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Contents Cover Page About This eBook Title Page Copyright Page About the Author About the Contributing Author About the Technical Reviewer Acknowledgments Contents at a Glance Contents Reader Services Icons Used in This Book Command Syntax Conventions Introduction About Cisco Certifications and CCNA Book Features Book Organization, Chapters, and Appendixes About Building Hands-On Skills For More Information Your Study Plan A Brief Perspective on Cisco Certification Exams Five Study Plan Steps Things to Do Before Starting the First Chapter Getting Started: Now Part I: Introduction to Networking Chapter 1. Introduction to TCP/IP Networking "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Perspectives on Networking TCP/IP Networking Model Data Encapsulation Terminology Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics An Overview of LANs Building Physical Ethernet LANs with UTP Building Physical Ethernet LANs with Fiber Sending Data in Ethernet Networks Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Chapter 3. Fundamentals of WANs and IP Routing "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Wide-Area Networks IP Routing Other Network Layer Features Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Part I: Review Part II: Implementing Ethernet LANs Chapter 4. Using the Command-Line Interface "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Accessing the Cisco Catalyst Switch CLI Configuring Cisco IOS Software Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Command References Chapter 5. Analyzing Ethernet LAN Switching "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics LAN Switching Concepts Verifying and Analyzing Ethernet Switching Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Do Labs Key Terms You Should Know Command References Chapter 6. Configuring Basic; Switch Management "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Securing the Switch CLI Enabling IPv4 for Remote Access Miscellaneous Settings Useful in the Lab Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Do Labs Command References Chapter 7. Configuring and Verifying Switch Interfaces "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Configuring Switch Interfaces Analyzing Switch Interface Status and Statistics Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Do Labs Command References Part II: Review Part III: Implementing VLANs and STP Chapter 8. Implementing Ethernet Virtual LANs "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Virtual LAN Concepts VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification Troubleshooting VLANs and VLAN Trunks Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Do Labs Command References Chapter 9. Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics STP and RSTP Basics Details Specific to STP (and Not RSTP) Rapid STP Concepts Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Chapter 10. RSTP and EtherChannel Configuration "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Understanding RSTP Through Configuration Configuring Layer 2 EtherChannel Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Command References Part III: Review Part IV: IPv4 Addressing Chapter 11. Perspectives on IPv4 Subnetting "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Introduction to Subnetting Analyze Subnetting and Addressing Needs Make Design Choices Plan the Implementation Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Chapter 12. Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Classful Network Concepts Practice with Classful Networks Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Additional Practice for This Chapter's Processes Answers to Earlier Practice Problems Chapter 13. Analyzing Subnet Masks "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Subnet Mask Conversion Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using Masks Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Additional Practice for This Chapter's Processes Answers to Earlier Practice Problems Chapter 14. Analyzing Existing Subnets "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Defining a Subnet Analyzing Existing Subnets: Binary Analyzing Existing Subnets: Decimal Practice Analyzing Existing Subnets Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Additional Practice for This Chapter's Processes Answers to Earlier Practice Problems Part IV: Review Part V: IPv4 Routing Chapter 15. Operating Cisco Routers "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Installing Cisco Routers Enabling IPv4 Support on Cisco Router Interfaces Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Command References Chapter 16. Configuring IPv4 Addresses and Static Routes "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics IP Routing Configuring IP Addresses and Connected Routes Configuring Static Routes IP Forwarding with the Longest Prefix Match Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Command References Chapter 17. IP Routing in the LAN "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics VLAN Routing with Router 802.1Q Trunks VLAN Routing with Layer 3 Switch SVIs VLAN Routing with Layer 3 Switch Routed Ports Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Command References Chapter 18. Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Problem Isolation Using the ping Command Problem Isolation Using the traceroute Command Telnet and SSH Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Part V: Review Part VI: OSPF Chapter 19. Understanding OSPF Concepts "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Comparing Dynamic Routing Protocol Features OSPF Concepts and Operation OSPF Areas and LSAs Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Chapter 20. Implementing OSPF "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Implementing Single-Area OSPFv2 Using OSPFv2 Interface Subcommands Additional OSPFv2 Features Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Command References Chapter 21. OSPF Network Types and Neighbors "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics OSPF Network Types OSPF Neighbor Relationships Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Command References Part VI: Review Part VII: IP Version 6 Chapter 22. Fundamentals of IP Version 6 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Introduction to IPv6 IPv6 Addressing Formats and Conventions Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Additional Practice for This Chapter's Processes Answers to Earlier Practice Problems Chapter 23. IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Global Unicast Addressing Concepts Unique Local Unicast Addresses Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Chapter 24. Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Implementing Unicast IPv6 Addresses on Routers Special Addresses Used by Routers Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Additional Practice for This Chapter's Processes Command References Answers to Earlier Practice Problems Chapter 25. Implementing IPv6 Routing "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Connected and Local IPv6 Routes Static IPv6 Routes The Neighbor Discovery Protocol Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Command References Part VII: Review Part VIII. Wireless LANs Chapter 26. Fundamentals of Wireless Networks "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Comparing Wired and Wireless Networks Wireless LAN Topologies Other Wireless Topologies RF Overview Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Chapter 27. Analyzing Cisco Wireless Architectures "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Autonomous AP Architecture Cloud-based AP Architecture Split-MAC Architectures Comparing Wireless LAN Controller Deployments Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Chapter 28. Securing Wireless Networks "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Anatomy of a Secure Connection Wireless Client Authentication Methods Wireless Privacy and Integrity Methods WPA, WPA2, and WPA3 Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Key Terms You Should Know Chapter 29. Building a Wireless LAN "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Connecting a Cisco AP Accessing a Cisco WLC Connecting a Cisco WLC Configuring a WLAN Chapter Review Review All the Key Topics Part VIII: Review Part IX: Appendixes Appendix A. Numeric Reference Tables Appendix B. CCNA 200-301, Volume 1 Exam Updates Always Get the Latest at the Book's Product Page Technical Content Appendix C. Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Glossary Index Part X: Online Appendixes Appendix D. Practice for Chapter 12: Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks Practice Problems Answers Appendix E. Practice for Chapter 13: Analyzing Subnet Masks Mask Conversion Problems Answers to Mask Conversion Problems Mask Analysis Problems Answers to Mask Analysis Problems Appendix F. Practice for Chapter 14: Analyzing Existing Subnets Practice Problems Answers Appendix G. Practice for Chapter 22: Fundamentals of IP Version 6 Address Abbreviating and Expanding Problems Calculating the IPv6 Prefix Problems Answers to Address Abbreviating and Expanding Problems Answers to Calculating IPv6 Prefix Problems Appendix H. Practice for Chapter 24: Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers EUI-64 and Solicited Node Multicast Problems Answers to EUI-64 and Solicited Node Multicast Problems Appendix I. Study Planner Appendix J. Topics from Previous Editions IPv4 Address Types Bandwidth and Clock Rate on Serial Interfaces Using traceroute to Isolate the Problem to Two Routers Troubleshooting Static IPv6 Routes Default Routes with SLAAC on Router Interfaces Appendix K. Analyzing Ethernet LAN Designs Foundation Topics Analyzing Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains Analyzing Campus LAN Topologies Analyzing LAN Physical Standard Choices Appendix L. Subnet Design Foundation Topics Choosing the Mask(s) to Meet Requirements Finding All Subnet IDs Answers to Earlier Practice Problems Answers to Practice Choosing Subnet Masks Answers to Practice Finding All Subnet IDs Appendix M. Practice for Appendix L: Subnet Design Mask Design Practice Problems Mask Design Answers Practice Finding All Subnet IDs Appendix N. Variable-Length Subnet Masks Foundation Topics VLSM Concepts and Configuration Finding VLSM Overlaps Adding a New Subnet to an Existing VLSM Design Answers to Earlier Practice Problems Answers to Practice Finding VLSM Overlaps Appendix O. Spanning Tree Protocol Implementation Foundation Topics Implementing STP Implementing Optional STP Features Implementing RSTP Command References Appendix P. LAN Troubleshooting Foundation Topics Troubleshooting STP Troubleshooting Layer 2 EtherChannel Analyzing the Switch Data Plane Forwarding Troubleshooting VLANs and VLAN Trunks Appendix Q. Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Protocols Foundation Topics Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol Neighbor Relationships Command References Appendix R. Exam Topics Cross Reference CCNA 200-301 Exam Topic Order Book Chapter Order Versus CCNA 200-301 Exam Topics Where are the companion content files? - Login Where are the companion content files? - Register Code Snippets i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv xv xvi xvii xviii xix xx xxi xxii xxiii xxiv xxv xxvi xxvii xxviii xxix xxx xxxi xxxii xxxiii xxxiv xxxv xxxvi xxxvii xxxviii xxxix xl xli xlii xliii xliv xlv xlvi xlvii xlviii xlix l li lii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 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Click the link to view the print-fidelity code image. To return to the previous page viewed, click the Back button on your device or app. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 Wendell Odom, CCIE No. 1624 Emeritus Cisco Press 221 River St. (3D11C) Hoboken, NJ 07030 CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 Wendell Odom Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. Published by: Cisco Press All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. ScoutAutomatedPrintCode Library of Congress Control Number: 2019908180 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-579273-5 ISBN-10: 0-13-579273-8 Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the Cisco CCNA 200-301 exam. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information is provided on an "as is" basis. The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc. shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it. The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc. Trademark Acknowledgments All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc., cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. 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If you have any comments regarding how we could improve the quality of this book, or otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us through email at firstname.lastname@example.com. Please make sure to include the book title and ISBN in your message. We greatly appreciate your assistance. Editor-in-Chief: Mark Taub Business Operation Manager, Cisco Press: Ronald Fligge Director ITP Product Management: Brett Bartow Managing Editor: Sandra Schroeder Development Editor: Christopher Cleveland Senior Project Editor: Tonya Simpson Copy Editor: Chuck Hutchinson Technical Editor: Elan Beer Editorial Assistant: Cindy Teeters Cover Designer: Chuti Prasertsith Composition: Tricia Bronkella Indexer: Ken Johnson Proofreader: Debbie Williams __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems. Inc. San Jose. CA Asia Pacific Headquarters Cisco Systems (USA) Pte. Ltd. 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(0812R) About the Author Wendell Odom, CCIE No. 1624 Emeritus, has been in the networking industry since 1981. He has worked as a network engineer, consultant, systems engineer, instructor, and course developer; he currently works writing and creating certification study tools. This book is his 28th edition of some product for Pearson, and he is the author of all editions of the CCNA Cert Guides about Routing and Switching from Cisco Press. He has written books about topics from networking basics, certification guides throughout the years for CCENT, CCNA R&S, CCNA DC, CCNP ROUTE, CCNP QoS, and CCIE R&S. He maintains study tools, links to his blogs, and other resources at www.certskills.com. About the Contributing Author David Hucaby, CCIE No. 4594, CWNE No. 292, is a network engineer for University of Kentucky Healthcare. He has been authoring Cisco Press titles for 20 years, with a focus on wireless and LAN switching topics. David has bachelor of science and master of science degrees in electrical engineering. He lives in Kentucky with his wife, Marci, and two daughters. About the Technical Reviewer Elan Beer, CCIE No. 1837, is a senior consultant and Cisco instructor specializing in data center architecture and multiprotocol network design. For the past 27 years, Elan has designed networks and trained thousands of industry experts in data center architecture, routing, and switching. Elan has been instrumental in large-scale professional service efforts designing and troubleshooting internetworks, performing data center and network audits, and assisting clients with their short- and long-term design objectives. Elan has a global perspective of network architectures via his international clientele. Elan has used his expertise to design and troubleshoot data centers and internetworks in Malaysia, North America, Europe, Australia, Africa, China, and the Middle East. Most recently, Elan has been focused on data center design, configuration, and troubleshooting as well as service provider technologies. In 1993, Elan was among the first to obtain the Cisco Certified System Instructor (CCSI) certification, and in 1996, he was among the first to attain the Cisco System highest technical certification, the Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert. Since then, Elan has been involved in numerous large-scale data center and telecommunications networking projects worldwide. Acknowledgments Brett Bartow and I have been a team for a few decades. His support and wisdom have been a big help through what is the most significant change to the Cisco CCNA and CCNP certifications since their beginnings back in 1998. He's always a great partner on working through big picture direction as well as features to make the books the best they can be for our readers. Once again he's the starting point of the team! (And one of the things he does is gather the rest of the team that you see below…) I don't mean this to sound too melodramatic, but I am too psyched: I got Dave Hucaby to join my team as a coauthor for this edition of the book! Dave's been writing about LAN switching, wireless LANs, and security topics for Cisco Press almost as long as I have, and I've always loved the accuracy and style of his books. Cisco added more than a little wireless LAN content to CCNA this time around. One thing led to another, I wondered if Dave might be willing to join in, and now we get Dave on the wireless chapters! I hope you'll enjoy those chapters as much as I did when preparing the book. Chris Cleveland did the development editing for the very first Cisco Press exam certification guide way back in 1998, and he still can't seem to get away from us! Seriously, when Brett and I first discuss any new book, the first question is whether Chris has time to develop the book. It's always a pleasure working with you, Chris, for what seems like the 20th time or so by now. The second question for Brett when starting a new book is whether we might be able to get Elan Beer to do the tech editing. Elan has the right wiring, skills, and experience to do a great job for us with all aspects of the tech editing process. Fantastic job as usual; thanks, Elan. Sometimes, with a short book timeline as with this book, I don't know who's working on the project for the production group until I've written these notes, but I heard Sandra's and Tonya's names early this time. Knowing they would be on the project again really did give me a chance to exhale, and I have to say that knowing they would be on the project gave me a great sense of calm going into the production phase of the book. Thanks to Sandra Schroeder, Tonya Simpson, and all the production team for making the magic happen. Not to sound too much like a broken record, but getting to work with familiar people who have been a great help in the past really does help reduce the stress when writing, besides getting the highest-quality product out the door in print and e-book forms. From fixing all my grammar and passive-voice sentences to pulling the design and layout together, they do it all; thanks for putting it all together and making it look easy. And Tonya got to juggle two books of mine at the same time (again)—thanks for managing the whole production process again. Mike Tanamachi, illustrator and mind reader, did a great job on the figures again. I use a different process with the figures than most authors, with Mike drawing new figures as soon as I outline a new section or chapter. It means more edits when I change my mind and lots of mind reading of what Wendell really wanted versus what I drew poorly on my iPad. Mike came through again with some beautiful finished products. I could not have made the timeline for this book without Chris Burns of Certskills Professional. Chris owns much of the PTP question support and administration process, works on the labs we put on my blog, and then catches anything I need to toss over my shoulder so I can focus on the books. Chris, you are the man! A special thank you to you readers who write in with suggestions and possible errors, and especially those of you who post online at the Cisco Learning Network and at my blog (blog.certskills.com). Without question, the comments I receive directly and overhear by participating at CLN made this edition a better book. Thanks to my wonderful wife, Kris, who helps make this sometimes challenging work lifestyle a breeze. I love walking this journey with you, doll. Thanks to my daughter Hannah, launching to college just as this book releases! And thanks to Jesus Christ, Lord of everything in my life. Contents at a Glance Introduction Your Study Plan Part I Introduction to Networking Chapter 1 Introduction to TCP/IP Networking Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs Chapter 3 Fundamentals of WANs and IP Routing Part I Review Part II Implementing Ethernet LANs Chapter 4 Using the Command-Line Interface Chapter 5 Analyzing Ethernet LAN Switching Chapter 6 Configuring Basic Switch Management Chapter 7 Configuring and Verifying Switch Interfaces Part II Review Part III Implementing VLANs and STP Chapter 8 Implementing Ethernet Virtual LANs Chapter 9 Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts Chapter 10 RSTP and EtherChannel Configuration Part III Review Part IV IPv4 Addressing Chapter 11 Perspectives on IPv4 Subnetting Chapter 12 Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks Chapter 13 Analyzing Subnet Masks Chapter 14 Analyzing Existing Subnets Part IV Review Part V IPv4 Routing Chapter 15 Operating Cisco Routers Chapter 16 Configuring IPv4 Addresses and Static Routes Chapter 17 IP Routing in the LAN Chapter 18 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part V Review Part VI OSPF Chapter 19 Understanding OSPF Concepts Chapter 20 Implementing OSPF Chapter 21 OSPF Network Types and Neighbors Part VI Review Part VII IP Version 6 Chapter 22 Fundamentals of IP Version 6 Chapter 23 IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting Chapter 24 Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers Chapter 25 Implementing IPv6 Routing Part VII Review Part VIII Wireless LANs Chapter 26 Fundamentals of Wireless Networks Chapter 27 Analyzing Cisco Wireless Architectures Chapter 28 Securing Wireless Networks Chapter 29 Building a Wireless LAN Part VIII Review Part IX Appendixes Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables Appendix B CCNA 200-301, Volume 1 Exam Updates Appendix C Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes Glossary Index Online Appendixes Appendix D Practice