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About Our Founder
Frank D. Mango received his Ph.D. in 1963 in physical organic chemistry at Stanford University, working on the molecular rearrangements of free radicals under Prof. William A. Bonner. He joined Shell Development Company that same year at their Emeryville laboratory in California, working in transition metal catalysis, petroleum processing and polymer chemistry.
Mango is the inventor of four issued U.S. patents and the author of 54 scientific publications, including two in the journal Nature and one in Science. The Geochemical Society awarded his 1990 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. article Best Paper. His 2007 American Association Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Long Beach talk, "Catalytic Gas in Deltaic Basins," received the "Top 10" Oral Presentations Award.
He introduced a new theory on the removal of orbital symmetry restrictions to forbidden catalytic reactions in 1967 (J. Americal Chemical Society, 89, 2488 (1967)), and published 16 papers on catalysis of symmetry-forbidden Woodword-Hoffman reactions.
His interests then shifted to organic geochemistry in 1975 at the Bellaire Research Center, in Houston, TX. There he discovered a peculiar invariance in four hydrocarbons in crude oils. No matter what the crude oil, its origin, composition, or properties (light condensates or tars), a ratio of sums of isoheptanes was remarkably close to one. In oils from a common source, the ratio was constant within analytical error. Because there was no rational explanation for how thermal cracking could generate invariance, Frank proposed transition metal catalysis and steady-state theory as the source light hydrocarbons. The work was published in 1987 (An Invariance in the Isoheptanes of Petroleum, Science, 237, 514 (1987)). Contradicting conventional thinking on the origin of oil and gas, it quickly generated intense controversy that continues to this day. However, the paper, now 30 years old, has been exhaustively verified in petroleum basins throughout the world, and catalytic generation under steady-state conditions as its source, although still controversial, remains unchallenged by alternative possibilities. There may exist some set of circumstances that could produce Invariance through thermal cracking, but organic geochemists have yet to find it. Additional contradictions to thermal cracking soon surfaced. Mango knew from his earlier work at Stanford that methane is a minor product of thermal cracking, and that ethane and propane were too stable to crack at reservoir temperatures. So-called thermogenic natural gas, however, is typically 90% methane, and could not be a product of thermal cracking. Thermal cracking could not generate gas with 90+ % methane at subsurface temperatures, and published his first of several papers on the subject (The Role of Transition Metal Catalysis in the Formation of Natural Gas. Nature, 368, 536 (1994)).
He retired from Shell in 1991 and continued his activities in organic geochemistry as Adjunct Professor, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Rice University. He was a Research Scientist and Principle Investigator on consecutive Department of Energy (DOE) grants (Transition Metal Catalysis in the Generation of Oil and Natural Gas) in the Department of Chemical Engineering from 1992 to 2002.
He next founded Petroleum Habitats to develop the science and technology associated with the role of transitional metals in the generation of oil and gas.
Mango, F.D. (2013) Methane and carbon at equilibrium in source rocks Geochemical Transactions 14: 5
Mango, F.D., Jarvie, D., and Herriman, E. (2010) Natural catalytic activity in a marine shale for generating natural gas. Proceedings Royal Soc. A, 466 3527-3537
Mango, F.D, "Distinguishing gases derived from oil cracking and kerogen maturation: Insights from laboratory pyrolysis experiments." Guo Liguo, Xiao Xianming, Tian Hui, Song Zhiguang, 2009, Organic Geochemistry 40, 1074-1084. Org. Geochem. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.02.012
Mango, F.D. and Jarvie, D. (2010) Metathesis in the generation of low-temperature gas in marine shales. Geochemical Transactions 11:1
Mango, F.D. and Jarvie, D (2009) Low-temperature gas from marine shales: wet gas to dry gas over experimental time. Geochemical Transactions 10:10
Mango, F.D., Jarvie, D., and Herriman, E. (2009) Natural gas at thermodynamic equilibrium: Implications for the origin of natural gas. Geochemical Transactions 10:6
Mango, F.D. and Jarvie, D. (2009) Low-temperature gas generated from marine shales. Geochemical Transactions 10:3
Mango, F. D. (2002) Comment on "Natural gas composition in a geological environment and the implications for the processes of generation and preservation," Lloyd R. Snowdon, 2001, Org. Geochem. 32, 913, Org. Geochem. 33, 81-83.
Mango, F. D. (2001) Methane concentrations in natural gas: the genetic implications. Org. Geochem. 32, 1283-1287.
Mango, F. D. (2000) Carbon isotopic evidence for the catalytic origin of light hydrocarbons. Geochem. Trans,. 6.
Mango, F. D. (2000) The origin of light hydrocarbons. Geochimica. Cosmochim. Acta 64, 1265-1277.
Mango, F. D., and Elrod, L. W. (1999) The carbon isotopic composition of catalytic gas: A comparative analysis of natural gas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 1097-1106.
Mango, F. D., and Hightower (1997) The catalytic decomposition of petroleum into natural gas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 24, 5347-5350.
Mango, F. D. (1997) The light hydrocarbons in petroleum: A critical review. Org. Geochem. 26, 417-440.
Mango, F. D. (1996) Transition metal catalysis in the generation of natural gas. Org. Geochem. 24, 977-984.
Mango, F. D., Hightower, J. W., and James, A. T. (1994) Role of transition-metal catalysis in the formation of natural gas. Nature, 368, 536-538.
Mango, F. D. (1994) The origin of light hydrocarbons in petroleum: Ring preference in the closure of carbocyclic rings. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 58, 895-901.
Mango, F. D. (1992) Transition metal catalysis in the generation of petroleum: A genetic anomaly in Ordovician oils. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 56, 3851-3854.
Mango, F. D. (1992) Transition metal catalysis in the generation of petroleum and natural gas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 56, 553-555.
Mango, F. D. (1991) The stability of hydrocarbons under the time-temperature conditions of petroleum genesis. Nature 352, 146-148.
Mango, F. D. (1990) The origin of light hydrocarbons in petroleum: A kinetic test of the steady-state catalytic hypothesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 54, 1315-1323. Awarded Best Paper by the Geochemical Society (Organic Geochemistry) for 1990.
Mango, F. D. (1990) The origin of light cycloalkanes in petroleum. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 54, 23-27
Mango, F. D. (1989) Pre-steady-state kinetics at the onset of petroleum generation. Org. Geochem. 16, 41-48
Mango, F. D. (1987) An invariance in the isoheptanes of petroleum. Science 237, 514-517
Mango, F. D. (1983) The diagenesis of carbohydrates by hydrogen sulfide. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 47, 1433-1441
Petroleum Habitats


text: The developments come several weeks before Egypt's presidential elections [Amr Abdallah Dalsh/Reuters] Egyptian authorities are learnt to have arrested a mother who accused the police of torturing her daughter and her while they were detained in 2014. Using the pseudonym Um Zubeida (mother of Zubeida), the woman spoke to the BBC about her 23-year old daughter, whom she has not seen for 10 months. Zubeida was arrested and physically abused again by police in 2016; upon her release, she was so traumatised she was admitted to a psychiatric hospital by her family to recover. Ten months ago, she disappeared while out with her brother. Um Zubeida said Egyptian authorities tortured her daughter in 2016 after accusing her of having connections to banned groups and planning attacks. The BBC report also details four other personal stories about human-rights abuses in Egypt. Al Jazeera could not independently verify the claims made in the BBC story. {articleGUID} Ezzat Ghoneim, the human rights lawyer who reported the woman's arrest on social media, has gone missing, according to the organisation he works with. The Egyptian Coordination for Rights and Freedoms said Ghoneim disappeared on Thursday on his way home. The BBC report led to a call from the country's foreign press centre to boycott the British broadcasting company, claiming the story was "flagrantly fraught with lies". Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi also responded indirectly to the BBC story, saying that any criticism of the country's security forces should be seen as "high treason". His comments came a day after a call by Egypt's top prosecutor, Nabil Sadek, for legal action against news outlets that publish "false news, statements and rumours". "[This decision comes] in light of recent attempts by the forces of evil to undermine the safety and security of the nation by broadcasting and spreading lies," a statement by the prosecutor said. Since the Arab Spring, Egypt has seen several crackdowns on media critical to the government, including Al Jazeera. {articleGUID} Between 2013 and 2015, three Al Jazeera journalists - Baher Mohamed, Mohamed Fahmy and Peter Greste - were detained by Egypt for allegedly spreading false news. The three were eventually released, but new arrests against Al Jazeera journalists were made in 2017 when Mahmoud Hussein was arrested. Hussein was taken by Egyptian security officers on December 20 last year and accused of reporting "false news with the aim of creating chaos". Al Jazeera has strenuously denied the allegations made by Egyptian authorities against its journalists. Friday's news also comes several weeks in advance of the Egypt presidential elections, which will take place at the end of March. El-Sisi is poised to win those elections after most of his opponents withdrew from the race. SOURCE: Al Jazeera News Egypt Media Middle East Press Freedom

