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Big-government socialism claimed another victim days ago, leaving an elderly widow to carry on a cause for basic individual rights that were crushed under the tyranny of the federal EPA.
Joe Robertson, 80, is survived by his wife, and he served with distinction in the U.S. Navy before retiring to the big-sky country of Montana, staying busy with supplying critical water for state firefighters.
It was this business that federal EPA thugs targeted and destroyed on the fraudulent grounds that several ponds on Robertson land created a disturbance to a tiny babbling brook that bureaucrats in Washington DC classified as a navigable waterway.
Oh, the irony. The retired navy man did not see the brook as navigable.
Robertson neglected to obtain a permit, so Robertson must be destroyed, was the moniker the EPA operated by, using the oft destructive Clean Water Act.
Through an extensive and arduous legal struggle that involved the Pacific Legal Foundation, the EPA pursued the matter to an 18-month sentence on Robertson's back that he served.
The EPA also slapped a $130,000 restitution fine on the Robertson family that syphoned their Social Security benefits for good.
Little more than a year after his release, the rouged and imposing mountain of a man, navy veteran and partner to area firefighters passed because of what his widow Carri described as natural causes.
Imprisonment and an ongoing case seeking his life and legacy didn't help, surely, and passing away under the shadow of a 20-month active probation order is an insult this veteran did not deserve.
According to PLF attorneys, the case suffered because of unclear rulings at the level of the U.S. Supreme Court.
A PLF statement reads, "Whether this conviction was lawful depends on the definition of 'navigable waters.' In Rapanos v. US (a PLF case), the Court sought to define the scope of the Clean Water Act. The Court split on a 4-1-4 vote."
Pacific Legal Foundation statement
The PLF has asked the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn Robertson's conviction
So the EPA thugs wing it on the broad interpretation that Justice Kennedy favored, while Justice Scalia's moderating of federal jurisdiction is ignored, though equally expressed by the Court.
Under Scalia's plurality opinion, "Robertson would have been found not guilty, if charged at all," the PLF stated, "since [Robertson's] ponds are more than 40 miles away from the river, and do not abut lakes or streams."
The PLF is pursuing a new Supreme Court review of the case, and attorneys are active processing papers in the sad routine to transfer the case to the name of Carri Robertson as petitioner.
"The PLF has asked the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn Robertson's conviction," they stated.
The Supreme Court is expected to decide this month whether it will hear the Robertson case's appeal.
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Thank you for this information.
I get to beat Hank to this statement again...Figures !!!!!!!!!!!!
Nice find, more room to think, about the CFR Think Tank in America. It looks more like a pond then a right of way passage.
Wrong... this use of CFR here doesn't apply to the Council on Foreign Relations.
Instead it means: Code of Federal Regulations - (CFR)
"The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States. The CFR is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to federal regulation."
Well fancy that Ronald....thats to cute...:)
So who is the Federal Government? A fiction full of impersonators.
Well that fiction certainly is bringing much pain and suffering with it... for a fiction it sure seems real.
However, if you are refering to who actually operates or controls the government in relation to who the people believe do it... your right.. The public is delusional and on a trip if they think they run their government... The concept that the people CONSENT to be governed is a fiction... Clearly supported by polls showing the People are totallay upset over the type and tennor of government.
This is out right Judicial tyranny... President Bush should pardon this man posthumously if the Supreme Court fails to throw this case out and SANCTION the EPA for bringing it. Ponds are not navigable waters... navigable waters are like highways... they go palces... they are navigable.
There are no private property rights... if you own property, know this... you have no ownership rights.. you are a leasee honored to pay taxes on government controlled lands... you can't build on them, cut trees on them, or in general use your lands without meeting government land use laws, regulations, building codes, and obtaining permits even to remodel your interior.
If you fail to meet these requirements or pay your taxes you will be put off your land... and worse may be driven into bankruptcy trying to defend your rights or too pay for fines levied by the government for actions that you should be able to take on your own land.
CFR Think Tank in America
He's looking it up first before he responds. He doesn't know it's history. Give him time.
I do not think he will. CFR is also a British PAN group, they have passed several laws in the USA. I found this out at the Jewish owned Twitter Administration in California.
Maybe he has looked at the membership roster.


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This four-day culinary camp is geared toward students with gourmet aspirations of a career in the culinary profession. NDSCS culinary arts faculty help students discover new ingredients used in restaurants; learn French knife skills; bake breads, pastries and desserts; and work together in a professional kitchen. Topics include meat and seafood entrees, salads and dressings, advanced garnishing and buffet presentation.
|North Dakota State College of Science
|Wahpeton, ND
|Program Focuses & Features
|Age Range
|Residential — Coed Ages 16-18
|Mary Uhren, Director
|Residential Fee
|$150, 1 week.
|Dates & Sessions
|2 sessions, 1 week long

subset: commoncrawl


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- This event has passed.
January Sat 19th – Sat 26th 2019 | Cortijo Romero, Spain – Fully booked
January 19 - January 26
Event Navigation
This is a holistic juice-fasting retreat, with yoga & meditation, an exceptional team of therapists, individual care & support throughout, and inspirational talks and workshops.
Juice fasting has an incredible healing power that can turn around physical issues, it can give you healing and vitality at a level you may not have experienced before. You will also find your sense of who you are come alive as you learn how to let go of old patterns of thinking and feeling that no longer serve you, and choose a new direction to greater health and happiness. If you are looking for change in 2016, come and join us in January. A change to unwind and re-boot for the year ahead surrounded by mountain scenery.
We have wonderful therapists too
The Detox International therapy team at Cortijo Romero includes: Yair Sagy, Ziza Fernandes Sagy, Heath Wilson and Anna Begas.
Click here for prices
Click here to book this retreat
Click here for transfers info


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Hallo happy Thursday, everybody. Time for this week to turn around and start heading toward the damned weekend already.
It's a week until THXGVG here in the States and I suppose some people are planning to Do Stuff With Birds (literally) and/or ham it up, or at the very least get in a bit of sloth. Not for dinner with that last one, just on the couch. So let's talk turkey (*groan* I KNOW SHUT UP) - what's the plan, y'all?


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BETAT Casino, now also offering NetEnt games
BETAT Casino has added NetEnt as one of their software providers.
This casino started as an online Microgaming casino back in 2011 and soon became a very popular casino with a lot of steady players. And now they have expanded with NetEnt.
You are able to play all NetEnt games, also the recently released Lost Island. And BETAT will add new games as soon as they become available. For now they don't offer progressive slots from NetEnt yet, but I am sure that as soon as one of them hits, they will be adding the too.
Reason that BETAT is so popular with players is the fact that they offer a solid sign up bonus and have a lot of monthly promotions. From reload bonuses to cash back offers, each month.
And even better! All your winnings are always available to you, no need to wager all your bonuses before you are able to withdrawal. As soon as you want to withdrawal your cash balance, you can. All you do is forfeit your remaining bonus money. But who didn't have a nice big win and then wasn't able to withdrawal it, I have, several times. Not at BETAT.
If you decide to create an account and start playing, you are able to claim a 100% first and second deposit bonus up to €150,-. On both deposits you even get 50 free spins which can be played in either Starburst or Twin Spin.
BETAT also has a monthly Winagram promotion. Send in your winning screenshots and the top three players with the biggest wins (bet versus win ratio) will get their win doubled (up to €250,-).
I suggest checking out BETAT for yourself. I will add a full review soon and also add them to all relevant pages.
At BETAT you can't go wrong, it is really one of the most loved casinos by players.


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The Las Vegas branch volunteered at a "Moms Rock" event over Mother's Day weekend. The event supports KMA, Keep Memory Alive, who raises funds for the Cleveland Clinic Lou Rouvo Center for Brain Health.
Members of the branch volunteered at aid stations in the 10k/5k/1 mile races while others participated in the 1 mile walk.
Great job, Las Vegas branch!
Link to this post!


