text:
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error (3rd)
|579,024,000 (2016; 4th)
|Population density
|22.9/km2 (59.3/sq mi)[lower-alpha 1]
|GDP (nominal)
|$24.43 trillion (2019; 2nd)[1]
|$26.03 trillion (2019; 3rd)[2]
|GDP per capita
|$49,240 (2019; 2nd)[3]
|North American
|List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America
|23 non-sovereign territories
|Largest cities
List of urban areas:[4]
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.[5][6] It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.
North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa,[7] and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.[8] In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population, if nearby islands (most notably around the Caribbean) are included.
North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago (the beginning of the Archaic or Meso-Indian period). The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492, with the beginning of the transatlantic migrations—the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants.
Owing to Europe's colonization of the Americas, most North Americans speak European languages such as English, Spanish or French, and their states' cultures commonly reflect Western traditions.
Name Edit
- Main article: Naming of the Americas
The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann.[9] Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a world map, in which he placed the word "America" on the continent of South America, in the middle of what is today Brazil. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio:[10]
="la" xml:lang="la" >... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam</span> (from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus, thus America).
For Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespucci's name (Americus Vespucius), but in its feminine form "America", following the examples of "Europa", "Asia" and "Africa". Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent, In 1538, Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere.[11]
Some argue that because the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries (except in the case of royalty), the derivation from "Amerigo Vespucci" could be put in question.[12] In 1874, Thomas Belt proposed a derivation from the Amerrique mountains of Central America; the next year, Jules Marcou suggested that the name of the mountain range stemmed from indigenous American languages.[13] Marcou corresponded with Augustus Le Plongeon, who wrote: "The name AMERICA or AMERRIQUE in the Mayan language means, a country of perpetually strong wind, or the Land of the Wind, and ... the [suffixes] can mean ... a spirit that breathes, life itself."[11]
Extent Edit
The United Nations formally recognizes "North America" as comprising three areas: Northern America, Central America, and The Caribbean. This has been formally defined by the UN Statistics Division.[14][15][16]
"Northern America", as a term distinct from "North America", excludes Central America, which itself may or may not include Mexico (see Template:Slink). In the limited context of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the term covers Canada, the United States, and Mexico, which are the three signatories of that treaty.
France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, Greece, and the countries of Latin America use a six-continent model, with the Americas viewed as a single continent and North America designating a subcontinent comprising Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and often Greenland, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, and Bermuda.[17][18][19][20][21]
North America has been historically referred to by other names. Spanish North America (New Spain) was often referred to as Northern America, and this was the first official name given to Mexico.[22]
Geographically the North American continent has many regions and subregions. These include cultural, economic, and geographic regions. Economic regions included those formed by trade blocs, such as the North American Trade Agreement bloc and Central American Trade Agreement. Linguistically and culturally, the continent could be divided into Anglo-America and Latin America. Anglo-America includes most of Northern America, Belize, and Caribbean islands with English-speaking populations (though sub-national entities, such as Louisiana and Quebec, have large Francophone populations; in Quebec, French is the sole official language[23]).
The southern North American continent is composed of two regions. These are Central America and the Caribbean.[24][25] The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well. In contrast to the common definition of "North America", which encompasses the whole continent, the term "North America" is sometimes used to refer only to Mexico, Canada, the United States, and Greenland.[26][27][28][29][30]
The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America: the United States, Bermuda, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Canada and Greenland.[31][32] Although the term does not refer to a unified region,[33] Middle America—not to be confused with the Midwestern United States—groups the regions of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.[34]
The largest countries of the continent, Canada and the United States, also contain well-defined and recognized regions. In the case of Canada these are (from east to west) Atlantic Canada, Central Canada, Canadian Prairies, the British Columbia Coast, and Northern Canada. These regions also contain many subregions. In the case of the United States – and in accordance with the US Census Bureau definitions – these regions are: New England, Mid-Atlantic, South Atlantic States, East North Central States, West North Central States, East South Central States, West South Central States, Mountain States, and Pacific States. Regions shared between both nations included the Great Lakes Region. Megalopolises have formed between both nations in the case of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes Megaregion.
Script error
Countries, territories, and dependencies Edit
History Edit
- Main article: History of North America
Geologic history Edit
Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon.[42] The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton. From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras, North America was joined with the other modern-day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea, with Eurasia to its east. One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains, which formed some 480 million years ago, making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world. When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago, North America became part of Laurasia, before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period.[43] The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny, between 80 and 55 million years ago. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago,[44] and the Great Lakes (as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago.
North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods.[45] The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country.[45] According to paleontologist Peter Dodson, this is primarily due to stratigraphy, climate and geography, human resources, and history.[45] Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent.[45] The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur-bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States.[46]
Pre-Columbian Edit
- Main article: Pre-Columbian era
The indigenous peoples of the Americas have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its creation,[47] but there is no evidence that humans evolved there.[48] The specifics of the initial settlement of the Americas by ancient Asians are subject to ongoing research and discussion.[49] The traditional theory has been that hunters entered the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska from 27,000 to 14,000 years ago.[50][51][lower-alpha 8] A growing viewpoint is that the first American inhabitants sailed from Beringia some 13,000 years ago,[53] with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the Last Glacial Period, in what is known as the Late Glacial Maximum, around 12,500 years ago.[54] The oldest petroglyphs in North America date from 15,000 to 10,000 years before present.[55][lower-alpha 9] Genetic research and anthropology indicate additional waves of migration from Asia via the Bering Strait during the Early-Middle Holocene.[57][58][59]
Before contact with Europeans, the natives of North America were divided into many different polities, from small bands of a few families to large empires. They lived in several "culture areas", which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main way of life of the people who lived there (e.g., the bison hunters of the Great Plains, or the farmers of Mesoamerica). Native groups can also be classified by their language family (e.g., Athapascan or Uto-Aztecan). Peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture, nor were they always allies. Anthropologists think that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups, as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record, and their replacement by the Thule people.
During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent, cultures changed and shifted. One of the oldest yet discovered is the Clovis culture (c. 9550–9050 BCE) in modern New Mexico.[56] Later groups include the Mississippian culture and related Mound building cultures, found in the Mississippi river valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners. The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world, such as tomatoes, squash, and maize. As a result of the development of agriculture in the south, many other cultural advances were made there. The Mayans developed a writing system, built huge pyramids and temples, had a complex calendar, and developed the concept of zero around 400 CE.[60]
The earliest verifiable instance of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact by any European culture with the North America mainland has been dated to around 1000 CE.[61] The site, situated at the northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland, has provided unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement.[62]
The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish conquistadors arrived, but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire, whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico. The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés.[63]
Colonial period Edit
- Main article: European colonization of the Americas
During the Age of Discovery, Europeans explored and staked claims to various parts of North America. Upon their arrival in the "New World", the Native American population declined substantially, because of violent conflicts with the invaders and the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity.[64] Native culture changed drastically and their affiliation with political and cultural groups also changed. Several linguistic groups died out, and others changed quite quickly. The names and cultures that Europeans recorded were not necessarily the same as the names they had used a few generations before, or the ones in use today.
Britain, Spain, and France took over extensive territories in North America. In the late 18th and early 19th century, independence movements sprung up across the continent, leading to the founding of the modern countries in the area. The 13 British Colonies on the North Atlantic coast declared independence in 1776, becoming the United States of America. Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories controlled by Britain and France. New Spain, a territory that stretched from the modern-day southern US to Central America, declared independence in 1810, becoming the First Mexican Empire. In 1823 the former Captaincy General of Guatemala, then part of the Mexican Empire, became the first independent state in Central America, officially changing its name to the United Provinces of Central America.
Over three decades of work on the Panama Canal led to the connection of Atlantic and Pacific waters in 1913, physically making North America a separate continent.Template:Attribution needed
Geography Edit
- Main article: Geography of North America
North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, the Americas, or simply America (which, less commonly, is considered by some as a single continent[65][66][67] with North America a subcontinent).[68] North America's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Darian/ Isthmus of Panama. The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia-Panama border, placing almost all of Panama within North America.[69][70][71] Alternatively, some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point.[72] The Caribbean islands, or West Indies, are considered part of North America.[5] The continental coastline is long and irregular. The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent, followed by Hudson Bay. Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California.
Before the Central American isthmus formed, the region had been underwater. The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge, which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela.
There are numerous islands off the continent's coasts; principally, the Arctic Archipelago, the Bahamas, Turks & Caicos, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, the Aleutian Islands (some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper), the Alexander Archipelago, the many thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast, and Newfoundland. Greenland, a self-governing Danish island, and the world's largest, is on the same tectonic plate (the North American Plate) and is part of North America geographically. In a geologic sense, Bermuda is not part of the Americas, but an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago. The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. However, Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America, especially given its historical, political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent.
The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate. Parts of western Mexico, including Baja California, and of California, including the cities of San Diego, Los Angeles, and Santa Cruz, lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate, with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault. The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate, whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier.
The continent can be divided into four great regions (each of which contains many subregions): the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic; the geologically young, mountainous west, including the Rocky Mountains, the Great Basin, California and Alaska; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast; and the varied eastern region, which includes the Appalachian Mountains, the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard, and the Florida peninsula. Mexico, with its long plateaus and cordilleras, falls largely in the western region, although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf.
The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, with the Great Basin—a lower area containing smaller ranges and low-lying deserts—in between. The highest peak is Denali in Alaska.The United States Geographical Survey (USGS) states that the geographic center of North America is "6 miles [10 km] west of Balta, Pierce County, North Dakota" at about Script error
, about Template:Convert/mi from Rugby, North Dakota. The USGS further states that "No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States, the conterminous United States, or the North American continent." Nonetheless, there is a Template:Convert/LoffAoutDbSonTemplate:Convert/test/Aout field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located Template:Convert/kmScript error from the nearest coastline, between Allen and Kyle, South Dakota at Script error
Geology Edit
- Main article: Geology of North America
Canadian geology Edit
Geologically, Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world, with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era.[2] Canada's mineral resources are diverse and extensive.[2] Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, and uranium reserves. Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic,[3] making Canada one of the world's largest producers. Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals. The largest, and best known, is Sudbury, Ontario. Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater. The nearby, but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin. Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin, and so it could be a second metal-rich impact crater.[4] The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry.
United States geology Edit
The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces:
- The American cordillera
- The Canadian Shield[2] Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States.
- The stable platform
- The coastal plain
- The Appalachian orogenic belt
The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera, while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot.
<div class="thumb tnone" style="width: Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character "[".px; margin: 0 auto;">
Central American geology Edit
Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time. In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake, killing 23,000 people; Managua, the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972, the last one killing about 5,000 people; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador, one in 1986 and two in 2001; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009, killing at least 34 people; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed seven people in 2009.
Volcanic eruptions are common in the region. In 1968 the Arenal Volcano, in Costa Rica, erupted and killed 87 people. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas.
Central America has many mountain ranges; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, the Cordillera Isabelia, and the Cordillera de Talamanca. Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people; in fact, most of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica, and Guatemala live in valleys. Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee, beans, and other crops.
Climate Edit
North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle, and the Tropic of Cancer. Greenland, along with the Canadian Shield, is tundra with average temperatures ranging from Template:Convert/to, but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet. This tundra radiates throughout Canada, but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains (but still contains Alaska) and at the end of the Canadian Shield, near the Great Lakes. Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation Template:Convert/in.[5] Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean, with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from Template:Convert/to over the course of the year.[6]
Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota, and stretching down to Kansas, is the continental-humid climate featuring intense seasons, with a large amount of annual precipitation, with places like New York City averaging Template:Convert/in.[7] Starting at the southern border of the continental-humid climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico (whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas) is the subtropical climate. This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S. with annual precipitation reaching Template:Convert/in in Mobile, Alabama.[8] Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates, and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada, south to the southern tip of durango, north to the border with tundra climate, the steppe/desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S.[9] Highland climates cut from north to south of the continent, where subtropical or temperate climates occur just below the tropics, as in central Mexico and Guatemala. Tropical climates appear in the island regions and in the subcontinent's bottleneck. Usually of the savannah type, with rains and high temperatures constants the whole year. Found in countries and states bathed by the Caribbean Sea or to south of the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean.[10]
Ecology Edit
Script error
Notable North American fauna include the bison, black bear, prairie dog, turkey, pronghorn, raccoon, coyote and monarch butterfly.
Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco, maize, squash, tomato, sunflower, blueberry, avocado, cotton, chile pepper and vanilla.
Economically, Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent, followed by Mexico, a newly industrialized country.[11] The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human development. For example, small Caribbean island-nations, such as Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and Antigua and Barbuda, have a higher GDP (PPP) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations. Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations.[12] Additionally, despite Greenland's vast resources in oil and minerals, much of them remain untapped, and the island is economically dependent on fishing, tourism, and subsidies from Denmark. Nevertheless, the island is highly developed.[13]
Demographically, North America is ethnically diverse. Its three main groups are Caucasians, Mestizos and Blacks.[citation needed]
There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups.[citation needed]
Languages Edit
- Main article: Languages of North America
The dominant languages in North America are English, Spanish, and French. Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic, and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean. The term Anglo-America is used to refer to the anglophone countries of the Americas: namely Canada (where English and French are co-official) and the United States, but also sometimes Belize and parts of the tropics, especially the Commonwealth Caribbean. Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas (generally south of the United States) where the Romance languages, derived from Latin, of Spanish and Portuguese (but French speaking countries are not usually included) predominate: the other republics of Central America (but not always Belize), part of the Caribbean (not the Dutch-, English-, or French-speaking areas), Mexico, and most of South America (except Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana (France), and the Falkland Islands (UK)).
The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions. Canada is officially bilingual. French is the official language of the Province of Quebec, where 95% of the people speak it as either their first or second language, and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick. Other French-speaking locales include the Province of Ontario (the official language is English, but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco-Ontarians), the Province of Manitoba (co-official as de jure with English), the French West Indies and Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, as well as the US state of Louisiana, where French is also an official language. Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French. Similarly, French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English.
Religions Edit
- Main article: Religion in North America
Christianity is the largest religion in the United States, Canada and Mexico. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, 77% of the population considered themselves Christians.[14] Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America.[15] The United States has the largest Christian population in the world, with nearly 247 million Christians (70%), although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations.[16] Mexico has the world's second largest number of Catholics, surpassed only by Brazil.[17] A 2015 study estimates about 493,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in North America, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.[18]
According to the same study religiously unaffiliated (include agnostic and atheist) make up about 17% of the population of Canada and the United States.[19] No religion make up about 24% of the United States population, and 24% of Canada total population.[20]
Canada, the United States and Mexico host communities of both Jews (6 million or about 1.8%),[21] Buddhists (3.8 million or 1.1%)[22] and Muslims (3.4 million or 1.0%).[23] The biggest number of Jewish individuals can be found in the United States (5.4 million),[24] Canada (375,000)[25] and Mexico (67,476).[26] The United States host the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9%,[27][28] While Canada host about one million Muslim or 3.2% of the population.[29] While in Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in the country.[30] In 2012, U-T San Diego estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people, of whom 40% are living in Southern California.[31]
The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity (96%).[32] Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century, Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century. Since the 1960s, there has been an increase in other Christian groups, particularly Protestantism, as well as other religious organizations, and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion. Also Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean (85%).[32] Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism, Islam, Rastafari (in Jamaica), and Afro-American religions such as Santería and Vodou.
Populace Edit
<div class="thumb tright" style="width: Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character "[".px; ">
The most populous country in North America is the United States with 329.7 million persons. The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112.3 million.[33] Canada is the third most populous country with 37.0 million.[34] The majority of Caribbean island-nations have national populations under a million, though Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico (a territory of the United States), Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million.[35][36][37][38][39] Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size (2,166,000 km² or 836,300 mi²), and therefore, it has the world's lowest population density at 0.026 pop./km² (0.067 pop./mi²).[40]
While the United States, Canada, and Mexico maintain the largest populations, large city populations are not restricted to those nations. There are also large cities in the Caribbean. The largest cities in North America, by far, are Mexico City and New York. These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million, and two of three in the Americas. Next in size are Los Angeles, Toronto,[41] Chicago, Havana, Santo Domingo, and Montreal. Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States, such as those in Southern California and Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Atlanta, and Las Vegas, are experiencing rapid growth. These causes included warm temperatures, retirement of Baby Boomers, large industry, and the influx of immigrants. Cities near the United States border, particularly in Mexico, are also experiencing large amounts of growth. Most notable is Tijuana, a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia. Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America, they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages.[42]
Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States. These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area, Los Angeles metropolitan area, Chicago metropolitan area, and the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.[43] Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States, Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America: Greater Mexico City.[44] Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people.[45] The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada–United States border and Mexico–United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas. These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit–Windsor and San Diego–Tijuana and experience large commercial, economic, and cultural activity. The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight. In Detroit-Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US$13 billion was dependent on the Detroit–Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego-Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US$20 billion.[46][47]
North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas. In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions. These are the Arizona Sun Corridor, Cascadia, Florida, Front Range, Great Lakes Megaregion, Gulf Coast Megaregion, Northeast, Northern California, Piedmont Atlantic, Southern California, and the Texas Triangle.[48] Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions. These include the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, Golden Horseshoe – both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion – and megalopolis of Central Mexico. Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston-Washington, DC Corridor, or the Northeast, as the region is one massive contiguous area. Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region, being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000.[49]
The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013, based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico.
|Metro Area
|Mexico City
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error
|New York City
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error
|United States
|Los Angeles
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error
|United States
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error
|United States
|Dallas–Fort Worth
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error
|United States
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error
|United States
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error
|United States
|Washington, DC
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error
|United States
|Template loop detected: Template:Convert/km2Script error
|United States
†2011 Census figures.
Economy Edit
- Main article: Economy of North America
| GDP (PPP, peak year)
millions of USD
|Peak year
|United States
|Dominican Republic
|Template:Country data Guatemala
|Puerto Rico
|Template:Country data Panama
|Template:Country data Costa Rica
|Template:Country data El Salvador
| GDP (nominal, peak year)
millions of USD
|Peak year
|United States
|Puerto Rico
|Dominican Republic
|Template:Country data Guatemala
|Template:Country data Panama
|Template:Country data Costa Rica
|Trinidad and Tobago
North America's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to be $41,830, making it the richest continent in the world,[50] followed by Oceania.[51]
Canada, Mexico, and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems. The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world.[51] In 2016, the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product (PPP) of $57,466 according to the World Bank, and is the most technologically developed economy of the three.[52] The United States' services sector comprises 77% of the country's GDP (estimated in 2010), industry comprises 22% and agriculture comprises 1.2%.[51] The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole,[53][50] with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well.[50]
Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services, mining and manufacturing.[54] Canada's per capita GDP (PPP) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP (nominal) in 2014.[54] Canada's services sector comprises 78% of the country's GDP (estimated in 2010), industry comprises 20% and agriculture comprises 2%.[54] Mexico has a per capita GDP (PPP) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP (nominal) in the world.[55] Being a newly industrialized country,[11] Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations.[56] Its main sources of income are oil, industrial exports, manufactured goods, electronics, heavy industry, automobiles, construction, food, banking and financial services.[57]
The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas.[58] These areas are the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), and the Central American Common Market (CACM).[58] Of these trade blocs, the United States takes part in two. In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free trade relations, often between the larger, more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries.
The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) forms one of the four largest trade blocs in the world.[59] Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada, the United States and Mexico.[60] While Canada and the United States already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship – and to present day still do – in the world and Canada–United States trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs,[61] NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty-free trade. The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States-Mexico trade. Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010, surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all-time historical increase of 24.3% or US$791 billion.[62] The NAFTA trade bloc GDP (PPP) is the world's largest with US$17.617 trillion.[63] This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world's largest national economy; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010.[64] The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other's largest trade partners. The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico;[65] while Canada and Mexico are each other's third largest trade partners.[66][67]
The Caribbean trade bloc – CARICOM – came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations. As of 2000, CARICOM trade volume was US$96 billion. CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations. In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations (OTN) free trade agreements have been signed into effect.
Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation. Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) has left the future of the CACM unclear.[68] The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries, the Dominican Republic, and the United States. The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA. In addition to the United States, Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs. Currently under proposal, the Canada – Central American Free Trade Agreement (CA4) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does.
These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs. Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement with the EU. The United States has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union; the US-Middle East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself; and the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations, Australia, and New Zealand.
