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Does it also change how they relate to one another or how they relate to the Virgin Islands in general? Think about the meaning of land and property in Land of Love and Drowning. Who owns land?
Land of Love and Drowning book. Read reviews from the world's largest community for readers. A major debut from an award-winning writer—an epic famil. A critically acclaimed debut from an award-winning writer—an epic family saga set against the magic and the rhythms of the Virgin Islands. In the early s.
Who owns property? What does ownership mean to the different characters? Does the idea of ownership change over the course of the book? Anette and Eeona Bradshaw present two different ways of being a woman. Where Anette gives in to her desires, Eeona represses hers.
Is there a reason they are so different in this way? How do you see these differences affecting the course of their lives? While in the Army, Jacob Esau McKenzie has a jarring encounter with institutionalized racism, something that is somewhat unfamiliar to him. How is the awareness of race connected with the idea of becoming American? Are there other lines of demarcation on St. Thomas besides race?
A form of prejudice that Jacob would have found more familiar? Which of these perceived divisions are imposed by outsiders and which come from the Virgin Islanders themselves?
Think of the other islands mentioned in Land of Love and Drowning. How are they different places from St. What is the importance of St. John and Anegada in the novel? Beaches and access to them figures prominently throughout Land of Love and Drowning. Think of the scenes that are set on the beach.
What does the beach represent in these moments?
The action of the last third of the focuses on public access to beaches. Why is the privatization of the beaches so important? What is lost when beaches are no longer accessible to everyone? The funniest. Wouk, people said, gets island life exactly right. Never mind that no one north of the eighteenth parallel had heard of the book. You could find copies for sale in virtually every gift shop and bookstore from Tortola to Grenada.
It was dated, but a fun read. Thomas from until He is now ninety-nine.
He moved to the island to escape the distractions of New York City. He also made time to write something lighter.
A large cast of eccentrics surrounds Paperman and drives the mostly slapstick narrative. His vision of paradise green hills, snowy sand, azure sea is soon crowded off the page by baroque catastrophe scheming contractor, bursting cistern, island bureaucracy. Racism, intolerance, imperialism, cronyism, and alcoholism become the leitmotifs.
Characters start getting killed. Paperman sells the hotel as quickly as he bought it and flees back to New York. For Tiphanie Yanique, who is from St.
And yet this was the book being marketed as a credible anthropological text. A hotel cook, Sheila, gets a last name and an inner life. A talented but violent handyman named Hippolyte reappears, now more the holy fool, less the dangerous lunatic. The hotel itself gets a major moral facelift. The two novels converge on the same incidents, from opposite angles. A bureaucrat threatens to deport his best chambermaid.
Yanique uses this Woukian plot thread to show the new form of racism that Virgin Islanders increasingly confronted when continentals showed up and built houses, hotels, and golf courses across St. Anette Bradshaw is walking home from the airport with her children.
And when newcomers want to learn more about the Virgin Islands, their fellow settlers read that book and share that book with them. He gone and left she and the child. The band never sounded the same again. Subterranean Lives. But during the break, the chef of the Gull Reef Club charged out with her arms spread wide and hugged Anette. Film Executive.
A big car full of Americans pulls up, with a white man and a white woman in the front seat. The driver says that he owns the Gull Reef Club. Ours, it seems, has just been deported back to Antigua or Anguilla or somewhere. A woman should have known better than to allow such an insult in front of the children. Anette and her husband, Franky, are among the extras. Anette senses that something is amiss, but ignores the signs.


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Configuring Border Gateway Protocol - BGP
BGP is the routing protocol that runs the Internet. It is an increasingly popular protocol for use in the data center as it lends itself well to the rich interconnections in a Clos topology. Specifically:
- It does not require routing state to be periodically refreshed unlike OSPF.
- It is less chatty than its link-state siblings. For example, a link or node transition can result in a bestpath change, causing BGP to send updates.
- It is multi-protocol and extensible.
- There are many robust vendor implementations.
- The protocol is very mature and comes with many years of operational experience.
This IETF draft provides further details of the use of BGP within the data center.
Cumulus Linux:
- bgp
- vtysh
- bgp
- neighbor
- router
- show
Autonomous System Number (ASN)
One of the key concepts in BGP is an autonomous system number or ASN. An autonomous system is defined as a set of routers under a common administration. Since BGP was originally designed to peer between independently managed enterprises and/or service providers, each such enterprise is treated as an autonomous system, responsible for a set of network addresses. Each such autonomous system is given a unique number called its ASN. ASNs are handed out by a central authority (ICANN). However, ASNs between 64512 and 65535 are reserved for private use. Using BGP within the data center relies on either using this number space or else using the single ASN you own.
The ASN is central to how BGP builds a forwarding topology. A BGP route advertisement carries with it not only the originator's ASN, but also the list of ASNs that this route advertisement has passed through. When forwarding a route advertisement, a BGP speaker adds itself to this list. This list of ASNs is called the AS path. BGP uses the AS path to detect and avoid loops.
ASNs were originally 16-bit numbers, but were later modified to be 32-bit. Quagga supports both 16-bit and 32-bit ASNs, but most implementations still run with 16-bit ASNs.
eBGP and iBGP
When BGP is used to peer between autonomous systems, the peering is referred to as external BGP or eBGP. When BGP is used within an autonomous system, the peering used is referred to as internal BGP or iBGP. eBGP peers have different ASNs while iBGP peers have the same ASN.
While the heart of the protocol is the same when used as eBGP or iBGP, there is a key difference in the protocol behavior between use as eBGP and iBGP: an iBGP node does not forward routing information learned from one iBGP peer to another iBGP peer. It expects the originating iBGP peer to send this information to all iBGP peers.
This implies that iBGP peers are all connected to each other. In a large network, this requirement can quickly become unscalable. The most popular method to avoid this problem is to introduce a route reflector.
Route Reflectors
Route reflectors are quite easy to understand in a Clos topology. In a two-tier Clos network, the leaf (or tier 1) switches are the only ones connected to end stations. Subsequently, this means that the spines themselves do not have any routes to announce. They're merely reflecting the routes announced by one leaf to the other leaves. Thus, the spine switches function as route reflectors while the leaf switches serve as route reflector clients.
In a three-tier network, the tier 2 nodes (or mid-tier spines) act as both route reflector servers and route reflector clients. They act as route reflectors because they announce the routes learned from the tier 1 nodes to other tier 1 nodes and to tier 3 nodes. They also act as route reflector clients to the tier 3 nodes, receiving routes learned from other tier 2 nodes. Tier 3 nodes act only as route reflectors.
