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Article 1. Entity
1. The British Chamber of Commerce in Korea ("BCCK") is a non-profit association duly incorporated under the laws and regulations of the Republic of Korea ("Korea"). BCCK shall be known in Korean as 사단법인 주한영국상공회의소 ("Sadanbubin Juhan Yeonguk Sanggonghoeuiso").
2. BCCK shall be operated and managed in accordance with the laws and regulations of the Republic of Korea and this Articles of Association ("Articles"). The Korean version of the Articles shall take precedence over the English version.
Article 2. Purpose
The purposes of BCCK are (i) to expand the economic cooperation between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ("the United Kingdom") and Korea, (ii) to promote trade, commerce, and investment between the business communities of the United Kingdom and Korea, (iii) to facilitate partnerships between British and Korean businesses for opportunities in third countries, (iv) to represent or advocate the views and opinions of the British business community in Korea ("British Business Community in Korea") on trade, commerce, finance, and other issues relating to British interests in Korea, and (v) to foster lasting trust and goodwill between British and Korean business entities (collectively "Stated Purpose of BCCK").
Article 3. Location of Principal Office
The principal office of BCCK shall be located at Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea. If necessary, branch offices may be maintained at other locations.
Article 4. Activities
1. In pursuit of the Stated Purpose of BCCK, BCCK may perform services including the following:
– A. Promote British trade, commerce and investment in Korea;
– B. Promote Korean trade, commerce and investment in the United Kingdom;
– C. Represent or advocate the views and opinions of the British Business Community in Korea on trade, commerce, finance, and other issues relating to British interests in Korea;
– D. Convey to the British Business Community in Korea the views and opinions of the Korean business community on their trade, commerce, finance, and other business activities with the United Kingdom;
– E. Provide management consultation and market research service;
– F. Provide market entry assistance to British business entities;
– G. Collect market statistics and provide reports thereon;
– H. Host business or social meetings for Members;
– I. Promote cooperative relations between British and Korean business entities for business opportunities in Korea, the United Kingdom and in third countries;
– J. Provide reports on market analysis, sales forecasts, investment trends, and other economic indicators in the form of circulars, annual reports, periodicals or newsletters; and
– K. Host or participate in press conferences, promotions, seminars, and symposiums.
2. BCCK may not engage in any activities with political or ideological objective, or any other activity which may contravene the Stated Purpose of BCCK.
3. BCCK may establish subsidiaries to carry out the Stated Purpose of BCCK.


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Adrian Peterson is an old favorite here at Ladies, but can you believe he's never been in the ACoH? In honor of his stunning return from last year's knee injury (on Christmas Eve, no less), and because I am a total Sooner homer, please enjoy some pics.
Category Archives: Minnesota Vikings
Advent Calendar of Hotness: Day 17
It's Saturday night, I've had a lot of wine and baked brie, and I came home to…football on the NFL Network? I guess that would be the best place for it. So have some images of unfortunate Minnesota Vikings quarterback Christian Ponder.
Hit and Run: Crazy Endings Edition
There just something about Hallowe'en that brings out the crazy. Dressing like a zombie. Dressing like Gaga. Drinking booze that is clearly coloured by artificial susbtances and possibly has floating eyeballs. Eating far too many mini Coffee Crisps. These jackets. Whatever bizarre behaviour you engage in is perfectly acceptable on October 31st, or at least the Friday or Saturday closest to it.
The sports world was also full of crazy on the weekend. For instance… Continue reading
Hit & Run: Fantasy Football Disasters Edition
Guess who writes for a sports blog and has Reggie Bush on both her fantasy teams, including one that is in such bad shape as far as running backs go that she is resorting to starting Fred Taylor and 3 WRs for week 3? Yeah. So. (Though as someone who dates a Saints fan, I must note there's a certain amount of relief among the NOLA fanbase that Reggie's leg is "just" broken and he didn't reinjure his knee.)
Injuries and fantasy football lineups thus being on my mind, I thought I'd take a quick survey of other developing situations around the league that might impact your fantasy choices this week.
NFC/AFC Championships: A Hotness Retrospective
The big storyline in last year's Super Bowl was the tradition rich Pittsburgh Steelers and their (then) five Super Bowl victories matched against the Arizona Cardinals in their first trip to the championship. This year, 3 of the 4 conference finalists have either never been to the Super Bowl or have not been in decades. To put things in perspective, I took a look at the rosters of each team — both from their last trip to the conference game (win or lose) and their last conference championship — and selected a player representative of that era in the team's history. You might be surprised who I came up with.
Vintage (sort of) football hotness, after the jump.
Hit and Run: Football, Football, and more Football!!
The NFL regular season is over. With Alabama winning the BCS National Championship game, college football won't be back until next fall. For those of you who play fantasy football, a winner has already been decided. (Congrats to THE Blonde Bomber for winning the ladies… fantasy football!) But don't be too sad. There is still plenty going on in the football world. There's coaching changes in college football. New coaches in the NFL. And mostly importantly there's the NFL playoffs!! The Cowboys remembered how to win in January (which didn't make me very happy). The Patriots got slaughtered by the Ravens (which did make me happy). This weekend is a new set of games that will hopefully be more entertaining than the Wild Card games. (Admit it, aside from the Cards/Packers game, all those games were pretty boring.)
The Top Five Games of the Week
Ah, football season is finally here! I think I speak for everyone when I say that it couldn't have come soon enough. Preseason football is so boring. Watching starters play about one quarter does not feed my appetite for football. Also, this will be my first season playing fantasy football (wish me luck!), so that makes the start of the season that much more exciting. There are 13 games this Sunday and another two on Monday. Some should be entertaining, while others are sure to be a snooze-fest. Unless you're a fan, you probably aren't counting down the hours until the showdown between the Rams and Seahawks.
So without further ado, I present to you (in no particular order and with my completely biased opinion) the top five games of Week 1…

subset: commoncrawl


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Onlays are used to repair a tooth that has slight decay on one or more cusps. Onlays are similar to crowns but, where a crown covers the entire tooth, an onlay covers the tooth cusps and biting surfaces only.
The tooth is preparded by Dr. Pham and his team by creating a dental impression. That is then sent to the lab to customize a permanent porcelain restoration that fits precisely over the tooth's biting surface.
The team will then remove the decay and apply a temporary restoration. When the custom onlay is ready, the temporary onlay is removed and the permanent one is cemented in place.
Braces: Clear aligners


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- User RatingTrustPilot or Feefo User Ratings
- Transfer Type
- Coupon
- Fee
- Speed
- Regular Payments
- Mobile App
- Min Transfer Amount
- 9.1/10
- Online
PhoneOne off transfers Regular transfers
- Two Transfers Fee Free
First 2 Transactions Free
- 1 - 3 Days
- Their website is also responsive so it auto-scales to your screen size.
- $250 / £100 / €250
- 8.6/10
- Online OnlyOne off transfers Phone assistance available
- USD$5 - 11Bank transfer vs debit card transfer to XOOM affects the XOOM money transfer fee applied.
- 1 - 3 Days
- Regular payments to PayPal registered merchants is possible.
Regular payments to family or friends PayPal accounts is not currently possible.
- Their website is responsive so it auto-scales to your screen size.
- €/£/$1
Competition in the world of international fund transfers is rife with specialist companies giving you quick and easy ways to send money to different parts of the world. Whether you pick CanadianForex or XOOM, there is a good chance of getting a better deal compared to what your bank has to offer. However, how do these companies fare when put head-to-head?
You can take the XOOM vs. CanadianForex comparison to Trustpilot to check what customers of these companies have to say. Not surprisingly, you will find largely positive reviews for both companies. While the average score for CanadianForex is 8.1 out of 10, Xoom achieves an average of 8.7 out of 10. However, there is more to this comparison than these scores…
Multiple aspects require your attention when deciding between Xoom or CanadianForex. This comparison is divided into sections accordingly:
- Exchange Rates
- Fees
- Countries
- Ease of Use
- Security
- Regular Overseas Payments
- Coupons
International Money Exchange Rates
Finding out which company does better in this aspect of the CanadianForex vs. Xoom comparison requires comparing their rates shortly before your transfer. However, despite the volatile nature of the forex market, both companies consistently provide bank-beating rates.
- Visit the currency converter page on the CanadianForex website to see prevailing inter-bank rates.
- Anyone can view the company's customer rates by visiting its website.
- When transferring a substantial amount, CanadianForex offers better-than-usual rates.
- By setting up a CanadianForex limit order, you can wait for the market to reach a predetermined level before the processing of your transfer takes place.
- CanadianForex forward contracts let you lock in exchange rates for transfers you want to make in the future.
- Signing up for free rate alerts is easy.
- Use the exchange rate calculator provided by Xoom to check existing locked-in rates offered by the company.
- The deal confirmation makes a clear mention of the rate that is to apply to your transfer.
Worldwide Fund Transfer Fees
If you compare the fees charged by CanadianForex or Xoom with how much your transfer will cost through most banks, you will notice significant savings.
- If the transfer amount exceeds predetermined thresholds, you do not have to pay any fees.
- When paying in U.S. dollars, the fee-free threshold stands at USD $5,000. Transfers below this amount attract USD $5 in fees.
- With payments made in Canadian dollars, you have to pay a CAD $15 fee if the transfer amount is below CAD $10,000.
- If you pay your for transfer in Great Britain pounds, a £7 fee applies for transfers below £3,000.
- Check the company's fee structure for other currencies on this page.
- Factors that play a role in the fees this company charges include the transfer amount, the mode of payment, and the destination country.
- With transfers to some countries, the company does not charge any fees if the amount exceeds a predetermined limit and you pay via your bank account.
- Paying for your transfer using a debit or credit card usually attracts higher fees when compared to payments made using bank accounts.
- Use the Xoom calculator to check how much you will have to pay as fees in different scenarios.
Destination Countries For Global Money Transfer
This section of the Xoom vs. CanadianForex comparison can have a bearing on the company you should choose, especially if you plan to send money to a remote or hostile region, or in an exotic currency.
- View the list of countries not served by CanadianForex as well as the list of its supported currencies on this page.
- The list of countries supported by Xoom is available online.
Ease of Use
Whether you pick Xoom or CanadianForex, you can register online in minutes. Once the verification of your details is complete, you can start using your new account to transfer funds. One company scores over the other when it comes to transfer methods and website access in foreign languages.
- Access to the CanadianForex website is only in English.
- If you do not wish to transfer funds using the CanadianForex website, you can do so over the phone.
- International customers can make payments via electronic transfers from their bank accounts.
- Customers who reside in Canada can make payments using online bill payment services linked to their bank accounts. Paying via pre-authorized debits is also an option.
- You can use CanadianForex apps with iOS and Android devices.
- You get access to the Xoom website in English, Chinese, French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Vietnamese.
- Transfer methods can vary depending on the destination country. Your options include transferring funds to banks accounts, sending money to cash pick-up centers, getting transferred funds delivered to the recipient's home, and topping off mobile phones.
- If you live in the U.S., Xoom lets you pay bills from different countries.
- Xoom provides apps for devices that run on Android and iOS.
You can choose CanadianForex or Xoom without worrying about security. Websites of both companies rely on high levels of encryption to protect the information you provide online. Both companies maintain client funds in segregated bank accounts.
- CanadianForex is part of the OzForex Group, one of the top global companies in the field of international fund transfers.
- CanadianForex is registered with the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC).
- Xoom falls under the purview of various state and federal agencies in the U.S.
- It holds relevant licenses issued by regulatory bodies of different states, and it is registered with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN).
Regular Overseas Payments
This section of the CanadianForex vs. Xoom comparison clearly favors one company over the other. While Xoom does not let you set up pre-scheduled transfers yet, doing so is easy if you use CanadianForex.
No matter which of these companies you choose, added savings can come in the form of promotional offers.
- Register with CanadianForex and use its 2 Free Transfers Coupon.
- The Xoom "Refer a Friend" program offers Amazon eGift cards as rewards.
Learn More
- Find out more about Xoom Competitors and Alternatives.
- Is CurrencyFair's competition up to the task?
- Is there anyone better than TransferWise?