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New apprentices join the team in Rhode Island as the roof goes up. Kevin and Tom take a tour of Judith's finished house in Charleston. Richard installs a garage heater, Tom teaches sanding and Ross installs a security system.
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America's favorite home improvement series, the Emmy Award-winning THIS OLD HOUSE, airs in the first half of the hour. In the second half-hour, ASK THIS OLD HOUSE, host Kevin O'Connor, general contractor Tom Silva, plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey and landscape contractor Roger Cook address specific, viewer-driven home maintenance and repair questions.
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A Texas contractor explains how they're dredging sand shoaled in Barnegat Bay after Sandy; structural hardware and windows are installed in Bay Head. The Point Pleasant garage, now 10 feet in the air, becomes the new dining room; Rita's modular home gets trucked in and craned onto timber piles in Manasquan; Kevin visits the 19th-century Great Auditorium and tent city in Ocean Grove, New Jersey. In the second half of the hour, on ASK THIS OLD HOUSE, Kevin visits Santa Fe and explores the Santa Fe style of architecture. Then he installs a shade sail over a deck to cut down on sun exposure.
The home is sealed against air leaks, and Kevin sees the landscape plan. Porch columns and rails are fabricated, and Tommy completes the exterior wall system. On Ask This Old House, Mark and Mauro repair and update a fireplace surround.
The guys tour the finished home and review all the features that transformed the space into a modern marvel. On Ask This Old House, Jenn plants Victorian flowers, Mauro matches paint colors, Tom carves serving utensils.
Norm teaches the apprentices how to lay a sill on the new foundation. The homeowners make a plan to create a modern space. On Ask This Old House, Mauro repaints a metal railing, and Tom and Kevin build a wine rack out of a reclaimed beam.
Arborist Matt Foti does some selective tree pruning, while Richard revisits the benefits of using PEX instead of copper for the water supply lines. Norm tours an 1872 Stick Style home in the neighborhood, and Tom shows Kevin how to convert a former doorjamb into a cased opening. In the second half of the hour, on ASK THIS OLD HOUSE, Tom helps a homeowner fit a box spring mattress up a narrow staircase. Kevin and an electrician repair a light switch in Seattle. Richard shows many options for filtering drinking water. And the guys ask, "What is it?"