Transport Edit
- Main article: Transportation in North America
The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly Template:Convert/kmScript error in length which travels through the mainland nations. No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway, and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border. However, the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly Template:Convert/miScript error.
The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast. Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West, catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system.[69] Although an accomplishment, it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad system in the world. The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) had, by 1867, already accumulated more than Template:Convert/kmScript error of track by connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron, Michigan, through Sarnia, Ontario.
Communications Edit
A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories: the United States and its territories, Canada, Bermuda, and 17 Caribbean nations.
Culture Edit
Canada and the United States were both former British colonies. There is frequent cultural interplay between the United States and English-speaking Canada. Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous people of Canada but is considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark. Spanish-speaking North America shares a common past as former Spanish colonies. In Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Maya developed, indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries. Central American and Spanish-speaking Caribbean nations have historically had more in common due to geographical proximity.
Northern Mexico, particularly in the cities of Monterrey, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and Mexicali, is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the United States. Of the aforementioned cities, Monterrey has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico.[70] Immigration to the United States and Canada remains a significant attribute of many nations close to the southern border of the US. The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region, and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America in the Anglophone Caribbean. This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English-speaking Caribbean countries, and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home. Northern Mexico, the Western United States and Alberta, Canada share a cowboy culture.
Sports Edit
Canada, Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup. The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America, in order of average revenue.[71][72]
| Primary
| Revenue
US$ (bn)
| Average
|National Football League (NFL)
|American football
|United States
|Script error
|Major League Baseball (MLB)
| United States
|Script error
|National Basketball Association (NBA)
| United States
|Script error
|National Hockey League (NHL)
|Ice hockey
| United States
|Script error
|Liga MX
|Football (soccer)
|Script error
|Major League Soccer (MLS)
|Football (soccer)
| United States
|24[sn 1]
|Script error
|Canadian Football League (CFL)
|Canadian football
|Script error
- ↑ MLS plans to expand to 26 teams in 2020, and to 28 teams by 2022.
See also Edit
References Edit
- ↑ Garcia-Castellanos, D.; Lombardo, U. (2007). "Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth". Scottish Geographical Journal 123 (3): 227–233. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140629230429/http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos,%20Lombardo,%202007,%20SGJ.pdf.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Wallace, Stewart W. (1948). Geology Of Canada. The Encyclopedia of Canada. III. Toronto: University Associates of Canada. pp. 23–26. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100704145706/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/GeologyofCanada.htm. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ↑ "Digging for Diamonds 24/7 Under Frozen Snap Lake". Wired. https://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/16-12/ff_diamonds_sb. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ↑ "3-D Magnetic Imaging using Conjugate Gradients: Temagami anomaly". Archived from the original on 11 July 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090711184237/http://gdcinfo.agg.nrcan.gc.ca/app/3Dimaging/temagami_e.html. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
- ↑ University of Washington. "Cascades weather". University of Washington. http://cses.washington.edu/cig/pnwc/pnwc.shtml.
- ↑ SF to do. "Temperature of San Francisco". tourism. http://www.sftodo.com/sanfranciscoweather.html.
- ↑ Current Results. "Rainfall of NYC". Current Results. http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/New-York/average-yearly-precipitation.php.
- ↑ Andrea Thompson. "Top 10 wettest cities". livescience. http://www.livescience.com/1558-study-reveals-top-10-wettest-cities.html.
- ↑ Rita D. Haberlin (2015). "Climates Regions of North America". Peralta Colleges, Physical Geography. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151002103016/http://home.comcast.net/~rhaberlin/crpptnts.htm.
- ↑ "Facts and Information about the Continent of North America" (in en-US). Natural History on the Net. 7 July 2016. http://www.naturalhistoryonthenet.com/Continents/north_america.htm.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 David Waugh (2000). "Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)". Geography, An Integrated Approach (3rd ed.). Nelson Thornes Ltd.. pp. 563, 576–579, 633, and 640. ISBN 978-0-17-444706-1.
- ↑ "2010 Human development Report". United Nations Development Programme. pp. 148–151. Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101108160356/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
- ↑ "Independence on ice". The Economist. 21 January 2015. https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21640224-falling-crude-prices-are-forcing-greenland-put-plans-split-denmark-independence-ice.
- ↑ The Global Religious Landscape A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 Script error Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, p. 18
- ↑ Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population Script error Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, p. 15
- ↑ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. 12 May 2015. http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/.
- ↑ "The Largest Catholic Communities". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_romcath.html. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
- ↑ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR 11: 14. https://www.academia.edu/16338087. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ↑ "Religiously Unaffiliated". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ↑ "Religions in Canada—Census 2011". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. 8 May 2013. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA.
- ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape: Jews". pewforum. 18 December 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-jew/. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists". pewforum. 18 December 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape: Muslims". Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 18 December 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-muslim/. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "World Jewish Population, 2012". http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=2941.
- ↑ DellaPergola, Sergio (2013). "World Jewish Population, 2013". In Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira (PDF). Current Jewish Population Reports. Storrs, Connecticut: North American Jewish Data Bank. http://www.jewishdatabank.org/studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113.
- ↑ "Panorama de las religiones en México 2010" (in Spanish). INEGI. p. 3. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151021230003/http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2010/panora_religion/religiones_2010.pdf. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
- ↑ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 12 May 2015. http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ↑ "Demographics". http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/united-states. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
- ↑ "National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011". 8 May 2013. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Religion&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1.
- ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2010). "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 – Cuestionario básico". INEGI. http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/Default.aspx?c=27302&s=est. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
- ↑ Rowe, Peter (16 April 2012). "Dalai Lama facts and figures". U-T San Diego. http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/apr/16/all-about-dalai-lama. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Christianity in its Global Context". http://wwwgordonconwell.com/netcommunity/CSGCResources/ChristianityinitsGlobalContext.pdf. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ↑ "INEGI 2010 Census Statistics". inegi.org.mx. Archived from the original on 8 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110108101543/http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/comunicados/rpcpyv10.asp. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ↑ "Population estimates, quarterly". https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ↑ "Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2009" (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, República de Cuba. Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100716124826/http://www.one.cu/aec2009/esp/20080618_tabla_cuadro.htm. Retrieved 6 November 2010. Note: An exchange rate of 1 CUC to US$1.08 was used to convert GDP. [1]
- ↑ "Presidencia de la República; Generalidades" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071122172644/http://www.presidencia.gob.do/app/pre_nuestro_pais.aspx?id=372. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ↑ "The World Factbook: Haiti". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110226152654/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ↑ "2010 U.S. Census Data". 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120215083619/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/index.php. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ↑ "The World Factbook: Jamaica". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ↑ "Grønlands Statistik". http://www.stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=en&theme=Population&link=BE.
- ↑ "Toronto's population overtakes Chicago". Toronto Star. 5 March 2013. https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2013/03/05/torontos_population_overtakes_chicago.html.
- ↑ Cetron, Marvin J.; O'Toole, Thomas (April 1982). Encounters with the future: a forecast of life into the 21st century. Mcgraw-Hill. p. 34. ISBN 9780070103474. https://books.google.com/books?id=K_VGAAAAMAAJ.
- ↑ "Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico more information 2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data". 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 14 April 2011. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ↑ "The World Factbook: Mexico". Central Intelligence Agence. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- ↑ Statistics Canada (2006). "Toronto, Ontario (Census metropolitan area)". Census 2006. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150114131145/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=535__&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
- ↑ "Detroit/Windsor Border Update: Part I – Detroit River International Crossing Study". Detroit Regional Chamber. 2006. Archived from the original on 21 March 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060321130504/http://www.detroitchamber.com/detroiter/articles.asp?cid=7&detcid=531.
- ↑ "Chapter IV Planning for the Future: Urban & Regional Planning in the San Diego-Tijuana Region". International Community Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110723181848/http://www.icfdn.org/publications/blurredborders/documents/urbanch4.pdf. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ↑ Hagler, Yoav (2009). "Defining U.S. Megaregions." New York: Regional Plan Association.Template:Full citation needed
- ↑ Regional Plan Association (2008). America 2050: An Infrastructure Vision for 21st Century America. New York: Regional Plan Association.Template:Full citation needed
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 International Monetary Fund (October 2016). "List of North American countries by GDP per capita". World Economic Outlook. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170924205236/http://statisticstimes.com/economy/north-american-countries-by-gdp-per-capita.php. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 "United States, Economy". U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ↑ World Bank. "GDP per capita (current US$) – Data". World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?year_high_desc=true. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- ↑ International Monetary Fund (October 2016). "List of South American countries by GDP per capita". World Economic Outlook. International Monetary Fund. http://statisticstimes.com/economy/south-american-countries-by-gdp-per-capita.php. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 "Canada, Economy". U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2010". International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=9&sy=2009&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=273&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
- ↑ "Mexico, Economy". U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ↑ "Stratfor Global Market – Mexico". Stratfor. 30 August 2007. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120307204352/http://www.stratfor.com/global_market_brief_mexico_sees_decline_remittances. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 De la Torre, Miguel; Benavides, Benigno; Saldaña, José; Fernández, Jesús (2008). "Las profesiones en México: condiciones económicas, culturales y sociales" (in Spanish). Sociología y Profesión. Monterrey: Nuevo León Autonomous University (UANL). p. 116. ISBN 978-970-24-0051-6. "La economía de América del Norte se encuentra bien definida y estructurada en tres principales áreas económicas: el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), el CARICOM y el Mercado Común Centroamericano"
- ↑ "Regional Trade Blocs". University of California, Santa Cruz. http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/trade/subtheme_trade_blocs.php. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ↑ Script error
- ↑ Fergusson, Ian. "CRS Report for Congress: United States-Canada Trade and Economic Relationship – Prospects and Challenges". Congress Research Service. Archived from the original on 6 August 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060806171755/http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/RL33087.pdf. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ↑ "NAFTA Trade Volume Increases". Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110808161643/http://www.integrationpoint.com/globaltradenews/index.php/nafta-trade-volume-increases/.
- ↑ "2010 Report Countries by GDP (PPP)". International Monetary Fund. 14 September 2006. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=41&pr.y=16. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ↑ "BEA News Release: Gross Domestic Product" (PDF) (Press release). Bureau of Economic Analysis. https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/2011/pdf/gdp4q10_adv.pdf. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ↑ "United States Foreign Trade Highlights". United States of America Bureau of the Census. https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1012yr.html. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ↑ "Canadian Manufacturing Association". http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/general/increase-bilateral-trade-between-nafta-countries-cme-32091. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ↑ "Mexico Free Trade Agreements". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110623092721/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40784.pdf. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ↑ "Central American Community and Market". Pearson Education. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0811094.html. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ↑ "Ceremony at "Wedding of the Rails", May 10, 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah". 10 May 1869. http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11371/. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ↑ Emmot, Robert (1 June 2011). "Special report: If Monterrey falls Mexico falls – Reuters". Reuters.
- ↑ "The 'Big Five' in North American Pro Sports", FiveThrityEight, Nate Silver, 4 April 2014.
- ↑ "MLS vs the major leagues: can soccer compete when it comes to big business?", Guardian.com, 12 March 2014.
External links Edit
- Houghton Mifflin Company, "North America"
- Interactive SVG version of Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750–2008 animation
Template:North America topics Template:Countries of North America Template:Continents of the world Template:Regions of the world