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A road weary traveler, his tunic is rumpled and filthy, and his boots are tattered and threadbare. The only things about him that are not long ridden are his eyes, which burn with an almost manic intensity, and the bundle of cloth he carries over his shoulder.
Horlord is a swarthy man with dark olivine complected skin, long black hair and green eyes. As a foreigner, his accent has a decided slurry sound to it. Many believe due to his accent and his mangled choice or words that he is a madman, or touched in the head. It is rather the opposite, Horlord has learned the local language during his time walking on the road and listening. He is quite intelligent and cunning.
Horlord would have lived a very mundane and likely happy life if it wasn't for the violent and sudden intrusion of the Asdas into it. He would have farmed a patch of land, married a short plump woman and had quite a few children. Instead, he carries the Asdas, forever moving.
A single star, bright as a jewel, fell from the sky. It was glowing red when it landed, but the voices inside it whispered and sang, called out strange languages and cried in alien tongues. When it was cooled enough to move the priest Kik carried it to the temple to be purified. There were many screams and Kik slew himself with a dagger after he did slay ten and three worshippers before him. There was much confusion on what to do. It was agreed that the Fellstar, the Asdas, should be carried away from the village, and never be returned. But they knew, whomever touched the Asdas was stricken with madness. Whoever took the wyrmgod steel would be forever lost. It was to be determined by lottery.
It was so that Horlord, until then a lucky man, was sentenced to a long slow death. Never one to defy the gods or the elders, young Horlord took up the mass of the Asdas, binding it in blessed canvas and lashes of serpent leather. Without a word, he took to his task and took the fellstar away from the village he would never see again.
The Asdas
The Asdas is a 22kg piece of heat warped metallic stone. The surface is rough and pitted, but also has large smooth sections of bright silvery metal. A suitable smithy or smelter could reduce the Asdas to roughly half as much Starmetal, also known as adamant. This metal is highly sought after for the crafting of instruments of augury and scrying, as well as amulets of protection and wicked daggers for assassins and magi. The Asdas, for the sheer amount of metal it contains, is worth a Kingdom's ransom in gold.
But the Asdas is a cursed piece of metal. Having spent uncounted ages drifting in the void, it has absorbed much of the inchoate darkness and madness there. now cold, only those who directly touch or are near the Asdas for a long amount of time are subjected to the blasphemous mutterings and whispers that come from the stone. When it was still glowing, those who were close enough to see it could hear its insane litanies. Fire and heat make these voices stronger. In theory, should the Asdas ever be smelted and reduced to starmetal and slag, the various fragmented unclean spirits and things trapped in the matrix would be released into creation.
Voices and Madness
A pious man, Horlord has resisted the terrors that leak from the burden he carries. But he is not unaffected. He suffers waking nightmares, regular nightmares, paranoia, and hallucinations. He has since learned how to tell what is hallucination and what is real, but he errs on the side of caution. The Asdas calls out, and the insane can hear it talking in their ears. Sometimes this has saved Horlord as the lunatics will try and protect the Asdas as in their minds they see it as a god to be worshipped. The fellstar also calls out to magi who can feel it's other worldly power and the secrets of the void it contains.
Special Equipment
The Asdas - very obviously, Horlord has this on him at all times. The canvas wrapping around the stone is blessed and marked with holy symbols of protection, as are the leather thongs that hold the canvas tied. The Asdas, while not entirely sentient and self aware, very much hates the blessed wrappings.
Amulet of the Pariah - Normally a punishment doled out by the foreign priesthood, this amulet marks Horlord as a pariah, an outcast and untouchable. In his homeland he was almost completely ignored, by good folk and bandits alike. In other lands, this might make him the target of zealous guards, thieves, or the like.
Boar-Hair Shirt - A minor relic, this rough shirt woven of boar hair grants the wearer a bonus to their constitution/stamina. A man in a boar-hair shirt can carry no heavier load than he could without it, but he can carry it a much greater time.
Roleplaying Notes
Horlord is eroding. His life has degenerated into keeping the Asdas moving. The longer it sits in one place, the more ill fortune it attracts to itself, the more it's subtle radiation poisons the minds around it. For a while he sought wise men to see about the stone's destruction, but in the years he has been carrying the stone he has accepted that it cannot be destroyed, not without releasing all the evil within it. He doesn't trust anyone because many times supposedly good people have tried to kill him or tried to steal the Asdas. It is worth a fortune for what it is made of, and it's power in the wrong hands is simply unimaginable.
There is also alot of information about the Asdas, more so than about Horlord. Some readers will wonder why this submission is not an item rather than a NPC. The Asdas is a plot device, and not something that should easily or even likely fall into the PCs hands. Touching it is one of the quickest ways to be infected by it's madness.
Dealing with the Asdas
Rather than turning the Asdas into a generational burden, PCs can find a way to deal with the problem, a few are listed below:
- Vault of Inequity - The PCs, most likely working with the Faith could work to find a vault, lined with lead, gold, or some other assorted resistant materials and bury the Asdas in an eternal tomb. This would eventually require protecting, either through a series of endless clues and mysteries ala National Treasure, or a… dungeon filled with traps and magical guardians.
- Blast Off - The PCs, likely of a more magical mindset might be inclined to send the Asdas back into the void from which it came. This could range from a Lovecraftian ritual sending the stone hurtling back into space, or finding a suitable magic portal to drop it into. A bottomless pit might also work well, assuming it is really bottomless.
- TPK - The PCs could suicidally decide that the best way to deal with the Asdas is to smelt it and destroy the things that come out of it with sword, spell, and harsh language. The stone is quite large and ancient beyond imagination, it's spiritual payload has a variety of possibilities. The worst would simply be a massive explosion of negative chaotic energy that mutates, warps, kills, or destroys everything around it like an atom bomb. My preferred variation is a containment breach ala Ghostbusters, where spectral monsters and strange creatures come pouring out. Either way, it should be a horrific task, one with a poor chance of survival, but not impossible
Plot Hooks
Those Without Sin… - The PCs encounter Horlord in a very religious/intolerant community. He begs them for their help, he has to get away as quickly as possible, he has nothing to offer them in exchange. He says that if the village priest gets what he wants, it will be the end of the village. Behind him, some distance back a mob has gathered to pursue the man and 'purify him'
In the Name of Progress… - The PCs are contacted by one of their benefactors, or a potential new benefactor. The magus in question is interested in securing the Asdas from the rumors he's heard about it. The PCs are tasked with finding Horlord and taking the Asdas away from him. Then they have to deal with the stone, return it, and survive when the magic user's plan fails and the horrors inside are released.
An Offer you can't Refuse… - So this Asdas thing is valuable eh? Why don't youse guys go get it and bring it back. The guild will cut you in on the profits, maybe up your rank, whaddaya say eh?