for Chapter 12: Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks Appendix E Practice for Chapter 13: Analyzing Subnet Masks Appendix F Practice for Chapter 14: Analyzing Existing Subnets Appendix G Practice for Chapter 22: Fundamentals of IP Version Appendix H Practice for Chapter 24: Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers Appendix I Study Planner Appendix J Topics from Previous Editions Appendix K Analyzing Ethernet LAN Designs Appendix L Subnet Design Appendix M Practice for Appendix L: Subnet Design Appendix N Variable-Length Subnet Masks Appendix O Spanning Tree Protocol Implementation Appendix P LAN Troubleshooting Appendix Q Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Protocols Appendix R Exam Topics Cross Reference Contents Introduction Your Study Plan A Brief Perspective on Cisco Certification Exams Five Study Plan Steps Step 1: Think in Terms of Parts and Chapters Step 2: Build Your Study Habits Around the Chapter Step 3: Use Book Parts for Major Milestones Step 4: Use Volume 2's Final Review Chapter Step 5: Set Goals and Track Your Progress Things to Do Before Starting the First Chapter Bookmark the Companion Website Bookmark/Install Pearson Test Prep Understand This Book's PTP Databases and Modes Practice Viewing Per-Chapter DIKTA Questions Practice Viewing Per-Part Review Questions Join the Cisco Learning Network CCNA Study Group Getting Started: Now Part I Introduction to Networking Chapter 1 Introduction to TCP/IP Networking "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Perspectives on Networking TCP/IP Networking Model History Leading to TCP/IP Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model TCP/IP Application Layer HTTP Overview HTTP Protocol Mechanisms TCP/IP Transport Layer TCP Error Recovery Basics Same-Layer and Adjacent-Layer Interactions TCP/IP Network Layer Internet Protocol and the Postal Service Internet Protocol Addressing Basics IP Routing Basics TCP/IP Data-Link and Physical Layers Data Encapsulation Terminology Names of TCP/IP Messages OSI Networking Model and Terminology Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Layer Names and Numbers OSI Data Encapsulation Terminology Chapter Review Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics An Overview of LANs Typical SOHO LANs Typical Enterprise LANs The Variety of Ethernet Physical Layer Standards Consistent Behavior over All Links Using the Ethernet Data-Link Layer Building Physical Ethernet LANs with UTP Transmitting Data Using Twisted Pairs Breaking Down a UTP Ethernet Link UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T Straight-Through Cable Pinout Choosing the Right Cable Pinouts UTP Cabling Pinouts for 1000BASE-T Building Physical Ethernet LANs with Fiber Fiber Cabling Transmission Concepts Using Fiber with Ethernet Sending Data in Ethernet Networks Ethernet Data-Link Protocols Ethernet Addressing Identifying Network Layer Protocols with the Ethernet Type Field Error Detection with FCS Sending Ethernet Frames with Switches and Hubs Sending in Modern Ethernet LANs Using Full Duplex Using Half Duplex with LAN Hubs Chapter Review Chapter 3 Fundamentals of WANs and IP Routing "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Wide-Area Networks Leased-Line WANs Physical Details of Leased Lines HDLC Data-Link Details of Leased Lines How Routers Use a WAN Data Link Ethernet as a WAN Technology Ethernet WANs That Create a Layer 2 Service How Routers Route IP Packets Using Ethernet Emulation IP Routing Network Layer Routing (Forwarding) Logic Host Forwarding Logic: Send the Packet to the Default Router R1 and R2's Logic: Routing Data Across the Network R3's Logic: Delivering Data to the End Destination How Network Layer Routing Uses LANs and WANs How IP Addressing Helps IP Routing Rules for Groups of IP Addresses (Networks and Subnets) The IP Header How IP Routing Protocols Help IP Routing Other Network Layer Features Using Names and the Domain Name System The Address Resolution Protocol ICMP Echo and the ping Command Chapter Review Part I Review Part II Implementing Ethernet LANs Chapter 4 Using the Command-Line Interface "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Accessing the Cisco Catalyst Switch CLI Cisco Catalyst Switches Accessing the Cisco IOS CLI Cabling the Console Connection Accessing the CLI with Telnet and SSH User and Enable (Privileged) Modes Password Security for CLI Access from the Console CLI Help Features The debug and show Commands Configuring Cisco IOS Software Configuration Submodes and Contexts Storing Switch Configuration Files Copying and Erasing Configuration Files Chapter Review Chapter 5 Analyzing Ethernet LAN Switching "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics LAN Switching Concepts Overview of Switching Logic Forwarding Known Unicast Frames Learning MAC Addresses Flooding Unknown Unicast and Broadcast Frames Avoiding Loops Using Spanning Tree Protocol LAN Switching Summary Verifying and Analyzing Ethernet Switching Demonstrating MAC Learning Switch Interfaces Finding Entries in the MAC Address Table Managing the MAC Address Table (Aging, Clearing) MAC Address Tables with Multiple Switches Chapter Review Chapter 6 Configuring Basic Switch Management "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Securing the Switch CLI Securing User Mode and Privileged Mode with Simple Passwords Securing User Mode Access with Local Usernames and Passwords Securing User Mode Access with External Authentication Servers Securing Remote Access with Secure Shell Enabling IPv4 for Remote Access Host and Switch IP Settings Configuring IPv4 on a Switch Configuring a Switch to Learn Its IP Address with DHCP Verifying IPv4 on a Switch Miscellaneous Settings Useful in the Lab History Buffer Commands The logging synchronous, exec-timeout, and no ip domain-lookup Commands Chapter Review Chapter 7 Configuring and Verifying Switch Interfaces "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Configuring Switch Interfaces Configuring Speed, Duplex, and Description Configuring Multiple Interfaces with the interface range Command Administratively Controlling Interface State with shutdown Removing Configuration with the no Command Autonegotiation Autonegotiation Under Working Conditions Autonegotiation Results When Only One Node Uses Autonegotiation Autonegotiation and LAN Hubs Analyzing Switch Interface Status and Statistics Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States Interface Speed and Duplex Issues Common Layer 1 Problems on Working Interfaces Chapter Review Part II Review Part III Implementing VLANs and STP Chapter 8 Implementing Ethernet Virtual LANs "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Virtual LAN Concepts Creating Multiswitch VLANs Using Trunking VLAN Tagging Concepts The 802.1Q and ISL VLAN Trunking Protocols Forwarding Data Between VLANs The Need for Routing Between VLANs Routing Packets Between VLANs with a Router VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration VLAN Trunking Protocol VLAN Trunking Configuration Implementing Interfaces Connected to Phones Data and Voice VLAN Concepts Data and Voice VLAN Configuration and Verification Summary: IP Telephony Ports on Switches Troubleshooting VLANs and VLAN Trunks Access VLANs Undefined or Disabled Mismatched Trunking Operational States The Supported VLAN List on Trunks Mismatched Native VLAN on a Trunk Chapter Review Chapter 9 Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics STP and RSTP Basics The Need for Spanning Tree What Spanning Tree Does How Spanning Tree Works The STP Bridge ID and Hello BPDU Electing the Root Switch Choosing Each Switch's Root Port Choosing the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment Configuring to Influence the STP Topology Details Specific to STP (and Not RSTP) STP Activity When the Network Remains Stable STP Timers That Manage STP Convergence Changing Interface States with STP Rapid STP Concepts Comparing STP and RSTP RSTP and the Alternate (Root) Port Role RSTP States and Processes RSTP and the Backup (Designated) Port Role RSTP Port Types Optional STP Features EtherChannel PortFast BPDU Guard Chapter Review Chapter 10 RSTP and EtherChannel Configuration "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Understanding RSTP Through Configuration The Need for Multiple Spanning Trees STP Modes and Standards The Bridge ID and System ID Extension How Switches Use the Priority and System ID Extension RSTP Methods to Support Multiple Spanning Trees Other RSTP Configuration Options Configuring Layer 2 EtherChannel Configuring a Manual Layer 2 EtherChannel Configuring Dynamic EtherChannels Physical Interface Configuration and EtherChannels EtherChannel Load Distribution Configuration Options for EtherChannel Load Distribution The Effects of the EtherChannel Load Distribution Algorithm Chapter Review Part III Review Part IV IPv4 Addressing Chapter 11 Perspectives on IPv4 Subnetting "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Introduction to Subnetting Subnetting Defined Through a Simple Example Operational View Versus Design View of Subnetting Analyze Subnetting and Addressing Needs Rules About Which Hosts Are in Which Subnet Determining the Number of Subnets Determining the Number of Hosts per Subnet One Size Subnet Fits All—Or Not Defining the Size of a Subnet One Size Subnet Fits All Multiple Subnet Sizes (Variable-Length Subnet Masks) One Mask for All Subnets, or More Than One Make Design Choices Choose a Classful Network Public IP Networks Growth Exhausts the Public IP Address Space Private IP Networks Choosing an IP Network During the Design Phase Choose the Mask Classful IP Networks Before Subnetting Borrowing Host Bits to Create Subnet Bits Choosing Enough Subnet and Host Bits Example Design: 172.16.0.0, 200 Subnets, 200 Hosts Masks and Mask Formats Build a List of All Subnets Plan the Implementation Assigning Subnets to Different Locations Choose Static and Dynamic Ranges per Subnet Chapter Review Chapter 12 Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Classful Network Concepts IPv4 Network Classes and Related Facts The Number and Size of the Class A, B, and C Networks Address Formats Default Masks Number of Hosts per Network Deriving the Network ID and Related Numbers Unusual Network IDs and Network Broadcast Addresses Practice with Classful Networks Practice Deriving Key Facts Based on an IP Address Practice Remembering the Details of Address Classes Chapter Review Chapter 13 Analyzing Subnet Masks "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Subnet Mask Conversion Three Mask Formats Converting Between Binary and Prefix Masks Converting Between Binary and DDN Masks Converting Between Prefix and DDN Masks Practice Converting Subnet Masks Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using Masks Masks Divide the Subnet's Addresses into Two Parts Masks and Class Divide Addresses into Three Parts Classless and Classful Addressing Calculations Based on the IPv4 Address Format Practice Analyzing Subnet Masks Chapter Review Chapter 14 Analyzing Existing Subnets "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Defining a Subnet An Example