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Red Queen hypothesis
The Red Queen hypothesis (also referred to as Red Queen's, the Red Queen effect, Red Queen's race, Red Queen dynamics) is an evolutionary hypothesis which proposes that organisms must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing organisms in a constantly changing environment, as well as to gain reproductive advantage.
The hypothesis intends to explain two different phenomena: the constant extinction rates as observed in the paleontological record caused by co-evolution between competing species,[2] and the advantage of sexual reproduction (as opposed to asexual reproduction) at the level of individuals.[3]
Leigh Van Valen proposed the hypothesis as an "explanatory tangent" to explain the "Law of Extinction" (known as Van Valen's law):[2] by showing that in many populations, the probability of extinction does not depend on the lifetime of the population, instead being constant over millions of years for a given population. This could be explained by the coevolution of species, where established species have evolved cooperatively by assuming adaptive coevolutionary dependencies. These complementary relationships develop through graduated symbiosis, directing punctuated advantages specialized enough to ensure a greater survivability and fitness rate for both species.[4] Indeed, an adaptation in a population of one species (e.g. predators, parasites) may change the natural selection pressure on a population of another species (e.g. prey, hosts), giving rise to common antagonistic coevolutions. If this positive feedback occurs reciprocally, a potential dynamic coevolution may result.[5]
The phenomenon's name is derived from a statement that the Red Queen made to Alice in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass in her explanation of the nature of Looking-Glass Land:
Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place.[1]
Van Valen coined the hypothesis "Red Queen" because under this interpretation, populations have to "run" or evolve in order to stay in the same place, or else go extinct.
Leigh Van Valen (1973) proposed the metaphor of an evolutionary arms race, which was appropriate for the description of biological processes with dynamics similar to arms races. In respective processes, an adaptation in a population of one species (e.g., predators, parasites) may change the selection pressure on a population of another species (e.g., prey, host), giving rise to an antagonistic coevolution.[5]
The Red Queen hypothesis is used independently by Hartung[6] and Bell to explain the evolution of sex,[3] by John Jaenike to explain the maintenance of sex[7] and W. D. Hamilton to explain the role of sex in response to parasites.[8][9] In all cases, sexual reproduction confers species variability and a faster generational response to selection by making offspring genetically unique. Sexual species are able to improve their genotype in changing conditions. Consequently, co-evolutionary interactions, between host and parasite, for example, may select for sexual reproduction in hosts in order to reduce the risk of infection. Oscillations in genotype frequencies are observed between parasites and hosts in an antagonistic coevolutionary way[10] without necessitating changes to the phenotype. In multi-host and multi-parasite coevolution, the Red Queen dynamics could affect what host and parasite types will become dominant or rare.[11]
Van Valen proposed the Red Queen hypothesis as an explanatory tangent to his proposed "Law of Extinction" (also 1973), which he derived from observation of constant probabilities of extinction within families of organisms across geological time. Put differently, Van Valen found that the ability of a family of organisms to survive does not improve over time, and that the lack of correlation between age and extinction is suggestive of a random process.[2] The Red Queen hypothesis as formulated by Van Valen provides a conceptual underpinning to discussions of evolutionary arms races, even though a direct test of the hypothesis remains elusive, particularly at the macroevolutionary level. This concept remains similar to that of a system obeying a self-organized criticality.[12]
For example, because every improvement in one species will lead to a selective advantage for that species, variation will normally continuously lead to increases in fitness in one species or another. However, since different species tend to co-evolve, an improvement in one species implies that it will get a competitive advantage over the other species, and thus be able to capture a larger share of the resources available to all. This means that the fitness increase in one evolutionary system will tend to lead to the fitness decrease in another system. The only way that a species involved in a competition for resources can maintain its fitness relative to other competing species is by improving its specific fitness. (From Heylighen, 2000)
The most obvious example of this effect are the "arms races" between predators and prey (e.g., Vermeij, 1987), where the only way predators can compensate for a better defense by the prey (e.g., rabbits running faster than the previous generation) is by developing a better offense (e.g. foxes running faster than their predecessors). In this case, we might consider the relative improvements (rabbits running faster than foxes or vice versa) to be also absolute improvements in fitness. (From Heylighen, 2000)
Discussions of sex and reproduction were not part of Van Valen's Red Queen hypothesis, which addressed evolution at scales above the species level. The microevolutionary version of the Red Queen hypothesis was proposed by Bell (1982), also citing Lewis Carroll, but not citing Van Valen .
Application to human conflict[edit]
One can apply such arms races to human conflict and interpret them as a prominent cause of conflict. According to Azar Gat, the Red Queen effect arises when two competing groups find themselves in a security dilemma. The security dilemma results when a group takes defensive measures (which possess inherent offensive capabilities) to improve their security, triggering a military arms race. This arms race, much like the example previously referenced, causes each side to consume ever increasing amounts of resources in order to outpace the other and to gain an advantage. If an advantage is gained, the arms race is over and the group with more resources has won. However, typically both sides continue to match each other stride for stride, thus triggering the Red Queen effect, as no matter how many resources each side invests, neither is able to gain an advantage. The situation somewhat resembles the prisoner's dilemma. Neither side can stop the arms race, due to mutual suspicion and fears that the other group will gain a significant tactical advantage. Because of this, the Red Queen effect is a common outcome of inter-human competition and conflict.[13]
Interspecies arms race[edit]
- A number of predator/prey couple where the weapon involved is the running speed.
"The rabbit runs faster than the fox, because the rabbit is running for his life while the fox is only running for his dinner." Aesop[14]
The predator-prey relationship can also be established in the microbial world, producing the same evolutionary phenomenon that occurs in the case of foxes and rabbits. A recently observed example has as protagonists M.xanthus (predator) and E.coli (prey) in which a parallel evolution of both species can be observed through genomic and phenotypic modifications, producing in future generations a better adaptation of one of the species that is counteracted by the evolution of the other, thus generating an arms race that can only be stopped by the extinction of one of the species.[15]
- The interactions between parasitoid wasps and insect larvae, necessary for the parasitic wasp's life cycle, are also a good illustration of an arms race. Indeed, some evolutionary strategy was found by both partners to respond to the pressure generated by the mutual association of lineages. For example, the parasitoid wasp group, Campoletis sonorensis, is able to fight against the immune system of its hosts, Heliothis virescens (Lepidopteran) with the association of a polydnavirus (PDV) (Campoletis sonorensis PDV). During the oviposition process, the parasitoid transmits the virus (CsPDV) to the insect larva. The CsPDV will alter the physiology, growth and development of the infected insect larvae to the benefit of the parasitoid.[16]
Evidence for this explanation for the evolution of sex is provided by the comparison of the rate of molecular evolution of genes for kinases and immunoglobulins in the immune system with genes coding other proteins. The genes coding for immune system proteins evolve considerably faster.[17][18]
Further evidence for the Red Queen hypothesis was provided by observing long‐term dynamics and parasite coevolution in a mixed sexual and asexual population of snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum). The number of sexuals, the number of asexuals, and the rates of parasite infection for both were monitored. It was found that clones that were plentiful at the beginning of the study became more susceptible to parasites over time. As parasite infections increased, the once-plentiful clones dwindled dramatically in number. Some clonal types disappeared entirely. Meanwhile, sexual snail populations remained much more stable over time.[19][20]
In 2011, researchers used the microscopic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a host and the pathogenic bacterium Serratia marcescens to generate a host–parasite coevolutionary system in a controlled environment, allowing them to conduct more than 70 evolution experiments testing the Red Queen hypothesis. They genetically manipulated the mating system of C. elegans, causing populations to mate either sexually, by self-fertilization, or a mixture of both within the same population. Then they exposed those populations to the S. marcescens parasite. It was found that the self-fertilizing populations of C. elegans were rapidly driven extinct by the coevolving parasites, while sex allowed populations to keep pace with their parasites, a result consistent with the Red Queen hypothesis.[21][22]
Currently, there is no consensus among biologists on the main selective forces maintaining sex. The competing models to explain the adaptive function of sex have been reviewed by Birdsell and Wills.[23]
The influence of heterogeneity in species genomes has been recognized and studied since the time of Darwin (1876) in the areas of heterosis (hybrid vigor), inbreeding and genetic deterioration, operating on the theory that lessening of the choice of gene variants and of potential cooperation among different gene types limits the capabilities of the restricted organism.[24] Resultant genetic drift or genetic isolates reduce available corresponding genetic material volumes, where variable limitations can catalyze a consequential population bottleneck.
A study published in 2013 in Science which examined the history of groups of extinct mammals illustrates the failure to adapt and evolve new species when confronted by a deteriorating environment.[25][26] An interesting insight[clarification needed] can be obtained from physical research.[27]
The paradox of sex: The cost of males[edit]
