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Experimentelle Untersuchung, Simulation und Materialmodellierung von edelstahlverstärkten Langfaserthermoplasten (2010)
In Zeiten rasant ansteigender Energiepreise wird die Energieeinsparung durch Gewichtsreduzierung bewegter Massen, z. B. im Automobilbau, zunehmend wichtiger. In immer mehr Bereichen des Automobilbaues werden Faser-Kunststoff- Verbunde (FKV) aufgrund ihrer geringen Dichte eingesetzt. Positive Aspekte einer Faserverstärkung von Kunststoffen sind Verbesserungen der Steifigkeit und der Festigkeit. Negativ wirkt sich die Faserverstärkung hingegen auf die Bruchdehnung aus. Je nach eingesetztem FKV kann durch die geringe Bruchdehnung bei einem Crash nur wenig Energie absorbiert werden und es kommt zum strukturellen Versagen. Wegen der günstigen Material- und Verarbeitungskosten werden im Auto- mobilbau häufig langglasfaserverstärkte Thermoplaste (LFT) verwendet. Diese können allerdings aufgrund ihrer suboptimalen Crasheigenschaften in vielen Bereichen des Fahrzeugbaues nicht eingesetzt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich daher mit der Verbesserung der Crasheigenschaften von LFT durch eine Verstärkung mit Metalltextilien. Ziel ist es, den Anwendungsbereich von LFT im Auto- mobilbau zu erweitern. Aufgrund der Erfahrungen in vorangegangenen Arbeiten liegt der Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit auf den Eigenschaften eines mit Edelstahl- schweißgitter (ESG) verstärkten LFT. Das Material wurde mit einer Vielzahl an Versuchen einer eingehenden mechanischen Charakterisierung unterzogen. Vor der Probenentnahme wurde die herstellungsbedingte Faserorientierung in Plattenebene untersucht. Dies geschah durch die Auswertung von Röntgen- und Durchlicht- aufnahmen. Es wurde eine hochgradige Faserausrichtung in Fließrichtung fest- gestellt. Mit Hilfe der Computertomographie war eine qualitative Untersuchung der lokalen Faserorientierung möglich. Weiterhin konnte die Beeinflussung der Faser- orientierung durch die Metalltextilverstärkung beobachtet werden. Aufgrund der Be- deutung der Interfaceeigenschaften zwischen Stahl und LFT für den ESG-LFT- Verbund wurden die Scher- und Normalfestigkeit mit Hilfe von Drahtauszug- und Stirnabzugversuchen bestimmt. Die Interfaceeigenschaften wurden für verschiedene Vorbehandlungsmethoden der metallischen Oberfläche untersucht. Eine Vorbehand- lung durch Druckluftstrahlen der Oberfläche führte zu den besten Haftungs- eigenschaften. Als Strahlmittel wurden Korundpartikel eingesetzt. Neben metall- textilverstärkten LFT-Proben wurden auch unverstärkte LFT-Proben als Referenzuntersucht. Es wurden quasistatische Versuche unter Zug- und Schubbelastung durchgeführt. Wegen der Crashanwendung wurden die Zugversuche auch unter kurzzeitdynamischer Belastung durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurden Durchstoßversuche durchgeführt, um den Einfluss auf die Energieabsorption beobachten zu können. Um die Verbesserung der strukturellen Integrität zu demonstrieren, wurden einfache Demonstratorbauteile unter Zugbelastung getestet. Dabei konnte neben einer Bestimmung wichtiger Materialparameter eine erhöhte Energieaufnahme und eine verbesserte strukturelle Integrität nachgewiesen werden. Zur Erweiterung der experimentellen Erkenntnisse wurde ein parametrisiertes Simulationsmodell auf Mikroebene entwickelt. Anhand des Mikromodells gelang es, einen detaillierten Einblick in den Spannungszustand und das Versagensverhalten von ESG-LFT zu erhalten. Des Weiteren war es damit möglich, den Einfluss verschiedener Geometrieund Haftungsparameter auf die Verbundeigenschaften zu untersuchen. Die vorliegenden Erkenntnisse wurden zur Programmierung eines makromechanischen Simulationsmodells genutzt. Dieses zeigte, trotz der vorgenommenen Vereinfachungen, bereits gute Übereinstimmungen von Simulation und Experiment und konnte Hinweise für weiterführende Arbeiten liefern. Das entwickelte makromechanische Modell kann damit als Basis für die Weiterentwicklung dieses Materialmodells genutzt werden.