with Network 172.16.0.0 and Four Subnets Subnet ID Concepts Subnet Broadcast Address Range of Usable Addresses Analyzing Existing Subnets: Binary Finding the Subnet ID: Binary Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Binary Binary Practice Problems Shortcut for the Binary Process Brief Note About Boolean Math Finding the Range of Addresses Analyzing Existing Subnets: Decimal Analysis with Easy Masks Predictability in the Interesting Octet Finding the Subnet ID: Difficult Masks Resident Subnet Example 1 Resident Subnet Example 2 Resident Subnet Practice Problems Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Difficult Masks Subnet Broadcast Example 1 Subnet Broadcast Example 2 Subnet Broadcast Address Practice Problems Practice Analyzing Existing Subnets A Choice: Memorize or Calculate Chapter Review Part IV Review Part V IPv4 Routing Chapter 15 Operating Cisco Routers "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Installing Cisco Routers Installing Enterprise Routers Cisco Integrated Services Routers Physical Installation Installing SOHO Routers Enabling IPv4 Support on Cisco Router Interfaces Accessing the Router CLI Router Interfaces Interface Status Codes Router Interface IP Addresses Bandwidth and Clock Rate on Serial Interfaces Router Auxiliary Port Chapter Review Chapter 16 Configuring IPv4 Addresses and Static Routes "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics IP Routing IPv4 Routing Process Reference An Example of IP Routing Host Forwards the IP Packet to the Default Router (Gateway) Routing Step 1: Decide Whether to Process the Incoming Frame Routing Step 2: De-encapsulation of the IP Packet Routing Step 3: Choosing Where to Forward the Packet Routing Step 4: Encapsulating the Packet in a New Frame Routing Step 5: Transmitting the Frame Configuring IP Addresses and Connected Routes Connected Routes and the ip address Command The ARP Table on a Cisco Router Configuring Static Routes Static Network Routes Static Host Routes Floating Static Routes Static Default Routes Troubleshooting Static Routes Troubleshooting Incorrect Static Routes That Appear in the IP Routing Table The Static Route Does Not Appear in the IP Routing Table The Correct Static Route Appears but Works Poorly IP Forwarding with the Longest Prefix Match Using show ip route to Find the Best Route Using show ip route address to Find the Best Route Interpreting the IP Routing Table Chapter Review Chapter 17 IP Routing in the LAN "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics VLAN Routing with Router 802.1Q Trunks Configuring ROAS Verifying ROAS Troubleshooting ROAS VLAN Routing with Layer 3 Switch SVIs Configuring Routing Using Switch SVIs Verifying Routing with SVIs Troubleshooting Routing with SVIs VLAN Routing with Layer 3 Switch Routed Ports Implementing Routed Interfaces on Switches Implementing Layer 3 EtherChannels Troubleshooting Layer 3 EtherChannels Chapter Review Chapter 18 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Problem Isolation Using the ping Command Ping Command Basics Strategies and Results When Testing with the ping Command Testing Longer Routes from Near the Source of the Problem Using Extended Ping to Test the Reverse Route Testing LAN Neighbors with Standard Ping Testing LAN Neighbors with Extended Ping Testing WAN Neighbors with Standard Ping Using Ping with Names and with IP Addresses Problem Isolation Using the traceroute Command traceroute Basics How the traceroute Command Works Standard and Extended traceroute Telnet and SSH Common Reasons to Use the IOS Telnet and SSH Client IOS Telnet and SSH Examples Chapter Review Part V Review Part VI OSPF Chapter 19 Understanding OSPF Concepts "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Comparing Dynamic Routing Protocol Features Routing Protocol Functions Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols Comparing IGPs IGP Routing Protocol Algorithms Metrics Other IGP Comparisons Administrative Distance OSPF Concepts and Operation OSPF Overview Topology Information and LSAs Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes Becoming OSPF Neighbors The Basics of OSPF Neighbors Meeting Neighbors and Learning Their Router ID Exchanging the LSDB Between Neighbors Fully Exchanging LSAs with Neighbors Maintaining Neighbors and the LSDB Using Designated Routers on Ethernet Links Calculating the Best Routes with SPF OSPF Areas and LSAs OSPF Areas How Areas Reduce SPF Calculation Time (OSPFv2) Link-State Advertisements Router LSAs Build Most of the Intra-Area Topology Network LSAs Complete the Intra-Area Topology Chapter Review Chapter 20 Implementing OSPF "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Implementing Single-Area OSPFv2 OSPF Single-Area Configuration Wildcard Matching with the network Command Verifying OSPF Operation Verifying OSPF Configuration Configuring the OSPF Router ID Implementing Multiarea OSPF Using OSPFv2 Interface Subcommands OSPF Interface Configuration Example Verifying OSPF Interface Configuration Additional OSPFv2 Features OSPF Passive Interfaces OSPF Default Routes OSPF Metrics (Cost) Setting the Cost Directly Setting the Cost Based on Interface and Reference Bandwidth OSPF Load Balancing Chapter Review Chapter 21 OSPF Network Types and Neighbors "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics OSPF Network Types The OSPF Broadcast Network Type Verifying Operations with Network Type Broadcast Configuring to Influence the DR/BDR Election The OSPF Point-to-Point Network Type OSPF Neighbor Relationships OSPF Neighbor Requirements Issues That Prevent Neighbor Adjacencies Finding Area Mismatches Finding Duplicate OSPF Router IDs Finding OSPF Hello and Dead Timer Mismatches Shutting Down the OSPF Process Issues That Allow Adjacencies but Prevent IP Routes Mismatched MTU Settings Mismatched OSPF Network Types Chapter Review Part VI Review Part VII IP Version 6 Chapter 22 Fundamentals of IP Version 6 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Introduction to IPv6 The Historical Reasons for IPv6 The IPv6 Protocols IPv6 Routing IPv6 Routing Protocols IPv6 Addressing Formats and Conventions Representing Full (Unabbreviated) IPv6 Addresses Abbreviating and Expanding IPv6 Addresses Abbreviating IPv6 Addresses Expanding Abbreviated IPv6 Addresses Representing the Prefix Length of an Address Calculating the IPv6 Prefix (Subnet ID) Finding the IPv6 Prefix Working with More-Difficult IPv6 Prefix Lengths Chapter Review Chapter 23 IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Global Unicast Addressing Concepts Public and Private IPv6 Addresses The IPv6 Global Routing Prefix Address Ranges for Global Unicast Addresses IPv6 Subnetting Using Global Unicast Addresses Deciding Where IPv6 Subnets Are Needed The Mechanics of Subnetting IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses Listing the IPv6 Subnet Identifier List All IPv6 Subnets Assign Subnets to the Internetwork Topology Assigning Addresses to Hosts in a Subnet Unique Local Unicast Addresses Subnetting with Unique Local IPv6 Addresses The Need for Globally Unique Local Addresses Chapter Review Chapter 24 Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Implementing Unicast IPv6 Addresses on Routers Static Unicast Address Configuration Configuring the Full 128-Bit Address Enabling IPv6 Routing Verifying the IPv6 Address Configuration Generating a Unique Interface ID Using Modified EUI-64 Dynamic Unicast Address Configuration Special Addresses Used by Routers Link-Local Addresses Link-Local Address Concepts Creating Link-Local Addresses on Routers Routing IPv6 with Only Link-Local Addresses on an Interface IPv6 Multicast Addresses Reserved Multicast Addresses Multicast Address Scopes Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses Miscellaneous IPv6 Addresses Anycast Addresses IPv6 Addressing Configuration Summary Chapter Review Chapter 25 Implementing IPv6 Routing "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Connected and Local IPv6 Routes Rules for Connected and Local Routes Example of Connected IPv6 Routes Examples of Local IPv6 Routes Static IPv6 Routes Static Routes Using the Outgoing Interface Static Routes Using Next-Hop IPv6 Address Example Static Route with a Global Unicast Next-Hop Address Example Static Route with a Link-Local Next-Hop Address Static Routes over Ethernet Links Static Default Routes Static IPv6 Host Routes Floating Static IPv6 Routes Troubleshooting Static IPv6 Routes Troubleshooting Incorrect Static Routes That Appear in the IPv6 Routing Table The Static Route Does Not Appear in the IPv6 Routing Table The Neighbor Discovery Protocol Discovering Neighbor Link Addresses with NDP NS and NA Discovering Routers with NDP RS and RA Using SLAAC with NDP RS and RA Discovering Duplicate Addresses Using NDP NS and NA NDP Summary Chapter Review Part VII Review Part VIII Wireless LANs Chapter 26 Fundamentals of Wireless Networks "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Comparing Wired and Wireless Networks Wireless LAN Topologies Basic Service Set Distribution System Extended Service Set Independent Basic Service Set Other Wireless Topologies Repeater Workgroup Bridge Outdoor Bridge Mesh Network RF Overview Wireless Bands and Channels APs and Wireless Standards Chapter Review Chapter 27 Analyzing Cisco Wireless Architectures "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Autonomous AP Architecture Cloud-based AP Architecture Split-MAC Architectures Comparing Wireless LAN Controller Deployments Cisco AP Modes Chapter Review Chapter 28 Securing Wireless Networks "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Anatomy of a Secure Connection Authentication Message Privacy Message Integrity Wireless Client Authentication Methods Open Authentication WEP 802.1x/EAP LEAP EAP-FAST PEAP EAP-TLS Wireless Privacy and Integrity Methods TKIP CCMP GCMP WPA, WPA2, and WPA3 Chapter Review Chapter 29 Building a Wireless LAN "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Connecting a Cisco AP Accessing a Cisco WLC Connecting a Cisco WLC Using WLC Ports Using WLC Interfaces Configuring a WLAN Step 1. Configure a RADIUS Server Step 2. Create a Dynamic Interface Step 3. Create a New WLAN Configuring WLAN Security Configuring WLAN QoS Configuring Advanced WLAN Settings Finalizing WLAN Configuration Chapter Review Part VIII Review Part IX Appendixes Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables Appendix B CCNA 200-301, Volume 1 Exam Updates Appendix C Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes Glossary Index Online Appendixes Appendix D Practice for Chapter 12: Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks Appendix E Practice for Chapter 13: Analyzing Subnet Masks Appendix F Practice for Chapter 14: Analyzing Existing Subnets Appendix G Practice for Chapter 22: Fundamentals of IP Version Appendix H Practice for Chapter 24: Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers Appendix I Study Planner Appendix J Topics from Previous Editions Appendix K Analyzing Ethernet LAN Designs Appendix L Subnet Design Appendix M Practice for Appendix L: Subnet Design Appendix N Variable-Length Subnet Masks Appendix O Spanning Tree