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Probability is a numerical description of how likely an event is to occur or how likely it is that a proposition is true. Probability is a number between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty. [note 1] [1] [2] The higher the probability of an event, the more likely it is that the event will occur. A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is fair, the two outcomes ("heads" and "tails") are both equally probable; the probability of "heads" equals the probability of "tails"; and since no other outcomes are possible, the probability of either "heads" or "tails" is 1/2 (which could also be written as 0.5 or 50%).
These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical formalization in probability theory, which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science (in particular physics), artificial intelligence/machine learning, computer science, game theory, and philosophy to, for example, draw inferences about the expected frequency of events. Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems. [3]
When dealing with experiments that are random and well-defined in a purely theoretical setting (like tossing a fair coin), probabilities can be numerically described by the number of desired outcomes divided by the total number of all outcomes. For example, tossing a fair coin twice will yield "head-head", "head-tail", "tail-head", and "tail-tail" outcomes. The probability of getting an outcome of "head-head" is 1 out of 4 outcomes, or, in numerical terms, 1/4, 0.25 or 25%. However, when it comes to practical application, there are two major competing categories of probability interpretations, whose adherents possess different views about the fundamental nature of probability:
The word probability derives from the Latin probabilitas, which can also mean "probity", a measure of the authority of a witness in a legal case in Europe, and often correlated with the witness's nobility. In a sense, this differs much from the modern meaning of probability, which, in contrast, is a measure of the weight of empirical evidence, and is arrived at from inductive reasoning and statistical inference. [9]
The scientific study of probability is a modern development of mathematics. Gambling shows that there has been an interest in quantifying the ideas of probability for millennia, but exact mathematical descriptions arose much later. There are reasons for the slow development of the mathematics of probability. Whereas games of chance provided the impetus for the mathematical study of probability, fundamental issues[ clarification needed ] are still obscured by the superstitions of gamblers. [10]
According to Richard Jeffrey, "Before the middle of the seventeenth century, the term 'probable' (Latin probabilis) meant approvable, and was applied in that sense, univocally, to opinion and to action. A probable action or opinion was one such as sensible people would undertake or hold, in the circumstances." [11] However, in legal contexts especially, 'probable' could also apply to propositions for which there was good evidence. [12]
The earliest known forms of probability and statistics were developed by Middle Eastern mathematicians studying cryptography between the 8th and 13th centuries. Al-Khalil (717–786) wrote the Book of Cryptographic Messages which contains the first use of permutations and combinations to list all possible Arabic words with and without vowels. Al-Kindi (801–873) made the earliest known use of statistical inference in his work on cryptanalysis and frequency analysis. An important contribution of Ibn Adlan (1187–1268) was on sample size for use of frequency analysis. [13]
The sixteenth century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano demonstrated the efficacy of defining odds as the ratio of favourable to unfavourable outcomes (which implies that the probability of an event is given by the ratio of favourable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes [14] ). Aside from the elementary work by Cardano, the doctrine of probabilities dates to the correspondence of Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal (1654). Christiaan Huygens (1657) gave the earliest known scientific treatment of the subject. [15] Jakob Bernoulli's Ars Conjectandi (posthumous, 1713) and Abraham de Moivre's Doctrine of Chances (1718) treated the subject as a branch of mathematics. [16] See Ian Hacking's The Emergence of Probability [9] and James Franklin's The Science of Conjecture [17] for histories of the early development of the very concept of mathematical probability.
The theory of errors may be traced back to Roger Cotes's Opera Miscellanea (posthumous, 1722), but a memoir prepared by Thomas Simpson in 1755 (printed 1756) first applied the theory to the discussion of errors of observation. [18] The reprint (1757) of this memoir lays down the axioms that positive and negative errors are equally probable, and that certain assignable limits define the range of all errors. Simpson also discusses continuous errors and describes a probability curve.
The first two laws of error that were proposed both originated with Pierre-Simon Laplace. The first law was published in 1774 and stated that the frequency of an error could be expressed as an exponential function of the numerical magnitude of the error, disregarding sign. The second law of error was proposed in 1778 by Laplace and stated that the frequency of the error is an exponential function of the square of the error. [19] The second law of error is called the normal distribution or the Gauss law. "It is difficult historically to attribute that law to Gauss, who in spite of his well-known precocity had probably not made this discovery before he was two years old." [19]
Daniel Bernoulli (1778) introduced the principle of the maximum product of the probabilities of a system of concurrent errors.
Adrien-Marie Legendre (1805) developed the method of least squares, and introduced it in his Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes (New Methods for Determining the Orbits of Comets). [20] In ignorance of Legendre's contribution, an Irish-American writer, Robert Adrain, editor of "The Analyst" (1808), first deduced the law of facility of error,
where is a constant depending on precision of observation, and is a scale factor ensuring that the area under the curve equals 1. He gave two proofs, the second being essentially the same as John Herschel's (1850).[ citation needed ] Gauss gave the first proof that seems to have been known in Europe (the third after Adrain's) in 1809. Further proofs were given by Laplace (1810, 1812), Gauss (1823), James Ivory (1825, 1826), Hagen (1837), Friedrich Bessel (1838), W.F. Donkin (1844, 1856), and Morgan Crofton (1870). Other contributors were Ellis (1844), De Morgan (1864), Glaisher (1872), and Giovanni Schiaparelli (1875). Peters's (1856) formula[ clarification needed ] for r, the probable error of a single observation, is well known.
In the nineteenth century authors on the general theory included Laplace, Sylvestre Lacroix (1816), Littrow (1833), Adolphe Quetelet (1853), Richard Dedekind (1860), Helmert (1872), Hermann Laurent (1873), Liagre, Didion, and Karl Pearson. Augustus De Morgan and George Boole improved the exposition of the theory.
Andrey Markov introduced [21] the notion of Markov chains (1906), which played an important role in stochastic processes theory and its applications. The modern theory of probability based on the measure theory was developed by Andrey Kolmogorov (1931). [22]
On the geometric side (see integral geometry) contributors to The Educational Times were influential (Miller, Crofton, McColl, Wolstenholme, Watson, and Artemas Martin). [23]
Like other theories, the theory of probability is a representation of its concepts in formal terms—that is, in terms that can be considered separately from their meaning. These formal terms are manipulated by the rules of mathematics and logic, and any results are interpreted or translated back into the problem domain.
There have been at least two successful attempts to formalize probability, namely the Kolmogorov formulation and the Cox formulation. In Kolmogorov's formulation (see probability space), sets are interpreted as events and probability itself as a measure on a class of sets. In Cox's theorem, probability is taken as a primitive (that is, not further analyzed) and the emphasis is on constructing a consistent assignment of probability values to propositions. In both cases, the laws of probability are the same, except for technical details.
There are other methods for quantifying uncertainty, such as the Dempster–Shafer theory or possibility theory, but those are essentially different and not compatible with the laws of probability as usually understood.
Probability theory is applied in everyday life in risk assessment and modeling. The insurance industry and markets use actuarial science to determine pricing and make trading decisions. Governments apply probabilistic methods in environmental regulation, entitlement analysis (Reliability theory of aging and longevity), and financial regulation.
A good example of the use of probability theory in equity trading is the effect of the perceived probability of any widespread Middle East conflict on oil prices, which have ripple effects in the economy as a whole. An assessment by a commodity trader that a war is more likely can send that commodity's prices up or down, and signals other traders of that opinion. Accordingly, the probabilities are neither assessed independently nor necessarily very rationally. The theory of behavioral finance emerged to describe the effect of such groupthink on pricing, on policy, and on peace and conflict. [24]
In addition to financial assessment, probability can be used to analyze trends in biology (e.g. disease spread) as well as ecology (e.g. biological Punnett squares). As with finance, risk assessment can be used as a statistical tool to calculate the likelihood of undesirable events occurring and can assist with implementing protocols to avoid encountering such circumstances. Probability is used to design games of chance so that casinos can make a guaranteed profit, yet provide payouts to players that are frequent enough to encourage continued play. [25]
The discovery of rigorous methods to assess and combine probability assessments has changed society. [26] [ citation needed ]
Another significant application of probability theory in everyday life is reliability. Many consumer products, such as automobiles and consumer electronics, use reliability theory in product design to reduce the probability of failure. Failure probability may influence a manufacturer's decisions on a product's warranty. [27]
The cache language model and other statistical language models that are used in natural language processing are also examples of applications of probability theory.
Consider an experiment that can produce a number of results. The collection of all possible results is called the sample space of the experiment. The power set of the sample space is formed by considering all different collections of possible results. For example, rolling a die can produce six possible results. One collection of possible results gives an odd number on the die. Thus, the subset {1,3,5} is an element of the power set of the sample space of dice rolls. These collections are called "events". In this case, {1,3,5} is the event that the die falls on some odd number. If the results that actually occur fall in a given event, the event is said to have occurred.
A probability is a way of assigning every event a value between zero and one, with the requirement that the event made up of all possible results (in our example, the event {1,2,3,4,5,6}) is assigned a value of one. To qualify as a probability, the assignment of values must satisfy the requirement that if you look at a collection of mutually exclusive events (events with no common results, e.g., the events {1,6}, {3}, and {2,4} are all mutually exclusive), the probability that at least one of the events will occur is given by the sum of the probabilities of all the individual events. [28]
The probability of an event A is written as , , or . [29] This mathematical definition of probability can extend to infinite sample spaces, and even uncountable sample spaces, using the concept of a measure.
The opposite or complement of an event A is the event [not A] (that is, the event of A not occurring), often denoted as , or ; its probability is given by P(not A) = 1 − P(A). [30] As an example, the chance of not rolling a six on a six-sided die is 1 – (chance of rolling a six) . See Complementary event for a more complete treatment.
If two events A and B occur on a single performance of an experiment, this is called the intersection or joint probability of A and B, denoted as .
If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is
for example, if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is . [31]
If either event A or event B but never both occurs on a single performance of an experiment, then they are called mutually exclusive events.
If two events are mutually exclusive then the probability of both occurring is denoted as .
If two events are mutually exclusive then the probability of either occurring is denoted as .
For example, the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six-sided die is
If the events are not mutually exclusive then
For example, when drawing a single card at random from a regular deck of cards, the chance of getting a heart or a face card (J,Q,K) (or one that is both) is , because of the 52 cards of a deck 13 are hearts, 12 are face cards, and 3 are both: here the possibilities included in the "3 that are both" are included in each of the "13 hearts" and the "12 face cards" but should only be counted once.
Conditional probability is the probability of some event A, given the occurrence of some other event B. Conditional probability is written , and is read "the probability of A, given B". It is defined by [32]
If then is formally undefined by this expression. However, it is possible to define a conditional probability for some zero-probability events using a σ-algebra of such events (such as those arising from a continuous random variable).[ citation needed ]
For example, in a bag of 2 red balls and 2 blue balls (4 balls in total), the probability of taking a red ball is ; however, when taking a second ball, the probability of it being either a red ball or a blue ball depends on the ball previously taken, such as, if a red ball was taken, the probability of picking a red ball again would be since only 1 red and 2 blue balls would have been remaining.
In probability theory and applications, Bayes' rule relates the odds of event to event , before (prior to) and after (posterior to) conditioning on another event . The odds on to event is simply the ratio of the probabilities of the two events. When arbitrarily many events are of interest, not just two, the rule can be rephrased as posterior is proportional to prior times likelihood, where the proportionality symbol means that the left hand side is proportional to (i.e., equals a constant times) the right hand side as varies, for fixed or given (Lee, 2012; Bertsch McGrayne, 2012). In this form it goes back to Laplace (1774) and to Cournot (1843); see Fienberg (2005). See Inverse probability and Bayes' rule.
|not A
|A or B
|A and B
|A given B
In a deterministic universe, based on Newtonian concepts, there would be no probability if all conditions were known (Laplace's demon), (but there are situations in which sensitivity to initial conditions exceeds our ability to measure them, i.e. know them). In the case of a roulette wheel, if the force of the hand and the period of that force are known, the number on which the ball will stop would be a certainty (though as a practical matter, this would likely be true only of a roulette wheel that had not been exactly levelled – as Thomas A. Bass' Newtonian Casino revealed). This also assumes knowledge of inertia and friction of the wheel, weight, smoothness and roundness of the ball, variations in hand speed during the turning and so forth. A probabilistic description can thus be more useful than Newtonian mechanics for analyzing the pattern of outcomes of repeated rolls of a roulette wheel. Physicists face the same situation in kinetic theory of gases, where the system, while deterministic in principle, is so complex (with the number of molecules typically the order of magnitude of the Avogadro constant 6.02×1023) that only a statistical description of its properties is feasible.
Probability theory is required to describe quantum phenomena. [33] A revolutionary discovery of early 20th century physics was the random character of all physical processes that occur at sub-atomic scales and are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. The objective wave function evolves deterministically but, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, it deals with probabilities of observing, the outcome being explained by a wave function collapse when an observation is made. However, the loss of determinism for the sake of instrumentalism did not meet with universal approval. Albert Einstein famously remarked in a letter to Max Born: "I am convinced that God does not play dice". [34] Like Einstein, Erwin Schrödinger, who discovered the wave function, believed quantum mechanics is a statistical approximation of an underlying deterministic reality. [35] In some modern interpretations of the statistical mechanics of measurement, quantum decoherence is invoked to account for the appearance of subjectively probabilistic experimental outcomes.
Frequentist probability or frequentism is an interpretation of probability; it defines an event's probability as the limit of its relative frequency in many trials. Probabilities can be found by a repeatable objective process. This interpretation supports the statistical needs of many experimental scientists and pollsters. It does not support all needs, however; gamblers typically require estimates of the odds without experiments.
The word probability has been used in a variety of ways since it was first applied to the mathematical study of games of chance. Does probability measure the real, physical tendency of something to occur or is it a measure of how strongly one believes it will occur, or does it draw on both these elements? In answering such questions, mathematicians interpret the probability values of probability theory.
Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms. Typically these axioms formalise probability in terms of a probability space, which assigns a measure taking values between 0 and 1, termed the probability measure, to a set of outcomes called the sample space. Any specified subset of these outcomes is called an event.
In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is a mathematical function that provides the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes in an experiment. In more technical terms, the probability distribution is a description of a random phenomenon in terms of the probabilities of events. For instance, if the random variable X is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss, then the probability distribution of X would take the value 0.5 for X = heads, and 0.5 for X = tails. Examples of random phenomena can include the results of an experiment or survey.
A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data. A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process.
A statistical hypothesis, sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, is a hypothesis that is testable on the basis of observing a process that is modeled via a set of random variables. A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference. Commonly, two statistical data sets are compared, or a data set obtained by sampling is compared against a synthetic data set from an idealized model. An alternative hypothesis is proposed for the statistical-relationship between the two data-sets, and is compared to an idealized null hypothesis that proposes no relationship between these two data-sets. This comparison is deemed statistically significant if the relationship between the data-sets would be an unlikely realization of the null hypothesis according to a threshold probability—the significance level. Hypothesis tests are used when determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance.
In statistics, the likelihood function measures the goodness of fit of a statistical model to a sample of data for given values of the unknown parameters. It is formed from the joint probability distribution of the sample, but viewed and used as a function of the parameters only, thus treating the random variables as fixed at the observed values.
In probability theory and statistics, Bayes's theorem describes the probability of an event, based on prior knowledge of conditions that might be related to the event. For example, if the probability that someone has cancer is related to their age, using Bayes' theorem the age can be used to more accurately assess the probability of cancer than can be done without knowledge of the age.
In the theory of probability and statistics, a Bernoulli trial is a random experiment with exactly two possible outcomes, "success" and "failure", in which the probability of success is the same every time the experiment is conducted. It is named after Jacob Bernoulli, a 17th-century Swiss mathematician, who analyzed them in his Ars Conjectandi (1713).
Odds are a numerical expression, usually expressed as a pair of numbers, used in both gambling and statistics. In statistics, the odds for or odds of some event reflect the likelihood that the event will take place, while odds against reflect the likelihood that it will not. In gambling, the odds are the ratio of payoff to stake, and do not necessarily reflect exactly the probabilities. Odds are expressed in several ways, and sometimes the term is used incorrectly to mean simply the probability of an event. Conventionally, gambling odds are expressed in the form "X to Y", where X and Y are numbers, and it is implied that the odds are odds against the event on which the gambler is considering wagering. In both gambling and statistics, the 'odds' are a numerical expression of the likelihood of some possible event.
Bayesian statistics is a theory in the field of statistics based on the Bayesian interpretation of probability where probability expresses a degree of belief in an event. The degree of belief may be based on prior knowledge about the event, such as the results of previous experiments, or on personal beliefs about the event. This differs from a number of other interpretations of probability, such as the frequentist interpretation that views probability as the limit of the relative frequency of an event after many trials.
In information theory, the information content, self-information, surprisal, or Shannon information is a basic quantity derived from the probability of a particular event occurring from a random variable. It can be thought of as an alternative way of expressing probability, much like odds or log-odds, but which has particular mathematical advantages in the setting of information theory.
Mathematical statistics is the application of probability theory, a branch of mathematics, to statistics, as opposed to techniques for collecting statistical data. Specific mathematical techniques which are used for this include mathematical analysis, linear algebra, stochastic analysis, differential equations, and measure theory.
In probability theory and statistics, the Laplace distribution is a continuous probability distribution named after Pierre-Simon Laplace. It is also sometimes called the double exponential distribution, because it can be thought of as two exponential distributions spliced together back-to-back, although the term is also sometimes used to refer to the Gumbel distribution. The difference between two independent identically distributed exponential random variables is governed by a Laplace distribution, as is a Brownian motion evaluated at an exponentially distributed random time. Increments of Laplace motion or a variance gamma process evaluated over the time scale also have a Laplace distribution.
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself. However, glossaries like this one are useful for looking up, comparing and reviewing large numbers of terms together. You can help enhance this page by adding new terms or writing definitions for existing ones.
The history of statistics in the modern way is that it originates from the term statistics, found in 1749 in Germany. Although there have been changes to the interpretation of the word over time. The development of statistics is intimately connected on the one hand with the development of sovereign states, particularly European states following the peace of Westphalia (1648); and the other hand with the development of probability theory, which put statistics on a firm theoretical basis.
Statistical proof is the rational demonstration of degree of certainty for a proposition, hypothesis or theory that is used to convince others subsequent to a statistical test of the supporting evidence and the types of inferences that can be drawn from the test scores. Statistical methods are used to increase the understanding of the facts and the proof demonstrates the validity and logic of inference with explicit reference to a hypothesis, the experimental data, the facts, the test, and the odds. Proof has two essential aims: the first is to convince and the second is to explain the proposition through peer and public review.
In probability theory, conditional probability is a measure of the probability of an event occurring given that another event has occurred. If the event of interest is A and the event B is known or assumed to have occurred, "the conditional probability of A given B", or "the probability of A under the condition B", is usually written as P(A | B), or sometimes PB(A) or P(A / B). For example, the probability that any given person has a cough on any given day may be only 5%. But if we know or assume that the person has a cold, then they are much more likely to be coughing. The conditional probability that someone coughing is unwell might be 75%, then: P(Cough) = 5%; P(Sick | Cough) = 75%
Probability has a dual aspect: on the one hand the likelihood of hypotheses given the evidence for them, and on the other hand the behavior of stochastic processes such as the throwing of dice or coins. The study of the former is historically older in, for example, the law of evidence, while the mathematical treatment of dice began with the work of Cardano, Pascal and Fermat between the 16th and 17th century.
An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances is a work on the mathematical theory of probability by the Reverend Thomas Bayes, published in 1763, two years after its author's death, and containing multiple amendments and additions due to his friend Richard Price. The title comes from the contemporary use of the phrase "doctrine of chances" to mean the theory of probability, which had been introduced via the title of a book by Abraham de Moivre. Contemporary reprints of the Essay carry a more specific and significant title: A Method of Calculating the Exact Probability of All Conclusions founded on Induction.
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A ripe and juicy red from Tautavel, in the Cotes de Roussillon of Mediterranean France. Here stony soils, shelter from rain and a little altitude provide a magnificent climate for the modern Southern French style. Ripe Syrah leads, with Grenache filling in and local Carignan adding extra colour and structure. Enjoy now or cellar, this is superbly drinkable and serious value at this price.
Winery notes (2016 Vintage)
"An intense, radiant robe with a subtle brown tinge. Intensely fruity on the nose, with red fruit and raspberry aromas underpinned by complex, spicy notes. A wonderful combination of supple tannins and delicate notes of scrubland and spices on the palate."