Science writer Matt Ridley popularized the term in connection with sexual selection in his 1993 book The Red Queen, in which he discussed the debate in theoretical biology over the adaptive benefit of sexual reproduction to those species in which it appears. The connection of the Red Queen to this debate arises from the fact that the traditionally accepted Vicar of Bray hypothesis only showed adaptive benefit at the level of the species or group, not at the level of the gene (although the protean "Vicar of Bray" adaptation is very useful to some species that belong to the lower levels of the food chain). By contrast, a Red-Queen-type thesis suggesting that organisms are running cyclic arms races with their parasites can explain the utility of sexual reproduction at the level of the gene by positing that the role of sex is to preserve genes that are currently disadvantageous, but that will become advantageous against the background of a likely future population of parasites.
Further evidence of the Red Queen hypothesis was observed in allelic effects under sexual selection. The Red Queen Hypothesis leads to the understanding that allelic recombination is advantageous for populations that engage in aggressive biotic interactions, such as predator-prey or parasite-host interactions. In cases of parasite-host relations, sexual reproduction can quicken the production of new multi-locus genotypes allowing the host to escape parasites that have adapted to the prior generations of typical hosts.[28] Mutational effects can be represented by models to describe how recombination through sexual reproduction can be advantageous. According to the mutational deterministic hypothesis, if the deleterious mutation rate is high, and if those mutations interact to cause a general decline in organismal fitness, then sexual reproduction provides an advantage over asexually reproducing organisms by allowing populations to eliminate the deleterious mutations not only more rapidly, but also most effectively.[28] Recombination is one of the fundamental means that explain why many organisms have evolved to reproduce sexually.
Sexual organisms must spend resources to find mates. In the case of sexual dimorphism, usually one of the sexes contributes more to the survival of their offspring (usually the mother). In such cases, the only adaptive benefit of having a second sex is the possibility of sexual selection, by which organisms can improve their genotype.
Evolution of aging[edit]
The Red Queen hypothesis has been also invoked by some authors to explain evolution of aging.[29][30] The main idea is that aging is favored by natural selection since it allows faster adaptation to changing conditions, especially in order to keep pace with the evolution of pathogens, predators and prey.[30]
Court jester hypothesis[edit]
A competing evolutionary idea is the court jester hypothesis, which indicates that an arms race is not the driving force of evolution on a large scale, but rather it is abiotic factors.[31][32]
Black Queen Hypothesis[edit]
The Black Queen Hypothesis is a theory of reductive evolution that suggests natural selection can drive organisms to reduce their genome size.[33] In other words, a gene that confers a vital biological function can become dispensable for an individual organism if its community members express that gene in a "leaky" fashion. Like the Red Queen Hypothesis, the Black Queen Hypothesis is a theory of co-evolution.
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Carroll, Lewis (1991) [1871]. "2: The Garden of Live Flowers". Through the Looking-Glass (The Millennium Fulcrum Edition 1.7 ed.). Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ a b c Van Valen, Leigh (1973). "A new evolutionary law" (PDF). Evolutionary Theory. 1: 1–30.
- ^ a b Bell, G. (1982). The Masterpiece Of Nature: The Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality. University of California Press, Berkeley, 378 pp.
- ^ Magain, N; Sérusiaux, E (2014). "Do photobiont switch and cephalodia emancipation act as evolutionary drivers in the lichen symbiosis? A case study in the Pannariaceae (Peltigerales)". PLoS ONE. 9 (2): e89876. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...989876M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089876. PMC 3933699. PMID 24587091.
- ^ a b Dawkins, Richard; Krebs, John R. (1979). "Arms races between and within species". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 205 (1161): 489–511. Bibcode:1979RSPSB.205..489D. doi:10.1098/rspb.1979.0081. PMID 42057.
- ^ . Genome Parliaments and Sex with the Red Queen. In: Alexander, R.D., Tinkle, D. W., Eds. Natural Selection and Social Behavior: Recent Research and New Theory. New York: Chiron Press, 1981, 382-402
- ^ Jaenike, J. (1978). "An hypothesis to account for the maintenance of sex within populations". Evolutionary Theory. 3: 191–194.
- ^ Hamilton, W. D.; Axelrod, R.; Tanese, R. (1990). "Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 87 (9): 3566–3573. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.3566H. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3566. PMC 53943. PMID 2185476.
- ^ Hamilton, W. D. (1980). "Sex versus non-sex versus parasite". Oikos. 35 (2): 282–290. doi:10.2307/3544435. JSTOR 3544435.
- ^ Rabajante, J.; et al. (2015). "Red Queen dynamics in multi-host and multi-parasite interaction system". Scientific Reports. 5: 10004. Bibcode:2015NatSR...510004R. doi:10.1038/srep10004. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4405699. PMID 25899168.
- ^ Rabajante, J; et al. (2016). "Host-parasite Red Queen dynamics with phase-locked rare genotypes". Science Advances. 2 (3): e1501548. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1548R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501548. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 4783124. PMID 26973878.
- ^ Adami, C. (1995). "Self-organized criticality in living systems". Physics Letters A. 203 (1): 29–32. arXiv:adap-org/9401001. Bibcode:1995PhLA..203...29A. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(95)00372-A.
- ^ Gat, Azar (2006). War in Human Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-19-926213-7.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene:30th Anniversary Edition. Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 250.
- ^ Nair, Ramith R.; Vasse, Marie; Wielgoss, Sébastien; Sun, Lei; Yu, Yuen-Tsu N.; Velicer, Gregory J. "Bacterial predator-prey coevolution accelerates genome evolution and selects on virulence-associated prey defences", Nature Communications, 2019, 10:4301.
- ^ Kent, Shelby; Bruce, Webb (1999). "Polydnavirus-mediated suppression of insect immunity". Journal of Insect Physiology. 45 (5): 507–514. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00144-9. PMID 12770335.
- ^ Kuma, K.; Iwabe, N.; Miyata, T. (1995). "Functional constraints against variations on molecules from the tissue-level: Slowly evolving brain-specific genes demonstrated by protein-kinase and immunoglobulin supergene families". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (1): 123–130. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040181. PMID 7877487.
- ^ Wolfe, K. H.; Sharp, P. M. (1993). "Mammalian gene evolution: Nucleotide-sequence divergence between mouse and rat". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 37 (4): 441–456. Bibcode:1993JMolE..37..441W. doi:10.1007/BF00178874. PMID 8308912.
- ^ Jokela, Jukka; Dybdahl, Mark; Lively, Curtis (2009). "The Maintenance of Sex, Clonal Dynamics, and Host-Parasite Coevolution in a Mixed Population of Sexual and Asexual Snails". The American Naturalist. 174 (s1): S43–S53. doi:10.1086/599080. JSTOR 10.1086/599080. PMID 19441961.
- ^ "Parasites May Have Had Role in Evolution of Sex". Science Daily. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ Morran, Levi T.; Schmidt, Olivia G.; Gelarden, Ian A., II; Parrish, Raymond C.; Lively, Curtis M. (2011). "Running with the Red Queen: Host-Parasite Coevolution Selects for Biparental Sex". Science. 333 (6039): 216–218. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..216M. doi:10.1126/science.1206360. PMC 3402160. PMID 21737739.
- ^ "Sex — as We Know It — Works Thanks to Ever-Evolving Host-Parasite Relationships, Biologists Find". Science Daily. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ Birdsell JA, Wills C (2003). The evolutionary origin and maintenance of sexual recombination: A review of contemporary models. Evolutionary Biology Series >> Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 33 pp. 27-137. MacIntyre, Ross J.; Clegg, Michael, T (Eds.), Springer. Hardcover ISBN 978-0306472619, ISBN 0306472619 Softcover ISBN 978-1-4419-3385-0.
- ^ Birchler, James A.; Yao, Hong; Chudalayandi, Sivanandan (August 2006). "Unraveling the genetic basis of hybrid vigor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (35): 12957–12958. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10312957B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605627103. PMC 1559732. PMID 16938847.
- ^ Quental, Tiago B.; Marshall, Charles R. (June 20, 2013). "How the Red Queen Drives Terrestrial Mammals to Extinction". Science Express. 341 (6143): 290–292. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..290Q. doi:10.1126/science.1239431. PMID 23788731.
- ^ Sanders, Robert (June 20, 2013). "The Red Queen was right: Life must continually evolve to avoid extinction". University of California Berkeley Media Relations. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
- ^ American Institute of Physics (AIP), "Physics and Math Shed New Light on Biology by Mapping the Landscape of Evolution," News release (2012-08-08); Feng Zhang et al., "The Potential & Flux Landscape Theory of Evolution," The Journal of Chemical Physics, 137, 6 (2012‑08‑14): 065102.
- ^ a b Cooper, T. F.; Lenski, R. E.; Elena, S. F. (2005). "Parasites and mutational load: An experimental test of a pluralistic theory for the evolution of sex". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Royal Society. 272 (1560): 311–317. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2975. PMC 1634976. PMID 15705557.
- ^ Mitteldorf, Josh; Pepper, John (2009). "Senescence as an adaptation to limit the spread of disease". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 260 (2): 186–195. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.05.013. ISSN 0022-5193. PMID 19481552.
- ^ a b Lenart, Peter; Bienertová-Vašků, Julie (2016). "Keeping up with the Red Queen: the pace of aging as an adaptation". Biogerontology. 18 (4): 693–709. doi:10.1007/s10522-016-9674-4. ISSN 1389-5729. PMID 28013399.
- ^ Benton, Michael J. (2009). "The Red Queen and the Court Jester: Species Diversity and the Role of Biotic and Abiotic Factors Through Time". Science. 323 (5915): 728–732. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..728B. doi:10.1126/science.1157719. PMID 19197051.
- ^ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, P.A. (2010). "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land". Biology Letters. 6 (4): 544–547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. PMC 2936204. PMID 20106856.
- ^ Morris, Jeffrey J.; Lenski, Richard E.; Zinser, Erik R. (March 23, 2012). "The Black Queen Hypothesis: evolution of dependencies through adaptive gene loss". mBio. 3 (2). doi:10.1128/mBio.00036-12. PMC 3315703. PMID 22448042.
Further reading[edit]
- Francis Heylighen (2000): "The Red Queen Principle", in: F. Heylighen, C. Joslyn and V. Turchin (editors): Principia Cybernetica Web (Principia Cybernetica, Brussels), URL: http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/REDQUEEN.html.
- Pearson, Paul N. (2001) Red Queen hypothesis Encyclopedia of Life Sciences http://www.els.net
- Ridley, M. (1995) The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-024548-0
- Vermeij, G.J. (1987). Evolution and escalation: An ecological history of life. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.