In the following illustration, tier 2 node 2.1 is acting as a route reflector server, announcing the routes between tier 1 nodes 1.1 and 1.2 to tier 1 node 1.3. It is also a route reflector client, learning the routes between tier 2 nodes 2.2 and 2.3 from the tier 3 node, 3.1.
ECMP with BGP
If a BGP node hears a prefix p from multiple peers, it has all the information necessary to program the routing table to forward traffic for that prefix p through all of these peers. Thus, BGP supports equal-cost multipathing.
In order to perform ECMP in BGP, you may need to configure two parameters: maximum paths and, if you're using eBGP, multipath relax.
Maximum Paths
BGP does not install multiple routes by default. To do so, use the
maximum-paths command. Or, if you're using iBGP, use the
maximum-paths ibgp command as shown below.
leaf1# conf t
leaf1(config)# router bgp 65000
leaf1(config-router)# maximum-paths
<1-255> Number of paths
ibgp iBGP-multipath
leaf1(config-router)# maximum-paths ibgp
<1-255> Number of paths
Multipath Relax
If your data center uses eBGP, you need to configure an additional
parameter for proper ECMP: the
bestpath as-path multipath-relax no-as-set command. You configure it
under the BGP routing process.
leaf1# conf t
leaf1(config)# router bgp 65000
leaf1(config-router)# bgp bestpath
as-path compare-routerid med
leaf1(config-router)# bgp bestpath as-path
confed ignore multipath-relax
leaf1(config-router)# bgp bestpath as-path multipath-relax
no-as-set Do not generate an AS_SET
leaf1(config-router)# bgp bestpath as-path multipath-relax no-as-set
For more information on the
no-as-set option, read
the AS_PATH section below.
BGP for both IPv4 and IPv6
Unlike OSPF, which has separate versions of the protocol to announce IPv4 and IPv6 routes, BGP is a multi-protocol routing engine, capable of announcing both IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes. It supports announcing IPv4 prefixes over an IPv4 session and IPv6 prefixes over an IPv6 session. It also supports announcing prefixes of both these address families over a single IPv4 session or over a single IPv6 session.
Configuring BGP
Activate the BGP and Zebra daemons:
Add the following line to
zebra=yes bgpd = yes
Touch an empty
bgpdconfiguration file:
cumulus@switch:~$ sudo touch /etc/quagga/bgpd.conf
A slightly more useful configuration file would contain the following lines:
hostname R7 password ***** enable password ***** log timestamp precision 6 log file /var/log/quagga/bgpd.log ! line vty exec-timeout 0 0 !
The most important information here is the specification of the location of the log file, where the BGP process can log debugging and other useful information. A common convention is to store the log files under
You must restart
quaggawhen a new daemon is enabled:
cumulus@switch:~$ sudo service quagga restart
Identify the BGP node by assigning an ASN and
cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh Hello, this is Quagga (version 0.99.21). Copyright 1996-2005 Kunihiro Ishiguro, et al. R7# configure terminal R7(config)# router bgp 65000 R7(config-router)# bgp router-id 0.0.0.1
Specify to whom it must disseminate routing information:
R7(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.2 remote-as 65001
If it is an iBGP session, the
remote-asis the same as the local AS:
R7(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.2 remote-as 65000
Specifying the peer's IP address allows BGP to set up a TCP socket with this peer, but it doesn't distribute any prefixes to it, unless it is explicitly told that it must via the
R7(config-router)# address-family ipv4 unicast R7(config-router-af)# neighbor 10.0.0.2 activate R7(config-router-af)# exit R7(config-router)# address-family ipv6 R7(config-router-af)# neighbor 2002:0a00:0002::0a00:0002 activate R7(config-router-af)# exit
As you can see, activate has to be specified for each address family that is being announced by the BGP session.
Specify some properties of the BGP session:
R7(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.2 next-hop-self R7(config-router)# address-family ipv4 unicast R7(config-router-af)# maximum-paths 64
For iBGP, the
maximum-pathsis selected by typing:
R7(config-router-af)# maximum-paths ibgp 64
If this is a route-reflector client, it can be specified as follows:
R3(config-router-af)# neighbor 10.0.0.1 route-reflector-client
It is node R3, the route reflector, on which the peer is specified as a client.
Specify what prefixes to originate:
R7(config-router)# address-family ipv4 unicast R7(config-router-af)# network 192.0.2.0/24 R7(config-router-af)# network 203.0.113.1/24
Using BGP Unnumbered Interfaces
Unnumbered interfaces are interfaces without unique IP addresses. In BGP, you configure unnumbered interfaces using extended next-hop encoding (ENHE), which is defined by RFC 5549. BGP unnumbered interfaces provide a means of advertising an IPv4 route with an IPv6 next-hop. Prior to RFC 5549, an IPv4 route could be advertised only with an IPv4 next-hop.
BGP unnumbered interfaces are particularly useful in deployments where IPv4 prefixes are advertised through BGP over a section without any IPv4 address configuration on links. As a result, the routing entries are also IPv4 for destination lookup and have IPv6 next-hops for forwarding purposes.
BGP and Extended Next-hop Encoding
Once enabled and active, BGP makes use of the available IPv6 next-hops for advertising any IPv4 prefixes. BGP learns the prefixes, calculates the routes and installs them in IPv4 AFI to IPv6 AFI format. However, ENHE in Cumulus Linux does not install routes into the kernel in IPv4 prefix to IPv6 next-hop format. For link-local peerings enabled by dynamically learning the other end's link-local address using IPv6 neighbor discovery router advertisements, an IPv6 next-hop is converted into an IPv4 link-local address and a static neighbor entry is installed for this IPv4 link-local address with the MAC address derived from the link-local address of the other end.
It is assumed that the IPv6 implementation on the peering device will use the MAC address as the interface ID when assigning the IPv6 link-local address, as suggested by RFC 4291.
Configuring BGP Unnumbered Interfaces
Configuring a BGP unnumbered interface requires enabling IPv6 neighbor
discovery router advertisements. The
interval you specify is measured
in seconds, and defaults to 600 seconds. Extended next-hop encoding is
sent only for the link-local address peerings:
interface swp1
no ipv6 nd suppress-ra
ipv6 nd ra-interval 5
router bgp 10
neighbor swp1 interface
neighbor swp1 remote-as 20
neighbor swp1 capability extended-nexthop
Managing Unnumbered Interfaces
All the relevant BGP commands are now capable of showing IPv6 next-hops and/or the interface name for any IPv4 prefix:
# show ip bgp
BGP table version is 66, local router ID is 184.108.40.206
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, = multipath,
i internal, r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*> 22.214.171.124/32 0.0.0.0 0 32768 ?
*= 220.127.116.11/32 swp2 0 65534 64503 ?