text:
Events for January 26, 2020
Events Search and Views Navigation
1:00 pm
Drypoint Intaglio Printmaking
Printmaker Adrienne Lichliter will demonstrate how to use drypoint tools to create line-based intaglio prints. Intaglio is a type of printing where ink is wiped over a plate leaving ink in any indented or abraded surfaces. The ink is transferred to paper via a printing press. The result is repeatable black and white drawing, similar to an etching, but requires ...Find out more »

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Deodorant
AXE Signature Collection Champion Eau de Parfum$67.00
Whether it is a road trip with your friends, or a long-awaited trek to tick off from your bucket list, this Signature Champion perfume from Axe will keep you geared up and refreshed throughout the journey.
- Deodorant
Sprays Fragrant Body Spray Delicious For Women
Vini Cosmetics Private limited offers personal care and over-the-counter products. The company owns the brands Fogg, 18+ deodorants and white tone talc.


text:
Vanderbilt finishes off Michigan, claims second College World Series title in program history
The key moments of Wednesday night's College World Series finale between Michigan and Vanderbilt came in the bottom of the third inning and the top of the fourth inning.
In the third, the Commodores loaded the bases and scored three runs. In the top of the fourth inning, the Wolverines loaded the bases against Vandy RHP Mason Hickman, but failed to score.
For Vanderbilt, LF Stephen Scott delivered the big blow, driving this 2-RBI single up the middle to make the score 4-1 in favor of the Commodores:
Stephen Scott delivers a 2 RBI single and the 'Dores take a 4-1 lead in the third! #CWS | @VandyBoys pic.twitter.com/h3WzmP1Zzg
— NCAA Baseball (@NCAACWS) June 27, 2019
Those would prove to be the winning runs in Vanderbilt's 8-2 victory. Harrison Ray tacked on a run with this single in the bottom of the seventh inning to make the score 7-1 before Michigan scored once in the eighth inning:
Vandy adds some insurance to their lead! #CWS | @VandyBoys pic.twitter.com/npbqd04YKu
— NCAA Baseball (@NCAACWS) June 27, 2019
Catcher Philip Clarke finished off his 3-for-4 day at the plate in the bottom of the eighth by driving in a run on a single to make it 8-2 Commodores.
The Vanderbilt pitching staff also turned in a stellar performance. Mason Hickman started the game, going six innings and allowing one run on four hits while striking out 10. He then gave way to reliever Jake Eder, who tossed three innings while allowing one run and striking out three to finish off the game.
This is the first title for Vanderbilt since 2014, and only the second title in program history. The SEC's last baseball championship came in 2017, when Florida took home the trophy from Omaha.
With guys like Kumar Rocker and Austin Martin (among others) returning in 2020, the Commodores appear to be challengers to reach Omaha again next season.