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Today I got to lunchtime before realising I'd been walking around all day with my dress on inside out.
I'd like to tell you that this was a one off hilarious anecdote.
It was not.
This is my life.
I really can't understand it. I like to think I'm a fairly intelligent woman, but for one reason or another my head is permanently in the clouds. It's been the same all my life so I can't even blame getting older. When my (3 years younger than me ) sister and I used to go out places she was always the one my mam trusted to look after money or anything important.
I've given up on even getting frustrated with myself now . Pointless .
So inspired by today's dress fiasco I have decided to put together a list of my top 10 dozy related incidents. At least it make you giggle or just be glad you don't have to put up with me….
10) Losing stuff
Now this isn't technically one incident but one life long incident. I lose everything, how I've never left one of the kids behind somewhere before now is nothing short of a minor miracle. Numerous purses , phones , bags have fallen by the wayside over the years. I once left all our swimming gear on a train. 5 PEOPLE'S towels , costumes ,toiletries I got off the train and left behind!!!
I once even lost a dining chair ??An actual chair!! What the hell? Concentrate Kelly!!
9) The tree incident
There I was one day , walking along the main road to school , minding my own business having a little daydream as I do ( probably about what I was going to eat next) and before I knew it , so ensconced in my daydream was I that I failed to notice my hair had become wrapped around a tree branch. By the time I realised I was chained to a tree by my hair I began to panic , but also I was on a busy main road and didn't want to appear a total loon trying to rip my hair free from a branch…
I think I styled it out…probably
8) The knickers
Have you ever had a stranger stop their car on the same busy road mentioned in number 9 to tell you your skirt is tucked into your knickers??
No you normal people with active brains and who live on THIS planet will say , why we've not tucked our skirt into our knickers since we were 5.
I have , and not just the once either..mortifying!!!I mean what's the appropriate response other than blushing and hoping the ground will swallow you up.
7) The Bag of Doom
The bag of doom is the biggest bone of contention between small girl's daddy and I . The Bag of Doom is the overnight bag that travels between each of our houses in our harmonious co parenting journey to give us an extra thing to bicker about.
You know the drill , cuddly toys she needs for sleep and the like , school uniform , shoes. The essentials. Now knowing what a pain in the arse grump organised person he is I really should save myself the earache and get it right. I try. I write lists and everything . Sometimes I convince myself I've cracked it , I've packed this bag perfectly . There shall be no passive aggressive Bag of Doom texts . 5 mins later my phone beeps with a text
Balls!!!! The thing is I start out with the bag , but then someone needs something or I get distracted and in all actuality I reckon I could be a goldfish with one of those 10 seconds memories or whatever it is
6)The inset day incident
Yes I took my kids to school on inset day….only once though?! Progress?!
5) The puddle incident
Out with a very handsome chap I was wowing him with my effervescent chat and sparkling wit (or the boobs one or the other) when actually I was so busy swooning over him , I forgot to pay attention to where my feet were, fell over them and landed in a puddle.
Seductive work Kelly , not a clue why the guys aren't queuing round the block.
4) The where's my phone? Incident
Small girl's daddy had given me a lift home from school or something like that but when I got home I realised in typical me fashion I'd left my phone in his car. AAArgghh but I love my phone I must get it back thinks I . Calls him up to ask if he'd found my phone in his car
"which phone Kelly ?The one you're calling me from right now?"
Feel sorry for the guy yet?
3) Bag of Doom pt 2
Went to drop off Bag of Doom at daddy's.
Was on the train before I realised I'd left the bag at home.
Went back for bag
Got back on the train.
Was daydreaming and decided to go the next stop on and go shopping
Went shopping.
Got home , still with the Bag of Doom about my person.
Got on the train…again….
Seriously Kelly ….get your shit together!!!
2) Today's dress incident
All day long I was walking around with the labels on the outside of my dress.
1)The shoe incident
OK the finale …
One day , I took small girl to school only on the train home did I glance at my feet and see this
Whole other planet , I tell you
My Facebook page is here