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Freddy Eastwood's brace cancelled out two goals from Swansea's Rory Fallon for a draw that proved enough after Brentford were held by Hartlepool.
Fallon blasted his first right-footed and headed his second from Alan Tate's cross to keep Swansea in the play-offs.
But each time Eastwood replied, first sliding home Mark Gower's pass then turning Kevin Austin to hit his second.
Swansea: Gueret, Ricketts, Austin, Tate, Monk, O'Leary, McLeod (Williams 82), Robinson, MacDonald, Trundle (Knight 71), Fallon.Subs Not Used: Akinfenwa, Tudur-Jones, Forbes.
Goals: Fallon 19, 34.
Southend: Flahavan, Jupp, Wilson, Hunt, Barrett, Gower, Maher, Guttridge, Bradbury (Bentley 67), Goater (Gray 86), Eastwood.Subs Not Used: Pettefer, Cole, Lawson.
Booked: Guttridge, Gower, Maher.
Goals: Eastwood 28, 63.
Att: 19,176
Ref: C Penton (Sussex).


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Oh to be in England now that spring is here . . .
Early morning coffee . . .
Noam Chomsky and the copywriter . . .
Yes Chomsky appears to have a new career as a surreal strapline writer.
Who else could have created the following
'Dispense solutions passionately delivered' ?!
This isn't serious . . . . is it?
…a can or two
Women's rugby . . .
I am delighted that our society has reached the state of equality whereby women as well as men can participate in this physically aggressive competitive sport, and enjoy the delights of the game.
I hope this level of equality will also now allow me to be a male who is not interested in sport . .


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I drew around March-April of 2012. I am a big fan of South Park so if you are then check out my videos on YouTube where I go by the same name. :)
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


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Yo Amo A Mi Mascota (which, in English, means "I love my pet") is run by Paola Muñoz de Cotera who is very involved in education, public awareness, and political action to make changes in laws and practices of animals in the state of Baja California Sur. This organization does rescue but does not have a shelter at this time. Instead, dogs that are rescued are fostered until ready for adoption.
To find out about all of the current activities of Yo Amo A Mi Mascota, or YAAM for short, visit their Facebook page.


