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Rxivist combines preprints from bioRxiv with data from Twitter to help you find the papers being discussed in your field. Currently indexing 77,108 bioRxiv papers from 334,389 authors.
Most downloaded bioRxiv papers, all time
in category evolutionary biology
4,847 results found. For more information, click each entry to expand.
Posted to bioRxiv 31 Jan 2020
199,439 downloads evolutionary biology
Prashant Pradhan, Ashutosh Kumar Pandey, Akhilesh Mishra, Parul Gupta, Praveen Kumar Tripathi, Manoj Balakrishnan Menon, James Gomes, Perumal Vivekanandan, Bishwajit Kundu
This paper has been withdrawn by its authors. They intend to revise it in response to comments received from the research community on their technical approach and their interpretation of the results. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
Posted to bioRxiv 04 Nov 2019
19,302 downloads evolutionary biology
Tina Wang, Jianzhu Ma, Andrew N. Hogan, Samson Fong, Katherine Licon, Brian Tsui, Jason F. Kreisberg, Peter D. Adams, Anne-Ruxandra Carvunis, Danika L. Bannasch, Elaine A. Ostrander, Trey Ideker
Mammals progress through similar physiological stages during life, from early development to puberty, aging, and death. Yet, the extent to which this conserved physiology reflects conserved molecular events is unclear. Here, we map common epigenetic changes experienced by mammalian genomes as they age, focusing on evolutionary comparisons of humans to dogs, an emerging model of aging. Using targeted sequencing, we characterize the methylomes of 104 Labrador retrievers spanning a 16 year age range, achieving >150X coverage within mammalian syntenic blocks. Comparison with human methylomes reveals a nonlinear relationship which translates dog to human years, aligns the timing of major physiological milestones between the two species, and extends to mice. Conserved changes center on specific developmental gene networks which are sufficient to capture the effects of anti-aging interventions in multiple mammals. These results establish methylation not only as a diagnostic age readout but as a cross-species translator of physiological aging milestones.
Posted to bioRxiv 18 Feb 2018
9,943 downloads evolutionary biology
Selina Brace, Yoan Diekmann, Thomas J. Booth, Zuzana Faltyskova, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Matthew Ferry, Megan Michel, Jonas Oppenheimer, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Kristin Stewardson, Susan Walsh, Manfred Kayser, Rick Schulting, Oliver E Craig, Alison Sheridan, Mike Parker Pearson, Chris Stringer, David Reich, Mark G. Thomas, Ian Barnes
The roles of migration, admixture and acculturation in the European transition to farming have been debated for over 100 years. Genome-wide ancient DNA studies indicate predominantly Anatolian ancestry for continental Neolithic farmers, but also variable admixture with local Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Neolithic cultures first appear in Britain c. 6000 years ago (kBP), a millennium after they appear in adjacent areas of northwestern continental Europe. However, the pattern and process of the British Neolithic transition remains unclear. We assembled genome-wide data from six Mesolithic and 67 Neolithic individuals found in Britain, dating from 10.5-4.5 kBP, a dataset that includes 22 newly reported individuals and the first genomic data from British Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Our analyses reveals persistent genetic affinities between Mesolithic British and Western European hunter-gatherers over a period spanning Britain's separation from continental Europe. We find overwhelming support for agriculture being introduced by incoming continental farmers, with small and geographically structured levels of additional hunter-gatherer introgression. We find genetic affinity between British and Iberian Neolithic populations indicating that British Neolithic people derived much of their ancestry from Anatolian farmers who originally followed the Mediterranean route of dispersal and likely entered Britain from northwestern mainland Europe.
Posted to bioRxiv 18 Jan 2017
8,289 downloads evolutionary biology
Dejian Yuan, Xiaoyun Lei, Yuanyuan Gui, Mingrui Wang, Ye Zhang, Zuobin Zhu, Dapeng Wang, Jun Yu, Shi Huang
The neutral theory has been used as a null model for interpreting nature and produced the Recent Out of Africa model of anatomically modern humans. Recent studies, however, have established that genetic diversities are mostly at maximum saturation levels maintained by selection, therefore challenging the explanatory power of the neutral theory and rendering the present molecular model of human origins untenable. Using improved methods and public data, we have revisited human evolution and found sharing of genetic variations among racial groups to be largely a result of parallel mutations rather than recent common ancestry and admixture as commonly assumed. We derived an age of 1.86-1.92 million years for the first split in modern human populations based on autosomal diversity data. We found evidence of modern Y and mtDNA originating in East Asia and dispersing via hybridization with archaic humans. Analyses of autosomes, Y and mtDNA all suggest that Denisovan and Neanderthal were archaic Africans with Eurasian admixtures and ancestors of South Asia Negritos and Aboriginal Australians. Verifying our model, we found more ancestry of Southern Chinese from Hunan in Africans relative to other East Asian groups examined. These results suggest multiregional evolution of autosomes and replacements of archaic Y and mtDNA by modern ones originating in East Asia, thereby leading to a coherent account of modern human origins.
Posted to bioRxiv 21 Mar 2014
7,361 downloads evolutionary biology
Joseph K. Pickrell, David Reich
Genetic information contains a record of the history of our species, and technological advances have transformed our ability to access this record. Many studies have used genome-wide data from populations today to learn about the peopling of the globe and subsequent adaptation to local conditions. Implicit in this research is the assumption that the geographic locations of people today are informative about the geographic locations of their ancestors in the distant past. However, it is now clear that long-range migration, admixture and population replacement have been the rule rather than the exception in human history. In light of this, we argue that it is time to critically re-evaluate current views of the peopling of the globe and the importance of natural selection in determining the geographic distribution of phenotypes. We specifically highlight the transformative potential of ancient DNA. By accessing the genetic make-up of populations living at archaeologically-known times and places, ancient DNA makes it possible to directly track migrations and responses to natural selection.
Posted to bioRxiv 08 Mar 2018
7,263 downloads evolutionary biology
Hugh McColl, Fernando Racimo, Lasse Vinner, Fabrice Demeter, J. Víctor Moreno Mayar, Uffe Gram Wilken, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, Constanza de la Fuente Castro, Sally Wasef, Ana Prohaska, Ashot Margarayan, Peter de Barros Damgaard, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Viengkeo Souksavatdy, Thongsa Sayavongkhamdy, Mohd Mokhtar Saidin, Supannee Kaewsutthi, Patcharee Lertrit, Huong Mai Nguyen, Hsiao-chun Hung, Thi Minh Tran, Huu Nghia Truong, Shaiful Shahidan, Ketut Wiradnyana, Anne-Marie Bacon, Philippe Duringer, Jean-Luc Ponche, Laura Shackelford, Elise Patole-Edoumba, Anh Tuan Nguyen, Bérénice Bellina-Pryce, Jean-Christophe Galipaud, Rebecca Kinaston, Hallie Buckley, Christophe Pottier, Simon Rasmussen, Tom Higham, Robert A. Foley, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Ludovic Orlando, Martin Sikora, Charles Higham, David M. Lambert, Eske Willerslev
Two distinct population models have been put forward to explain present-day human diversity in Southeast Asia. The first model proposes long-term continuity (Regional Continuity model) while the other suggests two waves of dispersal (Two Layer model). Here, we use whole-genome capture in combination with shotgun sequencing to generate 25 ancient human genome sequences from mainland and island Southeast Asia, and directly test the two competing hypotheses. We find that early genomes from Hoabinhian hunter-gatherer contexts in Laos and Malaysia have genetic affinities with the Onge hunter-gatherers from the Andaman Islands, while Southeast Asian Neolithic farmers have a distinct East Asian genomic ancestry related to present-day Austroasiatic-speaking populations. We also identify two further migratory events, consistent with the expansion of speakers of Austronesian languages into Island Southeast Asia ca. 4 kya, and the expansion by East Asians into northern Vietnam ca. 2 kya. These findings support the Two Layer model for the early peopling of Southeast Asia and highlight the complexities of dispersal patterns from East Asia.
Posted to bioRxiv 05 May 2015
6,927 downloads evolutionary biology
Hang Zhou, Sile Hu, Rostislav Matveev, Qianhui Yu, Jing Li, Philipp Khaitovich, Li Jin, Michael Lachmann, Mark Stoneking, Qiaomei Fu, Kun Tang
The spatiotemporal distribution of recent human adaptation is a long standing question. We developed a new coalescent-based method that collectively assigned human genome regions to modes of neutrality or to positive, negative, or balancing selection. Most importantly, the selection times were estimated for all positive selection signals, which ranged over the last half million years, penetrating the emergence of anatomically modern human (AMH). These selection time estimates were further supported by analyses of the genome sequences from three ancient AMHs and the Neanderthals. A series of brain function-related genes were found to carry signals of ancient selective sweeps, which may have defined the evolution of cognitive abilities either before Neanderthal divergence or during the emergence of AMH. Particularly, signals of brain evolution in AMH are strongly related to Alzheimer's disease pathways. In conclusion, this study reports a chronological atlas of natural selection in Human.
Posted to bioRxiv 05 Jun 2017
6,830 downloads evolutionary biology
Carina M. Schlebusch, Helena Malmström, Torsten Günther, Per Sjödin, Alexandra Coutinho, Hanna Edlund, Arielle R Munters, Maryna Steyn, Himla Soodyall, Marlize Lombard, Mattias Jakobsson