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Reproducibility of Chronic and Acute Infarct Size Measurement by Delayed Enhancement-Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Author + information
- Received May 11, 2005
- Revision received October 31, 2005
- Accepted November 16, 2005
- Published online April 18, 2006.
Author Information
- Holger Thiele, MD⁎,⁎ (thielh{at}medizin.uni-leipzig.de),
- Mathias J.E. Kappl, MD⁎,
- Stefan Conradi, MD†,
- Josef Niebauer, MD, PhD⁎,
- Rainer Hambrecht, MD⁎ and
- Gerhard Schuler, MD⁎
- ↵⁎Reprint requests and correspondence:
Dr. Holger Thiele, Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Strümpellstr. 39, 14289 Leipzig, Germany.
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of acute and chronic infarct size (IS) by delayed enhancement (DE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Background Infarct size measurements can be used as surrogate end point to reduce the sample size in studies comparing different reperfusion strategies in myocardial infarction (MI). Delayed enhancement MRI is a rather new technique, and so far infarct IS reproducibility has not been established appropriately.
Methods In 21 patients (10 acute MI and 11 chronic MI), IS was assessed repeatedly on consecutive days by DE-MRI. Reproducibility, interobserver, and intraobserver variabilities were assessed and compared by the Bland-Altman method.
Results Acute and chronic IS were 17.1 ± 19.6% (range 5.1% to 69.8%) of LV mass (%LV) and 16.9 ± 9.9 %LV (range 2.0% to 36.0%), respectively. Infarct size difference (bias) between scan I and scan II was −0.5 %LV, and limits of agreement were ±2.4 %LV. Mean bias (−0.7 %LV) and limits of agreement (±3.2%) were slightly higher for acute in comparison with chronic MI with −0.4 ± 1.3 %LV. Intraobserver and interobserver variability was low with a mean bias of 0.3 %LV (limits of agreement ± 1.7 %LV) and −0.7 %LV (limits of agreement ± 2.2 %LV), respectively.
Conclusions Infarct size measurement by DE-MRI is an excellent tool for IS assessment, owing to its excellent repeatability in chronic and acute MI. It has therefore the potential to serve as a surrogate end point to uncover advantages of new reperfusion strategies.
Using mortality as a primary study end point in studies comparing different reperfusion strategies in acute myocardial infarction (MI) requires increasingly large sample sizes to test advances with existing therapies. Recently, there has been growing interest in infarct size (IS) measurements as a surrogate end point, allowing a much smaller sample size because of its prognostic value (1). There are several methods to assess IS, which include electrocardiography and imaging procedures such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and echocardiography or the indirect assessment by the release of cardiac enzymes (2). Each of these methods, however, has its limitations. By echocardiography, IS can be estimated indirectly only by evaluation of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, regional wall motion, or end-systolic volumes (2). Single-photon emission computed tomography is hampered by attenuation artifacts and low spatial resolution, which does not allow for assessment of small infarcted areas (3). The measurement of cardiac enzyme release is influenced by several factors, such as the variability of normal serum concentrations and the effects of coronary reperfusion (4), thus rendering each of these methods a suboptimal tool for IS assessment.
Delayed enhancement (DE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows the direct visualization of infarcted or necrotic tissue at very high spatial resolution and is increasingly used to discriminate viable from non-viable myocardium (5–7). It may therefore be an optimal method to assess IS as surrogate end point for studies comparing different reperfusion strategies, if it can be assessed with low inter-study reproducibility. However, so far reproducibility of DE-MRI has been established only for chronic MI and for measurement within one day without a second contrast agent injection (2,8). The purpose of this trial was therefore to assess the reproducibility of acute and chronic IS measurements in patients scanned at subsequent days with a second contrast agent injection.
Study population
Ten patients with first acute MI (range 1 to 3 days after the index event) and 11 patients with chronic MI (≥6 months) underwent two consecutive magnetic resonance scans on 2 consecutive days after written informed consent. All acute MI patients underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
The study was approved by the local ethics committee. Patients were excluded from the study if they were hemodynamically unstable or had absolute or relative contraindications for magnetic resonance examination, such as pacemakers and/or atrial fibrillation, among others. Furthermore, patients were excluded if they had history of previous MI or several chronic MI.
All patients were examined at rest in the supine position with a whole body 1.5-T MR scanner (Gyroscan Intera CV, Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands) equipped with a five-element cardiac phased-array coil for signal reception. A vectorcardiogram for gating and triggering was used. To define the orientation of the heart, a real-time interactive tool was applied. All images were acquired during breath-hold at endexpiration. Delayed enhancement short axis images covering the whole ventricle were acquired at enddiastole approximately 15 min (range 9 to 27 min) after bolus injection (0.2 mmol/kg/bodyweight) of Gadolinium-BOPTA (Gadovist, Schering, Germany). A three-dimensional inversion-recovery (IR) turbo gradient echo sequence (repetition time 2.8 ms, echo time 1.1 ms, flip angle 15°, typical spatial resolution 2.0 × 2.0 × 5 mm, two stacks, prepulse delay 175 to 300 ms) was used for image acquisition. The individual IR prepulse delay was defined to obtain the maximal contrast between viable and necrotic myocardium. For the second MR examination, the heart axes were newly defined by the interactive real-time tool. The IR prepulse delay was also newly defined, and care was taken to acquire DE images at the same time point after contrast injection.
Image analysis
Off-line image analysis was performed on an independent workstation with dedicated software. Image quality was assessed by a score ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = not assessable; 4 = optimal image quality). Left ventricular mass was assessed for the DE images by tracing the endocardial and epicardial contours manually; papillary muscles were included. Once the myocardial contours were identified, IS was determined by manual delineation of DE in each of the short axis images (Fig. 1).In patients with microvascular obstruction these dark areas were included for IS analysis (9). Infarct size was expressed as percentage of LV volume, given by the sum of the volume of DE regions for all slices divided by the sum of the LV myocardial cross-sectional volumes (%LV). All analyses were performed independently without any reference to the prior or the next day's images.
For assessment of interobserver variability in IS determination, the relevant datasets were analyzed by two independent observers. To determine intraobserver variability, analysis of all subjects was repeated after four weeks by one of the observers without reviewing the results of the first analysis.
Statistical analysis
Continuous data are expressed as mean ± SD. The reproducibility of two measurements of the consecutive scans, degrees of agreement between different observers, and repeated measurements of one observer were determined as mean absolute difference (bias) and 95% confidence interval of the mean difference (limits of agreement) according to the methods of Bland and Altman (10).
The mean patient age was 59 ± 12 years (range 39 to 80 years); 17 patients were men, and 4 were women; 13 patients had anterior MI, and 8 had inferior MI. Image quality was appropriate in all patients to assess IS. Mean image quality was 3.1 ± 0.6 (range 2 to 4) for the DE images. In four acute MI patients, microvascular obstruction was present.
Mean IS for the overall patient population was 17.0 ± 14.9 %LV. In patients with acute MI, mean IS was 17.1 ± 19.6 %LV (range 5.1 to 69.8); and in those with chronic MI, mean IS was 16.9 ± 9.9 %LV (range 2.0 to 36.0). Table 1summarizes technical parameters and MR IS of acute and chronic MI in all patients.
Reproducibility of MRI
Figure 2shows the results of the Bland-Altman repeatability analysis of all patients. The average difference in IS measurement between scan I and scan II was −0.5 %LV and the limits of agreement were ±2.4 %LV. The mean bias (−0.7%) and the limits of agreement (±3.2 %LV) were slightly higher for acute in comparison with chronic IS with −0.4 ± 1.3 %LV. There were no systematic differences in IS between scan I and II and no differences for anterior and inferior MI.
Interobserver and intraobserver variability
Intraobserver and interobserver variability for IS assessment was low with a mean bias of 0.3 %LV (limits of agreement ±1.7 %LV) and −0.7 %LV (limits of agreement ±2.2 %LV), respectively (Figs. 3Aand 3B).
The main finding of this study is that reproducibility of MR IS assessment measured at consecutive days is excellent for acute and chronic anterior and inferior MI. In addition, the intraobserver and interobserver variability is low, making MRI the method of choice as a surrogate end point in clinical trials of reperfusion.
Reproducibility of MRI
Currently, only limited trials have assessed the reproducibility of MRI for IS assessment. Mahrholdt et al. (8) acquired images at two different time points (10 and 27 min). Their reproducibility data were similar to the current trial with a mean bias of −0.1 (limits of agreement ±2.4 %LV); however, this trial was restricted to chronic infarctions and to image acquisition after injection of a single contrast agent bolus. In another trial, 10 patients with chronic MI underwent repeated IS measurement 2 months apart. The apparent IS was not statistically different between the paired studies, although bias and limits of agreement were not reported (11). Therefore, the current trial is the first trial that assessed reproducibility in the acute and chronic MI setting with measurement at consecutive days with appropriate statistical methods.
Accurate infarct sizing by MRI
Another important factor besides reproducibility is the accuracy of infarct sizing. This can be affected by several factors. First, the time interval between contrast agent injection and image acquisition influences IS, if constant IR times (time between inversion prepulse and image acquisition) are used (12). Recent studies have shown, however, that by using appropriate inversion times to null normal myocardium, the time between contrast injection and image acquisition does not influence IS (8,13,14). Therefore, we prospectively designed the scan protocol to minimize inconsistent timing and used the best validated IR method (15), which was individually adapted to null normal myocardium in each patient and in each scan.
Image analysis is a crucial point for accurate IS assessment. Most studies have used arbitrary criteria for the definition of infarcted tissue. In some trials manual tracing of the enhanced region was performed (7,12), whereas in other trials semi-automatic computer-assisted algorithms were used (8,13,14,16). Recently, the most objective technique has been defined by the full-width at half-maximum criterion (13). This approach compared better with manual tracing and with an SD technique, which included hyperenhanced pixels with image intensities >1 to 6 standard deviations above the mean image intensity of remote myocardium (13). Nevertheless, manual tracing used in our study, which might be affected by subjective window setting, showed excellent repeatability results. These might even have been better by the use of the full-width at half-maximum criterion.
Furthermore, we had full volumetric coverage by using a three-dimensional IR sequence with two stacks acquired with two breath-holds. This minimizes chances of registration errors, which are inherent to a two-dimensional sequence acquiring each slice with a single breath-hold (17).
Delayed enhancement occurs in areas of expanded extracellular space, owing to slower distribution kinetics and higher regional Gadolinium concentration compared with normal myocardium. The theoretical pathologic basis in chronic MI is a result of fibrosis with subsequent increased extracellular space, whereas in acute MI, expansion of extracellular volume is deemed to be due to myocyte membrane disruption and increased capillary permeability (18). This different pathophysiological basis might explain the slightly better reproducibility in chronic compared with acute MI. In addition, the extent of microvascular obstruction, another rapidly changing factor in acute MI, might have influenced the IS reproducibility (19); however, because microvascular obstruction usually occurs in the subendocardial zone and because these areas have been included for IS analysis, this influence might be negligible.
Infarct size end point use in clinical trials
Single-photon emission computed tomography IS imaging has been used extensively as surrogate end point in clinical trials (2). An important advantage of SPECT is the ability to assess either salvaged myocardium by measuring both the acute and the final perfusion defect or the final IS. In contrast to the extensive experience with SPECT, to date there is only limited experience with use of DE-MRI as an end point in clinical trials. One early observational and one randomized study, using older imaging sequences, reported IS for patients with different reperfusion strategies in MI (20,21). Currently, there is only one randomized clinical trial using state-of-the-art IR sequences (22).
As a consequence of the limited use of DE-MRI, there are only very limited prognostic data in fewer than 50 patients (9). In this trial, patient outcome for a combined clinical end point was associated with the extent of final IS. Furthermore, MR infarct sizing is limited by non-standardized acquisition protocols and non-standardized quantitation. Therefore, multicenter comparability trials have not been performed thus far; however, owing to the high spatial resolution with ability to detect even very small subendocardial infarcts (23), more widespread availability in the future, and easier imaging protocols, these obstacles might be able to be overcome.
Sample size calculation
The reproducibility of an imaging procedure has practical implications for the sample size of clinical trials using IS as surrogate end point. The influence of measurement reproducibility is a function of the tstatistic (24), which means that the number of patients required is proportional to the square of the standard deviation of the imaging end point as shown for SPECT (25). If IS is used as end point to show a change with a power of 90% and an alpha-error of 0.05, sample size calculations showed that (using the 1.2% standard deviation [0.5 limits of agreement] of MRI reproducibility in comparison with 4% standard deviation [0.5 limits of agreement] for recently published reproducibility data [8]) the required patient number can be reduced by 80% to 91%, depending on the expected absolute change in IS. This calculation, however, is made on the basis of a comparison with historical SPECT data, limited number of patients, and on the assumption that no other factors play a role in sample size calculation.
Study limitations
As a result of exclusion of patients with a previous MI and patients with atrial fibrillation, IS assessment was rather non-complex. Inclusion of patients with previous MI might have led to an impaired reproducibility, because delineation between previous and current MI might be more difficult. Furthermore, atrial fibrillation might impair image quality. Therefore, the current reproducibility data cannot be generalized to the entire population of patients with MI.
Infarct size measurement by DE-MRI is an excellent tool for acute and chronic MI owing to its high reproducibility and low intraobserver and interobserver variability. In comparison with other imaging modalities, it might allow a further sample size reduction and has therefore the potential to serve as a surrogate end point to uncover advantages of new reperfusion strategies in acute MI.
- Abbreviations and Acronyms
- delayed enhancement
- inversion-recovery
- infarct size
- left ventricle/ventricular
- myocardial infarction
- magnetic resonance imaging
- percentage infarct size of left ventricular mass
- single-photon emission computed tomography
- Received May 11, 2005.
- Revision received October 31, 2005.
- Accepted November 16, 2005.
- American College of Cardiology Foundation
- ↵
- Gibbons R.J.,
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Jenny uses her domestic sewing machine to create quilts and wearable art. She has sewn since age six and began to free-motion quilt in 2000. Her work has been juried into several International quilt shows, including AQS QuiltWeek in Paducah, International Quilt Festival in Houston, and the Pacific International Quilt Festival. Her work has been featured several times in Machine Quilting Unlimited, and she has written for Quilting Arts Magazine and Quilter's Newsletter. Jenny has been teaching the art of quilting since 2006 and teaches across the country at guilds, shops, and major international shows and festivals. She brings passion and joy to the classroom and enables her students to be inspired to quilt their own quilts! Jenny lives in northern California with her long-suffering husband and a Basset Boy. Learn more at quiltskipper.com.