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Gandhi on National Language
- A posture in favor of Hindi or Hindustani as the lingua franca or national language of India was there with Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi even before he became the undisputed leader of the Indian National Congress. For example, he wrote in his book, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, published in 1909 that: "a universal language for India should be Hindi, with the option of writing it in Persian or Nagari characters. In order that the Hindus and the Mohammedans may have closer relations, it is necessary to know both the characters. And, if we can do this, we can drive the English language out of the field in a short time."
- Gandhi wrote in 1909: "From the point of view of language before we can call 'our country' our own, it is necessary that there should be born in our hearts a love and respect for our languages".
- While the posture in favor of mother tongue is quite understandable as a natural process, Gandhi's posture in favour of Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani) even before he got himself actively involved in the Indian freedom struggle in India was due perhaps to his work among the multi-ethnic and multilingual Indian communities in South Africa, who tended to use Hindustani among themselves as a common language even though their home languages were widely different. This lingua franca status of Hindustani among the Indians in South Africa was a reflection also of the tendencies in several parts of India then, and soon this posture in favor Hindustani found its justification in the exigencies of history in north India and its linguistic trends.
- On March 29, 1918, Mahatma Gandhi had chaired the eighth Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in Indore. During this time, at a public address, he had for the first time called for Hindi to be given status of the country's national language. During the 8th Hindi Sahitya Sammelan here, Gandhi had sent five 'Hindi ambassadors' to those states in the country, where the language was not much in vogue. Gandhi's youngest son Devdas Gandhi was one of the ambassadors. He had said that "Hindi is that language which both Hindus and Muslims speak and is written in Nagri and Persian script. This Hindi is not completely Sanskritised, nor is it loaded with Persian vocabulary. Gandhi had said, "My humble, but a firm opinion is that unless we do not provide Hindi the national language status and other regional languages their adequate importance, till then all talks of a 'swarajya' are meaningless." [Note: He meant Hindi means Hindustani i.e. Hindi+Urdu].
- Raising the question "whether English can become our national language," Gandhi listed the following criteria for any language to become "our national language," in his presidential address at the Second Gujarat Educational Conference at Broach in 1917:
- It should be easy to learn for Government officials.
- It should be capable of serving as a medium of religious, economic and political intercourse throughout India.
- It should be the speech of the majority of the inhabitants of India.
- It should be easy to learn for the whole of the country.
- In choosing this language considerations of temporary or passing interest should not count.
- Gandhi concluded that
English does not fulfill any of these requirements. We shall have to admit that it is Hindi. There, now remains the question of script. For the present, Muslims will certainly use the Urdu script and Hindus will mostly write in Devanagari. No other language can compete with Hindi in satisfying these five requirements. Thus, we see that Hindi alone can become the national language. No doubt it presents some difficulty to the educated classes of Madras. If Hindi attains to its due status then it will be introduced in every school in Madras and Madras will thus be in a position to cultivate acquaintance with other province.
- Gandhi's approach to and solution for the question of a national language for India did not find favor with Mrs. Annie Besant. In her Presidential Address in the Calcutta Congress of 1917, Mrs. Besant laid much emphasis on provincial autonomy and suggested a bilingual policy for the provinces without specifically mentioning a language policy for the Central Government.
- In the annual sessions of the Indian National Congress in Delhi (1918) and Amritsar (1919) Hindustani was extensively used by the delegates almost to the exclusion of the English language, which prompted Mrs. Annie Besant, a much admired Home Rule and Congress leader among the delegates from the South, to complain that the 1919 session became a provincial rather than a national assembly.
- Whatever may be the relative merit of the positions taken by Gandhi and Dr. Annie Besant, it should be noted that these two positions have finally evolved to become classical stances, which even today are held by pro-Hindi and anti-Hindi advocates in the country. For the advocates of Hindi as the official and national language, English continues to be a foreign language, whereas for those who oppose Hindi as the official language of India, Hindi continues to be only a provincial language. Be that as it may, in1920 when Gandhi recorded his disapproval of the statement of Mrs. Annie Besant, the Indian National Congress was yet to officially accord any recognition to Hindustani as the national language. This it would do only in 1925 in Kanpur amidst the nation-wide surge of nationalism and Swaraj during the period of Civil Disobedience and Non-cooperation.
After Independence
- The task of the Indian government was an important but difficult one – not only because choosing the link language was a controversial task, but also because it would be difficult to get the public to accept any particular language.
- As we have, starting years before independence, Gandhi tirelessly supported Hindustani, which is a kind of compromise between Hindi and Urdu, as the best choice for a national language. However, after the partition and the subsequent emigration of millions of Muslims, Hindu leaders in Congress saw little need for Gandhi's concessions to the Muslims. They accordingly focused on Hindi and left Urdu and Hindustani to their own fates.
Official Language and Indian Constitution:
- The Indian Constituent Assembly was established on 9 December 1946, for drafting a Constitution when India became independent. The Constituent Assembly witnessed fierce debates on the language issue. The adoption of a "National Language", the language in which the constitution was to be written in and the language in which the proceedings of the assembly were to be conducted were the main linguistic questions debated by the framers of the Constitution.
- On one side were the members from the Hindi-speaking provinces like Algu Rai Sastri, R.V. Dhulekar, Balkrishna Sharma, Purushottam Das Tandon, (all from United Provinces), Babunath Gupta (Bihar), Hari Vinayak Pataskar (Bombay) and Ravi Shankar Shukla, Seth Govind Das (Central Provinces and Berar). They moved a large number of pro-Hindi amendments and argued for adopting Hindi as the sole National Language.
- On 10 December 1946, Dhulekar declared "People who do not know Hindustani have no right to stay in India. People who are present in the House to fashion a constitution for India and do not know Hindustani are not worthy to be members of this assembly. They had better leave."
- The pro-Hindi block was further divided into two camps: the Hindi faction comprising Tandon,Ravi Shankar Shukla, Govind Das, Sampurnanand, and K. M. Munshi; and the Hindustani faction represented by Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad.
- The adoption of Hindi as the national language was opposed by members from South India like T.T. Krishnamachari, G. Durgabai, T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar, N. G. Ranga, N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar (all belonging to Madras) and S. V. Krishnamurthy Rao (Mysore). This anti-Hindi block favoured retaining English as official language.
Munshi–Ayyangar formula
- After three years of debate, the assembly arrived at a compromise at the end of 1949. It was called the Munshi-Ayyangar formula.
- Munshi-Ayyangar Formula was a constitutional compromise reached during the framing of the Indian Constitution. It shaped the Official language policy of the Republic of India. Named after K. M. Munshi and Gopalsamy Ayyangar – both members of the Indian Constituent Assembly – this formula ensured that the Indian constitution did not specify any "National language" and only mentioned "Official languages" of the Union.
- It struck a balance between the demands of all groups. Part XVII of the Indian Constitution was drafted according to this compromise.
- Hindi in Devanagari script would be the official language of the Indian Union. For fifteen years, English would also be used as official language for all official purposes. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. (Article 343).
- A language commission could be convened after five years to recommend ways to promote Hindi as the sole official language and to phase out the use of English (Article 344).
- Official communication between states and between states and the Union would be in the official language of the union (Article 345).
- English would be used for all legal purposes – in court proceedings, bills, laws, rules and other regulations (Article 348).
- The Union was duty bound to promote the spread and usage of Hindi (Article 351).
- The adoption of English as official language along with Hindi was heavily criticized by pro-Hindi politicians like Jana Sangh's founder Syama Prasad Mukherjee, who demanded that Hindi should be made National language.
- The framers of the Constitution had envisaged that Hindi with the help of other Indian Languages would evolve as a composite language, capable of being accepted by people living in non Hindi speaking regions.
Initial steps to promote Hindi
- Soon after the Constitution was adopted on 26 January 1950, efforts were made to propagate Hindi for official usage.
- In 1952, the Ministry of Education launched a voluntary Hindi teaching scheme.
- On 27 May 1952, use of Hindi was introduced in warrants for judicial appointments.
- In 1955, in-house Hindi training was started for all ministries and departments of the central government.
First Official Language Commission
Article 344 of the Indian Constitution:
- The President shall, at the expiration of five years from the commencement of this Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of ten years from such commencement, by order constitute a Commission which shall consist of a Chairman and such other members representing the different languages.
- It shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to
(a) the progressive use of the Hindi language for the official purposes of the Union;(b) restrictions on the use of the English language for all or any of the official purposes of the Union;(c) the language to be used for the purposes mentioned in Article 348;(d) the form of numerals to be used for any one or more specified purposes of the Union.
In making their recommendations, the Commission shall have due regard to the industrial, cultural and scientific advancement of India, and the just claims and the interests of persons belonging to the non Hindi speaking areas in regard to the public services
- As provided for by Article 344, Nehru appointed the First Official Language Commission under the chairmanship of B. G. Kher on 7 June 1955. The commission delivered its report on 31 July 1956. It recommended a number of steps to eventually replace English with Hindi (The report had dissenting notes from two non-Hindi members – P. Subbarayan from Madras State and Suniti Kumar Chatterjee from West Bengal).
- The Parliamentary Committee on Official Language, chaired by Govind Ballabh Pant was constituted in September 1957 to review the Kher commission report. After two years of deliberations, the Pant Committee submitted its recommendations to the President on 8 February 1959. It recommended that Hindi should be made the primary official language with English as the subsidiary one.
- The Kher Commission and the Pant Committee recommendations were condemned and opposed by from non-Hindi politicians.
- The Academy of Telugu opposed the switch from English to Hindi in a convention held in 1956. Rajaji, once a staunch supporter of Hindi, organised an All India Language Conference (attended by representatives of Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Assamese, Oriya, Marathi, Kannada and Bengali languages) on 8 March 1958 to oppose the switch and declared "Hindi is as much foreign to non-Hindi speaking people as English is to the protagonists of Hindi."
Nehru's Assurances
- As the opposition to Hindi grew stronger, Nehru tried to reassure the concerns of non-Hindi speakers. Speaking in the parliamentary debate on a bill introduced by Anthony to include English in the Eighth Schedule, Nehru gave an assurance to them (on 7 August 1959):
I believe also two things. As I just said, there must be no imposition. Secondly, for an indefinite period – I do not know how long – I should have, I would have English as an associate, additional language which can be used not because of facilities and all that… but because I do not wish the people of Non-Hindi areas to feel that certain doors of advance are closed to them because they are forced to correspond – the Government, I mean – in the Hindi language. They can correspond in English. So I could have it as an alternate language as long as people require it and the decision for that – I would leave not to the Hindi-knowing people, but to the non-Hindi-knowing people.
This assurance momentarily allayed the fears of the South Indians. But the Hindi proponents were dismayed and Pant remarked "Whatever I achieved in two years, the prime minister destroyed in less than two minutes".
Tamil's Opposition
- In the 1950s DMK continued its anti-Hindi policies along with the secessionist demand for Dravidistan. On 28 January 1956, Annadurai along with Periyar and Rajaji signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.
- On 21 September 1957 the DMK convened an anti-Hindi Conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi Day".
- On 31 July 1960, another open air anti-Hindi conference was held at Kodambakkam, Madras.
- In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the Sino-Indian War.
- The anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of Official Languages Act of 1963. The DMK's view on Hindi's qualifications for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."
Why not English and why Hindi?
- English, despite its prominence and somewhat even distribution throughout the nation, was unacceptable for several reasons. As the language of the colonial power which had just been ousted, English was to many a "symbol of slavery". The former colonial language is an absolutely atrocious choice as a national language. Nothing could be a worse symbol of a new nation's self-awareness than the language of a country from which it had just achieved independence.
- More importantly, a foreign tongue such as English would not contribute to the national identity in the way that an indigenous one could.
- Though it did not have an assured dominance over the other languages in India, Hindi seemed the clearest choice from the beginning.
- English also had few speakers-only about one percent of India's population. Hindi claimed the greatest number of speakers of all the Indian languages, and it was closely related to several of the other most widely spoken ones. Though it was unrelated to the south Indian languages, it was also thought that Hindi would not be entirely foreign to south Indians because of the strong Sanskrit influence it shared with the four main Dravidian languages.
- Whether or not this thinking was correct, Hindi was chosen as the official language amidst Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's assurance that it would never be imposed on people in non-Hindi areas.
Promotion of Hindi
- As the deadline stipulated in Part XVII of the Constitution for switching to Hindi as primary official language approached, the central government stepped up its efforts to spread Hindi's official usage.
- In 1960, compulsory training for Hindi typing and stenography was started. The same year, India's president Rajendra Prasad acted on the Pant Committee's recommendations and issued orders for preparation of Hindi glossaries, translating procedural literature and legal codes to Hindi, imparting Hindi education to government employees and other efforts for propagating Hindi.
- The Indian government funded associations which promoted Hindi throughout India, the most successful of which were organizations which provided Hindi instruction in the south. The government also gave money to writers, poets, and translators to produce works in Hindi.
- Committees were formed to develop Hindi in order to give it a more comprehensive vocabulary which would allow it to fulfill its official functions. The primary source for new words was Sanskrit; however, the new terminology was often unfamiliar and exceedingly long for the average person, and the majority of these words never took hold. Instead, English words or variants of them were often used..
Revolt against Hindi imposition
- To give legal status to Nehru's assurance of 1959, the Official Languages Act was passed in 1963. The Bill was introduced in Parliament on 21 January 1963. Opposition to the Bill came from DMK members who objected to the usage of the word "may" instead of "shall" in section 3 of the Bill. That section read: "the English language may…continue to be used in addition to Hindi". The DMK argued was that the term "may" could be interpreted as "may not" by future administrations. The Bill was passed on 27 April without any change in the wording. As he had warned earlier, Annadurai launched state wide protests against Hindi.
- On 25 January 1964, a DMK member, Chinnasamy, committed suicide at Trichy by self-immolation, to protest the "imposition of Hindi". He was claimed as the first "language martyr" of the second round of the anti-Hindi struggle by the DMK.
- Nehru died in May 1964 and Lal Bahadur Shastri became Prime Minister of India. Shastri and his senior cabinet members Morarji Desai and Gulzari Lal Nanda were strong supporters of Hindi being the sole official language. This increased the apprehension that Nehru's assurances of 1959 and 1963 will not be kept despite Shastri's assurances to the contrary.
- Concerns over the preference of Hindi in central government jobs, civil service examinations and the fear that English would be replaced with Hindi as medium of instruction brought students into the anti-Hindi agitation camp in large numbers.
- On 7 March 1964, the chief minister of Madras State, M. Bhaktavatsalam at a session of the Madras Legislative Assembly recommended the introduction of Three-language formula (English, Hindi and Tamil) in the state. Apprehension over the Three-language formula increased student support for the anti-Hindi cause.
- As 26 January 1965 approached, the anti-Hindi agitation in Madras State grew in numbers and urgency. The Tamil Nadu Students Anti Hindi Agitation Council was formed in January as an umbrella student organisation to coordinate the anti-Hindi efforts.
Mourning Day Riots
- On 16 January, Annadurai announced that 26 January (also the Republic Day of India) would be observed as "Day of Mourning". Chief minister Bhaktavatsalam warned that the state government would not tolerate the sanctity of the Republic day blasphemed and threatened the students with "stern action" if they participated in politics.
- The DMK advanced the "Day of Mourning" by a day. On 25 January, a clash between agitating students and Congress party workers in Madurai went out of control and became a riot. Rioting soon spread to other parts of the State.The Bhaktavatsalam Government considered the situation as a law and order problem and brought in para military forces to quell the agitation. Incensed by police action, violent mobs killed two police men. Several agitators committed suicide by self-immolation and by consuming poison.
Shastri backs down
- Within the Congress, opinion was divided: one group led by K. Kamaraj wanted the government not to impose Hindi on the Tamils; but others like Morarji Desai did not relent. On 11 February, C. Subramaniam and O. V. Alagesan, two union ministers from Madras state, resigned protesting the government's language policy. President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan refused to accept the Prime Minister Shastri's recommendation that their resignations be accepted. Shastri backed down and made a broadcast through All India Radio on 11 February. Expressing shock over the riots, he promised to honour Nehru's assurances. He also assured Tamils that English would continue to be used for centre-state and intrastate communications and that the All India Civil Services examination would continue to be conducted in English.
- Shastri's assurances calmed down the volatile situation. On 12 February, the students council postponed the agitation indefinitely. Shastri's climbdown angered the pro-Hindi activists in North India. Members of Jan Sangh went about the streets of New Delhi, blackening out English signs with tar.
Defeat of Congress in Madras
- The agitation slowly changed into a general anti-Congress organisation. In the 1967 election, student leader P. Seenivasan contested against Kamaraj in the Virudhunagar constituency. A large number of students from all over the state campaigned for him and ensured his victory: the Congress party was defeated and DMK came to power for the first time in Madras State.
- The agitations of the 1960s played a crucial role in the defeat of the Tamil Nadu Congress party in the 1967 elections and the continuing dominance of Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu politics.
Significance of Madras Agitation
- Madras agitation made visible what the official leaders had consistently refused to see. Violence brought into the open what was seething underneath and thereby opened a way to the seeking of a solution of the problem. In this sense it performed an important political function. The manifest function of this violence was to help construct a bridge of communication between the leaders in power, who lacked sensitivity, and the sensitive people, who lacked power.
- This is not to say that the Madras agitation was entirely based on violence. In fact, the magnitude of violence in the initial stage was minimal, and the acts of violence were largely products of the ruling authority's failure to establish communication with the people who had intense feelings concerning the language issue. The effect of violence was to initiate this communication and to open up the subsequent opportunities for compromise.
Resolution by Congress Working Committee
- A compromise was worked out, but it was plagued by the equally adamant and opposing pro-Hindi and anti-Hindi forces. Efforts to amend the Official Languages Act according to Shastri's assurances given in February 1965 faced stiff resistance from the pro-Hindi lobby. Congress and opposition parties hesitated to debate the issue in Parliament as they did not wish to make their bitter divisions in public.
- The Congress working committee finally agreed to a resolution which amounted to slowing down of Hindi-isation, strong implementation of the three language formula in Hindi and non-Hindi speaking states, and conduct of the public services exam in all regional languages. These decisions were agreed upon during the Chief Ministers' meeting which was held on 24 February.
- In February 1965, a resolution was passed by the Congress Working Committee which stated that the position of English as an official language would not change unless all states consented to it.
The Three Language Formula
- One of the greatest concerns of the students in Madras was that any prominent use of Hindi in the government services would disadvantage them for employment within those services. They also felt it was unfair that they would have to learn Hindi and English, whereas native speakers of Hindi would need only learn English.
- In response to this, the Three Language Formula of education was instated so that the educational load would be more fair. People from non-Hindi areas were to study their regional language, Hindi, and English (or another European language). Hindi speakers were to study Hindi, English, and another language.
- Three Language Formula is "a compromise between the demands of the various pressure groups and has been hailed as a masterly-if not perfect-solution to a complicated problem. It seek to accommodate the interests of group identity (mother tongues and regional languages), national pride and unity (Hindi), and administrative efficiency and technological progress (English).
- Like so many things, this was fine in theory, but it was not followed in practice. Hindi states did little to enforce this curriculum. Despite the fact that Hindi classes were not seriously taken in Tamil Nadu, the anti-Hindi DMK government in Madras decried the northern states' lack of implementation of the Three Language Formula and removed all teaching of Hindi from schools in Tamil Nadu. The Three Language Formula has proven a failure in India.
Amendment of 1967:
- Shastri died in January 1966 and Indira Gandhi became prime minister. The election of 1967 saw Congress retaining power with a reduced majority. In Madras State, Congress was defeated and DMK came to power. In November 1967, a new attempt to amend the Bill was made. On 27 November,the Bill was tabled in Parliament; it was passed on 16 December.
- The Official Language (Amendment) Act, 1967 guarantee the "virtual indefinite policy of bilingualism" (English and Hindi) in official transactions.
Two Peculiar Cases: West Bengal and Kerala
- There was two peculiar cases: West Bengal should be like any other of the states where the most prominent languages are Indo-Aryan and closely related to Hindi. However, the attitude was as greatly anti-Hindi in West Bengal as it is in Tamil Nadu. The Bengalis took great pride in their language and its rich literary tradition. They did not see why they should have to let Hindi, which they saw as less developed and refined as Bengali, have precedence over Bengali. Rather than spend time learning Hindi, they felt that their children should be allowed to study classical languages-in particular, Sanskrit.
- The second seemingly odd state is Kerala, which is in the deep south, yet holds very high standards of Hindi education. This is partly due to the great success of Hindi promotion organizations in this state. However, the main reason for Kerala's strength in Hindi comes from its great emphasis on education, which has made Kerala the state with the highest literacy rate in India.
Agitation of 1968
- The anti-Hindi activists from Madras State were not satisfied with the 1967 Amendment, as it did not address their concerns about the three language formula.On 19 December 1967, the agitation was restarted. It turned violent in 21 December and acts of arson and looting were reported in the state. Annadurai, now in power, defused the situation by accepting most of their demands. The Three-Language policy was scrapped and Hindi was eliminated from the curriculum. Only English and Tamil were to be taught
Factors against Hindi
- Even though Hindi was perhaps the most natural choice, there were many blocks to its achieving success as the national language. One of these was the high position of English-a position it has retained until today despite the plan to phase it out of all government communications by 1965. The desire to have an Indian language replace English was actually part of nationalist thinking since the 1920's . However, because of English's importance internationally and the many advantages conferred upon those who could speak it, the study of English continued with even greater vigor than before, whereas Hindi suffered in many regions where people perceived little need for it. Accordingly, English has merely shared its position as an official language with Hindi rather than relinquishing the role entirely.
- Where English has acted as a stumbling block for Hindi, the other major Indian languages have provided a wall. The major Indian languages are all highly developed and have impressive literary traditions of their own. People have great pride in their own languages and fail to see why Hindi should be given a dominance which it cannot claim on its own.
- Even so, it is more than just a matter of psychological resentment, for while this elevation of one language to the status of official language endows great benefits and advantages on those whose mother tongue it is, it also places a discriminatory burden on others. This can lead speakers of non-favored languages to push for a foreign language as the link medium in order to neutralize this imbalance. Certainly, this condition has helped English keep its place in India.
- Gradual purification of Hindi by Sanskitised words became obstacle for its diffusion. Some words were not understood by even native hindi speakers as Nehru had said about Hindi radio news
The language issue loses prominence but tension continues
- The language issue in recent years has attracted much less attention than it previously did. The India-Pakistan war in 1965 pushed the language issue to the background for only a short while, but the second war with Pakistan in 1971 compounded this effect.
- The population explosion which began in the 1970's has become one of the foremost problems in India up to the present day. When basic human needs must be taken care of, people simply have no time to worry about such things as linguistic differences.
- The DMK party in Madras gained its initial popularity and power because of its anti-Hindi stance.Now it no longer relies on the language issue for votes. Even though the issue is perhaps less of an issue now, it remains ever present in the background.
- Most Indians still deal with a multiplicity of languages everyday ensures the continued importance of the language issue.
National language or official language?
- A national language is that which enjoys use throughout an entire nation in the political, social, and cultural realms. It also functions as a national symbol. An official language is one which is used for the operations of the government. In a word, national languages are symbolic and official languages are pragmatic. It is not uncommon for a national language to also be an official language, but it is less likely that an official language will be a national one as well.
- The ambiguity which India itself seems to have about whether Hindi is the national language or the official language, or both. Technically, according to the Constitution of India, Hindi is only the official language. In actuality, it seems that Indian leaders at the time of independence thought of Hindi more as the national language.
- Hindi was formally labelled an official language but was simultaneously forwarded in a nationalistic manner. If it must be defined, Hindi is an official language which aspires to be national.
- Some argue that even though it is not officially recognized as the national language, Hindi does enjoy that status. After all, it is the most widely spoken language in India with the most geographically diverse population of speakers. However, this cannot change the fact that vast regions of India have little or no knowledge of Hindi, and some are quite opposed to its dominance. If language can be employed as a symbol of national unity by a dominant group, dominated groups may, of course, exert the same logic and make political claims based on their linguistic identity. Thus, while the idea of a national language-ideology and its political enforcement may be said to function as a cohesive force, the reverse is also true.In many ways, the process of trying to make Hindi the national language has caused more division than cohesion. It may serve as a national symbol for some, but this certainly is not universally the case.
Why Hindi failed to become the national language?.
- The entire DMK party was able to attain a prominent position by capitalizing on the language issue in the late 1960's. Other politicians used it at times when they knew it would get them votes.
- Nonetheless, the language issue simply cannot be blamed on the politicians alone. Though much of the support was provided by the masses, the primary organizers of the protests in Madras were students who were concerned about students from Hindi areas gaining an undue advantage in the job market.
- The only blame here lies with the brash promoters of Hindi who were more interested in forcing these areas to learn Hindi than with allowing them to gradually accept it first. Organized around the promotion of the Hindi language, influential associations such as the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan and the Nagari Pracharani Sabha continuously fought for the dominance of Hindi. Their prominent leaders, some of which held high political offices, tirelessly pushed for Hindi so that the decision in late 1964 was made to go ahead with the changeover to Hindi as sole official language in 1965. When various regions protested this imposition, these groups continued to apply pressure to enforce it without compromise. These overzealous people did not necessarily have ignoble intentions in mind. Actually, they had high hopes that their policies would help strengthen the nation and, through the decisive removal of English from official work, erase the stain of British rule. Nonetheless, it was agreed by almost all of the discussion participants that imposition was the fatal error which stopped Hindi from succeeding as an official language, much less a national language. Nehru himself declared in Parliament "that it was the over enthusiasm of the leaders of the Hindi groups which came in the way of the spread of Hindi" . Perhaps if people had been simply encouraged to learn Hindi, it would be more widely spoken today.
- Another thing which appears to have blocked Hindi was the decision after independence to organize the states of India according to linguistic boundaries. If India were divided in such a way that different regions of people have intermingling of different languages, it would have created more harmony and understanding than what exists today. They should have divided India with state lines, which would have removed that national language problem today. If you have different languages spoken and intermixing of those languages among the population, it is much easier to propagate the national ideas . If state lines had been made more arbitrarily, people would have had more nationalistic rather than regionalistic sentiment.
Difficulties in choosing a national language
- Could another language have been chosen which would have been more acceptable? Sanskrit commands respect in almost every region of India. It would also be an imposition on everyone rather than on a large minority. Thus, no one could claim unfairness and no one would have an automatic advantage. Many Indians feel that the modern Indian languages, including those spoken in the south, are derived from Sanskrit. However,no one would really be able to use it- it's function would have been only as a symbol of national identity. Sanskrit seems ideal provided that it is expected to serve as a symbol, not as a tool of communication.
- Hindi would be an imposition on the fewest number of people. Nonetheless, such dominance has no place in a democratic country like India.
Monolingualism and multilingualism
- Some scholars blame linguistic and cultural heterogeneity as the root cause of all developmental problems in the developing countries in the zeal of generalizing the idea of having one nation with one language something that is true in the West. The idea of having one nation with one language is essentially a Western paradigm.
- India is its multitude of perspectives, its diversity, and therefore, the concept of national language can only be true in nations which have only one language, which are homogeneous. It can never be true in India,
- Monolingualism does not imply that the intent of Indian leaders was to make India a truly monolingual state with Hindi supplanting the other languages. Rather, they had the more moderate goal of having a pan-Indian language which could be used for governing and which the people could use to communicate with others who did not speak their language.
The need for a national language
- India has managed to conduct its affairs for the past fifty years with its many regional languages and two official languages. Certainly, not realizing that declaring a national language would do more harm than good.
- The economic factor of the market should force the blending of the languages, not the government. Not adhering rigidly to some notion of "pure" Hindi makes this language easier for others to learn. Economics now seems to have become the primary mechanism for spreading a common language. The beauty of this is that it is a very non-invasive way for this to occur. It may not be fast, but it is not mandated and does not constitute a direct imposition on anyone. They would learn such a language to increase their chances of employment – something most people would like to do.
Recommendations of Sarkaria Commission
- In 1983, Sarkaria Commission was constituted to look in to, among other things, the language problem in India and suggest measures. The Commission was headed by R.S. Sarkaria. The Commission made the following recommendations:
- Three language formula: It included the implementation of regional language, Hindi and English at the school level education.
- English was to be retained as the official language.
- Reorganisation of states into administrative units.
- Ban on Political parties and other organisations trying to promote Linguism.


