions, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, part of the CBS Corporation. "60 Minutes" erred in not disclosing that connection in the segment.
Al Ortiz
Executive Director of Standards and Practices
CBS News
By now most of you have received the report from Al Ortiz about the problems with the "60 Minutes" story on Benghazi.
There is a lot to learn from this mistake for the entire organization. We have rebuilt CBS News in a way that has dramatically improved our reporting abilities. Ironically "60 Minutes," which has been a model for those changes, fell short by broadcasting a now discredited account of an important story, and did not take full advantage of the reporting abilities of CBS News that might have prevented it from happening.
As a result, I have asked Lara Logan, who has distinguished herself and has put herself in harm's way many times in the course of covering stories for us, to take a leave of absence, which she has agreed to do. I have asked the same of producer Max McClellan, who also has a distinguished career at CBS News.
As executive producer, I am responsible for what gets on the air. I pride myself in catching almost everything, but this deception got through and it shouldn't have.
When faced with a such an error, we must use it as an opportunity to make our broadcast even stronger. We are making adjustments at "60 Minutes" to reduce the chances of it happening again.
There is a lot of pride at CBS News. Every broadcast is working hard to live up to the high standard set at CBS News for excellence in reporting. This was a regrettable mistake. But there are many fine professionals at "60 Minutes" who produce some of the very best of broadcast journalism, covering the important and interesting stories of our times, and they will continue to do so each and every Sunday.


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New commander takes charge at Fort Lewis
Jacoby salutes role in Iraq, Afghanistan
FORT LEWIS -- Lt. Gen. Charles H. Jacoby Jr. took command of this base, the nation's third-largest Army installation, Monday, becoming the post's 62nd commander at a time when nearly 10,000 of its soldiers are engaged in heavy fighting and taking heavy casualties in Iraq.
Jacoby told the crowd of more than 250 attending the ceremony that more than 26,000 Fort Lewis soldiers have been deployed over the years in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
"We have been there at the beginning. We will be there at the finish of our nation's calling," he said.
The ceremony, drenched at its conclusion by a downpour, was festooned with a color guard, a band, a cannon gun salute and flowers for Jacoby's wife, mother and sister, who were in attendance.
The base's importance on the Pacific Rim was underscored by the presence at the change-of-command ceremony of the consuls general in Seattle of Japan and South Korea.
Jacoby, who with his wife, Grace, has three sons, stressed that every soldier and family matters. "We are determined to find nothing but continued care for wounded warriors," he said.
Jacoby is a 28-year veteran of the Army. He is a native of Michigan and a West Point graduate.
He arrives from Fort Richardson, Alaska, where he was commander of U.S. Army Alaska and deputy commander of the Alaskan Command.
Jacoby himself served in Afghanistan in 2004-05. He investigated conditions at U.S. military detention facilities, finding many of the same problems that existed at military prisons in Iraq.
Jacoby served with the famed 82nd Airborne Division early in his career. He was a company commander in the division during the invasion of Grenada in 1983.
Jacoby also served with the 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks in Hawaii and commanded the 1st Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment at Fort Bragg, N.C.
In taking command, Jacoby wades into several issues of recent public scrutiny. Injured soldiers at Madigan Army Medical Center drew congressional attention earlier this year after complaining about their treatment.
He inherits the court-martial of 1st Lt. Ehren Watada, who refused last year to go to Iraq with a Stryker Brigade, saying the war is illegal. Earlier this year, Watada's first trial ended in a mistrial. The start of the second trial July 23 was stayed by the Army Court of Appeals; pretrial motions are to be heard July 6.
Jacoby's arrival is expected to provide a final decision on the most recent flap, the public uproar from veterans groups and others over a proposal by Fort Lewis officials to hold consolidated monthly memorial ceremonies instead of individual services for soldiers killed in Iraq.
Twenty Fort Lewis soldiers were killed in Iraq in May, the deadliest month ever for men and women in uniform who have ties to Washington.
So far this month, 10 Fort Lewis soldiers have been killed in Iraq.


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Eighteen people were suffocated to death during a stampede here on Monday as poverty-stricken women battled for a free bag of flour being distributed by a philanthropist in Khohri Garden. The dead reportedly include a number of children as well.
Meanwhile, several unconscious women were rushed to the emergency ward of the Civil Hospital in Karachi. The incident sparked anger among women and their relatives gathered at the hospital, many of whom had come from far flung areas of the city such as Kaemari, Machhar Colony, Surjani Town among others. They blamed the government for failing to facilitating the distribution of flour.
However, government officials present at the hospital said the philanthropist, Chaudhry Iftikhar, had not contacted the Saddar Town administration or the local police for any arrangements in the area and began distributing the flour in a narrow lane Khohri Garden that caused the women to suffocate.
'I am sure even he had no idea what this could lead to. Had he sought the government's help, these deaths could have been avoided,' said Sharmila Farooqui, Adviser to CM Sindh during her visit to the hospital. She further added that Chaudhry Iftikhar has been arrested and that the Chief Minister has promised a compensation of Rs0.1 million for the families of the victims.
The presence of several ministers, including the Sindh Health Minister Dr Sagheer Ahmed, however, failed to comfort the injured women who blamed them for the state they were in.
'I would have never come here to get flour if the inflation rate was not as high. The price hike this year has made it difficult for us to feed our large families and the government does not seem to care. Every day I stand in long queues to purchase atta (flour) at Rs10 per kg, but return home empty-handed. Today, when I heard that free flour was being distributed by someone, I immediately rushed to try my luck here as well,' said Amina, a maid at a government school in Lyari.