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2020-03-09 14:44
Iraqi PM: U.S. pressuring Baghdad to cut ties with Tehran
TEHRAN — Iraq's caretaker Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi says the United States is pressuring Baghdad to sever ties with Tehran, stressing that Iraqis will never let their country become a venue for the settlement of conflicts or clashes between other countries.
2020-01-11 14:59
'Exports to Iraq back on track after unrest'
TEHRAN – Secretary general of Iran-Iraq Joint Chamber of Commerce said Iran's exports to Iraq are following an upward trend after the recent unrests in the Arab country eased, Tasnim news agency reported on Saturday.
2020-01-10 14:42
'Tehran-Baghdad banking ties to improve after U.S. leaves Iraq'
TEHRAN – Head of Iran-Iraq Joint Chamber of Commerce says banking relations between the two countries will get much better if the Americans leave the Arab country and their interference ends.
2019-10-19 17:52
U.S. extends sanction waiver for Iraq to continue gas, electricity imports from Iran
TEHRAN - The U.S. has extended a waiver on Iran sanctions, granted to Iraq first in November, to let the Arab country continue gas and electricity imports from Iran for another four-month period, Press TV reported on Thursday, quoting a senior U.S. official.
2019-10-08 08:19
Supreme Leader: Enemies unable to drive wedge between Iranians, Iraqis
TEHRAN - Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei has said that the enemies tried hard to disunite Iranian and Iraqi nations but failed.
2019-10-07 19:53
Iran, Iraq capable of increasing bilateral trade to $20b by 2021: industry min.
TEHRAN – Iranian Minister of Industry, Mining and Trade Reza Rahmani says Iran and Iraq have the potential to increase the value of their bilateral trade to $20 billion dollars by 2021.
2019-09-14 19:14
Iran to hold pavilion at 46th Baghdad intl. trade expo
TEHRAN – Iran's Trade Promotion Organization (TPO) is planning to open Iranian pavilion at the Iraq's 46th international trade exhibition which is due to be held during November 1-10 in Baghdad.
2019-07-21 14:27
Iran, Iraq plan to boost telecom network during Arba'een
TEHRAN – Iran's Information and Communication Technology Minister Mohammad Javad Azari Jahromi and his Iraqi counterpart Naim Thjeel Yousir Al-Rubaie discussed the ways to boost telecommunication network between the two countries during Arba'een pilgrimage.
2019-07-13 20:19
Iraq seeks participation of Iranian companies in energy projects
TEHRAN – Iran's Energy Industries Engineering and Design Company (EIED) hosted a meeting on Friday in which a delegation comprised of representatives of Iraq's chambers of commerce discussed collaboration of Iranian companies in Iraq's oil and gas projects with the Iranian side.
2019-07-07 20:34
Iran's 100-day exports to Iraq up 20% yr/yr
TEHRAN – The value of Iranian exports to Iraq in the past 100 days reached $2.5 billion, registering a 20 percent increase compared to the last year's same time span, IRNA reported quoting an official with the knowledge of the matter.
2019-07-01 20:13
Iran, Iraq, Syria hold tripartite meeting to discuss transportation co-op
TEHRAN - Iran, Iraq and Syria held a tripartite meeting on Monday in Tehran for discussing expansion of transportation cooperation among the three countries, IRNA reported.
2019-05-14 19:40
Gas exports to Iraq to reach 40mcm/d: NIGC
TEHRAN – The managing director of National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) said gas exports to Baghdad and Basra is going to rise to 40 million cubic meters per day (mcm/d) in the months to come.
2019-05-08 19:36
Salih insists on extending Iranian energy waivers in talks with Pompeo
TEHRAN – Iraqi President Barham Salih and U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo discussed the extension of waiver over U.S. sanctions on Iran's energy exports to Iraq, ISNA reported citing Iraqi news portal Alsumaria.
2019-05-01 19:57
'Absence of gas supplies from Iran could shut down half of Iraq's power plants'
TEHRAN – Without Iranian gas supplies half of Iraq's natural gas power plants will close down in the summer, IRNA quoted a member of the trade committee of Iraqi parliament as saying on Tuesday.
2019-03-12 20:08
Iraqi dignitaries meet Rouhani in Baghdad
BAGHDAD/TEHRAN – A number of Iraqi dignitaries met on Monday and Tuesday with President Hassan Rouhani at the Iranian embassy in Baghdad. The visits took places as Rouhani was on a three-day tour of Iraq which started on Monday.
2019-03-08 20:32
Iran sets up marketing, exports center in Baghdad
TEHRAN- Iran has established a center in Baghdad for marketing its products in the Iraqi market and also expand the exports of its products to the neighboring country, the official website of Iran's Trade Promotion Organization (TPO) published.
2018-10-14 09:07
'Iraqi rulers should recognize importance of Iran-Iraq ties'
TEHRAN – Halmat Ghareeb, an assistant lecturer at Salahaddin University-Erbil, has stressed the importance of Iran-Iraq ties, saying any Iraqi president or prime minister should be fully aware of the significance of such relations.
2018-09-22 09:45
U.S. cannot undermine Iran-Iraq ties: politician
TEHRAN - Hossein Amir Abdollahian, a senior foreign policy advisor to the parliament speaker, has said that political and parliamentary ties between Iran and Iraq cannot be damaged by the U.S. pressure.