Protocol Implementation Appendix P LAN Troubleshooting Appendix Q Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Protocols Appendix R Exam Topics Cross Reference Reader Services To access additional content for this book, simply register your product. To start the registration process, go to www.ciscopress.com/register and log in or create an account*. Enter the product ISBN 9780135792735 and click Submit. After the process is complete, you will find any available bonus content under Registered Products. * Be sure to check the box that you would like to hear from us to receive exclusive discounts on future editions of this product. Icons Used in This Book Command Syntax Conventions The conventions used to present command syntax in this book are the same conventions used in the IOS Command Reference. The Command Reference describes these conventions as follows: Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown. In actual configuration examples and output (not general command syntax), boldface indicates commands that are manually input by the user (such as a show command). Italic indicates arguments for which you supply actual values. Vertical bars (|) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements. Square brackets ([ ]) indicate an optional element. Braces ({ }) indicate a required choice. Braces within brackets ([{ }]) indicate a required choice within an optional element. Introduction About Cisco Certifications and CCNA Congratulations! If you're reading far enough to look at this book's Introduction, you've probably already decided to go for your Cisco certification, and the CCNA certification is the one place to begin that journey. If you want to succeed as a technical person in the networking industry at all, you need to know Cisco. Cisco has a ridiculously high market share in the router and switch marketplace, with more than 80 percent market share in some markets. In many geographies and markets around the world, networking equals Cisco. If you want to be taken seriously as a network engineer, Cisco certification makes perfect sense. The first few pages of this Introduction explain the core features of Cisco's Career Certification program, of which the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) serves as the foundation for all the other certifications in the program. This section begins with a comparison of the old to the new certifications due to some huge program changes in 2019. It then gives the key features of CCNA, how to get it, and what's on the exam. The Big Changes to Cisco Certifications in 2019 Cisco announced sweeping changes to its career certification program around mid-year 2019. Because so many of you will have read and heard about the old versions of the CCNA certification, this intro begins with a few comparisons between the old and new CCNA as well as some of the other Cisco career certifications. First, consider Cisco's career certifications before 2019 as shown in Figure I-1. At that time, Cisco offered 10 separate CCNA certifications in different technology tracks. Cisco also had eight Professional-level (CCNP, or Cisco Certified Network Professional) certifications. Figure I-1 Old Cisco Certification Silo Concepts Why so many? Cisco began with one track—Routing and Switching—back in 1998. Over time, Cisco identified more and more technology areas that had grown to have enough content to justify another set of CCNA and CCNP certifications on those topics, so Cisco added more tracks. Many of those also grew to support expert level topics with CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert). In 2019, Cisco consolidated the tracks and moved the topics around quite a bit, as shown in Figure I-2. Figure I-2 New Cisco Certification Tracks and Structure All the tracks now begin with the content in the one remaining CCNA certification. For CCNP, you now have a choice of five technology areas for your next steps, as shown in Figure I-2. (Note that Cisco replaced "Routing and Switching" with the term "Enterprise.") Cisco made the following changes with the 2019 announcements: CCENT: Retired the only Entry-level certification (CCENT, or Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician), with no replacement. CCNA: Retired all the CCNA certifications except what was then known as "CCNA Routing and Switching," which became simply "CCNA." CCNP: Consolidated the Professional level (CCNP) certifications to five tracks, including merging CCNP Routing and Switching and CCNP Wireless into CCNP Enterprise. CCIE: Achieved better alignment with CCNP tracks through the consolidations. Cisco needed to move many of the individual exam topics from one exam to another because of the number of changes. For instance, Cisco retired nine CCNA certifications plus the CCDA (Design Associate) certification—but those technologies didn't disappear! Cisco just moved the topics around to different exams in different certifications. Consider wireless LANs as an example. The 2019 announcements retired both CCNA Wireless and CCNP Wireless as certifications. Some of the old CCNA Wireless topics landed in the new CCNA, while others landed in the two CCNP Enterprise exams about wireless LANs. For those of you who want to learn more about the transition, check out my blog (blog.certskills.com) and look for posts in the News category from around June 2019. Now on to the details about CCNA as it exists starting in 2019! How to Get Your CCNA Certification As you saw in Figure I-2, all career certification paths now begin with CCNA. So how do you get it? Today, you have one and only one option to achieve CCNA certification: Take and pass one exam: The Cisco 200-301 CCNA exam. To take the 200-301 exam, or any Cisco exam, you will use the services of Pearson VUE (vue.com). The process works something like this: Establish a login at https://home.pearsonvue.com/ (or use your existing login). Register for, schedule a time and place, and pay for the Cisco 200-301 exam, all from the VUE website. Take the exam at the VUE testing center. You will receive a notice of your score, and whether you passed, before you leave the testing center. Types of Questions on CCNA 200-301 Exam The Cisco CCNA and CCNP exams all follow the same general format, with these types of questions: Multiple-choice, single-answer Multiple-choice, multiple-answer Testlet (one scenario with multiple multiple-choice questions) Drag-and-drop Simulated lab (sim) Simlet Although the first four types of questions in the list should be somewhat familiar to you from other tests in school, the last two are more common to IT tests and Cisco exams in particular. Both use a network simulator to ask questions so that you control and use simulated Cisco devices. In particular: Sim questions: You see a network topology and lab scenario, and can access the devices. Your job is to fix a problem with the configuration. Simlet questions: This style combines sim and testlet question formats. As with a sim question, you see a network topology and lab scenario, and can access the devices. However, as with a testlet, you also see multiple multiple-choice questions. Instead of changing/fixing the configuration, you answer questions about the current state of the network. These two question styles with the simulator give Cisco the ability to test your configuration skills with sim questions, and your verification and troubleshooting skills with simlet questions. Before taking the test, learn the exam user interface by watching some videos Cisco provides about the exam user interface. To find the videos, just go to cisco.com and search for "Cisco Certification Exam Tutorial Videos." CCNA 200-301 Exam Content, Per Cisco Ever since I was in grade school, whenever the teacher announced that we were having a test soon, someone would always ask, "What's on the test?" We all want to know, and we all want to study what matters and avoid studying what doesn't matter. Cisco tells the world the topics on each of its exams. Cisco wants the public to know the variety of topics and get an idea about the kinds of knowledge and skills required for each topic for every Cisco certification exam. To find the details, go to www.cisco.com/go/certifications, look for the CCNA page, and navigate until you see the exam topics. This book also lists those same exam topics in several places. From one perspective, every chapter sets about to explain a small set of exam topics, so each chapter begins with the list of exam topics covered in that chapter. However, you might want to also see the exam topics in one place, so Appendix R, "Exam Topics Cross Reference," lists all the exam topics. You may want to download Appendix R in PDF form and keep it handy. The appendix lists the exam topics with two different cross references: A list of exam topics and the chapter(s) that covers each topic A list of chapters and the exam topics covered in each chapter Exam Topic Verbs and Depth Reading and understanding the exam topics, especially deciding the depth of skills required for each exam topic, require some thought. Each exam topic mentions the name of some technology, but it also lists a verb that implies the depth to which you must master the topic. The primary exam topics each list one or more verbs that describe the skill level required. For example, consider the following exam topic: Configure and verify IPv4 addressing and subnetting Note that this one exam topic has two verbs (configure and verify). Per this exam topic, you should be able to not only configure IPv4 addresses and subnets, but you should understand them well enough to verify that the configuration works. In contrast, the following exam topic asks you to describe a technology but does not ask you to configure it: Describe the purpose of first hop redundancy protocol The describe verb tells you to be ready to describe whatever a "first hop redundancy protocol" is. That exam topic also implies that you do not then need to be ready to configure or verify any first hop redundancy protocols (HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP). Finally, note that the configure and verify exam topics imply that you should be able to describe and explain and otherwise master the concepts so that you understand what you have configured. The earlier "Configure and verify IPv4 addressing and subnetting" does not mean that you should know how to type commands but have no clue as to what you configured. You must first master the conceptual exam topic verbs. The progression runs something like this: Describe, Identify, Explain, Compare/Contrast, Configure, Verify, Troubleshoot For instance, an exam topic that lists "compare and contrast" means that you should be able to describe, identify, and explain the technology. Also, an exam topic with "configure and verify" tells you to also be ready to describe, explain, and compare/contrast. The Context Surrounding the Exam Topics Take a moment to navigate to www.cisco.com/go/certifications and find the list of exam topics for the CCNA 200-301 exam. Did your eyes go straight to the list of exam topics? Or did you take the time to read the paragraphs above the exam topics