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Quality Mormon Travel
Planning a vacation to a distant location is the perfect way to take a break from your busy life, check out some beautiful sights that you have never seen before, and get a new outlook on life. You can spend your time viewing magnificent architecture, seeing a variety of interesting wildlife, or just relax on the beach. No matter where you choose to travel, working with a travel agency is a great way to make sure you don't miss anything during your trip. Our LDS travel guide service offers LDS-themed vacation packages that aren't limited to church history sites. A few of the countries we have been or are planning to go include Switzerland, Panama, Italy, and Spain. With a Mormon tour group, your tour group will always include friendly people who keep high moral standards. Along with the classic attractions you are dying to see, we'll also take you to important area in the LDS culture, including temples. Schedule your vacation the right way with our Mormon tour agency. LDS Tours
Check Out the World One Location at a Time
Planning a vacation to a far-away destination is the perfect way to take a break from your busy life, check out a few famous sights that you may never get to see again, and get a new outlook on life. You can spend your time viewing beautiful buildings, getting a glimpse of a variety of interesting wildlife, or just rest and relax on the beach. A travel agency is the perfect way to guarantee that you get the most out of any vacation. We may be an LDS travel business, but we do not limit our program to only church history tours. A few of the countries we have been or are planning to go include Austria, Hungary, Costa Rica, and Spain. You'll experience all the popular areas to visit, along with hidden gems that most travelers don't know about. With a Mormon travel group, you will experience traveling with people who keep similar moral standards. We'll also take you to important locations for the LDS religion, including temples. Choose the LDS tour that is right for you by visiting our site today. http://www.ldsgrouptravel.com/
Planning Your Vacation With a Mormon Travel Group
Plan the trip you and your spouse have been looking for with our travel agency. Avoid late-night parties and people with foul language by traveling with individuals who uphold similar morals. We are currently booking trips or haven taken tours to exotic places like Austria, Panama, Italy, and Thailand. Our travel packages include hotel accommodation, meals, transportation, translation, and a thrilling itinerary of popular sight-seeing and local wonders. By using our LDS travel service, we promise that your vacation will be 100% safe. Plan the vacation you deserve with our LDS travel group. LDS Tours
State Farm® Auto Insurance
Face reality: you need to have insurance. The risks are simply too great to assume for your most prized possessions - your car, your house, and your household. The good news is, by going with State Farm® for any of your insurance needs, you can get the services you need at a good rate. Ask about our investment products! For your monetary services, talk to State Farm®.
Finance and Investing with State Farm®
Home Insurance is far from all State Farm® can offer its millions of clients. Think about our various investment products for establishing your financial future. We provide IRAs, annuities, and simple banking. Ask about the LifePath® options for actively managed investments. When you choose State Farm® as your main financial services provider, you become prepared for long term financial success. Learn more by speaking with of our professional agents.
Life Insurance Sparks NV is our specialty at State Farm® insurance. Talk to one of our satisfied customers to hear more about our services. Let's begin working with you.
The WideRanging Benefits of Your Insurance Policy
Let State Farm® Insurance get your household covered. To look over all your options for policies, call your neighborhood State Farm® agency today. Our clients choose our insurance for many reasons. In addition to having over 17,000 well-educated agents throughout the country, our company has 24-hour customer service, a massive account management system, innovative tools like the State Farm® app, and a sterling reputation for customer care. Through these tools and our high level of service, we are working hard to provide more than 40 million clients with the best protection possible. State Farm® Insurance has made a name for ourselves helping homeowners to feel secure about their company when they need to submit a claim. State Farm Agent Clermont
Complete Your Next Look With a Professional Remodeling Company
Are you overburdened with a massive list of household repairs that never seems to end? Is a broken step or a loose doorknob causing you grief, embarrassment, and excess cursing? Do you not have the time to correct all these problems? If so, hiring a professional handyman is the right choice for you. Professional handymen can repair just about any problems your house might have and they will get them done efficiently and effectively. It will quickly make a difference in the look and feel of your house, as well giving you peace of mind.Ceramic Tile Installation Charleston SC
Hiring a Local Painter
There are few ways to improve your home that offer a fresh, new feeling quite like applying a new coat of paint. It doesn't matter if the job is big or small, you want to make sure that every detail is monitored and carried out in the right way. We are experienced in every process of inside and outside painting. As professional painters, we feel our job is very important and promise to ensure that your room looks exactly how you want it to. Along with painting, we are also experienced carpenters. Our handymen can take care of the small, forgotten chores on your "To-Do" list or bigger projects that call for a more professional touch. Our Handyman Hoffman Estates IL company is committed to providing professional painting and carpentry to all our clients; call us today and find out what we are able to do for you. Handyman Hoffman Estates IL


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Cocoknits Stitch Fixer
A two-ended hook tool which makes it easier to pull a stitch up in garter or seed or any pattern with alternating knit and purl rows. The stitch fixer is made of steel so it will always be nearby on your Maker's Keep.
- Double-ended crochet hook
- US size D / 3 mm
- Length: 4" / 10 cm
- Made of nickel plated steel
- Sticks to your Knitter's Keep or any magnet, and is always within reach!

subset: commoncrawl


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- You need to hide. No one will ask you for a snack or try to wipe boogers on your shirt or need a diaper change.
- You are female with female problems. Whether its PMS, hot flashes, menstrual cramps or infertility, acupuncture can help!
- You need stress relief. Acupuncture is the best way to manage stress and you don't have to put on special clothes or get sweaty.
- You need me time. As women we have a tendency to put ourselves last, taking care of everyone else first. This is an easy way to get self-care.
- You need self-care. Caring for aging parents and young children is really hard work, physically and emotionally. You must tend to yourself to be your best for those that depend on you.


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2017 Honda CR-V Farmington, NM
Introducing the all-new 2017 Honda CR-V! It's been fully redesigned for the model year with more aggressive styling, fresh new interior and new turbocharged engine. From long road trips to running errands across town, the 2017 Honda CR-V is the perfect companion. Its powerful engine delivers a smooth, dynamic driving experience and it's spacious cabin will keep passengers comfortable and entertained.