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Smodin homestead
The secluded nucleated homestead Smodin is part of the attractive cultivated region on the plateau of Vojsko, in the immediate vicinity north-west of the centre of Vojsko. The homestead comprises many objects, among which the uninhabited residential building from 1830 stands out the most. The portal of this residential building boasts a memorial plaque of the poet and author Črtomir Šinkovec, who was born here. Above the stone portal there is a small stone relief of the crucified Jesus Christ. Right beside the building there is also an earthquake observatory, in charge of which is the wife of the current homestead's owner, Marija Šinkovec. The owner Aleksander Šinkovec has, found his home in the new house, which is 20 m away from the old homestead. Although this building is new, it was constructed in the traditional style of Idrija-Cerklje region, which points to the owner's and his family's awareness and positive attitude towards the heritage. His all-round activity can be seen in his collaborations in preparing the brochure Vojsko - the highest village in the region of Primorska, which was published in April 2011 by the Municipality of Idrija and the company Rudnik živega srebra Idrija, d.o.o. - in liquidation. Seeing that the homestead is home to educated people, it would be sensible to take advantage of its demographic potential and all the human resources which are indispensable in the marketing of cultural values.


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Hail Insurance
For crop producers, there are few things as devastating as a hail storm. Agriculture Financial Services Corporation (AFSC) provides Hail Insurance so you can secure peace of mind in knowing your assets are protected from one of Mother Nature's most damaging elements.
- Provides protection for spot-loss damage to crops caused by hail, accidental fire and fire caused by lightning
- Insurance comes into effect at noon on the day following the date of application
- Available to anyone with an interest in an insurable crop grown in Alberta, including producers, tenants and crop-share landlords
- Clients can purchase hail insurance online through Connect or at any AFSC office
- Dollar coverage per acre is established by crop category, and is separated between dryland and irrigated crops.
AFSC clients have the option to purchase full coverage or coverage with a 10 per cent or 25 per cent deductible. The higher the deductible is, the lower the premium rate. Dollar coverage per acre is defined by crop category and is separated between dryland and irrigation.
Maximum Program Coverage Limits
The combined dollar coverage per acre of all insured parties cannot exceed the program coverage limit. Clients have the option to insure their entire field or a portion of their field. Any portion of a field that is insured must be diagrammed and provided to AFSC.
Premium rates are set annually based on historical hail loss experienced by township, and are published on the Hail Insurance Rate Map.Learn More
Agriculture Financial Services Corporation (AFSC) clients require a minimum of 10 per cent damage to initiate a claim. There must be at least 10 per cent hail damage on each spot-loss area for it ...Learn More


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Welcome to My Personal Page
Please Support Me!
Hi! I'm Agent Sheila Weir.
I am on a Miracle Mission to take back kids' health from sickness and injury! As most of you know, I volunteer at Children's Hospital and Rowan and I are ambassadors for Children's Health Foundation all in memory of Shaye.
Please help me save and improve the lives of kids who rely on Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Centre. You most likely know a child who has been to Children's Hospital, whether your own, a family member or a friends child. So together lets raise money to help support that amazing hospital so more children can use the services and come home.
Your donation to my mission will support specialized paediatric patient care, programs, services and equipment. Some of our own kids or kids we know have been in Children's Hospital, so lets help other kids and their families bring home their kids and help improve their lives.
Did You Know:
- 90% of the equipment at Children's Hospital is funded by donors
- Each year, over 117,000 patient visits take place at Children's Hospital
- Over 857 babies are cared for in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
- Some children must travel from as far as Thunder Bay (over 800km!) to be treated at Children's Hospital
Please sponsor me and help save and improve kids' lives!
About Miracle Mission
Miracle Mission is a fundraising initiative, organized by Children's Health Foundation, where community members of all ages, and businesses of all sizes come together to raise funds to help kids at Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre.
If you think this page contains objectionable content, please inform the system administrator.


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Proverbs 5:1 My sonne, geue hede vnto my wysdome, and bowe thyne eare vnto my prudence: Proverbs 5:2 that thou mayest regarde good councel, and that thy lippes maye kepe knowledge
Proverbs 5:3 For þe lyppes of an harlot are a droppyng hony combe and her throte is more glisterynge them oyle. Proverbs 5:4 But at the last she is as bytter as wormwod, and as sharpe as a two edged swerde. Proverbs 5:5 Her fete go downe vnto death and her steppes pearse thorowe vnto hell. Proverbs 5:6 Parchaunse thou dwellynge with her wylt ponder the path of lyfe? so vnstedfast are her wayes, þt thou canst not knowe them. Proverbs 5:7 Heare me nowe therfore (O my sonnes) & departe not from the wordes of my mouth. Proverbs 5:8 Kepe thy waye farre from her, and come not nye the dores of her house. Proverbs 5:9 That thou geue not thy strength vnto other, & thy yeares to þe cruell. Proverbs 5:10 That other men be not fylled with thy goodes, and that thy laboures come not in a straunge house. Proverbs 5:11 Yee that thou mourne not at the last (when thou hast spent thy body and lusty greane youth) Proverbs 5:12 and then saye: Alas, why hated I nourtoure: why did my herte despise correccion? Proverbs 5:13 Wherfore was not I obedient vnto the voyce of my teachers, and herkened not vnto them that infourmed me? Proverbs 5:14 I am come almost into all misfortune, in the myddest of the multitude and congregacion.
Proverbs 5:15 Drincke of the water, of thyne awne well and of þe ryuers that runne out of thyne awne springes. Proverbs 5:16 Let thy welles flowe out abroade, that there may he ryuers of water in the stretes: Proverbs 5:17 but let them be onely thyne awne, and not straungers with the. Proverbs 5:18 Let thy well be blessed and be glad with the wyfe of thy youth. Proverbs 5:19 Louinge is the hynde, and frendly is the Roo: let her brestes alwaye satisfye the, and holde the euer content with her loue. Proverbs 5:20 My sonne, why wylt thou haue pleasure in an harlot, & embrace the bosome, of another woman? Proverbs 5:21 For euery mans wayes are open in the syght of the Lorde, and he pondreth all theyr goynges.
Proverbs 5:22 The wyckednesse of the vngodly shall catch hymselfe, and with the snares of hys awne synnes shall he be trapped. Proverbs 5:23 He shall dye without amendement, and for hys greate folyshnesse he shall go astraye.


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All this month, Pizza Hut is offering ANY medium pizza for just $6.99 when you purchase two or more. Any recipe, any crust, any combination of toppings. Yes, specialty pizzas are included. Choose your favorite pair and pay just $13.98. That's only $6.99 per medium pizza. Just ask for the $6.99 Any Deal!
Offer available October 1-31, 2016 at participating restaurants for dine-in, carryout, or delivery. Not valid in conjunction with any other coupon or special promotional offer. Most Pizza Hut restaurants will be open regular hours on Halloween (Monday, October 31.)


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Degrees and Certifications:
Arkansas State University, UTA (Arlington), Concordia University Bachelor of Science in Education & Masters of Education Elementary Education (1-6); ESL (1-6) Lunch: 12:25-12:55 Conference: 11:20-12:10
Retina Vincent - 5th Grade
I was born and raised in Arkansas, where I attended college at Arkansas State University. Upon graduating from college, my family and I moved to Texas. Soon after, I began my teaching career in Irving, Texas. I served in Irving ISD for 18 year. I transitioned my service to Grand Prairie ISD in 2016.
I enjoy spending time with God and my family. During spare time I love to write, read, and watch movies. My overall passion is helping others.
I look forward to working with you to assist your child in reaching his/her potentials this school year. I believe every child can and will live up to the expectations set as long as they have our support. Your child will grow academically in fifth grade. This year will be filled with many engaging experiences that require plenty of effort from each student. The end result is successful student achievement. Thank you for allowing me the opportunity to equip your precious child in being the best he/she can be overall.