Fiber-reinforced plastics are hybrid materials designed for the needs of the 21st century. With their capability to form low weight structures, while preserving high stiffness and excellent damping, these composites provide solutions for a broad range of markets. Unfortunately, some of these advantages are not used in practice because there exist no fast and automated manufacturing processes for efficient production. In the research field of continuous-reinforced thermoplastic composites, industry is facing a challenge of high viscose polymer melt and thereby an imperfect fiber wet-out. As a result, synergy effects of fibers within a polymer could not be fully exploited. The topic of this work is to adapt new processing technologies for reactive thermoplastic polymers. On one hand, fast heating and cooling options offer processes with shorter cycle time, and on the other hand, low viscosity of reactive polymers impregnates the textile structures faster. This results in faster and cheaper manufacturing of composites that are yet to be realized for the market. All FRPCs were produced on a continuous compression molding press. As a noncontinuous technology, an inductive heated CageSystem® from RocTool has been selected. Entropically driven ring-opening cyclic oligomers form Cyclics with waterlike melt viscosities are chosen as reactive matrix. The viscosity of Cyclic Butylene Terephthalate (CBT*) was measured using a rheometer. The rheological behavior is determined under isothermal conditions for various temperatures. The chemical transformation from oligomer to macromolecule pCBT1 was assessed by size exclusion chromatography. Based on these studies, a kinetic polymerization model was constructed which involved an Arrhenius-type equation. By using the activation energy and pre-exponential factor, it was possible to offer an exact mathematical solution for the prediction of isothermal conversion. A numerical solution of the Arrhenius equation helped to predict the polymerization for any timetemperature conditions. Furthermore, the polymerization model was extended to describe the chemo-rheology. Inserting specific material parameters, the bipartite model was able to provide a numerical prognosis for the viscosity with the input parameters time-temperature. All models were calibrated and validated with the experimental data. The continuous compression molding press was used to consolidate CBT-prepregs and PBT-prepregs. As reinforcing phase, a multiaxial non-crimp-fabric from Ahlstrom was used. This fabric contained glass fibers with a "CBT*-compatible" sizing. The design of experiments was mainly focusing on the variation in the temperature distribution in process direction with respect to process speeds. An extensive analysis, from optical to energy absorption, was performed on the resulting FRPC-product, called organic sheet. All test results showed a better performance for GF-pCBT compared to GF-PBT. Even for much higher process speed, the material properties of GF-pCBT did not deteriorate strongly in contrast to GF-PBT. The enhancement was traced to a better fiber-matrix interface (e.g., ILSS values) and to an excellent fiber wet-out with pCBT (e.g., SEM pictures). Viscosity and impregnation are the main factors behind the transversal visco-elastic impregnation model that was deduced. An arithmetic function that tracks the impregnation process for the classical thermoplastic PBT and its reactive pendant CBT* was derived. This was based on the dimensionless B-factor which was considered as technology independent performance indicator. The model was able to link the fast impregnation with CBT* - the viscosity of which is 10-5 magnitude lower than PBT - to all temperature-time-conditions. An optimization method was used to find process parameters to realize a minimum cycle time for the continuous process. This model was adapted to the non-continuous pressing technology to find the minimum cycle time. To evaluate the economic potential, a transparent process analysis was set up in form of a static cost calculation. In a first step, all monetary activities from each technology were identified and rated. The cycle time - as main capacity indicator - was based on the chemo-rheological model introduced above. Different break-even analyses and production costs highlighted the techno-economic potential of the related process-material-combination. A synergistic effect between innovative process technologies and reactive thermoplastic polymer was found. Faster and more efficient technologies for the production of fiber-reinforced plastics have been systematically developed and evaluated. The results were achieved with an intelligent combination of manufacturing technology and modern reactive thermoplastic polymers. Moreover, the approach of this work can be transferred to the other reactive thermoplastic matrix-based composites.
Experimental and Simulative Description of the Thermoplastic Tape Placement Process with Online Consolidation (2010)
The aim of this study is to describe the consolidation in thermoplastic tape placement process to obtain high quality structure, making the process viable for automotive and aerospace industrial applications. The major barrier in this technique is very short residence time of material under the consolidation roller to accomplished complete polymer diffusion in the bonded region. Hence investigation is performed to find out the optimize manufacturing parameters by extensive material, process, product testing and through process simulation. Temperature distribution and convective heat transfer under the hot gas torch is experimentally mapped out. Bonding process inside the laminate is the combine effect of layers (tapes) intimate contact Dic development and resulting polymer diffusion Dh at these contacted sections. Three energy levels are identified based on the process velocity and hot gas flow combinations. For the low energy parameter combinations, the energy input to the incoming tape and substrate material is limited and result in incomplete intimate contact which restricts the bonding process. On other hand high energy input although could increase the bonding degree Db even up to the 97%, but also activate the thermal degradation phenomena. It is found out that the rate of polymer healing (diffusion) and polymer crosslinking follows the Arrhenius laws with the activation energies of 43 KJ/mol and 276 KJ/mol. The polymer crosslinking at high temperature exposure hinder the polymer diffusion process and reduces the strength development. So the parameters combination at intermediate energy level provides the opportunity of continuous interlaminar strength improvement through out the layup process. Deformation of tape edges is identified as the dictating factor for the laminate's transverse strength. Tape placement with slight overlap reinforced the transverse joint by more 10 % as compared to pure matrix joint. Finally the simulation tool developed in this research work is used for identifying the existing limitation to achieve full consolidation. A parameter study shows that extended consolidation either by mean of additional pass or by increasing consolidation length widens the high strength (over 90%) bonding degree Db contour. Thus high lay-up velocity (up to 7 m/min) is viable for industrial production rate.
Sliding Friction and Wear of Polyphenylene Sulfide Matrix Composites: Experimental and Artificial Neural Network Approach (2010)
In recent years the consumption of polymer based composites in many engineering fields where friction and wear are critical issues has increased enormously. Satisfying the growing industrial needs can be successful only if the costly, labor-intensive and time-consuming cycle of manufacturing, followed by testing, and additionally followed by further trial-and-error compounding is reduced or even avoided. Therefore, the objective is to get in advance as much fundamental understanding as possible of the interaction between various composite components and that of the composite against its counterface. Sliding wear of polymers and polymer composites involves very complex and highly nonlinear processes. Consequently, to develop analytical models for the simulation of the sliding wear behavior of these materials is extremely difficult or even impossible. It necessitates simplifying hypotheses and thus compromising accuracy. An alternative way, discussed in this work, is an artificial neural network based modeling. The principal benefit of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is their ability to learn patterns through a training experience from experimentally generated data using self-organizing capabilities. Initially, the potential of using ANNs for the prediction of friction and wear properties of polymers and polymer composites was explored using already published friction and wear data of 101 independent fretting wear tests of polyamide 46 (PA 46) composites. For comparison, ANNs were also applied to model the mechanical