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Viktor Jacket
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Kathleen Berry-Hebert's thesis to get her Masters in Psychology at the University of Houston Clear-Lake was titled "Analog of Neuropeptide FF attenuates morphine tolerance." Previous studies suggest that neuropeptide FF (NPFF) plays a role in opiate dependence. Endogeneous NPFF also appears to play a role in opiate tolerance because the third ventricle injection of IgG from NPFF antiserum selectively restores morphine sensitivity in morphine-tolerant rats. The NPFF analog, desaminoYFLFQPQRamide (daY8Ra) has behavioral effects of NPFF and has reduced morphine dependence! That is pretty crucial information in itself.
This study assessed whether daY8Ra could also attenuate morphine tolerance. Third ventricle injection of daY8Ra restored the analgesic response to the morphine in morphine-tolerant rats. Analgesia is the feeling of relief of pain, the feeling experienced from morphine. The pain the rats endured was from heat on their tail, the radiant heat tail flick test. Saline injection failed to produce the analgesic effect. In opiate-naïve rats, the same daY8Ra treatment did not affect the analgesic response to injected morphine. In conclusion, the daY8Ra appears to selectively restore morphine sensitivity opiate-tolerant animals, further supporting the theory that endogenous NPFF contributes to opiate tolerance.
J. R. Lake, K. Payza, K. D. Deshotel, D. D. Hausam, and W. E. Witherspoon contributed to this in addition to Kathleen Berry-Hebert. It was published in Neuroscience Letters in 1992 and Nature, a world-renowned science journal.