subset: commoncrawl


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A Prayer of Faith
God called me to do ministry work at the age of 24, and I am both honored and humbled to be a servant of the Most High God. Never did I think God would want to use me as his messenger, but how grateful I am he called me.
Although I felt the call on my life to serve Him in this capacity many years ago, I wasn't exactly sure of the specifics. Not knowing the destination made it difficult, and it took me a long time to put that aside and focus on the journey. God cares about the here-and-now, and where you are right now is a good indication of your relationship with Him.
Once at peace with this, I began to prepare myself. I'm not a seminary graduate or seminary student, but I wholeheartedly believe that God can reveal Himself to anyone who seeks after Him. I latched onto the passage in James 1 where he states, "If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him." I started praying fervently every time I opened my Bible that God would do two things: 1) speak personally to me reveal the meaning of the passage, and 2) seal it to my heart for remembrance. I prayed this prayer with faith, knowing God would answer it, and he did. What amazing, wondrous things God has revealed to me through His word!
God doesn't simply use those who have attained a seminary degree, or pastors a church–He has called all of his children to serve Him. It has well been said, "God doesn't always call the equipped, but he always equips the called." God has called me to ministry work, and I will joyously obey his command on my life. I'm simply a student of the Bible, a follower of Jesus Christ, and a worshiper of the one true God.


text:
Czech Glass Beads
JEWELRY WITH THE MAGIC MERMAIDS By Toni McCarthy After being contacted by Shanti from Nirvana Beads in early…Continue Read
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Lisa Applegate of Studio 36 Bead Shop has distinguished herself as not only the owner of a wonderful bead store with an artisanal flavor, but one that authentically represents her passion and distinctive skill as a designer. As a company…Continue Read
By Pamelia Designs There are some rondelle beads that seem to change color with movement and light and I can't imagine using anything else in my designs. As the light shines through the hand-cut beads, they remind…Continue Read
Glow Creek is handmade bohemian-gypsy crocheted and knotted jewelry based in Virginia. Laura Epperson created three beautiful bracelets with our newest 8mm etched druks. Her use of cord adds an element of softness to the…Continue Read
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I'll never forget the moment my first batch of goodies from Nirvana Beads arrived. The box was small but quite heavy, and when I opened it I saw rows of teal and red, the glint of light on faceted beads. They took my…Continue Read
Last month, we put out the call for your etched bead jewelry designs, and you answered! The submissions we received were all beautiful and original, so selecting a winner was no easy task. We chose this stunning necklace by designer…Continue Read


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AXA Investment Managers - Real Assets agrees to acquire French lifestyle housing operator, Kley
AXA Investment Managers - Real Assets ("AXA IM - Real Assets"), a global leader in real asset investments and the leading(1) real estate portfolio and asset manager in Europe, announces that it has signed an agreement to acquire, on behalf of clients, Groupe Kley ("Kley"), a fully integrated student housing and co-living operator, and its portfolio of student residences across France, from funds managed by Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. ("Oaktree"). AXA IM - Real Assets will become the long-term partner of Kley and will support its management team in its strategy to further expand the company.
Kley was established in 2014 and is one of the leading operators of purpose-built student housing and co-living properties in France. Its portfolio comprises c. 2,500 beds across seven operational residences, plus a secured pipeline of c. 3,300 beds across 14 residences, many of which are currently under construction. All assets are located in either regional university cities (Angers, Toulouse, Rennes, Marseille and Caen) or Paris, Île-de-France, in close proximity to student campuses or city centres where demand is greatest. In addition to the current and secured future portfolio, this acquisition also presents AXA IM - Real Assets with access to Kley's ongoing pipeline of student housing and co-living opportunities.
The French student housing market is characterised by a lack of purpose-built student accommodation (PBSA) despite having one of Europe's largest, and most rapidly growing, student populations, with 10% growth seen over the last decade(2). Similarly, with a number of globally leading educational institutions, the country is proving increasingly attractive to international students, with this contingent representing 13% of enrolments last year(3). Furthermore, the quality of available PBSA is generally low, making Kley's modern, newly built and well managed portfolio stand out as unique in the French student housing landscape.
This acquisition sees AXA IM - Real Assets build on its extensive global student housing expertise comprising a portfolio of over 15,000 beds. It is in line with AXA IM - Real Assets' strategy of investing in alternative asset classes and platforms with the capacity to grow and comes shortly after its entry to the Australian student accommodation market, where it has partnered with leading student housing operator and manager, Scape, as well as its acquisition of Spain's largest student accommodation platform, Resa, in 2017.
John O'Driscoll, European Head of Transactions at AXA IM - Real Assets, commented: "This transaction gives us an immediate leadership position in the highly attractive French student housing market and the opportunity to build further scale with an experienced management team. The transaction also shows our willingness to invest in operational platforms, particularly in alternative asset classes, to access attractive opportunities for our clients. It is clear evidence of our ability to secure unique investment opportunities using our strong reputation, combined local and global sector expertise and complex transaction experience. We look forward to working with Kley's management team to grow the business, taking advantage of the very positive market dynamics and proven demand for its product."
Jean-Baptiste Mortier, CEO of Groupe Kley, commented: "We are looking forward to pursue our development with the support of AXA IM - Real Assets. Since the beginning of our story with Oaktree, we have continuously been thinking forward with the students' needs at the heart of our strategy. AXA IM - Real Assets shares the same vision and our strong commitment to innovate and adapt their new ways of life."
Vincent Catherine, Managing Director at Oaktree added: "Five years ago, we launched the Kley platform from scratch with our first site in Caen. Over time we have assembled a talented team led by Jean Baptiste Mortier, defined a differentiated product, and developed a tier one portfolio of residences so that Kley has become a unique asset in the student housing market. We believe AXA - IM Real Assets is the right partner for Kley to pursue the development of the group and its most recent initiatives going forward."
The transaction is expected to close by the end of the year.
1 Source: INREV/ANREV Fund Manager Survey – May 2019 – in terms of assets under management
2 Source: MENESR, UNESCO
3 Source: MENESR
Press Contacts
AXA Investment Managers - Real Assets
Jocelyne Tamssom, Head of Communications
Tel: +33 1 44 45 97 95
FTI Consulting Inc.
Richard Sunderland, Richard Gotla, Ellie Sweeney, Methuselah Tanyanyiwa, Talia Jessener
Tel: +44 20 3727 1000
About AXA Investment Managers
AXA Investment Managers (AXA IM) is an active, long-term, global, multi-asset investor. We work with clients today to provide the solutions they need to help build a better tomorrow for their investments, while creating a positive change for the world in which we all live. With approximately €757 billion in assets under management as at end of June 2019(1), AXA IM employs over 2,350 employees around the world and operates out of 30 offices across 21 countries. AXA IM is part of the AXA Group, a world leader in financial protection and wealth management.
About AXA Investment Managers - Real Assets
AXA Investment Managers - Real Assets has €85 billion in assets under management, including €64.3 billion in direct property & infrastructure and €16.9 billion in real asset finance as of end of June 2019(2). We offer a 360° approach to investing in real assets, which comprises opportunities in equity or debt, across different geographies and sectors, as well as via private or listed instruments. We are a global leader in real assets investment, the number one property portfolio and asset manager in Europe(3), and one of the largest worldwide. Our teams have been managing funds and mandates for over 30 years and comprise over 600 people in 13 offices that operate in over 20 countries around the world, which provide us with in-depth knowledge of countries, cities and sectors.
AXA Investment Managers is part of the AXA Group, a world leader in financial protection and wealth management.
Visit our websites: www.axa-im.com / https://realassets.axa-im.com
Follow us on Twitter @AXAIM / @AXAIMRealAssets to get our latest information
1 Source: AXA IM unaudited data
2 Source: AXA IM - Real Assets' unaudited data
3 Source: INREV/ANREV Fund Manager Survey – May 2019 – in terms of assets under management
About Groupe Kley
Created in 2014, KLEY group is a unique leading platform in French student housing with the largest owner-operator portfolio. As a key partner of real estate agencies, municipalities, universities and other schools, KLEY proposes a differentiated, best-in-class offer designed to create a true living space experience for its residents. KLEY is also a co-living pioneer in France, under the "Kley Urban Village" brand name. For additional information, please visit KLEY's website at https://kley.fr
About Oaktree
Oaktree is a leader among global investment managers specializing in alternative investments, with $122 billion in assets under management as of September 30, 2019. The firm emphasizes an opportunistic, value-oriented and risk-controlled approach to investments in credit, private equity, real assets and listed equities. The firm has over 950 employees and offices in 18 cities worldwide. For additional information, please visit Oaktree's website at http://www.oaktreecapital.com/.
Oaktree press contact:
Oaktree Communications: firstname.lastname@example.com
LPM Strategic Communications: Luc Perinet-Marquet, email@example.com, +33 (0) 1 44 50 40 35
This document is aimed solely at the media and is for information purposes only. The opinions expressed here are the views of the author and do not constitute investment advice. This is not a recommendation to purchase, sell or subscribe to financial instruments, an offer to sell investment funds or an offer of financial services. This press release is as dated. They do not necessarily represent the views of any company within the AXA Investment Managers Group and may be subject to change without notice. This does not constitute a Financial Promotion as defined by the Financial Conduct Authority. This is for information purposes only. No financial decisions should be made on the basis of the information provided. Past performance is not necessarily representative of future results: performance is not constant over time and the value of investments may fall as well as rise.