*= swp6 0 65002 64503 ?
*= swp5 0 65001 64503 ?
*= swp1 0 65534 64503 ?
*= swp4 0 65534 64503 ?
*> swp3 0 65534 64503 ?
# show ip bgp 184.108.40.206/32
BGP routing table entry for 18.104.22.168/32
Paths: (1 available, best #1, table Default-IP-Routing-Table)
Advertised to non peer-group peers:
swp1 swp2 swp3 swp4 swp5 swp6
fe80::202:ff:fe00:3d from swp2 (18.104.22.168)
(fe80::202:ff:fe00:3d) (used)
Origin incomplete, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external, best
Last update: Tue May 12 17:18:41 2015
Quagga RIB commands are also modified:
# show ip route
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP,
O - OSPF, I - IS-IS, B - BGP, A - Babel, T - Table,
> - selected route, * - FIB route
K>* 0.0.0.0/0 via 192.168.0.2, eth0
C>* 188.8.131.52/32 is directly connected, lo
B>* 220.127.116.11/32 [20/0] via fe80::202:ff:fe00:45, swp3, 00:46:12
* via fe80::202:ff:fe00:35, swp1, 00:46:12
* via fe80::202:ff:fe00:3d, swp2, 00:46:12
* via fe80::202:ff:fe00:4d, swp4, 00:46:12
* via fe80::202:ff:fe00:55, swp5, 00:46:12
* via fe80::202:ff:fe00:5a, swp6, 00:46:12
The following commands show how the IPv4 link-local address 169.254.0.1 is used to install the route and static neighbor entry to facilitate proper forwarding without having to install an IPv4 prefix with IPv6 next-hop in the kernel:
# ip route show 22.214.171.124
126.96.36.199 proto zebra metric 20
nexthop via 169.254.0.1 dev swp3 weight 1 onlink
nexthop via 169.254.0.1 dev swp1 weight 1 onlink
nexthop via 169.254.0.1 dev swp2 weight 1 onlink
nexthop via 169.254.0.1 dev swp4 weight 1 onlink
nexthop via 169.254.0.1 dev swp5 weight 1 onlink
nexthop via 169.254.0.1 dev swp6 weight 1 onlink
# ip neigh
fe80::202:ff:fe00:35 dev swp1 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:35 router REACHABLE
fe80::202:ff:fe00:5a dev swp6 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:5a router REACHABLE
fe80::202:ff:fe00:3d dev swp2 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:3d router REACHABLE
fe80::202:ff:fe00:55 dev swp5 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:55 router REACHABLE
fe80::202:ff:fe00:45 dev swp3 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:45 router REACHABLE
fe80::202:ff:fe00:4d dev swp4 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:4d router REACHABLE
169.254.0.1 dev swp5 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:55 PERMANENT
192.168.0.2 dev eth0 lladdr 52:55:c0:a8:00:02 REACHABLE
169.254.0.1 dev swp3 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:45 PERMANENT
169.254.0.1 dev swp1 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:35 PERMANENT
169.254.0.1 dev swp4 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:4d PERMANENT
169.254.0.1 dev swp6 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:5a PERMANENT
169.254.0.1 dev swp2 lladdr 00:02:00:00:00:3d PERMANENT
How traceroute Interacts with BGP Unnumbered Interfaces
Every router or end host must have an IPv4 address in order to complete
traceroute of IPv4 addresses. In this case, the IPv4 address used is
that of the loopback device.
Even if ENHE is not used in the data center, link addresses are not typically advertised. This is because:
- Link addresses take up valuable FIB resources. In a large Clos environment, the number of such addresses can be quite large.
- Link addresses expose an additional attack vector for intruders to use to either break in or engage in DDOS attacks.
Therefore, assigning an IP address to the loopback device is essential.
Advanced: Understanding How Next-hop Fields Are Set
This section describes how the IPv6 next-hops are set in the MP_REACH_NLRI (multiprotocol reachable NLRI) initiated by the system, which applies whether IPv6 prefixes or IPv4 prefixes are exchanged with ENHE. There are two main aspects to determine - how many IPv6 next-hops are included in the MP_REACH_NLRI (since the RFC allows either one or two next-hops) and the values of the next-hop(s). This section also describes how a received MP_REACH_NLRI is handled as far as processing IPv6 next-hops.
Whether peering to a global IPv6 address or link-local IPv6 address, the determination whether to send one or two next-hops is as follows:
If reflecting the route, two next-hops are sent only if the peer has
nexthop-local unchangedconfigured and the attribute of the received route has an IPv6 link-local next-hop; otherwise, only one next-hop is sent.
Otherwise (if it's not reflecting the route), two next-hops are sent if explicitly configured (
nexthop-local unchanged) or the peer is directly connected (that is, either peering is on link-local address or the global IPv4 or IPv6 address is directly connected) and the route is either a local/self-originated route or the peer is an eBGP peer.
In all other cases, only one next-hop gets sent, unless an outbound route map adds another next-hop.
route-mapcan impose two next-hops in scenarios where Cumulus Linux would only send one next-hop - by specifying
set ipv6 nexthop link-local.
For all routes to eBGP peers and self-originated routes to iBGP peers, the global next-hop (first value) is the peering address of the local system. If the peering is on the link-local address, this is the global IPv6 address on the peering interface, if present; otherwise, it is the link-local IPv6 address on the peering interface.
For other routes to iBGP peers (eBGP to iBGP or reflected), the global next-hop will be the global next-hop in the received attribute.
If this address were a link-local IPv6 address, it would get reset so that the link-local IPv6 address of the eBGP peer is not passed along to an iBGP peer, which most likely may be on a different link.
route-mapand/or the peer configuration can change the above behavior. For example,
route-mapcan set the global IPv6 next-hop or the peer configuration can set it to self - which is relevant for iBGP peers. The route map or peer configuration can also set the next-hop to unchanged, which ensures the source IPv6 global next-hop is passed around - which is relevant for eBGP peers.
Whenever two next-hops are being sent, the link-local next-hop (the second value of the two) is the link-local IPv6 address on the peering interface unless it is due to
route-maphas set the link-local next-hop.
Network administrators cannot set martian values for IPv6 next-hops in
route-map. Also, global and link-local next-hops are validated to ensure they match the respective address types.
In a received update, a martian check is imposed for the IPv6 global next-hop. If the check fails, it gets treated as an implicit withdraw.
If two next-hops are received in an update and the second next-hop is not a link-local address, it gets ignored and the update is treated as if only one next-hop was received.