Southern Africa is consistently placed as one of the potential regions for the evolution of Homo sapiens. To examine the region's human prehistory prior to the arrival of migrants from East and West Africa or Eurasia in the last 1,700 years, we generated and analyzed genome sequence data from seven ancient individuals from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Three Stone Age hunter-gatherers date to ~2,000 years ago, and we show that they were related to current-day southern San groups such as the Karretjie People. Four Iron Age farmers (300-500 years old) have genetic signatures similar to present day Bantu-speakers. The genome sequence (13x coverage) of a juvenile boy from Ballito Bay, who lived ~2,000 years ago, demonstrates that southern African Stone Age hunter-gatherers were not impacted by recent admixture; however, we estimate that all modern-day Khoekhoe and San groups have been influenced by 9-22% genetic admixture from East African/Eurasian pastoralist groups arriving >1,000 years ago, including the Ju|'hoansi San, previously thought to have very low levels of admixture. Using traditional and new approaches, we estimate the population divergence time between the Ballito Bay boy and other groups to beyond 260,000 years ago. These estimates dramatically increases the deepest divergence amongst modern humans, coincide with the onset of the Middle Stone Age in sub-Saharan Africa, and coincide with anatomical developments of archaic humans into modern humans as represented in the local fossil record. Cumulatively, cross-disciplinary records increasingly point to southern Africa as a potential (not necessarily exclusive) 'hot spot' for the evolution of our species.
Posted to bioRxiv 12 May 2016
5,997 downloads evolutionary biology
Yann X.C. Bourgeois, Khaled M Hazzouri, Ben H. Warren
1. Characterizing species history and identifying loci underlying local adaptation is crucial in functional ecology, evolutionary biology, conservation and agronomy. The ongoing and constant improvement of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques has facilitated the production of an ever-increasing number of genetic markers across genomes of non-model species. 2. The study of variation in these markers across natural populations has deepened the understanding of how population history and selection act on genomes. Population genomics now provides tools to better integrate selection into a historical framework, and take into account selection when reconstructing demographic history. However, this improvement has come with a burst of analytical tools that can confuse users. 3. Such confusion can limit the amount of information effectively retrieved from complex genomic datasets. In addition, the lack of a unified analytical pipeline impairs the diffusion of the most recent analytical tools into fields like conservation biology. 4. To address this need, we describe possible analytical protocols and link these with more than 70 methods dealing with genome-scale datasets. We summarise the strategies they use to infer demographic history and selection, and discuss some of their limitations. A website listing these methods is available at www.methodspopgen.com.
Posted to bioRxiv 13 Dec 2017
5,300 downloads evolutionary biology
Benjamin M Peter, Desislava Petkova, J. Novembre
Summarizing spatial patterns in human genetic diversity to understand population history has been a persistent goal for human geneticists. Here, we use a recently developed spatially explicit method to estimate "effective migration" surfaces to visualize how human genetic diversity is geographically structured (the EEMS method). The resulting surfaces are "rugged", which indicates the relationship between genetic and geographic distance is heterogenous and distorted as a rule. Most prominently, topographic and marine features regularly align with increased genetic differentiation (e.g. the Sahara desert, Mediterranean Sea or Himalaya at large scales; the Adriatic, inter-island straits in near Oceania at smaller scales). We also see traces of historical migrations and boundaries of language families. These results provide visualizations of human genetic diversity that reveal local patterns of differentiation in detail and emphasize that while genetic similarity generally decays with geographic distance, there have regularly been factors that subtly distort the underlying relationship across space observed today. The fine-scale population structure depicted here is relevant to understanding complex processes of human population history and may provide insights for geographic patterning in rare variants and heritable disease risk.
Posted to bioRxiv 16 Oct 2016
5,180 downloads evolutionary biology
Aurélie Kapusta, Alexander Suh, Yang Hu
Genome size in mammals and birds shows remarkably little interspecific variation compared to other taxa. Yet, genome sequencing has revealed that many mammal and bird lineages have experienced differential rates of transposable element (TE) accumulation, which would be predicted to cause substantial variation in genome size between species. Thus, we hypothesize that there has been co-variation between the amount of DNA gained by transposition and lost by deletion during mammal and avian evolution, resulting in genome size homeostasis. To test this model, we develop a computational pipeline to quantify the amount of DNA gained by TE expansion and lost by deletion over the last 100 million years (My) in the lineages of 10 species of eutherian mammals and 24 species of birds. The results reveal extensive variation in the amount of DNA gained via lineage-specific transposition, but that DNA loss counteracted this expansion to various extent across lineages. Our analysis of the rate and size spectrum of deletion events implies that DNA removal in both mammals and birds has proceeded mostly through large segmental deletions (>10 kb). These findings support a unified 'accordion' model of genome size evolution in eukaryotes whereby DNA loss counteracting TE expansion is a major determinant of genome size. Furthermore, we propose that extensive DNA loss, and not necessarily a dearth of TE activity, has been the primary force maintaining the greater genomic compaction of flying birds and bats relative to their flightless relatives.
Posted to bioRxiv 25 Jun 2018
5,088 downloads evolutionary biology
Jeremy J. Berg, Arbel Harpak, Nicholas A. Sinnott-Armstrong, Anja Moltke Jørgensen, Hakhamanesh Mostafavi, Yair Field, Evan A. Boyle, Xinjun Zhang, Fernando Racimo, Jonathan K Pritchard, Graham Coop
Several recent papers have reported strong signals of selection on European polygenic height scores. These analyses used height effect estimates from the GIANT consortium and replication studies. Here, we describe a new analysis based on the the UK Biobank (UKB), a large, independent dataset. We find that the signals of selection using UKB effect-size estimates for height are strongly attenuated or absent. We also provide evidence that previous analyses were confounded by population stratification Therefore, the conclusion of strong polygenic adaptation now lacks support. Moreover, these discrepancies highlight (1) that methods for correcting for population stratification in GWAS may not always be sufficient for polygenic trait analyses, and (2) that claims of differences in polygenic scores between populations should be treated with caution until these issues are better understood.
Posted to bioRxiv 07 Dec 2015
4,610 downloads evolutionary biology
Organismal functions are size-dependent whenever body surfaces supply body volumes. Larger organisms can develop strongly folded internal surfaces for enhanced diffusion, but in many cases areas cannot be folded so that their enlargement is constrained by anatomy, presenting a problem for larger animals. Here, we study the allometry of adhesive pad area in 225 climbing animal species, covering more than seven orders of magnitude in weight. Across all taxa, adhesive pad area showed extreme positive allometry and scaled with weight, implying a 200-fold increase of relative pad area from mites to geckos. However, allometric scaling coefficients for pad area systematically decreased with taxonomic level, and were close to isometry when evolutionary history was accounted for, indicating that the substantial anatomical changes required to achieve increases in relative pad area are limited by phylogenetic constraints. Using a comparative phylogenetic approach, we found that the departure from isometry is almost exclusively caused by large differences in size-corrected pad area between arthropods and vertebrates. To mitigate the expected decrease of weight-specific adhesion within closely related taxa where pad area scaled close to isometry, data for several taxa suggest that the pads' adhesive strength increased for larger animals. The combination of adjustments in relative pad area for distantly related taxa and changes in adhesive strength for closely related groups helps explain how climbing with adhesive pads has evolved in animals varying over seven orders of magnitude in body weight. Our results illustrate the size limits of adhesion-based climbing, with profound implications for large-scale bio-inspired adhesives.
Posted to bioRxiv 15 Feb 2016
4,562 downloads evolutionary biology
N H Barton, A M Etheridge, A Véber
Our focus here is on the infinitesimal model. In this model, one or several quantitative traits are described as the sum of a genetic and a non-genetic component, the first being distributed as a normal random variable centred at the average of the parental genetic components, and with a variance independent of the parental traits. We first review the long history of the infinitesimal model in quantitative genetics. Then we provide a definition of the model at the phenotypic level in terms of individual trait values and relationships between individuals, but including different evolutionary processes: genetic drift, recombination, selection, mutation, population structure, ... We give a range of examples of its application to evolutionary questions related to stabilising selection, assortative mating, effective population size and response to selection, habitat preference and speciation. We provide a mathematical justification of the model as the limit as the number M of underlying loci tends to infinity of a model with Mendelian inheritance, mutation and environmental noise, when the genetic component of the trait is purely additive. We also show how the model generalises to include epistatic effects. In each case, by conditioning on the pedigree relating individuals in the population, we incorporate arbitrary selection and population structure. We suppose that we can observe the pedigree up to the present generation, together with all the ancestral traits, and we show, in particular, that the genetic components of the individual trait values in the current generation are indeed normally distributed with a variance independent of ancestral traits, up to an error of order M^{-1/2}. Simulations suggest that in particular cases the convergence may be as fast as 1/M.
Posted to bioRxiv 21 Jun 2019
4,509 downloads evolutionary biology