'As soon as I reached out to get a bag of flour, two women jumped on my back and I fell down. The crowd stepped on me and I couldn't breathe for a while and then fell unconscious. My neighbour brought me to the hospital.'
There were others who witnessed the deaths during the stampede, especially when the police resorted to baton-charging to control the crowd.
'When the police arrived on the scene, they began controlling the situation by hitting women with sticks. That is when the crowd got even more out of control,' 18-year-old Noorun Nissa, an eyewitness told Dawn.com.
'My hand and leg got stuck and I could feel someone stepping on my foot. It felt very heavy. When I managed to move some women out of my way, I saw dead bodies of children lying in my feet. I don't know where their mothers were,' she recalled.
Noor is one of the six sisters in her household and her father, a tailor, is the sole breadwinner of the house. 'Women in our Baloch community are not permitted to work so there is nothing we can do to support our family financially. It is becoming increasingly difficult to make ends meet that is why I thought this was an opportunity. After hearing about the deaths of over 18 women, I am at least glad I survived and only sprained my ankle.'
Amina added that although this is her yearly routine, the turnout of women in bachat bazaars is much more this Ramazan. 'I don't just have my family to feed but that of my sisters as well who are widows and live with me. I visit these bachat bazaars every year to buy essentials at subsidised rates and end up making a lot of friends as I stand in a queue. This year I noticed that women were not only from poverty-stricken areas like Lyari and Machhar Colony but other low and middle-income localities of the city as well.'
Since men are away from home during the day, it is mostly women who end up spending most of their day outside utility stores. When asked if she would think of heading to a free ration stall after Monday's episode, Amina said: 'Yes I will. It is the woman's responsibility to look after the family. And I will do anything to feed my children,
even if I have to risk my life.'
even if I have to risk my life.'
An old woman Mariam was lying in a state of semi-consciousness with a drip pierced into her arm. 'I don't know how it all started. I was inside the room located on the first floor of the building, while my sister was waiting outside for me when all of a sudden women started pushing and screaming.
'The force of the pressure was so much that I broke my ribs. It's a miracle that I survived somehow, though I saw other women inside being crushed to death before my eyes. Only a while back, things were normal and I was waiting after receiving my token for the free rations that were being distributed. But, sadly I got no rations despite having waited since morning. And now I'm here in a hospital bed.'


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Easy Vegetarian Recipe – Giant Cous Cous with Roasted Veg and Halloumi
I've been getting a lot of love over on instagram for my recent veggie food pictures and so I thought I'd start sharing some of my recipes as they are honestly as good as they look.
I've recently started a boot camp so tried to give my diet a healthy overhaul, these are the results!
Coconut oil, 1 heaped teaspoon
Olive oil, enough to drizzle
Salt, I use Himalayan pink salt
Black pepper, cracked
2 cloves of garlic, chopped
1 Chilli, chopped
2 large handfuls of washed spinach leaves
Half a lime
About a third of a pack of halloumi, cubed
1 courgette, thickly sliced
5 mushrooms, halved
Giant cous cous, I judge by eye, it doesn't swell up massively.
Pre-heat oven to 200 degrees.
Place courgettes and mushrooms in an oven dish, sprinkle over salt and pepper to taste and drizzle with olive oil. Cook for 20 minutes, stirring half way.
While the veg is cooking, rinse the giant cous cous well in cold water in a saucepan, then add fresh cold water and bring to the boil, then turn down to a simmer for 8 minutes. (Do check your packet for details though, just in case it's different!!) Chef's note: It's not great to cook in advance in my experience. It seems to solidify into an unappetizing looking lump! 😀
While it is simmering, heat up a large frying pan and add the coconut oil. Fry off the chilli and garlic. Add the spinach and the juice of the lime and cook off until the spinach has wilted and most of the liquid has evaporated.
Drain the cous cous and put to one side.
Place the spinach in bowl.
Return the frying pan to the heat, no extra oil needed, add the hallomi and cook until the moisture has bubbled away and the hallomi starts to brown, move it round the pan often.
Remove the veg from the oven, add everything together to the pan and give it about 5 minutes, stirring frequently.
Place it all in a bowl.
Sit down and enjoy!!


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Okay, please let me take this time to brag about my mad Words With Friends Skills....
Yes, I am addicted to this game....I have at least 7 games going at any time....it is a good time passer while I am waiting on clients.
I started taking screen shots a while back because my mom didn't know how I was getting the high number words....so I had to show her....
Here recently I have had some pretty good plays.....and I feel the need to share....
And the best one yet this morning.....141!
Yes, my name is Sarah and I am a Words With Friends Addict/Dork.
Wanna play?! :)


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Compiled by Jerome S. Kaufman from many of the weekly entries in the Jewish Press posted by columnist Jeff Reznik plus some occasional additions and commentary by Kaufman
After Rosh Hashanah (The Jewish New Year) I like to publish a reminder of how the Gentile world has treated the Jews over the centuries. Unfortunately, this same treatment is now being repeated in many ways but, this time by militant Muslims invading Europe and also easily finding a footing from which to expand into the "New World" (US).
Often Israel is used to mask militant Islam's true intention to create a Sharia world. The re-birth of Israel in 1948 is used as the excuse for venting militant Islam's awful hatred and their fear of progress which could eventually dismantle their own archaic, self-destructive centuries-old misdirection. And, again this ploy is gleefully enjoined by the same mindless, hate-filled, jealous Gentiles that participated in the Holocaust throughout Europe.