Choose from four trims, including the LX, EX, EX-L and Touring, each with its own wide array of high-tech features. The 2017 Honda CR-V is available with a variety of features, including keyless entry and start, a navigation system, ambient interior lighting, premium audio system with subwoofer, heated mirrors, sunroof and much more.
Powerful engine options
The 2017 Honda CR-V EX is standard with a 184-hp, 2.4-liter 4-cylinder engine, but EX and above models are standard 190-hp, 1.5-liter turbocharged 4-cylinder version.
Apple CarPlay & Android Auto
Sync your smartphone or other compatible device to utilize everything from apps to messaging right on your 2017 Honda CR-V's touchscreen. These innovative technologies make it easy!
Spacious, high-tech cabin
Simply move the 2017 Honda CR-V's Magic Seat rear row to open up a full 75.8 cu.ft. of cargo space. From awkwardly shaped cargo to groceries, the 2017 Honda CR-V functionality is a helpful tool.
Test drive the new 2017 Honda CR-V at Melloy Honda today
If you're looking for a powerful crossover SUV with plenty of functionality and premium features, the 2017 Honda CR-V is worth a closer look. With two engine options, four trims to choose from and plenty of passenger and cargo space, the 2017 Honda CR-V aims to please. We invite you to explore the new 2017 Honda CR-V for yourself with test drive at Melloy Honda. Our friendly, experienced team of experts can answer any questions you might have. We can show you all of the 2017 Honda CR-V's many premium features and can help you find the best model for you. Stop by and see us!


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Mini Frosted Pebble Trail Earrings
Pendant & Earring Sizing
When determining the size of the pendant or earrings you would like to purchase, please reference the item description which includes the size of the piece. We also include an image with a hand in the picture to help visualize the size.
When choosing a piece for another person, we find that our customers choose pieces that are similar to their overall stature. People that are shorter and small tend to like smaller items, tall slender people tend to like our longer larger pieces.
- As summer comes to an end and the first chilly fall mornings descend upon us, we find that each new day brings a dusting of frost on the ground.
Our Frosted Pebble Trail Series is reminiscent of early morning hikes with hot coffee and cozy flannels. Frost crunching underfoot as the sun peeks through the trees to melt it away. With these earrings you can take a bit of that seasonal magic with you wherever you go.
- Eco-friendly recycled sterling silver.
- Size = 5/8" (1.6cm) in diameter not including sterling silver ear wires.
- Handcrafted in Michigan.
- In Stock


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Advanced Features
The Advanced tab grants you fast access to a set of advanced features, among them the Memcached distributed memory caching system and the Varnish Cache web accelerator, which will help you optimize your sites and applications without having to leave the Control Panel. Depending on the website hosting package, these tools are either included by default or are offered in the form of easy-to-get upgrades. InnoDB and NodeJS support is available as well.
Varnish Cache is a web accelerator also referred to as an HTTP accelerator. You can install it in front of any server that speaks HTTP and configure it to cache the contents. Varnish Cache is very, very fast and will boost your web site's speed. One of the important advantages of Varnish Cache is the flexibility of its principal configuration mechanism, VCL, which permits you to choose how incoming requests should be dealt with.
Memcached is a generic memory caching system for increasing the speed of dynamic database-driven websites. It is used to decrease the number of times an external data source (such as a database or API) is read by caching data and objects in RAM. The Memcached distributed memory object caching system uses a client'server architecture. The Memcached distributed memory caching system is employed by some of the most regularly visited web sites on the Internet and is supported by popular web apps like Joomla and WordPress.
Node.js is a platform for building scalable network applications. Built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime, Node.js uses an event-based, asynchronous input/output model that makes it lightweight and efficient, suitable for high-performance content-heavy network apps. Node.js uses Google's V8 JavaScript engine, libUV, and several in-built libraries.
InnoDB is the default storage engine for the MySQL open-source DBMS. A storage engine is the principal software component that a database management system uses to create, retrieve, modify and delete data from a database. Its latest edition features significant improvements in efficacy, dependability and functionality. InnoDB offers the standard ACID transaction attributes, as well as referential integrity support. It is included as standard in most binaries distributed by MySQL AB.
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Divorce in Singapore involves 2 stages, the Dissolution of Marriage and the handling of Ancillary Matters (which covers aspects such as custody of children, division of matrimonial properties and spousal maintenance).
If the divorce is accepted by the court then an interim judgement will be granted to dissolve the marriage. At this point you proceed to settle on the ancillary matters.
Parties are required to wait for 3 months (from the date of the interim judgment being granted) in order to apply to have this turned into a final judgment and thus complete the divorce process.
Are you eligible to divorce in Singapore?
Before even commencing the process, you must check your eligibility for divorce in Singapore. The following aspects must be met:
- The person filing for divorce, must be domiciled in Singapore during the commencement of divorce proceedings ('domicile' means to treat Singapore as a permanent home);
- The person filing, must have resided in Singapore for a minimum of 3 years, before divorce proceedings are commenced; and
- Have been married for a minimum of 3 years, except if the party filing for divorce has suffered unbearable hardship or exceptionally cruel behaviour.
Do you have legal grounds to succeed in filing for a divorce?
It is also compulsory for the party filing for divorce to prove that the marriage has irretrievably broken down due to one or more ot the following reasons:
You must be able to prove that your spouse has committed adultery, particularly if your spouse is unwilling to admit this directly. In certain situations you may wish to hire a private investigator to gather the necessary evidence.
Unreasonable behaviour
Your spouse has behaved in an unreasonable manner, such that you can no longer live together. There is many forms of unreasonable behaviour that sits under this broad category.
Your spouse has deserted you for a period of more than 2 years and shown no signs of willingness to return.
If the parties have been separated for a period of 3 years then you may apply on this ground if both parties consent to the divorce. If the parties have been separated for 4 years or more then you may apply for divorce even without the other parties consent.
See our more detailed article on the legal grounds for divorce in singapore.
What documents need to be created and filed?