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- Published: Nov 11, 2019 | 09:35 AM
Scientists Honor San Joaquin Marsh as California's Only 'Wetland of Distinction'
A map of the United States shows a clustering of locator pins in the Northeast and Midwest, but just one solitary marker in California: identifying Irvine Ranch Water District's San Joaquin Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary as the only Wetland of Distinction in the state.
The international Society of Wetland Scientists this month named the ecological preserve one of just 32 in the nation to qualify for the honor. Candidates are judged based on biology, ecology, conservation status and public access for high-functioning wetlands. Plants established at the marsh reflect botanical records of the fauna that was present there 150 years ago.
"This is a very prestigious recognition," said General Manager Paul Cook. "It showcases the significant work that has been done by Irvine Ranch Water District to protect native plant and animal species, create a public oasis and educational center in the midst of an urban community, and to improve the quality of water that flows into the environmentally sensitive Upper Newport Bay."
Established in 1996, the San Joaquin Marsh is home to a variety of rare, threatened and endangered species, including the Least Bell's Vireo, Long Eared Owl and Western Pond Turtle. It comprises more than 320 acres, 12 miles of walking trails, and is home to some 230 species of birds, many of which are counted and monitored by Sea and Sage Audubon volunteers.
The marsh is open to the public every day during daylight hours, and hosts educational field trips, tours and other activities conducted by the local Audubon chapter and Discovery Cube Orange County.
"As one of very few freshwater marsh habitats left in the South Coast area, the San Joaquin Marsh provides a crucial habitat for migratory bird species," said IRWD wetlands scientist Mo Wise.
Yet Wise is most proud of the marsh's role to naturally clean more than 1 billion gallons of urban runoff annually from San Diego Creek to help protect the Back Bay.
Sunlight in holding ponds deactivates harmful bacteria before it can threaten marine life downstream, and marsh plants and sedimentation help to capture other pollutants. The marsh removes more than 33,000 pounds of nitrogen, 140 pounds of selenium, 36 pounds of copper, 4,929 pounds of trash and 47 tons of sediment each year.
Routine monitoring of water quality, sediment composition, vegetation and wildlife has provided data and insight into best management practices for freshwater treatment wetlands in a region deplete of these crucial natural resources.
"This data provides valuable insight into best management practices for freshwater treatment wetlands in urban communities," Wise said, adding that researchers from the University of California, Irvine; Concordia University; Chapman University and various local high local high schools also use the wetland system to study biogeochemical processes within coastal freshwater systems.
The Society of Wetland Scientists is an international nonprofit established in 1980 to promote understanding, conservation, protection, restoration, science-based management, and sustainability of wetlands. Criteria for the award include the protection of biologically diverse wetland flora, fauna and their habitat, ecological connectivity, public access and recreation, and water quality improvement.
The marsh's proximity to an urban setting, public accessibility and educational outreach were some of the criteria considered to qualify for the award.
The marsh is home to hundreds of migratory birds species, providing a valuable oasis to them on their journey up and down the coast.