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The delicious aroma of this flavorful, slow-cooked tortilla soup is sure to have your mouth watering.
1. In 4 quart slow cooker, combine all ingredients except tortillas, cheese, cilantro, and chips. Cover and cook on high 4 hours, stirring occasionally. Remove and discard bay leaf.
2. Meanwhile, preheat oven to 375°. Stack tortillas and use a pizza wheel to cut into ½ inch strips. Place strips on rimmed baking pan. Bake 5 minutes; stir strips and bake 5 minutes longer or until crisp. Ladle soup into bowls. Sprinkle each with cheese and tortilla strips. Serve garnished with cilantro along with tortilla chips, if desired.
Nutrition Information
The Farmer's Store of Hallock is a full service grocery store that has served Hallock and the surrounding area since 1904. Visit us today!
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How Successful is the PropertyNow System?
- Details
- Category: Common Questions
In the past, the biggest barriers to private selling and renting were a lack of exposure, lack of advice, and lack of tools. Since we invented "agent assisted private sales" back in 2004, we've solved these problems and helped thousands of people sell and rent their homes without paying a single dollar in commission. We can help you rent or sell your own home privately with our for sale by owner services.
Our service includes:
A decade ago, sellers could probably afford to rely on newspaper and other forms of advertising but as of 2016, 86% of buyers now use the internet as their main tool when searching for properties. As a private seller, you could try just listign on Gumtree or a for sale by owner website but you'd be missing out on exposing your property to the more than three million people visit realestate.com.au each month. In our experience, in most areas of Australia, realestate.com.au is currently the source of around 80% of all enquiries we receive.
You do need a real estate agent to list on realestate.com.au but you definitely don't need to pay a commission! Back in 2004, we developed a hybrid service that allows you to list on realestate.com.au and other websites as a private seller, ensuring you get the exposure you need to get your property sold. In the past, the biggest barriers to private selling and renting were a lack of exposure, lack of advice, and lack of tools. We've solved these problems and have helped thousands of people sell and rent their homes without paying a single dollar in commission.
There's currently a significant amount of media attention surrounding PurpleBricks' launch in Australia, but who are they, and are they your best option? PurpleBricks is a UK owned estate agent network with a flat fee $4500. Whilst the launch of PurpleBricks is another step in the right direction, there are already established alternatives with much more to offer.
You've heard about PurpleBricks, but what of PropertyNow? PropertyNow and Purple Bricks have one thing in common, we both drastically reduce the cost of traditional real estate sales. In fact PropertyNow disrupted the traditional real estate industry in Australia a full decade before PurpleBricks arrived in Australia.
Purple Bricks has made a big song and dance about their $4500 set price service and it's true, this is much cheaper than selling with a traditional real estate agent - but PropertyNow costs you even less! PropertyNow provides all the key services that PurpleBricks offer, and at around half the price. The only major difference is that with PurpleBricks you have the option of paying extra (on top of the $4500 advertised) to have someone open your door for inspections whereas with PropertyNow you do this step yourself (backed by support from our team, 7 days a week.) Whilst PurpleBricks want you to think you can't do this step yourself, we've found that most buyers actually prefer to deal direct with the owner (due to a lack of trust in real estate agents). If you're a little unsure we also offer free tutorial videos, step by step guides and free advice from a licensed real estate agent.
Agents are taking $20,000 out of your pocket just to open the door.
Don't pay for your real estate agent's new Lexus! You're not a charity! Sell your own home with no commission on realestate.com.au today!
Not only are agents hugely overpriced, they don't know the property (or care about it) anywhere near as much as you do - so why not sell it yourself? If you're nervous about going it alone - don't be! PropertyNow is the Uber of real estate and we're also a fully licensed no commission real estate agency, we'll guide you every step of the way, for as long as it takes you to sell! Our amazing system is the newer, better way to sell and allows you to list on realestate.com.au and others with absolutely zero commission.


text: Partnerships With the support and direction of Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker, the Wisconsin Housing and Economic Development Authority (WHEDA) is leading the Transform Milwaukee initiative with a team of public and private sector partners; together, by pooling resources, they are working to grow the economy and reestablish Milwaukee as a vibrant place to both work and live. Public Partners The team of public partners assembled for Transform Milwaukee includes: Wisconsin Housing and Economic Development Authority (WHEDA) Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation (WEDC) Department of Workforce Development (DWD) Department of Children & Families (DCF) Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Department of Financial Institutions (DFI) Department of Transportation (DOT) Department of Health Services (DHS) Department of Administration (DOA) Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) The City of Milwaukee As of March 2017, WHEDA has committed over $194 million to Transform Milwaukee using financial resources such as federal business development tax credits and bonding, participation loans, federal housing tax credits and single family mortgages. Other public investments include: $78.5 million from DCF to help individuals obtain long-term, sustainable employment and work experience $2.5 million from DFI to demolish vacant, blighted residential properties $35.5 million from DWD to provide job services, training and employment assistance $178.5 million in grants, loans, and tax credits from WEDC for economic development projects $804 million investment from DOT for transit costs in the Transform Milwaukee area Collective Impact Partners The public-private partnerships that compose the Transform Milwaukee initiative are coordinating efforts towards lasting solutions in each of the 5 impact areas using the Collective Impact model. Collective Impact initiatives are long-term commitments by a group of important members from different sectors for a mutual agenda, looking to solve large and intractable problems. Their actions are supported by a shared measurement system, mutually reinforcing activities, and ongoing communication, and are staffed by an independent backbone organization. (Source: FSG) The following is a list of Collective Impact partners involved in the Transform Milwaukee initiative. These partners feature developers, financial institutions, investors, community and nonprofit organizations, higher learning institutions, and local businesses. 6th Senate District 6 African American Chamber of Commerce of Greater Milwaukee ACTS Housing Advanced Wireless, Inc. African American Chamber of Commerce Agape Community Center of Milwaukee, Inc. Anderson Commercial Group Arteaga Construction Inc. Associated Bank Astar and Cardinal Capital WHPC board AtVantage Business Consultants Avenues West Association/BID No. 10 Bank Mutual Bear Realty BMO Harris Bank Bucket Brigade Burleigh Street CDC Campus Housing Chair -Journey House Center for Self-Sufficiency Inc. Center for Teaching Entrepreneurship City of Milwaukee Economic Development City Realty Advisors Clarke Square Neighborhood Initiative Clean Wisconsin Common Bond Communities Community Business Development Partners Community First Career Youth Development Dominican Center for Women Dream Milwaukee Ezekiel Community Dev Corp Fess Properties LLC General Capital Global Capital Group, LLC. Glorious Malone's Gorman and Company Greater Milwaukee Association of Realtors Greater Milwaukee Foundation Guaranty Bank, FSB Guardian Credit Union Helen Bader Foundation Hiller Realty Inc. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Wisconsin Hmong American Peace Academy Hmong Wisconsin Chamber of Commerce Horizon Development Housing Resources IFF (Chicago) Impact Seven, Incorporated Journey House K. Singh & Associates, Inc. Landmark Credit Union Land-Quest Latino Entrepreneurial Network Layton Boulevard West Neighborhoods Legacy Redevelopment Corp. Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC) Milwaukee Inner-city Congregations Allied for Hope (MICAH) Mahattil International LLC Mandel Group, Inc. Marquette University Martin Luther King Economic Development Corporation (MLKEDC) Maures Development Group Menomonee Valley Metcalf Park Community Action Team Metropolitan Missionary Baptist Church Milwaukee Area Technical College (MATC) Milwaukee Area Workforce Investment Board (MAWIB) Milwaukee Community Business Collaborative Milwaukee School of Engineering Milwaukee Urban League North Avenue/Fond du Lac Marketplace BID 32 Northcott Neighborhood Northwest Side Community Development Corporation (NWSCDC) Office of Sen. Ron Johnson ¡Pa'lante! Creative, LLC Pastors United PNC Bank Pyramax Bank Revolution Labs Riverworks Royal Capital Group RCG Scale Up Milwaukee Southeast Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission Second Chance Partners for Education Sherman Park Community Association Shorewest Realtors Small Business Development Center UW-Milwaukee SNAP2Media Milwaukee Spanish Center St. Timothy Baptist Church Summit Credit Union The Business Council The Corridor The Gateway to Milwaukee Tri City National Bank UEDA UMOS United Way of Greater Milwaukee US Bank UW-Extension Center for Community & Economic Development UW-Milwaukee School of Fresh Water Sciences Vangard Group LLC Walnut Way Conservation Corp Washington Park Partners WasteCap Resource Solutions WI Primary Health Care Association Wintrust Commercial Banking at Town Bank Wisconsin Business Development WWBIC Xpertz Engineering Zehren Consulting Zilber Family Foundation Collective Impact involves five key conditions that together serve as the foundation for the initiative and lead to significant results. The conditions include: Common agenda Shared measurement Mutually reinforcing activities Continuous communication Backbone organization For more information on Collective Impact, visit www.fsg.org.


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- Made of strong and durable materials.
- Vaporizes water so cows, feed and bedding do not get wet.
- Cows are more active because of lower temperature (up to 10 C cooler).
- Easy to install.
- Control the humidity.
- Very low use of water.
The spray ensures cooling and dust suppression, significantly improving animal welfare. Something that is noticeable immediately on growth rates and yield levels. Overall improvements in the indoor climate of animal housing units are obtained, also benefiting you and your staff. The system has been tailormade for agriculture, striking optimum balance between price and performance. The system is easy to install.


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"'My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.' Therefore I will boast all the more gladly of my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may rest upon me. For the sake of Christ, then, I am content with weaknesses, insults, hardships, persecutions, and calamities. For when I am weak, then I am strong."
– 2 Corinthians 12:9-10 ESV
Listen as Pastor Brian Croft unpacks this text and applies the principle of weakness to the pastor's life. Brian shares his experience of his own weakness and the impact this has on his ministry.
Related Resources
- Pastoral Friendships – a safe place to share weaknesses.
- Safe and Broken Pastors – Rob Gibson explores how broken pastors (i.e. all pastors) can find encouragement in friendships.
- 20 Lessons in 20 years of ministry – Brian identifies the importance of weakness among the lessons he has learned in 20 years of ministry.


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17 мая 2017
Fialan introduced Ukraine at the largest meat congress in the world.
May 16, 2017 in Shanghai, a unique event in the international meat market took place - the second GLOBAL MEAT CONGRESS, which was devoted to global trends in meat trade and practical marketing solutions for importers (exporters) of pork, beef and poultry (with a focus on China and the Asian region) . More than 100 experts from the EU, Asia, China and the CIS took part in the event - traders, manufacturers, buyers, technology specialists. Hhe director of Fialan's office in China - Roman Krivosheev presented our country at the congress. The expert of the largest 3pl operator in the market of Ukraine and China made a report "Production of meat products" Private Label "in Ukraine for Chinese consumers." Great interest in Chinese experts, who, unfortunately, practically do not know anything about Ukraine, have raised questions of the ecological compatibility and quality of domestic food products and the processes of their production, etc. Before that, most of the representatives of China participating in the congress heard only about sunflower oil, grain, soy and maize from Ukraine. Roman Krivosheev also spoke about the possibilities of cargo rail service between Ukraine and China, which was a pleasant "news" for many participants of the second GLOBAL MEAT CONGRESS. At the end of his speech, Roman Krivosheev expressed his hope that in the near future China will open its borders for Ukrainian meat products and the people of China will be able to fully enjoy its quality and taste.


