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Wind and boundary layers in Rayleigh-Bénard convection. II. Boundary layer character and scaling
The scaling of the kinematic boundary layer thickness and the friction factor at the top- and bottom-wall of Rayleigh-Bénard convection is studied by Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). By a detailed analysis of the friction factor, a new parameterisation for and is proposed. The simulations were made of an aspect-ratio domain with periodic lateral boundary conditions at and . A continuous spectrum, as well as significant forcing due to Reynolds stresses clearly indicates a turbulent character of the boundary layer, while viscous effects cannot be neglected judging from the scaling of classical integral boundary layer parameters with Reynolds number. Using a conceptual wind model, we find that the friction factor should scale proportional to the thermal boundary layer thickness as , while the kinetic boundary layer thickness scales inversely proportional to the thermal boundary layer thickness and wind Reynolds number . The predicted trends for and are in agreement with DNS results.
pacs:44.25.+f, 47.27.ek, 47.27.eb, 47.27.te
I Introduction
The structure of the boundary layer is of great importance for understanding the turbulent heat transfer characteristics of Rayleigh-Bénard convection. Inherently unstable due to buoyancy effects, the thermal boundary layer with thickness is in a dynamic equilibrium of heating (cooling) by thermal diffusion and the detrainment (entrainment) of heat due to impinging and ejecting thermals at the bottom (top) plate. This process creates large temperature gradients across the boundary layer, thereby enhancing the heat transfer through the wall and thus the Nusselt number . Next to a thermal boundary layer, one can identify a kinematic boundary layer with thickness , associated with the velocity field. Depending on the Prandtl number , which is the ratio between the kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity , the kinematic boundary layer can be nested inside the thermal boundary layer or vice versa, which influences the effectiveness of the heat transfer as a function of the Rayleigh number . The Rayleigh number is defined as , where is the thermal expansion coefficient, the gravitational constant, the temperature difference between the top and bottom plate and the domain height. The scaling of and as a function of and are therefore of importance for proper prediction of the heat transfer.
In the theory of Grossmann and Lohse (Grossmann and Lohse, 2000), the wind velocity and the boundary layer thicknesses and are central parameters, which are used to estimate the dissipation rates of kinematic energy and temperature variance in the bulk and the boundary layers. In the theory, and are defined as
While (1) holds excellently, the correspondence of (2) with experiments (Xin et al., 1996; Xin and Xia, 1997) and simulations (Kerr, 1996; Kerr and Herring, 2000) is less satisfactory. Relation (2) can be obtained by non-dimensionalising the steady laminar two-dimensional Prandtl boundary layer equations (Schlichting and Gersten, 2000; Grossmann and Lohse, 2004), by which (2) follows immediately. However, the measured dependence of is much weaker than predicted by (2) (see also Fig. 1). It has been suggested that the difference is due to geometry effects Grossmann and Lohse (2003) (plate-filling vs. laterally restricted flow).
In this paper, we argue that the disparity in the expected and the observed scaling is because the top- and bottom boundary layers are not laminar, i.e. forcing due to Reynolds stresses cannot be neglected in the kinematic boundary layer. Consequently, the arguments leading to (2) do not hold. With a detailed DNS study of the momentum- and heat-budgets and the friction factor, and using the wind model of the accompanying paper van Reeuwijk et al. (2007), we derive new parameterisations for and .
A related question is whether or not the boundary layers can be regarded as turbulent. The Reynolds number is too low to sustain a "classical" turbulent boundary layer ( at ), i.e. a boundary layer where the turbulence production due to shear is in local equilibrium with dissipation. Hence, the general view is that the boundary layers are laminar, but time-dependent. Although time-dependence due to plume impingement and detachment prevents laminarity in the strict sense, the assumption could be justified if the plumes are passive with respect to the scaling of integral boundary layer parameters such as the friction factor and the kinematic boundary layer thickness . Several other studies show that the friction factor scales similar to a Blasius boundary layer (Chavanne et al., 1997, 2001; Amati et al., 2005). However, the scaling of does not comply with classical laminar scaling (2), as discussed before. Furthermore, a recent study of time-spectra in the bottom kinematic boundary layer revealed that the spectra in the boundary layer and in the bulk were practically indistinguishable Verdoold et al. (2008), a strong indication of turbulence. In order to understand this dual behavior, we study several turbulence indicators for the boundary layers, such as the spectra, shape- and friction factor.
The paper is outlined as follows. A brief summary of the code for direct simulation and symmetry-accounted ensemble-averaging is given in section II. The scaling of the boundary layer thickness, the velocity profile, the friction factor and the shape factor are studied in sections III.1, III.2 and III.3 respectively. Then, we study the space and time spectra (section III.4). In section III.5, the mean momentum and temperature budgets in the boundary layers are studied to clarify the importance of fluctuations in the boundary layers. Using the results from the momentum budgets, the friction factor is decomposed in a pressure and momentum-flux contribution in section III.6. This leads to the insight that the main contribution is by the pressure gradient. Using the conceptual wind model derived in the accompanying paper van Reeuwijk et al. (2007), scaling laws for and are derived in section IV. As the results show that the flow has many typical features of turbulence but also of laminarity, the interpretation of the results is discussed in section V. Conclusions are drawn in section VI.
Ii Simulations
Direct simulation of Rayleigh-Bénard convection has been performed at and in a aspect-ratio domain. The code is based on a second-order variance-preserving finite-difference discretisation of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and is fully parallellised. For all simulations, a grid was used sufficient resolution to resolve the smallest turbulent scales, i.e. the Kolmogorov scale and Corrsin scale . The top and bottom wall are rigid (no-slip) and of fixed temperature. At the side domain boundaries, periodic boundary conditions are applied. For each except the highest, 400 independent realisations were obtained by performing 10 independent simulations and sampling the velocity and temperature field roughly twice every convective turnover time. Because of a formidable computational requirements for , we use this simulation only for the results of Fig. 1 and confine the wind-decomposed analysis to the lower cases, though without loss of generality.
Similar to domains confined by sidewalls, a wind structure develops also in domains with lateral periodic boundary conditions. However, here the wind structure can be located anywhere in the domain since it is not kept in place by sidewalls. To extract the wind, symmetry-accounted ensemble-averaging is used (van Reeuwijk et al., 2005), which aligns the wind structure in different realizations before averaging. In this way a wind structure can be identified unambiguously for these domains, by which a decomposition in wind and fluctuations becomes possible. The resulting average velocity and temperature (three-dimensional fields) are denoted respectively by and . The tildes are used to distinguish the conditional average from the standard (long-time, ensemble or plane) average which is a function of only. The symmetry-accounted average can be interpreted exactly as classical Reynolds-averaged results. For further details we refer to the accompanying paper (van Reeuwijk et al., 2007).
Iii Results
iii.1 Boundary layer thickness
The thickness of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers as a function of is shown in Fig. 1. Here, and are defined as the location of the maximum of mean squared horizontal velocity fluctuations and mean squared temperature fluctuations , respectively. The approximate powerlaws are and respectively, in good agreement with other simulations (Kerr, 1996) and reasonable agreement with experiments (Xin et al., 1996) (despite differences in aspect-ratio, geometry and boundary conditions).
Also shown in Fig. 1 are the predictions of the boundary layer thickness (1), (2) from the Grossmann-Lohse theory (Grossmann and Lohse, 2000), together with the DNS results. The thermal boundary layer thickness is in good agreement with the simulations. The width of the kinematic boundary layer does not agree so well with the G-L theory, as the actual exponent is instead of (where we have assumed free-fall scaling for simplicity).
Below we briefly recapitulate the arguments of Grossmann and Lohse (2004) leading to (2). The starting point is the laminar two-dimensional Prandtl boundary layer equation White (1991); Schlichting and Gersten (2000)
Upon substituting , , and , the equations become parameter independent as
Neither this expression, nor the incompressibility conditions, nor the boundary conditions have an explicit dependence on , so the solution has to be independent of as well. Therefore, the flow pattern undergoes a similarity transformation, and the boundary layer thickness scales as . This result is rigorous, provided that (3) holds, i.e. that turbulent stresses do not play a role in the momentum budget. In section III.5 we show that forcing due to Reynolds-stresses cannot be neglected for the boundary layer equations so that the laminarity assumption does not hold.
iii.2 Velocity profiles
The characteristic shape of the velocity profile can be obtained from the plane-averaged horizontal average velocity as . Figure 2a shows these profiles for various in plus units, i.e. scaled by the friction velocity with and . Here, we define a typical wall shear-stress as
In Fig. 2a, the viscous sublayer relation is shown with a dashed line, and logarithmic scaling of the velocity profile results in a straight line. For a classical turbulent channel flow and constant-pressure boundary layer, the viscous region ends at , the log-layer starts from and the profiles will collapse onto a single universal curve for all . Here the situation is completely different. First, in plus-coordinates the profiles do not collapse onto a single curve. Furthermore, the viscous region ends at approximately , and the velocity reaches its maximum at at . A region where the velocity scales logarithmically is hard to distinguish, indicating the absence of an inner (constant stress) layer.
Shown in Fig. 2b is the velocity profile normalized by the outer variables, i.e. the boundary layer thickness and the maximum velocity . Although the profiles show that there is a dependence, it is very weak. The weak influence of the number - especially for the two lower numbers considered - is further evidence that the kinematic boundary layer does not behave as a classical forced turbulent boundary layer. Note that the approximate universality of the velocity profiles means that inner and outer variables can be interchanged, in the sense that .
Several experiments have shown universality in upon an outer scaling by boundary layer thickness and maximum velocity (Xin et al., 1996; Lam et al., 2002; Qiu and Xia, 1998), so it is quite interesting that the boundary layer profile found here (Fig. 2b) has a (small) dependence. There may be several reasons for this difference. The experiments have been carried out at much higher , in the range and at higher (the working fluid was water). Furthermore, the presence of side walls and the smaller aspect ratio will be of influence.
It is useful to express the shear-Reynolds number in terms of , and the non-dimensional velocity gradient at the wall. Let the outer scaled variables be denoted by and . The non-dimensional velocity gradient at the wall is connected to the wall-shear stress by , where is the non-dimensional velocity gradient at the wall. Hence, the shear Reynolds number can be expressed as
All three terms , and depend on , although the dependence of the last term is very weak as .
iii.3 Friction and shape factor
The friction and shape factor (e.g. Schlichting and Gersten, 2000; White, 1991) have been calculated for all three (Table 1). The friction factor is defined as
Here we note that combining (6), (7) and neglecting the small dependence of the wall-gradient gives that can be approximated by
This is consistent with the approximation , which is an important assumption in the Grossmann-Lohse theory Grossmann and Lohse (2000). The observation (8) will prove to be important to establish the scaling of in section IV.
Based on the values of Table 1 and in terms of , the friction factor scales as . An empirical relation for turbulent plane channel flow is , with based on channel half width and mean velocity across the channel (Dean, 1978). The friction factor of laminar boundary layers have a stronger dependence on ; for plane Poiseuille flow ( based on full channel height) and for the Blasius flat plate flow . Hence, judging from the scaling of friction factor, the behavior of the boundary layer would be classified as laminar. These results are consistent with Chavanne et al. (1997, 2001); Amati et al. (2005).
The shape-factor is defined as , where and are the displacement and momentum thickness, given by:
For laminar profiles, such as Poiseuille flow and the Blasius solution for the developing flow over a flat plate, the shape factor is approximately (e.g. Schlichting and Gersten, 2000; White, 1991). For turbulent plane channel flow, flat-plate constant-pressure boundary layers and a plane turbulent wall jet (Rajaratnam, 1976) the shape factor is approximately . Based on this information, the values from Table 1 indicate that the velocity profile follows a laminar-like distribution with a slight trend towards turbulent values as increases.
If the shape and friction factor are taken to be representative to distinguish a laminar from a turbulent boundary layer, the boundary layer would be classified as laminar. In the next sections we will study the momentum budgets of the boundary layers, and compare the time and space spectra of boundary layer and the bulk. It will be shown that from this perspective, the kinematic boundary layer has many features of turbulence.
iii.4 Fluctuations and spectra
In Fig. 4a-c the average velocity profile is shown for and , together with the turbulence intensity of the horizontal and vertical fluctuations, and respectively. These are the profiles of the -averaged wind structure (see Fig. 3), with the -location chosen such that the horizontal velocity is at its maximum, i.e. where the flow is parallel to the wall and from left to right. A striking feature of the turbulence intensity of the horizontal fluctuations, is that it is so large compared to the mean wind, namely 70-80%. For turbulent channel flow, typical turbulence intensities are 5-10%. Outside the thermal boundary layer the horizontal turbulence intensity is constant. The vertical turbulence intensity is not as large as the horizontal due to wall blocking, but is still 20% at the edge of the thermal boundary layer, and 50% at the edge of the kinematic boundary layer. This confirms that fluctuations in large aspect-ratio domains are larger relative to the wind Niemela and Sreenivasan (2006), in comparison with small aspect-ratio domains (e.g. (Xin et al., 1996) reports turbulence intensities of 20%).
One of the main features of turbulence is the presence of a continuous range of active scales. A simulation at is used to obtain both spatial and temporal spectra of the horizontal velocity components. To collect temporal spectra, eight points have been monitored: four bulk and four boundary layer points. The bulk points are taken at and the boundary layer points were chosen according to . The temporal spectra are generated by segmenting the time series and a Welch window has been used. Then, averaging was performed over the spectra of the two horizontal velocity components and the four monitoring points. The spatial spectra were collected by performing a 2D FFT and integrating over circles and averaging over approximately 10 turnovers.
The temporal spectra of the horizontal velocity components at are shown in Fig. 5a. There is a continuous range of active scales which spans about two decades, although turbulence production and dissipation are not sufficiently separated to form a clearly discernible inertial subrange. The spatial spectra (Fig. 5b) also reveal a continuous range of active scales.
What is striking about the spectra of the bulk and the boundary layer is how similar they are, both in range of active scales and in amplitude. Despite a mild damping at the intermediate frequencies and wave numbers, the similarity indicates that the dynamics of the bulk and the boundary layer - both temporal and spatial - are very similar. We note that the simulation at is well inside the hard-turbulence regime. The transition to hard turbulence occurs at much lower for large aspect-ratio domains than the generally accepted value of (Heslot et al., 1987). Indeed, for aspect-ratio 6 domains, the flow has hard-turbulence regime scaling occurs from upwards (Kerr, 1996). If one accepts that the flow core is turbulent, then Fig. 5 indicates that the boundary layers are turbulent as well.