To follow is a very partial list of important dates in the history, barely scratching the surface. Also, please note that when it comes to the recording the dates of events in ancient history, there are major discrepancies between various biblical and temporal sources. But, no matter. The end results are the same.
Winston Churchill Memorable Quote: "Some people like the Jews, and some do not. But no thoughtful man can deny the fact that they are, beyond any question, the most formidable and most remarkable race which has appeared in the world."
G-d, in the Bible, told the Israelis to occupy the land all the way from Euphrates River to the Great Sea (Mediterranean) — a land mass hundreds of miles greater than the amount of land the League of Nations and later the United Nations reluctantly designated for a Jewish Homeland after WWI and WWII.
As we are well aware, there is nothing new about anti-Semitism. Successive Gentile and now Muslim generations continue to use the Jew as a useful defenseless tool to blame for their own inadequacies — frequently when there is not a Jew within thousands of miles!
Now to a small smattering of important dates:
3631 BCE Cain killed his brother Abel
2121 BCE Jews entered biblical Canaan, their promised homeland, fulfilling G-d's prophesy
2105 BCE Noah's arc ends its journey landing on Mt. Arafat marking end of the flood
1812 BCE – Abraham, founder of the Jewish people, was born
1696 BCE – Abraham, with complete dedication to the command of G-d, took his son, Isaac, to Mt. Moriah, bond him and prepared to sacrifice him following G-d's instructions.
Mt. Moriah was the future site of the Hebrew Holy Temple in Jerusalem
(This Hebrew Temple is the same one that the Arabs built over and called their own dating to their conquest of the land some 2300 years later. They, with the usual figments of their imagination, describe themselves as the original occupants! This gross lie continues and aggrandizes to this very day while the Israeli government watches with their thumbs in their mouths, not effective challenging this obscene, gross historical lie.)
1652 BCE – Rivkah, wife of Isaac, gave birth to twins Jacob and Esau with Jacob holding on to Esau's heel on the way out.
1568 BCE – Reuven, Jacob's first son was born to Leah
1556 BCE – Jacob left his father-in-law Laban's home, the father of Rachel and Leah. Labron had taken advantage of Jacob for 14 plus years after Laban's staged marriage of Jacob to Leah
1555 BCE Birth of Benjamin, Jacob's last son to his wife Rachel
1532 BCE Joseph, the second last son of Jacob, was released from Egyptian prison beginning the history of the Hebrew's eventual exodus from Egypt to establish Israel's homeland in Canaan
1392 BCE – Birth of Moses who lived for 120 years
1312 BCE Egyptians smitten with plague of darkness. One of the 10 plagues assessed upon them by Hashem forcing them to let his people go, as commemorated at the Passover service.
1312 BCE – Moses ascended Mt. Sinai to receive the Torah
1311 BCE – Moses sent spies to report on the lay of the land in Canaan
1290 BCE Jews left Egypt – (Big debate over some of these BCE dates, which obviously don't always correlate.)
1274 BCE Death of Miriam, sister of Moses and Aaron, age 126
1273 BCE Jews crossed Jordan to Jericho to receive G-d's gift of Canaan to later become Israel, homeland of the Jews.
1243 BCE – death of Joshua, Moses successor
722 BCE Assyrian conquest of the 10 Israeli Tribes of North and their disappearance — the 10 lost tribes. Judah remained as the Southern kingdom and from which all subsequent Jews are descended
586 BCE First Temple destroyed by Babylonians, The siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar in 588 BCE
520 BCE Second Temple completed. Begun 537 BCE when King Darius of Persia allowed the Jews to return to Israel
515 BCE Esther meets King Achashveirosh and saves the Jews from extinction by Haman (Celebrated in the Jewish holiday of Purim)
165 BCE – Victory of Maccabees over Romans, Commemorated by Holiday of Chanukah
4 BCE death of King Herod in Judea (King 37 BCE – 4 BCE).He was the Roman King in power at the beginning of Christian Era, at the time of Jesus's Christ reputed Crucifixion.
Following the creation of Christianity, the organized, dedicated persecution began in earnest with purpose and aforethought.
70 CE – Romans destroyed the Second Temple and forced Jewish Diaspora from their biblical homeland. The return of the Jews finally began officially with Israel's War of Independence from Britain, May 14, 1948. But, in fact, the Jews have remained in Israel throughout the centuries, always constituting the majority in Jerusalem.
354-430 CE St. Augustine Confessions, 12.14: How hateful to me are the enemies of your Scripture! How I wish that you would slay them (the Jews) with your two-edged sword, so that there should be none to oppose your word! Gladly would I have them die to themselves and live to you!"
(Hmm… No wonder Christians grew up to hate Jews for centuries and participated with such enthusiasm in the Holocaust!) jsk
418 Jews were prohibited from holding office in the Roman Empire
5th CE Persia – Religious persecution prevented Jews from saying their daily prayers
732 AD The Muslim Army that was moving on Paris was defeated and turned back at Tours , France, by Charles Martell.
1045 Rashi, the foremost Torah scholar of medieval France, was born in a northern town Troyes. 1095 Nov 26, First Crusade began. (1096-99), which occurred toward the end of Rashi's life.
Despite the French community's initial fears, it was Jewish small villages in Germany that bore the brunt of the Crusaders' wrath, with entire communities being slaughtered.