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A new, or should I say old, service station has been built at Chester and Hester's Dino-Rama.
Once a spot for motorist to fill up their gas tanks and have their cars serviced, this structure now houses a Meet & Greet opportunity in front of a giant "Greetings from Dinoland USA" postcard.
Here, guests can have their picture taken with two of Disney's most famous dogs, Goofy and Pluto.
Realizing that this would be a popular attraction, a shaded queue offers some relief from the sun and rain.
Just like so many other character greetings around property, a Disney photographer is on hand to snap your picture and apply it to your PhotoPass.
I recently wrote a blog about the backstory of Chester and Hester's Dino-Rama. After it was published, several of you wrote to tell me that a photograph of Chester and his wife Hester could be found in the "Chester and Hester's Dinosaur Treasures" shop.
In these first two pictures, we see a young Chester and Hester proudly opening their new service station and the very first dollar they ever made.
This last picture shows them in their golden years.
And by the way, all of the cast members working at Chester and Hester's Dino-Rama are relatives of this enterprising couple, so don't be surprised if you run into one of their distant cousins. (wink, wink).


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Lady Gaga paid a special visit to New York City's Stonewall Inn, helping mark 50 years since the uprising that catalyzed the modern LGBTQ rights movement in a way that only the versatile and colorful global superstar can.
Gaga dropped by the legendary tavern Friday afternoon — exactly five decades to the day of the infamous NYPD raid that ignited tensions and fiery protests in city streets for days and ultimately spurred the birth of the movement for gay rights both in the United States and around the world.
"It makes me cry. I am so emotional today," a visibly teary Gaga, wearing jean shorts, a rainbow jacket and glistening red thigh-high boots, told the crowd.
"This community has fought and continued to fight a war of acceptance, a war of tolerance — and the most relentless bravery. You are the definition of courage, do you know that? This is a celebration of all of you in every single way."
"I really, really hope you celebrate every inch of who you are today," she told the crowd.
Gaga was just one of a handful of celebs and public figures to make an appearance at the event commemorating the uprising that sparked the modern gay rights movement. Chelsea Clinton, Donatella Versace, Whoopi Goldberg and Chirlane McCray all spoke to the crowd.
Alicia Keys teamed up with "RuPaul's Drag Race" winner Bob the Drag Queen for a performance of "Girl on Fire." Keys also performed Cyndi Lauper's anthem "True Colors."
"We want equality. We want to be free," Keys said before ending her performance with "Empire State of Mind."
"I love you. We're in this together. May we continue to fight for tolerance," Keys told the crowd.
New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio also spoke to the crowd later in the evening, annoucning that Friday would be called Stonewall Day and pledging that the city will be the first in the world to build statues commemorating "trans heroes who helped fight for the liberation of everybody."
Taylor Swift made her own surprise appearance at the Greenwich Village bar earlier this month, singing "Shake It Off" and her new single "You Need to Calm Down." Democratic presidential candidate and former Vice President Joe Biden also paid a visit to Stonewall ahead of the 50th anniversary commemoration.
In 2016, days before the 47th anniversary, then-President Barack Obama named the iconic Stonewall Inn a national monument for gay rights, the first ever such designation for an LGBT site. He said the monument would "tell the story."
Elsewhere in the city on Friday, performances by LGBTQ choruses from around the country rocked Times Square and Hugh Jackman sang "You Will Be Found" from the musical Dear Evan Hansen, alongside the Gay Men's Chorus at Madison Square Garden.
A drag queen march also started in Tompkins Square Park, and headed toward the Village Friday evening.
On Saturday, the night before NYC's famed Pride Parade steps off along Fifth Avenue, tune into News 4 at 7 p.m. for a 30-minute special on what happened at Stonewall, what has happened since -- and where we go from here.


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Away from the battlefield, some Syrian rebels are doing business with the same government they are trying to topple.
Both sides want to keep providing basics like bread, fuel and water in the areas they control. When shifting front lines split up supply chains, they started to trade.
In the northwestern Idlib province, rebels control most of the wheat fields but have no way to grind the grain into flour. The government has the flour mill, but can't get enough wheat to supply it.
The two worked out a deal. Every week, the rebels deliver tens of thousands of tons of wheat to the mill in Idlib city. The government grinds it down, takes a cut, and sends it back.
"Wheat is not something to do with the government, it's something to do with the people," said Abu Hassan, an opposition figure who works in a bakery in Salqin, a town in Idlib province.
1. warring adj.
交戰的;相爭的 (jiao1 zhan4 de5; xiang1 zheng1 de5)
例: There are signs of a rapprochement between the warring factions.
2. split v.
劃分;分開 (hua4 fen1; fen1 kai1)
例: He split up with me.
3. figure n.
人物;名人 (ren2 wu4; ming2 ren2)
例: Williams became a figure in politics.


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Line between networking, security ops becoming blurred
Line between networking, security ops becoming blurred.
By placing security modules in its Catalyst 6500 switch, Cisco Systems Inc. has started to blur the line between network operations and security operations. It's a line that's likely to only get fuzzier.
With this product and others that are likely to follow, it is less and less clear who should make purchasing decisions and who should manage the modules, said Dave Passmore, research director with the Midvale, Utah-based research firm, Burton Group.
"The people who run the Ethernet switch are not the same people [that] run the firewall," Passmore said. "By putting all of this in the same box, [San Jose, Calif.-based] Cisco has created an organizational problem: who owns the box?"
It's a problem that WebEx Communications Inc., a Web-conferencing company, had to face when it decided to use the new security module switches. Hesham Eassa, a manager of network design engineering at WebEx, which is also based in San Jose, Calif., said that in the beginning the network and security groups had to work out the purchasing decision together.
Once they decided to go with the modules, they had to negotiate over which group would take responsibility for various aspects of the system.
"The solution was not immediately obvious," Eassa said. "But we were able to resolve it fairly quickly."
In the end, Eassa said, the network people took responsibility for everything that was in the bit stream. The security people were relegated to determining the security parameters.
As the system undergoes testing and nears its rollout, it has spurred communication between the groups, Eassa said. It's communication that they better get used to, Passmore said. Security and networks are likely to become only more integrated.
Ask security expert Luis Medina a question


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Roll Rage is a brand new game for iPhone and iPad. It has that magic, one-more-go factor that means you'll want to play it again. And again. And again.
The aim of the game is to collect stars, credits, fruits and diamonds, all while doing your best to stay alive. With fast, furious gameplay, one-touch tilt controls and an arcade-style retina graphics, you won't want to put it down.
Roll Rage is fully integrated with Game Center, which means you can compare scores with friends, collect achievements and work your way up the leaderboards. You can even give yourself a leg up by buying upgrades, unlocking balls, earning rewards to ramp up your score.Are you ready for Roll Rage? Think you can join the 1,000,000,000 point achievement club? Then what are you waiting for?
Roll Rage is packed full of features, including:
Roll Rage is available to download from the App Store now.


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thunder, it feels like spring in full blast.
The rhythm is back, to accompany your unrestrained curves from 7th to 11th April in the Chamonix valley. The temperature is going to rise whilst iridescent beams underline the skiers' fiery silhouettes carried away by the great electronic, symphonic organs. Primitive dances, black crow ski tests, refreshments, extravagant outfits, love, peace and joy will, as usual, be the common denominators of Chamonix's festival without theoretical limits.
le site : www.chamonix-unlimited.com