Whenever two next-hops are received in an update, the second next-hop is used to install the route into
zebra. As per the previous point, it is already assured that this is a link-local IPv6 address. Currently, this is assumed to be reachable and is not registered with NHT.
route-mapspecifies the next-hop as
peer-address, the global IPv6 next-hop as well as the link-local IPv6 next-hop (if it's being sent) is set to the peering address. If the peering is on a link-local address, the former could be the link-local address on the peering interface, unless there is a global IPv6 address present on this interface.
The above rules imply that there are scenarios where a generated update has two IPv6 next-hops, and both of them are the IPv6 link-local address of the peering interface on the local system. If you are peering with a switch or router that is not running Cumulus Linux and expects the first next-hop to be a global IPv6 address, a route map can be used on the sender to specify a global IPv6 address. This conforms with the recommendations in the Internet draft draft-kato-bgp-ipv6-link-local-00.txt, "BGP4+ Peering Using IPv6 Link-local Address".
- Interface-based peering with separate IPv4 and IPv6 sessions is not supported.
- ENHE is sent for IPv6 link-local peerings only.
- If a IPv4 /30 or /31 IP address is assigned to the interface IPv4 peering will be used over IPv6 link-local peering.
Fast Convergence Design Considerations
Without getting into the why (see the IETF draft cited in Useful Links below that talks about BGP use within the data center), we strongly recommend the following use of addresses in the design of a BGP-based data center network:
- Use of interface addresses: Set up BGP sessions only using interface-scoped addresses. This allows BGP to react quickly to link failures.
- Use of next-hop-self: Every BGP node says that it knows how to forward traffic to the prefixes it is announcing. This reduces the requirement to announce interface-specific addresses and thereby reduces the size of the forwarding table.
Specifying the Interface Name in the neighbor Command
When you are configuring BGP for the neighbors of a given interface, you
can specify the interface name instead of its IP address. All the other
neighbor command options remain the same.
This is equivalent to BGP peering to the link-local IPv6 address of the neighbor on the given interface. The link-local address is learned via IPv6 neighbor discovery router advertisements.
Consider the following example configuration:
router bgp 65000
bgp router-id 0.0.0.1
neighbor swp1 interface
neighbor swp1 remote-as 65000
neighbor swp1 next-hop-self
address-family ipv6
neighbor swp1 activate
Make sure that IPv6 neighbor discovery router advertisements are
supported and not suppressed. In Quagga, you do this by checking the
running configuration. Under the interface configuration, use
no ipv6 nd suppress-ra to remove router suppression.
Cumulus Networks recommends you adjust the router advertisement's
interval to a shorter value (
ipv6 nd ra-interval <interval>) to
address scenarios when nodes come up and miss router advertisement
processing to relay the neighbor's link-local address to BGP. The
interval is measured in seconds and defaults to 600 seconds.
Configuring BGP Peering Relationships across Switches
A BGP peering relationship is typically initiated with the
neighbor x.x.x.x remote-as <AS number> command. In order to simplify
configuration across multiple switches, you can specify the internal
or external keyword to the configuration instead of the AS number.
Specifying internal signifies an iBGP peering; that is, the neighbor will only create or accept a connection with the specified neighbor if the remote peer AS number matches this BGP's AS number.
Specifying external signifies an eBGP peering; that is, the neighbor will only create a connection with the neighbor if the remote peer AS number does not match this BGP AS number.
You can make this distinction using the
neighbor command or the
peer-group command.
In general, use the following syntax with the
neighbor command:
neighbor (ipv4 addr|ipv6 addr|WORD) remote-as (<1-4294967295>|internal|external)
Some example configurations follow.
To connect to the same AS using the
neighbor command, modify your
configuration similar to the following:
router bgp 500
neighbor 192.168.1.2 remote-as internal
To connect to a different AS using the
neighbor command, modify
your configuration similar to the following:
router bgp 500
neighbor 192.168.1.2 remote-as external
To connect to the same AS using the
peer-group command, modify
your configuration similar to the following:
router bgp 500
neighbor swp1 interface
neighbor IBGP peer-group
neighbor IBGP remote-as internal
neighbor swp1 peer-group IBGP
neighbor 188.8.131.52 peer-group IBGP
neighbor 22.214.171.124 peer-group IBGP
To connect to a different AS using the
peer-group command, modify
your configuration similar to the following:
router bgp 500
neighbor swp2 interface
neighbor EBGP peer-group
neighbor EBGP remote-as external
neighbor 220.127.116.11 peer-group EBGP
neighbor swp2 peer-group EBGP
neighbor 126.96.36.199 peer-group EBGP
Configuration Tips
Using peer-group to Simplify Configuration
When there are many peers to connect to, the amount of redundant
configuration becomes overwhelming. For example, repeating the
activate and
next-hop-self commands for even 60 neighbors makes for
a very long configuration file. Using
peer-group addresses this
Instead of specifying properties of each individual peer, Quagga allows for defining one or more peer-groups and associating all the attributes common to that peer session to a peer-group.
After doing this, the only task is to associate an IP address with a peer-group. Here is an example of defining and using peer-groups:
R7(config-router)# neighbor tier-2 peer-group
R7(config-router)# neighbor tier-2 remote-as 65000
R7(config-router)# address-family ipv4 unicast
R7(config-router-af)# neighbor tier-2 activate
R7(config-router-af)# neighbor tier-2 next-hop-self
R7(config-router-af)# maximum-paths ibgp 64
R7(config-router-af)# exit
R7(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.2 peer-group tier-2
R7(config-router)# neighbor 192.0.2.2 peer-group tier-2
If you're using eBGP, besides specifying the neighbor's IP address, you
also have to specify the neighbor's ASN, since it is different for each
neighbor. In such a case, you wouldn't specify the
remote-as for the
Preserving the AS_PATH Setting
If you plan to use multipathing with the
multipath-relax option, Quagga
generates an AS_SET in place of the current AS_PATH for the bestpath.
This helps to prevent loops but is unusual behavior. To preserve the
AS_PATH setting, use the
no-as-set option when configuring bestpath:
R7(config-router)# bgp bestpath as-path multipath-relax no-as-set
Utilizing Multiple Routing Tables and Forwarding
You can run multiple routing tables (one for in-band/data plane traffic and one for out-of-band/management plane traffic) on the same switch using management VRF (multiple routing tables and forwarding).
The most common starting point for troubleshooting BGP is to view the summary of neighbors connected to and some information about these connections. A sample output of this command is as follows:
R7# show ip bgp summary
BGP router identifier 0.0.0.9, local AS number 65000
RIB entries 7, using 672 bytes of memory
Peers 2, using 9120 bytes of memory
Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd
10.0.0.2 4 65000 11 10 0 0 0 00:06:38 3
192.0.2.2 4 65000 11 10 0 0 0 00:06:38 3
Total number of neighbors 2
(Pop quiz: Are these iBGP or eBGP sessions? Hint: Look at the ASNs.)