1096 Jews in Germany killed by First Crusaders as they plundered through Europe on way to Holy Land
1096 Crusaders kill 297 of the 300 Jews in German town of Eller in 2 day massacre
1099 First Crusade attacked Jerusalem
1105 Death of Rashi, author of commentaries on the Bible and Talmud
1147 Second Crusade
1163 China – Kaifeng's Jews built a large and beautiful synagogue, which was subsequently renovated and rebuilt on numerous occasions throughout the centuries. At its peak, during the Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644), the Kaifeng Jewish community may have numbered as many as 5,000 people. By the 17th century, a number of Chinese Jews had attained high ranks in the Chinese civil service, but along with success, came the blight of assimilation, which took an increasingly heavy toll on the community and its cohesion.
As a result, by the mid-1800s, the Chinese Jews' knowledge and practice of Judaism had largely faded away. The last rabbi of the community is believed to have died in the early part of the 19th century, and the synagogue was all but destroyed by a series of floods which struck the city in the 1840s and thereafter.
1189 London. Prominent Jews barred and attacked attempting to attend coronation of Richard Lion Hearted, 30 killed, began in Norwich Eng. Some escaped to bishop's castle.
1190 Crusaders arrived in Stanford, England on the way to the Holy Land where they brutalized Jews, stole all their money and murdered hundreds of the "Murderers of our Lord" officially called "Christ Killers" en passant.
1209 Pope Innocent III launched a crusade against the town of Beziers, France. 200 Jews were killed
1221 – Jews of Erfurt Germany falsely accused of ritual murder, Jews given choice of conversion or death, tortured, killed, synagogue burned down. Jews tortured and killed.
1244 Pope Innocent IV – ordered 24 cartloads of the Talmud burned
1253 Pope Innocent IV allowed expulsion of Jews from France
1260 Jews expelled from England in 1260 and would not be allowed to return until 1656
1267 Jews of Silesia forced to wear skull cap in public appearances
1269 King Louis XI ordered all Jews in France to wear a yellow badge
1270 Oct 18 – Bloody Christian Crusades ended with treaty signed by King Louis and the Berbers.
1278 Jews were ordered to attend theological sermons, delivered by Christians, by decree of Pope Nicholas III
1283 Jews of France forbidden to repair their synagogues by decree of King Phillip the Bold
1290 Jews expelled by Edward I from England
1322 Jews expelled from France again
1348 Black Plague arrived in France. The Jews were made the scapegoat, accused of poisoning wells, and several communities were massacred.
1348 Jews of Zurich, Switzerland accused of ritual murder (that is the popular gross lie that Jews murder Christian children to make matzohs for Passover and people still believe it!) driven out and killed
1349, Jan. 17 Jews of Basil, Switzerland burned alive when refused to convert to Christianity
1349 Black death torture and killing of Jews in Germany
1349 Feb 14 – Jews of Strasbourg Alsace were falsely accused of poisoning wells. 2000 men, women and children were placed in a huge pyre and burned to death.
1391 5000 Jews killed in Seville, Spain
1394 Jews expelled from France again by King Charles VI
1396 Jews in Austria have their civil rights suspended
1415 CE Pope Benedict XIII – Papal bull condemning the Torah
1420 Dec. 23 Pope Martin V ordered an end to converting Jewish children under 12 to Christianity without permission of their parents.
1427 Jews expelled from Berne, Switzerland
1492 Jews expelled from Spain and Sicily (100,000)
1492 Aug. Christopher Columbus, many believe was Jewish, sailed with many Jews aboard, escaping the Spanish Inquisition. The navigators of the 3 boats were Jews — a profession to which Jews gravitated at the time.
1496 Jews expelled from Burgsdorf, Switzerland
1498 Death of Tomas de Torquemada, Leader of Spanish Inquisition
1516 Ghetto established for Jews in Venice, Italy
1517 October 31 Martin Luther Protestant Reformation Day – Church of All Saints in Wittenberg. A failure by Luther (and later John Calvin 1536) to reform Christianity's warped view of their spiritual brethren — the Jews. Luther initially had a benevolent attitude toward Jews, denouncing the church's demonization of them. Later in life, however, Luther turned against the Jews with passion when they refused to bow to his new religion. His curses reigned upon them in direct sermons for centuries and I am sure laid the groundwork for the German Nazi genocide of the Jews — with the enthusiastic help of the nations of Europe , 400+ years later. (jsk).
1526 Maria of Hapsburg expelled the Jews from Bratislava, Hungary
1536 John Calvin – founder of Calvinism, published Protestant Systematic Theology in Latin. His comments on Jews: "Their rotten and unbending stiffneckedness (for not accepting Christ, evidently) deserves that they be oppressed unendingly and die in their misery without the pity of anyone. (How generous and F— you, Mr. Calvin) jsk
1539 Jews expelled from Hungary
1546 Martin Luther, founder of Protestantism and dedicated anti-Semite dies
1567 Jews expelled from Genoa, Italy
1567 Jews, decreed by Regent Don Henrique, not allowed to settle in Brazil
1567 Jews to no longer aloud to settle in Brazil. Proclaimed by Don Henrique, Regent
1569 The Inquisition was established in South America
1569 Jews expelled from Papal State by Pope Pius V
1571 AD the Muslim Army/Navy was defeated by the Italians and Austrians as they tried to cross the Mediterranean to attack Southern Europe in the Battle of Lapanto.
1648 Jews escaping from Russian Commander Chmielnicki massacres fled to a fortified castle in Polonnoye Ukraine where 10,000 were massacred.
1655 Peter Stuyvesant thwarted in his attempt to expel Jews from New Amsterdam by the Dutch West India Company
1656, March 13 Permission denied to build a synagogue in New Amsterdam (later NYC) by Governor Peter Stuyvesant.