The defining feature of the eukaryotic cell is the possession of a nucleus that uncouples transcription from translation. This uncoupling of transcription from translation depends on a complex process employing hundreds of eukaryotic specific genes acting in concert and requires the 7-methylguanylate (m7G) cap to prime eukaryotic mRNA for splicing, nuclear export, and cytoplasmic translation. The origin of this complex system is currently a paradox since it is not found or needed in prokaryotic cells which lack nuclei, yet it was apparently present and fully functional in the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA). According to the Viral Eukaryogenesis (VE) hypothesis the abrupt appearance of the nucleus in the eukaryotic lineage occurred because the nucleus descends from the viral factory of a DNA phage that infected the archaeal ancestor of the eukaryotes. Consequently, the system for uncoupling of transcription from translation in eukaryotes is predicted by the VE hypothesis to be viral in origin. In support of this hypothesis it is shown here that m7G capping apparatus that primes the uncoupling of transcription from translation in eukaryotes is present in viruses of the Mimiviridae but absent from bona-fide archaeal relatives of the eukaryotes such as Lokiarchaeota. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of the m7G capping pathway indicates that eukaryotic nuclei and Mimiviridae obtained this pathway from a common ancestral source that predated the origin of LECA. These results support the VE hypothesis and suggest the eukaryotic nucleus and the Mimiviridae descend from a common First Eukaryotic Nuclear Ancestor (FENA).
Posted to bioRxiv 28 Jan 2016
4,339 downloads evolutionary biology
Stephen E. Harris, Jason Munshi-South
Urbanization significantly alters natural ecosystems and has accelerated globally. Urban wildlife populations are often highly fragmented by human infrastructure, and isolated populations may adapt in response to local urban pressures. However, relatively few studies have identified genomic signatures of adaptation in urban animals. We used a landscape genomics approach to examine signatures of selection in urban populations of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in New York City. We analyzed 154,770 SNPs identified from transcriptome data from 48 P. leucopus individuals from three urban and three rural populations, and used outlier tests to identify evidence of urban adaptation. We accounted for demography by simulating a neutral SNP dataset under an inferred demographic history as a null model for outlier analysis. We also tested whether candidate genes were associated with environmental variables related to urbanization. In total, we detected 381 outlier loci and after stringent filtering, identified and annotated 19 candidate loci. Many of the candidate genes were involved in metabolic processes, and have well-established roles in metabolizing lipids and carbohydrates. Our results indicate that white-footed mice in NYC are adapting at the biomolecular level to local selective pressures in urban habitats. Annotation of outlier loci suggest selection is acting on metabolic pathways in urban populations, likely related to novel diets in cities that differ from diets in less disturbed areas.
Posted to bioRxiv 24 Oct 2017
4,277 downloads evolutionary biology
Shijie Zhao, Tami D. Lieberman, Mathilde Poyet, Sean M. Gibbons, Mathieu Groussin, Ramnik J. Xavier, Eric Alm
Individual bacterial lineages stably persist for years in the human gut microbiome. However, it is unknown if these lineages adapt during colonization of healthy people. Here, we assess evolution within individual microbiomes by sequencing the genomes of 602 Bacteroides fragilis isolates cultured from 12 healthy subjects. We find that B. fragilis within-subject populations contain significant de novo nucleotide and mobile element diversity, which preserve years of within-person evolutionary history. This evolutionary history contains signatures of within-person adaptation to both subject-specific and common selective forces, including parallel mutations in seventeen genes. These seventeen genes are involved in cell-envelope biosynthesis and polysaccharide utilization, as well as yet under-characterized pathways. Notably, one of these genes has been shown to be critical for B. fragilis colonization in mice, indicating that key genes have not already been optimized for survival in vivo. This lack of optimization, given historical signatures of purifying selection in these genes, suggests that varying selective forces with discordant solutions act upon B. fragilis in vivo. Remarkably, in one subject, two B. fragilis sublineages coexisted at a stable relative frequency over a 1.5-year period despite rapid adaptive dynamics within one of the sublineages. This stable coexistence suggests that competing selective forces can lead to B. fragilis niche-differentiation even within a single person. We conclude that B. fragilis adapts rapidly within the microbiomes of individual healthy people, providing a new route for the discovery of key genes in the microbiome and implications for microbiome stability and manipulation.
Posted to bioRxiv 12 Sep 2017
4,248 downloads evolutionary biology
Juan Manuel Vazquez, Michael Sulak, Sravanthi Chigurupati, Vincent J. Lynch
Among the evolutionary and developmental constraints on the evolution of very large body sizes is an increased risk of developing cancer because large bodied organisms have more cells that can potentially turn cancerous than small-bodied organisms with fewer cells. This expectation predicts a positive correlation between body size and cancer risk, however, there is no correlation between body size and cancer risk across species; this lack of correlation is often referred to as "Peto's Paradox". Here we show that elephants and their extinct relatives (Proboscideans) resolved Peto's Paradox at least in part through re-functionalizing a leukemia inhibitory factor pseudogene (LIF6) with pro-apoptotic functions. The re-functionalized LIF gene is transcriptionally up-regulated by TP53 in response to DNA damage, and translocates to the mitochondria where it induces apoptosis. Phylogenetic analyses of living and extinct Proboscidean LIF6 genes indicates its TP53 response element evolved coincident with the evolution of large body sizes in the Proboscidean stem-lineage. These results suggest that re-functionalizing of a pro-apoptotic LIF pseudogene may have played a role in the evolution of large body sizes in Proboscideans.
Posted to bioRxiv 15 Dec 2015
4,170 downloads evolutionary biology
Are organisms free to reach their adaptive optima or constrained by hard-wired developmental programs? Recent evidence suggests that the arrangement of stomata on abaxial (lower) and adaxial (upper) leaf surfaces may be an important adaptation in plants, but stomatal traits on each surface likely share developmental pathways that could hamper evolution. We reviewed the quantitative genetics of stomatal density to look for loci that (1) affected ab- or adaxial density independently or (2) pleiotropically affected stomatal density on both surfaces. We also used phylogenetic comparative methods to test for independent versus correlated evolution of stomatal traits (density, size, and pore index) on each surface from 14 amphistomatous wild tomato taxa (Solanum; Solanaceae). Naturally occurring and laboratory-induced genetic variation alters stomatal density on one surface without affecting the other, indicating that development does not strongly constrain the spectrum of available mutations. Among wild tomato taxa, traits most closely related to function (stomatal pore index and density) evolved independently on each surface, whereas stomatal size was constrained by correlated evolution. Genetics and phylogenetics demonstrate mostly independent evolution of stomatal function on each leaf surface, facilitating largely unfettered access to fitness optima.
Posted to bioRxiv 19 Feb 2017
4,159 downloads evolutionary biology
Manan Gupta, N G Prasad, Sutirth Dey, Amitabh Joshi, T. N. C. Vidya
In recent years, fairly far-reaching claims have been repeatedly made about how niche construction, the modification by organisms of their environment, and that of other organisms, represents a vastly neglected phenomenon in ecological and evolutionary thought. The proponents of this view claim that the niche construction perspective greatly expands the scope of standard evolutionary theory and that niche construction deserves to be treated as a significant evolutionary process in its own right, almost at par with natural selection. Claims have also been advanced about how niche construction theory represents a substantial extension to, and re-orientation of, standard evolutionary theory, which is criticized as being narrowly gene-centric and ignoring the rich complexity and reciprocity of organism-environment interactions. We examine these claims in some detail and show that they do not stand up to scrutiny. We suggest that the manner in which niche construction theory is sought to be pushed in the literature is better viewed as an exercise in academic niche construction whereby, through incessant repetition of largely untenable claims, and the deployment of rhetorically appealing but logically dubious analogies, a receptive climate for a certain sub-discipline is sought to be manufactured within the scientific community. We see this as an unfortunate, but perhaps inevitable, nascent post-truth tendency within science.
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Sports Medicine PhysiciansLondon Spine Centre
Seeking Sports Medicine Physicians
The London Spine Centre is a multidisciplinary center of excellence providing patient consultations and diagnostic assessments, including EMG/NCS. With an experienced group of academic spine surgeons, physiotherapists and rehabilitation specialists, they are mandated to treat spinal conditions in an outpatient setting with a strong return to work/functional activity focus.
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Academic affiliation at Western University with a research/education role is encouraged based upon candidate's career goals. 75:25 fee split.
Send CV to: Michelle Flynn at firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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Emily Whitlock and Justin Hernandez, both of Milwaukee, Wisc., have announced their engagement. Emily is the daughter of Bill and Liz Whitlock of Pleasant Prairie, Wisc.; Justin is the son of James Hernandez of Friendswood,Tex., and Nadine Lewis of Galveston, Tex.
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11 Terrifying Pennywise Pumpkins That Will Send Chills Down Your Spine
Well, some creative and inspired people out there got it in their heads to decorate their doorsteps with Pennywise-themed pumpkins. If the goal here's to ward off the pestilent waves of hungry-eyed, sugardrunk trick-or-treaters with pieces of pure horror….then mission accomplished.
Thanks to the massively impressive and utterly horrifying achievement that the most recent, "It" movie damn well was, The Year of the Clown is in full swing, folks. Yes, the modern take on Pennywise from "It" effortlessly spotlights how (alarmingly) far the movie industry's come in the way of special effects/makeup. I wish I was exaggerating when I say that the trailer for the movie alone smacked me with some stress sweats, and definitely hijacked some sleep.
I attempted to make a Pennywise pumpkin ? Pumpkinwise? Pennypumpkin? pic.twitter.com/3v63PHqGCa
— Kayla ?? (@lightpullsmein) October 14, 2017
#it #pumpkin #pennywise #halloween #mywork pic.twitter.com/ePjfQLAQ3M
— ? (@jolieee85) October 14, 2017