properties of polymer composites using a commercial data bank of 93 pairs of independent Izod impact, tension and bending tests of polyamide 66 (PA 66) composites. Different stages in the development of ANN models such as selection of optimum network configuration, multi-dimensional modeling, training and testing of the network were addressed at length. The results of neural network predictions appeared viable and very promising for their application in the field of tribology. A case example was subsequently presented to model the sliding friction and wear properties of polymer composites by using newly measured datasets of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) matrix composites. The composites were prepared by twinscrew extrusion and injection molding. The dataset investigated was generated from pin-on-disc testing in dry sliding conditions under various contact pressures and sliding speeds. Initially the focus was placed on exploring the possible synergistic effects between traditional reinforcements and particulate fillers, with special emphasis on sub-micro TiO2 particles (300 nm average diameter) and short carbon fibers (SCFs). Subsequently, the lubricating contributions of graphite (Gr) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in these multiphase materials were also studied. ANNs were trained using a conjugate gradient with Powell/Beale restarts (CGB) algorithm as well as a variable learning rate backpropagation (GDX) algorithm in order to learn compositionproperty relationships between the inputs and outputs of the system. Likewise, the influence of the operating parameters (contact pressure (p) and sliding speed (v)) was also examined. The incorporation of short carbon fibers and sub-micro TiO2 particles resulted in both a lower friction and a great improvement in the wear resistance of the PPS composites within the low and medium pv-range. The mechanical characterization and surface analysis after wear testing revealed that this beneficial tribological performance could be explained by the following phenomena: (i) enhanced mechanical properties through the inclusion of short carbon fibers, (ii) favorable protection of the short carbon fibers by the sub-micro particles diminishing fiber breakage and removal, (iii) self-repairing effects with the sub-micro particles, (iv) formation of quasi-spherical transfer particles free to roll at the tribological contact. Still, in the high pv-range stick-slip sliding motion was observed with these hybrid materials. The adverse stick-slip behavior could be effectively eliminated through the additional inclusion of solid lubricant reservoirs (Gr and PTFE), analogous to the lubricants used in real ball bearings. Likewise, solid lubricants improved the wear resistance of the multiphase system PPS/SCF/TiO2 in the high pv-range (≥ 9 MPa·m/s). Yet, their positive effect, especially that of graphite, was limited up to certain volume fraction and loading conditions. The optimum results were obtained by blending comparatively low amounts of Gr and PTFE (≈ 5 vol.% from each additive). An introduction of softer sub-micro particles did not bring the desired ball bearing effect and fiber protection. The ANN prediction profiles for PPS tribo-compounds exhibited very good or even perfect agreement with the measured results demonstrating that the target of achieving a well trained network was reached. The results of employing a validation test dataset indicated that the trained neural network acquired enough generalization capability to extend what it has learned about the training patterns to data that it has not seen before from the same knowledge domain. Optimal brain surgeon (OBS) algorithm was employed to perform pruning of the network topology by eliminating non-useful weights and bias in order to determine if the performance of the pruned network was better than the fully-connected network. Pruning resulted in accuracy gains over the fully-connected network, but induced higher computational cost in coding the data in the required format. Within an importance analysis, the sensitivity of the network response variable (frictional coefficient or specific wear rate) to characteristic mechanical and thermo-mechanical input variables was examined. The goal was to study the relationships between the diverse input variables and the characteristic tribological parameters for a better understanding of the sliding wear process with these materials. Finally, it was demonstrated that the well-trained networks might be applied for visualization what will happen if a certain filler is introduced into a composite, or what the impacts of the testing conditions on the frictional coefficient and specific wear rate are. In this way, they might be a helpful tool for design engineers and materials experts to explore materials and to make reasoned selection and substitution decisions early in the design phase, when they incur least cost.
Jahresbericht 2009 (2010)
Congress Report 2010.11-12 (2010)
Congress Report 2010.03-04 (2010)


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U.S. life insurers assumed far more pension risk in the first quarter than in the first quarter of 2018.
Insurers completed $4.8 billion in pension risk transfer transactions during the quarter, up from $1.4 billion in the year-earlier quarter, according to a new batch of issuer survey data from the LIMRA Secure Retirement Institute.
(Related: Pension Risk Transfer Volume Blows Past Forecasts)
Pension risk transfer activity has generally been strong since 2014. Overall activity increased about 15% in 2018, to $26 billion.
Insurers assume pension risk by selling an employer or other pension plan sponsor a large group annuity. In recent years, activity has usually been lowest in the first quarter and strongest in the third and quarters of the year.
Seventeen insurers participated in the latest group annuity issuer survey.
Buy-out product assets increased 15%, to about $139 billion.
The buyouts affected 29,417 contracts.
Mark Paracer, a research analyst who worked on the survey, said in a statement that two-thirds of the participating companies reported gains in pension risk transfer annuity sales.
A group annuity sales data table is available here.
— Read Investors Helping Life Insurers Shift to Pension Transfer Market: Analyst, on ThinkAdvisor.
— Connect with ThinkAdvisor Life/Health on LinkedIn and Twitter.


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Love is eternal if it's real it will never last. Yes, it is Valentine's day, and the essence of love has hit Bollywood as well. So, here is the list of the top 10 power couples of Bollywood
The two big names of Bollywood Sidharth and Vidya are a match made in heaven. They were brought close to each other by the cupid of Bollywood Karan Johar and since then on the couple never left each other's hands and are sty going strong. Vidya is a Bollywood actress while Siddharth is a producer, perhaps the similarity in the profession made them understand each other.
The couple is one of the most regarded couples of Bollywood perhaps because of their prestigious background associated with the legend of Bollywood the great Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Ji. Aish and Abhishek look remarkable whenever they a spotted together, the couple has a beautiful daughter Aradhya Bachchan.
The newlywed couple are Bhansali milayi jodi, they recently tied a knot together. The couple looks magical on-screen as well as off-screen, they constantly indulge in PDA and never leave a moment to express their love and appreciation of each other.
The couple is the hottest in the tinsel town with a huge fan following. The speculations of the couple getting hitched this December had sent the fans in frenzy, which is expected because of their huge celebrity status and strong Bollywood backgrounds. The handsome couple will be soon seen in their upcoming fantasy movie Brahmastra.
The Tashan couple has only been couple goals for us, the couple has given a whole new meaning to romance. More importantly, they have redefined romance after marriage. They are the most prestigious couple given their Bollywood and royal backgrounds. The couple is proud parents of Taimur Ali Khan who is adored by the fans for his cuteness.
These two make the strongest couple of the B-town, the duo has kept their relationship secure and sound from all the Bollywood razzle-dazzle. Though the couple is poles apart they complement each other and are going strong, the couple is blessed with two kids Nysa and Yug.
The action hero of Bollywood and Miss funny bones make a good-looking couple. They are a pair that the young couples look up to and get inspired.
The king of Bollywood and his queen are the most idolized couple of Bollywood, their love broke all the limits of the society and was just like a fairy tale love story that surpassed all the barriers. Gauri Khan has bee very supportive of Shah Rukh and as the saying goes there's always a woman behind a successful man.