The striking similarity between the spectra in the bulk and the boundary layers seems to be a robust and general feature of Rayleigh-Bénard convection. In a recent paper (Verdoold et al., 2008), we present combined experimental and numerical results of an aspect-ratio 4 cavity filled with water for Rayleigh numbers ranging from to . For all from upwards, it is found that the spectra in the bulk and the boundary layer are practically identical.
iii.5 Momentum budgets
Momentum budgets are a very direct way to get an impression of the importance of the turbulent Reynolds stresses. As before, -averaged results (Fig. 3) are used for convenience of presentation. Checks have been made to ensure that the budgets shown here are also representative for the three-dimensional field. The -location has been chosen such that the horizontal velocity is at its maximum, i.e. where the flow is parallel to the wall and from left to right. This guarantees that horizontal gradients are small, and that no adverse of favorable pressure gradients are present. Shown are budgets for (Fig 6a,d,g), (Fig 6b,e,h) and (Fig 6c,f,i). The budgets for the horizontal (Figs. 6a-c) and vertical momentum (Figs. 6d-f) have been nondimensionalized by , and heat budget (6g-i) by . The legend for the budgets is shown in Fig. 6e and the budget terms are defined in Table 2. The -coordinate has been scaled by and the horizontal dashed line denotes . For reference, the ratio is 0.8, 0.6 and 0.38 for the simulations at , and respectively.
For the horizontal momentum budgets (Figs. 6a-c), the balance is between the horizontal pressure gradient and diffusion for . Outside the thermal boundary layer, is not negligible; on the contrary, fully balances the pressure gradient near . This indicates that the turbulence outside the thermal boundary layer is key to the boundary layer thickness, as will be outlined in section IV. As the location of the budgets has been chosen such that all horizontal derivatives are small, and .
Log-scaling is expected in the inner layer where is constant, so that . For channel flow, is zero at the wall and peaks in the buffer layer, marking the transport of momentum from the outer to the inner layer. After the peak, it crosses the zero axis where the log-layer is expected. This behavior of is absent for , but as increases a peak forms inside the thermal boundary layer (Fig. 6a-c). However, in terms of forcing is always much larger than the small peak for the range of under consideration, which again confirms that this is not a classical forced turbulent boundary layer.
Figs. 6d-f show the budgets of the -momentum equation. Here the balance is between buoyancy , the vertical pressure gradient and the Reynolds stresses . Very near the wall, roughly in the lower half of the thermal boundary layer, the buoyancy and pressure are in balance, so the flow is neutrally buoyant here. Further away from the wall, at the edge of the thermal boundary layer, the contribution of is significant, even if it may seem small compared to the near-wall (hydrostatic) balance of and . In fact, comparing of the vertical momentum equation to the magnitude of terms in the horizontal momentum equation shows that it is of the same magnitude as . Outside the boundary layer, the pressure gradient is positive and is balanced purely by fluctuations .
The -momentum budgets (Figs. 6h-i) show a balance between thermal diffusion , turbulence and there is a contribution from advection . Judging from the peak of around , the nonzero contribution of to the heat budget is probably caused by some spatial variations in by which . The peak of and is always located just inside the thermal boundary layer, representing the location where diffusion and fluctuations most effectively exchange heat.
It is striking that the dominant length scale for the budgets is the thermal boundary layer thickness (which is denoted by the horizontal dashed line in Fig. 6), and not as one may expect, the kinematic boundary layer thickness. Perhaps this should not be too much of a surprise, as the thermal boundary layer thickness can be well represented by , and the Nusselt number represents the efficiency of the convective heat transfer mechanism of the flow, resulting from the non-linear coupling of temperature and velocity under the action of buoyancy. Therefore, is equally important for the heat-budget and for the momentum budgets. In fact, is a dominant parameter in the scaling of both and , as will be shown in section IV.
The findings of Figs. 6a-i can be summarized as follows for the , and budget, respectively:
These equations represent the boundary layer equations at the -location where the flow is parallel to the wall and horizontal derivatives are negligible (roughly halfway between the impingement and detachment region). Note that even though the -momentum equation is not directly coupled to the other two equations, the vertical fluctuations are non-trivially coupled to and as these terms represent to a large extent the plumes emerging from and impinging on the boundary layers. The equations above are two-dimensional, but by the absence of transversal derivatives, it can be expected that these equations are valid for the three-dimensional case as well, in a local coordinate system aligned with the flow and at the location where the flow is parallel to the wall.
The boundary layer equation (9) clearly shows that one cannot neglect the influence of turbulence in the boundary layer dynamics. Hence, the laminar boundary layer equation (3), which lead to the scaling is not valid: additional information is required about to estimate . In section IV, the scaling behavior of will be derived using flow-specific information obtained from the DNS results.
iii.6 The friction factor decomposed
By using the boundary layer equation (9), the dominant contributor to the friction factor can be identified. Integrating (9) over the kinematic boundary layer and substituting (7), the friction factor is composed of a contribution from pressure and a turbulent momentum flux as
The terms on the right hand side of (12) have been calculated with the DNS results and are presented in Table 3
Using (12), can be parameterised. Shown in Fig. 7 is the effective forcing . To first order, for , while for the Reynolds stress forcing balances the pressure to that . Hence, can be estimated by
Clearly, (13) holds at moderate only, when turbulent shear production in the boundary layer is small. The formation of the peak inside the thermal boundary layer at and (Fig. 7) suggests that shear production becomes more important as increases, and this will have to be accounted for in (13) at higher . However, it was shown in the accompanying paper van Reeuwijk et al. (2007) that the wind velocity becomes independent of at sufficiently high , because is negligible compared to the mixing parameter . Therefore, incorrect scaling behavior in (13) will not influence the wind dynamics at high .
Iv Scaling of and
Using the simple two-equation wind model derived in the accompanying paper van Reeuwijk et al. (2007), we can establish the scaling behavior of and . The model uses a dimensionless wind-velocity and spatial temperature difference , where is the free-fall velocity. The governing equations of the model are given by
Here where is the typical roll size, , and . The turbulent Prandtl number and the mixing parameter are coefficients with values Schlichting and Gersten (2000) and respectively. The pressure difference which drives the wind is generated by a spatial temperature difference (it is relatively hot where the flow ascends and relatively cold where it descends, see Fig. 3). The temperature difference is in its turn generated by large horizontal heat fluxes originating from the interaction between the mean wind and temperature field. The model depends on , and , where and have to be provided. Based on the analysis of the friction factor (section III.6), an explicit expression for can be derived, by which the model only depends on empirical input for (and thus ).
The steady state estimate for the pressure gradient at the bottom wall of the wind model is van Reeuwijk et al. (2007)
Using (16), (13) can be further specified as
Hence, the wall friction term is linear in the temperature difference as
Here, we assumed that . With (18), the empirical specification of is no longer necessary, and the model is given by:
The steady state solution of the model as a function of is shown in Fig. 8. At this point, the only empirical data used in the model is the powerlaw for and the roll size . The mixing parameter is kept at the same value as in van Reeuwijk et al. (2007), namely 0.6. As can be seen, the model captures the trends of , and satisfactorily. Note that the profiles could be made to match quantitatively as well when one would introduce some additional coefficients. However, the focus of this paper is not to develop a carefully tuned model, but to elicit general scaling behavior.
It is not very useful to have an expression for in terms of , as this quantity is rarely measured. However, by using the steady state solution of (19), can be expressed in terms of as
so that the dependence of can be eliminated. Using (18) and (21), is given by
Hence, when , the model predicts that . Note that the term in the denominator represents the effects of wall friction. Hence, when , scales independently of wall-effects. It is the turbulence in the outer flow which fully determines the velocity at the edge of the boundary layer.
A scaling relation for can be derived by using the two different expressions for , (8) and (17). This results in
Using , is approximated by
Dropping the absolute signs and using (21), is given by
Upon assuming that , it follows that scales as . Fig. 8d shows the prediction of the wind model for . Although the boundary layer thickness is underpredicted, the trend is in agreement with the DNS data. Given the simplicity (with only one calibration parameter ), the model captures the trends of wind velocity, spatial temperature difference, friction factor and kinematic boundary layer thickness satisfactorily.
V Turbulent or not?
The apparently contradicting findings reported in the previous sections is quite intriguing. On the one hand, the results indicate that the kinematic boundary layer is turbulent. The deduced boundary layer equation (9) shows that forcing due to turbulent Reynolds stresses is significant, in particular outside the thermal boundary layer. Furthermore, the spectra in the bulk and the boundary layers are nearly indistinguishable and show the existence of a continuous range of active scales both in space and time. Both are an indication for turbulence.
On the other hand, the results suggest that the kinematic boundary layer does not correspond to a classical turbulent boundary layer. The Reynolds numbers in the range we consider ( at ) are generally considered too low to sustain turbulence. Moreover, the friction factor for a classical forced boundary layer has a weak dependence on (reflecting the quadratic wall friction), and is dominated by the turbulent momentum-flux from the free stream. For the boundary layers under consideration, the dominant contributor to is the pressure gradient (section III.6) and not the momentum-flux. Consequently, has a significant dependence. The near-universal profiles (found in the present work especially for the two lower numbers) as a function of based on the outer variables and (Fig. 2) are further evidence against a classical turbulent boundary layer: a turbulent boundary layer can by definition not be universally scaled by outer variables.
The difference between classical forced turbulence boundary layers and a boundary layer of Rayleigh-Bénard convection may be best characterized by the way the turbulence is produced and redistributed. For forced flow cases, turbulence cannot be maintained at low , as the dissipation in the boundary layer will be stronger than the production. However, for Rayleigh-Bénard convection the production and transport of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is not confined to the inner layer alone. Instead, TKE is produced in the bulk, where it is partially dissipated. The surplus is transported to the boundary layer by pressure velocity fluctuations (see also Kerr, 2001). Therefore, there is no local equilibrium between production and dissipation, and turbulence can be maintained in the boundary layers below the critical . At sufficiently high , instabilities due to shear can be expected to maintain themselves, and several experiments and simulations show such a transition around (Chavanne et al., 2001; Niemela and Sreenivasan, 2003; Amati et al., 2005).
A simple explanation for the laminar-like scaling of classical integral boundary layer parameters may be that the forcing in the wall-parallel direction is very weak compared to the forcing in the wall-normal direction (plume impingement and detachment). Indeed, the forcing in the vertical direction is the direct result of buoyancy, while the pressure gradient in the horizontal direction forms is due to large-scale differences in mean temperature. This can be made explicit by considering the ratio of forcing in the wall-normal direction (buoyancy) and wall-parallel direction (16), which is given by
At , this ratio is approximately 50, and at , the ratio is approximately 100. Thus, the boundary layers under consideration here are forced primarily in the wall-normal direction, and the force generating the wind is relatively weak.
Despite the laminar-like scaling of the integral parameters, a parallel can be drawn with a fully developed forced boundary layer: both have a viscous sublayer dominated by viscosity which suppresses instabilities and prevents their growth and development of turbulence. However, as demonstrated by seminal experiments in the sixties Kline et al. (1967), despite linear velocity variation, the flow within the sublayer in a forced boundary layer is not laminar, but accompanied by considerable irregular fluctuations, streaks and other structures. One can argue that the same dynamics occur in the boundary layers of Rayleigh-Bénard convection. In particular, Figs. 6a-c indicate that the thermal boundary layer functions as a viscous sublayer, and the region as an cross-over region between the exterior flow and the thermal boundary layer. The absence of a constant stress layer dominated by the turbulent momentum flux suppresses a logarithmic region and marks a fundamental difference with forced turbulent boundary layers.
Vi Conclusions
The aim of this paper has been to study the boundary layers which develop under the joint action of plumes and wind in Rayleigh-Bénard convection at the top and bottom plates. Direct numerical simulation was used for simulations at and for aspect ratio domains with periodic side boundary conditions. For each , 10 independent simulations have been carried out, resulting in approximately 400 independent realizations per . Processing the results using symmetry-accounting ensemble averaging made it possible to retain the wind structure, which would normally cancel out due to the translational invariance of the system.
The importance of Reynolds-stresses in the boundary layers, as well as the temporal and spatial spectra indicate undoubtedly a turbulent character of the boundary layer. However, the behavior is rather different from classical forced boundary layers, as can be judged from the laminar-like scaling of the classical integral boundary layer parameters. Indeed, viscous effects play an important role within the thermal boundary layer, and a large turbulent momentum-flux from the external stream is absent. This difference is probably caused by the fact that the turbulence inside the kinematic boundary layer of RB originates from the bulk, whereas classical forced boundary layers are in a local equilibrium between production and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy.
Due to the importance of Reynolds stresses in the boundary layer, the arguments underpinning the kinematic boundary layer scaling do not hold. Using the DNS results and a conceptual wind model van Reeuwijk et al. (2007), explicit expressions for and were derived. It was found that the friction factor should scale proportional to the thermal boundary layer thickness as . The kinematic boundary layer thickness scales inversely proportional to the thermal boundary layer thickness and the Reynolds number as . The predicted trends for and are in agreement with the DNS results.
Acknowledgements.This work is part of the research programme of the Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), which is financially supported by the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO). The computations were sponsored by the Stichting Nationale Computerfaciliteiten (NCF).
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New Delhi, Jun 15 : Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot on Saturday urged the Centre to give exemption to all small and medium enterprises from mandatory permission at the national level for first three years.
In his address at the meeting of the Governing Council of the NITI Aayog, Mr Gehlot said his government has enacted legislation to keep all MSMEs free from any requirement of prior permission up to three years.
'This exemption is applicable under state laws...I urge the Government of India to give exemption on the same lines under central laws,' he said.
The Chief Minister also maintained that the state government should be allowed to use 50 per cent of the funds in a flexible manner in the Centrally Sponsored Schemes.
On the Essential Commodities Act, he said the Centre should constitute a Committee of Secretaries of States and related departments to suggest amendments in the present law to ensure wide consultations on the draft of the new Act. (UNI)