text: October 6, 2014 at 7:28 AM Watch for Japanese transponders on Northwest coast Posted by Lisa Cowan The Associated Press ASTORIA, Ore. — Scientists are asking Oregon beachcombers and anglers to watch for bright orange transponders on the shore. The floating instruments about the size of a 2-liter soda bottle were set in the ocean from Japanese ports in 2011 and 2012 to help research movement of debris from the 2011 tsunami. The Daily Astorian… More Comments | More in Environment, General news | Topics: Japan, transponder, tsunami


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A kiss is just a kiss…
Unless it's under the mistletoe.
Ellie Smith is determined to make up for Christmases past by spreading holiday cheer throughout the Bar V5 dude ranch, but tech "bah, humbug" billionaire, Josiah Whittaker, refuses to bask in the spirit of the season.
Unwilling to let the geek-to-gorgeous Josiah win, Ellie plans to give him a Christmas he'll never forget. But after a simple kiss under the mistletoe, Ellie and Josiah both start questioning everything. Can Christmas really bring the gift neither one of them were expecting: true love?
Do you know what hope smells like?
It's a combination of the sea, of exposed seaweed and salty air.
Of wet sand on a winter's day.
Jayne was mid forties when she experienced the worst and the best times of her life.
She fell in love, so desperately in love.
She lost everything overnight.
But no matter how bad life gets, how far down that dark tunnel you are, there is always a glimmer of hope.
From her dream house in Kent, via the nuthouse, and eventually to a cottage in Cornwall, Jayne takes a journey that is to wound, to destroy, and eventually heal her.
This is a story of one woman's quest to find herself, and learn to love herself again.
He chose his family billions over their unborn child...
Raven Shaw once loved a boy so deeply and so fiercely that their separation sent her already tenuous hold on peace spiraling. A rough life topped by heartbreak is hardly the best way to begin motherhood, but with a babe on the way and Liam out of the picture, Raven is determined to be the best mother she could.
Liam Lemaître has a powerful family, and yet Raven once was his everything, and the only love he'd ever known. Deception drew them away from each other. Liam has realized that of all the material possessions he has—and he has lots—his assets honestly don't add up to anything without Raven. Then suddenly, Raven stands before him, spitting fire and venom. And she has kept their child.
Two dynamic souls were kept apart by family and schemes far beyond their control. Can they somehow see past the lies and find themselves again? Will the truth set them free, or destroy their love forever?
This Christian western romance boxed set contains the first three novels in the Three Rivers Ranch Romance series - Second Chance Ranch, Third Time's the Charm, and Fourth and Long.
Second Chance Ranch: A Three Rivers Ranch Romance (Book 1): After his deployment, injured and discharged Major Squire Ackerman returns to Three Rivers Ranch, wanting to forgive Kelly for ignoring him a decade ago. He'd like to provide the stable life she needs, but with old wounds opening and a ranch on the brink of financial collapse, will Squire and Kelly have the patience and faith to make their second chance possible?
Third Time's the Charm: A Three Rivers Ranch Romance (Book 2): First Lieutenant Peter Marshall has a truckload of debt and no way to provide for a family, but Chelsea helps him see past all the obstacles, all the scars. With so many unknowns, can Pete and Chelsea develop the love, acceptance, and faith needed to find their happily ever after?
Fourth and Long: A Three Rivers Ranch Romance (Book 3): Commander Brett Murphy goes to Three Rivers Ranch to find some rest and relaxation with his Army buddies. Having his ex-wife show up with a seven-year-old she claims is his son is anything but the R&R he craves. Kate needs to make amends, and Brett needs to find forgiveness, but are they too late to find their happily ever after?
Charlotte Rawnsley is a private investigator just managing to scrape by. When her down-and-out middle brother sells their grandfather's priceless World War II diary and medals to the dangerously sexy David Campanelli, Charlotte will do almost anything to get them back.
When Charlotte decides to take on Campanelli and take back what's hers, she finds herself in way over her head.
Campanelli is a man who doesn't like to lose.
Doesn't like to compromise.
He's man who's always in control.
Now, it's much more than just a family heirloom at stake, it's a matter of life and death.
Charlotte's only weapon is her own body... and the clock is ticking.


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This is Vinod Kumar having around 14+ years of experience as Oracle DBA having exposure to RAC,Dataguard,RMAN,GoldenGate,DB Upgrades,Hadoop. Looking forward to sharpen my skill set and adapt new things. Worked for various industries like Banking, financial, Telecom, Product based companies and retail etc.
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New National Flags
National flags change over time and it is difficult for flag books to stay current. New national flags of the past ten years are shown below. All artwork is by Ralph Kelly unless otherwise stated.
|© 2018 Material Copyright to the Flag Society of Australia Inc and Pennant Advisory Services Pty Limited. Text and illustrations by Ralph Kelly. Web Design by Elizabeth Kelly of ELK Prints.