text:
Brittany Saliano graduated from the University of Texas at Arlington with a bachelor's degree in Early Childhood Education. During her senior year at UTA, she was one of nine students selected to work as a full-time kindergarten assistant. Her certifications include Early Childhood through 4th grade and English as a Second Language.
This will be Mrs. Saliano's eleventh year in education, and her tenth year as a teacher. She has taught kindergarten all of those years, including six years at ACA. She has served on the District Advisory Committee, Site-Based Committee and the Hospitality Committee while at ACA. This is her fourth year serving as the Team Lead for kindergarten.
Mrs. Saliano has a 3-year-old son named Theo with her husband Matt. When not at school, Mrs. Saliano loves to spend time with her son and husband, eat interesting food with friends, read historical fiction, surf the internet, do various crafts, play with her two spoiled chihuahuas Kinsey and Cooper, and of course, go shopping!


text:
**THIS LOT CAN BE PURCHASED TOGETHER WITH LOT #1 FOR $20,000**Pilcher Place Subdivision is located on Pilcher Road less than two miles from Toledo Town in Louisiana on Toledo Bend Lake. All lots face existing Parish roads. Lot 2 is on Joy Ave and is .69 acre. Unrestricted and perfect for your mobile home or rv. The Property is served by Pendleton Water System, Suddenlink Cable, AT&T Phone Service, CLECO Electric and asphalt streets. All Lots are priced to sell at $17,000 each. Very close to Toledo Bend Lake and to Toledo Town, groceries and restaurants. Give us a call
You can click on the map to open Google Maps in a new tab for directions and more.
Sign up for our email newsletter to keep with the Toledo Bend Lake community. We promise no spam and a simple opt-out whenever you like.
"We recently listed with your website and I am amazed at the number of inquiries we have already had. Thank you very much for helping us get our name out there." Jeff K.
"We've had a rental listing for 1 year and almost 100% of our rentals have come through your site." Susan G.
"We've had tons of emails and rentals pending from the site. Keep up the good work." Jim C
"We've received at least 10 emails already from your site so I wanted to say thank you!" Brandie S.
"Our lake house sold! Thanks for the opportunity to post our home on your web site." Brenda R.
Flood Warning1:04 PM on 04/08 - 1:03 PM on 04/09
Slight Chance Thunderstorms
Hi: 86
Wednesday Night
Lo: 69
Chance Rain Showers
Hi: 78
Thursday Night
Lo: 57
Mostly Cloudy
Hi: 68
Friday Night
Slight Chance Rain Showers
Lo: 55
Rain Showers
Hi: 66
Saturday Night
Lo: 62
Extended Weather Forecast
Water Level on 4/8: 172.23
Water Level Details
FAIR. Water slightly stained; 65-66 degrees; 0.03' low. Largemouth bass are good with crankbaits, spinners, and jigs shallow and with cover. There are so many habitats to fish largemouth. Make sure to find extended cover spots. Striped bass are fair. White bass remain slow. Crappie are fair on minnows in structure. Channel and blue catfish are fair on stinkbait.
More Fishing Reports


text:
Call for info: (888) 716-3706
Last Updated: 20 hours ago
201 TrustBuilder Reviews in San Antonio, TX Area
111 Bass Ln, New Braunfels TX 78130
From $218,995 Why 'From' pricing?
New homes can be personalized to your needs and taste.
Builders pricing can vary greatly. Builders display base pricing because you have not selected your options and upgrades yet and some homes may indicate that the land cost is not included.
Exterior 1/4Previous Next
* Walk-in closet at master bedroom * Corner pantry * 6-ft. backyard privacy fence with sturdy gate * Landscaping package * ENERGY STAR® qualified homes certified by third-party inspector
Builder Community Sales Office
111 Bass Ln., New Braunfels, TX 78130
Please be aware that current conditions may impact hours of operation.
Legend Point - The Reserves
* Family friendly amenities include a children's playground, picnic pavilion, sparkling pool and walking trail * Highly rated New Braunfels ISD * Easy access to San Marcos, Seguin and San Antonio; close to charming and historic New Braunfels * Convenient to hospitals and major employers, including Walmart Distribution Center and Sysco® * Near recreation destinations like Schlitterbahn®, Landa Lake, the Comal and Guadalupe rivers, and Canyon Lake * Golf nearby at The Bandit Golf ClubVisit the website Free brochure
Actual schools may vary. Contact the builder for more information.
Get the latest San Antonio news and deals delivered weekly!
We will never share your email address.
Privacy policy


text:
Password Forgotten password?
The Windows 8.1 problem may have addressed many of the problems users had when delving into Microsoft's tile-filled operating system, but it seems it's also created a whole new batch of issues that are causing headaches for gamers in particular. Read More >>
© 2006 - 2011 Future Publishing Limited, Beauford Court 30 Monmouth Street Bath, UK BA1 2BW - England and Wales company registration number 2008885


text:
A brief history of Discover Soulmate Refuted
Many people need to know precisely every time they shall find actually enjoy. That knows, maybe you currently have the love that is optimal are usually all set to learn a soulmate within your relationship. So that you can find your overall love that is true, e-mail me personally at the moment, and I also may wish to utilize the psychic influence to spell out to you by which your genuine love is, and techniques to satisfy him or her! Needless to express, it really is absolutely absolutely nothing if you are actually throughout love. Without the need of understanding, adore cannot are found. Then take delight in and residing would be simple.
Life After Discover Soulmate
You should be specific to recognition just exactly exactly what it really is which you merely want, particularly in the function that you will be looking for the soulmate. You first need to comprehend precisely what that really signifies if you wish to discover your real guy. If you are excited about learning what are a soulmate, from then on you've achieve the proper place. What you would wish in a soulmate is just a person you may possibly talk about all of your thoughts with, at any time, which is an individual who will not probably judge an individual. You are in will need of a real latin women for marriage guy who can enable you to acknowledge your strength although you aren't a strong individual. As being a Leo, you ought to find your soulmate that is own within. Frequently you'd like to locate a soulmate to share with you the rest you will.
How to pick Discover Soulmate
Whenever choosing a mail purchase spouse, be sure that you choose some type of trustworthy plus a genuine watching website. Other people have the ability to the items they are not able to predict no matter whether you're likely to like it that they presume about a internet site, but. The site supplies signing that is free for enrolling. Numerous highly regarded internet sites that are dating exempt through the IMBRA needs along with aren't viewed as mail purchase bride items.
Becoming with the capacity of placed yourself in your lover's footwear is truly a quite crucial ability an person must certanly be able to get within an enchanting relationship in an effort such that it may be in a position to be effective when you look at the grand approach to details. List of positive actions is quite, actually rational. Don't neglect to offer complete focus on everything you desire. Looking for particular characteristics as opposed to an obscure concept like a soulmate enables you to be much more certain of what you will like.
Facts, Fiction and Discover Soulmate
Give attention to that which you will like in some body. And so the next thing to do should be to understand just what preventing you against seeking the perfect partner and what is stepping into the strategy of your respective perfect partnership visiting fruition. By needing on searching for a spouse that is ideal a lot of people mail purchase brides rates contain walked not even close to really great doable lovers.
Similarly it can benefit to know what sort of connection you're searching for, also , it can help to comprehend would you produce a perfect partner for you individually. Draw about three Tarot control cards to grasp anything you need to do to have the appropriate love for you. In any case, it is tough to focus on only one relationship when you must look at your inboxes on a few different the web sites daily. If you would like find a link or your subsequent date, there are numerous things which can be done. It really is vital just therefore you realize of anything you certainly desire, matter what that you just desiring on obtaining a relationship that is romantic. Therefore, a lasting love connection is never ever a simple procedure and really shouldn't ever anticipate that.