first? That list of exam topics for the CCNA 200-301 exam includes a little over 50 primary exam topics and about 50 more secondary exam topics. The primary topics have those verbs as just discussed, which tell you something about the depth of skill required. The secondary topics list only the names of more technologies to know. However, the top of the web page that lists the exam topics also lists some important information that tells us some important facts about the exam topics. In particular, that leading text, found at the beginning of Cisco exam topic pages of most every exam, tells us The guidelines may change over time. The exam topics are general guidelines about what may be on the exam. The actual exam may include "other related topics." Interpreting these three facts in order, I would not expect to see a change to the published list of exam topics for the exam. I've been writing the Cisco Press CCNA Cert Guides since Cisco announced CCNA back in 1998, and I've never seen Cisco change the official exam topics in the middle of an exam—not even to fix typos. But the introductory words say that they might change the exam topics, so it's worth checking. As for the second item in the preceding list, even before you know what the acronyms mean, you can see that the exam topics give you a general but not detailed idea about each topic. The exam topics do not attempt to clarify every nook and cranny or to list every command and parameter; however, this book serves as a great tool in that it acts as a much more detailed interpretation of the exam topics. We examine every exam topic, and if we think a concept or command is possibly within an exam topic, we put it into the book. So, the exam topics give us general guidance, and these books give us much more detailed guidance. The third item in the list uses literal wording that runs something like this: "However, other related topics may also appear on any specific delivery of the exam." That one statement can be a bit jarring to test takers, but what does it really mean? Unpacking the statement, it says that such questions may appear on any one exam but may not; in other words, they don't set about to ask every test taker some questions that include concepts not mentioned in the exam topics. Second, the phrase "…other related topics…" emphasizes that any such questions would be related to some exam topic, rather than being far afield—a fact that helps us in how we respond to this particular program policy. For instance, the CCNA 200-301 exam includes configuring and verifying the OSPF routing protocol, but it does not mention the EIGRP routing protocol. I personally would be unsurprised to see an OSPF question that required a term or fact not specifically mentioned in the exam topics. I would be surprised to see one that (in my opinion) ventures far away from the OSPF features in the exam topics. Also, I would not expect to see a question about how to configure and verify EIGRP. And just as one final side point, note that Cisco does on occasion ask a test taker some unscored questions, and those may appear to be in this vein of questions from outside topics. When you sit down to take the exam, the small print mentions that you may see unscored questions and you won't know which ones are unscored. (These questions give Cisco a way to test possible new questions.) But some of these might be ones that fall into the "other related topics" category, but then not affect your score. You should prepare a little differently for any Cisco exam, in comparison to say an exam back in school, in light of Cisco's "other related questions" policy: Do not approach an exam topic with an "I'll learn the core concepts and ignore the edges" approach. Instead, approach each exam topic with a "pick up all the points I can" approach by mastering each exam topic, both in breadth and in depth. Go beyond each exam topic when practicing configuration and verification by taking a little extra time to look for additional show commands and configuration options, and make sure you understand as much of the show command output that you can. By mastering the known topics, and looking for places to go a little deeper, you will hopefully pick up the most points you can from questions about the exam topics. Then the extra practice you do with commands may happen to help you learn beyond the exam topics in a way that can help you pick up other points as well. CCNA 200-301 Exam Content, Per This Book When we created the Official Cert Guide content for the CCNA 200-301 exam, we considered a few options for how to package the content, and we landed on releasing a two-book set. Figure I-3 shows the setup of the content, with roughly 60 percent of the content in Volume 1 and the rest in Volume 2. Figure I-3 Two Books for CCNA 200-301 The two books together cover all the exam topics in the CCNA 200-301 exam. Each chapter in each book develops the concepts and commands related to an exam topic, with clear and detailed explanations, frequent figures, and many examples that build your understanding of how Cisco networks work. As for choosing what content to put into the books, note that we begin and finish with Cisco's exam topics, but with an eye toward predicting as many of the "other related topics" as we can. We start with the list of exam topics and apply a fair amount of experience, discussion, and other secret sauce to come up with an interpretation of what specific concepts and commands are worthy of being in the books or not. At the end of the writing process, the books should cover all the published exam topics, with additional depth and breadth that I choose based on the analysis of the exam. As we have done from the very first edition of the CCNA Official Cert Guide, we intend to cover each and every topic in depth. But as you would expect, we cannot predict every single fact on the exam given the nature of the exam policies, but we do our best to cover all known topics. Book Features This book includes many study features beyond the core explanations and examples in each chapter. This section acts as a reference to the various features in the book. Chapter Features and How to Use Each Chapter Each chapter of this book is a self-contained short course about one small topic area, organized for reading and study, as follows: "Do I Know This Already?" quizzes: Each chapter begins with a pre-chapter quiz. Foundation Topics: This is the heading for the core content section of the chapter. Chapter Review: This section includes a list of study tasks useful to help you remember concepts, connect ideas, and practice skills-based content in the chapter. Figure I-4 shows how each chapter uses these three key elements. You start with the DIKTA quiz. You can use the score to determine whether you already know a lot, or not so much, and determine how to approach reading the Foundation Topics (that is, the technology content in the chapter). When finished, use the Chapter Review tasks to start working on mastering your memory of the facts and skills with configuration, verification, and troubleshooting. Figure I-4 Three Primary Tasks for a First Pass Through Each Chapter In addition to these three main chapter features, each "Chapter Review" section uses a variety of other book features, including the following: Review Key Topics: Inside the "Foundation Topics" section, the Key Topic icon appears next to the most important items, for the purpose of later review and mastery. While all content matters, some is, of course, more important to learn, or needs more review to master, so these items are noted as key topics. The Chapter Review lists the key topics in a table; scan the chapter for these items to review them. Or review the key topics interactively using the companion website. Complete Tables from Memory: Instead of just rereading an important table of information, you will find some tables have been turned into memory tables, an interactive exercise found on the companion website. Memory tables repeat the table, but with parts of the table removed. You can then fill in the table to exercise your memory, and click to check your work. Key Terms You Should Know: You do not need to be able to write a formal definition of all terms from scratch; however, you do need to understand each term well enough to understand exam questions and answers. The Chapter Review lists the key terminology from the chapter. Make sure you have a good understanding of each term and use the Glossary to cross-check your own mental definitions. You can also review key terms with the "Key Terms Flashcards" app on the companion website. Labs: Many exam topics use verbs such as configure and verify; all these refer to skills you should practice at the user interface (CLI) of a router or switch. The Chapter and Part Reviews refer you to these other tools. The upcoming section titled "About Building Hands-On Skills" discusses your options. Command References: Some book chapters cover a large number of router and switch commands. The Chapter Review includes reference tables for the commands used in that chapter, along with an explanation. Use these tables for reference, but also use them for study. Just cover one column of the table, and see how much you can remember and complete mentally. Review DIKTA Questions: Although you have already seen the DIKTA questions from the chapters, re-answering those questions can prove a useful way to review facts. The Part Review suggests that you repeat the DIKTA questions but using the Pearson Test Prep (PTP) exam. Subnetting Exercises: Chapters 12, 13, 14, 22, and 24 ask you to perform some math processes related to either IPv4 or IPv6 addressing. The Chapter Review asks you to do additional practice problems. The problems can be found in Appendices D through H, in PDF form, on the companion website. The website also includes interactive versions of most of the exercises from those appendices. Part Features and How to Use the Part Review The book organizes the chapters into parts for the purpose of helping you study for the exam. Each part groups a small number of related chapters together. Then the study process (described just before Chapter 1) suggests that you pause after each part to do a review of all chapters in the part. Figure I-5 lists the titles of the eight parts and the chapters in those parts (by chapter number) for this book. Figure I-5 The Book Parts (by Title), and Chapter Numbers in Each Part The Part Review that ends each part acts as a tool to help you with spaced review sessions. Spaced reviews—that is, reviewing content several times over the course of your study—help improve retention. The Part Review activities include many of the same kinds of activities seen in the Chapter Review. Avoid skipping the Part Review, and take the time to do the review; it will help you in the long run. The Companion Website for Online Content Review We created an electronic version of every Chapter and Part Review task that could be improved though an interactive version of the tool. For instance, you can take a "Do I Know This Already?" quiz by reading the pages of the book, but you can also use