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Gyro Muggins shares the exciting conclusion of Barry B. Longyear's 1980 Hugo Award-winning novella.
Willis Davidge travels to the Drac homeworld to find Jeriba Shigan's child, and fulfill his promise to his long-passed friend, ensuring the future of the child among his people.
Presented live in voice.
Seanchai ("Storyteller" in Irish) Library celebrates the Celtic tradition of stories told around the hearth or in the pub to friends, family, and welcomed strangers. Seanchai Libraries bring stories of all kinds to life, in Virtual Worlds: Second Life & Kitely on the Open Metaverse.
MONDAY, April 10th at 7PM: The Conclusion of ENEMY MINE
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- Home
- Camera Systems
- X System
- X Cases, Bags and Straps
- Leica X2 Ever-Ready Case
Product Description
The X2 ever-ready case is made of organically tanned cowhide and is water repellent, so raindrops will not stain or damage the leather. Protected but always ready, the camera can be kept in the case while in use.
Product Reviews
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Past Events
WCAA 2017 Interim meeting (at CASCA/IUAES2017, Ottawa)
Read the meeting minutes (PDF)
WCAA 2016 Delegates meeting (at AAA2016, Minneapolis)
Read the meeting minutes (PDF)
WCAA 2016 biennial meeting (at IUAES2016, Dubrownik)
Read the meeting minutes (PDF)
WCAA 2015 Delegates meeting (at IUAES2015, Bangkok)
WCAA 2014 interim meeting (at AAA2014, Washington DC)
Read the report of the meeting (PDF)
Agenda (PDF)
WCAA 2014 biennial meeting (Taipei)
Read the report of the meeting (PDF)
Agenda (PDF);
Reports (PDF)
Conference programme (PDF); WCAA Panel abstracts (PDF); WCAA participants and abstracts (PDF)
WCAA 2014 interim meeting (at IUAES2014)
Read the report of the meeting (PDF).
WCAA 2013 interim meeting (at AAA2013)
Read the report of the meeting (PDF).
WCAA 2013 interim meeting (at IUAES2013)
Read the report of the meeting (PDF).
WCAA 2012 biennial meeting (at ASA2012)
Read the report of the meeting (PDF)
WCAA interim meeting (at AAA2011)
Read the report of the meeting (PDF)
WCAA interim meeting (at AAA2010)
Read the report of the meeting (PDF)
WCAA 2010 biennial meeting (at EASA2010)
More than 20 international delegates met, discussed, amended Article 5 of the constitution and elected new OC members.
Image: WCAA international delegates in Maynooth
Read the full report of the meeting PDF
WCAA symposium and business meeting, Kunming, July 09
This symposium was an open forum at which cooperative efforts to facilitate international communication and collaboration among anthropologists and anthropological associations were discussed. Representatives of all WCAA member associations present at the 2009 IUAES World Congress were invited to contribute to the meeting, together with key representatives of the IUAES. The discussion focused on the different roles of the WCAA, IUAES, regional and national associations, asking what each can accomplish and how we can support one another's endeavours. Individual presentations focused on specific tasks within the overall goal of advancing cooperation and participation within the discipline globally. The discussion explored how such important tasks may be accomplished through existing institutional resources and collaborations. Each representative at the meeting was asked to report back to their governing board and membership on our ideas and proposals for collaboration.
Download the full report (PDF)
WCAA meeting, Osaka, June 08
The second face-to-face meeting of Presidents and International Delegates of the member associations of the WCAA, benefited greatly from the participation of Leslie Aiello, President of the Wenner-Gren Foundation. This was an invaluable opportunity to:
- review the aims and objectives of the Council as defined by the founding document prepared at the first WCAA meeting in Recife, Brazil, in 2004;
- consider whether any further goals should be added to WCAA's mission;
- reflect on the best way of achieving our aims and objectives in terms of procedures and organization.
The resulting statement can be viewed here.
WCAA Presidential Session at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, December 2007, Washington D.C.
Difference and (in)equality within world anthropologies
Organizers: Gustavo Lins Ribeiro (Universidade de Brasilia) and Junji Koizumi (Osaka University)
Chair: Thomas A Reuter (Monash University)
Spanish professional anthropology outside academia? A case study
Hugo Valenzuela (Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona), Jose L Molina (Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona)
Elephants, colonials, solitudes and 'Indians': producing anthropology in English-speaking Canada
Julia D Harrison (Trent University)
Troubled partnership: western anthropologists vs. postsocialist ethnologists
Michal J Buchowski (U Poznan)
What happened to the "native point of view" in anthropology? The postcolonial shift
Francine Saillant (Universite Laval)
Dialogical and power differences in world anthropologies
Luis R Cardoso de Oliveira (U Brasilia)
A comparative framework for analyzing the international space in anthropology discussion
Benoit de L'Estoile (CNRS)
These papers will be made available here as working papers: they may be cited or quoted, but the author's name, paper title and the URL must be explicitly indicated.
WCAA debates on the public image of anthropology, 2006
Junji Koizumi, WCAA's facilitator, and João de Pina Cabral (a member of the Council's Advisory Board) convened a workshop, The Public Image of Anthropology, during EASA06 in Bristol, UK. The workshop revolved around the question: why does there seem to be a problem with the public understanding of what anthropology is all about? Read more detail.
John Gledhill and Gustavo Lins Ribeiro (members of WCAA's Executive Secretariat) convened another session on the public image of anthropology, at Transcending Postcolonial Conditions: towards alternative modernities - the conference co-sponsored by Anthropology Southern Africa, the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences and the Pan-African Anthropological Association, held at the University of Cape Town, December 2006. The focus was on how anthropologists engage the public sphere in different countries and how we might achieve new, and more supportive, public profiles as we contend with these other problems.
The foundation of the WCAA, June 2004
The presidents of the associations for Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, India, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States attended the meeting. The Japanese society sent its director of international relations. The presidents of the following international associations were also present: European Association of Social Anthropologists; International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences; Latin American Association of Anthropology; Pan African Anthropological Association.
After discussing several possible mechanisms and initiatives to increase international cooperation in anthropology, participants of the conference wholeheartedly decided to create the World Council of Anthropological Associations. This network is open to new members and has as its primary objectives to promote (a) the discipline of anthropology in an international context; (b) cooperation and the sharing of information among world anthropologists; (c) jointly organized events of scientific debate and cooperation in research activities and dissemination of anthropological knowledge. Besides the fact that anthropologists are always prone to acknowledge the value of diversity, there are other reasons why WCAA is an idea that quickly became a reality. It is based on a democratic vision of how anthropologies should intercommunicate and cooperate in a global era. WCAA represents the recognition that now is the time to start new, more horizontal modes of exchange and dissemination of knowledge among world anthropologies. Hopefully, the 2004 Recife conference was just the first in several events designed to implement new institutional policies with a view to promoting greater visibility for diversity in anthropological production worldwide. It undoubtedly initiated a process bound to deepen international cooperation in anthropology in a more cosmopolitan vein. By bringing the leaders of anthropological associations together for a dialogue on the construction of democratic and heteroglossic communication across national boundaries, WCAA seeks to bring about the internationalization of the profession in such a way so as to deal with the challenges of a transnational world.
In April 2005, the Catalan association joined the WCAA. We are confident that the Council will keep growing over the next few years.


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Specialty chemicals company Clariant swung to profit in 2007 on lower costs and higher prices, and CFO Patrick Jany said strong demand was likely to keep up this year.
Shares in Clariant, which makes pigments for products from textiles to cars, jumped more than 10 percent.
The company said it expected an improved operating margin in 2008 and continuing strong cash flow from operations, but saw a further rise in raw material costs of 5 percent in 2008.
"We had actually quite a strong level of demand and we would expect as well that for the year 2008 we will continue with the good level of demand," Jany told CNBC.
The company posted a 5 million Swiss franc ($4.54 million) profit for 2007, bang in line with 10 analysts' average forecast, and compared with a 78 million franc loss in 2006.
Full-year sales rose 5 percent to 8.53 billion francs, just pipping analysts' average forecast of 8.50 billion.


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Rita Resort is a stylish, comfortable, boutique hotel perfectly located between the attractions of Pattaya and the beach activities of Jomtien.
The hotel itself is a unique fusion of European Baroque décor with a distinctive oriental touch. From the moment you arrive in the lobby, you will appreciate the elegance of your surroundings and the attention to every detail.
Each tastefully decorated room has an individual theme and is furnished in different styles from European to Chinese and Thai. Every room has a private balcony and large windows, offering good views and plenty of light. The Executive and VIP rooms offer luxurious standards at exceptional value.


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Welcome Autumn
Today marks the Autumn Equinox, which means it is finally acceptable to start getting excited for the months ahead. The leaves are starting to fall, the air is crisp and the evenings are slowly getting darker each day. I love this time of year because not only is it the run down to Christmas (and my birthday) but I love Halloween and Bonfire Night just as much. Autumn is a time to slow down, feel cosy and surround ourselves with those who you love most, and an excuse to drink copious amounts of tea, but who am I kidding, I already do.
Here is a list of ways to embrace the season, both outdoors and at home. So, brew yourself a hot drink, settle down and enjoy.
Embrace the season outdoors
Autumn is the perfect time to enjoy the great outdoors. With cooler temperatures, it makes being outside far more comfortable, and you don't have to worry about getting all sweaty and sunburnt. Autumn is also a perfect time of year to appreciate the ever-changing season. The transition from Summer to Autumn is truly beautiful, and the more time you spend outdoors, the more likely you are to stop and appreciate it.
- Dig out your boots and go for a walk. Sundays are always best for an afternoon countryside stroll, whether through woodlands, a quiet village or an open field, be sure to take in your surroundings and enjoy a moment of calm.
- Catch the morning sunrise or sunset. My favourite thing about Autumn has to be the colours, especially during golden hour, when the trees are ablaze with golden amber hues. As tempting as it is to reach for your camera, nothing compares to witnessing it with your own eyes. So, put the camera away and soak it all in.
- Forage for Autumn treasure. Autumn is a perfect opportunity to collect natural findings such as conkers, leaves, acorns, pinecones, apples, sloe berries and so much more. And don't be afraid to jump and kick the leaves. No one is watching. I promise.
- Take a drive and discover somewhere new.
- Get yourself a National Trust membership and work your way through as many of the locations as possible.
- Visit a farmer's market and enjoy the abundance of local, seasonal produce.
- Go pumpkin picking at a local farm and make a day of it. I can't think of a better way to choose a pumpkin, or two.
- Talking of farms, unleash your inner child and amuse yourself amongst the animals. A lot of farms have many activities that take place for all of the family at this time of year.
- Watch a fireworks display with a flask of hot chocolate to warm your hands.
- Exercise outside. Take your bike for a ride, or simply go for a run.
- Visit a local florist and treat yourself to seasonal blooms.
- Wrap yourself in a scarf and feel all cosy and snug. I am such a fan of scarves and always look forward to the weather getting colder, purely so I can bundle up with a large scarf.
- Take your camera out with you and capture the changing season.
- Book a last minute camping trip and indulge yourself with toasted (vegetarian) marshmallows and a crackling fire.
- Have a little wander around a garden centre.
Embrace the season in the home
Not only is Autumn a perfect time of year to get outdoors, it is also perfect for enjoying cosy nights in by a fire and indulging yourself in home-cooked comfort food and warm beverages. There are so many ways of embracing the Autumn season in the home, and if you are no stranger to 'Hygge', then I'm sure you're already an expert at finding happiness during the long nights to come.
- Light a candle, wrap yourself in a blanket and snuggle in for the night. There are so many great programmes and dramas on the Tv at the moment, so take full advantage of a slow and easy evening.
- Create a cosy living space with mood lighting, cushions and throws, warm, rich colours and textures, burning candles, fairy lights, autumn decor and all of your autumn treasure finds.
- Enjoy a hot cup of tea (or coffee/hot chocolate) in silence, to savour the taste and the moment.
- Run a bath and unwind. Showers are quick and convenient in the summer, but in Autumn when the nights are slow and long, a bath is a lovely way to unwind before getting ready for bed.
- Open the windows and let the outside in.
- Spend an afternoon carving pumpkins and filling your home with them.
- Read a book and commit to finishing it. Use this time to put your phone away, or to turn it off, so there is nothing but you and the book before you.
- Watch a film you have never seen before. If it's scary, or about Halloween, even better. I just love watching all of the Halloween films for children at this time of year.
- Invite friends and family over for a cosy night in eating home cooked food, playing board games and enjoying each others company.
- Spend time in the kitchen cooking with seasonal produce and indulge yourself with soups, pies and plenty of pumpkins and squash.
- Learn to bake. Now that the Great British Bake Off is back on our screens, there is no excuse to not feel inspired and motivated to try something new. And what with Halloween approaching, have fun creating treats that are spooky and sweet.
- Organise your Autumn wardrobe. That's right, knitwear and long socks are back.
- Buy yourself a new pair of pyjamas and wear them as often as you can. I'll be honest, I tend to jump into pyjamas whenever at home all year round, but it is always nicer in autumn when you can wear cosy pyjamas with woodland creatures on.
- Make an autumn wreath and display it in your home or on your front door. There are so many tutorials out there, but if you don't have the time to make one, you can always buy one.
- Wake up early and make the most of the daylight.
- Enjoy a slow, comforting breakfast that will prepare you for the day ahead.
- Allow yourself a lie in now and again at the weekend.
- Get crafty or take up a new hobby. Pinterest has so many great and easy ideas.
- Practice meditation and yoga in the comfort of your home.
How are you planning on embracing Autumn?
Love Georgie ♥