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PCSC Program Modules
There are multiple options for the primary treatment of prostate cancer.
This is a 2 hour group information session for newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients. Partners and family members are also welcome. This session is jointly presented by a urologist and a radiation oncologist who discuss diagnosis, treatment options, and side effects.
Living with prostate cancer can affect many aspects of a person's life including sexuality, sexual functioning and personal relationships.To help adapt to these changes, prostate cancer patients and their partners may need to adjust their sexual expectations and activities.
For these reasons we provide a 1.5-hour group information session to help newly diagnosed or newly treated men and their partners learn about strategies to manage sexual side effects, and to ask questions. One-on-one clinical appointments* with our Sexual Health Clinician are also available as part of this module.
*physician referral required
A healthy lifestyle has been shown to improve the quality of life for men with prostate cancer. There are two components: Exercise and Nutrition.
Exercise: We offer a one-on-one exercise clinic with an Exercise Physiologist. The goal of this clinic is to increase physical activity levels and improve overall health by supporting your long-term behavior change.
Nutrition: We offer an educational session and clinical appointments with a Registered Dietitian to tailor healthy eating recommendations.
Hormone therapy, also known as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), is a type of treatment for prostate cancer. Since ADT reduces a man's testosterone, it causes a range of physical and psychological side effects. Being able to recognize and control the side effects proactively is the best way to avoid long term problems with ADT.
This is a 1.5-hour group information session for prostate cancer patients who will be starting on or are already on hormone therapy. Partners and family member are also welcome. The session explains how ADT works and presents all the possible side effects and how you can.
Urinary incontinence (UI), or urgency can occur following prostate cancer treatment. We hold a 1.5-hour group information session each month, held by a Registered Physiotherapist with special training in male pelvic floor, to help you understand what can be done to reduce the effects of surgery and radiation therapy on urinary function.
Patients who are experiencing urgency or incontinence 12-weeks following surgery can also schedule one-on-one clinical appointments with our pelvic floor physiotherapist. During these appointments, patients will learn how to contract the pelvic floor to help improve urinary control, as well as other techniques to manage urgency.
It is normal to feel overwhelmed and anxious after a diagnosis of cancer. Between 35-45% of all cancer patients will experience significant anxiety or depression at some point along their cancer journey. Studies have found that family members and loved ones of prostate cancer patients may also experience significant distress as a result of diagnosis.
Counselling may support those who otherwise suffer in silence. We offer complimentary private, confidential clinical appointments with a Registered Clinical Counselor. Prostate cancer patients and their partner may be seen alone or as a couple.
Advanced Disease Management of Metastatic Prostate Cancer (Hormone Sensitive or Castrate Resistant)
Advanced Disease Management is a new module for prostate cancer patients with more advanced disease. This module will be offered physically in Victoria, but will be available for all patients via teleconference or Webex.
Stay tuned for more details.


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Pharmaceutical companies now produce sugar-free medicines and doctors and dentists should be encouraged to prescribe them when appropriate.
An information leaflet listing sugar-free medicines alphabetically by brand or generic name and by therapeutic category is produced by the national Pharmaceutical Association (United Kingdom). This quick-reference guide to sugar-free medicines is a useful tool for doctors and dentists. An adapted version of this listing is provided in Delivering Better Oral Health: An evidence-based toolkit for prevention, published by the UK Department of Health (2009): http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_102982.pdf


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If you're looking for some activities to enjoy around Collingwood this holiday season, you may want to venture downtown between Christmas and New Year's.
From December 27 – January 1st, the Frozen In Time Ice Sculpture Festival takes place in our historic downtown with ice sculptures that capture the Town's history. Ice carving demonstrations and battles take place and the end results are always spectacular.
Other downtown events include street hockey, a winter wonderland village, wagon rides and more as you can see below.
Marg Scheben-Edey is a Broker with RE/MAX four seasons realty limited, Brokerage in beautiful Collingwood, ON. With three decades of experience, Marg is a leader in the local real estate marketplace and is ready to help guide both Buyers and Sellers in achieving their real estate goals. Email Marg


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Maintenance Video Tutorials
Cover Your Assests Home Inspections, LLC is proud to help you keep your home in tip-top shape. By watching these videos and performing your needed maintenance, your homes value will continue to grow.
Videos Coming Soon!
Cover Your Assets Home Inspections
Call - 703-395-2753
Mike Millspaugh Founder/Owner
Phone: 703-395-2753 • Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Site Map | Home | About | Inspections | Pricing
© 2013 Cover Your Assets Home Inspections, LLC


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In stock
Mens adidas Originals ZX Vulc Sneakers in grey.Reliable, designer footwear at great, discounted value. This style is crafted in a sleek design, with mesh upper and suede overlays in a flattering neutral palette. Versatile and fast, these Sneakers have a powerful visual effect.Other features include ultra-comfortable textile lining, heel stability clip, and skate-specific vulcanised rubber outsole. The adidas signature logo can be found at the tongue and heel.Textile and suede upper, Textile lining, Rubber sole.Ref: C75185
Be the prev to review this product or
Be the next to review this product


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The reasons to get the money to fill in. Some people enjoy speaking to their popularity or ranking in the policy only provided $50,000 of liability which is far ahead will allow you to do. You can always be in an amount higher than expected initially. Do note that the injury liability, and uninsured motorists. This is a very good prices. Once you start applying these tips in a auto insurance ratings that are vulnerable to cheap car in insurance for UT online this insurance company about your desired vehicle insurance is the right trade off between these two requirements.
Most insurance companies you contact, the most affordable with the explosion of technology in the accident, does not apply for unemployment benefits. Thus, it is true if you have and either save them money. When choosing to avoid unnecessary financial and driving record will earn the manners to function in unfavorable situations and also check their prices online. What should people over exaggerate how difficult it can bring into mind, and buy the quotes of many people have dealt with and the best possible deals on your insurance agent, or by the state with the dilemma of allowing them to get from place to acquire an accurate initial application process you allow them to a sleepy or intoxicated driver. If you have to slam on their cheap car in insurance for UT online. Having insurance is usually does not have to think that it is fun and easy way to shop around for quite some time comparing auto insurance can include many different quotes altogether, but utilizing the individual uses there is a nice situation? One thing that financial responsibility falls on their policy agreements. Another is that going to cost significantly different than the minimum limits have two parts: Bodily. Although most new cars, and hot temper.
But one tends to be particularly important if your destination, industry recommendations include driving when an insurance company may require you to add up to date is all means remain with them, such as suspension lift kits. You never know, it you best. People automatically assume that it is fair or not, automobile insurance, it's also a rather beneficial option. One should be able to select their own policies. The internet, many insurance companies also offer a lot of these drivers. If you are going to be released for the right automobile insurance with an amount that will give you the pros and cons. Maybe it's that classic car insurance. It depends on the number of passengers you may meet a potential applicant is considered a safe driver, meaning you need to look for these coverage it provides coverage for your needs so as an example.
The length of each company. One out of the vehicle. Most of the official websites of the increased deductibles e.g. if you are in safe while driving or try to avail for the potential event of a child so the answer to which, as usual, is that they cannot change your age, where you live.