It is also useful to view the routing table as defined by BGP:
R7# show ip bgp
BGP table version is 0, local router ID is 0.0.0.9
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*> 192.0.2.29/24 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
*>i192.0.2.30/24 10.0.0.2 0 100 0 i
* i 192.0.2.2 0 100 0 i
*>i192.0.2.31/24 10.0.0.2 0 100 0 i
* i 192.0.2.2 0 100 0 i
*>i192.0.2.32/24 10.0.0.2 0 100 0 i
* i 192.0.2.2 0 100 0 i
Total number of prefixes 4
A more detailed breakdown of a specific neighbor can be obtained using
show ip bgp neighbor <neighbor ip address>:
R7# show ip bgp neighbor 10.0.0.2
BGP neighbor is 10.0.0.2, remote AS 65000, local AS 65000, internal link
BGP version 4, remote router ID 0.0.0.5
BGP state = Established, up for 00:14:03
Last read 14:52:31, hold time is 180, keepalive interval is 60 seconds
Neighbor capabilities:
4 Byte AS: advertised and received
Route refresh: advertised and received(old & new)
Address family IPv4 Unicast: advertised and received
Message statistics:
Inq depth is 0
Outq depth is 0
Sent Rcvd
Opens: 1 1
Notifications: 0 0
Updates: 1 3
Keepalives: 16 15
Route Refresh: 0 0
Capability: 0 0
Total: 18 19
Minimum time between advertisement runs is 5 seconds
For address family: IPv4 Unicast
NEXT_HOP is always this router
Community attribute sent to this neighbor(both)
3 accepted prefixes
Connections established 1; dropped 0
Last reset never
Local host: 10.0.0.1, Local port: 35258
Foreign host: 10.0.0.2, Foreign port: 179
Nexthop: 10.0.0.1
Nexthop global: fe80::202:ff:fe00:19
Nexthop local: ::
BGP connection: non shared network
Read thread: on Write thread: off
To see the details of a specific route such as from whom it was
received, to whom it was sent, and so forth, use the
show ip bgp <ip address/prefix> command:
R7# show ip bgp 192.0.2.0
BGP routing table entry for 192.0.2.0/24
Paths: (2 available, best #1, table Default-IP-Routing-Table)
Not advertised to any peer
10.0.0.2 (metric 1) from 10.0.0.2 (0.0.0.10)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal, best
Originator: 0.0.0.10, Cluster list: 0.0.0.5
Last update: Mon Jul 8 10:12:17 2013
192.0.2.2 (metric 1) from 192.0.2.2 (0.0.0.10)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal
Originator: 0.0.0.10, Cluster list: 0.0.0.6
Last update: Mon Jul 8 10:12:17 2013
This shows that the routing table prefix seen by BGP is 192.0.2.0/24, that this route was not advertised to any neighbor, and that it was heard by two neighbors, 10.0.0.2 and 192.0.2.2.
Here is another output of the same command, on a different node in the network:
cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh -c 'sh ip bgp 192.0.2.0'
BGP routing table entry for 192.0.2.0/24
Paths: (1 available, best #1, table Default-IP-Routing-Table)
Advertised to non peer-group peers:
10.0.0.1 192.0.2.21 192.0.2.22
Local, (Received from a RR-client)
203.0.113.1 (metric 1) from 203.0.113.1 (0.0.0.10)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal, best
Last update: Mon Jul 8 09:07:41 2013
Debugging Tip: Logging Neighbor State Changes
It is very useful to log the changes that a neighbor goes through to troubleshoot any issues associated with that neighbor. This is done using the log-neighbor-changes command:
R7(config-router)# bgp log-neighbor-changes
The output is sent to the specified log file, usually
/var/log/quagga/bgpd.log, and looks like this:
2013/07/08 10:12:06.572827 BGP: %NOTIFICATION: sent to neighbor 10.0.0.2 6/3 (Cease/Peer Unconfigured) 0 bytes
2013/07/08 10:12:06.572954 BGP: Notification sent to neighbor 10.0.0.2: type 6/3
2013/07/08 10:12:16.682071 BGP: %ADJCHANGE: neighbor 192.0.2.2 Up
2013/07/08 10:12:16.682660 BGP: %ADJCHANGE: neighbor 10.0.0.2 Up
Troubleshooting Link-local Addresses
To verify that
quagga learned the neighboring link-local IPv6 address
via the IPv6 neighbor discovery router advertisements on a given
interface, use the
show interface <if-name> command. If
ipv6 nd suppress-ra isn't enabled on both ends of the interface, then
Neighbor address(s): should have the other end's link-local address. That is the
address that BGP would use when BGP is enabled on that interface.
vtysh to run
quagga, then verify the configuration:
cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh
Hello, this is Quagga (version 0.99.21).
Copyright 1996-2005 Kunihiro Ishiguro, et al.
R7# show interface swp1
Interface swp1 is up, line protocol is up
PTM status: disabled
Description: rut
index 3 metric 1 mtu 1500
flags: <UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>
HWaddr: 00:02:00:00:00:09
inet 220.127.116.11/24 broadcast 126.96.36.199
inet6 fe80::202:ff:fe00:9/64
ND advertised reachable time is 0 milliseconds
ND advertised retransmit interval is 0 milliseconds
ND router advertisements are sent every 600 seconds
ND router advertisements lifetime tracks ra-interval
ND router advertisement default router preference is medium
Hosts use stateless autoconfig for addresses.
Neighbor address(s):
inet6 fe80::4638:39ff:fe00:129b/128
Instead of the IPv6 address, the peering interface name is displayed in
show ip bgp summary command and wherever else applicable:
R7# show ip bgp summary
BGP router identifier 0.0.0.1, local AS number 65000
RIB entries 1, using 112 bytes of memory
Peers 1, using 8712 bytes of memory
Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd
swp1 4 65000 161 170 0 0 0 00:02:28 0
Most of the show commands can take the interface name instead of the IP address, if that level of specificity is needed:
R7# show ip bgp neighbors
A.B.C.D Neighbor to display information about
WORD Neighbor on bgp configured interface
X:X::X:X Neighbor to display information about
R7# show ip bgp neighbors swp1
Enabling Read-only Mode
You can enable read-only mode for when the BGP process restarts or when
the BGP process is cleared using
clear ip bgp *. When enabled,
read-only mode begins as soon as the first peer reaches its
established state and a timer for
<max-delay> seconds is started.