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Cheap Train Travel – Tibet Train Tours
Traveling by train is a really good thing when you want to spend less on the travel expenses and have more money when you get to your destination for some recreational purposes. The price of train travel is not directly linked to the price of fuel that is why if you want to enjoy your time, traveling by train is also a good thing. Traveling by train is really easy, less hassle as well.
Thanks to the Qinghai-Tibet train, traveling to Tibet through train tour is now possible and because of the beautiful scenery surrounding Tibet, a lot of people grabbed the opportunity to get train tickets to Tibet because it will surely be a wonderful experience.
Sometimes it will be hard to get the train tickets especially in July and August. Taking a train to Tibet will be hard but if you pass through Lhasa, Tibet train tour will be possible from there. And a lot of tourists prefer to travel by train because they can see a lot of beautiful scenery from Lhasa to Tibet. Traveling with the whole family, it is important that you will have fun with it and traveling by train is really good. It is really good to travel to Tibet with Tibet train tours because the place where you will be traveling you will surely have fun when traveling by train because of the sites you will be seeing. Tibet is really a magical place and you will see it more when you travel by train, the train tours will pass by a lot of beautiful sceneries and sites that will blow your mind.
You will not regret taking the Tibet train tour because it will surely be amazing, the train will stop at some high altitude train stations to give you the chance to see the amazing view and snap some amazing photos while you are at it. Always bring a thick jacket especially when you go off the train because the temperature there will be freezing.
Make sure to stay war m so that you will not catch a cold, if you want to have fun.
People should not forget about the essence of traveling, it is about having fun and seeing the things that you have never seen before in your hometown, traveling should be about seeing the things and feeling the things that you never felt before. Forget about buying a plane ticket, think about other types to travel, you will never find out if you don't try it yourself that is why traveling with Tibet train tours will be a good experience for you.
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text: Contents Now Platform Capabilities Previous Topic Next Topic Make a wizard public Subscribe Log in to subscribe to topics and get notified when content changes. ... SAVE AS PDF Selected Topic Topic & Subtopics All Topics in Contents Share Make a wizard public Public wizards are available for use without logging in. Reasons to make a wizard public include: Allowing non-users to report an incident Collecting anonymous survey responses (requires Survey Wizard Plugin) Once a wizard is made public, deliver it using a link via email or a module on the welcome page (available before a user has logged in). Make a role publicModify a scriptProcess descriptionEnable and Select the WizardPublish a wizardAdministrators can provide users with access to wizards:Send a public wizard link via emailAfter a wizard is configured as public, it can be delivered via email to anyone, including recipients who are not ServiceNow users.Test the pageVerify the wizard is functional for a public user.Related tasksPublish a wizard On this page Send Feedback Previous Topic Next Topic


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Naposim – a powerful anabolic steroid methandienone based in tablet form. Available famous Moldovan pharmaceutical company Vermodje. The active substance – a modified form with reduced testosterone anabolic activity. Powerful anabolic effect of the drug is both its advantage and disadvantage, and liver toxicity can be considered a kind of compensation for the rapid growth of muscle mass and increase strength.
Effects of the use of Naposima differ from most other oral anabolic steroids unless its severity. The main effect of the steroid is
- The rapid growth of muscle mass;
- Reducing the load on the musculoskeletal system by strengthening the bones, ligaments and tendons;
- Improving protein synthesis and accelerate intracellular protein metabolism;
- Improved digestibility of calcium;
- Increased appetite.
The history of the drug and its features
First anabolic agent, now known under the name methandienone (Naposima active substance), were synthesized in 1956 in the USA. His designs, original production and sales of the company engaged in Ciba. The sale methandienone entered only in 1961. In medicine, it has been used as a means of accelerating the regeneration of muscle and skin burns, as well as to improve the tone in women. Anabolic effects of the drug, a positive effect on the rate of growth of muscle tissue and enhancing athletic performance, could not go unnoticed by the athletes, so soon metadienona field of application has been expanded.
In our time-based preparations of anabolic substances are used at most in sports, to be more precise, in bodybuilding and powerlifting. One of the best known Naposim® (methandienone oral) of these drugs – Naposim in tablets . In a small number of side effects, he has a wide range of useful qualities and helps to quickly achieve important sporting results, and this has earned the recognition of many bodybuilders.
In addition to increasing anabolic effects Naposim erythropoietin concentration in the blood helps delay and better absorption body potassium, nitrogen, magnesium, sodium and phosphorus. The drug has a good bioavailability, easy to digest the gastrointestinal tract, in addition, it has practically no contraindications. Anabolic action has, acting on the androgen receptor cells, thus provides a quick muscle growth – up to 10 kg per course, subject to high-protein diet and proper exercise regime.
The disadvantages and side effects
The best confirmation of quality, efficacy and safety – it reviews the athletes. Naposim has long earned a reputation as one of the best oral anabolic steroids, and many reviews about him are extremely positive. According to the athletes, the drug gives a fairly rapid results, with increasing mass marked increase in power rates. Few prevents quality massonaboru increased appetite, it complicates compliance with certain diets and requires the athlete displays willpower and endurance.
Despite the abundance of positive qualities, Naposim is not without side effects. Most often, athletes faced with the following unpleasant consequences of the use of this anabolic:
- Fluid retention in the body;
- Gynecomastia (men) and masculinization (in females);
- Hypertension;
- A malfunction of the liver due to toxic effects of the drug;
- Increased oiliness of the skin, acne;
- Decreased libido.Particular attention should be paid to the adverse effects on the liver and gynecomastia. With proper use of the drug within the permissible dosages these side effects are very rare, but immediately make themselves felt even the slightest increase in the maximum allowable dosage. With regard to determining the optimal daily dosage for yourself, it is determined based on body weight, course objectives and expertise-time consumption of anabolic agents. If you are a novice, this task is best left to professionals.
In general, side effects are temporary and Naposima completely reversible. The effect of its use is noticeable within a few days after the start of the course, in the first week, you can get a weight gain of up to 3 kg. Improve results massonabora possible, doing literacy program composed of individual workouts and dieting. Excellent help in the various sports supplements. According to bodybuilders during Naposima use significantly improved well-being, there is a surge of strength and energy.
Use of the drug
To begin with it should be noted that the tablets produced Naposim 10, 20, 30 and 50 mg of the active ingredient. Most bodybuilders prefer to use 5 mg tablets because of the greater convenience and more precise dosages. The optimum dosage for each athlete is determined taking into account a variety of factors: the weight, age, gender, experience with other oral and other anabolic steroids. Calculate the amount of drug needed can be yourself using the instructions below.


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Baby Hazel gets a surprise gift from Santa Claus. Would you like to know what is it? Play the level and check on your own.
Wow! Santa has asked Hazel to keep his reindeer with her for a few days. Oh! Little reindeer is messy and her belly is empty. Can you help Hazel to remove snow from reindeer�s body and feed her tasty food?
Little reindeer�s belly is full and now its playtime for her. Let�s have fun by joining Baby Hazel and baby reindeer in their �hide and seek� game.
Its bedtime but baby reindeer is in no mood to take nap. Help Baby Hazel to put reindeer to sleep by narrating interesting bedtime stories to her.
Use mouse to interact with Baby Hazel and others.


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[Scroll down for updates about further coverage.]
According to a story on Huffington Post, Sarah Palin's lawyer, Thomas Van Flein, is threatening to sue people, like Alaskan blogger Shannyn Moore, who say mean things about Palin:
"To the extent several websites, most notably liberal Alaska blogger Shannyn Moore, are now claiming as 'fact' that Governor Palin resigned because she is 'under federal investigation' for embezzlement or other criminal wrongdoing, we will be exploring legal options this week to address such defamation," Van Flein said in a statement. "This is to provide notice to Ms. Moore, and those who re-publish the defamation, such as Huffington Post, MSNBC, the New York Times and The Washington Post, that the Palins will not allow them to propagate defamatory material without answering to this in a court of law."
Kind of like the rightwing patriots who love America so much that they want to see more terrorist attacks that slaughter mass numbers of Americans, Palin apparently loves the first amendment so much that she's ready to attempt to rip it to shreds when people say things she thinks they should not say.
I don't know if the allegation came from Moore, but I did read that some in Alaska are saying that Palin, as Mayor of Wasilla, accepted bribes from the company that built an ill fated sports complex in the town in the form of free materials and labor on her family home. Some people claimed that the home, from where Palin made her resignation announcement yesterday, bears a striking resemblance to at least some features of the sports complex.
It seems that Palin and her attorney are a little sensitive on the issue of Moore's allegations. I wonder if this is the post Van Flein is referring to:
Palin Ethics Complaint Filed…"Where's Sarah?"
Posted by: shannynmoore | April 22, 2009
"An ethics complaint against Alaska Governor Sarah Palin will be filed this afternoon asserting that Palin's involvement with SarahPAC constitutes "outside employment" and "misuse of official position." Anchorage resident Sondra Tompkins, child disability advocate and mother of a special needs child, is filing the complaint after observing Governor Palin repeatedly display "a pattern of unethical behavior." Sondra believes that the tipping point for her was Sarah Palin's most recent abdication of her role as Governor and apparent conflict-of-interest when she spoke at two outside events in Indiana rather than work with the Alaska Legislature during the most critical time, the end of the session.
The complaint alleges:
a) Governor Palin has entered into a contract outside of her official duties with the donors, employees, partners and any or all other participants involved in Sarah PAC.
b) The recent partisan trip to Indiana by the Governor was purely to benefit personal interests, had no benefit for the State of Alaska and was in direct conflict with her official duties.
c) The Governor left the State to participate in these events during the most critical end-of-session Legislative activities, at a time where the legislators themselves are not permitted to leave.
************NOW we know why Sarah was giving an Atlas summation of Alaska while on her Indiana trip. She will call it her "tourism inducement act." For all the Alaska facts, she sounded like a Alaska Visitor's Bureau commercial played in local hotels. Now I know why…so she could call it work. I'm sure the thought of "80 active volcanoes" will bring people in droves.
Today should be interesting…
Or perhaps it was this post:
Sarah Palin: The Gift That Keeps On Taking.
Posted by: shannynmoore | December 7, 2008
Details of expenditures to make an Alaska Governor, Sarah Palin, presentable to the people of America trickle out like rain off a roof. But rain off a roof this time of year in Alaska makes for some remarkable icicles. Each drop of information layers on the last, and the label of "Governor Grifter" seems appropriate. John McCain's choice seems to have earned him at best a "Senator Sucker" nametag.icicles_large1
The New York Times is reporting $165,000 was paid to the stylists who traveled with the campaign and created the glamour girl few of us recognized. "Wardrobegate" initially reported $150,000 of RNC donations was spent on clothing for Sarah Palin. That figure has now been upgraded to $173,000. Stores that only exist in catalogs in Alaska had her full attention; Saks Fifth Avenue, Neiman Marcus, Kate Spade, Brooks Brothers, Escape Skin Care & Day Spa, and now…Victoria's Secret-shhhhh, don't tell.
I've wondered about the reactions of the individual contributors to the RNC.
An ordinary citizen, concerned about gays getting married, or the right to buy cop killer bullets, sent in $100 from his minimum wage job of changing tires. "Joe the Tire Changer" bought fresh panties for the Vice-Presidential nominee? I'm sure he's comforted thinking he got that close to the pretty Palin…but his wife might not feel that way. Her panties come in the multi pack, three colors from Wal-Mart.
A part time worker, full time Red-Stater, a woman who uses L'Oreal "because she's worth it," and believes that Miss Clairol box color 519 is her God given natural hair color. She pulled $100 out of her "in case I get sick" coffee can fund and sent it to the RNC when her church secretary sent her that email about Barack Hussein Obama being a Godless Muslim. I guess she made a dent in Sarah Palin's $68,000 make-up bill, $42,615 hair-do bill, and $54,900 stylist bill. Maybe Sarah could explain to Ms. Red-Stater what a stylist is.
The Grifter List goes back a ways:
312 nights spent in her own home during her first 19 months in office, charging a "per diem" allowance intended to cover meals and incidental expenses while traveling on state business; including November 22, 2007-Thanksgiving Day. The expense report explained it as the Great Alaska Shootout. That's the annual NCAA college basketball tournament held in Anchorage. Total per diem $16,941.
The governor's daughters' and husband's travel charges: $43,490. One event in New York City, October 2007, when Bristol accompanied the governor to Newsweek's third annual Women and Leadership Conference, toured the New York Stock Exchange. Alaska paid for three nights in a $707-a-day hotel room.
Palin, before her nomination, accepted gifts valued at $25,367 from industry executives, municipalities and a cultural center whose board includes officials from some of the largest mining interests in the state. Some of the "gifts" included a $2,200 ivory puffin mask, a woven grass fan worth $300 and a $150 ivory necklace. This may explain her pro Pebble Mine stance.
Alaska Grifter Total: $85,798
VP Grifter Total: $330,000
Total Grifter Total: $415,798
Count on the Palinistas to line up and defend the grifting. The per diem abuse has been dismissed by her staff with comparisons to former Governor Frank Murkowski. That's like comparing a bad bartender to Jim Jones' Guyana Kool-Aid Stand and drinking up.
Palin Spokes-model Meg Stapleton recently responded to the New York Times inquiries with, "The decisions reflected in this disclosure are financially poor decisions made by campaign staffers hired by the campaign and not the governor…(Governor Palin) is absolutely appalled at the news and the amount of money reportedly spent on the vice-presidential campaign."
I wonder if Joe the Tire Changer and Ms. Red Stater would like their money back.
It is never Sarah Palin's bad judgment or poor decisions that get her press. It's always the fault of someone else.
And so the drips continue…and a stalactite status icicle hangs in front of Alaskans. Sarah Palin is the "gift" that keeps on taking.
Update: Think Progress has a Bradblog story about the alleged corruption and mentions a Max Blumenthal piece in The Daily Beast about the corruption charge and also links to a Politico piece on the threat of legal action.