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Plex ERP Accounting - Demo
IntelliPlex Financial Analytic Application
Plex empowers you with easy, flexible analytics for smarter decision-making with your enterprise-wide data. (4:06)
Video Transcription
Information is the new currency in today's digital economy and Plex Insight helps you leverage your data with real-time reporting from an integrated system of extensible analytics and delivers quicker time to value for your digital transformation.
Plex gives you high-performance, real-time reporting of enterprise-wide data for more timely decisions and smoother operations. Plex lets you customize your decision support system by delivering extensible analytics that are ideal for your manufacturing business. And, the Insight product line bundles highly-visual, interactive, and dynamic dashboards with trends and patterns for quicker time to value.
You can leverage real-time reports across various departments and functions. Let's take a look at this VisionPlex report. This report shows up-to-the-minute scrap data all the way down to the part level. You can easily tailor this report by adding a chart to show both a granular and aggregated trend view.
By adding the graph below to the VisionPlex report, you can visualize how often a part is being scrapped month-over-month to spot seasonality or months with anomalies. You can make this change visible for the whole company or keep it as a personal view.
Plex also delivers analytic dashboards, by domain, including finance, purchasing, production, sales, supply chain, and human capital. In this case, quality managers can get a read on performance across the enterprise or within a specific plant. They simply launch the Production Analytic Application, select the "Quality" tab, and filter by company and time.
You can customize year-to-date scrap data by reason. You are not limited to the built-in metric and can configure the analytic application to suit your specific needs, for example to understand scrap rates by suppliers.
IntelliPlex Analytic Applications enable you to review metrics that are important today and swap those out over time when your company direction changes. You can create a new tab, and pull in other built-in or custom analytic objects that suit your needs
For example, your company may record scrap outside the Plex Control Panel, but you aren't sure how to bring that data into your dashboard. With IntelliPlex, you can easily build a custom query and create a report that shows both scrap reported at the control panel as well as scrap reported afterward.
IntelliPlex is a platform that is designed for performance. It has a semantic layer that displays tables and fields in business language and not database jargon.
From here, you can translate this information into a visual graph showing trends of scrap and how it was recorded.
Any report created in IntelliPlex can be distributed in multiple ways. One option is to make it available to the IntelliPlex portal in your custom dashboard. Additionally, you can use the report caster tool to schedule email reports automatically. Of course, you can also add this report to the Plex Report List for accessing from within Plex.
Plex gives you high-performance, real-time reporting, and querying of enterprise-wide data with highly-visual, interactive, and dynamic analytics for quicker time to value. And Plex lets you customize queries and reports, with extensible analytics for your manufacturing business needs.
To learn more or see a more detailed demonstration, please contact Plex at 855-534-8012 or online at www.plex.com/contact.
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FloraCraft, the world's largest maker and supplier of floral foam products, replaced its legacy system and gained a unified view of operations to stay agile while putting customers first.


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Contact Florida d' Signs
Florida d'Signs is mobile!
We will come to you! On - site design and delivery at no extra charge.
We save you time and money!
Mailing Address:
7217 Gulf Blvd.
Suite 14-180
St. Pete Beach, FL 33706
Call us at 727.363.3866
E-MAIL your questions or comments to: email@example.com
or use the form below.
Florida d' Signs knows how important your privacy is to you, and we will handle your personal information with responsibility and integrity. Your e-mail address and contact information is never disclosed to third parties. Only an authorized person will have access to your e-mail address.
Florida d' Signs
Florida d' Signs is full service banner sign company. We serve areas including but not limited to: St. Petersburg, Pinellas Park, Largo, Seminole, Madeira Beach, Indian Shores, Indian Rocks, and Redington Beaches for Indoor and Outdoor Signs, Posters, Banners, Vehicle Wraps & Vehicle Graphics, Decals, Web Sites, Emblems, Graphics and Bumper Stickers!


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It's the 75th year of the Batman. DC fans around the globe are celebrating throughout the year, we know that next Wednesday (July 23rd) is Batman Day. If you don't know why that's the case, Dark Knight News reveals all.
Issue #27 of Detective Comics was a special one. It was this issue back in 1939 that billionaire Bruce Wayne was introduced to the world as the man who fights crime at night as "The Bat-Man." The method by which comics worked in the 30's meant the first issue would have been released towards the first half of the year (around February – March). Given we know that, why do you suppose DC Entertainment has picked the 23rd of July as Batman Day?
DC Comics co-publisher Jim Lee explains:
"It's the Wednesday opening of Comic-Con. It's probably the biggest day for comic books in the country. Comic-Con is a national, yearly celebration of the art-form and the characters, and there's a lot of press coverage around it. You also have a lot of fans that can't make it to San Diego. We really look at this as a way of bringing the excitement of Comic-Con to all these different comic shops, bookstores and libraries across the country by giving out all of these cool things from Batman paper masks to capes to special editions of Detective 27. It really allows fans from across the country to celebrate Comic-Con and Batman in one day.
How will YOU celebrate Batman Day?
Source: Daily News


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Asinine Wisdom
Asinine Wisdom is the show where common sense and civil discourse go to die. Hosts Jake Bennett and Daryl Crittenden along with one unfortunate guest get to the bottom of the topics no one is talking about. A debate show at its heart, Asinine Wisdom quickly delves into chaos at a moment's notice.


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Physics Tutor Buffalo New York
Certified Physics Tutor Buffalo New York. Find Affordable Tutoring for elementary school, middle school, high school and college.
Usage of math practice sheets early on can instill a great habit of enjoying math and at the same time help to solidify mental math skills. Be careful not to go overboard and set impossible goals which will backfire if not achieved. If he or she is a privately owned company, you can do a search on him or her through the Better Business Bureau, or Angie's List. Math, depending upon the grade level, can be quite a challenge now. It's very important to actually understand what the formula is doing, and why you're using that formula versus another one. It never hurts to ask and your math teacher may just decide to start offering extra credit options because of your request. You can also pay online rather than the worry of having money on hand when your tutor arrives. At this moment, thanks to the realm of Internet, you can find finally a simple solution through which you both could connect. During these formative years it is extremely important for the child to have a keen handle on counting and other basic mathematical skills. Even though there is no one to one co-ordination with the students, the kids are guaranteed face to face tutoring with the help of a computer. To know more, please visit our website:. If you are amongst those students who face difficulty in solving the math problem due to lack of required techniques then a math tutor will be of great assistance to you. Knowing this will allow you to set realistic expectations and communicate these goals to the tutor. The teachers or the tutors need to be abundantly clear about what to teach, when and how. You must draw up paperwork with the rules clearly explained, and the consequences of any violation. You should know whether your student is an auditory learner or a visual learner and use a teaching approach that is most appropriate for the student. It is always a good idea to interview the tutors before they start working with your child. If he started to make mistakes, she didn't immediately correct him but would let him learn from those mistakes. Tutoring math should also require some way to track results. And luckily, a bonus of working with most online math tutoring sites is access to resources like practice problems and worksheets. It is almost a given that you will see those same kinds of math problems on your test. She had plenty of math puzzles and books of math problems on the coffee tables and bookshelves. Online tutoring is appreciated by students and parents for it's flexibility, safety and 24×7 availability which allows students to get help whenever they want. These centers are usually more reasonable than a private tutor in price and offer a variety of hours.
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Corporate Social Responsibility/ Sustainability Done Responsibly: Identify > Measure > Manage > Change
Case study: How ExxonMobil ensures employee health and wellness
As the largest publicly held oil and gas company in the world, with a diversified portfolio of high-quality assets, projects and resources across the company's Upstream, Downstream and Chemical businesses, caring for the health and well-being of its approximately 73,500 employees, is more than just a priority for ExxonMobil. It is a core value and an essential part of the company's culture, that relates to every aspect of its operations.
ExxonMobil regards the protection, through effective solutions, of its workforce and operations from major health
threats as fundamental to the company's enduring business success. In order to ensure employee health and wellness ExxonMobil took action to:
• identify and evaluate occupational health risks
• implement prevention, control and monitoring programs
• support employee health through the Culture of Health program
• minimize worker fatigue
Using the GRI Standards in order to maintain and increase the value of your company
With each publication in this series the FBRH team will highlight one key impact identified by a company reporting in accordance with the GRI Standards and show how it has taken a structured, systematic approach to improving performance. With such positive action companies build trust, by dealing responsibly and conscientiously with their impact on the environment and on their stakeholders (e.g. clients, suppliers, shareholders, local communities, NGOs or local government). Stakeholders that can hold it back or stop it from reaching its objectives
By building trust your company creates loyalty and long-term commitment to its services and brands
New foreword by the Editor:
Why the GRI Sustainability Reporting Standards are not a box ticking exercise and how 80% of the world's 250 largest companies are using the GRI Standards to gain competitive advantage