1656 Jewish burial in a Jewish cemetery became legal in New Amsterdam. How good of the Goyim!
1656 Jewish community of Amsterdam excommunicated Baruch Spinoza
1670 Jews of Vienna, Austria – Emperor Leopold I expelled 4000 Jews unless convert, Great Synagogue burned down and replaced by church St. Margaret
1675 Death of Bogdan Chmielnicki, who was responsible for Cossacks murder of 300,000 Jews
1683 AD the Turkish Muslim Army, attacking Eastern Europe, was finally defeated in the Battle of Vienna by German and Polish Christian Armies
1683 Sep 24 King Louis XIV—-expelled the Jews from all French owned land in America.
(Our "friends' the French who also formed a separate Vichy France gov't cooperating with Hitler in the killing of Jews during WW II!
(Did you bastards ever figure out why you hate Jews so much? Here is a French King expelling Jews from his ill-begotten land that he stole from the Indians in the New World. The only explanation to me is just plain jealousy of what we Jews routinely accomplish as a result of being smart, hard working, diligent, honest, moral, law abiding family oriented etc. Your problem, not ours) Jerome S. Kaufman
1716 Jews expelled from Brussels
1727 Jews expelled from Ukraine by Empress Catherine I
1731 Vatican librarian Costanzi led search parties to all Jewish quarters throughout Papal States to confiscate Jewish holy books. This would continue for decades.
1737 NY Assembly disallowed Jews to vote.
1742 Jews expelled from Great Russia by Empress Elizabeth
1745 Jews expelled from Prague
1760 Death of Baal Shem Tov
1763 Cornerstone of Touro Synagogue laid in Newport, RI
1765 Chair created at Harvard College for study of Hebrew
1785 Jan 6, death of George Washington's Superintendent of Finance, Haim Solomon, during American Revolutionary War.
1791 Pale of Settlement – Dedicated land in Russia/Poland forced upon Jews as a large ghetto, by Empress Catherine. Jews were allowed no where else in Russia
1774 Jews expelled from Prague by Empress Maria Theresa
1798 Rabbi Schneur Zalman was released from St Petersburg prison, Founder of Lubavitch dynasty and author of Tanya
1808 Napoleon required all Jews in France to use surnames
1811 Napoleon emancipated the Jew's from the ghetto.
1812 Dec. 27, Death of Rabbi Schneur Zalman founder of the Lubavitch dynasty and author of Tanya
1814 The French Congress officially in 1814 made Jew's full citizen but attempted via Napoleon to eliminate their Jewish identity and religion to become French citizens.
1815 Battle of Waterloo, where Napoleon was defeated by a coalition of British and European armies headed by the Duke of Wellington, brought an end to Napoleon's empire
1816 Jews expelled from Lubeck, Germany
1835 Jews of Hebron, Palestine attacked by Ibrahim Pasha and his army
1838 Arabs attack the Jews of Safed, Israel (By the way, Jews killed by Arabs in Israel 110 years before State of Israel founded)
1855 June 5 First Jewish Hospital in America, Jews Hospital of New York – Known today as Mt. Sinai Hospital all over the United States
1861 Pres. Abe Lincoln moved to change the law so that Jews could serve as chaplains in the army.
1868 Dec. Romanian Jews forbidden from being Drs., 1864 – Lawyers forbidden.
1868 The KKK lynched a Jew named S.A. Bierfield in Franklin. TN on some trumped up charge
1873 Yar ziet of first Jewish Mayor of London, Sir David Salomons
1881 Pogroms in Konotop and Waslikov Russia against Jews, continued for 3 years
1894 October 15, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew from the Alsatian region of France, was accused of spying for the Germans.
1898, Jan 13 Emile Zola published, J'accuse which slammed French officials for the anti-Semitic tones and false accusations of the Dreyfus trail
1897 Theodore Hertzl published Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) forecasting his future ambition for the Jewish people to escape persecution.
1899 Romanian Jews blacklisted from Universities
1901 Arabs attacked Jews of Gedera, Palestine
1902 Formation of Union of Orthodox Rabbis in US and Canada
1902 July 30 Anti-Semitic riots at funeral of Rabbi Jacob Joseph
1903 Russia outlawed Zionism and funding Zionism (First Zionist Congress with Theodore Herzl 1899, Herzl died July 3, 1904
1909 Dagania Alegh (Jewish community) founded in Palestine
1909 Long before becoming Hitler's "Willing Executioners" of Jews – Polish Legionnaires looted and burned Jewish section of Vilna during 4 day pogrom. Hundreds of Jews murdered and arrested and tortured.
1909 City of Tel Aviv founded in Palestine, became Israel 1948
1917, November 17 The Balfour Declaration (dated 2 November 1917) was a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild declaring the right of the Jews to repossess their homeland in Palestine showing a boundary map extending all the way from the Mediterranean to the Euphrates River to the east as was described in the Hebrew Bible.
1917 Dec. 9, British took Jerusalem from defeated Ottoman Empire WWI
1921 May 7, Arabs attacked the first Jewish settlement of Petach Tikva, killed 3 and drove them out. But, the Jews returned another day and the city now numbers in 2010 210,341, Baruch Hashem
1921 Arab riots in then Palestine killed dozens of Jews in Jaffa
1924 Nov 23, City of Herzliya, Israel founded in honor of Theodore Herzl
1929 Arabs attacked Jews throughout Palestine. Many Jews beaten and killed. The attack in Hebron was particularly brutal. Arabs using swords attacked men, women, children an students. 67 Jews including 23 Yeshiva students were killed.