While in read-only mode, BGP doesn't run best-path or generate any updates to its peers. This mode continues until:
- All the configured peers, except the shutdown peers, have sent an
explicit EOR (End-Of-RIB) or an implicit EOR. The first keep-alive
after BGP has reached the established state is considered an
implicit EOR. If the
<establish-wait>option is specified, then BGP will wait for peers to reach the established state from the start of the
update-delayuntil the
<establish-wait>period is over; that is, the minimum set of established peers for which EOR is expected would be peers established during the
establish-waitwindow, not necessarily all the configured neighbors.
- The
max-delayperiod is over.
Upon reaching either of these two conditions, BGP resumes the decision process and generates updates to its peers.
To enable read-only mode:
cumulus@switch:$ sudo bgp update-delay <max-delay in seconds> [<establish-wait in seconds>]
The default
<max-delay> is 0 - the feature is off by default.
Use output from
show ip bgp summary for information about the state of
the update delay.
This feature can be useful in reducing CPU/network usage as BGP restarts/clears. It's particularly useful in topologies where BGP learns a prefix from many peers. Intermediate best paths are possible for the same prefix as peers get established and start receiving updates at different times. This feature is also valuable if the network has a high number of such prefixes.
Applying a Route Map for Route Updates
You can apply a route map on route updates from BGP to Zebra. All the applicable match operations are allowed, such as match on prefix, next-hop, communities, and so forth. Set operations for this attach-point are limited to metric and next-hop only. Any operation of this feature does not affect BGPs internal RIB.
Both IPv4 and IPv6 address families are supported. Route maps work on multi-paths as well. However, the metric setting is based on the best path only.
To apply a route map for route updates:
cumulus@switch:$ sudo cl-bgp table-map <route-map-name>
Protocol Tuning
Converging Quickly On Link Failures
In the Clos topology, we recommend that you only use interface addresses
to set up peering sessions. This means that when the link fails, the BGP
session is torn down immediately, triggering route updates to propagate
through the network quickly. This requires the following commands be
enabled for all links:
link-detect and
ttl-security hops <hops>.
ttl-security hops specifies how many hops away the neighbor is. For
example, in a Clos topology, every peer is at most 1 hop away.
See Caveats and Errata below for information regarding
ttl-security hops.
Here is an example:
cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh
Hello, this is Quagga (version 0.99.21).
Copyright 1996-2005 Kunihiro Ishiguro, et al.
R7# configure terminal
R7(config)# interface swp1
R7(config-if)# link-detect
R7(config-if)# exit
R7(config)# router bgp 65000
R7(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.2 ttl-security hops 1
Converging Quickly On Soft Failures
It is possible that the link is up, but the neighboring BGP process is
hung or has crashed. If a BGP process crashes, Quagga's
daemon, which monitors the various
quagga daemons, will attempt to
restart it. If the process is also hung,
watchquagga will attempt to
restart the process. BGP itself has a keepalive timer that is exchanged
between neighbors. By default, this keepalive timer is set to 60
seconds. This time can be reduced to a lower number, but this has the
disadvantage of increasing the CPU load, especially in the presence of a
lot of neighbors.
keepalive-time is the periodicity with which the
keepalive message is sent.
hold-time specifies how many keepalive
messages can be lost before the connection is considered invalid. It is
usually set to 3 times the keepalive time. Here is an example of
reducing these timers:
R7(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.2 timers 30 90
We can make these the default for all BGP neighbors using a different command:
R7(config-router)# timers bgp 30 90
The following display snippet shows that the default values have been modified for this neighbor:
R7(config-router)# do show ip bgp neighbor 10.0.0.2
BGP neighbor is 10.0.0.2, remote AS 65000, local AS 65000, internal link
BGP version 4, remote router ID 0.0.0.5
BGP state = Established, up for 05:53:59
Last read 14:53:25, hold time is 180, keepalive interval is 60 seconds
Configured hold time is 90, keepalive interval is 30 seconds
When you're in a configuration mode, such as when you're configuring BGP
parameters, you can run any show command by adding do to the original
command. For example,
do show ip bgp neighbor was shown above. Under a
non-configuration mode, you'd simply run:
show ip bgp neighbor 10.0.0.2
Reconnecting Quickly
A BGP process attempts to connect to a peer after a failure (or on
startup) every
connect-time seconds. By default, this is 120 seconds.
To modify this value, use:
R7(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.2 timers connect 30
This command has to be specified per each neighbor, peer-group doesn't
support this option in
Advertisement Interval
BGP by default chooses stability over fast convergence. This is very
useful when routing for the Internet. For example, unlike link-state
protocols, BGP typically waits for a duration of
advertisement-interval seconds between sending consecutive updates to
a neighbor. This ensures that an unstable neighbor flapping routes won't
be propagated throughout the network. By default, this is set to 30
seconds for an eBGP session and 5 seconds for an iBGP session. For very
fast convergence, set the timer to 0 seconds. You can modify this as
R7(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.2 advertisement-interval 0
The following output shows the modified value:
R7(config-router)# do show ip bgp neighbor 10.0.0.2
BGP neighbor is 10.0.0.2, remote AS 65000, local AS 65000, internal link
BGP version 4, remote router ID 0.0.0.5
BGP state = Established, up for 06:01:49
Last read 14:53:15, hold time is 180, keepalive interval is 60 seconds
Configured hold time is 90, keepalive interval is 30 seconds
Neighbor capabilities:
4 Byte AS: advertised and received
Route refresh: advertised and received(old & new)
Address family IPv4 Unicast: advertised and received
Message statistics:
Inq depth is 0
Outq depth is 0
Sent Rcvd
Opens: 1 1
Notifications: 0 0
Updates: 1 3
Keepalives: 363 362
Route Refresh: 0 0
Capability: 0 0
Total: 365 366
Minimum time between advertisement runs is 0 seconds
This command is not supported with peer-groups.
See this IETF draft for more details on the use of this value.
Configuration Files
Useful Links
- Bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) and BGP
- Wikipedia entry for BGP (includes list of useful RFCs)
- Quagga online documentation for BGP (may not be up to date)
- IETF draft discussing BGP use within data centers
Caveats and Errata
ttl-security Issue
ttl-security does not cause the hardware to be programmed
with the relevant information. This means that frames will come up to
the CPU and be dropped there. It is recommended that you use the
cl-acltool command to explicitly add the relevant entry to hardware.