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The Stern Review represented something of an effort to respond to the recurring deadlock: Stern criticizes the gradualism of Nordhaus, considering the risk of important environmental losses if the temperature rises above that limit. His decision rule is that of environmental efficacy and cost-effectiveness. To him, gradualist models such as that of Nordhaus do not reckon a number of impacts and, in particular, catastrophic impacts. Regarding the latter, Stern works with subjective probability distributions although, as pointed out by Vale , p.
The explicit concern about intergenerational distribution and justice leads him also to adopt a very low, close to zero discount rate. In contrast, however, he structures these policies based on a framework of macroeconomic scenarios where the environmental costs of inaction are estimated. In the recent report of the United Nations Environment Program on Green Economy UNEP, , the fundamental eco-developmental premise is explicitly stated, 16 , but similar to the Stern Review it is included in a stricter macro-economic analytical framework.
Two key aspects of this analytical scheme deserve to be highlighted: Policy proposals are a mix of command and control policies and with policies based on economic instruments. In relation to the first, an aggressive environmental regulation is also recommended to anticipate future scarcity. Developing countries have specificities - such as large portions of the population still living on forestry activities and small subsistence agriculture - that need to be addressed through specific policies.
There is a great expectation towards the role of technology: The technological revolution of the green economy would be different for three reasons: From the point of view of environmental economics neoclassical mainstream , natural resources as a source of both inputs and ecosystem services do not represent, in the long run, an absolute limit to economic growth.
Sustainability - Wikipedia
This position is based on two premises: In turn, natural ecosystems that are inevitably lost due to human expansion would be easily replaced by capital. Thus, the availability of natural resources NR can be a constraint to economic growth, but only a relative constraint that can be indefinitely overcome by scientific and technological progress.
It all happens as if the economic system could move smoothly from a resource base to another as each of them is exhausted, with scientific and technological progress as the key variable to ensure that the replacement process will not limit economic growth, thus guaranteeing its sustainability in the long term. At the limit, as provocatively stated by Solow , 21 the economy could get along without natural resources!
In the literature this idea became known through the concept of weak sustainability. According to this current, the incentive mechanisms through which this indefinite expansion of environmental limits to economic growth occurs should be especially market mechanisms.
In the case of environmental goods traded in markets material and energy inputs , the growing shortage of a particular good would translate easily into an increase in its price, thus leading to the introduction of innovations that enable saving it eco-efficiency , and, at the limit, replacing it with another more abundant resource. In the case of environmental services generally not traded in the market due to their nature as public goods air, water, global biochemical life support cycles, ability to absorb waste, etc.
Correcting this failure requires interventions, so that the willingness to pay for these environmental services can be expressed as their scarcity increases. The explanation for this would be that in the early stages of the economic development process, increasing environmental degradation is accepted as a negative, but inevitable, side effect. However, after a certain level of economic well-being, people become more sensitive and willing to pay for the improvement of environmental quality, which would have led to the introduction of institutional innovations and organizational measures to correct market failures arising from the public nature of most environmental services.
These institutional and organizational innovations, in turn, guarantee a pace of introduction of technical innovations in production processes capable of compensating for the pressure of economic activities on the environment Grossman and Krueger, The optimal solution would be that which could somehow create the conditions for the free operation of market mechanisms: The first would entail privatizing resources such as water, air etc.
Collective action through the State is necessary only to correct market failures that occur because most environmental services are public goods air, water, ability to absorb waste, etc. Once these failures have been resolved to ensure the correct economic signals of the relative scarcity of these environmental services, the dynamics of the intertemporal allocation of resources based on cost-benefit assessments would tend to be processed efficiently, with no problems of uncertainty and risk of irreversible losses.
Not everyone, however, has accepted that this logical conclusion based on the assumptions made. For long, economists participating in this current have been concerned about the risk of potentially important irreversible environmental losses; important in that they can cause significant losses of well-being that could be prevented. This dilemma between the conservation and exhaustion of a given ecosystem has been structured as a discrete choice issue, which recognizes that there are many situations in which the full conservation or the irreversible transformation of a given ecosystem can be legitimately claimed.
The problem is defining which one. Thus, the risks inherent in the cost-benefit analysis would be reduced in situations in which the losses can be very importantes. Theoretically, the problem of global warming could be solved like that of any other environmental externality resulting from a market failure in the use of public natural resources, by pricing the ecosystem service of climate regulation.
Thus, as the cost of warming increases progressively, the market would induce the introduction of technological solutions that reduce the cost of controlling greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. Initially, as pointed out by Vale , Nordhaus found that the laissez-faire would not be enough, and that State intervention beyond pricing would be required as in the establishment of minimum efficiency standards for engines , in order to force a faster adjustment of emissions to adequate safety levels.
The big challenge, then, would be to estimate marginal curves of control cost mitigation and pollution cost for a complex and very long term global problem.
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As of , prices should rise sharply. Thus, Nordhaus manages to maintain allocative efficiency as a rule of decision in terms of marginal cost-benefit to address an environmental problem that he had singled out initially as deserving special, non-marginalist State action. From the standpoint of ecological economics, the environment represents an absolute limit to the expansion of the economy, which is one of its subsystems. However, if by definition a subsystem cannot be larger than the system that contains it, its size in relation to the whole does not have the system as its maximum limit, but rather its carrying capacity, which is defined by thresholds of ecosystem resilience.
This is one of the fundamental premises of ecological economics that has its origin in the work of Kenneth E. It is not possible to replace essential ecosystem services with capital. The difficulty lies in the idea that economic growth, increasing production and per capita income are also limited by the size of Spaceship Earth. This is another fundamental premise of Ecological Economics which has its origin especially in the work of N.
The thermodynamic destabilizing effects of human activities result from two sources. The first source of imbalance is the expansion of human occupation of the space. Rich estuarine ecosystems give way to cities and ports; huge natural spaces are radically transformed by agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. The second is the introduction of materials and energy from sources exogenous to the system. Depending on the amount, this waste represents a source of pollution that can affect or even destroy the ability of ecosystems to provide services.
These activities have impacts similar to those of volcanoes, with the difference, however, of being selective: Added to these materials are those produced artificially, an already huge number of new substances whose impacts on ecosystems and directly on humans are not well known, such as POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants , hormone-mimicking molecules, etc. In the long term, therefore, the sustainability of the economic system is not possible without the stabilization of waste and heat 28 production levels according to the carrying capacity of the planet.
This is the biggest limiting factor: Services that cannot be replaced by capital and that the market is incapable of adequately taking into account. Once the existence of a carrying capacity that cannot be exceeded is recognized, the next issue is its size. To what extent human pressure on ecosystems can be absorbed by these without a catastrophic rupture? According to Rockstrom et al. However, although these efforts are required, it must be recognized that these ecosystem services result from complex ecosystems that have, inter alia , the property of resilience, i.
It is a radical uncertainty that science is unable to solve. From these assumptions, the central question for ecological economics is how to get the economy to operate while accepting the existence of these limits. In fact, as pointed out by Daly , the prices reflect the availability of each resource regardless of the total stock of resources, thus preventing them from being used to signal an optimal extraction process from the standpoint of sustainability.
In the case of environmental services not traded in the market due to their nature as public goods, the adjustment mechanism proposed does not take into account key ecological principles to ensure sustainability, in that this mechanism is based on cost-benefit calculation by economic agents with a view to allocating resources between investments in pollution control and payment of pollution fees to minimize the total cost. The fees, in turn, will be calculated based on a set of economic valuation methodologies that measure either directly or indirectly the willingness of individuals to pay for environmental goods and services.
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The fact that the assimilative capacity is exceeded in a given period t reduces the assimilative capacity in the following period and so forth, and may result in irreversible loss. This adjustment mechanism implies that technology and preferences and, implicitly, income distribution are used as nonphysical parameters that determine a position of equilibrium in which the physical variables of the quantities of goods and services used scale are adjusted.
Thus, it is the allocation of investments in pollution control and payment, according to the technology and optimizing preferences of the agents, that determines the scale of use of natural resources. In the case of the ecological economics this process needs to be reversed, starting by determining the sustainable scale of use of natural resources. Thus, what used to be process adjustment variables amount of ecosystem goods and services to be used are now being treated as physical parameters of ecological sustainability, to which the now nonphysical variables of technology and preferences should adjust.
Because of the technology, the latter begin to be limited by the scale. Determining a sustainable scale, in turn, involves other values besides the individual pursuit of maximizing gain or well-being, such as solidarity between and within generations. These values have to be affirmed in the context of scientific controversies and uncertainties in complex cases such as those of global environmental problems. In such cases, the scale deemed sustainable can only be determined through collective decision-making processes, from perspective of application of the Precautionary Principle.
Thus, without a collective intervention to define the scale that society deems sustainable, the improvement of environmental quality induced by environmental degradation the Environmental Kuznets Curve tends to be limited to the degradation that affects the level of well-being of the very agents making the decision such as that caused by the emission of sulfurous gases, particulates, disposal of domestic sewage, etc.
Once the sustainable scale has been determined, the issue of distribution of the right of access - which has become restricted - to a particular ecosystem good or service follows suit. This issue does not exist in the conventional analytical scheme, since there are no environmental limits. The basic distribution criterion should be one that society considers fair.
Ecological Economics
In the case of global warming, the policies proposed by the Kyoto Protocol followed this analytical framework. A sustainable scale of use regarding the capacity to absorb greenhouse gases was defined 33 based on ecological criteria; then the distribution of the use of this capacity among signatory countries was established based on criteria considered fair emission reduction based on the contribution of each country ; and finally the allocation of investments was left to the carbon market, with the addition of the ingenious Clean Development Mechanism CDM.
Regarding the second action plan - stabilization of the level of heat and waste emissions in developed countries, which implies stopping economic growth zero growth - the problem is how to do it without generating a socioeconomic crisis to be discussed in a coming section. In the case of developing countries, economic growth is essential to eliminate poverty and inequality.
For those, policies like the ones advocated by UNEP and by eco-developmentalists in general are the ones that should be implemented. The debate about zero growth or even degrowth 36 has gained momentum in recent years. Specifically, it is about tackling, for example, the problem of employment, of inequality and of incentive to technological innovation. The legitimacy for the implementation of these policies depends on the solution of the second problem, the one regarding consumer expectations that give legitimacy to the opposing, growth incentive policies.
One must not lose sight of the fact that the emergence of mass consumer societies was unprecedented in human history and released the great mass of the population from the oppression of poverty. It was the result of a process of sustained economic growth. However, this necessary legitimizing altruism of zero growth policies may be enhanced by the growing realization that the current level of material comfort is more than enough, and that continuing growth efforts will produce more harm than good. The curve of marginal disutility is increasing because it reflects the negative effects of economic growth on well-being, including the effect of environmental degradation and other risk factors, as well as the increase in social entropy.
As the current generation starts from an already high level of material comfort, increased incomes and the consequent increase in consumption would result in a utility gain lower than that obtained by the previous generation. Actually, it was found that this gain tended to be null! Surveys of the sense of happiness of the population conducted in the United States on a regular basis by polling firms like Gallup and the National Opinion Research Center show that income growth had not been accompanied by an increase in the happiness of people as they perceived it.
The first case is not surprising, to some extent, since stepping out of poverty and having increased access to goods and services is always a source of relief and satisfaction. According to Abramovitz , this fact could be explained by a set of psycho-cultural reasons, of which one of the most important would be the fact that the satisfaction each individual gets by increasing his consumption capacity is related to the consumption capacity of his fellow citizens; that is, if income increases for society as a whole, the perception of increased consumption capacity vanishes.
Sustained growth understood as a long-term growth process that results from a virtuous cycle of savings and investment that increases employment and income, which, in turn, expand opportunities for new investments. The modeling performed was a system dynamics that had just been developed by Jay Forrester. A simulation based on system dynamics is essential if we want to know, for example, what happens in a given system when the flow of input or output of an exogenous source of energy or matter increases or decreases.
This was precisely the weakness of the model, because the technological variable implies the possibility of relative magnification of the system Planet Earth under analysis. Economic growth would tend to improve income distribution by increasing scarcity and labor productivity, as it would have been observed historically in developed countries - the Kuznets Curve.
The various sub-currents sharing this view could be divided, in turn, into two groups: With the perhaps single exception of Furtado in The myth of economic development. For Furtado, the conclusion of the Club of Rome report would be proof that economic development was not for everyone, though in his analytical scheme, exclusion mechanisms are not directly related to environmental issues.
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- Marcus - Vor aller Augen (Teil 3) (German Edition).
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Moral in the sense that no growth would ultimately mean a return to barbarism. Environmental limits to growth, as hopefully and poorly argued by Friedman, could be overcome by technical progress. Note the difference in the position of the Marxist and structuralist currents: In the first report, the conclusion was that if the observed trends - in relation to the increase in world population, industrialization, pollution, use of natural resources etc.
In the second, the conclusion is even more extreme, in that the rates of use of many essential resources and of generation of various types of pollution would have already exceeded the rates that would be physically sustainable. And the remedy as well, because it will not only be necessary to achieve zero growth as soon as possible, but also to significantly reduce the flows of matter and energy by rapidly increasing eco-efficiency.
The policy proposal to reduce emissions under the Kyoto Protocol represents the theoretically optimal solution advocated by Ecological Economics, as will be discussed in the next section. Or yet, when it is estimated that the opportunity cost of deforestation is three times greater than its benefits.
Baumol admits the thermodynamic restriction that the efficiency of real systems cannot be increased indefinitely, but the replaceability between capital and natural resources would ensure perpetual economic growth. That is, the thermodynamic saci does not exist, but the capitalist Midas does and could handle the problem by himself.
The present value of a given development project D is deducted from the benefits of preservation P. In cases where these uncertainties are even greater and the benefits of the development alternative are dubious, the criteria of the Krutilla-Fisher approach would not be sufficient to prevent irreversible losses of resources whose conservation would prove a posteriori to be invaluable.
In this case, an alternative would be the so-called safe minimum standards approach SMS , developed especially by Bishop based on the work of Ciriacy-Wantrup However, the need to define these standards contradicts the assumptions mainstream economists work with. The definition according to which the intolerably high cost of conservation should be in accordance with the standard economic thinking based especially in sustaining adequate levels of consumption by human populations.
In the last two decades, the expansion of economic activities led by the Asian giants, China and India have entailed an exponential growth of human pressure on the environment, despite the increase in eco-efficiency. Definitely, humanity has become an almost geological factor of change. We have gone for Holocene to Anthropocene!
Ecosphere is the name given to the space where life on Earth is concentrated: Several factors explain the absence of a distribution of probabilities of a given phenomenon: The threshold of complex ecosystems fits into the latter situation see Dequech, Methodologies that have their specific limitations and are applied without an adequate ecosystem evaluation. In general, therefore, the decline of pollution associated with the increase in income was due to local institutional reforms, such as environmental legislation and incentives based on market mechanisms, which do not consider international and intergenerational consequences.
In other words, these reforms do not help to avoid problems when their costs are borne by the populations usually poor of other countries or by future generations, i. Certainly economic considerations cost of adjustment intervened in the definition of what should have been determined only by scientific considerations. This mechanism, proposed by the Brazilian delegation, enables non-signatory developing countries to participate in the official carbon market; a triple winner solution: See the latest works of Professor Sachs , , Georgescu-Roegen believed that degrowth would be necessary for humanity to extend its life on Earth.
The hypothesis is that the current level of production and consumption in developed countries cannot be generalized to all countries; these therefore need to progressively degrow to make room for the necessary growth of poor countries see www. In the medieval West, the anthropocentric view of the meaning of human presence on Earth derived from the Judeo-Christian cosmology, in which human beings were created by God in his image and likeness and to whom the entire Earth and its resources are subject, coincided with territorial fragmentation and, within regions, the division of power between the center the crown and the local lord, implying the existence of multiple centers of decision.
The first represented a remarkable change of mind in human history and contributed to a strongly proactive attitude in the sense of manipulating and transforming nature, by inventing new methods and procedures. The second enabled expressing the first, insofar as it allowed innovative agents to bargain their ideas with leaders in a mutual competition see White, , ; Jones, ; Mokyr, ; Landes, , among others. Cambridge University Press, Editora da Unesp, Be the first to review this item.
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Procurement and Contracts Assistant – ADB – Manila
Job Purpose
The Procurement and Contracts Assistant will provide support to the following activities of the Unit: (i) contract administration and monitoring, to ensure that both the contractors or service providers, as well as ADB business units are in compliance with the provisions of the contract; (ii) procurement and contracts analysis and statistical reporting; (iii) business processes reviews and audit support; (iv) updating and monitoring of existing and new suppliers; and (v) support in ensuring the timely and accurate registration, legal/financial verification of suppliers. The incumbent will report to the designated International Staff and senior National Staff.
- Assists in the review of contract terms and conditions and monitors compliance by the service provider/contractor and the business unit with all the provisions of the contract (e.g., performance security, insurance coverage, Service Level Agreement (SLA), Good Social Management Certificates). Recommends action and resolution to contracts compliance issues and problems.
- Assists in the evaluation of requests for contract amendments and revisions received from the contractors. Coordinates the prompt processing of the business unit's requests in accordance with the current procurement procedures. Assists in the review of existing contracts to recommend for the contract rebidding/renegotiation or the termination/extension of the contract.
- Prepares and provides assistance in analyzing periodic statistical reports such as the institutional procurement spend, contract compliance, contract variation and expiries, and contracts performance monitoring, recommendations and other necessary documentation pertaining to contracts monitoring and administration.
- Assists in the audit reviews and attestation by conducting user access reviews and providing required information and documents to support the bi-annual internal or external reviews.
- Reviews business processes, guidelines forms and documentation and contributes in improvements for streamlining and simplification.
- Provides support in the review and analysis of all information and documents (financial statements, legal documents and other related documents) provided by suppliers to ensure completeness, accuracy and veracity.
- Contributes to the procurement planning exercises, to include monitoring and reporting.
- Provides operational and administrative support in the effective and efficient maintenance of information and data by properly classifying, updating and maintaining list of current and prospective contractors/suppliers, all on-going, completed and in-process service contracts including all performance and contractual requirements, original copies of all service contracts and relevant documents.
- Monitors information maintained in the Unit's database, generates statistical reports and secures the confidentiality of information such as archives, documents and memoranda related to the procurement exercises.
- Provides administrative support in extracting/ generating data and other reports, and typing various correspondences.
- Supports the management and operation of the e-Procurement system; and recommends improvements in the functionality and usability of system.
- Performs other related duties as may be assigned by the immediate supervisor, and Unit Head, OAPC.
Relevant Experience & Requirements
- Bachelor's degree with major in Business Administration, Business Information Management, Accounting or other relevant disciplines. Professional Certification (e.g. CPA, Supply Management) an advantage.
- Suitability to undertake the responsibilities mentioned above at the required level.
- At least 5 years of professional experience in a relevant field.
- Working knowledge and understanding of the ADB (or similar) policies, guidelines, and procedures in procurement operations.
- Knowledge and understanding of relevant software used in the procurement process and records management.
- Excellent oral and written skills in English.
- Good interpersonal communication skills and ability to provide guidance to staff and promote teamwork.
- Please refer to the link for ADB Competency Framework for Administrative Staff Levels 4-5
Closing date for applications 03 April 2020 before midnight.
In your application please specify that you found out about this opportunity on GCFjobs.com
Veuillez indiquer dans votre candidature que vous avez consulté cette offre sur le site web GCFjobs.com