1929 June 13 – corresponds to Hebrew calendar year 5689, Sivan 5
1935 Sep 15, Hitler published Nurenberg Laws against Jews stripping them of all their civil rights
1935 Death of Colonel Alfred Dreyfus of French Army, falsely accused of treason and framed at trial. Finally exonerated through efforts of author, Emile Zola.
1936 Dec 26 – Palestinian Philharmonic (all Jews) played for first time under the baton of Arturo Toscanini (In what is now Israel).
Note: (Palestinian was the designation for Jews in the Holy Land, until Yasir Arafat was clever enough to abscond with the term and the Arabs of Palestine suddenly became the "Palestinians" instead of just plain Arabs and suddenly the Palestinian Jews became the invading Jews on "occupied "Arab Land" and the world bought into this gargantuan lie and the Jews did not even bother to vigorously dispute this obvious propaganda distortion that has proven so successful) jsk
1938 Evian Conference July 6 to 15 at Évian-les-Bains, France . Representatives from 32 countries and 39 private organizations and some 24 voluntary organizations, convened by Franklin Roosevelt, met formally to decide if the West would accept the displaced Jews of Europe, They voted not to! Golda Meir, the attendee from Palestine was not permitted to speak or to participate except as an observer. Some 200 international journalists gathered at Évian to observe and report the conclave.
This event should remain for the Jews a significant conference and all that Jews should need to know to formulate their own personal lives and that of the State of Israel. Thank you to C.B. Whyte for this entry. jsk
1938 Nov 9-10 Kristallnacht in Germany – Synagogues, shops, cemeteries, anything Jewish attacked in Germany and Austria. Jews beaten and murdered
1938 Nov.17 Italian version of Nurenberg laws published
1939 May Nurenberg Laws in Germany, stripping Jews of their civil rights
1940 May 1, Churchill replaced Chamberlain
1940 Battle to defeat Britain by the Germans
1940 Feb 200,000 Jews of Lodz, Poland moved into Baluty Ghetto prior to execution
1940 Lubavitcher Rebbe taken out of the Warsaw Ghetto brought to the US.
1940 Aug. 4 – Death of Vladimer (Z'ev) Jabotinsky – Ardent Zionist leader, orator, writer, linguist, poet, journalist, Founder of Revisionist Zionism, who spent years begging the Jews to leave Europe before it was too late and was despised for his efforts and called an alarmist. 6 million exterminated Jews resulted from ignoring his warnings. jsk
1941 June Vichy France warplanes bomb Tel Aviv, 20 Jews killed
1941 July – 200 Torahs gathered from synagogues in Poland and burned in special ceremony in Kovel, Poland Later that day,
Heinrich Himmler arranged for the creation of the Maidanek murder camp in Lublin Poland
1941 Nazis and Willing Executor Latvians killed 2300 Jews in Riga
1941 Sep 29 Babi Yar Ravine – It took Germans just 2 days to machine gun to death 33,771 Jews in this ravine near Kiev
1941 Dec 8, Birkeneku – 1500 older Jews from Riga ghetto slaughtered by SS in forest.
1941 June 22, Hitler turns against Soviet Union
1941 June – Germans occupy Lithuania and begin the round up and slaughter of Jews with plenty of willing Lithuanian fellow executioners.
1941 July 7, Ukrainians joined the German's party and murdered 1200 Jews near town of Otynia, Poland. So, do I really care if Russians kill Ukrainians or vice versa? And, you can throw in the Pollacks, the Latvians, the Estonians, the Lithuanians, etc and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Makes me no never mind. jsk
1941 Sep 29 – Babi Yar ravine, near Kiev. Russia – over 2 day period, Nazis shot to death 33,771 Jews – the single largest mass murder of the Holocaust
1941 Oct 23 5000 Jews of Odessa, Russia were arrested and murdered in public parks. Later that day 19000 taken to the harbor and shot or burned alive.
Nov 4, 1941, 483 locals killed by Nazis ending the Jewish presence in village.
1941 Dec 10, Hitler declares war on US after Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
1941, Dec. Weeks of rampage ended with the death of 32,000 Jews in Vilna, Poland
1942. Sept Jews of Lida Poland Ghetto, 10,000 killed
1942, Feb. Himmler selects 80 Jews from Auschwitz for his skeletal collection museum at Univ. of Strasbourg. Murdered by lethal injection and then corpses burned to prevent damage to their bones to become part of Nazi planned Jewish museum of an extinct people they had deliberately exterminated. (Too bad we don't have a museum of Nazi German bones to display – jsk)
1942 July – The German Nazi SS murdered 10,000 Jews in the ghetto of Minsk, Byelorussia.
1942 Aug 21 SS Nazis murdered 2750 Jews of Lancut, Poland in Falkinia forest
1942 – 600,000 Jews murdered in Hungary by the Hungarians as 1943 After the beginning of WWII in 1941, the Allied fleet had regained the Mediterranean as its own lake.
1941, June 11 French warplanes bombed the Jewish city of Tel Aviv!!
1942, October Norway – all Jewish men arrested and shipped to Auschwitz Concentration camp
1943 Oct 14 Jewish uprising in Sobibor death camp under leadership of Alexander Pechersky. 200 Jews, 11 SS Nazis killed while 400 Jews escaped.
1944 600,000 Jews killed in Hungary by Hitler's Germans and Hungarian Willing Executioners. The Hungarian Gov't March 2014, 70 years later, still denies complicity
1944 – March 7, 99,941 Jews gassed in Auschwitz during that day
1944 October – Anne Frank transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen Belsen where she died.
1945 April 12, Buchenwald murder camp liberated by US Army. From 1938-1945 238,000 Jews were held there. 56,000 murdered.