text:
First Name *
Last Name *
Email *
Company *
Phone *
Catalog number / Product name *
Quantity / Additional information *
By completing this form you are agreeing to receive email communication from Proteintech. Personal data submitted will be processed in accordance with applicable data protection regulations and Proteintech's privacy policy. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link at the bottom of every email we send. You can update or remove personal data by contacting Proteintech.


text:
Overview. A 709-50 has good strength to weight ratios and is conducive to bridge and support applications. The enhanced strength allows for thinner sections and yield the same support over heavier uses of mild steel.
Being one of the noted manufacturer, stockists and suppliers, weoffer A572 Carbon Steel Round Bar.Available at economical rates, the offered A572 Carbon Steel Round Bar are widely used in metallurgical, mechanical, electrical construction field, ships, military uses and automobile rear of products.We are a prominent name in manufacturing and supplying a wide range of A572 Carbon Steel Round , best 16mo3 chemical composition
Carbon A572 in Plate SPECIFICATIONS: Castle Metals stocks a wide range of Carbon A572 plate distributed globally from our distribution centers in North America, as well as in the U.K, France, Singapore, and Shanghai.
A709 Gr.50 can be supplied as steel plate/ sheet, round steel bar, steel tube/pipe, steel stripe, steel billet, steel ingot, steel wire rods. electroslag, forged ring/ block,etc. Join Supplier: [email protected]
A709 Gr.50W can be supplied as steel plate/ sheet, round steel bar, steel tube/pipe, steel stripe, steel billet, steel ingot, steel wire rods. electroslag, forged ring/ block,etc. Join Supplier: [email protected]
A 709 Gr.50W Weathering Steel Description. ASTM A709 Grade 50W equal grade are EN10155 :S355K2G1W,NFA 35-502E 36 WB 4 .A709 Grade 50W is the specification used for steel plate used in the manufacture of bridges. A 709 Gr50W Weathering Steel Delivery Conditions
Gangsteel is specialized in supplying ASTM A709 steel plate in A709 Grade 36.For more information of A709 Grade 36steel plates, please check them in following: Chemical composition % of the Product analysis of A709 Grade 36
Aesteiron Steels LLP - offering A709 Grade 50 Carbon Steel Round Bar, Material Grade: A345 in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Read about company and get contact details and address. | ID: 3728267855
ASTM A709GR.50 steel plate is a kind of low alloy structural steel which is for building bridges in normal constructions.For a better weathering resistance,generally steel plate A709 Grade 50W is better used for outside situiations.When rolling these steel materials A709 Grade 50,for each reduction of 0.01% below the specified carbon maximum,an increase of 0.06 manganese above the specified , best 16mo3 chemical composition
ASTM A 709/A 709M A709 Grade HPS 50W is a kind of weathering steel plate with Cr,Ni,Mo alloy when rolling.The low alloy steel plate A709GRHPS 50W shall have an atmospheric corrosion resistance index of 6.0 or higher calculated from the heat analysis in according to steel guide G 101-predictive method based on the date of larabee and Coburn.When properly exposed to the atmosphere,these , best 16mo3 chemical composition
A high-strength, low-alloy structural steel plate utilized primarily in the manufacture of bridges. Chapel Steel stocks A709 Grade 36, A709 Grade 50 and A709 Grade 50W. These grades are often specified with Charpy tests referencing the specific zone or lowest anticipated service temperature.
A709 Grade 36 steel plate . A709 Grade 36 steel grade is a high strength low alloy structural carbon steel used in building bridge projects. Compare A709 Gr.100, and A709 Gr.50 grade, A709 Gr.36 has a lowest yield strength in 250Mpa in usual. A 709 Gr.36 requests killed or semi-killed in manufacture.
a709 grade 50w round bar and grill a709 grade 50w round bar kit a709 grade 50w round bar table a709 grade 50w round bar light a709 grade 50w round bar stools a709 grade 50w round bar 4 a709 grade 50w round bar chart a709 grade 50w round bar 1
ASTM A572 Grade 50, Type 2 A709 Grade 50 AASHTO M270. Used in Bridges, Buildings, Construction Equipment Machinery, Transmission Towers, Truck Parts, Towers, and Freight Cars. It is a higher yield and tensile strength than A36. Most of our stock is already charpy impact tested and suitable for galvanization. High Strength, Low Alloy Plate
ASTM A709. The ASTM A709 is the Standard Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges and encompasses carbon, high-strength low-alloy, and quenched and tempered alloy steels used as structural plates in the construction of bridges. SSAB offers the following five grades of A709; 36, 50, 50W, HPS 50W and HPS 70W.
Aesteiron Steels LLP - offering ASTM A709 Gr 36 Carbon Steel Round Bar, For Manufacturing,Construction,School/College Workshop in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Read about company and get contact details and address. | ID: 3728216997
ASTM A709/A709M specification covers carbon and high-strength low alloy steel structural shapes, plates and bars, and quenched and tempered alloy steel for structural plates intended for use in bridges. ASTM A709/A709M Standard main steel grade: ASTM A709 Grade 36, 50, 50S, 50W, HPS50W (A709GR36, A709GR50, A709GR50S, A709GR50W, A709GRHPS50W)
Henan Join-Win Im/Ex Corpmain product steel plates, steel coil, steel pipe, hest resistant steel, forged solid round steel bar. service includes : produce Hydraulic machinery and parts, Mechanical parts processing, pressure working, Welding and bonding etc.Email:[email protected], best 16mo3 chemical composition
When weathering steel is allowed or specified in the Contract Documents: ASTM A709 Grade 50W may 2015-8-11 A709 Structural, Carbon & HSLA Steel Plate Structural, Carbon & HSLA Steel Plate: A709 Grade 36, Grade 50, Grade 50W A709 is the specification used for steel plate used in the manufacture of bridges.2017-9-20
ASTM A709 steel plate is primarily used in the manufacture of bridges. Leeco Steel stocks A709 steel plate Grade 36, 50 and 50W. These grades are often specified with charpy tests referencing the specific zone, or climatic region, in which the bridge will be in use.
Carbon Steel Round Bar , best 16mo3 chemical composition ASTM A709 Grade 50W,A709 Gr.50W steel pla Inventory: Gangsteel is specialized in supplying ASTM A709 steel plate in A709 Grade 50W, A709 Gr , best 16mo3 chemical composition
ASTM A709-50W. ASTM A709-50W is a standard specification for structural steel in bridges. ASTM A709-50W covers high strength, low allow steel structural shapes, plates and bars. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of this steel in most environments is substantially better than carbon steel with or without copper addition.
Carbon Round Bar. Ryersons carbon steel round bar offering includes both Special Bar Quality (SBQ) and Merchant Bar Quality ( MBQ). SBQ grades include 1018, 1045, 1117, 1141, 1144, 1215, 12L14, Stressproof and Fatigueproof.
Theres no shortage of choice when it comes to carbon plate at Samuel. By special agreement, were pleased to be able to offer any grade and size of North American or European-produced plate through our metal service center network.
A high-strength, low-alloy steel plate grade specified within G40.21 of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA). This grade is utilized in a variety of structural applications. It is also referred to as 350W, which is its metric designation.
The ASTM International has designated this steel as a "Grade." The most recent comparable grade weathering steel is ASTM A588 and A709-50W. Weathering steel reacts and oxidizes/rusts like standard carbon steel but is different, different due to the added corrosion resistant elements.
Grade 50. These and other material specifications applicable to W-shapes are shown in Table 1. ARE YOU PROPERLY SPECIFYING MATERIALS? BY MARTIN ANDERSON, CHARLES J. CARTER, S.E., P.E., PH.D., AND THOMAS J. SCHLAFLY steelwise Keeping tabs on current ASTM specifications will help you make the right choices when designing and building your projects.
Grade 50W [345W], or HPS 50W [HPS 345W] shall not be substituted for Grades 36 [250], 50 [345] or 50S [345S] without agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. 1.3 When the steel is to be welded, it is presupposed that a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service will be utilized.
A Columbium shall be restricted to Grade 50 [345] plate, bar, zee, and rolled tee thickness of 3 / 4 in. [20 mm] max, and to shapes with flange or leg thickness to 1 1 / 2 in. [40 mm] inclusive unless killed steel is furnished. Killed steel shall be confirmed by a statement of killed steel on the test report, or by a report of the presence of a , best 16mo3 chemical composition
The A588 & A572 Steel Company is a long established service center offering the best quality system to provide completely mill traceable A588 and A572 grade of domesticangles,channels,square bars, flat bars,round bars,beams,plates and sheets.
The ASTM specifications are A588, A242, A606-4, A847, A871-65 and A709-50W. The primary trademarked product is Cor-ten. The selection of a particular ASTM weathering steel specification is dependent on the type of product desired. ASTM A588 covers structural shapes, plate, and bar. ASTM A242 covers steel plate through one-half inch in thickness.