The party filing for divorce needs to file 3 types of documents, these are:
- Writ for Divorce
- Statement of Claim
- Statement of Particulars
Step 1: Dissolution of Marriage
After serving of the above-mentioned documents to your spouse, they are given 8 days to decide whether to contest the divorce.
If they choose to contest the divorce, they are required to file 2 types of documents as follows:
- Memorandum of Appearance
- Defence
Our advice is always try to avoid a contested divorce. It is time consuming, emotionally painful, and can become a very costly endeavour. You may wish to request a resolution consultation with either of the below, that might help to reach an amicable resolution between parties:
- Resolution Conference with a Family Resolutions Chambers' judge
- Counselling Session with a Court Counsellor
If such alternatives cannot resolve the divorce case in an amicable manner, the divorce case will be transferred to the court. The court will examine whether the marriage has irretrievably broken down.
However, if your spouse decides not to contest the divorce, but intends to challenge the ancillary matters, they should file the Memorandum of Appearance to highlight the ancillary matters he/she intends to challenge.
If the court concludes that the marriage has irretrievably broken down, the court will grant an Interim Judgment, which is an order to dissolve the marriage. The court then proceeds to decide the ancillary matters.
Step 2: Ancillary Matters
Before the court decides on the ancillary matters, both parties must file the document of Affidavits of Assets and Means. The parties shall disclose all assets and liabilities, earnings and expenditure in their affidavits. The parties may exchange their affidavits a maximum of 3 times.
If the total net value of the matrimonial asset(s) exceeds $1.5 million, the divorce case will be transferred to the High Court.
After the filing and exchange of documents, the court will set a date to hear the ancillary matters.
After settlement of all ancillary matters, parties are required to wait for 3 months (from the date of the interim judgment) in order to apply for converting this into a final judgment, at which point the divorce is final.


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Become A Stockist
Only sold in medical aesthetic practices, medi-spas and high-end skin clinics, skinade is a professional product that compliments your existing range of treatments. Offering skinade to your clients as a stand-alone product or as part of your treatment protocols will help enhance in-clinic results, client satisfaction and retention.
As a professional brand, Skinade understands the needs of your business and our stockists benefit from the following:
- A dedicated account manager
- Full product training & support
- Point of sale and sales support tools
- National PR and advertising campaigns
- Listings on the skinade website
If you are interested in becoming an approved stockist or just want to learn more, please click here to request a call back.
You are also welcome to get in touch with us directly on 08451 300 205 or at email@example.com.
We look forward to hearing from you.
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Mr Paul Banwell & Dr Kathryn Taylor-Barnes discuss skin health
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Science, Art, Litt, Science based Art & Science Communication
Q: How do you judge a person from his beliefs or from his behaviour according to science?
Krishna: You don't judge, you only try to understand. 'Behaviour' is a highly complex process and beyond a layman's grasp.
A person's beliefs originate from his surroundings, his cultural, traditional, religious, and emotional conditioning of his mind. If he is mentally weak, he succumbs to those pressures even if those beliefs are irrational and thinks he is right.
Okay, he is 'right' in his view, because his mental condition and the helpless situation he is in justifies it.
But for a rational person, he is 'wrong' because he is not trying to overcome his weaknesses, not analyzing his situation properly with a critical thinking process. Is he really helpless? No! He can come out of the hole he is in if he wants to. But not attempting it is the major mistake he is committing.
Some people might attempt to overcome it but with the wrong process. These too cannot come out of their irrational beliefs.
Others need emotional support these beliefs provide because their minds are not strong enough to stand on their own strengths. We can tolerate this too because we cannot expect everybody to be equally strong.
People say, everybody has a right to believe in whatever he or she wants to believe in. Right? Right, but there should be exceptions.
If these irrational beliefs are responsible for bad behaviours, harming the societies we live in, we have to try and control or eradicate them. How can they be harmful? Like this…
People harm themselves, people around and the societies they live in with their irrational beliefs. Consider these cases …
Bathinda shocker: Woman kills grandchildren in bid to ward off evil spirits
Parents allow exorcist to kill daughter, rape body. Wanted to appease god for gold
How To Get a Vaccine Religious Exemption
Baby death: Parents convicted over vegetable milk diet: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-eu...
Women throws coins into engine of a plane for good luck and safe journey but in fact endangering the lives of people on board!
Endangering others' lives: Superstitions don't have any science behind them!
So we will have to fight them, without any doubt or exceptions.
Behaviour is dictated by several things. Your bio-chemistry - especially that of the brain, surroundings, your family, friends, relatives, conditioning of your brain, your health, your financial status, your biases etc.
When so many things are trying to control you, it becomes an extra-ordinary effort to overcome all these things and gain full balance of your mind. Only a few people can achieve that.
Flaws occur. When we ourselves are not perfect, who are we to judge others? Do we understand the situations they are in perfectly? NO! Do we know what factors are controlling them? NO! Do we know how the person is coping with all those factors pulling from all the sides and how he is yielding to those pressures? NO! Do we know his full background? NO! Do we know what wars he is fighting in his mind? NO! Do we know what his strengths and weaknesses are fully? NO!
We can understand only ourselves 'a little bit'. Yes, even we don't know us fully. Do you know fully the bio-chemistry of your brain that is controlling you? NO! Do you know how many cognitive biases are effecting your thought process? NO! Only things you know are the ones you can feel or think. That's all. So your analysis of yourself can be faulty too. That is why sometimes we take the help of other experts!
When we ourselves can't judge ourselves properly, there is no point in judging others where several gaps exist in our cognitive processes.
Just try to understand with a completely neutral analysis. You can never judge others, and not even yourself properly. Period!
However, if the behaviour, even if it can be justified in the mind of the person who is acting that way, or his group that is supporting him, is hurting others or causing harm, again it should be controlled or stopped without any hesitation.
Yes, some beliefs and behaviours are 'unacceptable' in a civilized society. Only because they harm others around. This unacceptability is not 'judgemental' because they are 'painful and harmful'.
We don't see things as they are, we see things as we are and we are not at all perfect to judge people, situations and things.
Q: What are cognitive biases?