1945 Feb 12 Death of Hadassah founder Henrietta Szold
1945 May 2 – Goebbels and wife Magda poisoned their 6 children and then committed suicide.
1945 May 4, Germany surrenders unconditionally.
1945 May Dachau Concentration Camp liberated.
1946 42 Jews of 200 killed by Pollocks when they returned to Kielce to claim their homes then occupied by Poles.
1946 June, British arrested 100 Jewish Agency leaders in Palestine – hundreds of others rounded up, called Black Shabbos.
1947 Nov 29 – UN agreed to partition Palestine between Jews and Arabs with the Jews getting the short end, as usual, and given a sliver piece of territory that the UN thought would never survive the onslaught by surrounding Arabs they had armed to the teeth. But this time the Jews depended upon themselves and they, thanks to G-d, prevailed over 5 Arabs armies surrounding them.
1947 Dec. Jordanians laid siege to Jerusalem, 40 Jews killed at Haifa oil facility
1948 May 14 – Declaration of Israel Independence, Yom Ha'Atzmaut
1948 May 15 Five Arab nations (Egypt,Jordan,Syria,Iraq,Lebanon) attacked immediately attempting to annihilate reborn Jewish State.
1948 800,000 Jews driven out penniless, their properties confiscated by the gov't of Arab nations in which they had lived for thousands of years. At most apx. 400,000 Arabs left Israel and swelled to millions under UNESCO, a unique UN relief program just for Palestinian Arabs unlike no other refugees and displaced persons following WWII. jsk
1948 Dec. 16 Operation Magic Carpet – Thousands of destitute Yemenite Jews rescued via multiple air transport flights to their reborn sanctuary for the Jewish people — Israel
1949 March 10. IDF liberated Eilat
1949 Cheshvan – Jewish Population in Israel reached 1 million people.
1949 March David Ben-Gurion formed Israel's first government.
By 2013, the population of Israel reached over 6 million proud Jews, Baruch Hashem.
1950 The passing of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneerson, the Sixth Lubavitcher Rabbi,
1951 Jan 17, The succession of Rabbi Menachim Mendel Schneerson as Seventh Lubavitcher Rabbi, above's son-in-law, delivered his first Maamar confirming his succession. Lyubavichi is a village in District of Smolensk, Russia. existed since at least 1654, had 2500 residents in 1857, large market place, declined with onset of Communism,
1951, May 3 The Israeli Knesset designated this day as Holocaust Memorial Day, Yom HaShoah, under PM David Ben Gurion
1952 Dec. 26 Israel's first ambassador to Japan presented his credentials to the Emperor (Can you imagine if Abraham, Isaac, Jacob witnessed that one!!) jsk
1953 February Soviet Union recalled its ambassador and cut off relations with Israel which had just been reborn May 14, 1948
1958 Oct 14 – Cornerstone for Israel Legislature, the Knesset laid in Jerusalem
1960 Adolph Eichmann captured in Argentina , Buenos Aires, where had lived for years, hanged in Israel May 31, 1962, sentenced to death Dec. 15, 1961 for crimes against the Jewish people and humanity
1961 July 31. The one millionth immigrant arrived in Israel. Israel reborn in 1948. Up until that time, Britain severely limited the number of Jews they would allow into their biblical homeland. In the meantime, not one so-called Palestinian refugee was absorbed by the 21 huge, sparsely populated Arab states that surrounded Israel. They preferred to keep them as political ploys paid for in camps financed by the UN and mostly the US! jsk
1963 December 5 Herbert Henry Lehman – died (March 28, 1878 – December 5, 1963) First Jewish Governor of New York (1933-1942) He also represented New York State in the United States Senate from 1950 to 1957.
1967 Six Day War – June 6 – June 11, 1967 – After just 36 hours of fighting, the IDF were deep into Sinai, captured Gaza, Kalkilya, Jenin in Samarian Hills and surrounded Jerusalem.
June 28, 1967 Israel regained and annexed Jerusalem after over 1900 years of exile following Roman Conquest and Diaspora began 70 CE
1969 Death of Levi Eshkol – former Israel PM (right after Ben Gurion)
1970 Libya All Jewish property confiscated and Jews driven out penniless, no compensation ever paid
1973 Oct 26. General Ariel Sharon trapped the Egyptian Third Army on the Eastern side of the Suez Canal. Sharon allowed them to surrender in honor and retreat to Egypt.
Israeli PM Menachim Begin snatched defeat from this great victory in the 1979 agreement with Jimmy Carter and Anwar Sadat of Egypt.
1973 Nov. 6 – New York City elects its first Jewish mayor, Abraham D. Beame
1973 Henry Kissinger, First Jewish Secy of State sworn in, under Nixon
1975 Nov 10 General Assembly of United Nations declared Zionism a form of racism
1976 Entebbe rescue of over 100 Jews in airport Uganda. Jonathan Netanyahu, Bibi's older brother killed.
1977 Nov. 20 Egyptian Pres. Anwar Sadat addressed Knesset,
1977 Dec Menachim Begin met with Sadat at Ismalia, Egypt.
1978 Sep 17 – Carter/Begin/Sadat Camp David talks ended. Peace agreement with Egypt was signed a few months later and Anwar Sadat assassinated in Egypt by Arabs (Muslim Brotherhood) opposed to peace with Israel.