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|Stock #T112884Check if this Dodge Charger SRT is still available
Used 2016 Dodge Charger SRT 4dr Sdn SRT 392 RWD|26,596 Miles|Rear Wheel Drive
Bright White Clearcoat Exterior with Ruby Red/Black Suede Interior | 6.4 8 Cylinder Engine |Automatic Transmission
Internet Price$36,950
VALUE ADDED OPTIONS Bluetooth Connection Cooled Front Seat(s) Dual Zone A/C Heated Mirrors Heated Rear Seat(s) Heated Seats-Front(s) MP3 Compatible Stereo Memory Seats Navigation System Premium Stereo Rear Parking Aid Remote Engine Start Satellite Radio Telematics VEHICLE INFORMATION OPTIONS A/C ABS Brakes Automatic Headlights Back up Camera Brake Assist System Bucket Seats Child Safety Locks Cruise Control Daytime Running Lights Electrochromic Rearview Mirror Electronic Stability Control Engine Immobilizer Fog Lamps Front Floor Mats HD Radio Heated Steering Wheel Intermittent Wipers Keyless Entry Keyless Start Leather Steering Wheel Mirror Memory Pass-Through Rear Seat Power Mirrors Power Windows Pwr Steering Rear Spoiler Remote Trunk Release Security System Steering Wheel Audio Control Tilt Steering Tinted Windows Tire Pressure Monitor System Traction Control Trip Computer Universal Garage Door Opener
26 MOTORS ASSURES 5 STAR CUSTOMER SATISFACTION. While we make every effort to ensure the data listed here is correct, please understand that there may be instances where the pricing options or vehicle features may be listed incorrectly. Options listed may also be options available for specific models. Dealer cannot be held liable for data that is listed incorrectly. We Value And Appreciate Your Business And Your Cooperation. Thank You All In Advance.Please confirm the accuracy of the specifications provided above with the dealer's representative. Neither the dealer nor the provider of the information is responsible for misprints or other errors regarding this data. rating at the time the vehicle was manufactured. Actual mileage will vary with options, driving conditions, driving habits, and vehicle's condition. All prices do not include $3,995 Down Taxes, Plates, Registration, Lender's Fee, BANK FEE, GAP INURANand any other applicable fee's. ALL CUSTOMERS MUST PURCHASE NIADA CPO! Financing is subject to primary lender approval. Precise configuration, color, specification and accessories listed should not be . We aren't responsible for any inaccuracies, claims or losses of any nature. Our vehicle inventory is subject to prior sale. Inventory prices are liable to change without warning based on promotions. Our prices do not include Sales Tax, Title, Registration, Finance Charges, PREPARATION,DELIVERY,RECONDITIONING Maintenance Package, And Documentation. SPECIAL REQUEST EXTRA. We offer special incentives to all our affiliates Penfed, Geico, American Express, Farmers Insurance,USAA , Allstate, Statefarm, Nassau Educators Fcu, North Shore LIJ FCU, People's Alliance Fcu, Teachers Fcu, And Island Fcu. The prices advertised are cash prices of cargurus vip customers. Please note, Customers have an option to purchase an extended service contract with us ... 26motors.com ... 3981 Boston Rd Bronx Ny 10466.... (718) 231-2626. CUSTOMERS MUST PRESENT PRINT OUT OF THE AD AT THE TIME OF PURCHASE AND MAY NOT BE BE COMBINED WITH ANY OTHER OFFERS. OFFER'S EXPIRES 010/01/2019 Online special does not include 3,995 down PAYMENT to get online special. Up to 84 month, rates as low as 2.99%. Good Credit! Bad Credit WE CAN HELP! All trade-ins are welcome. EZ-Finance ! Final payment & final APR is to be determined by primary lender. It is the customer's responsibility to verify the condition and existence of any equipment listed on the website. Neither 26 Motors Corp (dealership) nor Autofunds is responsible for misprints on prices, description, content, options or equipment. Pricing of vehicles are subject to change without notice. Prices exclude tax, registration and fees, may be subject to reconditioning/dealer fees. It is the customer's sole responsibility to verify the accuracy of the prices with the dealer. Item availability is only while supplies last. ONLINE SPECIALS DO NOT INCLUDE DOWN PAYMENT IN ORDER TO OBTAIN SPECIAL
Standard Equipments on 2016 Dodge Charger SRT 4dr Sdn SRT 392 RWD in Bronx, NY
- 4-Wheel Disc Brakes
- 8 Cylinder Engine
- 8-Speed A/T
- Adjustable Steering Wheel
- Security System
- Aluminum Wheels
- Transmission w/Dual Shift Mode
- Automatic Headlights
- Auxiliary Audio Input
- Back-Up Camera
- Brake Assist
- Bucket Seats
- Child Safety Locks
- Climate Control
- Cooled Front Seat(s)
- Cruise Control
- Daytime Running Lights
- Driver Air Bag
- Driver Illuminated Vanity Mirror
- Driver Adjustable Lumbar
- Driver Vanity Mirror
- Multi-Zone A/C
- Auto-Dimming Rearview Mirror
- Stability Control
- Fog Lamps
- Floor Mats
- Gasoline Fuel
- HD Radio
- Heated Front Seat(s)
- Heated Mirrors
- Heated Rear Seat(s)
- Heated Steering Wheel
- Intermittent Wipers
- Keyless Entry
- Keyless Start
- Leather Steering Wheel
- Locking/Limited Slip Differential
- Mirror Memory
- MP3 Player
- Navigation System
- Telematics
- Pass-Through Rear Seat
- Passenger Air Bag
- Passenger Air Bag Sensor
- Passenger Illuminated Visor Mirror
- Passenger Adjustable Lumbar
- Passenger Vanity Mirror
- Power Door Locks
- Power Mirror(s)
- Power Driver Seat
- Power Passenger Seat
- Power Steering
- Power Windows
- Premium Sound System
- Rear Bench Seat
- Rear Defrost
- Rear Head Air Bag
- Rear Parking Aid
- Rear Spoiler
- Rear Wheel Drive
- Remote Engine Start
- Remote Trunk Release
- Requires Subscription
- Satellite Radio
- Seat Memory
- Front Side Air Bag
- Front Head Air Bag
- Steering Wheel Audio Controls
- Tire Pressure Monitor
- Tires - Front Performance
- Tires - Rear Performance
- Traction Control
- Trip Computer
- Universal Garage Door Opener
- Variable Speed Intermittent Wipers
- Engine Immobilizer
- Bluetooth Connection
- 18.5 Gal. Fuel Tank
- 220 Amp Alternator
- 3.09 Axle Ratio
- 4-Wheel Disc Brakes w/4-Wheel ABS, Front And Rear Vented Discs, Brake Assist and Hill Hold Control
- 50 State Emissions
- 730CCA Maintenance-Free Battery w/Run Down Protection
- Driver Control Ride Control Sport Tuned Suspension
- Dual Stainless Steel Exhaust w/Chrome Tailpipe Finisher
- Electric Power-Assist Steering
- Electro-Mechanical Limited Slip Differential
- Engine Oil Cooler
- Engine: 6.4L V8 SRT HEMI MDS
- Front And Rear Anti-Roll Bars
- Gas-Pressurized Shock Absorbers
- Multi-Link Rear Suspension w/Coil Springs
- Rear-Wheel Drive
- Short And Long Arm Front Suspension w/Coil Springs
- Transmission w/Driver Selectable Mode and AUTOSTICK Sequential Shift Control w/Steering Wheel Controls
- Transmission: 8-Speed Automatic (8HP70)
- Black Grille
- Black Side Windows Trim
- Body-Colored Door Handles
- Body-Colored Front Bumper
- Body-Colored Power w/Tilt Down Heated Side Mirrors w/Driver Auto Dimming and Manual Folding
- Body-Colored Rear Bumper
- Clearcoat Paint
- Fixed Rear Window w/Defroster
- Front Fog Lamps
- Fully Automatic Projector Beam Halogen Daytime Running Headlamps w/Delay-Off
- Galvanized Steel/Aluminum Panels
- Laminated Glass
- LED Brakelights
- Light Tinted Glass
- Lip Spoiler
- Performance As Tires
- Perimeter/Approach Lights
- Pirelli Brand Tires
- Spare Tire Mobility Kit
- Speed Sensitive Variable Intermittent Wipers w/Heated Jets
- SRT Performance Info
- Tires: P275/40ZR20 AS Performance
- Trunk Rear Cargo Access
- Wheels: 20" x 9.5" SRT Hyper Black Forged
- 12-Way Power Driver Seat -inc: Power Recline, Height Adjustment, Fore/Aft Movement, Cushion Tilt and Power 4-Way Lumbar Support
- 12-Way Power Passenger Seat -inc: Power Recline, Height Adjustment, Fore/Aft Movement, Cushion Tilt and Power 4-Way Lumbar Support
- 2 12V DC Power Outlets
- 2 Seatback Storage Pockets
- 60-40 Folding Bench Front Facing Heated Fold Forward Seatback Rear Seat
- 8.4" Touchscreen Display
- Air Filtration
- Cargo Features -inc: Spare Tire Mobility Kit
- Cargo Net
- Cargo Space Lights
- Carpet Floor Trim and Carpet Trunk Lid/Rear Cargo Door Trim
- Compass
- Configurable Drive Mode
- Cruise Control w/Steering Wheel Controls
- Day-Night Auto-Dimming Rearview Mirror
- Delayed Accessory Power
- Digital/Analog Display
- Driver And Passenger Heated-Cushion, Driver And Passenger Heated-Seatback and Ventilated Front Seats
- Driver And Passenger Visor Vanity Mirrors w/Driver And Passenger Illumination, Driver And Passenger Auxiliary Mirror
- Driver Foot Rest
- Dual Zone Front Automatic Air Conditioning
- Fade-To-Off Interior Lighting
- FOB Controls -inc: Trunk/Hatch/Tailgate and Remote Engine Start
- Front And Rear Map Lights
- Front Center Armrest and Rear Center Armrest w/Storage
- Front Cupholder
- Front Seats w/Power 4-Way Driver Lumbar
- Full Carpet Floor Covering -inc: Carpet Front And Rear Floor Mats
- Full Cloth Headliner
- Full Floor Console w/Covered Storage, Mini Overhead Console w/Storage and 2 12V DC Power Outlets
- Gauges -inc: Speedometer, Odometer, Oil Pressure, Engine Coolant Temp, Tachometer, Oil Temperature, Transmission Fluid Temp, Engine Hour Meter, Trip Odometer and Trip Computer
- GPS Antenna Input
- GPS Navigation
- HomeLink Garage Door Transmitter
- HVAC -inc: Underseat Ducts and Console Ducts
- Illuminated Locking Glove Box
- Instrument Panel Bin, Driver / Passenger And Rear Door Bins
- Integrated Voice Command w/Bluetooth
- Interior Trim -inc: Aluminum Instrument Panel Insert, Aluminum Console Insert and Chrome/Aluminum Interior Accents
- Laguna Lux Perform SRT Emboss Logo
- Leather Gear Shift Knob
- Leatherette Door Trim Insert
- Manual Anti-Whiplash Adjustable Front Head Restraints and Fixed Rear Head Restraints
- Memory Settings -inc: Driver Seat, Door Mirrors and Audio
- Outside Temp Gauge
- Performance Shift Indicator
- Perimeter Alarm
- Power 1st Row Windows w/Driver And Passenger 1-Touch Up/Down
- Power Door Locks w/Autolock Feature
- Power Fuel Flap Locking Type
- Power Rear Windows
- Power Tilt/Telescope Steering Column
- Proximity Key For Doors And Push Button Start
- Rear Cupholder
- Redundant Digital Speedometer
- Remote Keyless Entry w/Integrated Key Transmitter, 4 Door Curb/Courtesy, Illuminated Entry and Panic Button
- Remote Releases -Inc: Power Cargo Access and Power Fuel
- Sentry Key Engine Immobilizer
- Sport Heated Leather/Metal-Look Steering Wheel
- Systems Monitor
- Trip Computer
- Valet Function
- Voice Recorder
- ABS And Driveline Traction Control
- Airbag Occupancy Sensor
- Curtain 1st And 2nd Row Airbags
- Dual Stage Driver And Passenger Front Airbags
- Dual Stage Driver And Passenger Seat-Mounted Side Airbags
- Electronic Stability Control (ESC)
- Outboard Front Lap And Shoulder Safety Belts -inc: Rear Center 3 Point, Height Adjusters and Pretensioners
- ParkSense Rear Parking Sensors
- ParkView Back-Up Camera
- Rear Child Safety Locks
- Side Impact Beams
- Tire Specific Low Tire Pressure Warning
- Uconnect Access Emergency Sos
Pictures of used 2016 Dodge Charger SRT 4dr Sdn SRT 392 RWD in Bronx, NY
This 2016 Dodge Charger SRT is available at:
3981 Boston Rd
Bronx, NY 10466 | Get directions
Bronx, NY 10466 | Get directions