The couple looks great together, the perfectionist of Bollywood and the director, writer Kiran Rao met at the sets of the movie Lagan and fell in love with each other head of heels. The couple is the parents of Azan Rao Khan.
It's been four years since the duo got married in Italy. The couple is highly respected in the Bollywood industry. Since Aditya Chopra is a producer and an entrepreneur and Rani is an actress, they had known each other and meant for each other. The couple is blessed with a daughter Adhira.


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Job reference: 003112
Closing date: 27/01/2020
Salary: Competitive
Department: Buying
Hours per week: 36.17 hours per week
Get directions
Here at N Brown, we champion inclusivity by making our customers look and feel amazing. We don't believe that age, size, shape or background should stop anyone from feeling confident, stylish and happy with the way they look and feel. With our industry leading expertise in creating fashion that fits, we've been proudly breaking down these barriers for over 150 years. We help our customers to express themselves with stylish products, helpful services and flexible finance. Now, we're moving forward together, embracing innovation and new technology, to continue to delight our customers. You will be part of a team who have a strong strategy to grow beauty and are passionate about offering real beauty for the real woman in an inspiring way.
Working here you'll explore everything the world of digital retail has to offer — asking questions, trying new things and chasing new opportunities. Combine this curiosity with the freedom to make your own decisions, take charge of projects and work flexibly, and you've got the perfect place to show your skills and learn new ones. It's fast and furious here at times, but this just means something new and exciting is always on the way. So, if you collaborate, think on your feet, embrace innovation and love rising to a challenge, your work with us will have a serious impact on the business, your career and our customers' lives. We are proud to be N Brown.
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Find expert commentary and analysis written exclusively for News24 on the coronavirus pandemic, its social and economic impact and how South Africa is responding to the challenge.
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Tweetium is the premium Windows Twitter client you've been waiting for. It's slick. It's fast. It's been designed with ample feedback from serious Twitter users, with the goal of helping you get the most out of Twitter on Windows desktops, laptops, tablets, and phones.
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4.2.503 - Improved refresh behavior (now that streaming is no longer possible) - Disabled Messages tab which was broken by Twitter's deprecation of original Direct Messages API. A new implementation may return in the future.- Tweetium Pro is removed from the product. All paid users can now use up to 7 Twitter accounts with the app - Fixed a problem where scroll position would sometimes jump backward unexpectedly when clicking on the scroll bar in conversation views - Fixed (worked around) a frequent crash in the tile update background task due to an OS bug in recent Windows 10 versions - Fixed some animation glitches when expanding/collapsing the navigation bar - Improved startup performance by suppressing system splash screen timer 4.2.502 This update addresses Twitter's shut down of the Streaming API used by the app and the Pro subscription services. - The app will now only support polling every minute to refresh. More configuration of this and improvements to refresh behavior will come in a future update. - Currently, purchase of Pro subscriptions is disabled, as push notifications and Connect+ are no longer possible with the Streaming API shut down by Twitter. If you've previously had a Pro subscription, the app should continue to let you make use of multiple accounts. In the future, some variation of the Pro subscription option may return (TBD). - Fixed a bug where clicking on suggestions in the tweet composer would not add them correctly
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text:
Smart Contract Basics — A Legal Contract Perspective Part III: Privity
Privity is a straight-forward legal concept for traditional contracts: the terms and conditions of a contract are only valid for the parties that enter into the contract. You sign your name on the line and you receive the rights (and penalties). Whereas, privity in smart contracts restricts "knowledge and control over the contents and performance of a [smart] contract" that "should be distributed among parties only as much as is necessary."[i] Contracting parties utilizing smart contracts have an interest in controlling access to knowledge of the terms of the agreement and controlling its execution and performance.
Smart contracts are more complex than traditional ink-and-paper contracts because of the transparent and collaborative design of a blockchain. Maintaining privity of contract takes on a new meaning: protecting the parties and terms of the agreement from interference from third parties is a priority for complex transactions contained in smart contracts. Controversy over the use of smart contracts for more complex transactions currently revolve around privacy, confidentiality and a balance between maintaining control and operating within a system originally designed for transparency.
I. What is Privity?
A. General Background
Privity of contract is a legal doctrine that establishes "all the rights, liabilities and responsibilities contained in the contract only apply to the named parties or specified beneficiaries."[ii] For those non-lawyers, privity is the right to exclude other unauthorized parties from the performance and benefit of a contract. For example, a homeowner enters into a contract with a general contractor for repairs. The general contractor may hire subcontractors to do some work, but if the homeowner is unsatisfied with the subcontractor's work, he is generally unable to do so because he was only in privity of contract with the general contractor, not the subcontractors.[iii]
B. Privity of Smart Contracts
Smart contracts require a more robust version of traditional privity of contract, including limiting access to the terms of the contract from outside influence and restricting modification or infiltration of the underlying code. Privity should be envisioned much like a gated fence, one wants to control parties who have access inside the fence but still allow authorized parties inside. More precisely, privity relates to the privacy and confidentiality that contracting parties expect from an exclusive contract. Consequently, parties will not utilize smart contracts until the blockchain industry as a whole begins to understand the need of contracting parties for privacy and ensure secure code that acts as indelibly as ink and paper contracts.
II. Privacy vs. Confidentiality
Why aren't smart contracts used for more complex transactions? The most cited critique is the lack of privacy and confidentiality because the entire code of a contract is publicly visible.[iv] Privacy and confidentiality are not preserved under a blockchain framework, therefore making traditional privity of contract nearly impossible. But why are privacy and confidentiality important for a contract and its parties? And what is the difference between the two concepts?
A. Privacy
"The right of an individual to keep their information from being disclosed"
Privacy is the "right of an individual to keep [their] information from being disclosed."[v] Each party to a contract reasonably expects a certain level of privacy — they don't expect to see their signature and compensation amount splashed across a billboard on the highway — because they are signing a contract just with another party. Comparatively, smart contracts are open to the entire network to inspect (unless the parties disguise their identity to maintain privacy).