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It's no misnomer that a position with so much responsibility carries the name trustee. After all, you have been entrusted with a solemn responsibility and you no doubt want to do the best possible job.
Here are 10 things to do when you are appointed trustee of a trust:
- Read the trust document, which sets out the rules that govern how you will manage and administer the trust. Be sure you understand these rules completely.
- Create a checking account for the trust. A separate checking account for the trust should be used to handle all expenses and income, and will enable you to track distributions and payments.
- Keep the beneficiary's best interests in mind. You have a fiduciary duty to all beneficiaries to perform your duties according to the law and in their best interest.
- Do not borrow from the trust. You should never use the trust for your own personal needs.
- Provide an annual report. You will owe an accounting at least annually to all beneficiaries and anyone else with an interest in the trust.
- Invest the funds prudently. Diversify the portfolio among stocks and fixed income securities. Unless you are an investment professional, it is wise to get professional advice.
- Understand the needs of the beneficiaries. Stay in regular contact with the beneficiaries so you understand their needs.
- Be aware of any conflict with public benefits. Be sure you are aware of any beneficiary receiving public benefits to ensure any distribution does not disqualify them from those benefits.
- File income tax returns. You are required to file an annual income tax return on behalf of the trust.
- Get advice. Call Pierchoski Estate Law to ensure you are fulfilling your role as trustee correctly and legally. Special reduced rates are always available if you are a Trustee for an Estate Plan we created and your first visit with us is free of charge.
Contact Pierchoski Estate Law for help at 931.363.7222.