text:
Boardriders are looking for an experienced Designer to join the Element & RVCA Design team focusing on Men's products. You responsible for developing, maintain and directing the overall product activities for the Elements Men's business as well as supporting the Senior Men's Designer for RVCA. From concept through to bulk production, this is your opportunity to make your mark and be responsible for design, developing and executing of all ELEMENT Men's product and assist in the design and development of RVCA Men's.
In 1992 the Element seed was planted. Our goal was simple, to be the best we could be in the most honest and ethical way possible. We joined together to elevate what we all truly believe in. Today we continue to create the art, direction and message on the constant path to bring progress to skateboarding. We are more than a business; we are a family, all on the same journey for the growth within ourselves, Element and all that surrounds us.
RVCA is a design-driven lifestyle brand free from passing trends. Appearing as a natural on the shelves of boutiques as on those of a local skate shop, RVCA is brought together by a group of likeminded individuals from various subcultures.
This role will be responsible for designing and developing Element Men's styles and managing from concept through to production. As, well as assisting with RVCA Men's product development and design. Your duties will include:
- Working closely with the Element global design team to ensure ranges meet the regional requirements
- Contributing to global product ranges and developing product specifically for the Australasian market
- Development of seasonal graphics
- Designing and developing products through to sampling stage, liaising with suppliers and merchandising and pattern making teams
- Working collaboratively with our company owned multi-branded retail across a footprint of over 100 stores in Australia and New Zealand
- Ensuring communication to the sales team to support product indent and sell through
To be successful in this role you will have:
- Tertiary qualifications in Fashion Design or Graphic Design
- Experience in a similar role, ideally with exposure across a range of garments and accessories
- A solid understanding of skate/street fashion combined with a passion for our brand
- Experience in garment fitting and construction
- Knowledge of the product design process and development cycle
- Experience with computer software, particularly Adobe Illustrator
- A high level of accuracy and attention to detail when working to deadlines
Join the Boardriders team and reap the rewards! We offer:
- Generous clothing discounts and allowances
- The support of a large, global business with a multitude of lifestyle brands
- A unique working environment with onsite café, 10 minutes from the surf breaks of Burleigh Point
- Career, Training & Development Opportunities – We offer and encourage succession planning throughout our business
Send us your application today to find out more!
Thank you for your interest in working with us. Whilst we would love the chance to speak to each and every applicant unfortunately that's not always possible. If you have been selected for an interview you will hear back from us within 3 weeks. Good luck!


text:
2 results
NIA24 is powered by its patented Pro-Niacin ingredient. With more than 25 years of biomedical research NIA24 offers products which penetrate beneath the skins surface layer to offer round-the-clock protection against sun damage. The brands product development concentrates on the treatment and prevention of sun damage to skin, optimization of scalp and hair follicle function and the optimization of cholesterol and other blood lipids. NIA24 everyday products gently rinse away the dirt, oil, and impurities that accumulate on your skin daily and the brands more intensive treatments target specific skin issues.
NIA24 developed a cutting-edge, patented Niacin molecule Pro-Niacin which is the main ingredient in the NIA24 skin care line. This ingredient facilitates the delivery of Niacin (the lesser-known vitamin B) deep into the skin where it helps to stimulate DNA repair and build the skin barrier from the inside out. Niacin has also been shown to be effective in treating skin conditions such as acne and rosacea.
NIA24 focuses on Niacin and other natural ingredients to create serious, long-lasting results that combat a number of common skin conditions, including uneven skin tone and texture, aging skin, hyperpigmentation, dark circles under the eyes, and fine lines and wrinkles caused by both age and skin damage. Other natural ingredients utilised by NIA24 are green tea, evening primrose, and olive oil to target these signs of aging, giving your healthier, more radiant skin.
Targeted Treatments
For a more intensive treatment for your complexion, NIA24 has a targeted product no matter the skin issue. NIA24 formulas combat unwanted signs of aging, fine lines, wrinkles and puffiness around your eyes as well as targeting skin that was once radiant and firm but is now dull and sagging. NIA24 products are designed with these common concerns in mind, targeting whatever issue is diminishing your overall appearance. With products ranging from serums to fight discoloration, smoothing exfoliators, eye creams, brightening moisturizers, and more, you can find the NIA24 product to target whatever skin concern you may have.
Protecting your skin in the fight against aging is no easy task. Because of many environmental factors targeting your skin, including the sun's ultraviolet rays, along with the natural aging that takes place over time, you need reliable skin care products that provide superior protection. Target your skin problems with the brands Niacin-based products, to effectively eliminate fine lines and wrinkles, sun spots, and other signs of aging for stronger, firmer, more youthful skin.
Try the *NIA24 Skin Strengthening Complex* to reduce visible signs of aging, such as fine lines and wrinkle. The Pro-Niacin complex strengthens the skin's barrier and visibly improves skin tone, texture and hyperpigmentation. This fortified cream is enriched with Vitamin A for elasticity, Green Tea and Rosemary for protection and Evening Primrose and Wheat Germ for hydration. The skin strengthening accelerates skin repair and delivers continual moisturization.
*NIA24 Intense Recovery Complex* is a rich cream that delivers intensive moisturization and helps to activate your skin's natural regenerative powers. Pro-Niacin strengthens the skin's barrier and Sodium Hyaluronate penetrates the skin to lock-in moisture for a hydrated, plum and youthful complexion.
Sort by
NIA24 Age Recovery for Decolletage and Hands
30% off NIA24Enjoy 30% off NIA24! Discount has been applied to the MSRP. Offer valid for a limited time only.SHOP NOWMSRP: $60.00$42.00
NIA24 Rapid Depigmentation Serum
30% off NIA24Enjoy 30% off NIA24! Discount has been applied to the MSRP. Offer valid for a limited time only.SHOP NOWMSRP: $82.00$57.40


text:
Search the Community
Showing results for tags 'forsale'.
Found 3 results
Niche Zero WhiteNiche Zero White Received from Niche in March 2019 and used until May 2019 220V with EU plug Selling just because I prefer the taste profile of flat burrs Perfect working conditions, ground 2Kg of beans max All the original accessories and package included Please note the multiple small dents in the coating around the exit area (check the pictures) Price: 350€ + shipping from Italy (PayPal)
forsale Rocket Espresso Appartamento Copper for sale
Laura_K posted a topic in For Sale or SwapHi Everyone, I have a 2 1/2 year old Rocket Espresso Appartamento for sale in Copper. It's in good condition but could probably do with a service. I've loved using this machine it has been a dream, consistent shots and the steam wand is great for microfoam. I would like £600 for it or close to, viewings welcome. Collection only from Bishop's Stortford. Any questions please ask! Will upload photos shortly.
Mazzer Mini Electric Grinder
Dazzer posted a topic in For Sale or SwapFor Sale Black Mazzer Mini Electric in lovely condition with little use approx 5 years Old No marks as you can see by the Pics Price £275 can provide more images if required