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Dictyostelium discoideum as Model Organism
Slime molds have such an unappealing name that it may seem hard to imagine why anyone would study them. But Dictyostelium discoideum is an unusual organism, one that straddles the boundary between the unicellular and the multicellular. Its life cycle includes individual amoeba-like cells, a multicellular migrating "slug," and a spore-producing structure. Dictyostelium discoideum is useful as a model because,…Read More »
Who Invented CRISPR?
CRISPR is an abbreviation for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Polindromic Repeats. This technique was introduced to the scientific world in recent years, has aroused a huge impact in the media after redesign the human embryo via this method. In 2015, he was selected by the famous Science magazine as the discovery of the year. Even though he was a candidate…Read More »
Transposons Shifting Segments of the Genome
Transposons, also called transposable elements, are mobile genetic elements that generally have only modest target site selectively and can thus insert themselves into many different DNA sites. In transposition, a specific enzyme, usually encoded by the transposon and called a transpose, acts on a specific DNA sequence at each end of the transposon (first disconnecting it from the flanking DNA)…Read More »
Southern BlotRead More »
In male animals, each meiosis produces four equal-sized sperm cells in a process called spermatogenesis. In vertebrates, a cell type in the testes known as a spermatogonium produces primary spermatocytes, as well as additional spermatogonia, by mitosis. The primary spermatocytes then undergo meiosis. After the first meiotic division, these cells are known as secondary spermatocytes; after the second meiotic division,…Read More »
According to the current model of pre-mRNA splicing, the five splicing snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) are thought to assemble on the pre mRNA, forming a large ribonucleoprotein complex called a spliceosome (Protein-RNA complex that removes introns in eukaryotic nuclear RNAs.), named by J. Abelson and E. Brody. The splicing apparatus in eukaryotic messenger RNAs consists of several components called small…Read More »
Stages of Meiosis
Premeiotic cells have two copies of each chromosome (2n), one derived from the paternal parent and one from the maternal parent. For simplicity, the paternal and maternal homologs of only one chromosome arediagrammed. All chromosomes are replicated during the S phase before the first meiotic division, giving a 4n chromosomal complement. Cohesin complexes (not shown) link the sister chromatids composing…Read More »
Thymine DimerRead More »
Transcription and Enhacers
Like bacteria, eukaryotes use gene regulatory proteins (activates and repressors) to regulate the expression of their genes but in somewhat different way. The DNA sites to witch the eukaryote gene activates bound were originally termed enhancers, since their presence "enhanced", or increased, the rate of transcription dramatically. It came as a surprise when, in 1979, in was discovered that those…Read More »
Tryptophan Repressor
The Escherichia coli bacterium have a single circular DNA which consist of 4.6 million nucleotides. E. Coli genome encodes more than 4000 proteins. Since their environmental condition is regularly changing, bacterial organisms don't generally need to express their whole supplement of enzymes and proteins. For instance, if there is external tryptophan amino acids available, bacteria does not need to synthesize…Read More »