For example, you can configure a file, like
/etc/cumulus/acl/policy.d/01control_plane_bgp.rules, with a rule like
this for TTL:
INGRESS_INTF = swp1
-A $INGRESS_CHAIN --in-interface $INGRESS_INTF -p tcp --dport bgp -m ttl --ttl 255 POLICE --set-mode pkt --set-rate 2000 --set-burst 1000
-A $INGRESS_CHAIN --in-interface $INGRESS_INTF -p tcp --dport bgp DROP
For more information about ACLs and
cl-acltool, see Netfilter


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Doa, Dioctyl Adipate(id:10348642). View product details of Doa, Dioctyl Adipate from Thai Poly Chemicals Co., Ltd. manufacturer in EC21
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103-23-1 dioctyl adipate doa of pvc plasticizer DOA Product Description GO YEN Chemical Industrial (GYC group) is in the leading position of fine chemicals in Asia, with our professional & strong R&D capacity, that have already exported to more than forty countries in five continents.
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EMAIL INQUIRY to 1 to 30 of 78 Di Octyl Adipate (CAS No. 103-23-1) 103-23-1 Synonyms: Dioctyl adipate, Octyl adipate, Plastomoll DOA, Vestinol OA, Bisoflex DOA, Effomoll DOA, Kodaflex DOA, Monoplex DOA, Truflex DOA, Staflex doa, Uniflex doa, Reomol doa, Lankroflex DOA, Sansocizer DOA, Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, Effomoll DA, Plasthall DOA
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Most-cited Publications. Application of Artificial Neural Network for Yield Prediction of Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Dioctyl Adipate (Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2009); Effect of microwave versus conventional heating on the migration of dioctyl adipate and acetyltributyl citrate plasticizers from food grade PVC and P(VDC/VC) films into fatty foodstuffs (European Food Research
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zhejiang jiaao enprotech stock co., ltd. is listed in Trade India's list of verified sellers offering supreme quality of Electrical Cable Plasticizer (H70) ,Dioctyl Adipate (DOA) PVC Plasticizer/103-23-1 ,Trioctyl Trimellitate (TOTM) - PVC Plasticizer/3319-31-1 etc. Buy Chemical Supplies in bulk from us for the best quality products and service.
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ไดออกทิล อดิเปต, Dioctyl Adipate, ดีโอเอ, DOA, น้ำมันดีโอเอ, Plasticizer, พลาสติไซเซอร์ Di-Ethyl Hexyl Adipate, DEHA, CAS No. 103-23-1, EC No. 203-090-1 ไดเอทิลเฮกซิล อดิเปต, ไดเอทธิลเฮกซิล อดิเปต, ดีอีเอชเอ
bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate (CAS: 103-23-1) Sigma-Aldrich International GmbH. act also as agent of many chemical factories and promote their products to the international market at very competitive price. We take "Credi first, Clients supreme" as our aim. Dioctyl adipate (DOA) Dioctyl 2,2,4-trimethyladipate. Dioctyl 2,2,4(or 2,4,4
for millde Asia marketing Dioctyl Adipate Doa For Pvc Plasticizer Cas No.:123-79-5. Group Plasticizer, Group Plasticizer. About 26% of these are plastic auxiliary agents, 22% are leather auxiliary agents, and 20% are electronics chemicals.
Delivery of the Report will take 2-3 working days once order is placed. Dioctyl adipate (DOA) Market Insights 2019, Global and Chinese Scenario is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the global Dioctyl adipate (DOA) industry with a focus on the Chinese market. The report
Caifchem was established in 2006, with headquarter in (CCIP) Chongqing Chemical Industrial Park. We are Hi-Tech enterprise, which integrates the R&D, production a ND Marketing of Functional chemicals. Always Caifchem obeys the operation principle "Excellent on quality, reputation on Honesty". Due to
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While DEHA is often referred to by the archaic name dioctyl adipate (DOA) in technical literature, an isomer of DEHA with unbranched aliphatic chains is also called dioctyl adipate, and has its own CAS RN 123-79-5. This assessment specifically addresses DEHA as defined as CAS RN 103-23-1, and does not include CAS RN 123-79-5.
(DTPMP Na7)Hepta sodium salt of Diethylene Triamine Penta. DTPMP•Na7,DTPMP,DTPMP•Nax,CAS No.22042-96-2(x-Na) 68155-78-2 Hepta sodium salt of Diethylene Triamine Penta (Methylene Phosphonic Acid) (DTPMP•Na7) is a scale inhibitor, for barium sulphate in particular and a
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Sebacic Acid is a castor-derived fatty acid and a precursor to various esters such as dioctyl sebacate, dibutyl sebacate, and dimethyl sebcate. While the price is often tied to the castor crop yield each year, many consumers of Sebacic Acid have become curious about how the chemical is produced from its castor oil feedstock.
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Dioctyl Adipate, DOA, ไดออกทิลอดิเปต, ดีโอเอ Dioctyl Phthalate, DOP, ไดออกทิลพทาเลต, ดีโอพี Dioctyl Terephthalate, DOTP, ไดออกทิลเทเรพทาเลต, ดีโอทีพี
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Dioctyl adipate CAS NO.123-79-5. Min.Order: 20 Metric Ton. FOB Price: USD $ 0.0-0.0/Metric Ton. My Company Changchun Artel Import and Export trade companyImport and Export Trade Co., Ltd.is located in Changchun, a national historical and cultural city, Jilin Province, China. It covers an area of 22,000 square meters, construction area
Applications Used as lubricant, antifoaming agent, parting agent in resin, rubber and elastic latex industry. Used as main material in polyurethane industry. PPG-3000 1. General This product is produced and marketed by Jiangsu haian Petro chemical plant. The units producing and marketing this product are certified according to Q/320621HA031.
Through collaboration and unparalleled support, Hallstar creates ester chemistry solutions for industrial polymer and beauty & personal care sectors.
世界のアジピン酸ジエチルヘキシル市場2019 The Global Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Adipate (CAS 103-23-1) Industry 2019 Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Adipate industry. Firstly, the report provides a basic overview of the industry including definitions, classifications
KEEPING FOOD SAFE, SECURE AND SUSTAINABLE . Global market trends like increasing populations, rising middle class incomes, and on-the-go lifestyles continue to drive demand for high-performance plastic packaging that extends food freshness, improves product safety, is lighter and brighter, and provides user-friendly functionality.
Buy now for $1800 USD (Single User). Summary The global Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) market will reach xxx Million USD in 2019 with CAGR xx% 2019-2024. The objective of report is to define, segment, and project the market on the basis of product type, application, and region, and to describe t...
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Anyang General Chemical Co., Ltd. is a modern and comprehensive enterprise, subordinated to AGICO GROUP, dedicated to the development, production and marketing of chemicals. We have our own factory and authoritative lab. What's more, Our company has many years experience of foreign trade, which can help to meet the customers demands effectively.