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Crossing Lines December 2019 meeting
We began with an attempt at illustrating the progress towards the destruction of Robin Hood Gardens, a project which has intermittently absorbed Peter Luck since taking part in related Transition Group exhibitions in 2015 and 2016. Some discussion ensued on both the vexed question of changes in tenure (social rent vs market – from the past project to the replacement) and of the use of a black and white aesthetic.
Michael Scott showed images from an on-going project, also mostly b&w, on the fate of the phone box, some barely used, others unusable and all bearing traces of passing users or commercial appropriation.
Tony Nicholls followed with a set of street observations.
Mo Greig ended the session with two projects. First she showed a rough of an intended zine on the theme of the occurrence of paedophilia in the Catholic church, drawing largely on photos of devotional artworks, and sought comments on the strength of certain images. Second, she drew attention to the problem of producing meaningful images of the Irish border where it is rarely visible and traces of the Troubles are few. If, or when, an answer to this appears it will add to Mo's series of images made at much more evident borders in eastern Europe.
Peter Luck


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I know you are looking forward to a healthy 2020 and that's an awesome thing to do. One of the first things that we all need to do is make sure that our body gets all the necessary proteins, minerals and vitamins. But, sometimes intaking them cannot be delicious. I mean, it is not always that your favourite food items will contain the necessary proteins that your body needs. And, eating yoghurt by mixing protein can also get boring after one point.
Well, don't worry because I started to hate the protein and yoghurt mix. And, here are my personal favourite protein-packed smoothies.
# Raspberry Vanilla Smoothie
Just add a cup of raspberry with two spoons of greek yoghurt and vanilla essence. Of course, add your preferred protein supplement. This tasty smoothie can be taken with breakfast or during lunch. One of the best things is that raspberry is high in fibre.
# Mango Smoothie
Now, this may sound pretty ordinary but it has a lot of ingredients. You will need to mix Greek yoghurt, banana, mangoes, unsweetened coconut, vanilla extract, honey, and chia seeds together. This ultimate smoothie will satisfy your tummy and tastebuds as well. Chia seeds will help in doubling the protein content of the smoothie.
# Blueberry Banana Protein Smoothie
This is another tasty smoothie that you should get your hands on. You just need five ingredients, including blueberries, bananas, ice, Greek yoghurt, and milk. Just blend them together for 3 minutes and you are ready to feast on it. The smoothie satisfies the need for protein and if you are looking for better results, you can opt for chia seeds.