Krishna: A cognitive bias is a mistake in reasoning, evaluating, remembering, or other cognitive process, often occurring as a result of holding onto one's preferences and beliefs regardless of contrary information. For example if your priest told you vaccines 're against religion, it gets stuck to your mind and you start avoiding vaccines. And if somebody spreads a false propaganda saying vaccines cause autism, you start fearing vaccines and again avoid them. And even if I provide evidence that vaccines are safe and not against religious beliefs or they don't cause autism, you refuse to consider it. You even refuse to listen to my evidence. This has happened to me on a few occasions and I have very personal experiences in this regard and therefore, know very well how cognitive biases impact science comprehension of people.
When these biases hijack your mind, your thought process gets screwed up. So, unless you overcome them, by using critical thinking methods, you can never think properly without going wrong! Want to know what they are?
Here is a 'List of Cognitive Biases':
Many of these biases affect belief formation, business and economic decisions, and human behavior in general.
|Ambiguity effect
|The tendency to avoid options for which missing information makes the probability seem "unknown".
|Anchoring or focalism
|The tendency to rely too heavily, or "anchor", on one trait or piece of information when making decisions (usually the first piece of information acquired on that subject)
|Anthropocentric thinking
|The tendency to use human analogies as a basis for reasoning about other, less familiar, biological phenomena.
|Anthropomorphism or personification
|The tendency to characterize animals, objects, and abstract concepts as possessing human-like traits, emotions, and intentions.
|Attentional bias
|The tendency of our perception to be affected by our recurring thoughts.
|Automation bias
|The tendency to depend excessively on automated systems which can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions.
|Availability heuristic
|The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events with greater "availability" in memory, which can be influenced by how recent the memories are or how unusual or emotionally charged they may be.
|Availability cascade
|A self-reinforcing process in which a collective belief gains more and more plausibility through its increasing repetition in public discourse (or "repeat something long enough and it will become true").
|Backfire effect
|The reaction to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs.[ cf. Continued influence effect.
|Bandwagon effect
|The tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink and herd behavior
|Base rate fallacy or Base rate neglect
|The tendency to ignore base rate information (generic, general information) and focus on specific information (information only pertaining to a certain case).
|Belief bias
|An effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion.
|Ben Franklin effect
|A person who has performed a favor for someone is more likely to do another favor for that person than they would be if they had received a favor from that person.
|Berkson's paradox
|The tendency to misinterpret statistical experiments involving conditional probabilities.
|Bias blind spot
|The tendency to see oneself as less biased than other people, or to be able to identify more cognitive biases in others than in oneself.
|Bystander effect
|The tendency to think that others will act in an emergency situation.
|Cheerleader effect
|The tendency for people to appear more attractive in a group than in isolation.
|Choice-supportive bias
|The tendency to remember one's choices as better than they actually were.
|Clustering illusion
|The tendency to overestimate the importance of small runs, streaks, or clusters in large samples of random data (that is, seeing phantom patterns).
|Confirmation bias
|The tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
|Congruence bias
|The tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, instead of testing possible alternative hypotheses.
|Conjunction fallacy
|The tendency to assume that specific conditions are more probable than general ones.
|Conservatism (belief revision)
|The tendency to revise one's belief insufficiently when presented with new evidence
|Continued influence effect
|The tendency to believe previously learned misinformation even after it has been corrected. Misinformation can still influence inferences one generates after a correction has occurred.cf. Backfire effect
|Contrast effect
|The enhancement or reduction of a certain stimulus' perception when compared with a recently observed, contrasting object.
|Courtesy bias
|The tendency to give an opinion that is more socially correct than one's true opinion, so as to avoid offending anyone.
|Curse of knowledge
|When better-informed people find it extremely difficult to think about problems from the perspective of lesser-informed people.
|The predisposition to view the past favourably (rosy retrospection) and future negatively.
|Decoy effect
|Preferences for either option A or B change in favor of option B when option C is presented, which is completely dominated by option B (inferior in all respects) and partially dominated by option A.
|Default effect
|When given a choice between several options, the tendency to favor the default one.
|Denomination effect
|The tendency to spend more money when it is denominated in small amounts (e.g., coins) rather than large amounts (e.g., bills).
|Disposition effect
|The tendency to sell an asset that has accumulated in value and resist selling an asset that has declined in value.
|Distinction bias
|The tendency to view two options as more dissimilar when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately.
|Dunning–Kruger effect
|The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability.
|Duration neglect
|The neglect of the duration of an episode in determining its value
|Empathy gap
|The tendency to underestimate the influence or strength of feelings, in either oneself or others.
|Endowment effect
|The tendency for people to demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire it.
|Exaggerated expectation
|Based on the estimates,[clarification needed] real-world evidence turns out to be less extreme than our expectations (conditionally inverse of the conservatism bias).[unreliable source?]
|Experimenter's or expectation bias
|The tendency for experimenters to believe, certify, and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment, and to disbelieve, discard, or downgrade the corresponding weightings for data that appear to conflict with those expectations.
|Focusing effect
|The tendency to place too much importance on one aspect of an event.
|Forer effect or Barnum effect
|The observation that individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. This effect can provide a partial explanation for the widespread acceptance of some beliefs and practices, such as astrology, fortune telling, graphology, and some types of personality tests.
|Framing effect
|Drawing different conclusions from the same information, depending on how that information is presented
|Frequency illusion
|The illusion in which a word, a name, or other thing that has recently come to one's attention suddenly seems to appear with improbable frequency shortly afterwards (not to be confused with the recency illusion or selection bias). This illusion is sometimes referred to as the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon.
|Functional fixedness
|Limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used.
|Gambler's fallacy
|The tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by past events, when in reality they are unchanged. The fallacy arises from an erroneous conceptualization of the law of large numbers. For example, "I've flipped heads with this coin five times consecutively, so the chance of tails coming out on the sixth flip is much greater than heads."
|Hard–easy effect
|Based on a specific level of task difficulty, the confidence in judgments is too conservative and not extreme enough
|Hindsight bias
|Sometimes called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect, the tendency to see past events as being predictable at the time those events happened.