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|Part of a series on
A fatwā (Arabic: فتوى; plural fatāwā Arabic: فتاوى) in the Islamic faith is the term for the legal opinion or learned interpretation that the Sheikhul Islam, a qualified jurist or mufti, can give on issues pertaining to the Islamic law.[1] The person who issues a fatwā is called, in that respect, a Mufti, i.e. an issuer of fatwā, from the verb أَفْتَى 'aftā = "he gave a formal legal opinion on". This is not necessarily a formal position since most Muslims argue that anyone trained in Islamic law may give an opinion (fatwā) on its teachings. If a fatwā does not break new ground, then it is simply called a ruling.[2]
An analogy might be made to the issue of legal opinions from courts in common-law systems. Fatwās generally contain the details of the scholar's reasoning, typically in response to a particular case, and are considered binding precedent by those Muslims who have bound themselves to that scholar, including future muftis; mere rulings can be compared to memorandum opinions. The primary difference between common-law opinions and fatwās, however, is that fatwās are not universally binding; as Sharia is not universally consistent and Islam is very non-hierarchical in structure, fatwās do not carry the sort of weight that secular common-law opinions do.
In religious context, the word fatwa carries more meaning. This is because when a Muslim has a question that they need to be answered from an Islamic point of view, they ask an Islamic scholar this question, and the answer is known as a fatwa. This fatwa is said by followers to carry more weight than just the random opinion of any person. Muslim scholars are expected to give their fatwa based on religious scripture, not just their personal opinions. Therefore, their fatwa is sometimes regarded as a religious ruling. Here is an example of a fatwa: Muslims are expected to pray five times every day at specific times during the day. A person who is going to be on a 12-hour flight may not be able to perform their prayers on time. So they might ask a Muslim scholar for a fatwa on what is the appropriate thing to do, or they might look up the answer in a book or on the internet. The scholar might advise them to perform the prayer to the best of their ability on the plane, or to delay their prayer until they land, for example. And they would support their opinion with scripture. The fatwa is not legally binding or final, it is a respected interpretation of the sharia given by a mufti on a particular case. If the individual doesn't like the fatwa given, he/she can seek out another Mufti or Qadi for a second opinion which might have the desired outcome.
In Islam, there are four sources from which Muslim scholars extract religious law or rulings, and upon which they base their fatwa. The first is the Quran, which is the holy book of Islam, and which Muslims believe is the direct and literal word of God, revealed to Prophet Mohammad. The second source is the Sunnah, which incorporates anything that the Prophet Mohammad said, did or approved of. The third source is the consensus of the scholars, meaning that if the scholars of a previous generation have all agreed on a certain issue, then this consensus is regarded as representing Islam. Finally, if no scripture is found regarding a specific question from the three first sources, then an Islamic scholar performs what is known as ijtihad. This means that they use their own logic and reasoning to come up with the best answer according to the best of their ability. Muslims believe that any given action that they perform in their lives falls into one of five categories:
- Obligatory
- Commendable
- Permissible
- Despised
- Not Permitted
All actions fall into the "permissible" category, unless there is evidence from one of the four sources previously mentioned (Quran, Sunnah, Consensus, Ijtihad) that proves otherwise. Here are some examples:
- The five daily prayers are obligatory upon Muslims. Those who do not perform them are committing a sin, and they will be accountable for that on the day of judgment.
- Performing additional voluntary prayers is commendable. Those who perform them will be rewarded, but those who do not are not committing a sin.
- Driving an electric car is permissible, meaning that the action of driving is not good or bad in itself. There is no sin or reward attached to it. Most things fall under this category.
- Divorce is a despised action. Although there is no sin associated with it, it must only be considered as a last resort when all other means of solving the problems between the spouses have been exhausted.
- Drinking alcoholic drinks is not permitted. Those who do so are committing a sin, and will be held accountable for it on the day of judgment.
When someone asks a Muslim scholar about performing a specific action, the reply will be a fatwa explaining which of these five categories this action would fall under. So if you ask a Muslim scholar to give a fatwa about adultery, they would tell you that it is "Not Permitted". If you ask about fasting in Ramadan, they would answer that it is "Obligatory". Muslims are usually encouraged to ask for reasoning and evidence behind any fatwa, and should avoid blindly following the opinions of Muslim scholars without understanding the reasons behind them. This is because Muslims should always feel that they are practicing Islam to gain the pleasure of God, and not to gain the pleasure of acceptance of any human being. It is also interesting to note that different scholars frequently have different opinions regarding any given question. This is why there is usually more than one fatwa regarding any one question. In fact, there are a number of methodologies for how to understand evidence gathered from the previously mentioned sources of Islamic law. Scholars who follow different methodologies will frequently arrive at different answers to the same question. It is well known that in Islam there are four schools of thought, and each of them differ with respect to certain aspects. However, it is important to know that these differences are usually about minor issues. For example, in terms of beliefs, the vast majority of Muslims agree on most aspects of belief, most importantly the concept of monotheism, and belief in the angels, Prophets, holy books and the Day of Judgment.[3]
In the early days of Islam, fatwās were pronounced by distinguished scholars to provide guidance to other scholars, judges and citizens on how subtle points of Islamic law should be understood, interpreted or applied. There were strict rules on who was eligible to issue a valid fatwā and who could not, as well as on the conditions the fatwā must satisfy to be valid.
According to the usul al-fiqh (principles of jurisprudence), the fatwā must meet the following conditions in order to be valid:
- The fatwā is in line with relevant legal proofs, deduced from Qur'anic verses and a hadith; provided the hadith was not later abrogated by Muhammad.
- It is issued by a person (or a board) having due knowledge and sincerity of heart;
- It is free from individual opportunism, and not depending on political servitude;
- It is adequate with the needs of the contemporary world.
With the existence of modern independent states, each with its own legislative system, or its own body of ulamas, each country develops and applies its own rules, based on its own interpretation of religious prescriptions. Many Muslim countries (such as Egypt and Tunisia) have an official mufti position; a distinguished expert in the sharia is appointed to this position by the civil authorities of the country. But his fatwās are binding on no one: neither the state that appoints him, nor any citizen.
- Online fatawa
Fatwas have been transmitted by publication, "in collections of individual muftis, in annual fatwa collections, ... or in special religious columns of periodicals and newspapers ..."[4] Starting in the 1990s, online fatwa services such as IslamQA.info, fatwa-online.com, and AskImam.org, became available, making the searching and finding of fatwas on different subjects even easier. According to at least one source (Sadakat Kadri) these sources reintroduced the advise of trained scholars to many Muslims who had turned to do-it-yourself religious interpretation, but also changed the nature of fatwa advice giving, which had traditionally been local and so "relatively confidential and conditioned by customs familiar to both parties."[5] Scholars from Cairo and Saudi Arabia exported their views to mostly (80+%) non-Arab Muslim world. Muslims are able to observe differences in opinions among scholars of different fatwa sites and to "contemplate previously unimagined dilemmas and temptations."[5]
Issuer qualifications
During what is often referred to as the Islamic Golden Age, in order for a scholar to be qualified to issue a fatwā, it was required that he obtained an ijazat attadris wa'l-ifta ("license to teach and issue legal opinions") from a Madrasah in the medieval Islamic legal education system, which was developed by the 9th century during the formation of the Madh'hab legal schools.[6]
National level
In nations where Islamic law is the basis of civil law, but has not been codified, as is the case of some Arab countries in the Middle East, fatwā by the national religious leadership are debated prior to being issued. In theory, such fatwā should rarely be contradictory. If two fatwā are potentially contradictory, the ruling bodies (combined civil and religious law) would attempt to define a compromise interpretation that will eliminate the resulting ambiguity. In these cases, the national theocracies expect fatwā to be settled law.
In the majority of Arab countries, however, Islamic law has been codified in each country according to its own rules, and is interpreted by the judicial system according to the national jurisprudence. Fatwā have no direct place in the system, except to clarify very unusual or subtle points of law for experts (not covered by the provisions of modern civil law), or to give moral authority to a given interpretation of a rule.
In nations where Islamic law is not the basis of law (as is the case in various Asian and African countries), different mujtahids can issue contradictory fatwā. In such cases, Muslims would typically honour the fatwā deriving from the leadership of their religious tradition. For example, Sunni Muslims would favor a Sunni fatwā whereas Shiites would follow a Shi'a one.
There exists no international Islamic authority to settle fiqh issues today, in a legislative sense. The closest such organism is the Islamic Fiqh Academy, (a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)), which has 57 member states. But it can only render fatwā that are not binding on anyone.
Legal implications
There is a binding rule that saves the fatwā pronouncements from creating judicial havoc, whether within a Muslim country or at the level of the Islamic world in general: it is unanimously agreed that a fatwā is only binding on its author. This was underlined by Sheikh Abdul Mohsen Al-Obeikan, vice-minister of Justice of Saudi Arabia, in an interview with the Arabic daily Asharq Al-Awsat, as recently as on July 9, 2006,in a discussion of the legal value of a fatwā by the Islamic Fiqh Academy (IFA) on the subject of misyar marriage, which had been rendered by IFA on April 12, 2006.[7] He said, "Even the decisions of the official Ifta authority [the official Saudi fatwā institute] is binding on no one, whether for the people or the state." Al-Obeikan, however, was subsequently removed from his position as advisor to the royal cabinet in May 2012 after opposing moves to relax gender segregation,[8] and in August 2012, Obeikan's morning radio show "Fatwas on Air," in which he would issue daily fatwas, was canceled after a royal decree that authorizes only members of the Council of Senior Scholars to issue fatwas.[9]
Still, sometimes, even leading religious authorities and theologians misleadingly present their fatwā as obligatory,[10] or try to adopt some "in-between" position.
Thus, the Sheikh of al-Azhar in Cairo, Muhammad Sayid Tantawy, who is the leading religious authority in the Sunni Muslim establishment in Egypt, alongside the Grand Mufti of Egypt, said the following about fatwās issued by himself or the entire Dar al-Ifta:
"Fatwā issued by Al-Azhar are not binding, but they are not just whistling in the wind either; individuals are free to accept them, but Islam recognizes that extenuating circumstances may prevent it. For example, it is the right of Muslims in France who object to the law banning the veil to bring it up to the legislative and judicial authorities. If the judiciary decides in favor of the government because the country is secular, they would be considered to be Muslim individuals acting under compelling circumstances." Otherwise, in his view, they would be expected to adhere to the fatwā.[11]
In Morocco, where king Mohammed VI is also Amir al-Muminin (Commander of the Faithful), the authorities have tried to organize the field by creating a scholars' council (conseil des oulémas) composed of Muslim scholars (ulama), which is the only one allowed to issue fatāwā.[citation needed] In this case, a national theocracy could in fact compel intra-national compliance with the fatwā, since a central authority is the source. Even then, however, the issue would not necessarily be religiously binding for the residents of that nation. For, the state may have the power to put a fatwā in effect, but that does not mean that the fatwā is to be religiously accepted by all. For instance, if a state fatwā council made abortion acceptable in the first trimester without any medical reason, that would have direct impact on official procedures in hospitals and courts in that country. Yet, this would not mean that the Muslims in that nation has to agree with that fatwā, or that the fatwā is religiously binding for them.[citation needed]
Sources of fatwā include:
- Al-Azhar University
- Mufti Ebrahim Desai
- Darul Iftaa, Bareilly Shareef
- Darul Iftaa, Jamiatul Ashrafia Misbah ul-Ulum
- Cairo University Center of Islamic Research and Studies
- Islamopedia Online Islamopedia Online
- Islamic Enlightenment Foundation A source for authentic fatwas in Arabic, English and Urdu. Fatwas issued by muftis from Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, Binnori Town, Pakistan.
- Darul Uloom Karachi
- IslamOnline fatwa website created by Yusuf al-Qaradawi
- IslamQA.com - fatwa website created by Muhammad Al-Munajjid [1]
- Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas - official fatwa website of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [2]
Contemporary examples
Fatwā are expected to deal with religious issues, subtle points of interpretation of the fiqh as exemplified by the cases cited in the archives linked below. In certain cases, religious issues and political ones seem to be inextricably intertwined. The term fatwā is sometimes used by some Muslims to mean to "give permission" to do a certain act that might be illegal under Islamic law; other Muslims view this to be incorrect.[citation needed]
Despite the word "fatwā" not being included in the Qur'an, individuals commonly obtain fatwā to guide them in everyday life. Due to the lack of a central unifying rulemaker, different sheiks may give different answers to the same question. This leaves an opportunity for the controversial practice of "fatwā shopping", in which an individual asks the same question of different sheiks until they receive an answer they like.[12]
This section may contain excessive, poor, or irrelevant examples.(December 2009)
Examples of famous or controversial fatwā include the following:
On December 2, 1947 the University of Al-Azhar religious scholars, the most respected in the Sunni Muslim word, called for holy war against the Zionists. [13]
In April 1974 the Muslim World League issued a fatwa stating that followers of the Ahmadiyyah movement are to be considered "non-Muslims".[14]
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1989 pronounced a death sentence on Salman Rushdie, the author of The Satanic Verses.
In 2001, religious authorities in the United Arab Emirates issued a fatwā against the children's game Pokémon, after finding that it encouraged gambling, and was based on the theory of evolution, "a Jewish-Darwinist theory, that conflicts with the truth about humans and with Islamic principles".[15]
In 2001, Egypt's Grand Mufti issued a fatwā stating that the show "Who will Win the Million?" (modelled on the British show Who Wants to be a Millionaire?) was un-Islamic.[16] The Sheikh of Cairo's Al-Azhar University later rejected the fatwā, finding that there was no objection to such shows since they spread general knowledge.
In Syria, Grand Mufti Ahmad Badruddin Hassoun issued a fatwa prohibiting every type of smoking, including cigarettes and narghile, as well as the selling and buying of tobacco and any affiliation with tobacco distribution (see also Smoking in Syria).
Yusuf al-Qaradawi released a fatwā on April 14, 2004, stating that the boycott of American and Israeli products was an obligation for all who are able. The fatwā reads in part:
If people ask in the name of religion we must help them. The vehicle of this support is a complete boycott of the enemies' goods. Each riyal, dirham …etc. used to buy their goods eventually becomes bullets to be fired at the hearts of brothers and children in Palestine. For this reason, it is an obligation not to help them (the enemies of Islam) by buying their goods. To buy their goods is to support tyranny, oppression and aggression. Buying goods from them will strengthen them; our duty is to make them as weak as we can. Our obligation is to strengthen our resisting brothers in the Sacred Land as much as we can. If we cannot strengthen the brothers, we have a duty to make the enemy weak. If their weakness cannot be achieved except by boycott, we must boycott them.
American goods, exactly like the great Israeli goods, are forbidden. It is also forbidden to advertise these goods, even though in many cases they prove to be superior. America today is a second Israel. It totally supports the Zionist entity. The usurper could not do this without the support of America. "Israel's" unjustified destruction and vandalism of everything has been using American money, American weapons, and the American veto. America has done this for decades without suffering the consequences of any punishment or protests about their oppressive and prejudiced position from the Islamic world.[17][18]