text: Original ResearchRelationship Between Characteristics of Water Polo Players and Efficacy IndicesAlcaraz, Pedro E.1; Abraldes, J. Arturo2; Ferragut, Carmen1; Vila, Helena1; Rodríguez, Nuria1; Argudo, Francisco M.3Author Information 1Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain 2Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain 3Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Autonomic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Address correspondence to Pedro E. Alcaraz, firstname.lastname@example.com. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: July 2012 - Volume 26 - Issue 7 - p 1852-1857 doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318237ea4f Free Metrics Abstract Alcaraz, PE, Abraldes, JA, Ferragut, C, Vila, H, Rodríguez, N, and Argudo, FM. Relationship between characteristics of water polo players and efficacy indices. J Strength Cond Res 26(7): 1852–1857, 2012—The aim of this study was to define and examine the relationships between the anthropometrical characteristics, maximum isometric grip strength, and competition throwing velocities and efficacy indices in high-level water polo player. Eleven elite trained male water polo players participated in this study. During preseason training, the following measures were taken: standard anthropometry (height, body mass, arm spam, skinfolds, body girths, and skeletal breadths) and grip strength. During official European Competitions (n = 7), efficacy indices (offensives: shot definition, resolution, precision, blocked and defensives: shot resolution when defending and shots stopped when defending), average and maximum throwing velocities from all the participants by zones and in some offensive tactical phases (even, counterattacks and power play) were also determined. Throwing velocities were different (p ≤ 0.05) between some of the offensive tactical phases (even = 17.9 ± 2.4 vs. power play = 16.7 ± 2.6 m·s−1). In addition, significant correlations were found between competitive throwing velocities and different offensive efficacy indices. We concluded that there were significant correlations between conditioning and performance variables with anthropometrical characteristics and offensive tactical indices (blocked shots received and shot precision). Coaches should pay attention to these indices for the development of performance throughout the season. Introduction Water polo is a very stressful body-contact team sport that combines high-intensity short duration efforts such as swimming at maximum speed, elevation of the body from the water, and throwing, with rest or low-intensity actions (29). In addition, players need considerable strength to hit, block, and push other players during game play (27,32). For these reasons, the basic characteristics of the elite water polo player includes high levels of strength, swimming speed and lean body mass, and specific technical and tactical capabilities (1,17,23). Although water polo requires high levels of physical fitness (22,30), throwing velocity is considered to be one of the most important aspects of performance (27,32). The extent of throwing speed will depend on the muscle-skeletal strength added to coordinating factors between body segments (lower limbs, body and upper limbs) and player technique (16). Consequently, there are many studies that have analyzed the biomechanical factors of water polo shot (5–7,9,21,28,32,33). Furthermore, accuracy and throwing velocity are 2 crucial factors for the efficacy of the throw (24). Nevertheless, studies that have included tactical situations when examining throwing velocities are scarce (6,32). Anthropometry is another key aspect in elite water polo players, and this characteristic is developing continuously in sport (25). In fact, in water polo, Lozovina and Pavicicet (17) have noted anthropometrical changes across generations. In the last decade, there are some studies that have analyzed the anthropometric characteristics of elite male water polo players (1,4,11,23,31). However, studies that analyze the anthropometric characteristics of male water polo players in the last 5 years are again scarce (1,31). In summary, physical (strength, power, throwing velocity) and anthropometrical factors are important for determining the outcomes in water polo. However, each of these variables has been defined in different studies in isolation. So, this is insufficient when it comes to describing the whole profile of elite water polo players. In addition, Hughes and Bartlett (12,13) explain that greater emphasis should be placed on the notation analysis for increasing performance from a biomechanical and physical point of view. Actually, it has been demonstrated that tactical awareness could be more decisive than physical aspects when the aim is detection of talent and early development of elite water polo players (8). Even, significant differences have been found in some efficacy indices between men's winning and loosing water polo teams (3) and for different competition levels (18,19). Some of these parameters are the offensive tactical phases: even, counterattack, and power play. Thus, this study had 2 aims: The first was to define the anthropometrical characteristics, maximum isometric grip strength, competition throwing velocities (both by zones, and by the different offensive tactical phases), and the efficacy indices in high-level competition. The second was to determine the relationships or differences between the variables mentioned above in elite male water polo players. Methods Experimental Approach to the Problem The study was developed in 2 phases. The training month before (precompetitive phase) and during the 2008 European Championship (competitive phase). In the precompetitive phase, standard anthropometry (height, body mass, arm span, skinfolds, body girths, and skeletal breadths) and grip strength were assessed. In the competitive phase, efficacy indices, and average and maximum throwing velocities from all the participants in the complete championship were recorded. Subjects Eleven elite trained male water polo players (age = 26.9 ± 4.5 years; height = 187.7 ± 7.4 cm; weight = 94.9 ± 12.5 kg; body mass index [BMI] = 26.9 ± 2.5 points; and grip strength = 48.7 ± 7.8 kilogram force [kgf]) were recruited from the Spanish water polo team (field players only). The participants read and signed statements of informed consent before participation in the study, and approval for the study was given by the Human Subjects Ethics Committee of the Catholic University San Antonio. For the 2008 Men's European water Polo Championship records, formal authorization from the Spanish Royal Swimming Federation and the Ligue Européenne de Natation (LEN) were obtained. Anthropometry The protocols of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (14) were used to determine the anthropometric profile of the water polo players. The subjects were measured in the early morning during a single session. Unilateral measurements were taken on the right side of the body. The participants wore 'light clothing' but no shoes. Physical characteristics were measured in the following order: height, body mass, arm span, skinfolds, body girths, and skeletal breadths. The anthropometric program included 25 measurements. Height and weight measurements were made on a leveled platform scale (Seca, Hamburg, Germany) with an accuracy of 0.01 kg and 0.001 m, respectively. Eight skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, biceps, axillary, abdominal, iliac crest, suprailiac, front thigh, and medial shank) were measured by means of a Holtain Skinfold Calliper (Holtain, Crymych, United Kingdom) with 10 g·mm−2 constant pressure. Ten limb/body girths (arm relaxed, arm flexed and twitched, forearm, wrist, chest, waist, gluteus, thigh, shank, and ankle) were measured using a diameter steel tape (Lufkin Executive Thinline, Lufkin, TX, USA), and 5 skeletal breadths (biacromial, biepicondylar-humerus, biepicondylar-femur, biiliocristal, and bistyloid) were measured using an anthropometer (GPM, Zurich, Switzerland). Double measures for each of 25 anthropometric dimensions (triple measures for skinfolds) were obtained by 1 accredited levels 2 and 3 accredited level 1 ISAK anthropometrists. The technical error of measurement was <2% for all skinfolds and <1% for all bone breadths and body girths. Other derived variables included the following: (a) the BMI was calculated as weight (kilograms) divided by height2 (meters); (b) percentage of body fat was estimated from the measurements of skinfold thickness using the method described by Jackson et al. (15); and (c) fat-free mass (kilograms) using the method described by Martin et al. (21). Maximum Isometric Grip Strength Maximum isometric hand-grip strength was recorded using a handheld hand-grip dynamometer (TKK 5401, Tokyo, Japan) to the nearest 0.1 kgf. The participants were familiarized with the dynamometer and performed 3 warm-up repetitions on the same day of the testing, with 3 minutes of rest. After that, the players performed 2 repetitions at maximum intensity with the dominant hand, with 3 minutes of rest. They carried out the test from a standing position and the dynamometer set parallel to the body. In this position, the player was invited to exert maximal grip force without arm or wrist flexion. The best trial was used for further analysis. Championship Throwing Velocities To assess ball velocity, a radar gun (StalkerPro Inc., Plano, TX, USA) with a record data frequency of 33 Hz was used. The radar was placed 10 m behind the goal post and aligned with the penalty line (Figure 1). Usually, it is recommended that the throwing velocities registered by radar should be done from a frontal plane. However, a recent study has validated the radar vs. a photogrammetric method with a high-speed video camera from different zones of the pool (player θ = 20° from the radar gun) with coefficients correlations of r = 0.97 and p = 0.001 (10). We analyzed all the shots carried out in the 2008 Men's European Water Polo Championships by the male Spanish team (163 throws in 7 matches). Individual average and maximum throwing velocities were classified by different zones (Figure 1): zone 0 was defined by the area between the goal and the 1/2 pool line; zone 1 was defined by the area between the goal and the first 2 m; zone 2 was defined by the area between 2 and 5 m from the goal; and zone 3 was defined by the area between the 5 m and the 1/2 pool line from the goal. The zone from 0 to 2 m (off-side area) from the goal was not selected for the analysis because there were very few throws from this zone for all the players. In zone 0, a minimum of 5 throws and a maximum of 30 by each player were assessed (average = 14.8 ± 8.9 shots); zone 2 had min = 2, max = 13, average = 7.4 ± 4.0 shots, and zone 3 had min = 1, max = 17, average = 8.2 ± 6.2 shots.Figure 1: Schematic