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No longer does fame require an agent and television air time. I get hateful comments about my looks more than anything. But how do you stand out from the crowd? Originally I was just going to edit and film the vids and he was going to be the host of whatever it was that we were going to do. Luckily, though, the positive comments far outweigh the bad remarks.
Chelsea. Age: 32.
His other costumes include Captain Marvel Jr.
Alisha. Age: 20.
Gay Comic Geek: Falling In Love With Comics And Cosplay
I almost always dress in costume with friends and do group cosplay events. Male costumers are so neglected in the big scheme of the cosplay world. Lots of gay geeky sites, but rarely did I see a gay geek on-screen talking about comics. Luckily geeks are somewhat considered cooler today and we get a lot more people who are accepting. I get excited when a person recognizes me.


text: / Thesaurus Find synonyms for: Noun1. trill, shake, note, musical note, toneusage: a note that alternates rapidly with another note a semitone above it2. trill, articulationusage: the articulation of a consonant (especially the consonant `r') with a rapid flutter of the tongue against the palate or uvula; "he pronounced his R's with a distinct trill"Verb1. trill, pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate, sayusage: pronounce with a trill, of the phoneme `r'; "Some speakers trill their r's"2. warble, trill, quaver, singusage: sing or play with trills, alternating with the half note above or belowWordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.See also: trill (Dictionary) Related Content Daily Word Quiz: acerbity Analogy of the Day: Today's Analogy Spelling Bee: Today's Spelling Bee Frequently Misspelled Words Frequently Mispronounced Words Easily Confused Words Writing & Language Synonyms Index