text:
Regular price
Color blocking with distinctive purled ridges give this stylish hat a v-cool edge. Can be worn loose or close-fitting. Great for guys and girls and using up those orphan skeins!
Two strands of fingering weight (sock) yarn are held together for the MC only, shown as black in photos. The grey yarns in the photos are DK weight. When knitting stockinette with either the two strands of sock-weight held together, or the DK knit with one strand of yarn, the gauge is the same: 5 stitches and 7 rounds per inch. I measured gauge after blocking.
You will need to cast on, knit, purl, knit two together, and make 1 (increase 1 stitch) for this pattern.
Notions: yarn needle, ruler or measuring tape, five stitch markers.
The price is for the PATTERN only, not the finished product.
There is no shipping charge for this item as it is a PDF file and will be available for you to download within 24 hours of payment. If you don't receive it within 24 hours, please contact me.All patterns written in standard US terms. All patterns are copyright Wendy Ann Lindquist. Kindly do not copy, share, adjust or resell my patterns, they are my artwork from concept to completion. WATERKNYT patterns are for your personal use only. If you would like to collaborate or get permissions, please contact me, I would love to hear from you and work together!Thank you,Wendy Ann | WATERKNYT artisan


text:
I am available now and for the rest of the evening. Seeking for all types of girls to be friends with. Gift for you if i can lick your tight boobs and pussy waiting for Anchorage girl looking for older woman tight boobs and pussy to lick and get me wet a squirter would be great you will cum and leave with a gift not waiting for anything Lady looking sex City of Commerce from you just your happiness Do u still have my yellow heart.
|Relationship Status:
|I Am Look Nsa
|Mount Gambier
|Relation Type:
|Cute Bigger Sexy Lady For Smaller Woman
Views: 7529
Join the Club. Join the Club I am a: Choose Man Woman Interested in: Choose Man Woman Both Ages: Not in the US?Ladies Seeking Hot Sex Buckhorn
OBC is Anchorage's best casual dating site for women who enjoy dating and being single. It's simple, don't promise marriage just to get a date! Our fun and lighthearted approach means you meet women who date, and love being single all at the same time.
With thousands of members joining daily, OBC is the number one casual dating Anchorage girl looking for older woman for single men and single women. Create a free profile at OBC and meet Anchorage's women looking to get lucky online for a fun date. Once you join our casual dating site and browse personal ads of Alaska singles looking for a hot date in Anchorage, you can start finding what you really want.
Body Type: Average Expectation: Meet new people Location: Anchorage, AK. Get Lucky with someone special Location: Slender Expectation: Athletic Expectation: Casual dating Location: Curvy Expectation: Big and Beautiful Expectation: Depends on your game.
Looking for Anchorage Singles? Join the Club! Man Woman.
Looking for: Men Women Both. Min Age: Max Age:


text:
log in / sign up
sort by
date (newest)
rating (highest)
"Did NOT see that coming."
—naricorn rated: 4.0
"Seriously, how do you come up with cliffhangers like this?"
—nenatia rated: 3.5
The Company Man (5)
By: beco99
July 6, 2019
The greatest search the galaxy has ever known needs loyal men.
2 reviews
"I have a soft spot for anything that involves fairies and selfish protagonists"
—van rated: 3.5
"Strong choreography of action but needs more momentum"
—naricorn rated: 3.5
"Great start!"
—beco99 rated: 4.0
By: kryon777
March 29, 2019
Caspian is the only hope for the Ten Realms
4 reviews
"Very neat narration!"
—an-author-in-progress rated: 4.5
"Lovely prose, want to know more"
—whatdoyouneed rated: 3.0
Canary Song - Chapter 1
By: versesfortomorrow
Nov. 21, 2018
Elliot must deal with visions of an apocalyptic future in the wake of her best friend leaving town.
2 reviews
"Chilling Concept"
—Chrysalis rated: 4.0
"a modern step in the right direction"
—IssachartheVisayan rated: 4.0
"An unsettling piece with the potential to be even more so!"
—beco99 rated: 3.5
Brittle Teeth
By: Hyba
July 29, 2019
A narcissist loses his teeth and develops a dangerous psychological fixation with people's chompers.
6 reviews
"Great language throughout, but some points of confusion..."
—A.C.Tucker rated: 3.5
"Short but powerful"
—whatdoyouneed rated: 4.0
—SarahViecelli rated: 3.5
By: oc
Oct. 29, 2019
Flash fiction. She fights with her mother again.
5 reviews
"Strong piece, I loved it! I suggest you cut down on adverbs and reconsider the ending."
—AdventureRanger rated: 4.5
"Reminds me of Poe or Stevenson"
—nenatia rated: 2.5
"Great sense of story and setting"
—darlingnell rated: 4.0
The Strange Case of Darius Scott
By: NaliWrites
April 9, 2019
Horror Supernatural
a arrogant young man gets more than he bargains for
4 reviews
"Engaging voice"
—van rated: 4.0
"Good but needs some work"
—Rose_Platter rated: 3.0
"Interesting premise but a tad wordy"
—quinnm93 rated: 3.5
The Last Child of Kasai
By: Jackman
Nov. 21, 2018
Adventure Fantasy Suspense
When horrid truths come into light, his only solution seemed to be to give in and drown. Literally.
3 reviews
"Thoughts: Amazing Story! A Few TINY Mistakes. I Loved It!!!"
—Maniacal_Writer rated: 4.5
"cool story, but could be clearer"
—beco99 rated: 3.0
Aeon Memory
By: an-author-in-progress
Dec. 5, 2018
Horror Sci-fi
Jade Edwards lives a normal life, aside from the fact that she kills people and doesn't remember.
2 reviews
"More struggle."
—naricorn rated: 3.5
"Back at it again with the great cliffhangers, I see"
—nenatia rated: 4.0
The Company Man (4)
By: beco99
June 27, 2019
The greatest search the galaxy has ever known needs loyal men.
2 reviews
"Potential for a thoroughly unsettling tale."
—beco99 rated: 3.0
"What does the narrator want?"
—naricorn rated: 3.5
"A smile like a knife"
—van rated: 4.0
trade a smile for your eyes
By: talls
June 27, 2019
She walks into your tattoo parlor one day and asks for eyes. She plans on taking more.
4 reviews
"Engaging, needs a bit of polish, but overall a great read"
—AdventureRanger rated: 4.0
"Quirky, thoroughly enjoyed"
—naricorn rated: 4.0
"hard to follow but enjoyable"
—metafrick rated: 3.0
A Templar's Tale: Unlucky For Some
By: LoseThatLeftSock
Dec. 22, 2018
Adventure Humor
Join Richard 'The Bear' as he attempts to rescue his falsely accused friend from the headsman's axe.
3 reviews
"I'm very critical of what I like"
—cereed27 rated: 4.0
"Beautiful prose"
—mstabel rated: 5.0
"Shaky writing but interesting"
—river_styx_tango rated: 3.0
By: SethLaRue
Nov. 27, 2018
General Humor Western
It's sad when someone tries to befriend the service industry workers.
10 reviews


text:
#succession plan
Lampard 'better equipped' than any other to succeed at Chelsea, claims Terry
The former Blues midfielder's arrival at Stamford Bridge would be 'perfect timing' for both player and club, according to his old accomplice.
McCarthy dismisses 'unfair' question about extending reign beyond Euro 2020
The Ireland senior manager is due to be succeeded in the role next year by current U21 boss Stephen Kenny.
Next France coach will be chosen before World Cup says Les Bleus rugby chief, Laporte
He also commented on stories linking Ronan O'Gara to the French backroom staff.
England keep Jones succession plan on hold until after World Cup
The coach is under contract until 2021 but has hinted he may leave after the tournament in Japan
'He seems to have the appetite for it': Fennelly tips Cunningham for Dublin hurling job
Anthony Cunningham is a contender to take over from the outgoing Pat Gilroy.
'He's someone who could potentially come back and coach the All Blacks'
Joe Schmidt's plans after 2019 remain uncertain but the All Blacks have been following his success with interest.
'I'm going to miss it a lot': Van Graan arrival draws exit closer for Erasmus
The South African cut an emotional figure when asked about what he would miss about Munster.
Van Graan appointment allows for a welcome focus on Munster's rugby
A mid-November arrival should allow for at least a six-week handover period between Erasmus and the outgoing Springbok assistant.
Contract running out, but Kirchner unsure if he must follow Pienaar out of Ireland
The Springbok 'wouldn't mind staying,' but may not be given the choice.
Top man, top player Cullen the perfect choice to sustain Leinster culture -- Easterby
The Leinster manager praised Leinster's next forwards coach who 'has been around in the bad times as well'.