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XC Racing Suit Unisex Pants, Blue
Tax included
Professional racing suit pants in high quality, pilling resistant and strong elastic fabric.
local_shippingShop for 100€ or more to get free shipping!
The suit being a two piece, offers the possibility of using the parts separately and choosing different size on top and bottom. The pants are stripped from excessive seams and panels for increased comfort and freedom of movement. Adjustable waist and 4-needle flatlock stitching.
0 Items
Specific References
- ean13
- 6430066724024


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SHYFT is happy to announce Derick Stadge has joined our team in the Columbus Market. Derick is a Senior Project Architect, supporting our clients with design and project leadership.
Derick has more than 10 years of architectural experience. Much of his work has been focused on higher education projects that included teaching and research laboratories, general education, community and admin space.
He is active in the community by volunteering for Habitat for Humanity, Keeping Columbus Beautiful and on the Member of Programs & Education for USGBC. He continues to look for ways to tie together his career, talents and passions to give back to the community.
Learn more about Derick and our other team members on our Meet the Team page of our website.
Back to Media and Recogition


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Forthcoming FestivalsPrevious Festivals
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first acts announced for Knockengorroch World Ceilidh
including Black Uhuru, Family Atlantica, Skerryvore, Niteworks, Freestylers DJs, and Krafty Kuts
published: Fri 26th Feb 2016more acts announced for The Funk & Soul Weekender 2016
Roy Ayers, Gentleman's Dub Club, Afrika Bambaataa, Tony Allen, & more
published: Thu 12th Nov 2015Mr Wendal's coming to WOMAD with Arrested Development
final additions include Craig Charles, Joseph Arthur, Ed Harcourt, & more
published: Thu 6th Jun 2013
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text:
Carissa Holly
Aquifoliaceae Ilex Cornuta Carissa
|Availability and Options
3 GallonIn Stock
Other Options:
|Shipping Information
Cannot ship to: Alaska, Hawaii
|Grows In
|Zone 6A · -10° to -5° F through Zone 9B · 25° to 30° F
|Sun Exposure
|Full / Mostly Sun, Morning Sun / Evening Shade, Morning Shade / Evening Sun, Dappled Light / Filtered Sun
|Soil Drainage
|Well Drained, Moderately Drained
|Resistent To
|Deer Resistant, Drought, Insect, Disease, Heat
|Foliage Color
|Medium Green
|Average Height
|3' to 4'
|Average Width
|4' to 6'
|Visual Attention
Noteworthy Characteristics
If you're looking for a handsome, hardy, long-lived, absolutely no maintenance evergreen shrub for a foundation planting or natural, low hedge, Carissa Holly is a sure bet and perfect choice! We've seen this shrub survive -10 F and sail through the longest summer droughts. Carissa Holly is exceptionally low maintenance. When spaced properly it never requires pruning and we've seen no serious insect, pest or disease problems. Carissa Holly forms a very dense mounding shrub to 4 to 5 feet in height with a 5 to 6 foot spread. Though most people consider it to be a sun-loving shrub we've found it will also do quite well in shadier sites that receive filtered sun or half a days shade.
Carissa Holly is the perfect shrub for use in home foundation plantings, but is also useful as a low-maintence hedge, in small to large groupings, in shrub borders, or as erosion control on slopes and embankments.
Culture & Care Tips
Plant Carissa Holly in sunny to partially shaded spots in the landscape in well-drained, moist to somewhat dry soil. Exceptionally drought and cold tolerant when established. No pruning ever necessary!
How To Prune Holly Bush Or Tree
Sun or Shade / 3-4"H x 12"+W / Fast growing groundcover with outstanding golden-yellow foliage! / Zo ...Read more
Shade or Part Shade / 2-3"H x 10-12"W / Superb between stepping stones and pavers or as a groundcove ...Read more
Sun or Shade! / 10-15"H x 12"+W / Beautiful silver and white variegated leaves. Spread vigorously. / ...Read more
Kaleidoscope Dwarf Abelia - Abelia grandiflora 'Kaleidoscope'
Sun or Part Shade / 2-3'H x 3-4'W / Golden-yellow foliage turns red and orange during winter! / USDA ...Read more
Full Sun / 10-15'H x 3-4'W / Features attractive, dark emerald green foliage and a fast growth rate ...Read more
Beautiful feathery plumes tower over huge mounds of grassy foliage! Grows 8-10'H x 6-8'W. Full Sun. ...Read more
Dwarf Burning Bush - Euonymus alatus 'Compacta'
Sun or Part Shade / 5-10'H x 6-8'W / Outstanding fire-red foliage during the fall! / USDA Zones 4A-8 ...Read more
Sun or Light Shade / 3-4'H x 3-5'W / Wine-red new growth through the season! / USDA Zones 7A-10B
Full Sun / 4-6"H x 6'+W / Fast spreading on slopes; grows uphill and downhill! / Silvery-purple in W ...Read more
Color Guard Yucca - Yucca filamentosa 'Color Guard'
Sun or Part Shade / 2-3'H x 2-3'W / One of the most beautiful variegated yuccas on the market! / USD ...Read more
Sun or Part Shade / 6-8'H x 6-8'W / Attractive, creamy white and mint-green foliage! / USDA Zones 7B ...Read more
Sun or Part Shade / 18-24"H x 3-5'W / A TRUE DWARF with intense purple foliage and pink flowers! / Z ...Read more
The strongest performer and most floriferous of the Drift series! / Dwarf Shrub Rose / 2'H x 3'W / ...Read more
Sun or Part Shade / 5-10'H x 12-18"W / Perfect for narrow spaces or a narrow hedge! / USDA Zones 5A- ...Read more
Jack Frost Ligustrum - Ligustrum japonicum 'Jack Frost'
Full Sun or Part Shade / 6-10'H x 6-8'W / Makes a colorful hedge or small tree! / USDA Zones 6-10
Sun or Part Shade / 6-8'H x 6-8'W / Fuschia fringe flowers contrast wonderfully with the purple foli ...Read more
Happy with the quick delivery, plants arrived in a few days. Very healthy. Will order again. Thanks!
My hollies are doing great, got here safe no damage at all and planted right away. Been a few weeks and so far everything looks great. A very nice plant. Impressed with the way they were boxed.
Couldn't find this plant where i live so i was happy to see you had it. Impressed by the fast shipment and quality as well as the price. Plants were in perfect condition when i got them. Thank you.
Well i was skeptical of buying my plants online but had no choice because no one had them in my area but they arrived in great condition and healthy. Looking forward to watching it grow and ordering more from you guys in the future.
Plants arrived in perfect condition you would think i got them myself at a nursery! Wowed by the quality and health of the plants. Great job!
Love my Carissa Holly, it compliments my landscape beautifully. Already put in my second order to add to my newest garden project. Great quality plants!
Plants arrived quick and are growing great!
Great service, plants got here safe and packed nicely. Very happy.
The Adobe Orange Coneflower has bright orange petals with a dark orange center and provides a beauti ...Read more
Vibrant yellow and red petals surround the brilliant orange eye of the Uptick Yellow & Red Coreposis ...Read more
Pleioblastus viridistriatus Chrysophyllus Bamboo
Standing at only 3-4 feet in height the Pleioblastus viridistriatus Chrysophyllus bamboo is great f ...Read more
Dianthus American Pie - Bumbleberry Pie
Standing just under a foot tall and a foot wide the Bumbleberry Pie Diantus bright pink and dark pin ...Read more
Grows best in zones 5A to 9B with average water needs and a lot of sun.
Full Sun / 8-10"H x 15-18"W / Long bloomer with stunning red flowers with a yellow edge! / USDA Zone ...Read more
Dianthus American Pie - Georgia Peach Pie
The Dianthus American Pie Georgia Peach Pie has the palest blush pink blooms with unique vibrant cor ...Read more
Sizzle & Spice Hot Paprika Coreopsis
The Sizzle & Spice Hot Paprika Coreopsis blooms from early spring into late to mid fall. The blooms ...Read more
Dianthus American Pie - Key Lime Pie
The Dianthus American Pie Key Lime Pie features pure white blooms with unique apple green centers.
With golden yellow blooms this deer, rabbit and drought tolerant perennial will be a welcome additio ...Read more
Full Sun / 20-30'H x 10-15'W / Stunning, light silver-blue evergreen foliage perfect for screens! / ...Read more
This petite beauty displays dark purple foliage year-round and bursts with lovely pink string cluste ...Read more
Watchet Azalea is a moderate growing shrub and perennial plant that can be grown in USDA Plant Hardi ...Read more
The Sun Glow Azalea is known for the bold, red-pink blooms it produces. The shrub grows to a height ...Read more
Huge quantities of bright white flowers on compact plants / 2.5' H x 3'W / Full Sun or Part Shade / ...Read more
One of the most brilliant of all Encore Azaleas, Autumn Bonfire will set your landscape on fire with ...Read more
Mikawa yatsubusa Japanese Maple
The geren leaves of the multi-branched, compact Acer palmatum Mikawa yatsubusa grow closely together ...Read more
This dwarf tree has tiny leaves that emerge a pinkish orange with a splash of pink, then change to a ...Read more
Fjellheim Dwarf Coral Bark Japanese Maple
Sun or Part Shade / 6-8'H x 4-6'W / A dwarf form of the Coral Bark Maple with red branches in winter ...Read more
Kumoi Nishiki Japanese Maple (Rare)
The rare 'Kumoi Nishiki' has green leaves that have cream colored variegation for a beautiful spring ...Read more


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MCO's monthly events welcome any member of the healthcare profession to learn, fellowship, and network together. This is a great time for students from the allied health professions–medicine, nursing, therapy, pharmacy, and others–to meet students from across Philadelphia. These events also provide residents, attendings, and other healthcare professionals opportunities for fellowship and mentoring relationships with students.
MCO's Healthcare Fellowship Lunch meets on the first Sunday of every other month, usually from 12:45-2:15 PM at Tenth Presbyterian Church, Fellowship Hall West. Each month we hear from outstanding medical leaders including overseas healthcare workers, academics, Christian ministry leaders, and pastors.
On alternate months, we meet on campuses across Philadelphia for CityWide events. These usually take place in the evening on weekends and allow us to reach a broader audience and connect with students in a different setting.
Look below for our upcoming events! Make sure you follow us on Facebook and Instagram for the most up to date details and reminders!
Upcoming Events
Medical Outreach
Saturday, April 11
Plan to join us for a healthcare screening outreach. This is the Saturday of Easter weekend, so a special time to point the folks who come out to the hope of the resurrection.