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We are two part-time academics. Ellen teaches in the English department and Jim in the IT program at George Mason University.
Dear Miss Vane,
This is a follow up to my review of Miranda July's unsavoury film.
At IMDB I read a defensive review. The man (it seemed to me a man) defended it as having made him "laugh" & "giggle." He never said what was funny or why he giggled. He characterized those who left apparently well before the film ended as having simply rejected a "soft-core porn" scene.
What is soft-core porn? As I understand this term, it is any explicit sex scene which excludes any photos or explicit graphic involvement of a man's penis. On that criteria, Yvette and I have seen so many soft-core porn scenes over the last 4 years I couldn't remember them all.
That there is explicit graphic sex and no penis is what is least interesting & important about such generic scenes. Examples of soft-core porn scenes that come to mind: in "Comme Une Image" one sees a prosaic rendering, a tired couple who are trying to show affection but haven't the energy or interest; in "Cinq fois deux," the pain and misery of the wife and the desperation of the husband; in Sous la Sable, the loving tender affectionate companionship and regard of the husband for the wife and wife for the husband. In a film I saw in the 1970s about the Vietnam war (I believe it had Jane Fonda in it but wouldn't want to swear to this), the awkwardness, difficulty and sheer embarrassment of a man crippled by war trying to make love to a young woman whose task is to be patient and pretend. In Before Sunrise, we saw wonder and joy in inner souls as well as outer bodies having found congenial humane perceptive imaginative spirits. (I do recommend both Before Sunrise and Before Sunset, Miss Vane.)
And so it goes.
Intimacy (2001, directors Patrice Chéreau; writers Hanif Kureishi, Anne Louise Trividic, with Mark Rylance and Susanna Harker) was hard-core porn. Mr Drake and I went to see it when we were in Paris one summer. He said he wanted to leave at the end of about 20 minutes. So we did. When we got out, he said the relationship as set up made no sense and the film was utterly incoherent. I agreed and now add that this was part of the anti-humane theme about all human relationships as animal. I thought perhaps the film was making visible the anomie of modern life, but it was also sheerly exploitative & brutal.
I fled Me and You And Everyone We Know before the film had reached any soft-core porn scenes. All was vile talk and notes as yet. Indeed a soft-core porn scene was about to begin. But it wasn't the literal sex, but the horrible attitudes of the young girls to the young man, his leering acquiescence, and worst of all, the invitation to enjoy this.
My header comes from William Blake. He said "to generalize is to be an idiot." It is to erase content, to cover up. It is to use generalities which are euphemisms which replace actual discussion.
I bring this up strongly. I come across such erasing & justifications of complacency all the time on lists where people discuss books. It's a curtain between us and the shit we should expose and deplore as desperate agony. It may be that the young boy about to be shallowly humiliated is too dopey to be agonized. All the worse to laugh at him.
What does this say about those laughing? When I was a teenager, I suffered intense emotional pain from analogous experiences and bullies. July turns the audience into driveling leering voyeurs. In the sense that Intimacies also invited mindless voyeurism, Intimacies and Me and You And Everyone We Know are a pair. And both directed and written by women.
Miss Sylvia Drake
Posted by: Ellen
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commenting closed for this article


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The Trendelenburg maneuver is used to assess venous valvular competency in the communicating veins, as well as in the saphenous system. A tourniquet is placed around the patient's upper thigh after it has been elevated 90° for 15 to 20 seconds. The tourniquet occludes the great saphenous vein and should not occlude the arterial pulse. The patient is then instructed to stand while the examiner watches for venous filling. The saphenous vein should fill slowly from below in about 30 seconds as the femoral artery pushes blood through the capillary bed into the venous system. Rapid filling of the superficial veins from above indicates retrograde flow through incompetent valves of the communicating veins. After 30 seconds, the tourniquet is released. Any sudden additional filling also indicates incompetent valves of the saphe-nous vein.
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Did you ever think feeling angry and irritable could be a symptom of constipation? A horrible fullness and pressing sharp pains against the bladders can't help but affect your mood. Sometimes you just want everyone to leave you alone and sleep to escape the pain. It is virtually impossible to be constipated and keep a sunny disposition. Follow the steps in this guide to alleviate constipation and lead a happier healthy life.


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Recycled Paper Journal with Autumn Hues from Mexico, "Autumn Hues"
Coming Back!
This item is available for backorder and will ship within 2 to 8 weeks. Read more
Pre-Order Now!
This item is available for pre-order and will ship within 2 to 8 weeks. Read more
With brown hues that evoke autumn, this journal is handcrafted of recycled paper by Mexican artisan Indira Flores. She applies the designs using colors from the bougainvillea flower, lining the spine with black leather. The journal opens to 76 pages of recycled paper.
- 0.53 kgs
- 1.2 lbs
- Journal: 24.7 cm H x 18.7 cm W x 1.9 cm D
- Journal: 9.75" H x 7.25" W x 0.7" D
- Pages: 76 pages
- Pages: 76 pages
The Women's Empowerment badge is awarded to female artisans or artisan groups that are led by women.
This Product is awarded the Earth Friendly badge because it uses recycled or sustainable materials or techniques.
Meet the Artist
Indira Flores
Handcrafted journals and notebooks
Cause Badges
Indira Flores Handcrafted journals and notebooks
"The person who acquires one of my artisanal notebooks complements the creative process by writing down a beautiful experience or sharing a delicious recipe."
"I've always been attracted to this type of artistic expression. My oldest brother taught me the art and showed me how to develop my ideas and convey them with greater confidence.
"At first, I'd help him with his work. I loved the colors he used and the rustic touch he gave to each of his designs. Watching him, I realized I wanted to write something in these beautiful journals.
"When I started crafting my own, I found it difficult to combine colors. My brother explained that the cover is the most important part of a notebook. It's the cover that inspires a person to write in it, the first thing they see.
"I especially like joining the cover with the pages. It that precise moment, I can see my idea come together and become something real. I take extra care when using paper with dried natural materials. In my opinion, they bring a touch of mysticism that awakens the sensitivities.
"Some of my materials are recycled, like paper and scraps of leather that I use to reinforce the spirals. I use textured papers that facilitate the design process and enhance the appearance.
"As a designer and artist, I've learned that our source of power is in letting the imagination fly free. Thanks to this concept, my mind works every day toward the next design.
"I hope to share my work with more people, to form a family and to pass on this incredible art to my children.
"The person who acquires one of my artisanal notebooks complements the creative process by writing down a beautiful experience or sharing a delicious recipe."


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Since you have taken the time to pre-plan your funeral, why not take advantage of MY WAY BOOKLETS' technology to prepare your Mass booklet in advance? MY WAY BOOKLETS' templates are designed for ease of use and retrieval. We will assist you, page by page, with the design and creation of your funeral Mass booklet in accordance with the Order of Christian Funerals. We offer a complete selection of scripture readings for the First Reading, the Second Reading, the Gospel Reading, the Responsorial Psalms and the Hymns recommended for use when planning a Catholic Funeral Mass.
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Whether you are pre-planning your own funeral Mass booklet or assisting a loved one with their Mass booklet, you can create Save and Retrieve Your Booklet. Ready, let's begin.