Sheik Sadeq Abdallah bin Al-Majed, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in Sudan, issued a fatwā that prohibits vaccination of children claiming it is a conspiracy of the Jews and Freemasons.[19][20]
Indian Muslim scholars issued a fatwā of death against Taslima Nasreen, an exiled controversial Bangladeshi writer. Majidulla Khan Farhad of Hyderabad-based Majlis Bachao Tehriq issued the fatwā at the Tipu Sultan mosque in Kolkata after Juma prayers as saying Taslima has defamed Islam and announced an "unlimited financial reward" to anybody who would kill her.[21]
In 1998, Grand Ayatollah Sistani of Iraq, issued a fatwā prohibiting University of Virginia professor Abdulaziz Sachedina from ever again teaching Islam due in part to Sachedina's writings encouraging acceptance of religious pluralism in the Muslim world.[22]
In June 1992, Egyptian writer Farag Foda was assassinated following a fatwa issued by ulamas from Al-Azhar who had adopted a previous fatwa by Sheikh al-Azhar, Jadd al-Haqq, accusing secularist writers such as Foda of being "enemies of Islam".[23] The jihadist group Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya claimed responsibility for the murder.[24]
In 1951 Egypt issued a fatwa on Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola citing it was safe for Muslims to drink both beverages since "they do not contain narcotic or alcoholic substances, nor do these analyses show the presence of pepsin. From the bacteriological point of view the beverages are free of microbes harmful to health." [25]
Osama bin Laden issued two fatwās—in 1996 and then again in 1998—that Muslims should kill civilians and military personnel from the United States and allied countries until they withdraw support for Israel and withdraw military forces from Islamic countries.[26][27]
In 2003, on his television show John Safran Vs God, Australian comedian John Safran tricked Sheikh Omar Bakri into placing a fatwā on Safran's colleague Rove McManus by showing him falsified evidence seeming to indicate that McManus had been making fun of Islam.
In 2005, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, issued a fatwā that the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons are forbidden under Islam and that Iran shall never acquire these weapons.[28][29]
Another example of a fatwā is forbidding the smoking of cigarettes by Muslims.[30]
In September 2007, the Central Java division and Jepara branch of the Indonesian organisation Nahdlatul Ulama (the Awakening of the Religious Scholars) declared the government's proposal to build a nuclear power station nearby at Balong on the Muria peninsula haram or forbidden. The fatwā was issued following a two-day meeting of more than a hundred ulama to consider the pros and cons of the proposal addressed by government ministers, scientists and critics. The decision cited both positive and negative aspects of the proposal, which it had balanced to make its judgment. Key concerns were the question of long-term safe disposal and storage of radioactive waste, the potential local and regional environmental consequences of the plant's operation, the lack of financial clarity about the project, and issues of foreign technological dependence.[31]
In 2008, undercover reporting by a private TV channel in India showed several respected clerics demanding and receiving cash for issuing fatwās. In response, some were suspended from issuing fatwās and Indian Muslim leaders announced that they would create a new body that will monitor the issuing of fatwās in India.[32][33]
In 2008, a Pakistani religious leader issued a fatwā on President Asif Ali Zardari for "indecent gestures" toward Sarah Palin, U.S. Vice Presidential candidate.[34]
In 2008, Indian Ulama from the world-renowned seminary of Deoband have categorically issued a fatwā against terrorism and mentioned that any sort of killing of innocent people or civilians is Haram or Forbidden.[35] The fatwā also clarified that there is no Jihad in Kashmir or against India as freedom of religion is guaranteed by the state as any state that guarantees freedom of religion can not have Jihad sanctioned against it.[36] This fatwā was reiterated in 2009 where Indian Home Minister P. Chidrambram hailed the move.[37] The full text of the fatwā in English is available here[38]
Deoband Ulama in India have repeatedly mentioned that the Taliban government in Afghanistan was Un-Islamic. This was most recently reiterated at a convention in Karachi recently.[39] These include the idea of establishing shariah rule with force in the name of Jihad and levying of "jizya" on Sikh citizens of Pakistan, which was termed as nothing more than extortion by armed gangs.[40] The stand was explained by Maulana Abu Hassan Nadvi as below
This can't be called a war in the name of Islam. Even during a legitimate jihad, which is fought not by a rag-tag army of misguided youth but by the state against identified aggressors, Islam has set certain principles like you can't harm the old, sick, women and children. You can't attack any place of worship. But terrorists kill people indiscriminately. They are earning Allah's punishment.
Suicide bombing in any form has also been declared haram and forbidden by Indian ulama.[41] This stand is also supported by Saudi scholars such as Shaykh Muhammad Bin Saalih al-'Uthaymeen, who have issued fatawā declaring suicide bombings are haram and those who commit this act are not shaheed (martyrs).[42]
Controversial fatwas
Fatwas have the role of explaining religion and guiding the faithful in modern matters that were not previously tackled by scholars or specifically addressed by the Quran or the Hadith of Prophet Mohammed. Some fatwas stand out as controversial and often lead to hardship, violence and misunderstanding of religion.
In 2012, Sheikh Murgan Salem al-Gohary of Egypt, a former Taliban, issued a fatwa calling for "the destruction of the Sphinx and the Giza Pyramids in Egypt," because "God ordered Prophet Mohammed to destroy idols."[43] Egypt is host to thousands of ancient statues and drawings that do not seem to have bothered Muslims for the past 1400 years. These monuments are a major attraction to tourists and scientists interested in ancient Egyptian culture, and not worship. It is unclear why the pyramids were added to the fatwa because they are tombs of pharaohs and not statues or idols. During the 1980s foreign tourists were the target of terrorist attacks by extremist groups.
In 2012, Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, issued a religious edict prohibiting contact and cooperation with foreign media outlets because they seek to "spread chaos and strife in Muslim lands." He added that contacting foreign media outlets to "divulge the country's secrets or address various matters" was tantamount to "treason and major crime." He said that "It is not permissible and is considered betrayal and assistance to the enemies of Islam." Also, "A believer has to help keeping security, that of his nation and community, and protecting his religion."[44] This fatwa is vague and itself is in need of another explanatory fatwa. Foreign media appears to have been singled out because it is mostly free and does not conform to Saudi Arabian government censorship. The fatwa uses the strongest possible terms (i.e., "haram" or unlawful, "treason," "betrayal," and "major crime.") for the simple act of contacting the press. This fatwa needlessly endangers the lives of ordinary citizens and members of the media.[unbalanced opinion] It also threatens the financial interests of legitimate global business. In democratic societies, journalism and the media play an indispensable role in educating the public and combating corruption.
In 2011-2012, Abdel-Bari Zamzami of Morocco issued a series of religious edicts that a man has the right to engage in sexual intercourse with his wife up to six hours after her death [45] despite recognizing that such an action is despicable in mainstream society, Zamzami persisted in backing his original fatwa, claiming marriage does not end in death.[46] Zamzami also announced that it is against the religion to take to the streets after the King delivers a speech; this fatwa made the population, as well as the media, question his intentions.[47]
In 2012, The Indonesian Ulema Council has issued an edict for Muslims not to wish Christians a happy Christmas. The edict said that wishing a happy Christmas was akin to confirming the "misguided" teachings of Christianity.[48]
In 2013, the grand mufti in Kashmir issued a fatwa terming singing as un-Islamic. forcing Kashmir's only all-girls rock band to abandon it.[49]
In 2014, the Supreme Court of India ruled that Sharia courts have no legal sanction and no one is bound to accept a fatwa in India.[50][51]
- "In Sunni Islam, a fatwā is nothing more than an opinion. It is just a view of a mufti and is not binding in India." ― Maulana Mehmood Madani, president of the Jamaat-e-Ulema-e-Hind[52]
- "The current fashion for online fatwās has created an amazingly legalistic approach to Islam as scholars - some of whom have only a tenuous grip on reality - seek to regulate all aspects of life according to their own interpretation of the scriptures." ― Brian Whitaker, The Guardian[53]
- Excerpts from an interview given by Sheikh Abdul Mohsen Al-Obeikan, vice-minister of Justice of Saudi Arabia, to the Arabic daily Asharq al awsat on July 9, 2006, in which he discusses the legal value of a fatwā by the Islamic Fiqh Academy (IFA) on the subject of misyar marriage, which had been rendered by IFA on April 12, 2006:
Asharq Al-Awsat: From time to time and through its regular meetings, the Islamic Fiqh Academy usually issues various fatwās dealing with the concerns of Muslims. However, these fatwās are not considered binding for the Islamic states. What is your opinion of this?
Obeikan: Of course, they are not binding for the member Islamic states.
Asharq Al-Awsat: But, what is the point of the Islamic Fiqh Academy's consensus on fatwās that are not binding for the member states?
Obeikan: There is a difference between a judge and a mufti. The judge issues a verdict and binds people to it. However, the mufti explains the legal judgment but he does not bind the people to his fatwā. The decisions of the Islamic Fiqh Academy are fatwā decisions that are not binding for others. They only explain the legal judgment, as the case is in fiqh books.
Asharq Al-Awsat: Well, what about the Ifta House [official Saudi fatwā organism]? Are its fatwās not considered binding on others?
Obeikan: I do not agree with this. Even the decisions of the Ifta House are not considered binding, whether for the people or the state.
Other meanings
Some fatwās have drawn a great deal of attention in Western media, giving rise to the term fatwā being used loosely for statements by non-Muslims that advocate an extreme religious or political position, and loosely or as slang for other sorts of decrees. Examples of such uses include the statements "The pope issued a fatwā"[54] and "According to sources in today's Tibetan resistance, the Chinese Communist 'fatwā' to silence Patterson has never been rescinded."[55]
See also
- Responsa
- Mufti
- Taqlid
- Ijtihad
- Ijma
- Tafsir
- Posek
- List of fatwas
- Papal bull
- Fatwa of Osama bin Laden
- Yusuf al-Qaradawi
- Edict
- Legal opinion, the secular equivalent
- ↑ Hallaq, Wael B. "Fatwa". Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ MacFarquhar, Neil. "The media relations department of Hizbollah wishes you to die: Unexpected encounters in the changing Middle East", PublicAffairs, 2009, ISBN 978-1-58648-635-8
- ↑ http://www.questionsaboutislam.com/shariah-islamic-law/what-is-a-fatwa.php
- ↑ Marcotte, Roxanne D. (2010). "2. The `Religionated` Body: Fatwas and Body Parts". In Coleman, Elizabeth Burns; White, Kevin. Medicine, Religion, and the Body. BRILL. pp. 31–2.
|url=(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ... macmillan. p. 208. ISBN 9780099523277.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ Huda al Saleh (2009-02-15). "Loading". Asharqalawsat.com. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Saudi King Abdullah sacks conservative adviser
- ↑ Sandels, Alexandra (August 19, 2010). "SAUDI ARABIA: Cleric who urged grown men to drink breast milk of unrelated women taken off air". Los Angeles Times.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Boycotting Products of the US & Its Allies: Obligatory? - IslamonLine.net - Ask The Scholar". IslamonLine.net. 2003-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Middle East Information Center. "Middle East Information - MEIC Issues and analysis of the Middle East: Conflicts, News, History, Religions and Discussions". Middleeastinfo.org. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ A Reporter Translates Middle East Customs. Morning Edition, 4 May 2009.
- ↑ "Partition of Palestine and Declaration of Jihad", cited in Benny Morris, "1948 as Jihad", page 5.
- ↑ Yohanan Friedmann: Prophecy Continuous. Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. 2 Auflage. Oxford University Press, Neu-Delhi 2003, S. 44.
- ↑ "Pokemon faced with fatwa". BBC News. 2001-04-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "'Millionaire' fatwā rejected". BBC News. 2001-07-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Boycotting Israeli and American Goods - IslamonLine.net - Ask The Scholar". IslamonLine.net. 2004-04-18. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Ulama's Fatwa on Boycotting Israeli and American Products - IslamonLine.net - Ask The Scholar". IslamonLine.net. 2003-06-30. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ http://memritv.org. "Clip". Memritv.org. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Clip Transcript". Memritv.org. 2007-07-28. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Associated Press of Pakistan - Indian Muslim scholars issue Fatwa against Taslima[dead link]
- ↑ http://www.uga.edu/islam/sachedina_silencing.html
- ↑ Bar, Shmuel (2008). Warrant for Terror: The Fatwas of Radical Islam and the Duty to Jihad. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 16, footnote 8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ de Waal, Alex (2004). Islamism and Its Enemies in the Horn of Africa. C. Hurst & Co. p. 60.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Liebesny, Herbert J., The law of the Near and Middle East readings, cases, and materials, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975, 42-3
- ↑ "Bin Laden'S Fatwa". Pbs.org. Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Online NewsHour: Al Qaeda's 1998 Fatwa". PBS. Retrieved 2006-08-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Iran, holder of peaceful nuclear fuel cycle technology". Mathaba.net. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/Multilateral/inter/iaea_iran/200508_iran_statement1.doc
- ↑ "Islamic Glossary: Fatwa". Islam.about.com. 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Richard Tanter, "Nuclear fatwa: Islamic jurisprudence and the Muria nuclear power station proposal", Austral Policy Forum, 13 December 2007, 07-25A.
- ↑ Clerics issue fatwas for cash The Times of India. Sept 18 2006
- ↑ India's Cash-for- Fatwa Scandal Time Magazine Sep 21 2006
- ↑ CJ: Rohini Verma. "Zardari gets Fatwa for flirting with Palin". Merinews.com. Retrieved 2010-06-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Front Page News : Monday, June 28, 2010". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2010-06-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Not Specified (2008-02-28). "Deoband fatwa ruffles feathers of Kashmiri separatists". Jammu-kashmir.com. Retrieved 2010-06-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ TNN, Nov 4, 2009, 04.33am IST (2009-11-04). "Chidambaram reaches out, seeks Deoband support in war on terrorism - India - The Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2010-06-28. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Muslims for Secular Democracy". Mfsd.org. Retrieved 2010-06-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "DAWN.COM | Pakistan | Deoband ulema term all Taliban actions un-Islamic". Dawnnews.net. 2009-06-20. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 2010-06-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Indian clerics flay imposition of 'Jizya' on Pakistani Sikhs". Indianexpress.com. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2010-06-28.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Wajihuddin, Mohammed (2009-10-17). "Muslim clerics denounce Taliban threat". The Times Of India.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Shaykh Muhammad Bin Saalih al-'Uthaymeen
- ↑ "'Destroy the idols,' Egyptian jihadist calls for removal of Sphinx, Pyramids".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Talking to foreign media is 'haram:' Saudi Grand Mufti".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Necrophilia fatwa
- ↑ Necrophilia despicable but okay
- ↑ Fatwas criticism
- ↑ "Christmas greetings chime despite edict".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Times of India article, dated 4th Feb 2013, "A day after fatwa, Kashmir's all-girl band calls it quits"". The Times Of India.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Shariat courts have no legal sanction and no one is bound to accept a fatwa". Retrieved 7 July 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "India's Supreme Court sets rules for Sharia courts". Retrieved 13 December 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "outlookindia.com". outlookindia.com. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Whitaker, Brian (2006-01-17). "January 17, 2006". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2009-06-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ D. Bartles-Smith, Signs Of The Times, Number 26, 2007
- ↑ caption of an image in
External links
- Fatwas: the big picture – TCN News
- 'Fatwa' helps Proctor & Gamble in Anti-Counterfeiting Campaign
- The Fatwa and Revolutionary Islamic Movements
- The Warped Economics of Fatwa: Demand Creates Its OWN Supply by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
- Malaysian Fatwas collection by Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (Jakim)
- फतवा और औरत (NewAgeIslam)
- Al-Fatāwa l-ḫayrīya (issued in 1780 AD, by unknown scholar)
- Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
- Articles with dead external links from June 2009
- CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
- Articles containing Arabic-language text
- Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012
- Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009
- Articles with too many examples
- Articles with minor POV problems from December 2015
- Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
- Fatwas