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I'm passionate about youth arts education, encouraging the importance of the arts within society at every level, and fostering the next generation. It is an absolute joy to be able to support charities and foundation through my work.
IIWAM started in the summer of 2014 when I found myself experimenting in the studio exploring spontaneous mark making through which I found a deep love of working on paper. I also began listening to CBC radio 2 Tempo by Julie Nesrallah (a classical music show on the Canadian national radio.) This experience built on my love of music (secret wish to be a musician - although my teenage self never would have guess it might be classical music!) and the love of listening to my Mom play piano when I was little. Being a visual artist as opposed to a musician this is how I express the notes and sounds that are so transformative.
Free pickup at the artist studio available, or best in class shipping service : Time-definite and day-definite delivery based on your shipment's destination. Tracking solutions show the progress of the shipment every step of the way, across the country.* Shipping limited to Canada only.


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Lil Drift delivers 'Closer Than Yesterday' project
The Los Angeles-based rapper shares a brand new project.
Los Angeles rapper Lil Drift is poised to be the next star to come out of the West Coast. He initially started music in high school, uploading freestyles until one day, he propelled into massive popularity. Thus, the name Lil Drift was born and he is shaping to be a pretty impressive act. Most recently, he opened up for Lil Baby which added to fan growing fan base. Today, Lil Drift treats fans to his new release titled Closer Than Yesterday.
The 6-track effort is full of several infectious new singles that give Lil Drift new energy. Features include Chris O'Bannon, Skinnyfromthe9, and No Cap Kiid. Check out the project and our exclusive interview below.
Walk me through your childhood, what were your adolescent years like?
Everybody got a story and I'm not saying mine is any more difficult, but I never really had time to enjoy my childhood. Having a single mother with two kids in LA I feel made me the man I am, because of that I had to go get it myself. I was thrown into things that shaped me and showed me the world early. From gang violence to drugs, failed love, Distant from my pops. Separated from family, things that I had to go through Made them some of the harder times.
Were there any moments during your teenage years that made you who you are today?
My pops was arrested [when I was] 13. We were in Pennsylvania. When the police came I ran away, I went door to door staying at random people's house, 'till I found a way back to my mom in California. Being that young and having to go ask for acceptance into another family's home, taught me to appreciate waking up and having your own.
How did you initially get into music?
I was 5 years old in 2005, I went outside one day my brother had the laptop and cell phone writing songs. Something told me I wanted to do this I told him I wanna be like you one day, he brushed it off kinda, But it paid off.
When people listen to your music, what do you want the biggest takeaway to be?
Emotion! No matter what I speak on, if it's from a club banger to everyday destruction. I want people to feel the emotions Cause that's all music Is, an escape.
Do you have any dream collaborations or artists that you're interested in working with?
Jay-Z, I feel that's a life goal. It has to be accomplished. J Cole, Justin Bieber, Post Malone, or even 21 Savage.
What can we expect from Lil Drift this year?
My all, constant tapes, And the true me. I plan on telling the whole story after the first tape. Already working on collaborations I plan on having my best year ever.


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Jasmine James. In at the age of 22 Jasmine James she debuted in porn and made her first girl-girl shot. She is a huge Walking Dead fan and comics collector.
Jasmine James Biography
Current rating: No Biography: Stunning cocksucking redhead covered in jizz K views.
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It has been busy this week, especially the past few days. My brother Anthony became ordained as a minister this week and I was supposed to go. However, it happened on a Friday night and I thought it was Sunday. It didn't help that I saw him on Thursday to help him plan for his wife's 50th birthday for Saturday night. Yep, you just have to love family.
Speaking of which, I got to see a few of my sisters Saturday night. Since all my sisters live between Atlanta and Virginia (six of them, by the way) and only Anthony and I still live in our hometown, it's always special whenever we can get together. I gave them all an update on what's been going on im my life and now I've now become the new P.J. O'Rourke. I did show one of my sisters Gwen the "Chicken N' Beer" story, with a little trepidation, but she actually laughed out loud and thought it was great, to my relief. The rest of the girls haven't seen it yet, so I still don't have full family approval. We shall see.
Speaking of the magazine, Tadd of Murmur called me yesterday afternoon as I was helping to set up for the party at the center with a rambling voice message. It turned out that the cover story wasn't going to see print as planned and he would be heading out of town early Monday for Vegas (lucky bastard) and needed something to fill in before he left so could I please, PLEASE come up with a piece for the December issue? There was lots of cussing in the call, but I understood what he said so I called him and let him know I'll see what I could do, despite the family. I knocked out the first paragraph later that night around 12:30 am or so, went to bed and finished it up this morning with over 1,000 words to Tadd's enjoyment. The essay, "Deadline 2008" (temporay title t.f.n.) will be in this month's Murmur in two weeks, with an online version to follow soon here.
They say it's your birthday...
11 years ago


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We are experiencing a large volume of orders please expect an additional week turnaround time on your orders. Our retail space is closed; locals please order for delivery (no pickups). Thanks for your patience! Sweet Maria's is donating 25% of profit to food banks, homeless support, and senior meal providers.
Java has a unique position among Indonesian coffees. It is the original coffee planting area, with coffee coming to Batavia (Jakarta) and being planted in the area of Bandung early in the Dutch colonial era. The arabica coffee plant was brought to Indonesia from India in 1696. Java coffee had a legendary status around the world until the last century. Mocha and Java coffees commanded huge premiums, often 10x to 15x more expensive than Brazil coffees in brokers lists from the 1920s. Aside from history, Java is unique in that it is most often wet-processed, resulting in a relatively clean cup, without earthy or dirty flavors found in some lower-grade wet-hulled Indonesia coffees like Sumatra.Read more


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Everybody is using plumbing for the whole year. This would mean that there is always a chance for a plumbing problem to happen. The amount of time to repair or fix any plumbing problem is really important in order to a person to avoid losing a lot of money in the long run.
There are actually so many plumbing problems that you can fix by yourself without even hiring a plumber. But it is important for you to know when you should hire Plumbers Boise Idaho because there are just some plumbing problems that will really need to be fixed by a professional.
This article will provide you with some of the most common plumbing problems where a plumber is needed every time you will not be able to fix yourself or if the plumbing problem is really difficult for a person like you who do not have the experience.
Faulty faucets – you should not try to replace any faucet that is not working properly on your own unless if you are really a plumber. If you do this, you will end up facing more problems that you really do not need.
Clogged drains – this is a common problem that will happen and usually you can resolve this with no help from a plumber. But if you have done all the things that you know and the problem is still there, then your best option is to look for a professional plumber.
Noisy pipes – nobody really wants to live in a house where there are noisy pipes. So if ever you have noisy pipes at home, you should call a plumber right away.
Broken toilet – it is important for you to always have a properly working toilet at home. Most of the home owners are not aware on how to fix a broken toilet so it is important that you should always call Plumbers Twin Falls Idaho every time you will be facing this type of plumbing problem.
You should never take the chance and end up making more problems. You should call a plumber right away every time you see a plumbing problem at home. You can easily find a plumber especially if you know one that is living in your area.
Hot water that runs out from your water heater – hot water is important in doing a lot of various tasks like taking a shower or washing the dishes. You should call a professional plumber right away if hot water will keep on running out.
Getting ready for the winter – it is always important that you call a plumber that will be checking your plumbing system at home before the winter season arrives. This will help you avoid a lot of problems that you would not want to have during that time of the year.
Frozen pipes – this is a really common problem that a lot of home owners are dealing with. Even if there are actually so many ways to get the pipes unfrozen, you should not attempt to do it unless you have the experience. You should call a plumber right away in order to avoid getting more problems. Read more here: http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Plumbing.


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Indian stock markets are likely to open higher on Friday following a recovery in the major indices of United States with Dow Industrials rising over 150 points.
Indian stock markets are likely to open higher on Friday following a recovery in the major indices of United States with Dow Industrials rising over 150 points. The early indicator of NSE Nifty, SGX Nifty Futures was trading little changed, up 0.13% at 10,398.5 on Singapore Exchange. Shares of the fraud-hit PNB will continue to be in a close watch as the probe is unfolding and investing deeper day after day. The stock of Punjab National Bank inched down 2% on Thursday at the close while the jewellery maker Gitanjali Gems which was also named by the investigative agencies continued to decline on the bourses taking the six-day fall to 55%.
These stocks will be in focus today
PNB: PNB said it has enough assets to meet any liability. "We have followed lawful avenues available to us as per law of the land to recover our dues," the bank said in an exchange filing.
Bank of Baroda: Public sector Bank of Baroda clarified it has no exposure against Letters of Undertaking (LoUs) issued by PNB for some of its gems and jewellery sector clients in news and said all such authorisations are "duly controlled".
Fortis Healthcare: NSE has said derivative trading in Fortis Healthcare would be stopped if the company fails to submit its financial results for last two quarters by 1 March. Fortis Healthcare has failed to meet the deadlines for submission of its financial results for the September and December quarters of the FY18.
Jain Irrigation: Jain Irrigation Systems said it has received a contract worth Rs 375 crore contract from the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC).
Federal Bank: Private sector lender Federal Bank made its foray into investment banking by acquiring a minority 26% stake in Equirus Capital, a boutique investment bank.
The Indian rupee on Thursday: The rupee ended 28 paise lower to a three-month low of 65.04 against the US dollar.
Indian stock markets on Thursday
India's stock markets closed almost flat with Sensex and Nifty settling in marginally lower as a profit-booking was seen in the shares of Reliance Industries, Maruti Suzuki and HDFC Bank. A market-wide sell-off was seen across the indices with decreased volatility. The S&P BSE Sensex lost 25.36 points or 0.07% to end the day at 33,819.5 and NSE Nifty settled 14.75 points or 0.14% lower at 10,382.7. The Nifty Next 50 index witnessed a major drag led by a slump in shares of Siemens, Colgate-Palmolive (India), Cummins India, Bharat Electronics, Tata Power, Torrent Pharma, PNB, Idea Cellular, Bank of Baroda, Motherson Sumi Systems, BHEL, LIC Housing Finance, Titan, DLF and SAIL.
US stock markets on Thursday
The Dow and S&P 500 advanced on Thursday to halt a two-session losing skid, buoyed by gains in industrial and energy shares as US Treasury yields eased, while the Nasdaq lost ground for a third straight session, Reuters said in a report. The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 164.7 points or 0.66% to 24,962.48, the S&P 500 gained 2.63 points or 0.10% to 2,703.96 and the Nasdaq Composite dropped 8.14 points or 0.11% to 7,210.09.
Get live Stock Prices from BSE and NSE and latest NAV, portfolio of Mutual Funds, calculate your tax by Income Tax Calculator, know market's Top Gainers, Top Losers & Best Equity Funds. Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter.