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tl;dr: let's increase the number of companies that dedicate employee time to WordPress by building a tool that allows companies to make public pledges of dedicated time.
In 2014, @matt launched the Five for the Future initiative, saying that "organizations that want to grow the WordPress pie (and not just their piece of it) should dedicate 5% of their people to working on something to do with Core — be it development, documentation, security, support forums, theme reviews, training, testing, translation or whatever it might be that helps move WordPress' mission forward." WordPress-based organizations responded by contributing more dedicated time to the open source project, which has helped WordPress grow to power 31% of the Web.
A discussion was held at the 2017 WordPress Community Summit about how we could encourage more companies to contribute more dedicated employee time. @liljimmi suggested that if there were a page where all companies participating in Five for the Future were listed, then smaller companies would see that they could have an impact too. This got a lot of people thinking about outreach to companies of all sizes, and how we could encourage participation in Five for the Future.
A year or so later, here's a proposal that takes this concept and runs with it! Main collaborators on this program proposal include: @chanthaboune, @hlashbrooke, @_dorsvenabili, @iandunn, @angelasjin, @coreymckrill, and myself. Hand-sketches are from me; other mock-ups by @iandunn and @mapk.
Props to Tracy for the idea that sparked this, and thanks to the many people who gave early candid feedback.
Exceptionally long proposal after the jump!
Project goals
- Acknowledge companies that sponsor volunteers to work on the WordPress project.
- Motivate more companies to sponsor more volunteers.
Potential challenges
- Defining the kind of contribution that would "qualify" for this.
- Identifying what contributions come from people whose work is being sponsored by a company.
- Deciding what qualifies a company to appear on the page (minimum number of hours, licensing practice, company size, etc).
- Holding companies accountable, if we think that's important.
- Defining how we treat companies and sponsored employees on WordPress.org.
How do other projects do this?
How do other open source and/or volunteer organizations acknowledge and recruit contributors, specifically support from companies? We looked at the following organizations in a comparative analysis:
- Established open source projects, such as Linux Foundation, Mozilla, Joomla, Ruby on Rails, Wikipedia, Node JS, Nextcloud, PHP, Python, and Drupal
- Non-profit organizations that work with volunteers, including: Doctors Without Borders, New Horizons, Habitat for Humanity, UNICEF, and Red Cross
Key takeaways
- Nearly all of these organizations make an appeal to contributors with the promises that their contributions will have a powerful impact, that they will be recognized for their work, and that their work will help the project/organization thrive for years to come.
- Most open source projects place more emphasis on individual contributors, and don't directly acknowledge companies that support the project by sponsoring contributors. Drupal is a notable exception to this practice.
- Gamification is common. Badges are very popular, as well as being able to filter by the most commits (Github is a very common tool for this). Python even gives cash awards to noteworthy contributors.
Possible approaches
Option 1: The activity stream firehose
One option would be a completely automated system. All volunteers would share what company, if any, sponsored their contributions. Contributions could be shown in an activity stream, in which activities are grouped by company, and sorted by the most recent contribution. Additional sorting and filtering options would be available.
Advantages: No administrative work/moderation needed.
Disadvantages: Information overload; company visibility is low.
Option 2: Curated case studies
Another option would be a page that shares the goal and vision of the 5ftF program. Included would be rotating examples of participating contributors, like case studies curated from a broad cross-section of the open source project.
Advantages: compelling content, lots of useful information.
Disadvantages: selecting contributors to highlight could be contentious; limited number of companies acknowledged; lots of administrative work to maintain content.
Option 3: Pledged contributions
Companies make a public pledge to dedicate a certain amount of time to the open source project. Then their employees complete and confirm the information about intended team and intended time. All pledges would be public and listed on WordPress.org.
Advantages: Company/volunteer reported & verified; would not require much ongoing moderation.
Disadvantages: Potential for abuse/misrepresentation.
Proposed approach
After considering these three possible structures for a Five for the Future program, I think the most effective method is a pledge program: allowing companies to publicly declare how much dedicated employee time they plan to donate to the WordPress project.
This approach would work towards key goals for the Five for the Future initiative:
- Recognize the companies that sponsor volunteers to regularly work on the WordPress project.
- Ensure a stable contributor base, by motivating more companies to sponsor more volunteers.
The program would allow companies of any size to submit a pledge indicating the number of hours they intend to commit to the WordPress project. After making the pledge, the company notifies its contributing employees, who then edit their WordPress.org profiles to indicate the company that is sponsoring their time. This will allow a contributor's sponsored time to be credited to the company that is enabling them to contribute much more time than they (presumably) could give, if unsupported.
On their profiles, all contributors will be able to share how many hours a week they dedicate to the project, and on which team(s). If a contributor's work is part of Five for the Future, they will be able to link to their company's pledge on their individual profile.
Privacy note: The intent here is that a contributor must intentionally link their individual profile to a published pledge. No matter what a company pledges, the individual contributor won't show up on that pledge unless they link to the pledge and save. Then the company contact associated with that pledge will have to accept the link — active consent should be required on both sides.
This will help contributor teams identify what people have been pledged to work on their projects, which should help with recruiting people to work on specific, possibly longer-term, team projects. Once a pledge has been made, companies and individuals will be encouraged to keep their details up to date as needed.
Historically, we have recognized individuals for their contributions
to WordPress, without connecting that work to their companies, even if
their time has been sponsored. By asking companies to make a pledge of
time, we hope to offer increased recognition to all parties who actively
participate in the Five for the Future initiative.
Companies that have made a pledge will be listed in a public, searchable, and filterable archive that displays:
- company name & logo
- company size
- number of contributing employees
- number of hours pledged
- teams contributed to
Here's an example:
As we receive more information from Five for the Future companies, we
can consider whether we recognize companies further by publishing
individual company pages. We hope that this will also encourage
additional companies to make their own pledges and commit employee time
to the WordPress project.
Companies and sponsored contributors will be expected to update and resubmit their pledge after a period of time – this will make sure that the page remains current at all times. For privacy reasons, individual contributors won't be listed on a pledge unless they choose to link to the pledge. Companies that wish to make a Five for the Future pledge will be asked to agree to follow project etiquette and meet our expectations for promotion on WordPress.org.
And another thing…
Despite the disadvantages of the curated case studies idea, that's still a great way to show organizations what kind of impact their participation in Five for the Future can have. If possible, we'd like to include a case study or two on the Five for the Future landing page on WordPress.org, which would also include some persistent content like: "Why donate employee time to the WordPress project?" and/or "Convince your boss to donate your time to WordPress.org." For case studies, we'd want to rotate the content at least every 6 months. We may want to feature contributors who are doing some of the less "glamorous" or visible work that nevertheless has a strong positive impact on WordPress.
Measuring Success
How will we know this is making a difference — what can we count?
- number of people whose paid time was pledged to the project
- number of companies participating
- percentage of teams with at least 1 sponsored contributor
- number of pledged hours
- number of people sponsored at least 20 hours/week ; number of people sponsored for 40 hours/week
We'd love your thoughts on this approach to Five for the Future
acknowledgement! Here are some specific questions, but please ask about
anything that concerns you, in a comment on this post.
- Should we require users to be logged in to wordpress.org to be able pledge? (This would stop spam and make editing easier in the futur.e)
- Should we auto-publish pledge submissions, or should a moderator review them first?
- Should we set a minimum company size for participation in this pledge program?
- Do you think this might help teams find people to work on less "glamorous" contributions?


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Ahoy! App version v2.7 has arrived! Here is some of what is included in this newest version.
User Invitations
New users can be invited to the system in addition to being created by an Admin. This enables the user to create an initial password for themselves, which reduces the need to share passwords.
Fax View Status
Unopened faxes in fax history will now be denoted with a shaded color so you can easily tell at a glance which faxes haven't been opened yet. In addition, when clicking on the fax info tab it will show actions taken by other users including viewing and downloading.
Password Generator
Passwords can now be autogenerated for new users.
Print Confirmation Page
We've added the ability to easily print fax info from the fax detail screen
Fax History Auto-Refresh
The status of faxes on the history screen will now auto-update without the need to refresh the page!
New API Key Management
We've retooled how API keys are managed in the system. Our new API key management interface includes the ability to create API keys with different access levels and keys can be given expiration dates.
Billing Reports (Partners accounts)
A new "Billing" report has been added to the Reports screen which can quickly give user and fax number totals broken down by subaccount
Contact Name Field Added to Reports
A new field "Contact Name" has been added to reports which will sync data for faxes sent to a user's contact list.
New File Format Added
We have added support for a new type of file format: FODT
Webhook/FTP Upgrade
System enhancements were made to ensure reliable deliverability of faxes routing to webhook and/or FTP destinations.
Suspend Subaccount (Partner accounts)
Reseller accounts now have the ability to suspend service on a subaccount.
We hope you enjoy these new features and application upgrades and look forward to continuing making mFax the premier cloud fax platform on the market.
As always, we appreciate your feedback and if you find any bugs to report or have future feature requests please reach out!


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The Corpus Christi procession makes its way through Bandon in West Cork. Southern Ireland.
Looking through this 1941 footage of Pontias Pilate procession in Bandon we discovered footage of my great grandmother Mrs Mgt O'Mahony born 1866 at the grand old age of 85. Amazing what you find on the old internet :) Thanks Pathe films.
Darren O'Mahony


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Personal Website
Dan Adelman is a leading expert in business analytics, helping firms and institutions deploy data and decision analysis to build world-class strategic and tactical management capabilities. He conducts research on foundations of the operations research field, as well as studies the link between operational performance metrics and financial performance. Recent projects include work on the electricity smart grid, gasoline supply chains, software-release planning, and healthcare delivery.He leads the Healthcare Analytics Laboratory at Chicago Booth, in which teams of students work on real-world projects with providers to improve healthcare delivery through the analysis of large datasets. The lab has conducted projects in population health, hospital readmissions, bundled payment reimbursement, case mix optimization, hospital scheduling, nurse benchmarking, and others. He also serves on the faculty advisory board of the Harry L. Davis Center for Leadership. He publishes regularly and holds editorial positions in leading academic journals, including Area Editor for Operations Research, the flagship journal of the field. He teaches regularly in Chicago Booth's Executive MBA Program.Adelman received a PhD in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research in 1997 from the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he also received a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering and a Master of Science in Operations Research. He is a recipient of the George B. Dantzig Prize for the best dissertation in any area of operations research and the management sciences that is innovative and relevant to practice.Adelman joined the Chicago Booth faculty in 1997.
Healthcare Data Analytics; Performance Measurement and Benchmarking; Policy Analysis with OR in Energy and Healthcare Systems; Approximate Dynamic Programming; Revenue Management and Pricing Optimization; Supply Chain Management; Inventory, Production, and Logistics
D. Adelman. "An Efficient Frontier Approach to Scoring and Ranking Hospital Performance." Working Paper, 2019.
D. Adelman and C. Uçkun. "Dynamic Electricity Pricing to Smart Homes." 2019. (Forthcoming in Operations Research.)
C.E. Tabit, M.J. Coplan, K.T. Spencer, C.F. Alcain, T. Spiegel, A.S. Vohra, D. Adelman, J. Liao, and R.M. Sanghani. "Cardiology Consultation in the Emergency Department Reduces Re-hospitalizations for Low-Socioeconomic Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure," The American Journal of Medicine, 2017 Sep; 130(9):1112.e17-1112.e31.
Adelman, D. and A. Mersereau. "Dynamic Capacity Allocation to Customers Who Remember Past Service." Management Science, Volume 59, Number 3, March 2013, pp. 592-612.
Adelman D. "Dynamic Bid-Prices in Revenue Management," Operations Research, 55 (2007).
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Red chilies contain large amounts of vitamin C and small amounts of carotene (provitamin A). Yellow and especially green chilies (which are essentially unripe fruit) contain a considerably lower amount of both substances. In addition, peppers are a good source of most B vitamins, and vitamin B6 in particular. They are very high in potassium, magnesium, and iron. Their very high vitamin C content can also substantially increase the uptake of non-heme iron from other ingredients in a meal, such as beans and grains.
Birds do not have the same sensitivity to capsaicin, because it targets a specific pain receptor in mammals. Chili peppers are eaten by birds living in the chili peppers' natural range. The seeds of the peppers are distributed by the birds that drop the seeds while eating the pods, and the seeds pass through the digestive tract unharmed. This relationship may have promoted the evolution of the protective capsaicin.[34] Products based on this substance have been sold to treat the seeds in bird feeders to deter squirrels and other mammalian vermin without also deterring birds. Capsaicin is also a defense mechanism against microbial fungi that invade through punctures made in the outer skin by various insects.[35]
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– Stephen R Koontz, Agricultural and Resource Economics, Colorado State University
Commodity markets rarely give second chances but sometimes patience is rewarded. I believe that time is now. In May, I advocated that producers with anticipated fall marketings of calves purchase some price protection in the form of options. This article does the same. Let's get right to the technicals.
The October feeder cattle contract put in a key reversal top on May 4. This is an outside day – with a higher above the previous day's high and a low below the previous day's low – with a low or weak close. These are significant in that they communicate the day finishes at a rather different level than traded during. The market retreated from price levels set in early May – this establishes the high as a resistance plane – and then made another run at those highs in late May and early June. Resistance was pressured but largely held. On June 6, there is another close-to outside day and a very weak close. This resistance plane is attracting a lot of selling pressure. The market retreats again from the resistance plane and this becomes a solid sell signal. Were you listening?
Of course that was over two weeks ago (as this is being posted on June 19, 2017) so the pricing opportunities are this week not as good. But the technical picture remains the same. It looks to me like the spring top is in and we are likely in for price weakness the remainder of the year. The technical patterns for live cattle contracts are very similar just not in the detail. Highs established in early May were pressured in late May and early June, these resistance planes have held and sell signals were generated. Live cattle and feeder contracts are in agreement.
What do the fundamentals say? My main concern for the coming summer and early fall is from the fact that placements over the prior five months have been above or the same as last year. We have not seen larger volumes at heavier weights yet but they are inevitable. When this occurs there will be price weakness for fed animals and feeders. The weakness has not emerged because packer margins have been very strong. Boxed beef composite values have rallied to over $250 per cwt – a level not seen in all of 2016 – and the Choice/Select spread is above $30 – again something not observed in 2016. The calculated volume of cattle on feed over 120 days and over 90 days is the smallest that I can recall seeing relative to the numbers of animals on feed. Excellent beef movement and fed cattle marketings in combination with tight market-ready inventories is the story this spring. The short term fundamentals are much stronger than the long term. And these market situations have a propensity to change sometime between June and October.
Returning price protection, that October feeder cattle Put with a $130 strike price was $3.85/cwt on June 19. This is as opposed to $2.35 on May 3. And of course, options which are further out-of-the-money are less expensive. Reasonable basis estimates suggest this is close to a $150/cwt price floor for 5-6 cwt calves. And I still the purchase of this price protection is a smart decision for many cow-calf producers with calves to market this fall.