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- buy modafinil from uk Is everyone required to pedal?
No, only 10 out of the 15 passengers. The Sunny Cycle is also equipped with an electric motor to assist the pedaling.
- try here Who Drives?
The Sunny Cycle Company provides a driver who controls the braking and steering. We also provide a safety supervisor/host.
- What are the height, age and weight restrictions?
A height of 4'9" is required and each passenger must be 10 years of age or older. If the group is choosing stops along the way at establishments that serve alcohol, then all passengers must be 21 years of age or older and be required to show identification. All passengers under the age of 18 years old must have a liability waiver signed by a parent or guardian. Each cycle seat has a weight restriction 300 pounds.
- What if the weather is bad on your scheduled time for the tour?
The Sunny Cycle has the ability to operate under most weather conditions and will do so using reasonable judgment. If the weather is such that we do not think a tour is appropriate, we will offer a credit for a future tour.
- How fast does it go?
Our average speed is approximately 5-8 mph on level payment.
- Can I bring food and beverage on the Sunny Cycle?
During the two-hour tour we will be stopping at local bars and restaurants for appetizers and refreshments. At this point and time, there is no alcohol allowed on the Sunny Cycle, however, other "non-alcoholic" beverages are allowed.
- What if someone has a pre-existing medical condition?
As with all medical conditions, we recommend that potential customers consult with a medical professional prior to participation.
- What is the cancellation policy? We will work with you to reschedule another tour. We want you to experience this! The responsibility of rescheduling the ride rests with the individual booking the ride. Our cancellation policy will apply if the responsible party fails to reschedule.
- If you cancel 14 days in advance: We will work with you to re-schedule or provide a 75% refund.
- If you cancel less than 14 days in advance: We will work with you to re-schedule or provide a 50% refund.
- If you cancel in 7 days or less: Rain check provided, no refund.
Inappropriate Behaviors
Unsafe or inappropriate behavior will result in early termination of your tour and result in a $200 penalty. Examples include, but are not limited to:
Extreme intoxication
Verbal or Physical Abuse
Public Urination
Excessive noise and inappropriate language
**Sunny Cycle is committed to being an upstanding member of the community of Palm Springs, CA and we want to be heralded as first class entertainment.
**Return transportation will be at the responsible party's own expense. The city of Palm Springs offers free transportation on the Buzz and we will have this information on board to offer to customers.
Late Fees:
We reserve the right to charge your credit card following the tour if necessary. There will be no Damage/Late Fee charged if the Sunny Cycle returns on time and undamaged. If the Sunny Cycle returns late or is damaged due to passenger behavior, then appropriate charges will be applied.
$40 = more then 10 minutes late
$55 = more then 15 minutes late
$75 = more then 20 minutes late
Damage Fees:
Cost of Repair + a $200 penalty


text: Situated as far east as one can travel in the Far East, Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula is a vast area of remote wilderness prime for adventure. Despite its size, there are less than 200 miles of paved roads here, and the best way of getting around is often by helicopter. Known as 'the land of fire and ice', Kamchatka contains the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the world, as well as freezing winters that are braved by nomadic reindeer herders. The volcanoes have been incorporated into an extensive UNESCO World Heritage Site that is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including brown bears, sea otters and sea eagles. The region's extensive network of rivers and proximity to the Sea of Okhotsk and Pacific Ocean allows it to play host to the largest variety of salmonid species on earth, including the sockeye salmon. The seas surrounding the Commander Islands are perfect for intrepid adventurers wishing to catch a glimpse of marine wildlife, with orcas, humpback whales and teeming seabird colonies often visible.


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Whole-exome sequencing & Disease-targeted sequencing are currently the major clinical applications of NGS, based on a timely and cost-effective consideration. With the use of NGS technologies and the ongoing discovering of disease-associated genes, a series of gene panels were launched for basic research and diagnostic tests, ranging from single gene to hundreds of genes.
Typically each disease-target test can identified tens to hundreds of variants. A standard analysis approach is to search online databases or to evaluate disease-causing potential of sequence alterations using existing tools to fully interpret the importance of each identified variant.
However, the fundamental inconsistencies inherited from diverse annotation sources, software packages and data formats have complicated the subsequent analysis work, making data management, integration and comparison very difficult.
Vanno integrates information from a wide variety of biomedical databases, functional predictions from currently available evaluation models and mutation landscapes from 18 TCGA cancer types. A highly integrated framework that incorporates filtering, sorting, clustering and visual analytics (e.g., Circos, Heatmap, Protein Domain, 3D structure ) modules is provided to facilitate simultaneous exploration of oncogenomics datasets at
different levels such as gene, variant, protein domain or 3D structure, which is crucial for the successful extraction of knowledge from sequence alterations as well as translating biological insights into clinical applications.
Vanno now supports but not limit to 24 disease-targeted gene tests designed for two dominant NGS sequencers, Ion PGM and MiSeq, providing a complete solution for targeted sequencing analysis. Vanno can process at least 100 samples at a time, and only takes few minutes to complete a comparative analysis of 100 samples.
Po-Jung Huang, Chi-Ching Lee, Bertrand Chin-Ming Tan, Yuan-Ming Yeh, Kuo-Yang Huang, Ruei-Chi Gan, Ting-Wen Chen, Cheng-Yang Lee, Sheng-Ting Yang, Chung-Shou Liao, Hsuan Liu* and Petrus Tang* Vanno: A Visualization-aided Variant Annotation Tool. Hum Mutat. 2014


text: Note that this is NOT a patch, just an untested suggestion on how to solve the problem with flushing the last frame from the yadif filter. Basically, if we receive an AVERROR_EOF, use "cur" as "next" and defer the return of AVERROR_EOF to the next call. I do not take poll_frame into account. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: 0001-yadif-Add-flushing-of-last-frame.patch Type: application/octet-stream Size: 2966 bytes Desc: not available URL: <http://ffmpeg.org/pipermail/ffmpeg-devel/attachments/20120502/f7b46d1f/attachment.obj>


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Kids' Classic II Weather Short
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Kids' Classic II Weather Short
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Model: 1019646K
Your little one's favorite boot is the same as ever, with super-soft sheepskin and and barefoot feel, but now waterproof for the rain, snow, or that random puddle. Each boot is built to move the way kids do – running, jumping, and whatever else they get into – with a flexible rocker-bottom shape and our super-light outsole that keeps its grip and cushion all day.
This product was made in a factory that supports women in our supply chain with the help of HERproject, a collaborative initiative that creates partnerships with brands like ours to empower and educate women in the workplace.
- Waterproof leather
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- By UGG®
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