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Unlike many accounting software products that limit transactions unless you purchase a more expensive package, FreeAgent is a cloud-based program that supports unlimited users, clients and invoices for one monthly price. It also has a project management feature to help you keep track of billable hours and expenses. FreeAgent is best for freelancers, consultants and other project-based businesses. freeagent.com
Xero is an accounting software that is largely known for having revolutionized accounting. Developed to provide the best user experience possible, the solution is easy to use, making tough accounting tasks like double bookkeeping simple even for first time users. For those who require a bookkeeper, the vendor offers certified advisors who are more than willing to assist them. The platform has gained traction in countries like the UK, US, Australia and Europe. It comes with integrations with known third-party applications and accounting tools and the software's Express Setup feature makes set up a breeze. You can maximize the product's potential with the assistance of its help center.
GetResponse is best known as an email marketing platform, but they've expanded their offerings significantly in the past couple of years with CRM, webinars, and marketing automation tools. The GetResponse marketing automation is built around drag-and-drop workflows that you can set up to mimic customer journeys through your website and toward conversion.
We've emphasized the importance of getting everyone involved in automation. Here's how it works in my department. An integral part of each development team, the DevTester writes and executes manual test cases for the team's user stories. The tests are written using a methodology (see connect manual tests with automation using a clear methodology) that clarifies how to automate them later on. Once a feature is stable, the DevTester writes the actual automation tests. Then, there's the Developer. In addition to developing the application, the developer works with the DevTester to review both the test's design and the testing code itself. The developer's involvement in the automated tests increases his or her engagement in the automation efforts, which also means the DevTester can help with test maintenance should the need arise. The QA architect is an experienced QA professional who is instrumental in deciding which feature tests should be automated. This is the person with the higher-level view of the overall testing effort who can understand which test cases will yield the best ROI if automated. With a broader view of the application, the architect is also responsible for cross-feature and cross-team QA activities to make sure that end-to-end testing can also be automated.
The larger group contains web-based solutions that would be suitable for more complex small businesses, companies that want an application compliant with double-entry accounting rules. Each offers a core set of features that includes a chart of accounts; customer, vendor, and item records; income and expense tracking; forms like quotes and invoices; and reports.
Sage Business Cloud Accounting has two plans for small business owners. The Accounting Start plan is for a single user primarily interested in invoicing, expense management and reporting. In addition to these features, the other plan, The Accounting plan, has support for multiple users, can create quotes and estimates, allows you to record and track the bills you owe, and has simple inventory-management capabilities. Integrations that link the software to other business programs like POS systems and payroll are available. sage.com
Paying bills isn't as much fun as sending out invoices, but it has to be done. You may already be managing this task through your bank's website, which may or may not excel at this service. There are few other options online for standalone bill-pay, and the ones that exist have restrictions. Bill.com rules when it comes to supporting both invoices and bills; you'll be charged $29 per user per month for payables automation only. If that's more than you want to pay, you could subscribe to Wave, which is free, and just use its bill-paying tools.
So what should small businesses look for in such an app? For starters, ease-of-use, integration and security should be taken into consideration. However, what counts most is the pricing. As most of these players are on a tight budget, we recommend that they subscribe to a cloud-based solution as they provide customized processes, integrations and pricing flexibility.
No one has jumped into the desktop accounting software arena for over two decades. The survivors of what was once a crowded field have been around since the early 90s. They are QuickBooks (the desktop version), Sage 50c (which started its life as Peachtree Accounting), and AccountEdge Pro (formerly MYOB), the latter two of which are included in the table above.
GetResponse is best known as an email marketing platform, but they've expanded their offerings significantly in the past couple of years with CRM, webinars, and marketing automation tools. The GetResponse marketing automation is built around drag-and-drop workflows that you can set up to mimic customer journeys through your website and toward conversion.
Tosca Testsuite by Tricentis makes use of model-based test automation to automate software testing. This tool helps in planning and designing test case. It is a test data provisioning tool and helps in testing mobile apps. It has integration management and services virtualization network. Even risk coverage is there for the same. Tosca Testsuite has market leading technology which helps in achieving sustainable automation. It also helps in reducing the regression of testing from weeks to minutes.
This doesn't replace the face-to-face communication that's a necessary part of software development. Instead, it enhances that aspect by providing another channel through which to communicate. Think of it this way – email didn't replace the telephone; it was just an additional tool that could be used to communicate. The same holds true with tools like TestComplete by SmartBear – they're not replacements for face-to-face communication as much as they're ways to improve communication.
With accounting software, these tasks were automated and costs and human errors were remarkably reduced, making them indispensable tools for just about any type and size of business. What's very interesting is that accounting platforms are now being used even by small businesses. These startups often need the basic functionalities that most of these platforms share.
Ranorex is a commercial automation tool designed for desktop and mobile testing. It also works well for web-based software testing. Ranorex has the advantages of a comparatively low pricing scale and Selenium integration. When it comes to tools, it has reusable test scripts, recording and playback, and GUI recognition. It's a sufficient all-around tool, especially for developers who are needing to test on both web and mobile apps. It boasts that it is an "all in one" solution, and there is a free trial available for teams that want to test it.
We are grateful that in today's tech landscape, there are many excellent applications—either as open source or freeware—available for free. Our team believe that test automation is an essential part of creating great software; so we initially developed Katalon Studio as a tool for ourselves. Until now, it has been widely adopted by the global testing community.
The IT industry depends on similar Agile practices of different names to meet the market's demand for their products and services. Test automation is vital to Agile and the companies using Continuous Integration and Delivery, TDD, and BDD. For the titans of technology and the IT industry at large to reap the benefits of test automation, they must rely on automation frameworks.
TDD is misleading if you don't realize that it is more about software design and teamwork than testing. According to the authors, an Agile programmer using TDD to write "test-first" code can think about what functionality they want from the code and then partner with a tester to make sure all aspects of the code are performing to that standard of functionality.
More than 30 years after the first small business accounting applications were introduced for the PC, there's still no shortage of options available for small and midsize businesses. Today, all the new solutions are cloud-based, though you can still buy desktop accounting software, we'll explain below. In general, however, accounting services are mostly online, and they've benefited from the transition, thanks to their availability anywhere via the internet, and the drastic simplification and improvement in usability that most of them have made in the course of the move online.
A favorite among small business owners, FreshBooks offers one of the most user-friendly, cloud-based accounting applications for nonaccountants. It's also our top pick for the best accounting app for iOS and Android devices because of the wide range of accounting tasks you can perform on the go, such as invoicing, time tracking and managing expenses. Read our full review here. freshbooks.com
Small businesses. Most small businesses will be well-served by a standard business management software, such as BizAutomation, that helps them manage the everyday tasks and operations to make their business more efficient. Alternatively, they can choose a solution focused on one critical area of their business, such as scheduling or marketing and sales, and integrate with standalone applications for less critical operations.
Authors Dorothy Graham and Mark Fewster wrote the field's seminal text, Software Test Automation, which has guided many organizations toward success. Now, in Experiences of Test Automation, they reveal test automation at work in a wide spectrum of organizations and projects, from complex government systems to medical devices, SAP business process development to Android mobile apps and cloud migrations.
Though you can still read reviews of them here, three of the small business accounting applications we covered do not appear in the features matrix because they're not quite as mature as the ones that are posted here. Sage One Accounting was developed by Sage, a global software company that sells a diverse family of accounting solutions, both desktop and cloud-based. WorkingPoint is still missing some functionality offered by its competitors, such as mobile access and integration with related apps. ZipBooks is the newest; it had the thinnest feature set when we reviewed it, but it's growing rapidly.
Amazon is testing delivery drones that pick up warehouse orders sorted by robots, Google is testing self-driving cars, Starbucks is testing cashier-free stores dedicated to mobile ordering and payment, and Facebook is testing a brain-computer interface that may one day translate thoughts into digital text. There are mundane versions of automation technology behind all of this testing — software automation testing. Companies use automation technology to create the software responsible for the products and services causing all the hype.
ClearBooks is cloud-based accounting software with a full set of A/R and A/P features. It connects to your business bank accounts, and you can use it to send quotes and invoices, manage vendors, create purchase orders, pay bills, and run reports. It can be used by small businesses in any country, but U.S. users may find the unchangeable U.K. date format confusing. clearbooks.co.uk
These days, filing cabinets are out of the question, and hoarding information on bits of paper is the fastest way to run a disorganized business…straight into the ground. Thankfully, there's a slew of collaboration and documents apps that empowers any small business owner to find the information they need at the drop of a hat, right out of the cloud, and available on all their devices.
This doesn't replace the face-to-face communication that's a necessary part of software development. Instead, it enhances that aspect by providing another channel through which to communicate. Think of it this way – email didn't replace the telephone; it was just an additional tool that could be used to communicate. The same holds true with tools like TestComplete by SmartBear – they're not replacements for face-to-face communication as much as they're ways to improve communication.