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Right off the hop, this post has absolutely nothing to do with game development, but does have something to do with creating this site.
As a bit of a throwback to the 1990s, I on occasion make use of animated gifs on this site. Here is an example post making use of animated gifs. When you have several simple clips required to illustrate a point, and a series of images would take up too much space, animated gifs can be your best friend. Of course you could host the clip on Youtube, but first off, embedding dozens of YouTube videos in a single page can cause some browsers to go on strike. Additionally, who wants to watch a 3 second video? One of the biggest downsides to making animated gifs like this is that frankly, it's time consuming. I generally created a series of screenshots using IrFan and compose them together into an animated gif using The GIMP. I describe my process here under the poorly titled How to creating animated gifs. Generally it would take 20 minutes or more to create a single image.
I tried a number of simpler processes that made use of video; some local applications, others websites you upload your video to and they make it into a GIF. The universal problem, they give you very little control and end up generating either horrible quality or MASSIVE images.
Now that I am authoring these posts more from Mac, and felt the need to make another animated gif but no desire to go through the entire process again, I decided to check if there is an easier way, and there is...
Gif Brewery
It's one of those little 5$ utilities that will literally save me hours. When I first fired it up I was a bit confused, as there is no app, nor an icon. You need to go up to the menu and select File->Open. At this point in time you are left asking… open what? The answer of course is a video. This is a non-inuitive start to what ended up being a very intuitive program.
So I needed a video to work with. I simply loaded up QuickTime Player and did a few seconds of full screen capture. I export that video then open it in Gif Brewery. Then I am finally presented with a UI and it's smooth sailing from here. Here is the UI in action:
From this point on, its dirt simple… you can crop or scale your selection ( I scaled mine down ), set the start and end points, apply filters and finally export your gif. When you create the gif you get a preview, with resulting file size, then you can play around a bit to get the file to a size you like. The app itself was virtually instant, much much much faster than the gimp was working with individual frames.
Here is the above gif, weighing in about about half a MB. In most of my captures I would use a much lower frame rate and bit rate, thus achieving an even smaller size.
That same GIF through other services would have weighed in at a several MB.
So, if you are on MacOS and looking to create an animated GIF ( yes… there are uses! ), this is certainly 5$ well spent.
If you are the author, first off, great job. Second, I would recommend you add a window when the app first loads, as well as the ability to skip sections in the videos timeline. Both are nitpicking though for a 5$ application.
Yesterday the cocos2d community announced the first coordinated release of the cocos2d products. What products comprise this family?
So what is the relationship between these products? Well, this gets a bit confusing… cocos2d is the original library, an Objective-C port of the original cocos2D Python library. cocos2d-x is the C++ port of this library. cocos2d-html5 is the JavaScript (HTML5) port, while CocosBuilder is… well, its new.
CocosBuilder is, in their own words:
CocosBuilder is a free tool (released under MIT-licence) for rapidly developing games and apps. CocosBuilder is built for Cocos2d's Javascript bindings, which means that your code, animations, and interfaces will run unmodified on iPhone, Android and HTML 5. If you prefer to go native all the way, there are readers available for cocos2d-iphone and cocos2d-x. Testing your game on a mobile device has never been quicker or easier, just install CocosPlayer on your device (or in Simulator) and CocosBuilder will push your code over wifi in just a few seconds. Hit the publish button and your game will be saved instantly to a html5 web page. CocosBuilder has a rich set of functions, including boned animations, nestling of interface files, support for multiple resolutions and automatic scaling of your assets.
CocosBuilder is a free tool (released under MIT-licence) for rapidly developing games and apps. CocosBuilder is built for Cocos2d's Javascript bindings, which means that your code, animations, and interfaces will run unmodified on iPhone, Android and HTML 5. If you prefer to go native all the way, there are readers available for cocos2d-iphone and cocos2d-x.
Testing your game on a mobile device has never been quicker or easier, just install CocosPlayer on your device (or in Simulator) and CocosBuilder will push your code over wifi in just a few seconds. Hit the publish button and your game will be saved instantly to a html5 web page. CocosBuilder has a rich set of functions, including boned animations, nestling of interface files, support for multiple resolutions and automatic scaling of your assets.
Basically, they've bundled all the various products together into a standardized release. I've not had a chance to sit down with CocosBuilder, but it sounds like a cool idea. We have a number of Cocos2D HTML tutorials on this site if you are interested in seeing a cocos2D application in action.
Cocos2D Tools HTML5 JavaScript iOS
A level is made up of sprites and sprites come from somewhere. In our editor, we are going to allow the user to "upload" multiple image files containing sprite sheets. However, are server is not required and that is going to require a bit of work. Also, we are going to need some form of UI where users can upload the spritesheet, without cluttering our main UI too much, so we will implement it as a modal dialog box.
Well, let's get to it. First lets create a data type for holding our sprite sheet collection. For now, a spritesheet is simply an image, the dimensions of each sprite and a name. In your models folder create a new file named spriteSheet.js
Y.SpriteSheet = Y.Base.create('spriteSheet', Y.Model, [],{
return this.get('spritesheets').length;
spritesheets: {
value: []
}, '0.0.1', { requires: ['model']});
Nothing really special. Our spritesheets attribute is just an empty array for now. We also included a pair of methods, add, for adding a new spritesheet and count for getting the current count of spritesheets already declared. Everything else here should already be familiar at this point.
Now we want to create a dialog that will be displayed when the user wants to add a spritesheet. As a bit of a spoiler, here is what we are going to create:
This isn't a View and it isn't a model, so we create a new folder called classess and create the long-winded file named AddSpriteSheetDialog.js
YUI.add('addSpriteSheetDialog', function(Y){
Y.AddSpriteSheetDialog = new Y.Base();
var spriteSheets = null;
Y.AddSpriteSheetDialog.show = function(ss,onComplete){
spriteSheets = ss;
var panel = new Y.Panel({
headerContent:'Select the image file containing your sprite sheet',
<input type=file id=spritesheet /> \

 \
Click above to select a file to download
\

Sheet name:<input type=Text id=name size=30 value=''> \

Sprite Width:<input type=Text id=width size=4 value=32> \
Sprite Height:<input type=Text id=height size=4 value=32> \

<input type=button id=done value=done />\
var fileUpload = Y.one("#spritesheet");
fileUpload.on("change", Y.AddSpriteSheetDialog._fileUploaded);
var buttonDone = Y.one("#done");
buttonDone.on("click", function(){
Y.AddSpriteSheetDialog._fileUploaded = function(e){
alert("NOT AN IMAGE!");
var selectedFile = e.target._node.files[0];
var fileReader = new FileReader();
var that=this;
fileReader.onload = (function(file){
return function(e){
if(e.target.readyState == 2)
var imgData = e.target.result;
var img = new Image();
img.onload = function(){
Y.one('#imgName').set('innerHTML',selectedFile.name + " selected");
var name = Y.one('#name').get('value');
var width = Y.one('#width').get('value');
var height = Y.one('#height').get('value');
img.src = imgData;
},'0.0.1', {requires:['node','spriteSheet','panel']});
The editorView owns the spritesheet collection, and passes it in to the show() method of AddSpriteSheetDialog. We also pass in a callback function that will be called when we are done.
We start off creating the panel which is a Y.Panel. Most of the properties should be pretty straight forward, headerContent is the title and bodyContent is either the ID of the object to render the panel in, or in our case, we actually create a new node with our dialog HTML. We then wire up a change handler on our file upload button, this will fire when a file is uploaded and call the _fileUploaded function. We then wire up the Done button's on click handler to hide the panel then call the callback function that was passed in. Finally we display the panel.
When the user clicks the Choose File button, _fileUploaded is called. First thing we check to make sure it is an image that is uploaded and error out if it isn't. We then want to read the selected file, which we do with the FileReader api. Word of warning, this isn't completely supported in every browser… frankly though, I don't care about supporting IE in a project like this, cross browser support takes all of the fun out of web app development!
Next is well… JavaScript at it's most confusing. We are registering an onload event that will be fired once the file has been loaded, which in turn fires off an anonymous method. It checks the readystate of the file to make sure it is ready and if so, our "uploaded" file will be in e.target.result. We then create an Image object, then register yet another onload handler, this one for when the image has completed loading. Once the user has uploaded the file, its finished loading and populated in our newly create Image, we then get the width, height name and our newly populated image and at it to the screenSheets object we passed in during show(). Yes, this is a bit screwy of an interface, in that you need to populate the text fields before uploading the interview. I will ultimately clean that up ( and add edit ability ), but it would needlessly complicate the code for now. Finally, no that our fileReader.onload() event is done, we actually read the file now with readAsDataUrl() the file that was chosen, which fires off the whole onload event handler in the first place. Welcome to asynchronous JavaScript programming! Don't worry, if this is new to you, thinking async will come naturally soon enough…
So, that is how you can create a modal dialog to edit app data. Now we wire it up and deal with a bit of a gotcha.
The gotcha first… the Panel dialog requires a parent HTML element in the DOM to have a YUI skin CSS class declared. At the bottom on the render function in editor.View.js add the following code:
// The below needs to be added as some controls, such as our add sprite dialog, require a parent container
// to have the YUI skin defined already
return this;
This adds the yui3-skin-sam class to the page's body, which brings in all the styling for the Panel ( and other YUI widgets ).
While we are in editor.View.js, we wire up a menu handler for when the user clicks the add spritesheet button ( we will add in a second ). That handler is basically the same as the menu:fileExit handler we created earlier. Right below that handler in the initializer function, add the following:
var that = this;
var dialog = Y.AddSpriteSheetDialog.show(that.spriteSheets,function(){
var sheet = that.spriteSheets.get("spritesheets")[0];
We also need to add the SpriteSheet to our editor.View.js, like so:
Y.EditorView = Y.Base.create('editorView', Y.View, [], {
spriteSheets:new Y.SpriteSheet(),
Now we need to add the menu item. First add it to the template mainMenu.Template,like so:

Add SpriteSheet

Exit
And we wire it up in the mainMenu.View.js, add the bottom of render() add the following code:
var menuFileAddSpriteSheet = container.one('#menuFileAddSpriteSheet');
menuFileAddSpriteSheet.on("click", function(e){
Y.Global.fire('menu:fileAddSpriteSheet', {msg:null});
Oh, and our newly added script AddSpriteSheetDialog.js is added to index.html to guarantee it gets loaded and evaluated.
And done. We now added a dialog for adding sprite sheet images, and can store the image results locally without requiring any server interaction at all.
Here is the end result, select File->Add Spritesheet to bring up the newly created dialog:
You can download the entire updated source code here.
One step closer to a full web based game editor, one very tiny step.
Programming General
YUI HTML5 Design Tools
Our application hasn't looked very… applicationy up until this point. The menu area was basically a space full with "coming soon". In this post we will address adding a menu to our HTML app and show how we can pass fire and handle menu click events.
First change I suppose, we need a menu. We will be using the YUI menu plugin MenuNav. If I am honest, it is unweildy compared to some HTML UI widgets I have used in the past, but since we are using YUI, might as well use it for everything.
We make the following changes to mainMenu.Template

File

Exit
Read the link above for more details about exactly what is going on here. The key things to notice are the id's for the menu (appmenu) and menu item (menuFileExit), both of those will be used shortly. It is also of key importance to give the containing div the class yui3-skin-sam, as this is what brings in all of the YUI3 css and formatting. You could also add this to the  tag in editor.View.js, which we may do as we add more YUI controls. Just be aware that a parent node within the DOM needs to have this class declared.
So, that's is our markup, lets look at the code side of things. Open up and change mainMenu.View.js
Y.MainMenuView = Y.Base.create('mainMenuView', Y.View, [], {
var results = Y.io('/scripts/views/templates/mainMenu.Template',{"sync":true});
// No need to compile, nothing in template but HTML
// this.template = Y.Handlebars.compile(results.responseText);
this.template = results.responseText;
var container = this.get('container');
var menu = container.one("#appmenu");
//Register menu handlers
var menuFileExit = container.one('#menuFileExit');
Y.Global.fire('menu:fileExit', {
var menuFileAddSpriteSheet = container.one('#menuFileAddSpriteSheet');
menuFileAddSpriteSheet.on("click", function(e){
Y.Global.fire('menu:fileAddSpriteSheet', {msg:null});
return this;
}, '0.0.1', { requires: ['view','io-base','node-menunav','event','handlebars']});
Here we changed our initializer to load synchronously as well, otherwise the basics are pretty much the same. Not that we added the 'node-menunav' and 'event' dependencies to our requires array. Otherwise the key changes are:
var menu = container.one("#appmenu");
This locates our appmenu div and plugs the NodeMenuNav into it, turning our DIV into a YUI3 style menu. Basically this is where the magic happens. Then:
var menuFileExit = container.one('#menuFileExit');
Y.Global.fire('menu:fileExit', {
Next we find our menuFileExit menu item and register an onClick handler for it. When a click occurs we fire a global event named "menu:fileExit", with a msg of Hello. The name menu:fileExit was chosen by me and can be anything. So, when the user clicks the Exit item in the menu, this event will be fired. Let's look at how you handle "catching" this event. Open up editor.View.js and at the bottom of the initializer() function, add the following code:
Y.Global.on('menu:fileExit', function(e){
Basically, this monitors for a menu:fileExit event being fired, and simple alerts the contents. This illustrates a simple way to provide a global menu which can be handled across multiple views.
Here is our project in action now:
Basically, it is exactly the same as before, but now it has a menu.
You can download the complete source code here.
Design Programming
HTML5 YUI Design Tools
As per this post I am currently going through the process of creating some simple game creation tools using HTML5, more specifically using the YUI 3 library as well as the EaselJS canvas library.
This post illustrates the very skeleton upon which we are going to create our app. YUI3 provides a full MVC framework which you can use to create your application so I decided to make use of it. The end result of this code is remarkably minimal, it just creates a single page web application with different views representing different portions of the UI. Specifically, we will create a top zone where the menu will go, a left hand area where the level editing will occur, then a right hand panel which will change contextually. I also created a very simple data class, to illustrate how data works within the YUI MVC environment.
First off, if you have never heard of MVC, it is the acronym of Model View Controller. MVC is a popular design practice for separating your application in to logically consistent pieces. This allows you to separate your UI from your logic and your logic from your data ( the last two get a little gray in the end ). It adds a bit of upfront complexity, but makes it easier to develop, maintain and test non-trivial applications… or at least, that's the sales pitch.
The simplest two minute description of MVC is as follows. The Model is your application's data. The View is the part of your application that is responsible for displaying to the end user. The Controller part is easily the most confusing part, and this is the bit that handles communications between the model and view, and is where you actual "logic" presides. We aren't going to be completely pure in this level in this example ( MVC apps seldom are actually ), as the Controller part of our application is actually going to be a couple pieces, you will see later. For now just realize, if it aint a view and it aint a model, it's probably a controller.
It is also worth clarifying that MVC isn't the only option. There is also MVVM ( Model-View-ViewModel ) and MVP ( Model-View-Presenter ), and semantics aside, they are all remarkably similar and accomplish pretty much the same thing. MVC is simply the most common/popular of the three.
Put simply, it will look initially more complex ( and it is more complex ), but this upfront work makes life easier down the road, making it generally a fair trade off.
Alright, enough chatter, now some code! The code is going to be split over a number of files. A lot of the following code is simply the style I chose to use, and is completely optional. It is generally considered good practice though.
At the top level of our hierarchy we have a pair of files, index.html and server.js. server.js is fairly optional for now, I am using it because I will (might?) be hosting this application using NodeJS. If you are running your own web server, you don't need this guy, and won't unless we add some server-side complexity down the road.
index.html is pretty much the heart of our application, but most of the actual logic has been parted out to other parts of the code, so it isn't particularly complex. We will be looking at it last, as all of our other pieces need to be in place first.
Now within our scripts folder, you will notice two sub-folders models and views. These predictable enough are where our models and views reside. In addition, inside the views directory is a folder named templates. This is where our moustache templates are. Think of templates like simple HTML snippets that support very simple additional mark-up, allowing for things like dynamically populating a form with data, etc. If you've ever used PHP, ASP or JSP, this concept should be immediately familiar to you. If you haven't, don't worry, our templates are remarkably simple, and for now can just be thought of as HTML snippets. The .Template naming convention is simply something I chose, inside they are basically just HTML.
If you are basing your own product on any of this code, please be sure to check out here, where I refactored a great deal of this code, removing gross hacks and cleaning things up substantially!
Let's start off with our only model person.js, which is the datatype for a person entry. Let's look at the code now:
Y.Person = Y.Base.create('person', Y.Model, [],{
return this.get('name');
name: {
value: 'Mike'
height: {
value: 6
age: {
}, '0.0.1', { requires: ['model']});
The starting syntax may be a bit jarring and you will see it a lot going forward. The YUI.add() call is registering 'personModel' as a re-usable module, allowing us to use it in other code files. You will see this in action shortly, and this solves one of the biggest shortcomings of JavaScript, organizing code.
So that is the basic form your code objects are going to take. Don't worry, it's nowhere near as scary as it looks. Now let's take a look at a view that consumes a person model. That of course would be person.View.js. Again, the .View. part of that file name was just something I chose to do and is completely optional.
Y.PersonView = Y.Base.create('personView', Y.View, [], {
var that=this,
request = Y.io('/scripts/views/templates/person.Template',{
var template = Y.Handlebars.compile(response.responseText);
return this;
}, '0.0.1', { requires: ['view','io-base','personModel','handlebars']});
Just like with our person model, we are going to make a custom module using YUI.add(), this one named 'personView'. Within that module we have a single class, Y.PersonView, which is to say a class PersonView in the Y namespace. PersonView inherits from Y.View and we are defining a pair of methods, initializer() which is called when the object is created and render() which is called when the View needs to be displayed.
In initializer, we perform an AJAX callback to retrieve the template person.Template from the server. When the download is complete, the complete event will fire, with the contents of our file in the response.responseText field ( or an error, which we wrongly do not handle ). Once we have our template text downloaded, we "compile" it, which turns it into a JavaScript object. The next line looks obscenely complicated:
that because this is contextual in JavaScript. Within the callback function, it has a completely different value, so we cached the value going in. Next we get the property container that every Y.View object will have, and set it's HTML using setHTML(). This is essentially how you render a view to the screen. The parameter to setHTML is also a bit tricky to digest at first. Essentially the method template() is what compiles a moustache template into actual HTML. A template, as we will see in the moment, may be expecting some data to be bound, in this case name, age and height which all come from our Person model. Don't worry, this will make sense in a minute.
Our render method doesn't particularly do anything, just returns itself. Again we specify our modules dependency in the requires array, this time we depend on the modules view, io-base, personModel and handlebars. As you can see, we are consuming our custom defined personModel module as if it was no different than any of the built-in YUI modules. It is a pretty powerful way of handling code dependencies.
Now let's take a look at our first template.