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Apex Legends
The best sniper games you can play right now
There's seldom a shot that's as satisfying as a headshot from a sniper rifle, though it's rare to find a game that pulls off the mechanic well.
The best PS4 games in 2019: every must-play on Sony's flagship console
Despite Sony's notable absence from this year's E3, with more than 90 million units sold, the PlayStation 4 is still by far the best-selling console of this generation.
Apex Legends season 2 reminds us that not every live game needs to grind out constant updates
Apex Legends' season 2 isn't a gamechanger, but then, it absolutely doesn't have to be.
Apex Legends preview - Titanfall feel, Overwatch characters, and Fortnite ambitions
Apex Legends wants to disrupt. It wants to make you stop.


text: Guess the letter ? TTFF September 10, 2014 by puzzler 13 Comments Which letter should replace the question mark? Which letter should replace the question mark??TTFFSSENTETTFFSSENT Check your answer:- Tried enough already? Click here to See ExplanationHide Every letter is first letter of the number series in english, i.e. One, Two, Three, Four Share on Whatsapp Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Like us on FacebookWhatsAppTweetEmail


text: The] binary division between resistance and non-resistance is an unreal one. The existence of those who seem not to rebel is a warren of minute, individual, autonomous tactics and strategies which counter and inflect the visible facts of overall domination, and whose purposes and calculations, desires and choices resist any simple division into the political and the apolitical. The schema of a strategy of resistance as a vanguard of politicization needs to be subjected to re-examination, and account must be taken of resistances whose strategy is one of evasion or defence. Colin Gordon on Michel Foucault, cited in Scott 1985: ii Individuals resist the imposition of illegitimate powers in a wide variety of ways. Sometimes this resistance is framed collectively – drawing heavily on notions of solidarity – while at other times it takes on a much more individualized character. After briefly outlining the relationship between resistance and solidarity we suggest that how migrants define resistance is an empirically significant question whose answer should not be taken for granted, as the actual strategies employed by those in positions others seek to impose vary greatly with context. We seek to contextualize this claim by using migrants' discourses to illustrate how strategies for resisting discrimination are played out in various ways. Our aim in doing this is to draw attention to the 'everyday' nature that much resistance to oppression takes; a major contention in this chapter is that just as the discrimination faced by migrants is broad, disparate and often elusive, accordingly challenges to illegitimate uses of power are also (necessarily) many and varied.