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PACKING SUPPLIES FOR AIR RESUPPLY OPERATIONS AT SYLHET, EAST BENGAL, INDIA [Allocated Title]
Created by filmcom…@iwm.org.uk
- Title: PACKING SUPPLIES FOR AIR RESUPPLY OPERATIONS AT SYLHET, EAST BENGAL, INDIA [Allocated Title]
- Film Number: ABY 14
- Other titles: ROYAL AIR FORCE OPERATIONS IN SOUTH EAST ASIA DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR [Allocated Series Title]
- Summary: Men of the Air Supply Company, Royal Indian Army Service Corps, packing a variety of material ready for delivery by parachute to troops in the field.
- Description: Onions loaded loose into wicker containers. Petrol tins loaded into wooden frames. Heavy hydraulic equipment shown fitted with heavy duty parachutes. Mail loaded into parachute bags. Local currency (rupees) needed to pay indigenous Burmese coolies also packed loosely into bags. Assam labourers shown leaving the airfield. RAF Douglas Dakota transport aircraft briefly being serviced.
- Access Conditions: IWM Attribution: © IWM
- Featured Period: 1939-1945
- Production Date: 1944-05-22
- Production Country: GB
- Production Details: Air Ministry, Directorate of Public Relations (Production sponsor) Royal Air Force Film Production Unit (Production company) Goozee, S (Production individual)
- Personalities, Units and Organisations: Morgan, I (person) British Army, Royal Army Service Corps, 61 Air Supply Company (regiment/service) Indian Army, Royal Indian Army Service Corps, 2 Air Supply Company (regiment/service) Royal Air Force (regiment/service)
- Keywords: Sylhet, Bengal Province, India (geography) Air supply operations, Air operations over Burma, Burma 1942-1945, Second World War (event) Operation Stamina, Imphal 1944, Burma 1942-1945, Second World War (event) Aerial Warfare (theme) India 1939-1945 (theme) Burma 1942-1945 (theme) Royal Air Force 1939-1945 (theme)
- Physical Characteristics: Colour format: B&W Sound format: Silent
- Technical Details: Format: 35mm Number of items/reels/tapes: 1 Footage: 165 ft; Running time: 2 mins
- Notes: Sylhet now in Bangladesh. One airman identified in dopesheet as Leading Aircraftman I Morgan of Pontycymer, South Wales. During this period Operation Stamina was in progress. 'Stamina' was the codename for the maintenance by air of British IV Corps and the RAF on the Imphal plain 18 April - 30 June 1944. During this period some 12,000 reinforcements and 21,600 tons of supplies were flown in, and 13,000 casualties flown out. More than 7,000 sorties were flown. Sylhet, however, was used to supply Special Force who were then behind enemy lines. The unit seen therefore is either No. 2 Air Supply Company, Royal Indian Army Service Corps, or No. 61 Air Supply Company, Royal Army Service Corps. Date from slates, no date on dopesheets.
- Link to IWM Collections page:
- Related IWM Collections Objects:


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Reflections on Kurban Bayram (Eid ul-Adha)
I've celebrated Eid ul-Adha (called Kurban Bayram in Turkey – see here if you don't know what this means) before. I've seen the ritual slaughter of animals. I've partaken in the fruits of that slaughter. And I thought I was totally down with it.
But my first Eid ul-Adha in Turkey (my last being disastrously derailed by being denied re-entry for a visa over-stay, just days before Eid. #Fail) showed me that I've still got a lot to learn.
In my past Eid experiences – all in Bangladesh – I was always an innocent bystander. On the first day of Eid, I'd be invited to eat meat at around a million houses (my record was 14 meaty meals in one day, btw), and at several, I'd be there early enough to catch the slaughter. But it was all taken care of. The animal was already trussed. The knives sharpened. The butcher on his way.
This year, everything was different. As one half of a newly married couple, I was actually responsible for making it happen this year. And I have to say, it was a completely new experience.
Here in Istanbul, random wafts of fresh dung coming at you in the strangest of places let you know that Eid ul-Adha is on its way. In green spaces across the city, temporary pens are set up as cows, goats and sheep are shipped in from the countryside. How it works is this: you go, you pick your beast and then pay a little something to the handy on-site butcher, who will not only make the sacrifice on your behalf but will also then chop the animal up into pieces and hand it back to you in handy plastic bags to take home.
There's something a lot more involved, a lot more responsible, about Eid when you're charge of picking your sheep out of a herd. Standing there on that overcast morning, trying to pick one black and white ram from a herd of identical black and white rams, all of which were straining to press themselves into the farthest corner of their pathetic little pen, away from our discerning eyes, I felt a bit like god, deciding on the poor animals' ongoing life or imminent death.
Which leads me to the question of whether or not the animals know what's about to happen to them. I don't know. I had no patience for philosophy. But what I do know is this: if I, with my lame human nose, could smell the blood and shit and death smell of that place, how much stronger must it be for a sheep, which can smell predators from miles away? I think they definitely know what's coming, and we shouldn't try to absolve ourselves of responsibility by pretending that they don't. But I digress.
The place we went to was a veritable killing ground. Random spots across the yard had obviously seen concentrated numbers of sacrifices over the weekend, marked out as they were by soil almost blackened with blood. In places, it had pooled and formed an oddly shiny, crimson skin that was both beautiful and amazingly creepy.
The little spot where our butcher was hard at work was like something from a nightmare. The ground was littered with heads, hooves and hides. When our poor sheep was dragged up there to await his fate, one of his mates was already hanging from a hoof being skinned in a nearby tree, another had recently been slaughtered and a third lay trussed up waiting his turn. Each sheep being slaughtered was taken and positioned with its neck on the edge of a purpose-dug bit, designed to catch the blood. It was also, conveniently, a perfect receptacle for all the non-edible organs, and so was piled high with faintly pink stomachs and writhing intestines, unceremoniously lobbed in (often in an explosion of half-formed faecal matter). Above us, the butchery trees dripped with overripe persimmons in a disconcerting echo of the horror-show below. Every time a sheep part was hacked off, a few fruits would drop to the ground with dull thuds, splitting in a splash of orange, another ghoulish echo.
To cut a long story shout, our poor sheep waited for what felt like hours before a wizened, exhausted-looking little man in red dunagrees muttered a prayer and slit its throat with a short, sharp knife. The poor little guy (the ram, that is) was terrified, which upset me more than I had expected. I tried to pretend I wasn't crying, especially when two six year olds were crouched nearby discussing the blood, but I don't think anybody was buying it. ? As futile as it may be, M and I did our best to calm our little sheep down – M deploying a tactic he'd read about somewhere which involved covering the sheep's eyes with its ears, and was remarkably effective, given the circumstances. At several points, I just wanted to go and sit in the car and pretend it wasn't happening.
But then I realised that that would defeat the whole point of the kurban. We expect animals to give their lives for us every single day, and on every other day we don't give it a second thought. For me, the point is that it forces us to come face to face with the cost of our lifestyles. Of course, it's on a micro scale and can't possibly force us to confront the real horror of our industrial food system etc etc. But being confronted with the death of another living being – seeing the fear in its eyes, smelling it's shit, watching as its shockingly red blood arcs through the air on that first incision – all so that you can eat it for dinner? It's a necessary reminder that the meat we buy in tidy packets in the supermarket comes from somewhere real. And yes I do think children should see it too. They need to know where their dinner comes from just as much as we do.
Also, the fact that, despite the hype, animals killed in this way probably meet a better end than those electrocuted en masse in grim industrial slaughterhouses, is something that I think we would all do well to think over.
When it was all over and our poor little sheep was no more, we carried a clutch of still-hot plastic bags and arranged them carefully in the newspaper-lined boot of the car. I couldn't quite believe that that poor little sheep that we'd held still and stroked and talked to was now in Migros plastic bags in the back of our car. Later, when I diced up our portion of the kurban for dividing between freezer bags, and put the bones in a pot for stock, I still struggled to get my head around it.
It hasn't, unfortunately, stopped me from gleefully chowing down on the brilliant sac kavurma M made for dinner tonight, though, and that's something I need to go away and think about.