|Hostile attribution bias
|The "hostile attribution bias" is the tendency to interpret others' behaviors as having hostile intent, even when the behavior is ambiguous or benign.
|Hot-hand fallacy
|The "hot-hand fallacy" (also known as the "hot hand phenomenon" or "hot hand") is the fallacious belief that a person who has experienced success with a random event has a greater chance of further success in additional attempts.
|Hyperbolic discounting
|Discounting is the tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs. Hyperbolic discounting leads to choices that are inconsistent over time – people make choices today that their future selves would prefer not to have made, despite using the same reasoning. Also known as current moment bias, present-bias, and related to Dynamic inconsistency. A good example of this: a study showed that when making food choices for the coming week, 74% of participants chose fruit, whereas when the food choice was for the current day, 70% chose chocolate.
|Identifiable victim effect
|The tendency to respond more strongly to a single identified person at risk than to a large group of people at risk.
|IKEA effect
|The tendency for people to place a disproportionately high value on objects that they partially assembled themselves, such as furniture from IKEA, regardless of the quality of the end result.[citation needed]
|Illicit transference
|Occurs when a term in the distributive (referring to every member of a class) and collective (referring to the class itself as a whole) sense are treated is equivalent. The two variants of this fallacy are the fallacy of composition and the fallacy of division.
|Illusion of control
|The tendency to overestimate one's degree of influence over other external events.
|Illusion of validity
|Belief that our judgments are accurate, especially when available information is consistent or inter-correlated.
|Illusory correlation
|Inaccurately perceiving a relationship between two unrelated events.
|Illusory truth effect
|A tendency to believe that a statement is true if it is easier to process, or if it has been stated multiple times, regardless of its actual veracity. These are specific cases of truthiness.
|Impact bias
|The tendency to overestimate the length or the intensity of the impact of future feeling states.
|Information bias
|The tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action.
|Insensitivity to sample size
|The tendency to under-expect variation in small samples.
|Irrational escalation
|The phenomenon where people justify increased investment in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the decision was probably wrong. Also known as the sunk cost fallacy.
|Law of the instrument
|An over-reliance on a familiar tool or methods, ignoring or under-valuing alternative approaches. "If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail."
|Less-is-better effect
|The tendency to prefer a smaller set to a larger set judged separately, but not jointly.
|Look-elsewhere effect
|An apparently statistically significant observation may have actually arisen by chance because of the size of the parameter space to be searched.
|Loss aversion
|The disutility of giving up an object is greater than the utility associated with acquiring it. (see also Sunk cost effects and endowment effect).
|Mere exposure effect
|The tendency to express undue liking for things merely because of familiarity with them.
|Money illusion
|The tendency to concentrate on the nominal value (face value) of money rather than its value in terms of purchasing power.
|Moral credential effect
|The tendency of a track record of non-prejudice to increase subsequent prejudice.
|Negativity bias or Negativity effect
|Psychological phenomenon by which humans have a greater recall of unpleasant memories compared with positive memories.(see also actor-observer bias, group attribution error, positivity effect, and negativity effect).
|Neglect of probability
|The tendency to completely disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty.
|Normalcy bias
|The refusal to plan for, or react to, a disaster which has never happened before.
|Not invented here
|Aversion to contact with or use of products, research, standards, or knowledge developed outside a group. Related to IKEA effect.
|Observer-expectancy effect
|When a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it (see also subject-expectancy effect).
|Omission bias
|The tendency to judge harmful actions as worse, or less moral, than equally harmful omissions (inactions).
|Optimism bias
|The tendency to be over-optimistic, overestimating favorable and pleasing outcomes (see also wishful thinking, valence effect, positive outcome bias).
|Ostrich effect
|Ignoring an obvious (negative) situation.
|Outcome bias
|The tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made.
|Overconfidence effect
|Excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of questions, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time.
|A vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) is perceived as significant, e.g., seeing images of animals or faces in clouds, the man in the moon, and hearing non-existent hidden messages on records played in reverse.
|Pessimism bias
|The tendency for some people, especially those suffering from depression, to overestimate the likelihood of negative things happening to them.
|Placebo effect
|The belief that a medication works—even if merely a placebo.
|Planning fallacy
|The tendency to underestimate task-completion times.
|Post-purchase rationalization
|The tendency to persuade oneself through rational argument that a purchase was good value.
|Pro-innovation bias
|The tendency to have an excessive optimism towards an invention or innovation's usefulness throughout society, while often failing to identify its limitations and weaknesses.
|Projection bias
|The tendency to overestimate how much our future selves share one's current preferences, thoughts and values, thus leading to sub-optimal choices.
|Pseudocertainty effect
|The tendency to make risk-averse choices if the expected outcome is positive, but make risk-seeking choices to avoid negative outcomes.
|The urge to do the opposite of what someone wants you to do out of a need to resist a perceived attempt to constrain your freedom of choice (see also Reverse psychology).
|Reactive devaluation
|Devaluing proposals only because they purportedly originated with an adversary.
|Recency illusion
|The illusion that a word or language usage is a recent innovation when it is in fact long-established (see also frequency illusion).
|Regressive bias
|A certain state of mind wherein high values and high likelihoods are overestimated while low values and low likelihoods are underestimated.
|Restraint bias
|The tendency to overestimate one's ability to show restraint in the face of temptation.
|Rhyme as reason effect
|Rhyming statements are perceived as more truthful. A famous example being used in the O.J Simpson trial with the defense's use of the phrase "If the gloves don't fit, then you must acquit."
|Risk compensation / Peltzman effect
|The tendency to take greater risks when perceived safety increases.
|Selection bias
|The tendency to notice something more when something causes us to be more aware of it, such as when we buy a car, we tend to notice similar cars more often than we did before. They are not suddenly more common - we just are noticing them more. Also called the Observational Selection Bias.
|Selective perception
|The tendency for expectations to affect perception.
|Semmelweis reflex
|The tendency to reject new evidence that contradicts a paradigm.
|Sexual overperception bias / sexual underperception bias
|The tendency to over-/underestimate sexual interest of another person in oneself.
|Social comparison bias
|The tendency, when making decisions, to favour potential candidates who don't compete with one's own particular strengths.