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George Chandler From Affiliate.Builders Will Tell About Niche Websites at Georgia iGaming Affiliate Conference
What aspects should be taken into account while creating the niche websites in the iGaming sector and how to earn on that? George Chandler, Business Development Executive at Affiliate.Builders will tell about this on October 18 at Georgia iGaming Affiliate Conference.
Speaker's presentation is titled: "How to earn on creating websites in the iGaming niche".
Key thesis:
- simple principles and basic rules of creating the niche websites;
- online resource monetization and working with traffic.
George Chandler has been working in affiliate marketing since 2013. Previously he has been a Managing Director at the Bulgarian betting shop Eurofootball. He was also a Head of sales at AssuredBets.com – a platform gathering the odds at top betting websites and searching for the surebets – options to make bets in various betting venues on all possible sports results and get income regardless of the outcome.
Currently he is a Business Development Executive at Affiliate.Builders. The company is developing unique affiliate websites in the iGaming sector. Solutions they offer are used in such segments as online casino, virtual sports, esports, P2P Games, bingo/lottery etc. George's duties include representing Affiliate.Builders on the market and increasing the brand awareness.
Guests of the conference will have a chance to talk to the speaker and ask him their questions.


text: RoyAwesome Posted May 22, 2015 Are the scopes not working in the current build? The gameplay footage I've seen so far doesn't betray a performance drop when ADS. There is a fairly large performance drop with the 3d scopes at the moment, and it's something we are actively working on. It's 'fine' if you are okay with a drop from 60fps to 30-40fps but many people just aren't. It's a hard challenge that doesn't come with an easy win. We are working on it though. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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2017 China New Design Maintenance tool case STC931R for Swedish Manufacturer
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Wild man Andrew Ucles teaches you how to perform rabbit catching using snakes with his unique understanding of animal predator-prey relationships.
Watch as Andrew collects 4 of Australia's most venomous snakes and uses them to his advantage versus the wild European rabbit to capture one of the world's hardest to catch vermin. This type of rabbit snare is unique as it requires patience to trap and catch small game, but nonetheless an effective method to capture small animals.
The rabbit was released safely and unharmed
Ucles vs Africa: https://www.andrewucles.com/adventures/ucles-vs-africa/
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[No animals within the following footage were harmed. The footage depicts animals being restrained and no intent has been made to injure, harm or stress the animal(s). All animals used within the following footage were released back into their natural state. Viewers should not attempt the following outtakes without the appropriate permits and review of the relevant legislation and industry professional assistance.]
By Jane from Poland - 2015.10.01 14:14
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text: Decision making/Patient and family centered care Case and Commentary Dec 2019 Using the 4-S Framework to Guide Conversations With Patients About CRISPR Lisa S. Lehmann, MD, PhD, MSc Empathic communication skills help motivate understanding of safety, significance of harms, impact on succeeding generations, and social consequences. AMA J Ethics. 2019;21(12):E1029-1035. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2019.1029. Case and Commentary Nov 2019 Should a Caregiver's QoL Be Considered in Decisions About Whether a Patient Has an Experimental Double-Hand Transplant? Miguel I. Dorante, MD, MBE, Elaine Devine, MSW, LICSW, and Simon G. Talbot, MD Success depends on strong support, rehabilitation, adherence, and social integration. AMA J Ethics. 2019;21(11):E943-952. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2019.943. Viewpoint Oct 2019 How Moral Case Deliberation Supports Good Clinical Decision Making Giulia Inguaggiato, MPhil, Suzanne Metselaar, PhD, Bert Molewijk, PhD, and Guy Widdershoven, PhD Clarifying both patients' and professionals' values fosters good clinical decision making, particularly in situations of uncertainty. AMA J Ethics. 2019;21(10):E913-919. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2019.913. Case and Commentary Oct 2019 How Should Clinical Ethics Consultants Support Parents' Decision Making? Katherine J. Feder, MS and Janice I. Firn, PhD, LMSW Rather than relying on decision aids, values-based approaches to decision making illuminate a plurality of possible right actions. AMA J Ethics. 2019;21(10):E831-837. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2019.831. State of the Art and Science Oct 2019 Should Clinicians Leave "Expanded" Carrier Screening Decisions to Patients? Amanda Fakih, MHSA and Kayte Spector-Bagdady, JD, MBE Testing everyone for everything identifies more fetal conditions, but confusion persists about whether clinicians should leave screening decisions to patients. AMA J Ethics. 2019;21(10):E858-864. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2019.858. Case and Commentary Dec 2018 How Forcefully Should Clinicians Encourage Treatment When Disagreement Persists About Obesity Risk? Stephanie L. Samuels, MD and Wilma C. Rossi, MD, MBE When a parent resists a physician's recommendation for a pediatric patient, physician-parent partnering can promote the patient's best interest and help encourage lifestyle changes. AMA J Ethics. 2018;20(12):E1126-1132. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2018.1126 AMA Code Says Dec 2018 AMA Code of Medical Ethics' Opinions Related to a Physician's Power to Name Scott J. Schweikart, JD, MBE The Code offers guidance about delivering a diagnosis and promoting patients' best interests when assigning names to patients' conditions. AMA J Ethics. 2018;20(12):E1139-1142. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2018.1139. Case and Commentary Nov 2018 How Should Clinicians Address a Parent's False Belief Generated by Denial or Grief About How to Care Well for a Child? Conrad Krawiec, MD and Benjamin Levi, MD, PhD Parents' false beliefs can be engaged respectfully to motivate deliberations about shared values and goals, but refusal of clinically indicated treatment could warrant reporting. AMA J Ethics. 2018;20(11):E1017-1024. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2018.1017. AMA Code Says Nov 2018 AMA Code of Medical Ethics' Opinions Related to False Beliefs in Health Care Danielle Hahn Chaet, MSB The AMA Code of Medical Ethics offers guidance about physicians' responsibilities to patients who request clinically inappropriate interventions. AMA J Ethics. 2018;20(11):E1049-1051. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2018.1049. Case and Commentary Nov 2018 Should a Physician Offer Recommendations Based on Experience but Contrary to Current Practice Guidelines? Beth A. Lown, MD and Karen E. Victor, MD A lack of consensus guidelines or a belief that current evidence does not support such guidelines might be justified if a clinician expresses a commitment to patient-centered care and shared decision making. AMA J Ethics. 2018;20(11):E1007-1016. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2018.1007. Pagination Current page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Next page ›› Next Last page Last »


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Brisbane Tandem Sky Dive
$ 181
4 Hours Adrenaline & Extreme Free Cancellation
Go skydiving from Brisbane for the thrill of a lifetime and spectacular views of Moreton Bay and the Glasshouse Mountains. Jump in tandem with your expert instructor and experience a short freefall before your instructor releases the parachute. Then float gently down to one of Redcliffe's beautiful beaches to complete your skydive in style.View Tour
Ayers Rock Tandem Skydiving
$ 318
2 Hours Adrenaline & Extreme Hotel Pickup Offered
Feel the ultimate adrenaline rush as you free-fall from a height of 12,000 feet (3,657 meters) on this daring tandem skydiving flight. Strap on your parachute and take to the skies, accompanied by your expert skydiving instructor. After the high-speed free-fall, enjoy glorious views of UNESCO-listed Uluru (Ayers Rock), Lake Amadeus and Mt Conner as your parachute opens up and you float back down to land. Hotel pick-up, equipment and full instruction is included, ensuring a safe experience, and photos and videos of your skydive are available to purchase.View Tour
Reef and Rainforest Tandem Sky Dive in Cairns
$ 203
3 Hours Adrenaline & Extreme Hotel Pickup Offered Free Cancellation
Get your adrenaline pumping on a skydiving adventure from Cairns. Enjoy incredible bird's-eye views of the World Heritage-listed Great Barrier Reef as you jump out of a plane on a tandem skydive with an experienced diver. Fall freely from 15,000 feet (4,572 meters) in the air before floating by parachute back down to the ground. First-timers are welcome.View Tour
Byron Bay Tandem Sky Dive
$ 203
3 Hours 30 Minutes Adrenaline & Extreme Hotel Pickup Offered Free Cancellation
Feel a rush of adrenaline as you soar through the air on this tandem sky dive over Byron Bay. Enjoy the thrill of a 60-second free fall from a height of more than 15,000 feet (4,572 meters), then look down over the spectacular beaches and bay during the five-minute parachute descent. Once you're safely back on solid ground, celebrate your achievement with a personalized photo certificate to show off to friends and family back home.View Tour
Kangaroo Island Sandboard Rental
$ 27
2 Hours Adrenaline & Extreme Free Cancellation
Zoom down the sand dunes of Kangaroo Island with this thrilling 2-hour sandboard rental. Suitable for all levels, you'll learn the basics of sandboarding, then head out independently to the dunes of Little Sahara in Vivonne Bay to put it into practice. With dunes reaching heights of 230-feet (70 meters), there's plenty of chance for adventure junkies to get an adrenaline fix, while the gentle slopes are ideal for beginners to hone their skills.ÂView Tour
Tandem Skydive over Busselton and Margaret River
$ 251
2 Hours 30 Minutes Adrenaline & Extreme Free Cancellation
Enjoy tandem skydiving in Western Australia in the gorgeous Margaret River region. Jump from 10,000 feet, 14,000 feet or 15,000 feet in tandem with an expert instructor who ensures your safety during this adrenaline-laced experience. Soak in amazing views of Busselton, Geographe Bay and Cape Naturaliste during the 20-minute scenic flight to jump altitude. After leaping from the plane, expect an exhilarating free-fall of about one minute before your instructor releases the parachute. Float for several minutes then land on the sandy beach in Busselton.View Tour
Full-Day Pinnacles Sandboarding and Yanchep National Park from Perth
$ 100
11 Hours Adrenaline & Extreme Free Cancellation
Combine views of the Pinnacles with a sandboarding adventure in Lancelin and a visit to Yanchep National Park on a single 11-hour tour from Perth. Get views of wild kangaroos and koalas, have lunch on the beach, and swim in the Moore River. All equipment and instruction, entrance fees, snacks, and lunch included.View Tour