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Volume 43 - Issue 2
Conversion: How God Creates a Peopleby Michael Lawrence
Everyone wants to be nice. Well, almost everyone. But it takes a miraculous work of God to make someone new. This, in brief, is the main argument of Michael Lawrence's new contribution to Crossway's 9Marks: Building Healthy Churches series, Conversion: How God Creates a People.
The miraculous work of God in conversion is particularly emphasized in the first three chapters of the book. Lawrence describes the biblical picture of conversion, explaining that it is a special work of God that results in a "new deepest loyalty of the heart" (p. 53). He argues clearly and effectively against the "decisionism" mindset that plagues evangelicalism and demonstrates that faith and repentance are necessary for true conversion.
True conversion, Lawrence argues, should lead to church membership. "Church membership, at its biblical core, is our affirmation and oversight of one another's professions of faith and discipleship to Christ, which we make through baptism and participation in the Lord's Supper. When we baptize people, therefore, it should be the norm that we then take them into membership in our church" (p. 60). The connection between conversion and church membership demonstrates one of the strengths of this book. Lawrence has an unrelenting focus on conversion as a key doctrine for the church, not simply for individuals. While this book is a helpful guide to any Christian wrestling with the doctrine, its particular usefulness, as has been the case in all of the Building Healthy Churches series, is as a tool for a church or church leaders.
In the second half of the book, Lawrence considers how a right doctrine of conversion should affect the lives of church members individually and the church as a whole. In chapters four, five, and six, Lawrence describes how a right understanding of this doctrine corrects common misunderstandings in the modern evangelical church. In chapter four, he argues that conversion should result in greater holiness, not simply therapeutic, Oprah-style healing. Chapters five explains that a church full of converted Christians is a distinct community, not a "designer church" built around a particular ethnic or social identity. In chapter six, Lawrence demonstrates that a correct understanding of conversion is closely tied to our practice of evangelism. If conversion is truly a miraculous work of God, then it is not a sales pitch. Instead, evangelism is "God's summons of love to sinners" (p. 97).
In the last two chapters, Lawrence paints a picture of assessing conversion in a church that is neither too loose (chapter seven) nor too strict (chapter eight). This last part of the book will be of great value to many pastors and church leaders. The admonitions against attempting to create an overly pure church in chapter eight are a needed warning against a form of legalism that can easily be fallen into. Chapter seven includes a section on assessing true conversion that is one of the most helpful in the book. Rather than relying on a prayer or a simple verbal affirmation when considering whether a conversion is genuine, Lawrence points us to the example of the Thessalonians (1 Thess 3:7–10). Paul pointed to evidence of their faith, hope, and love along with a pattern of active growth. This picture of biblical conversion should shape the way we determine whether someone is truly converted or not. While not every church may end up with the same practices, any pastor or group of pastors would be helped by giving careful consideration to Lawrence's list of eight steps a church should implement when trying to discern true conversions in this chapter.
As has been the case with the previous contributions to this series that I have reviewed for Themelios, Conversion is a tremendous gift to the church. I highly commend it for any pastor or any Christian who is serious about understanding how a correct doctrine of conversion should shape the life of the church. The only real quibble I have with the book is over some of Lawrence's terms. First, while most agree with his connection between holiness and being "set apart" in chapter four, Peter Gentry has convincingly argued that the meaning of "holy" is primarily "devoted" not "set apart" (Peter J. Gentry, "The Meaning of 'Holy' in the Old Testament," BibSac 170 [2013]: 400–17). However, this admittedly minor adjustment only strengthens Lawrence's overall argument.
Also, Lawrence has creatively alliterated all of his chapter titles ("New, Not Nice, "Holy, Not Healed," "Summon, Don't Sell," etc.). These are on the whole helpful, but, as is usually the case when any biblical or theological content is shaped around a preconceived structure, they are sometimes distracting. It may be that Lawrence uses alliteration to great effect in his teaching and preaching, but in this format, I found the abundance of alliteration to be amusing, sometimes addling, but not always advantageous.
However, any quibbles I have with the book are minor and do not detract from the overall quality of the book. I will undoubtedly recommend this volume in my church and in my classroom for years to come as a faithful, accessible, and useful tool for considering how to understand and apply the doctrine of conversion in the church.
Chris Bruno
Chris Bruno
Trinity Christian School
Kailua Baptist Church
Kailua, Hawaii, USA
Other Articles in this Issue
The Rule of Faith and Biblical Interpretation in Evangelical Theological Interpretation of Scriptureby Adriani Milli Rodrigues
One of the features of the Theological Interpretation of Scripture movement is the use of the rule of faith in biblical interpretation...
Evangelicals have criticized Rod Dreher's Benedict Option and the idea of strategic withdrawal, with some citing Abraham Kuyper as a model of how Christians should engage the world today...
Apocalypse Now: The Neo-Bultmannian Universalism of David Congdon's The God Who Savesby Michael McClymond
In The God Who Saves (2016), David Congdon seeks an elusive synthesis of Karl Barth's dogmatics and Rudolf Bultmann's hermeneutics: he integrates Bultmann's insistence on the concrete historicity of individual human experience with Barth's stress on the universal salvific significance of Christ...
Have Theologians No Sense of Shame? How the Bible Reconciles Objective and Subjective Shameby Jackson Wu
Everyone agrees shame is a pervasive problem; yet, in book and articles, we find writers often talk past one another...
What are the purposes of the songs of the Apocalypse? What effect are they intended to produce? After a brief discussion of the question of sources, the function played by Revelation's hymns is explored with particular attention being paid to their connection to the cosmic conflict theme, the way they model celebration in the face of tribulation, the comfort they offer believers and the warning they present to unbelievers...