|Social desirability bias
|The tendency to over-report socially desirable characteristics or behaviours in oneself and under-report socially undesirable characteristics or behaviours.
|Status quo bias
|The tendency to like things to stay relatively the same (see also loss aversion, endowment effect, and system justification).
|Expecting a member of a group to have certain characteristics without having actual information about that individual.
|Subadditivity effect
|The tendency to judge probability of the whole to be less than the probabilities of the parts.
|Subjective validation
|Perception that something is true if a subject's belief demands it to be true. Also assigns perceived connections between coincidences.
|Losing sight of the strategic construct that a measure is intended to represent, and subsequently acting as though the measure is the construct of interest.
|Survivorship bias
|Concentrating on the people or things that "survived" some process and inadvertently overlooking those that didn't because of their lack of visibility.
|Time-saving bias
|Underestimations of the time that could be saved (or lost) when increasing (or decreasing) from a relatively low speed and overestimations of the time that could be saved (or lost) when increasing (or decreasing) from a relatively high speed.
|Third-person effect
|Belief that mass communicated media messages have a greater effect on others than on themselves.
|Parkinson's law of triviality
|The tendency to give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Also known as bikeshedding, this bias explains why an organization may avoid specialized or complex subjects, such as the design of a nuclear reactor, and instead focus on something easy to grasp or rewarding to the average participant, such as the design of an adjacent bike shed.
|Unit bias
|The tendency to want to finish a given unit of a task or an item. Strong effects on the consumption of food in particular.
|Weber–Fechner law
|Difficulty in comparing small differences in large quantities.
|Well travelled road effect
|Underestimation of the duration taken to traverse oft-traveled routes and overestimation of the duration taken to traverse less familiar routes.
|"Women are wonderful" effect
|A tendency to associate more positive attributes with women than with men.
|Zero-risk bias
|Preference for reducing a small risk to zero over a greater reduction in a larger risk.
|Zero-sum bias
|A bias whereby a situation is incorrectly perceived to be like a zero-sum game (i.e., one person gains at the expense of another).
Most of these biases are labeled as attributional biases.
|Actor-observer bias
|The tendency for explanations of other individuals' behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their situation (see also Fundamental attribution error), and for explanations of one's own behaviors to do the opposite (that is, to overemphasize the influence of our situation and underemphasize the influence of our own personality).
|Authority bias
|The tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure (unrelated to its content) and be more influenced by that opinion.
|Defensive attribution hypothesis
|Attributing more blame to a harm-doer as the outcome becomes more severe or as personal or situational similarity to the victim increases.
|Egocentric bias
|Occurs when people claim more responsibility for themselves for the results of a joint action than an outside observer would credit them with.
|Extrinsic incentives bias
|An exception to the fundamental attribution error, when people view others as having (situational) extrinsic motivations and (dispositional) intrinsic motivations for oneself
|False consensus effect
|The tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which others agree with them.
|Forer effect (aka Barnum effect)
|The tendency to give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. For example, horoscopes.
|Fundamental attribution error
|The tendency for people to over-emphasize personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior (see also actor-observer bias, group attribution error, positivity effect, and negativity effect).
|Group attribution error
|The biased belief that the characteristics of an individual group member are reflective of the group as a whole or the tendency to assume that group decision outcomes reflect the preferences of group members, even when information is available that clearly suggests otherwise.
|Halo effect
|The tendency for a person's positive or negative traits to "spill over" from one personality area to another in others' perceptions of them (see also physical attractiveness stereotype).
|Illusion of asymmetric insight
|People perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers' knowledge of them.
|Illusion of external agency
|When people view self-generated preferences as instead being caused by insightful, effective and benevolent agents
|Illusion of transparency
|People overestimate others' ability to know them, and they also overestimate their ability to know others.
|Illusory superiority
|Overestimating one's desirable qualities, and underestimating undesirable qualities, relative to other people. (Also known as "Lake Wobegon effect", "better-than-average effect", or "superiority bias".)
|Ingroup bias
|The tendency for people to give preferential treatment to others they perceive to be members of their own groups.
|Just-world hypothesis
|The tendency for people to want to believe that the world is fundamentally just, causing them to rationalize an otherwise inexplicable injustice as deserved by the victim(s).
|Moral luck
|The tendency for people to ascribe greater or lesser moral standing based on the outcome of an event.
|Naïve cynicism
|Expecting more egocentric bias in others than in oneself.
|Naïve realism
|The belief that we see reality as it really is – objectively and without bias; that the facts are plain for all to see; that rational people will agree with us; and that those who don't are either uninformed, lazy, irrational, or biased.
|Outgroup homogeneity bias
|Individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups.
|Self-serving bias
|The tendency to claim more responsibility for successes than failures. It may also manifest itself as a tendency for people to evaluate ambiguous information in a way beneficial to their interests (see also group-serving bias).
|Shared information bias
|Known as the tendency for group members to spend more time and energy discussing information that all members are already familiar with (i.e., shared information), and less time and energy discussing information that only some members are aware of (i.e., unshared information).
|Sociability bias of language
|The disproportionally higher representation of words related to social interactions, in comparison to words related to physical or mental aspects of behavior, in most languages. This bias attributed to nature of language as a tool facilitating human interactions. When verbal descriptors of human behavior are used as a source of information, sociability bias of such descriptors emerges in factor-analytic studies as a factor related to pro-social behavior (for example, of Extraversion factor in the Big Five personality traits
|System justification
|The tendency to defend and bolster the status quo. Existing social, economic, and political arrangements tend to be preferred, and alternatives disparaged, sometimes even at the expense of individual and collective self-interest. (See also status quo bias.)
|Trait ascription bias
|The tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior, and mood while viewing others as much more predictable.
|Ultimate attribution error
|Similar to the fundamental attribution error, in this error a person is likely to make an internal attribution to an entire group instead of the individuals within the group.
|Worse-than-average effect
|A tendency to believe ourselves to be worse than others at tasks which are difficult.