text:
Sandy Noble was exhibiting his drawing machines last week at FRAMED Gallery. The machine is a simple device, that draws picture using a normal pen, some motors and some string. The machine is called Polargraph because it uses a dual-polar coordinates system internally, rather than the regular cartesian system and computer systems tend to use.
Sandy Noble says on the project page that the mechanism is not wholly original;
"I have mainly taken inspiration from Hektor the Spraycan Robot, but in researching my machine came across prior art in the form of the AS200 Drawbot and Harvey Moon's drawing machine. And draftsmen will recognise this as a primitive, gravity assisted pen plotter." See more;
"The whole system is fairly technologically agnostic, but the current incarnation uses an Arduino microcontroller and an Adafruit Motorshield, along with a couple of stepper motors. The application that drives it from the computer is written in Processing. It decodes a bitmap and creates a map of the file using a polar coordinates system, recording pixel position, size and brightness. The hardware requests each pixel in turn, and renders it on the page using it's own shading and movement algorithms.
I'm experimenting with the rigging and the gondola all the time, trying to find the best way to hold a pen stable to let me draw reasonably quickly and accurately.
I'm using bristol board and smooth cartridge paper to draw on (bristol board doesn't come in A1 sizes), with Sharpie markers, Kuretake ZIG Writers and ZIG Millennium pens and UNIPIN fineliners for fine stuff."
via | Colossal