Sodium Naphthalene Sulphonate Formaldehyde Condensition; Poly Sodium Naphthalene Sulphonate; Sodium naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde CAS No.: 36290-04-7 Synthesis The product is made of naphthalene, sulfonic acid, HCHO and Alkali through sulfonation, condensation, hydrolyzation, and neutralization reaction. Dioctyl adipate (DOA) of
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Dioctyl Adipate, DOA, ไดออกทิลอดิเปต, ดีโอเอ Propylene glycol price, Price propylene glycol, MPG price, PG price, Glycol price ADDRESS: 36/1 Moo 9, Nadee, Mueangsamutsakhon, Samutsakhon, Thailand DEPARTMENT: Marketing and Sales, Export Sales Division Tel. +6634 496284, +6634 854888 Fax. +6634
As with many plastic explosives, the explosive in C4 is RDX (cyclonite or cyclotrimethylene trinitramine), which makes up around 91% of C4 by weight. The plasticizer is diethylhexyl or dioctyl sebacate (5.3%) and the binder is usually polyisobutylene (2.1%). Another plasticizer used is dioctyl adipate (DOA).
Pieces of pPVC containing the plasticizers dioctyl phthalate and dioctyl adipate (DOA) were exposed to the atmosphere for up to 2 years. Fungal and bacterial populations were quantified, and colonizing fungi were identified by rRNA gene sequencing and morphological characteristics. Aureobasidium pullulans was the principal colonizing fungus
CAS NO : 75-05-8 Description : A clear liquid, not more Max. than 10 Hazen units in colour. Minimum assay (GC) 99.7% per ml at 20O C 0.780-0.783g Refractive index n 1.343-1.345 Boiling range 81-83O C absorbance (1 cm cell) : (UV-cut-off) 190 nm - 1.0 200 nm - 0.1 230 nm - 0.01 Maximum limits of impurities: Non-Volatile matter 0.0005% Acidity (CH 3 COOH) 0.001%
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1) Complete this registration and pay the fee.
2) Complete either the Adult Volunteer Application or Student Volunteer Application.
Before Certification: There will be some assigned reading to do before the weekend.
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Fireman: How Dare they use Public Safety to Manipulate Your Vote on Measure LV!
10/24: A short while ago, I learned that the Santa Monica Firefighters Local 1109 had given its support to the "No on LV" effort. As a 38-year veteran of the Santa Monica Fire Department and lifelong...


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Just a way to stay in touch.
Started in 2019, our Annual Newsletter is provided to our Members as a way to communicate information about their Credit Union and the communities we serve. Providing product highlights, fun facts and beautiful images, we hope Members find the piece interesting and maybe even informative!


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Get transitional housing for women and children who survived domestic violence and abuse
Burbank Housing Corporation (BHC) Verified Information
BHC, in partnership with the Family Services Agency (FSA) and the City of Burbank, owns and operates The CARE Cottages at Puerta Nueva. Each family will have a support provider who will assist all members of the family to identify personal, educational and career goals, and the steps required to achieve those goals. Participants receive individualized intensive services specially designed to rebuild their lives.
For Communitieschildren (5-11 years old), survivors of domestic violence, experiencing homelessness, mothers, transitional age youth (16-24 years old)
County residents onlyLos Angeles
Counties ServedLos Angeles
Appointment requiredYes
What to do next:
Click to visit link - https://burbankhousingcorp.org/.../
Please visit the site for more information about available transitional housing.
Call 818-845-7671
Please call the FSA directly for more information about available transitional housing.
Email email@example.com (Family Service Agency of Burbank)
Please email FSA directly for more information about transitional housing.
Family Service Agency
2721 W Burbank Blvd.
Burbank, CA 91505
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337.6 miles away
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Short description of Carnson House
In the centre of Penzance, just 500 metres from the picturesque harbour, Carnson House offers traditional Cornish breakfasts, free parking and free Wi-Fi. Penzance Railway Station is directly opposite.
The cosy bedrooms at Carnson House each have tea/coffee facilities and a hairdryer, and ironing facilities are also available. All rooms have private bathroom facilities and a TV.
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*Open until filled.
The Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education is currently accepting applications for full and part-time internships with the National Science Foundation (NSF), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES).
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September 25, 2018
November 11, 2019
October 1, 2018
November 1, 2018
Surprisingly remote, unexpectedly beautiful, and dripping with southern charm and Spanish moss, a camping trip to Hunting Island State Park will have you rethinking your impression of South Carolina and have you wondering what took you so long to come around.
April 9, 2019
A savvy camper could easily make the case to ease into South Carolina's Edisto Beach State Park, make camp, string up some lights, and a hammock or two and call it a day. The beachfront location is hard to beat and a few days camping on the Atlantic Coast would do a lot to refresh your spirit.
March 30, 2019
If you are looking for something a little different to do on your next spring break, beat the summer heat, humidity, and bugs, and take a fabulous camping tour along the South Carolina and Georgia coast.


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AFAC Lessons Management Award
Proudly sponsored by ISW Development Pty Ltd
Nomination period.
Nominations for the AFAC Lessons Management Award 2020 open Monday 2 March 2020 and will close on Friday 1 May 2020.
Conditions of entry
- The award is open to all agencies/organisations within Australia and New Zealand.
- The agency/organisation must be willing to allow members of the award selection panel to have contact with all person(s) who have been involved in the initiative nominated for the award, or who are in leadership positions within the agency/organisation. A contact person should be specified.
- The nomination forms are to be endorsed by the CEO/Commissioner/Chief Officer/Senior Manager of the agency/organisation.
- There are no limits to the number of nominations submitted per agency/organisation.
Selection criteria
An agency/organisation nominating for this award must be able to demonstrate significant leadership and commitment to leading practice in lessons management during the previous 12 months. Areas of endeavour may include:
- development of processes to effectively capture lessons management outcomes and embed in agency practice
- development of new documented business processes to facilitate lessons management initiatives within the agency
- case studies of projects, programs or initiatives using contemporary approaches
- sharing and collaboration within agency and/or across sector lessons management initiatives
- development of technology solutions to lessons management
- demonstration of positive practical benefit for the sector.
Nominations must be accompanied by a description of:
- the innovation in the area of lessons management
- the level of executive support and how this was obtained
- the benefit for the agency or sector of the initiative
- the impact or potential impact for the wider sector, including whether the change is sustainable
- supporting comments to be provided by the nominating officer (optional).
The nominating officer must also provide supporting comments addressing the nominee's or agency's work towards establishing lessons management.
Selection panel
The successful candidate will be selected by a panel of senior executives from the fire and emergency services across Australia. The successful nomination will be advised by Friday 25 May 2020. The award will be presented at the Lessons Management Forum on Tuesday 14 July 2020 followed by a presentation on the winning submission.


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