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CHICAGO (CBS) — Mayor Lori Lightfoot cut the ribbon Tuesday morning on a new Chicago Police Department facility at O'Hare International Airport, providing more office space and training space for officers.
The new facility includes a new roll call room, locker rooms with showers, a modern gym, interview rooms, and dedicated space for the airport's bomb squad, SWAT teams, and K-9 units.
"I can tell you without a doubt that this facility is a great improvement over our last facility," said Chicago Police Cmdr. William Mullane, who has been assigned to O'Hare since 2016, when the new facility was still in the planning stages.
Mullane said the new facility also features fiber optic internet lines, which allow officers to stay up to date on all of their training, by more easily completing certification courses online.
The new police station was built on the site of an old warehouse and office space at the airport. Officers began moving into the new facility in September, and are now completely settled in to the new station.
Bowa Construction, a black-owned family business headquartered on the South Side, was the prime contractor on the construction project.
"Bowa led the coordination of more than 25 subcontractors to complete this renovation, transforming a former warehouse into a state-of-the-art facility," Lightfoot said.
Bowa was the first minority-owned prime contractor in Illinois to be awarded an airport construction contract in Chicago.
"It's past time that we opened up the doors of opportunity. There is always an excuse to say 'No, it's not your time.' Businesses from every community should be able to compete for contracts, and win those contracts," Lightfoot said. "Good-paying jobs should go to residents from all neighborhoods and backgrounds, and this facility is proof of what happens when we level the playing field, and when we say 'Yes, now is your time.'"
Bowa President and CEO Nosa Ehimwenman choked up as he thanked his father, a taxi driver who used to pick up passengers at O'Hare to put food on the family's table.
"My father always told me 'Be disciplined, work hard, and good things will happen," he said. "This project represents a long journey, as I mentioned. It represents, again, equity, inclusion, diversity, and change. This city has 77 neighborhoods, 2.7 million people, and it's the first time that a prime contractor that looks like me has completed a project at the airport as a prime."
The new police facility is part of an ongoing $8.5 billion expansion of the airport. Aviation Commissioner Jamie Rhee said the old police station was in the way of an expansion of the International Terminal.


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Cash Prize Runnings Report created at 12:01 a.m. December 8, 2019
Cash prizes of $1,000, $1,500, $2,000, $2,500 or the top amount of $5,000 can be earned in the Clear 2020 Vision international contest from your combined total of New Member Points and Promotion Points. A total of $50,000 will be awarded to the top 40 AIM Members based on their points earned from these essential Business Growth activities. Below are the two ways to earn points to be in the running for cash prizes:
New Member Points – For each new Member you personally sponsor with a minimum order of 65 BVP, you (the sponsor) earn 20% of the first order's BVP in contest points. When that new Member places a second order within the contest period, you will earn 20% of the second order's BVP in contest points. If they order a third time within the contest period, you will earn 30% of the third order's BVP in contest points. Encourage a fourth order and receive 40% of the order's BVP in contest points. Any subsequent orders placed after the 4th order will earn 20% of the orders' BVP in contest points.
Promotion Points – Any time during the contest period that your first-level Members promote, you earn 100 contest points per title promotion. Note: Promotion points are calculated the month following a promotion.
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Stories about Bahrain from May, 2012
25 May 2012
Germany: Wanted Posters Against Delivery of Tanks to Saudi Arabia
The Center for Political Beauty in Germany is creating a buzz with its "wanted" campaign. Its goal is to convict shareholders of the weapons manufacturer Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and to put...
17 May 2012
Proposals for Union of Arab Gulf States Prompt Concern
The governments of the Gulf are discussing transforming the current Gulf Cooperation Council into an EU-style union. The move comes in an atmosphere of tension caused by the Arab uprisings...
1 May 2012
May Day Marked Around the Arab World
May Day, or Labour Day, is commemorated in many Arab countries. In this post we look at some of the day's events this year: in Libya it became a national...


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Diet and climate change
Chatham House commissioned Ipsos MORI to carry out a survey in 12 countries to investigate attitudes to meat and dairy consumption in regards to climate change.
Chatham House commissioned Ipsos MORI to carry out a survey in 12 countries to investigate attitudes to meat and dairy consumption in regards to climate change.
The findings are part of a Chatham House project which seeks to assess public understanding and behaviour in relation to diet and climate change.
Among the key findings:
- Awareness of the contribution of meat and dairy to anthropogenic climate change is very low compared to awareness of the role of other activities. In particular, fewer than half the number of those who identified transport emissions as a major contributor identified meat and dairy (29% vs 64%) despite the fact that climate change impact from the two sources are comparable.
- Participants were asked how likely, or not, they would be to make certain changes within the next year in order to limit their own contribution to climate change. Dietary changes are at the bottom of their priorities in terms of limiting personal contribution to climate change. Participants are more likely to state that they would eat less meat (38%) than to state that they would to consume less dairy (33%).
- Those who do not eat meat (63%) or those looking to decrease their meat consumption (63%) are more likely than satisfied meat consumers (52%) or those looking to increase their meat consumption (53%) to strongly agree that human activities contribute to climate change.
Technical notes:
The current survey has been conducted in 12 countries in total: Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Poland, Russia, South Africa, UK and USA via a mixture between Ipsos internal online panels and external suppliers, as follows:
- The surveys in Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Russia, UK and US were conducted via Ipsos Interactive Services online panel
- The surveys in China, India, Japan and South Africa were conducted via external suppliers
- We surveyed just over 1,000 adults in each country between 26 September and 10 October (see below). The age range of the sample surveyed in each nation varied depending on levels of internet penetration.
- The use of online panellists means that in some cases the participants are likely to be representative of more affluent, connected populations. Data has, though, been weighted to the known national populations. The data has been weighted by age and gender in all countries; in addition to these, it has also been weighted by region in Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Russia UK and USA.
- At the aggregate level each country has been given equal weight regardless of population size relative to others – meaning that Russia's 1,000 responses count for the same as Poland's 1,000 despite its population being considerably larger.
- As with all surveys, our findings are estimates, and subject to sampling tolerances.
- The survey questions were asked in English in India, South Africa, UK and USA – slight linguistic adaptations were made to each country. The survey questions were translated from English into the main languages used in non-English speaking countries – all translations were verified by an independent translation agency.
For the purposes of analysis, we have grouped countries into categories, as follows:
- BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India, China
- EU: France, Germany, Italy, Poland, UK


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On Air Now
Capital Breakfast with Roman Kemp 6am - 10am
15 October 2013, 07:54 | Updated: 30 March 2016, 13:50
A man from Totton's been charged after a police officer was assaulted while making an arrest at an address in the New Forest.
The male officer was taken to hospital with serious injuries to his face. He needed stitches to a wound but has since been released.
The attack happened at around 10.30pm on Saturday 12 October on Gosport Lane in Lyndhurst. A man was arrested at the scene.
Shane Simpson, of Arundel Road in Totton, was charged with assault occasioning actual bodily harm.
The 26-year-old was due to appear at Southampton Magistrates' Court on Monday 14 October.
See more Music, TV & Celeb News


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Chapter 3, Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Ultrasonic Wall Thickness Gauges , Capacity and Commercial Production Date, Manufacturing Plants Distribution, R&D Status and Technology Source, Raw Materials Sources Analysis;
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Chapter 12, Ultrasonic Wall Thickness Gauges Research Findings and Conclusion, Appendix, methodology and data source;
Chapter 13, 14 and 15, Ultrasonic Wall Thickness Gauges sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.
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