B. Confidentiality
"Controlling who has access to sensitive information"
Confidentiality is a bit more complicated; it encompasses the actual information shared between the parties that they do not want unauthorized parties to have access to. Confidentiality is "about controlling who has access to sensitive information," by delegating authority to access or modify the code the parties can secure the confidential information.[vi] In most smart contract codes, a set of permissions is encoded to restrict the ability to enter the contract to a set list of authorized parties.[vii]
Simply put, standard smart contracts are not confidential. "Everyone can access and see all the information that is sent to and stored in a smart contract," including the parties involved and the amount being transferred.[viii] Smart contracts can be coded to include authorization mechanisms to prevent third parties from accessing the data within, but proper coding has been difficult thus far and has led to well-known hacks.[ix]
III. Securing Smart Contracts
The 2016 "DAO Hack" as it became known, was a wake-up call for the blockchain community and demonstrated one of the many dangers of smart contracts: human error. Despite the promise of automatically executed contracts hosted on a secure decentralized network, someone found a single error in the code, which had been written by another person, allowing them to steal millions in cryptocurrency. For those not well-acquainted with the blockchain world, "DAO" refers to the "decentralized autonomous organization," a distributed smart contract which operated as a venture capital fund.[x]
The primary goal of privity, in terms of smart contracts, is to secure the terms and information of a smart contract from outside influence. At the moment, human error accounts for most security breaches of smart contracts. To prevent human error from causing irreparable harm, "smart contracts need to be constructed 100% right in one shot, able to withstand years of security attacks with code [one] can't really modify."[xi] To account for privity, smart contracts must be built free of human error and with the primary goal of excluding all non-authorized parties without fail.
IV. Maintaining Control
The second element of smart contract privity is maintaining control of the code. By restricting unauthorized third parties from modifying the coding, a smart contract remains in privity only to the authorized parties. Maintaining absolute control of the code can be a difficult task, though, when a code is stored and verified on a public ledger. Furthermore, once a code is "live" on the blockchain, it is irreversible, meaning there is no way to simply fix a mistake or update the code. In other words, the smart contract has to be perfect in its first iteration.[xii]
Maintaining control of the smart contract is essential. In the DAO Hack, the only remedy to correct for the mistake was creating a fork in the blockchain, effectively creating a "classic version" of the blockchain with the old code and a new fork without the coding error. This solution was not simple and likely cannot be replicated, meaning coders must initially ensure protections are in place to prevent infiltration. In order to maintain control over the code, privity is required as a foundational element of the coding and relationship between the parties to prevent access by third parties. Without privity through tight control, smart contracts are vulnerable to malicious parties.
V. Potential Solutions
Privity remains an issue for smart contracts due to the public nature of blockchain ledgers, continued attacks on the code underlying each smart contract, and the inability to maintain control of the contract. However, while some commentators have deemed smart contracts impossible to fully satisfy the need for privity, there are several proposed solutions that aim to make smart contracts more secure, confidential and viable for discrete transactions.
A. On-Chain Encryption
Several on-chain solutions have been identified to allow for privity by including greater privacy and confidentiality. Solutions such as cryptographic key definition functions (KDFs) generate a new "key" for each transaction rather than using the same key that can be traced to the holding party.[xiii] This allows for greater privacy, less transparency and more secure transactions.
Another on-chain solution is a confidential transaction (CT) protocol which encrypts the actual transaction amount being exchanged between the parties in order to obfuscate the transactions.[xiv] Without key portions of the transactions, it is difficult for a third party to determine what is being exchanged between the parties and how to exploit that information.
B. "Layered" Smart Contracts
Other proposed solutions are designed to "layer" encryption or withhold information on top of the base smart contract. These solutions utilize other layers of the contract either hosted off or on the blockchain to conceal the identity of the parties involved, but not the information needed for the nodes of the blockchain to execute the code. For instance, Hawk is a model of cryptography that couples a private contract, which parties and terms remain secret, with a public-version of the same contract that is then executed as usual.[xv] The private contract controls the payout to the respective parties, while the public smart contract contracts the exchange of the transaction and the recording of that transfer.[xvi] This allows the smart contract to operate efficiently on a distributed blockchain network while also keeping the parties' information secure.
Security will always be a concern for parties utilizing smart contracts to automatically execute certain transactions. While blockchain technology represents a leap forward in how contracts can be handled between untrusting parties, smart contracts still have numerous issues to resolve before wide spread adopting, including privity. Tune in next week for the fourth and final article of this series, Part IV: Enforceability.
About the Author
Jared Arcari is a third year law student at Fordham University School of Law. Jared currently serves as the president of two student organizations, the Fordham Business & Law Association and the Entrepreneur Law Society. He is also a Notes & Articles Editor at the Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law. When he isn't writing about blockchain-related legal issues, Jared enjoys serving as a research assistant to prof. Bernice Grant researching entrepreneurial topics including non-compete alternatives and improving access to capital. To contact the author, please email him at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Any information contained in this post is for informational purposes only. The information, opinions and commentary contained herein does not constitute legal advice. It also does not constitute tax advice. This post is not a complete overview or analysis of the topics presented and may contain information that varies in different jurisdictions. The transmission of information to the reader does not create a lawyer-client relationship. The reader should not rely upon this post or treat it as a substitute for legal advice. The reader should consult a lawyer familiar with their particular circumstances and licensed in the proper jurisdiction for legal advice.
[i] Nick Szabo, Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets (1996), http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html (last visited July 10, 2018).
[ii] Paul Humbert, What You Need to Know about Privity of Contract, Contracting Excellent J. (Feb. 8, 2018), https://journal.iaccm.com/contracting-excellence-journal/-what-you-need-to-know-about-privity-of-contract.
[iii] See Logan-Baldwin vs. L.S.M. Gen. Contr., Inc., 942 N.Y.S. 2d 718 (N.Y. App. Div. 2012).
[iv] See Ahmed Kosba, Ander Miller, Charalampos Papamanthou, Elaine Shi & Zikai Wen, Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts, Inst. of Electrical & Electronic Engineers 839, 839 (2016) https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7546538.
[v] Seth Grimes, Privacy vs. Confidentiality vs. Anonymity: What you Need to Know (Apr. 14, 2017), https://breakthroughanalysis.com/2017/04/14/privacy-vs-confidentiality-vs-anonymity-who-knows/.