In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many types of memory bias, including:
|Bizarreness effect
|Bizarre material is better remembered than common material.
|Choice-supportive bias
|In a self-justifying manner retroactively ascribing one's choices to be more informed than they were when they were made.
|Change bias
|After an investment of effort in producing change, remembering one's past performance as more difficult than it actually was
|Childhood amnesia
|The retention of few memories from before the age of four.
|Conservatism or Regressive bias
|Tendency to remember high values and high likelihoods/probabilities/frequencies as lower than they actually were and low ones as higher than they actually were. Based on the evidence, memories are not extreme enough
|Consistency bias
|Incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour.
|Context effect
|That cognition and memory are dependent on context, such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories (e.g., recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home, and vice versa)
|Cross-race effect
|The tendency for people of one race to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own.
|A form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory.
|Egocentric bias
|Recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g., remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as bigger than it really was.
|Fading affect bias
|A bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with positive events
|False memory
|A form of misattribution where imagination is mistaken for a memory.
|Generation effect (Self-generation effect)
|That self-generated information is remembered best. For instance, people are better able to recall memories of statements that they have generated than similar statements generated by others.
|Google effect
|The tendency to forget information that can be found readily online by using Internet search engines.
|Hindsight bias
|The inclination to see past events as being more predictable than they actually were; also called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect.
|Humor effect
|That humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor.
|Illusion of truth effect
|That people are more likely to identify as true statements those they have previously heard (even if they cannot consciously remember having heard them), regardless of the actual validity of the statement. In other words, a person is more likely to believe a familiar statement than an unfamiliar one.
|Illusory correlation
|Inaccurately remembering a relationship between two events.
|Lag effect
|The phenomenon whereby learning is greater when studying is spread out over time, as opposed to studying the same amount of time in a single session. See also spacing effect.
|Leveling and sharpening
|Memory distortions introduced by the loss of details in a recollection over time, often concurrent with sharpening or selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the details or aspects of the experience lost through leveling. Both biases may be reinforced over time, and by repeated recollection or re-telling of a memory.
|Levels-of-processing effect
|That different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness.
|List-length effect
|A smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list, but as the length of the list increases, the absolute number of items remembered increases as well. For example, consider a list of 30 items ("L30") and a list of 100 items ("L100"). An individual may remember 15 items from L30, or 50%, whereas the individual may remember 40 items from L100, or 40%. Although the percent of L30 items remembered (50%) is greater than the percent of L100 (40%), more L100 items (40) are remembered than L30 items (15).
|Misinformation effect
|Memory becoming less accurate because of interference from post-event information.
|Modality effect
|That memory recall is higher for the last items of a list when the list items were received via speech than when they were received through writing.
|Mood-congruent memory bias
|The improved recall of information congruent with one's current mood.
|Next-in-line effect
|People taking turns speaking in a group tend to have diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before them.
|Part-list cueing effect
|That being shown some items from a list and later retrieving one item causes it to become harder to retrieve the other items.
|Peak-end rule
|That people seem to perceive not the sum of an experience but the average of how it was at its peak (e.g., pleasant or unpleasant) and how it ended.
|The unwanted recurrence of memories of a traumatic event.
|Picture superiority effect
|The notion that concepts that are learned by viewing pictures are more easily and frequently recalled than are concepts that are learned by viewing their written word form counterparts.
|Positivity effect (Socioemotional selectivity theory)
|That older adults favor positive over negative information in their memories.
|Primacy effect, recency effect & serial position effect
|That items near the end of a sequence are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a sequence; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered.
|Processing difficulty effect
|That information that takes longer to read and is thought about more (processed with more difficulty) is more easily remembered.
|Reminiscence bump
|The recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods
|Rosy retrospection
|The remembering of the past as having been better than it really was.
|Self-relevance effect
|That memories relating to the self are better recalled than similar information relating to others.
|Source confusion
|Confusing episodic memories with other information, creating distorted memories.
|Spacing effect
|That information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a long span of time rather than a short one.
|Spotlight effect
|The tendency to overestimate the amount that other people notice your appearance or behavior.
|Stereotypical bias
|Memory distorted towards stereotypes (e.g., racial or gender)
|Suffix effect
|Diminishment of the recency effect because a sound item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall.
|A form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory.
|When time perceived by the individual either lengthens, making events appear to slow down, or contracts.
|Telescoping effect
|The tendency to displace recent events backward in time and remote events forward in time, so that recent events appear more remote, and remote events, more recent.
|Testing effect
|The fact that you more easily remember information you have read by rewriting it instead of rereading it.
|Tip of the tongue phenomenon
|When a subject is able to recall parts of an item, or related information, but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item. This is thought to be an instance of "blocking" where multiple similar memories are being recalled and interfere with each other.
|Travis Syndrome
|Overestimating the significance of the present. It is related to the enlightenment Idea of Progress and chronological snobbery with possibly an appeal to novelty logical fallacy being part of the bias.
|Verbatim effect
|That the "gist" of what someone has said is better remembered than the verbatim wording. This is because memories are representations, not exact copies.
|von Restorff effect
|That an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items
|Zeigarnik effect
|That uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones.
Biases list source: Wikipedia
Q: Do you think, after scientifically analyzing them, people who are judging others on various TV shows, beauty contests etc. are doing their job correctly?
Krishna: No! This might sound alarming but science has evidence for my answer.
Most of these contestants would be trained to behave in a certain way. They just parrot all the sweet words they were asked to use, presenting only their positive traits before the world and camouflaging their negative personality aspects.
Moreover, science says there is a phenomenon called as the "Matthew effect" that dictate terms in judging awards and prizes.
The Matthew effect of accumulated advantage, described in sociology, is a phenomenon sometimes summarized by the adage that "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer."
A small number of people stand at the top of their fields, commanding the lion's share of funding, awards, citations, and prestigious academic appointments. But are they better and smarter than their peers? No!
But the benefits of winning an early-career grant or award were enormous. Those who already won will get more while those who didn't get any before will not be judged positively even if their effort is equally good.