text:
Producing music since high school, Eliot Lipp found his own voice in hip-hop beats and instrumentals. One of the most recent additions to the Pretty Lights Music roster, Lipp has been notably prolific in cranking out new tracks and mixes. In advance of his three-night Colorado run, which kicks off tonight at the Fox Theatre, we caught up with Lipp, who lives in Brooklyn these days but was born in Colorado, and talked to him about his new album, his forthcoming remixes EP and how he uses a vintage synthesizer in his live set up to add a rough-around-the-edges quality to the finely tuned digital crispness.
See also: - Tonight: Eliot Lipp at the Fox Theatre, 2/7/13 - Derek Vincent Smith shares the illuminating story behind Pretty Lights - Gramatik on joining Pretty Lights Music
Westword: Are you mid-tour right now on a few stops?
Eliot Lipp: Yes. We just pulled into Cleveland, and we played Detroit last night.
How was that?
It was really fun! I really dig Emancipator's music, so it's nice to open for him, but it's pretty chilly out right now. We are still diggin' it.
Is he touring with Ilya Goldberg?
Yeah, yeah.
Those are always fun shows. Congratulations on getting on that bill.
I am pretty excited to be touring with him right now. We are only doing five stops together, but they are all in a row. We started in Grand Rapids, then Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Syracuse.
What do you got going on after those shows?
Then I head back to Brooklyn, and then I head out to Colorado.
Do you have any stops lined up for the summer, or are you waiting for the festival stops to come rolling in?
Right now, I am just working on festivals, but as we roll into spring, I'll probably do a couple of short rounds.
Are you working on a new album right now?
I am in the middle of it right now. I am getting some vocalists for this one, which is brand new and something that I've never done; and I'm trying some new things out. I've got a bunch of new songs to go through and see what really fits with the album this time around. It's in the early stage, so I am not sure how it's going to turn out right yet.
Is this one going to be released under the Pretty Lights Music imprint, like Shark Wolf Rabbit Snake?
I think it is, but, like I said, it's pretty early.
What kind of vocalists are you working with?
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I don't want to spoil anything yet, but mostly singers, and I've got a few MCs on it, too. I'm looking at bands and collaborating with bands that I dig and friends that are in the music scene that I like. One thing that is coming up is the remixes EP. I have eight remixes, and that's coming out real soon.
Are those your personal remixes, or remixes from Shark Wolf Rabbit Snake?
Yeah, it's all tracks from that album.
Care to drop any of the artists that will be featured on it?
We got Two Fresh, Mindelixir, Knight Riderz, Stratus, Freddy Todd and a couple other guys. It's going to be a really good one.
Sounds like a banger. Let's switch gears a little bit and talk about your live production verses your studio pieces. When you played the release party for Shark Wolf Rabbit Snake, you had a Moog synthesizer on stage with you, which is way different than what a lot of producers are using these days in their live shows. When you are going into your live set, what are you looking to incorporate in a set?
I play some lead lines and bass lines, and I kind of create some sounds and sound effects. For me, it's nice to have some analog gear on stage because I feel like it adds a layer to the live set that is lacking from a lot of modern music these days. They are so tuned and sharp and perfect, and that's awesome and good, but for me I like it to have that rough around the edges quality. It adds that sound that I can't get from Ableton. It's that much more of a live instrument, rather than that finely tuned digital crispness. It's the same as having a guitar up there.
Do you play any other instruments?
Not really. Keyboards are definitely my specialty, but the guitar stuff on my albums, I record those, but I am not a guitar player by any means. Mostly the drums are samplers and drum machines. That's what I really specialize in.
How did you get into that kind of production?
Well, I started making hip-hop beats when I was in high school with some friends, and we'd write some lyrics, and we were into rapping, so we needed beats to accompany them. It was kind of natural. Then we started looping breaks and just trying to create instrumentals. That's really the reason I got started.
Did you start out laying down your own lyrics?
Yeah, a little bit. Mostly it was my friends, and I really started laying down the beats. Then I did a few records with my rapping, and it was pretty fun, but I really just found what I was looking for in instrumentals and beats.
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