our testing software. As another example, when you want to review the key topics from a chapter, you can find all those in electronic form as well. All the electronic review elements, as well as other electronic components of the book, exist on this book's companion website. The companion website gives you a big advantage: you can do most of your Chapter and Part Review work from anywhere using the interactive tools on the site. The advantages include Easier to use: Instead of having to print out copies of the appendixes and do the work on paper, you can use these new apps, which provide you with an easy-to-use, interactive experience that you can easily run over and over. Convenient: When you have a spare 5–10 minutes, go to the book's website and review content from one of your recently finished chapters. Untethered from the book: You can access your review activities from anywhere—no need to have the book with you. Good for tactile learners: Sometimes looking at a static page after reading a chapter lets your mind wander. Tactile learners might do better by at least typing answers into an app, or clicking inside an app to navigate, to help keep you focused on the activity. The interactive Chapter Review elements should improve your chances of passing as well. Our in-depth reader surveys over the years show that those who do the Chapter and Part Reviews learn more. Those who use the interactive versions of the review elements also tend to do more of the Chapter and Part Review work. So take advantage of the tools and maybe you will be more successful as well. Table I-1 summarizes these interactive applications and the traditional book features that cover the same content. Table I-1 Book Features with Both Traditional and App Options Feature Traditional App Key Topic Table with list; flip pages to find Key Topics Table app Config Checklist Just one of many types of key topics Config Checklist app Key Terms Listed in each "Chapter Review" section, with the Glossary in the back of the book Glossary Flash Cards app Subnetting Practice Appendixes D–H, with practice problems and answers A variety of apps, one per problem type The companion website also includes links to download, navigate, or stream for these types of content: Pearson Sim Lite Desktop App Pearson Test Prep (PT) Desktop App Pearson Test Prep (PT) Web App Videos as mentioned in book chapters How to Access the Companion Website To access the companion website, which gives you access to the electronic content with this book, start by establishing a login at www.ciscopress.com and register your book. To do so, simply go to www.ciscopress.com/register and enter the ISBN of the print book: 9780135792735. After you have registered your book, go to your account page and click the Registered Products tab. From there, click the Access Bonus Content link to get access to the book's companion website. Note that if you buy the Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test version of this book from Cisco Press, your book will automatically be registered on your account page. Simply go to your account page, click the Registered Products tab, and select Access Bonus Content to access the book's companion website. How to Access the Pearson Test Prep (PTP) App You have two options for installing and using the Pearson Test Prep application: a web app and a desktop app. To use the Pearson Test Prep application, start by finding the registration code that comes with the book. You can find the code in these ways: Print book: Look in the cardboard sleeve in the back of the book for a piece of paper with your book's unique PTP code. Premium Edition: If you purchase the Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test directly from the Cisco Press website, the code will be populated on your account page after purchase. Just log in at www.ciscopress.com, click account to see details of your account, and click the digital purchases tab. Amazon Kindle: For those who purchase a Kindle edition from Amazon, the access code will be supplied directly from Amazon. Other Bookseller E-books: Note that if you purchase an e-book version from any other source, the practice test is not included because other vendors to date have not chosen to vend the required unique access code. Note Do not lose the activation code because it is the only means with which you can access the QA content with the book. Once you have the access code, to find instructions about both the PTP web app and the desktop app, follow these steps: Step 1. Open this book's companion website, as was shown earlier in this Introduction under the heading "How to Access the Companion Website." Step 2. Click the Practice Exams button. Step 3. Follow the instructions listed there both for installing the desktop app and for using the web app. Note that if you want to use the web app only at this point, just navigate to www.pearsontestprep.com, establish a free login if you do not already have one, and register this book's practice tests using the registration code you just found. The process should take only a couple of minutes. Note Amazon eBook (Kindle) customers: It is easy to miss Amazon's email that lists your PTP access code. Soon after you purchase the Kindle eBook, Amazon should send an email. However, the email uses very generic text, and makes no specific mention of PTP or practice exams. To find your code, read every email from Amazon after you purchase the book. Also do the usual checks for ensuring your email arrives like checking your spam folder. Note Other eBook customers: As of the time of publication, only the publisher and Amazon supply PTP access codes when you purchase their eBook editions of this book. Feature Reference The following list provides an easy reference to get the basic idea behind each book feature: Practice exam: The book gives you the rights to the Pearson Test Prep (PTP) testing software, available as a web app and desktop app. Use the access code on a piece of cardboard in the sleeve in the back of the book, and use the companion website to download the desktop app or navigate to the web app (or just go to www.pearsontestprep.com). E-book: Pearson offers an e-book version of this book that includes extra practice tests. If interested, look for the special offer on a coupon card inserted in the sleeve in the back of the book. This offer enables you to purchase the CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1, Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test at a 70 percent discount off the list price. The product includes three versions of the e-book, PDF (for reading on your computer), EPUB (for reading on your tablet, mobile device, or Nook or other e-reader), and Mobi (the native Kindle version). It also includes additional practice test questions and enhanced practice test features. Subnetting videos: The companion website contains a series of videos that show you how to calculate various facts about IP addressing and subnetting (in particular, using the shortcuts described in this book). Mentoring videos: The companion website also includes a number of videos about other topics as mentioned in individual chapters. Subnetting practice apps: The companion website contains appendixes with a set of subnetting practice problems and answers. This is a great resource to practice building subnetting skills. You can also do these same practice problems with applications from the "Chapter and Part Review" section of the companion website. CCNA 200-301 Network Simulator Lite: This lite version of the best-selling CCNA Network Simulator from Pearson provides you with a means, right now, to experience the Cisco command-line interface (CLI). No need to go buy real gear or buy a full simulator to start learning the CLI. Just install it from the companion website. CCNA Simulator: If you are looking for more hands-on practice, you might want to consider purchasing the CCNA Network Simulator. You can purchase a copy of this software from Pearson at http://pearsonitcertification.com/networksimulator or other retail outlets. To help you with your studies, Pearson has created a mapping guide that maps each of the labs in the simulator to the specific sections in each volume of the CCNA Cert Guide. You can get this mapping guide free on the Extras tab on the book product page: www.ciscopress.com/title/9780135792735. PearsonITCertification.com: The website www.pearsonitcertification.com is a great resource for all things IT-certification related. Check out the great CCNA articles, videos, blogs, and other certification preparation tools from the industry's best authors and trainers. Author's website and blogs: The author maintains a website that hosts tools and links useful when studying for CCNA. In particular, the site has a large number of free lab exercises about CCNA content, additional sample questions, and other exercises. Additionally, the site indexes all content so you can study based on the book chapters and parts. To find it, navigate to blog.certskills.com. Book Organization, Chapters, and Appendixes This book contains 29 core chapters, with each chapter covering a subset of the topics on the CCNA exam. The book organizes the chapters into parts of three to five chapters. The core chapters cover the following topics: Part I: Introduction to Networking Chapter 1, "Introduction to TCP/IP Networking," introduces the central ideas and terms used by TCP/IP, and contrasts the TCP/IP networking model with the OSI model. Chapter 2, "Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs," introduces the concepts and terms used when building Ethernet LANs. Chapter 3, "Fundamentals of WANs and IP Routing," covers the basics of the data-link layer for WANs in the context of IP routing but emphasizes the main network layer protocol for TCP/IP. This chapter introduces the basics of IPv4, including IPv4 addressing and routing. Part II: Implementing Ethernet LANs Chapter 4, "Using the Command-Line Interface," explains how to access the text-based user interface of Cisco Catalyst LAN switches. Chapter 5, "Analyzing Ethernet LAN Switching," shows how to use the Cisco CLI to verify the current status of an Ethernet LAN and how it switches Ethernet frames. Chapter 6, "Configuring Basic Switch Management," explains how to configure Cisco switches for basic management features, such as remote access using Telnet and SSH. Chapter 7, "Configuring and Verifying Switch Interfaces," shows how to configure a variety of switch features that apply to interfaces, including duplex/speed. Part III: Implementing VLANs and STP Chapter 8, "Implementing Ethernet Virtual LANs," explains the concepts and configuration surrounding virtual LANs, including VLAN trunking. Chapter 9, "Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts," discusses the concepts behind IEEE Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), including Rapid STP (RSTP) and how they make some switch interfaces block frames to prevent frames from looping continuously around a redundant switched LAN. Chapter 10, "RSTP and EtherChannel Configuration," shows how to configure and verify RSTP and Layer 2 EtherChannels