[vi] Michael Smolenski, Smart Contracts: Privacy vs. Confidentiality, Hackernoon (Oct. 14, 2017), https://hackernoon.com/smart-contracts-privacy-vs-confidentiality-645b6e9c6e5a.
[vii] See id.
[viii] Id.
[ix] See id.
[x] See Matthew Leising, The Ether Thief, Bloomberg LP (June 23, 2017), https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2017-the-ether-thief/.
[xi] A Short History of Smart Contract Hacks on Ethereum, New Alchemy (Feb. 7, 2018), https://medium.com/new-alchemy/a-short-history-of-smart-contract-hacks-on-ethereum-1a30020b5fd.
[xii] See Alyssa Hertig, Trust No One: Ethereum Smart Contract Security is Advancing, CoinDesk (Nov. 3, 2017), https://www.coindesk.com/paranoia-rules-ethereum-smart-contract-security-advancing/.
[xiii] See Stuart Popejoy, Confidentiality in Private Blockchain 2 (Aug. 2016), http://kadena.io/docs/Kadena-ConfidentialityWhitepaper-Aug2016.pdf.
[xiv] See id.
[xv] Kosba et. al., supra note iv, 2.
[xvi] See id.


text:
The training course designed in the framework of NOAF project took place last week in Goettingen, Germany. On 18th of February BUPNET, as a partner, hosted the event in its premises and welcomed in total 21 participants who attended the 3-day course. The project "No alternative facts" addresses the challenge of processing information in a growing globalised world, in an adult education context, through this innovative train-the-trainer format which succeeded in: Continue reading
Category Archives: No Alternative Facts
No Alternative Facts – Training offer
The project consortium has developed the training offer to enhance critical thinking and media literacy among young adults. The programme is made up from three modules, all of which are available through and supported by the gamified platform. The modules are: Continue reading
No Alternative Fact – Quizzes
In most competence development processes action-oriented and productive methods are most effective on developing critical thinking. In our project the learners – young adults – will be encouraged to describe their own experience with 'Fake News' in the internet in small videos and other multimedia formats and place it on the gamified platform. After analysing their experiences, the young people themselves develop learning quizzes to test peers about their knowledge of fake news and how they can be detected. Continue reading
No Alternative Facts – Gamification
Gamification in teaching has become very popular in recent years. What does this actually mean and what has it to do with our project?
"Gamification is the use of game thinking and game mechanics in non-game contexts". And instead of being taught through lesson plans, individuals learn through interactive gamification. Game-like elements in training are: interactivity, progress indicators, unveiling of levels, scoreboards, ranking, badges and awards, social interaction, competition, time limits etc.
Continue reading
No Alternative Facts- Partner meeting in Vienna
The project partners met on 21./22.05.2019 in Vienna for their second partner meeting. The meeting was primarily dedicated to the development of the training course and the necessary resources incl. the gamified platform where all elements of the training would be provided. It was revealing to see how the platform would look like and what it would offer. Continue reading
No alternative Facts – Mach mit!
Wir – die Projektpartner des Projekt No Alternative Facts – möchten wissen, wie du mit dem Thema Fake News umgehst – was denkst und weißt du darüber, hast du schon mal falsche Nachrichten gelesen, ist es dir aufgefallen … ?? Wir würden uns freuen, wenn du dir 10 Minuten Zeit nehmen könntest und den folgenden Fragebogen ausfüllen könntest.
Deine Antworten helfen uns, eine spannende Plattform zu entwickeln, um Fake News und Misinformationen entgegenzuwirken.
Fragebogen – Fake News auf Deutsch
Mehr Infos zum Projekt auf der Projektwebseite
No Alternative Facts – First steps
On 20./21.11.2018 the partner consortium of the No alternative Facts project met in Sofia, Bulgaria, for the two-day kick-off meeting. The project aimed to create common ground in terms of envisaged outcomes, future activities and ways to approach our target groups.
First steps: The partners will start with conducting comprehensive research activities in order to get an overview of the current state of affairs in the partner countrues as a basis for developing a state-of-the-art interactive learning environment aimed to support educators in increasing their competences and resources to promote media literacy, and critical thinking amongst disadvantaged young adults. The research activities will include desk research, focus groups and interviews and an large online survey.
If you are interested in taking part in the activities, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com
No Alternative Facts – New project starts now
The EU-Team is excited about the start of a new 2-year project tackling intentional misinformation in digital technologies through critical thinking skills and media literacy.
Young people today are growing up in a globalised world and are processing information from a wider variety of sources than ever before. They need the critical literacy skills to navigate the potential pitfalls when consuming news, particularly when using online sources and social media. Media literacy is crucial for sustaining democracy by knowing which information sources to trust and which media are trustworthy.
This is where the project comes in – we want to develop tools to support trainers and tutors working with (disadvantaged) young adults, in order to increase their media literacy, critical thinking and digital competences with the aim to raise their awareness of the phenomenon and to prepare them to take more activiely part in decision making processes and, last but not least, in a democracy.


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A must-have for the home bar, gleaming bar spoon is ideal for use with cocktail shakers, tall glasses and pitchers. It's an entertaining essential.
Evenly mixes drinks, milkshakes, juices, dressings, and more.
Long, slender mixing spoon for reaching into cocktail shakers.
Twisted stem provides swizzle stick action.
The cut-glass mixing beaker is both elegant and durable, and the equally beautiful teardrop barspoon is designed to provide comfort while stirring drinks.
A true cocktail requires more skill than just pouring a spirit in a glass and topping with coke, which is where the twisted mixing spoon comes in. With its professional stainless steel look, you can stylishly and effortlessly combine cocktails with a simple stir. This spoon can reach to the bottom of almost any tall cocktail glass, so you can go wild and create some giant tasty masterpieces!
Main Features:
Versatile utensil for any establishment, thin size fits virtually any cup size.
Long length for use in taller pitchers, carafes, glass and cocktails.
Twisted middle for better control and grip, designed to spin effortlessly.
Made of polished 18/10 stainless steel for superb durability and corrosion resistance, easy to clean.