About {{name}}:

{{name}} is {{height}} feet tall and {{age}} years of age.

As you can see, a template is pretty much just HTML, with a few small exceptions. Remember a second ago when we passed data in to the template() call, this is where it is consumed. The values surrounded by {{ }} ( thus the name moustache! ) are going to be substituted when the HTML is generated. Basically it looks for a value by the name within the {{ }} marks and substitutes it into the HTML. For example, {{name}}, looks for a value named name, which it finds and substitutes it's value mike in the results. Using templates allows you to completely decouple your HTML from the rest of your application. This allows you to source out the graphic work to a designer, perhaps using a tool like DreamWeaver, then simply add moustache markup for the bits that are data-driven.
What you may be asking yourself is, how the hell did the PersonView get it's model populated in the first place? That's a very good question.
In our application, our view is actually going to be composed of a number of sub-views. There is a view for the area the map is going to be edited in, a view for the context sensitive editing will occur ( currently our person view ), then finally a view where our menu will be rendered. However, we also have a parent view that holds all of these child views, sometimes referred to as a composite view. This is ours:
Y.EditorView = Y.Base.create('editorView', Y.View, [], {
var person = new Y.Person();
this.pv = new Y.PersonView({model:person});
this.menu = new Y.MainMenuView();
this.map = new Y.MapView();
var content = Y.one(Y.config.doc.createDocumentFragment());
var newDiv = Y.Node.create("
");
return this;
}, '0.0.1', { requires: ['view','io-base','personView','mainMenuView','mapView','handlebars']});
The start should all be pretty familiar by now. We again are declaring a custom module editorView. This one also inherits from Y.View, the major difference is in our initializer() method, we create a Y.Person model, as well as our 3 custom sub-views, a PersonView, a MainMenuView and a MapView ( the last two we haven't seen yet, and are basically empty at this point ). As you can see in the constructor for PersonView, we pass in the Y.Person person we just created. This is how a view gets it's model, or at least, one way.
Our render() method is a bit more complicated, because it is responsible for creating each of it's child views. First we create a documentFragment, which is a chunk of HTML that isn't yet part of the DOM, so it wont fire events or cause a redraw or anything else. Basically think of it as a raw piece of HTML for us to write to, which is exactly what we do. First we render our MainMenuView, which will ultimately draw the menu across the screen. Then we create a new full width DIV to hold our other two views. We then render the MapView to this newly created div, then render the PersonView to the div. Finally we append our new div to our documentFragment. Finally we set our view's HTML to our newly created fragment, causing all the views to be rendered to the screen.
Once again, we set a version stamp, and declare our dependencies. You may notice that we never had to include personModel, this is because personView will resolve this dependency for us.
Lets quickly look at each of those other classes ( mainMenuView and mapView ) and their templates, although all of them are mostly placeholders for now.
Y.MainMenuView = Y.Base.create('mainMenuView', Y.View, [], {
var that=this,
request = Y.io('/scripts/views/templates/mainMenu.Template',{
var template = Y.Handlebars.compile(response.responseText);
return this;
}, '0.0.1', { requires: ['view','io-base','handlebars']});

This is the area where the menu goes. It should be across the entire screen

Y.MapView = Y.Base.create('mapView', Y.View, [], {
var that=this,
request = Y.io('/scripts/views/templates/map.Template',{
var template = Y.Handlebars.compile(response.responseText);
return this;
}, '0.0.1', { requires: ['view','io-base','handlebars']});

This is where the canvas will go
Now, we let's take a quickly look at server.js. As mentioned earlier, this script simply provides a basic NODEJS based HTTP server capable of serving our app.
var express = require('express'),
server = express();
server.use('/scripts', express.static(__dirname + '/scripts'));
server.get('/', function (req, res) {
server.listen(process.env.PORT || 3000);
I wont really bother explaining what's going on here. If you are going to use Node, there is a ton of content on this site already about setting up a Node server. Just click on the Node tag for more articles.
Finally, we have index.html which is the heart of our application and what ties everything together and this is the file that is first served to the users web browser, kicking everything off.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<title>GameFromScratch example YUI Framework/NodeJS application</title>

YUI().use('app','editorView', function (Y) {
var app = new Y.App({
views: {
editorView: {type: 'EditorView'}
app.route('/', function () {
This sequence of


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- Site Link
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Office Phone: +15613919400
Listing Agent: Linda Scheller
Updated: 6th April, 2020 5:56 AM.
950 S Osprey Avenue Sarasota, FL


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Na jihu Hané v Kroměříži naleznete nespočet míst, kde se najíte z místních surovin, jelikož Kroměříž patří k nejúrodnějším oblastem u nás. Vydejte se s námi po těch nejlepších restauracích.
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36th America's Cup Key Dates & Events 2017-2021
Here you will find the key dates & events for the next America's Cup. We will update this page if new information is available.
(last updated January 2020)
|30 Nov 2017
|AC75 Class concepts released to key stakeholders
|1 Jan 2018
|Entries for Challengers Open
|31 Mar 2018
|AC75 Class Rule published
|30 Jun 2018
|Entries for Challengers Close
|31 Aug 2018
|The location of the America's Cup Match and the PRADA Cup confirmed
|31 Dec 2018
|Late entries Deadline
|31 Mar 2019
|Boat 1 of America's Cup teams can be launched
|Oct 2019
|2x America's Cup World Series Preliminary Events
|15 Feb 2020
|Boat 2 of America's Cup teams can be launched
|23-26 Apr 2020
|America's Cup World Series in Cagliari
|4-7 Jun 2020
|America's Cup World Series in Portsmouth
|17-20 Dec 2020
|America's Cup World Series in Auckland
|Jan & Feb 2021
|The PRADA Cup Challenger Selection Series
|6-21 Mar 2021
|The America's Cup Match


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