1980 Israel's embassy in Egypt, the first of its kind in any Arab country, was established in 1980, soon after the Camp David peace treaty was signed in 1979
1981 June 7, Israel destroys Iraq nuclear weapon, Sivan 5
1990, Nov 5 Rabbi Meir Kahane, the founder of the Jewish Defense League, who was shot to death in a Manhattan hotel by Arab terrorist El Sayyid Nosair, a member of terror cell of Abdul Rahman World Trade Center bombing master-mind
1995 Nov. 4, PM Yitschak Rabin assassinated
II Chronology of Ages in Jewish History
From: To Pray as a Jew by Rabbi Hayim Halevy Donin, 1980, Library of Congress
Period of the Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac and Jacob) : 2000 -1700 B.C.E
The Exodus from Egypt: circa 1280 B.C.E.
The Period of King David: 1005-965 B.C.E.
Period of the First Temple: 928-586 B.C.E.
Period of the Second Temple: 515 B.C.E – 70 C.E. (Roman Conquest and Diaspora)
Period of the Mishnah (Tannaitic Period): From the beginning of the first century C.E. until about 220 C.E. Some refer to this period as the early Talmudic period.
Period of the Gemara (Amoraic Period): From the beginning of the third century C.E. until 500 C.E. Some refer to this period as the later Talmudic period. Post-Talmudic Period [Savoraim]: 500-640 C.E.
Period of the Geonim [the heads of the Talmudic academies]: From 640 C.E.-1038 C.E.
Period of the Early [Rabbinic] Authorities {Rishonim): From the beginning of the eleventh century C.E. till the end of the fifteenth century.ell
Period of Latter-day [Rabbinic] Authorities {Aharomm): From the beginning of the sixteenth century C.E. until the present day.
PS Anyone who would like to add some significant, well documented historical events, please send entries to me at
email@example.com and I will be happy to include in this very bare outline.
Compiled by Jerome S. Kaufman, Editor/Publisher
Subscribe: email@example.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/schmice
Twitter: @israelcomment


text:
B.C.'s cannabis tax could reap $110 million or more in a few years: consultant
Give it a few years, but British Columbia might see a tax windfall of over $110 million per year from the sale of legal cannabis, if its experience is anything like Washington State.
"When you're three or four years into your market and pretty well established, I believe that's within possibility," said James MacRae, an industry consultant with the firm Straight Lines Analytics.
The figure MacRae calculated is $112 million, based on B.C. being about two-thirds the size of Washington State's market and using a basic description of Canada's tax regime.
The federal framework calls for an excise tax on cannabis of $1 per gram for sale prices under $10 per gram or 10 per cent for prices over $10 per gram with revenues split 75 per cent to provinces and 25 per cent to the federal government.
Federal GST will also apply to cannabis sales while the province has not revealed whether PST will be applied.
B.C., in its most recent budget estimates, stated the province might see $50 million in cannabis tax revenues over the first partial year of legalization, and $75 million per year in the subsequent two years.
The revenue estimates that B.C. has cited, however, do not account for the cost of establishing the administration of taxes and enforcement of new rules.
Alberta, in its last budget, estimated those costs will deal its government a $90-million loss for the first two years of legalization before it sees net $37 million in annual taxes.
"My experience is that government tends to under promise tax revenues so they can show they're exceeding (targets)," MacRae said.
The credit-rating agency Moody's, in a report released Tuesday, said U.S. states that have legalized cannabis have brought in more revenue than it has cost to regulate the substance, but not by a lot.
In B.C., at $1 per gram, the excise tax would be a considerable hit to the price of cannabis that can sometimes be had for $5 per gram and for lower-potency products such as shake or trim as low as $1 per gram, argues pot advocate Dana Larsen.
"It's going to lead to some very expensive cannabis and I think that's going to be a problem," said Larsen, director of the advocacy group Sensible B.C. "The more expensive (cannabis) is, the more people are going to continue to get it from the current free market, dispensaries or whatever you want to call it."
And if heavy users, who make up most of the market, continue to avoid the legal side of it, "it absolutely will not be successful."
Larsen argues that applying GST and PST to cannabis sales should generate more than enough revenue to fund administration of rules around legal marijuana without an additional excise tax, and said there should be no taxes at all on medical marijuana.
"That, to me, is unconscionable and wrong," Larsen said.
Any excise tax, he said, should be a straight percentage of the sales price.
That is how Washington and Colorado, the earlier U.S. states to adopt legalization, approach taxation.
Washington, which revised a three-tiered tax regime to a single, 37-per-cent excise tax on sales, collected US$319 million in cannabis taxes and licensing fees in 2017 on US$1.31 billion in sales. That's 69 per cent higher than its 2016 tax take of US$189 million on US$786.4 million in sales.
However, between 2015 and 2017, gross revenue from cannabis has only amounted to 1.2 per cent of revenue to the state's general revenue fund, according to the Moody's report.
Colorado has two taxes, a 15-per-cent excise tax and a 15-per-cent marijuana sales tax. For 2017, the state collected US$247.4 million in cannabis taxes on US$1.5 billion in marijuana sales. That was 28 per cent higher than the state's 2016 in tax revenue of US$193.6 million on US$1.3 billion in sales.
That has only amounted to about two per cent of Colorado's state's budget, Moody's said.
Most of the states that have legalized marijuana earmark the revenue for law enforcement, drug treatment and other specific programs, which doesn't help the states' financial flexibility.
Twenty-nine states now allow marijuana for either medicinal or recreational uses, and the business is growing quickly. Moody's cited data from the market research firm Euromonitor International that projects it will grow from a $5.4 billion business in the U.S. in 2015 to $16 billion by 2020.
Meanwhile, illegal marijuana sales are estimated at $40 billion.
With files from the Associated Press
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