Type: Barware
Material: Stainless Steel
Product size (L x W x H): 31.00 x 2.70 x 2.00 cm / 12.2 x 1.06 x 0.79 inches
Package size (L x W x H): 32.00 x 3.00 x 2.50 cm / 12.6 x 1.18 x 0.98 inches
Shipping Methods:
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Wholesale Inquiry | Buy Shaker Spoon Stainless Steel 12 Inch Silver elegant and durable at Wholesale Price
Product information
|Other Barware
|$1 - $4.99 12-inch Bar Cocktail Inch Mixing other-barware Pattern Scoop Shaker Silver Spiral Spoon Stainless Steel under-5
|All All for Kitchen Barware Other Barware Products Under $5 Under $10 Under $5
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Customer Reviews
Very good. Very fast shipping. Received within a week ^^
Achei que a qualidade era melhor, as bordas da colher são bem afiadas, sei que não vai a boca mas até na hora de lavar pode cortar a mão.
Achei que a qualidade era melhor, as bordas da colher são bem afiadas, sei que não vai a boca mas até na hora de lavar pode cortar a mão.
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PELICAN'S PLAYGROUND | Jekyll Island Vacation Rental
ALL NEW OCEANFRONT TOWNHOUSE WITH INCREDIBLE OCEAN VIEWS FROM BOTH LEVELS - Located at the newly built Cottages on Jekyll community just north of Tallu Fish Lane. In all, 3 bedrooms, 3.5 bathrooms featuring Living, Dining, Kitchen, Laundry, Covered Deck and Master with 1.5 baths on entry level, 2 bedrooms, 2 full bathrooms and large covered balcony up. Plenty of outdoor seating overlooking the ocean on the decks.
MW, DW, W/D, Cable TV, DVD, WiFi/Cable Internet access, Gas Grill, Community Pool On Site. BEDS: 1 King, 1 Queen, 1 Twin over Double Bunk with Twin Trundle. INITIAL SET OF BEDLINENS AND TOWELS INCLUDED WITH THIS RENTAL. ACCOMMODATES UP TO: 6. Only 2 Car Spaces. ABSOLUTELY NO PETS, ABSOLUTELY NO SMOKING ON THE PREMISES.
Virtual Tour Link :
Nearest Beach Boardwalk Crossover: Cottages Boardwalks
***Beach Access Not Available At High Tide***
We welcome you to our beautiful island – Georgia's Jewel. From festivals to family getaways, we know how to find just what you are looking for. We hope you enjoy your vacation and all that Jekyll Island has to offer. Please let us know if we can be of any assistance before, during, or after your stay. We look forward to making your vacation dreams come true.
Thank you for entering your review. The review will become available to the system shortly.
Overall Rating:4.7778 4.7778
Your request has been sent. We look forward to meeting all your vacation needs!
|20 Reviews
|Property type
Jekyll Island Property Sales & Management, INC.
21 Main Street, Suite 107
Jekyll Island, Georgia 31527
ph: (912) 635-3301


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After losing contact with a military base in Colombia, a group of soldiers are sent to investigate, but soon find themselves losing their grip on reality as they become trapped and terrorized by an unknown enemy.
Get HBO Anytime, Anywhere
Discover how you can enjoy HBO's original series, hit movies, documentaries and more. HBO is available through the HBO NOW streaming app, TV package, or an existing digital subscription
Did You Know?
You can stream HBO anywhere you go. Watch HBO on your TV, computer, tablet or mobile phone.


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Belgian Chocolate Bar (100g)
$ 10.00
Willy Wonka was not born in Belgium, however, with these bars you are the lucky winner of a 100g of Belgian pleasure! Choose between Milk, semi-sweet Dark, White, or Ruby for plain bars.
We also have more creative options:
- milk chocolate Turmeric, Amond Powder and Rice Crispies
- dark chocolate Candied Ginger and Cranberries.
- white chocolate Roasted Flakes, Roasted & Salted Pistachios, Poppy Seeds, Roasted Sunflower Seeds and Dried Strawberries.
- white chocolate, Dry apples, Cinnamon, Dry Almond and insert of Dark Chocolate
Size: 6 1/2 x 3 inch


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Brisbane city may often be forgotten when it comes to talk of student-friendly cities. Sure, Sydney and Melbourne are quite popular for young adults, but I think Brisbane is quite the student's paradise, and here's five reasons why!
Category Archives: Travel
Why I regret not going on exchange
I am in my final semester of the Bachelor of Business degree, and throughout my studies, I've ticked many things off my uni 'bucket list'.
- Did I have a great time at uni? Yes.
- Did I find my passion and make a lot of friends? Yes.
- Do I regret not going on exchange? YES, I do!
Today I want to share with you why I regret not going on exchange and why you should start planning to go the day you start your first semester at uni.
QUT Made it Possible for me to Travel and Study
When I started university, I never had the immediate urge to travel to foreign lands. This was mainly because of my lack of savings and just general nervousness of starting this new phase of life; leaving the high-school routine I had gotten ever so used to and stepping into this large, scary pond filled with new knowledge and a whole bunch of expectations. Read more
A Letter to Year 12 Racquel
It has been approximately one month since I finished my third year as a QUT business school student, and during this month I've had so much time to reflect on these past three years. I feel like attending university has made me a stronger person mentally, because I've had so many big decisions to make regarding my study along the way. Looking back, I am a completely different person to the one I was when I graduated high-school, and QUT in particular has forced me into making life-altering decisions that has positively changed my future for the better.
I have so many things that I'd like to mention to a hypothetical younger Racquel to help her cope with the changes that will inevitably take place within the next three years of her life after high-school; so, here we go. Read more
Education. It's not just for schools… it's for life!
I haven't yet decided whether I enjoy the idea of working in a classroom with the same students every day, for four terms, or two semesters or an ENTIRE year for the rest of my life just yet. It feels like such a controversial thing to say!! Unless you're at a family BBQ and your second cousin is telling you how much she hates her kids when they do certain things, there's a general rule that everyone should like (or possibly even love) kids. What if I absolute detest my year 3 class? What if my primal instincts kick in and I want to scream, yell and jump up and down like a chimpanzee trying to scare away a leopard? Read more
Work work work work work
Unless you've been at uni for a while (third year or more), then chances are that you have probably never heard of the term Work Integrated Learning (WIL). These are units that you can take in your final year of study and allow you to get work experience through an internship, project or study tour*. Because after all, QUT is the university for the real world!