on Cisco switches. Part IV: IPv4 Addressing Chapter 11, "Perspectives on IPv4 Subnetting," walks you through the entire concept of subnetting, from starting with a Class A, B, or C network to a completed subnetting design as implemented in an enterprise IPv4 network. Chapter 12, "Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks," explains how IPv4 addresses originally fell into several classes, with unicast IP addresses being in Class A, B, and C. This chapter explores all things related to address classes and the IP network concept created by those classes. Chapter 13, "Analyzing Subnet Masks," shows how an engineer can analyze the key facts about a subnetting design based on the subnet mask. This chapter shows how to look at the mask and IP network to determine the size of each subnet and the number of subnets. Chapter 14, "Analyzing Existing Subnets," describes how most troubleshooting of IP connectivity problems starts with an IP address and mask. This chapter shows how to take those two facts and find key facts about the IP subnet in which that host resides. Part V: IPv4 Routing Chapter 15, "Operating Cisco Routers," is like Chapter 8, focusing on basic device management, but it focuses on routers instead of switches. Chapter 16, "Configuring IPv4 Addressing and Static Routes," discusses how to add IPv4 address configuration to router interfaces and how to configure static IPv4 routes. Chapter 17, "IP Routing in the LAN," shows how to configure and troubleshoot different methods of routing between VLANs, including Router-on-a-Stick (ROAS), Layer 3 switching with SVIs, Layer 3 switching with routed ports, and using Layer 3 EtherChannels. Chapter 18, "Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing," focuses on how to use two key troubleshooting tools to find routing problems: the ping and traceroute commands. Part VI: OSPF Chapter 19, "Understanding OSPF Concepts," introduces the fundamental operation of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol, focusing on link state fundamentals, neighbor relationships, flooding link state data, and calculating routes based on the lowest cost metric. Chapter 20, "Implementing OSPF," takes the concepts discussed in the previous chapter and shows how to configure and verify those same features. Chapter 21, "OSPF Network Types and Neighbors," takes the next steps in OSPF configuration and verification by looking in more depth at the concepts of how routers enable OSPF on interfaces, and the conditions that must be true before two routers will succeed in becoming OSPF neighbors. Part VII: IP Version 6 Chapter 22, "Fundamentals of IP Version 6," discusses the most basic concepts of IP version 6, focusing on the rules for writing and interpreting IPv6 addresses. Chapter 23, "IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting," works through the two branches of unicast IPv6 addresses—global unicast addresses and unique local addresses—that act somewhat like IPv4 public and private addresses, respectively. Chapter 24, "Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers," shows how to configure IPv6 routing and addresses on routers, while discussing a variety of special IPv6 addresses. Chapter 25, "Implementing IPv6 Routing," shows how to add static routes to an IPv6 router's routing table. Part VIII: Wireless LANs Chapter 26, "Fundamentals of Wireless Networks," introduces the foundational concepts of wireless 802.11 LANs, including wireless topologies and basic wireless radio communications protocols. Chapter 27, "Analyzing Cisco Wireless Architectures," turns your attention to the questions related to systematic and architectural issues surrounding how to build wireless LANs and explains the primary options available for use. Chapter 28, "Securing Wireless Networks," explains the unique security challenges that exist in a wireless LAN and the protocols and standards used to prevent different kinds of attacks. Chapter 29, "Building a Wireless LAN," shows how to configure and secure a wireless LAN using a Wireless LAN Controller (WLC). Part IX: Print Appendixes Appendix A, "Numeric Reference Tables," lists several tables of numeric information, including a binary-to-decimal conversion table and a list of powers of 2. Appendix B, "CCNA 200-301, Volume 1 Exam Updates," is a place for the author to add book content mid-edition. Always check online for the latest PDF version of this appendix; the appendix lists download instructions. Appendix C, "Answers to the 'Do I Know This Already?' Quizzes," includes the explanations to all the "Do I Know This Already" quizzes. The Glossary contains definitions for all the terms listed in the "Key Terms You Should Know" sections at the conclusion of the chapters. Part X: Online Appendixes Practice Appendixes The following appendixes are available in digital format from the companion website. These appendixes provide additional practice for several networking processes that use some math. Appendix D, "Practice for Chapter 12: Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks" Appendix E, "Practice for Chapter 13: Analyzing Subnet Masks" Appendix F, "Practice for Chapter 14: Analyzing Existing Subnets" Appendix G, "Practice for Chapter 22: Fundamentals of IP Version 6" Appendix H, "Practice for Chapter 24: Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers" Content from Previous Editions Although the publisher restarts numbering at edition "1" each time, the name of the related exam changes in a significant way. In function, this book is in effect part of the 9th edition of the CCNA Cert Guide materials from Cisco Press. From edition to edition, some readers over the years have asked that we keep some select chapters with the book. Keeping content that Cisco removed from the exam, but that may still be useful, can help the average reader as well as instructors who use the materials to teach courses with this book. The following appendices hold this edition's content from previous editions: Appendix J, "Topics from Previous Editions," is a collection of small topics from prior editions. None of the topics justify a complete appendix by themselves, so we collect the small topics into this single appendix. Appendix K, "Analyzing Ethernet LAN Designs," examines various ways to design Ethernet LANs, discussing the pros and cons, and explains common design terminology. Appendix L, "Subnet Design," takes a design approach to subnetting. This appendix begins with a classful IPv4 network and asks why a particular mask might be chosen, and if chosen, what subnet IDs exist. Appendix M, "Practice for Appendix L: Subnet Design" Appendix N, "Variable-Length Subnet Masks," moves away from the assumption of one subnet mask per network to multiple subnet masks per network, which makes subnetting math and processes much more challenging. This appendix explains those challenges. Appendix O, "Spanning Tree Protocol Implementation," shows how to configure and verify STP on Cisco switches. Appendix P, "LAN Troubleshooting," examines the most common LAN switching issues and how to discover those issues when troubleshooting a network. The appendix includes troubleshooting topics for STP/RSTP, Layer 2 EtherChannel, LAN switching, VLANs, and VLAN trunking. Appendix Q, "Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Protocols," walks through the most common problems with IPv4 routing protocols, while alternating between OSPF examples and EIGRP examples. Miscellaneous Appendixes Appendix I, "Study Planner," is a spreadsheet with major study milestones, where you can track your progress through your study. Appendix R, "Exam Topics Cross Reference," provides some tables to help you find where each exam objective is covered in the book. About Building Hands-On Skills You need skills in using Cisco routers and switches, specifically the Cisco command-line interface (CLI). The Cisco CLI is a text-based command-and-response user interface; you type a command, and the device (a router or switch) displays messages in response. To answer sim and simlet questions on the exams, you need to know a lot of commands, and you need to be able to navigate to the right place in the CLI to use those commands. This next section walks through the options of what is included in the book, with a brief description of lab options outside the book. Config Lab Exercises Some router and switch features require multiple configuration commands. Part of the skill you need to learn is to remember which configuration commands work together, which ones are required, and which ones are optional. So, the challenge level goes beyond just picking the right parameters on one command. You have to choose which commands to use, in which combination, typically on multiple devices. And getting good at that kind of task requires practice. Each Config Lab lists details about a straightforward lab exercise for which you should create a small set of configuration commands for a few devices. Each lab presents a sample lab topology, with some requirements, and you have to decide what to configure on each device. The answer then shows a sample configuration. Your job is to create the configuration and then check your answer versus the supplied answer. Config Lab content resides outside the book at the author's blog site (blog.certskills.com). You can navigate to the Config Lab in a couple of ways from the site, or just go directly to https://blog.certskills.com/category/hands-on/config-lab/ to reach a list of all Config Labs. Figure I-6 shows the logo that you will see with each Config Lab. Figure I-6 Config Lab Logo in the Author's Blogs These Config Labs have several benefits, including the following: Untethered and responsive: Do them from anywhere, from any web browser, from your phone or tablet, untethered from the book or DVD. Designed for idle moments: Each lab is designed as a 5- to 10-minute exercise if all you are doing is typing in a text editor or writing your answer on paper. Two outcomes, both good: Practice getting better and faster with basic configuration, or if you get lost, you have discovered a topic that you can now go back and reread to complete your knowledge. Either way, you are a step closer to being ready for the exam! Blog format: The format allows easy adds and changes by me and easy comments by you. Self-assessment: As part of final review, you should be able to do all the Config Labs, without help, and with confidence. Note that the blog organizes these Config Lab posts by book chapter, so you can easily use these at both Chapter Review and Part Review. See the "Your Study Plan" element that follows the Introduction for more details about those review sections. A Quick Start with Pearson Network Simulator Lite The decision of how to get hands-on skills can be a little scary at first. The good news: You have a free and simple first step to experience the CLI: install and use the Pearson Network Simulator Lite (or NetSim Lite) that comes with this book. This book comes with a lite version of the best-selling CCNA Network Simulator from Pearson, which provides you with a means, right now, to experience the Cisco CLI. No need to go buy real