De Vaan, the researcher of this phenomenon, says that two main mechanisms may explain the Matthew effect in all fields, including science. First, winners achieve status that can tilt the playing field in their direction when it comes to funding, awards, and job opportunities. The second is participation, meaning that successful applicants continue seeking grant money, awards, prizes while unsuccessful applicants often give up, withdrawing from future competition.
De Vaan and his coauthors argue that the Matthew effect erodes the quality of judgement based on an applicant's status, not merit. They recommend several reforms to the process, including limiting information judges have about previous awards. They also suggest that rejected applicants learn their scores, which might encourage those just below the threshold to try again.
Well, this happens everywhere. When people complain that all the big pieces of a cake are going to the the famous and the successful ones, take them seriously. This is a fact, not just complaint. And try to remove these imbalances.
Curious that we spend more time congratulating people who have succeeded than encouraging people who have not - Neil deGrasse Tyson
Q: How do you judge a work of art or scientific discovery?
Krishna: One of the central challenges is to have a definition that can be satisfactorily applied across all manifestations of creativity regardless of whether the 'object' being judged is a work of art or a scientific theory or a public policy strategy. Another stems from the problem of inherent subjectivity when judging and classifying an 'object' as one that is less or more creative. What yardstick am I using in such a context? And how similar is it to the one you are using? Do I have enough background knowledge or the necessary expertise as a judge to make that decision? Even if I did, how do the limits of what I know or how I think constrain my ability to recognize instances of creativity in others?
Judging a work of art is always based on perception based on your biases and conditioning of your mind. Therefore it is not perfect. My art work might look like a silly piece of rubbish to you. Most pure art related people cannot truly understand the concepts of my science-based art. Then how can they judge it?
However, science has some strict rules or scientific methods to judge their genuineness. Also the usefulness of a scientific theory lies in its application that can be used to people to their benefit.
Q: If people can't judge properly, how can they decide on the best performance and give awards and prizes? Will double blind judging help?
Krishna: If things depend on perceptions and biases, yes, judging becomes imperfect even if it is blinded. However, if you are trying double blind method, it somewhat helps by restricting some biases. Even using AI to judge things helps to some extent. 80% correctness is better than 50% correctness any day.
However, perfect judgment is not possible in any method. You will have to face imperfectness and biases. Just grin and bear it.
Q: Are women the prominent victims of biases in science?
Krishna: Do you know how many Nobel Prizes have gone to men in its 120 years? What about women? The proportion is shocking: 817 prizes to men, and just 47 to women. The Matilda effect is a theory that addresses sexist discrimination in the world of science.
Women are also less likely to be cited in science papers written by men, and their ideas more likely to be attributed to male researchers. Women receive less credit for their scientific work than they deserve. Not surprisingly, this can unduly hamper the advancement of their careers.
While scientists might measure their achievements in publications and citations, the rest of the world is more likely to appreciate their accomplishments—and ingrained attitudes are more likely to change—from the media coverage surrounding major scientific awards. And women get them very rarely.
This article explains all that very clearly: can-prizes-help-women-shatter-sciences-glass-ceiling?
This mindset is also reflected in the findings of a 2017 report by Elsevier that looked at the authorship of more than 62 million peer-reviewed papers published over the previous two decades. The analysis found that in 8 of 11 countries studied, the share of women authors grew from about 30 percent in the late 1990s to about 40 percent in recent years. However, female authors were more likely to be represented in health-care–related fields such as nursing and psychology than in the "hard" sciences. This may be due to gender bias in peer review: a self-assessment by the journal eLife found that men had greater chances of getting published than women when facing all-male review panels.
That is how bad these gender biases are!
Q: People say smoking and drinking women set bad examples. Aren't men who drink and smoke do that too. Why these double standards?
Krishna: Everybody has the right to live in the way they want. I agree. But only if 'that way' doesn't cause harm to others. When a thief says, he has the right to steal your cell phone to feed his children, do you agree with him and don't report it to the police? Okay it is illegal to steal. It is illegal to spoil others' health too. That is why you are not allowed to smoke in public places.
As a scientist I don't see drinking or smoking as a moral issue or a character issue. It is a health issue for me. Children born to smoking and drinking mothers or fathers will have severe health complications. That is not the right way to bring your future generations into this world and bring them up. That is causing harm to others. If a woman drinks and smokes it would be better for her not to have children at all because a smoking and drinking woman causes more harm to her children, than her partner who drinks and smokes because she has to carry her children in her body as a part of her body for nine months and then feed them for a few more months. I can show you hundreds of research papers as evidence.
You can't see the whole picture like I do and are judging things superficially because you don't know the scientific facts. This is what we call partial picture paralysis. It is better if you don't argue if you can't see and don't understand things properly.
Reforms are for the betterment of the society - that includes health issues too, not only moral issues.
Q: After reading about biases several people asked me how they can overcome their biases and understand science as it is.
Krishna: This is my reply to them: Develop critical thinking.
Watch this video that I think can help you ...
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Fayetteville Country Club
Fayetteville, AR
The Project
An existing private country club had renovated their course nine holes at a time resulting in different design styles and green character. Three greens on the back nine – Holes #12, 13 and 15 were built with severe contours resulting in severely limited pin locations, extremely difficult short game recovery shots and numerous complaints from the Membership.
The Club had exhausted all options to improve the green and was looking to rebuild each of the entire green complexes.
What Was Done
Incorporated fairway adjustments including water use efficiency strategies on all three green complexes. Players that were once relegated to an attempt at a single "flop" shot through the rough (and consequently their ball running off the green) are now presented with the option to bump-and-run, using a putter and a flop shot through a tightly mown fairway cut.
- Added additional space for chipping swales and bail out areas around the green complex
- Managed moisture levels in the new tightly mown chipping swales in order to allow for fast and firm conditions and a greater variety of short game shots
- Aligned the tee complex to aim towards the preferred line of play
The Result
Saved approximately $40,000.00 per green (or a total of over $120,000.00!) in construction costs.
- Dramatically reduced complaints and increased the enjoyment of each green
- Membership was able to avoid taking on additional debt as the adjustments were made within the annual maintenance budget
- Due to the success of the program, implemented the chipping swale philosophy throughout the entire golf course


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