I study Business AND Creative Industries which means that I get two of these awesome units which both count towards my degrees. I used one of these last semester and went on the Mumbrella 360 Media and Communication study tour to Sydney. And it was amazing! So here are three reasons to go on a study tour.
- You get to visit some really cool organisations. Some of the ones I went to include News Corp Australia, SBS and BuzzFeed!
- You get to meet real industry people and make connections with bigwigs who may be your future employers
- The assessment is pretty easy! I had to do a group presentation before we left, 5 x 400 word blog posts while I was down there and 1000-word essay when I got back
*Check your study plan as not all courses offer WIL as part of the degree. However, you may be eligible to choose a study tour as an elective.
What is it like to be a podiatry student in a public health facility?
To start off, I decided to write this blog post to share some of my experiences of what it's like to be a podiatry student on hospital placement. In the fourth year of the podiatry course, there are a required number of days of public (hospitals and community centres) and private (podiatry businesses) placements which must be completed before the end of the year.
Mid-Uni Crisis
We all reach that point – that point where what you're studying starts to really seem pointless and your future is looking like… Well… you don't know – what is my future? Where will I be? How will I be employed? What exactly will I be able to do after this year or next year? All I know how to do is write assignments and maybe speak a little better in public. Oh lord. What will I do?! Should I just drop out now and settle for my current retail wage? Read more
I'm a sheltered uni student GET ME OUT OF HERE ! Thoughts and Ramblings about Student Travel Opportunities
In all my 20 years I've never travelled outside Australia (unless you count Tasmania because… its Tasmania). I've never lived outside of Brisbane for longer than a fortnight (a holiday to the Sunshine Coast) and I've never been without my immediate family for longer than a week. Until recently this never really bothered me, with its great weather, breathtaking natural beauty and reputation for thousands of deadly animals Australia can hold its own.


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How to use "corridor" in sentences with meaning in English and Hindi
Example sentences for "corridor" in popular movie and book plots
- Ewing (Larry Hagman) hears a noise outside his office, walks out to the corridor to look, and is shot twice by an unseen assailant. - Who shot J.R.?
- The jokes become more serious, however, as corridor decks are found covered with ice under a concealing layer of fog. - The Practical Joker
- The King has little time to ponder on this before he is fatally stabbed in a dark corridor by a young boy who is revealed to be his son Arren. - Tales from Earthsea (film)
- She is startled by the presence of a stuffed wolf in the corridor and admits to nearly peeing herself from fright. - Necromania
- He discarded his comm-badge in a corridor to make it harder for the crew to track him and set up a series of force fields. - Whispers (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)
- " The two rush out in the corridor where a Slavic woman is pointing to the smoke coming out of one of the compartments further down the train. - Parker Pyne Investigates
- Flannigan pretends to be normal and says he will meet up with the Doctor in corridor 6 and give them to him. - The Wheel in Space
- The TARDIS is suddenly ensnared by a Kontron corridor (similar to a time corridor). - Timelash
- She turned along the wrong corridor and wound up in the professor's room. - The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez
- At night, Chema shows Ángela the hidden library corridor he discovered on the security camera. - Tesis
- Footage of the Fourth Doctor walking through a corridor is used in the 2013 episode "The Name of the Doctor". - The Invasion of Time
- It has two doors that lead to the same corridor and is drably decorated in a dull yellow with signs of water damage on one wall. - The Smoking Room
- In "E²", Enterprise is approaching a nebula containing a subspace corridor defended by Kovaalan vessels. - E²
- The Theater is described as a long horseshoe-shaped corridor with a mirror on one side and a great many doors on the other. - Steppenwolf (novel)
- Unfortunately, Henry joins her in the corridor and questions why she is there. - Northanger Abbey
- The Soviets hold the Marienborn corridor and inflict heavy casualties on NATO troops. - The Day After
Meaning of "corridor" in English
Can you explain the meaning of "corridor" in simple English? Help us by submitting your answer as comments.
Meaning of "corridor" in Hindi
Do you know the Hindi meaning for "corridor"? Let us know by posting a comment and earn good karma.
Discuss anything about the word corridor below. Improve your vocabulary. Ask experts and help others learn new words. Prepare for exams like GRE, CAT, GMAT, Bank PO, GATE, SAT and others. Learn English as a second language.


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Interface smartphone 3 is a photo of acworks author. This photo includes Interface, smartphone, Email, Touch panel, communication tags. To download photo (S, L, M sizes) you need to register the account and log in.
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A Model of E-Commerce Self-Assessment System Based on E-Customer Behavior
6 Pages Posted: 21 May 2018 Last revised: 19 Jun 2018
Date Written: May 15, 2018
In the present paper, we aim to propose a new approach for e-commerce website's quality assessment. The proposed system evaluates the customer's satisfaction from their online activities. Website's criteria are regarded as entries variables for our proposed evaluation system. The values of these criteria are captured implicitly based on online behavior of potential users using the website, considering the fact that consumer's behavior may be interpreted as fuzzy values. It is a multi criteria procedure combined with fuzzy logic that search for valuable and dynamic information to automatic evaluate e-commerce websites, enhance sales, make decision by website's managers and satisfy customer needs. The importance of the criterion to determine different ecommerce customer's satisfaction levels is evaluated from customer's behavior.
Keywords: E-Customer Satisfaction, Click Stream Data, Ecommerce Website, Weighting, Preference Aggregation, Class Prototype, Fuzzy Logic
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


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UofL Speed School - Online Engineering Programs. Online Bachelor of Social Work: Faculty Testimonial & Program Overview
UofL Speed School - Online Engineering Programs video duration , published by UofL Online on 06 07 2018 - 15:44:28.
. Visit uofl.me/2zeCS8t for more information on the University of Louisville's online Bachelor of Science in Organizational LeadershipLearning program with a .
. Hear from Lora Haynes, Associate Professor for UofL's 100% online Bachelor's in Psychology program, about the value of a psychology degree and how this Armon Perry, Program Director for UofL's 100% online BSW program, talks about why people choose a degree in social work and how the Kent School can help .