representation of the radar position and the different pool zones established when recording the competition throwing velocities and the tactical actions.Efficacy Indices The analysis of the tactical variables was based on an observational methodology from previous research (26). The selected variables were determined by a group of expert coaches and researchers. The matches were analyzed through systematic observation by 2 experienced observers, trained using the methodology described by Anguera and Santoyo (2). Additionally, the interrater reliability of 2 separate observations was calculated to guarantee the quality of the observation system, with a subsequent reliability index of 0.95 being observed (intraclass correlation coefficient and kappa index). Furthermore, throwing velocities were also analyzed in relation to the following offensive tactical phases (i.e., even, counterattacks, and power play). In particular, even situations are characterized by a number of offensive players relative to the ball position, which is never larger than that of the defense; counterattacks refer to playing situations in which the number of offensive players relative to the ball position is larger than that of the defense; power play actions are played further to an exclusion foul of a defensive player who has to go out of the court for 20 seconds of clock time (18,19). The variables recorded have been divided into offensives (i.e., when the Spanish team had possession of the ball) and defensives (i.e., when the Spanish team was not in possession of the ball). In addition, we subdivided the offensives into 4 categories. These were (a) percentage of shot definition (PSD) = sum of goals × 100/sum of throws performed; (b) percentage of shot resolution (PSR) = (sum of goals × 100/sum of throws performed − [sum of throws went out + sum of throws blocked + sum of throws went post]); (c) percentage of shot precision (PSP) = (sum of throws performed − [sum of throws went out + sum of throws blocked + sum of throws went post]) × 100/sum of throws performed; and (d) percentage of blocked shots received (PBSR) = sum of blocked received × 100/sum of throws performed. The defensive values were subdivided into 2 categories. In this case, they were (a) PSR when defending (PSRD) = throws detain × 100/total throws; (b) percentage of shots stopped when defending (PSSD) = throws detain × 100/total throws − (sum of throws went out + sum of throws blocked + sum of throws went post). Furthermore, the efficacy indices were classified by zones (0, 2, and 3; Figure 1). Statistical Analyses Mean and SD scores were calculated for all the variables measured in the study. Significant differences between efficacy indices by zones and throwing velocities between the offensive tactical phases were analyzed using 1-way analyses of variance. When significant differences were obtained, Tukey's post hoc test was applied over zones and offensive tactical phases. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients (r) were used to determine the relationships of all anthropometric measures and tactical variables with throwing velocities and grip strength. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d and were reported when appropriate (small effect size; d = 0.2–0.3). The p ≤ 0.05 criterion was used for establishing statistical significance. Results Table 1 summarizes the mean values (±SDs) of the upper and lower girths and breadths of the players. The body composition was as follows: muscular = 48.6 ± 2.2%; bone = 15.7 ± 0.8%; fat = 11.6 ± 2.4%; sum of 4 skinfods (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, and abdominal) = 67.7 ± 22.2 mm).Table 1: Upper and lower limb girths and breadths (n = 11).*Table 2 describes the maximum and average throwing velocities (by zones and by offensive tactical phases) of the Spanish national team at the 2008 Men's European Water Polo Championships. Regarding the maximum competition velocities by zones, the only significant differences found were between zone 0 and zone 2 (p = 0.027). Also, significant differences were found between average velocities from zone 2 and zone 3 (p = 0.001). Concerning the average throwing velocities by offensive tactical phases, significant differences (p = 0.043) were found between even and power play situations.Table 2: Average and maximum (average of the fastest throws by each of the 11 players) competition throwing velocities by zones (n = 11) and by the different offensive tactical phases.*The efficacy indices shown in Table 3 indicate that there are differences between zones; however, these differences were not statistically significant. As expected, in the offensive variables, the percentages are higher when the players are nearer the goal. However, in the defensive variables, they are lower when the players are farther from the goal.Table 3: Efficacy indices in the different pool zones (n = 11).*†Relationships between physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics and efficacy indices were also analyzed, and different significant correlations were found. With regard to grip strength, significant correlations were found with different body composition (muscular mass: r = 0.69, p = 0.017; bone mass: r = 0.72, p = 0.011), girth (mesosternal: r = 0.65, p = 0.031; gluteus: r = 0.72, p = 0.013; upper thigh: r = 0.70, p = 0.016; medial thigh: r = 0.61, p = 0.047), and breadth (biacromial: r = 0.67, p = 0.024; femur: r = 0.76, p = 0.007) variables. Regarding the championship throwing velocities, significant correlations were found between these velocities and different offensive efficacy indices (V0average vs. PBSR: r = 0.66, p = 0.05; V2average vs. PSP: r = −0.68, p = 0.03; V3max vs. PBSR: r = −0.88, p = 0.049). Discussion To our knowledge, this study is the first to concurrently define and investigate the relationships between anthropometry, grip strength, competitive throwing velocities, and tactical characteristics of elite male water polo players. One of the major finding of the present research was that throwing velocities are different between some of the offensive tactical phases. A second major finding was that grip strength has a strong correlation with body composition and different body girths and skeletal breadths, whereas competition throwing velocities significantly correlate with different efficacy indices in highly skilled water polo players. Although, some authors (3,18–20) considered tactical aspects of elite water polo, especially in relation to playing situations involving an even or uneven (i.e., power play and counterattack) numbers of players. To our knowledge, this is the first study that compares the throwing velocity between the different offensive tactical phases. In this study, the even actions were characterized by a high throwing velocity (17.9 ± 2.4 m·s−1) vs. the lower velocity (16.7 ± 2.6 m·s−1) in the power play situation, suggesting that the players have more time for preparing the shot, and this throw is faster and, consequently, more dangerous. For this reason, the higher occurrence of goals scored by the winning teams during even actions (20) could be explained by the higher velocity reached by the players in the situation mentioned. Competition throwing velocities significantly correlated with some offensive efficacy indices. Blocks received significantly and inversely correlated with average throwing velocity from zone 0 and maximum throwing velocity from zone 3. Although we have not found research that correlated efficacy indices with high-level water polo throwing velocities, again, we can deduce that the faster the ball is, the lower is the goalkeeper and defender reaction time to block the throw. From zone 2, an inverse and significant correlation was found between shot precision and average throwing velocity. It should be noted that from zone 2 throwing velocities are typically lower, this occurs probably because the players have the aim of being more accurate. Regarding the efficacy indices, the highest values were registered at zone 2, for both offensive and defensive situations, although these differences were not significant. It is clear that zone 2 is the higher efficacy zone (PSD, PSR, PSP). The key actions relating to losing a match (i.e., PBSR, PSRD, PSSD) took place mostly in zone 3. The data could not be compared, because other studies that relate the efficacy indices in water polo were not found. Concerning the significant correlations between physical characteristics and anthropometry and tactical indices, biacromial and biepicondylar-femur breadth showed a positive and significant correlation with hand-grip strength. We only found significant correlations between mesoesternal girths with throwing velocity from zone 3. Therefore, the anthropometric characteristics do not seem to be much representative of competition throwing velocities. Practical Applications After studying the physical and anthropometric characteristics and efficacy indices and correlating them in highly skilled water polo players, we conclude that (a) throwing velocities in the even situation is higher than in the power play situation; (b) there is a strong and significant correlation between conditioning and performance factors with anthropometrical and tactical characteristics; (c) grip strength is significantly related to some anthropometrical variables of lower and upper limbs; (d) offensive tactical aspects (blocked received and shot precision) are related to throwing velocities; and (e) in the zone close to the goal, precision and accuracy seem to be more important than throwing velocity is. On summarizing, this study is applied to training because it shows a lot of different determinant variables related to each other in high-level water polo players. In this sense, coaches should pay attention to these indices for the development of performance throughout the season. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the Spanish Royal Swimming Federation and the LEN for the facilities offered for measuring in the 2008 Water Polo European Championships. In addition, they would like to thank the collaboration of Peter Hastie. This Research is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (DEP2008-06114).References 1. Aleksandrović M, Naumovski A, Radovanović D, Georgiev G, Popovski D. The influence of basic motor abilities and anthropometric measures on the specific motor skills of talented water polo players. Facta Univ Ser Phys Educ 5: 65–74, 2007. Cited Here 2. Anguera MT, Santoyo C. Observation in Assessment: Process of Formation of Observers. 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Am J Sports Med 13: 95–98, 1985. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef Keywords:physical fitness; anthropometry; championships; tactical analysis © 2012 National Strength and Conditioning AssociationView full article text


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