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They liked this digital banking company so much, they bought it
Finastra, a provider of core banking software to banks, has acquired another software firm, Malauzai, to step up its digital banking offerings. The value of the deal was not disclosed.
Finastra is an amalgam of two bank technology companies that merged last year, Misys and D&H. The London company offers core banking and lending software, among other things, and has 4,500 U.S.-based community bank customers.
Malauzai, in Austin, Tex., has 350 U.S. community bank customers for its digital banking software.
The two companies have been partners since 2015 "when we were having some challenges on our end with meeting the needs of our customers, especially in the digital arena," said Mike Dionne, Finastra's senior vice president of community markets in the Americas. The two companies now have 130 joint customers.
Malauzai has been fiercely independent from its inception, he acknowledged.
"We recognize that part of what has made Malauzai successful is that independence," Dionne said. "We're giving careful planning to how we allow them to maintain that economy and independence as we think about how to integrate Malauzai into the broader Finastra organization."
The Malauzai brand will continue for some time.
"The monkey" — Malauzai's brand icon — "has a powerful presence as does our name, so we're going to leverage that," said Robb Gaynor, chief product officer of Malauzai, who is staying on with Finastra. "We're still formulating what that means."
Malauzai CEO Tom Shen is also staying on in a different role. Finastra has not said how many jobs might be eliminated.
Austin, Malauzai's headquarters, will become Finastra's digital center of excellence in the U.S.
"We fully intend to continue to maintain an Austin presence and the legacy Malauzai employees that are predominantly housed there," Dionne said.
Malauzai's software will replace Cavion, the digital banking software currently embedded in Finastra's core software.
Malauzai has marketed itself as open, allowing third parties to integrate with its mobile banking software and connecting to all the major core banking systems.
Now that it will be owned by a core banking provider, Dionne says that interoperability will be maintained.
"If you look at Finastra's track record, we have a number of solutions we sell predominantly into cores that are not our own," he said. "We have 3,000 clients that are Finastra LaserPro customers that are not our core customers." (LaserPro is a commercial lending platform created by D&H.)
"We've got a track record of doing that successfully," Dionne said. "We need to be mindful of how other core processors will receive this."
Half of Malauzai's revenue comes from non-Finastra customers, Gaynor said.
"We will be protecting those customers," Gaynor said. "That's consistent with Finastra and FusionFabric in terms of the way the overall company approaches openness. "
FusionFabric.cloud is software Finastra offers third-party vendors to write applications that work with its core banking software.
"Openness and innovation are the guiding principles that will make this marriage work," Dionne said. "We feel the best way to stay ahead of the innovation curve is by inclusion."


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How to Graduate From Gravel Parking
If you have recently built a home or currently live where a gravel driveway greets your vehicle, it may be time to upgrade to something a little more stylish and durable. There are two primary choices for you: a concrete driveway or an asphalt driveway. Here is quick run-down on the differences between the two.
Pick Your Price
If you are searching for the cheapest option besides gravel, go with asphalt. It is inexpensive, usually costing between $2 to $5 a foot for installation. However, it isn't just the material that will affect your cost. If you have a double car garage or wish to have a double car parking area, it adds to the overall costs. If you choose to have designs imprinted into the asphalt or concrete to give it visual detail, your price can go up considerably.
Determine Your Goals
If you want something that takes little to no maintenance but will last for years, concrete is a better choice than asphalt. While properly laid asphalt has been known to provide the same durability as concrete, the best long-term investment would be concrete, as it has a 30-year life expectancy over asphalt's 20 years.
Fit Your Lifestyle
A concrete driveway takes about a week to dry before you can drive on it, but asphalt can be driven on almost immediately. An asphalt driveway also expands and shrinks to accommodate temperature changes, but extreme temperature stress can cause concrete to crack. If your driveway sees a lot of use, concrete makes stains and dirt more visible. Asphalt is more forgiving and requires less maintenance to remain in good visible condition.
If you are only looking to save money, an asphalt driveway is the next cheapest thing after gravel. If you want durability and high-end look without the cost of pavers or stones, a concrete driveway might be your best option. No matter what you decide, work with a professional to get the job done right.


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Toasted Marshmallow Napoleons Recipe
Food Fanatic
Toasted Marshmallow Napoleons are fully of marshmallow creaminess. The puff pastry adds an amazing texture!
- 1 sheet puff pastry, thawed
- 1 cup heavy whipping cream
- 1/2 cup toasted marshmallow hot cocoa mix
- marshmallow cream, optional
- Preheat oven to 400°F. Line 2 cookie sheets with parchment paper. Set aside. Unfold pastry sheet and cut into 3 strips on folded...
- Get the full instructions at Food Fanatic


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Photo Album:
Mathew Nowak, foreground, had some "sopa ranchera" with his mom, Cathy Richards, and sister, Jenna Nowak, as well as other family members, on Saturday evening during a Mexican-themed dinner at St. John's Anglican Church. The church saw a nearly full house for the special supper, which featured food like chili, tamales, frijoles refritos, and enchilada verdes. Sept. 16 is celebrated as the date of Mexico's independence from Spain.


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Sunday Church Service
Every Sunday at 11 o'clock we have Church Service. A time when different people of different ages gather to meet God. We serve one another with the gifts we have received.
Sunday School
As a Christian community our primary desire is to nurture, train and keep our children. Bollnäs Bible Center tries to provide helpful resources to stimulate our young people through the Sunday School programme. Just as the name suggests, most of our kids between four and twelve will meet on a Sunday to go through age-appropriate learning in a stimulating and interactive way.
A home group is a small gathering of church members. We meet for an hour, on tuesday evening 19 o' clock at the church or in different homes.
We meet for the following purpose:
• To know each other intimately
• Commit to be accountable to each other
• Worship together
• Learn the Bible together
• Pray as a group
• To be witnesses of Christ, through mutual care (Jn 13:34) and the preaching of the gospel.
• Minister to each other's needs
• Use their gifts for the benefit of the greater body.
The idea is to enable people to belong to a small community of believers and participate in meaningful fellowship, where there is an opportunity to build personal relationships that are mutually enriching. Cell groups create an environment of love, acceptance, and forgiveness which is healthy for one to grow as an active member of the Church.


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|April 14, 2015 11:22 AM
|Representative Bernie O'Neill
|All House members
|The Official Tartan of Pennsylvania
|In the near future, I intend to introduce a resolution (House Bill 929 of last Session) making the Tartan the official cloth of Pennsylvania.
The Tartan was designed by William H. Johnston in 1992 in Skippack, Pennsylvania, and was registered with the Tartan Educational and Cultural Association now known as the Scottish Tartans Authority, USA, on March 10, 1993.
I hope you will join me as a co-sponsor of this resolution. If you have any questions please contact Jeannie Dougherty in my Harrisburg Office at 705-7170 or by emailing email@example.com.
Introduced as HR285


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Is Hemp Oil exactly like CBD? — The Differences and Similarities
Is Hemp Oil exactly like CBD? — The Differences and Similarities
In the last years that are few products originating through the cannabis plant have slowly been developing well in popularity. Consequently, you can find a complete great deal of urban myths and rumors in regards to the cannabis that are different we utilize. The illegality and psychoactive outcomes of cannabis can scare away individuals who could potentially reap the benefits of it, without any danger whatsoever. As an example, CBD is just a good way to control conditions like chronic discomfort and muscle mass tremor.
Having said that, hemp seed oil happens to be appropriate in many components of the entire world for over 10 years, unlike CBD. […]


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Algorithmic Space-time Fabric
Project leader, Michaela French contributed two artworks to the If a Tree Falls exhibition. These works were a continuation of her Museum of Light series and featured light emitting and reflective materials, knitting and found objects.
The artworks considered knitting as derived from algorithms: rules which determine how structures, actions, and patterns emerge and interrelate. In physics, Einstein was the first to understand that space and time themselves are shaped by such a set of rules. In her algorithmic artworks, Michaela draws parallels between the knitted form and the structure of the universe, by allowing the repetition of rules and actions to define and shape the artworks. Each stitch of light is a presence. The empty space between the stitches is an absence that we know as darkness.
Algorithmic Space-time Fabric was exhibited in a small dark room to the side of the first gallery and light reflecting from the surfaces of the artworks, drew visitors to investigate the structures in more detail. To view these artworks the audience had to move around each piece, swaying side to side to animate the light or to catch a focused magnified view of the illuminated knitted structures. In this way the body, light, cosmology and the underlying structures of the universe became primary points of conversation in this space.


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1.60 Carat TW Oval-cut Amethyst and Diamond Accent Leverback Earrings Gold Plated (IJ-I2-I3) (February), Girl's
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