text:
Abdul-Qadir Bhutto 1 and Nighat Nisar 1
سلوك التماس الصحة لدى المتعايشين مع فيروس نقص المناعة البشري/الإيدز ورضاهم عن الخدمات الصحية التي يقدمها مستشفى للرعاية الصحية الثالثية، كراتشي، باكستان
عبد القادر بوتو، نفهث نثار
الخلاصة: إن السلوك المناسب لالتماس الصحة مهم إذ إنه يسمح بالمعالجة الفورية للحالة الصحية، مما يقلل المضاعفات ويحسِّن جودة الحياة. ولقد هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم سلوك التماس الصحة ورضا المتعايشين مع فيروس نقص المناعة البشري/الإيدز عن خدمات الرعاية الصحية، ممن يراجعون عيادة مكافحة الإيدز في المستشفى المدني في كراتشي. وأجريت مقابلات مع 182 مريضاً باستخدام استبيان شبه منظم سبق اختباره. وكان متوسط عمر المشاركين 32.31 سنة (الانحراف المعياري 7.91)، وكان %76.9 منهم من الذكور، ولم يتلق %81.3 منهم التعليم، وكان %75.8 منهم يعملون. وقد أظهر %23.6 منهم فقط سلوكاً إيجابياً لالتماس الصحة و%57.7 منهم كانوا راضين عن خدمات الرعاية الصحية. ولقد اتضح من تحليل الانحدار اللوجستي، أن تكاليف العلاج في كل زيارة بما يقل عن 5 دولارات أمريكية، ومدة العدوى بفيروس الإيدز بما يقل عن سنتين قد ترافقت إلى حد كبير بسلوك التماس الصحة (نسبة الأرجحية المعدلة 4.49، فاصل الثقة %95: 1.80 - 11.21 ونسبة الأرجحية الـمُعَدَّلة 0.38؛ فاصل الثقة %95: 0.82 - 0.17 على التوالي). ويلزم بذل الجهود لتحسين سلوك التماس الصحة لدى المتعايشين مع فيروس نقص المناعة البشري/الإيدز في العيادة وفي الخدمات الصحية التي تقدمها.
ABSTRACT Appropriate health-seeking behaviour is important as it allows prompt treatment for a condition and this can reduce complications and improve quality of life. This study aimed to assess the health-seeking behaviour and satisfaction with health care services of people living with HIV/AIDS attending the HIV/AIDS clinic of the Civil Hospital in Karachi. A total of 182 patients were interviewed using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Mean age of the participants was 32.31 (SD 7.91) years, 76.9% were male, 81.3% had no education and 75.8% were employed. Only 23.6% showed positive health-seeking behaviour and 57.7% were satisfied with the health care services. In logistic regression analysis, the cost of treatment per visit < US$ 5 and duration of HIV infection < 2 years were significantly associated with health-seeking behaviour. Efforts are needed to improve the health-seeking behaviour of people living with HIV/AIDS at the clinic and the health services offered.
Propension des personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida à se faire soigner et degré de satisfaction à l'égard des services de santé qui leur sont proposés dans un hôpital de soins tertiaires, à Karachi (Pakistan)
RÉSUMÉ Des comportements adaptés en matière de recherche de soins sont importants car ils permettent la mise en place d'un traitement rapide de la maladie et peuvent limiter les complications ainsi qu'améliorer la qualité de vie. La présente étude avait pour objectif d'évaluer la propension à se faire soigner ainsi que la satisfaction en matière de services de soins de santé des personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida en consultation à la clinique spécialisée dans la prise en charge du VIH/sida de l'hôpital civil de Karachi. Un total de 182 patients ont été interrogés au moyen d'un questionnaire semi-structuré pré-testé. L'âge moyen des participants était de 32,31 ans (ET 7,91), 76,9 % étaient des hommes, 81,3 % n'avaient aucune instruction et 75,8 % avaient un emploi. Seulement 23,6 % affichaient une propension à se faire soigner, et 57,7 % étaient satisfaits des services de soins santé offerts. L'analyse de régression logistique a montré qu'un coût du traitement par visite inférieur à 5 dollars et qu'une durée de l'infection par le VIH de moins de deux ans étaient associés de façon significative à des comportements positifs en matière de soins. Des efforts sont requis pour augmenter la propension des personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida à se faire soigner ainsi que pour améliorer les services proposés à la clinique.
Received: 14/01/16; accepted: 19/10/16
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are a major global public health problem. The worldwide efforts to manage the HIV and AIDS pandemic have been increased because the virus is spreading with greater speed (1). In 2012, about 33.4 million people were living with HIV worldwide (1). In December 2014 in Pakistan, an estimated 91 340 people (range 61 000–128 000) were living with HIV and another 15 606 (range 7 000–33 000) were newly infected with HIV (2). The overall prevalence of HIV among 15–49-year-olds in Pakistan was 0.8% (2).
The main modes of HIV transmission reported in south Asia and Pakistan are sexual transmission and reuse of contaminated syringes (1). In south Asia, individuals infected with HIV are usually unaware of the disease and unable to detect symptoms in the early stages. Before diagnosis and seeking proper health care, patients may have already received health care from spiritual or faith healers, which delays diagnosis and proper treatment. This lack of awareness of the disease results in the majority of HIV-infected persons not seeking medical help until the condition has worsened leading to various complications of HIV. Treating the disease at this stage with causes a financial burden to the individual and family and this has been reported as a major constraint in seeking proper medical care (3).
The accessibility to services, information and educational initiatives concerning HIV and AIDS does not guarantee access of a person to proper treatment. Health-seeking behaviour of an individual determines their approach towards receiving proper treatment for a disease. Research on cultural aspects supports the importance of knowledge regarding the disease and the health-seeking behaviour of patients (4). According to a study conducted in India on 160 HIV-infected patients, self-motivation for HIV/AIDS medical treatment was found in only 3.8% of the patients (5). Other significant factors related to the HIV-infected person and their access to treatment reported in the study were lack of information, prejudice and an unsupportive attitude of health care providers, unavailability of a patient's medical history/reports from previous consultations, legal status and use of traditional medicine (5). It is therefore important to determine the health-seeking behaviour of HIV-infected persons and their satisfaction with the health services provided so that their needs and preferences can be better addressed (6).
Previous research studies in Pakistan have been conducted on knowledge, attitude and practices regarding HIV/ AIDS, prevalence and risk factors of HIV/ AIDS and education and counselling regarding HIV/ AIDS (7,8) but none has looked at the health-seeking behaviour of persons living with HIV. The present study therefore aimed to assess the health-seeking behaviour of persons living with HIV at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan and their satisfaction with the health care services provided.
Study design and setting
This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the HIV/AIDS clinic of the Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from August 2013 to February 2014. The Civil Hospital is a 1 900-bed public sector tertiary care teaching hospital providing health care services to people of Sindh and Baluchistan. About 5000 patients have been registered in the HIV/AIDS clinic and daily turnover at the outpatient clinic is about 50 patients. The clinic offers registration of HIV patients, follow up in the outpatient clinic, treatment and laboratory facilities.
Sample size and sampling
The population of interest consisted of both male and female people living with HIV/AIDS over the age of 18 years attending the HIV/AIDS health care centre of the hospital. The study participants were enrolled in the study through purposive sampling. The sample size of 182 was calculated using the equation P(1–P)/d2, assuming a proportion (P) of self-motivated health-seeking behaviour of 13.8% (5) with 95% confidence interval and 5% margin of error.
Data collection and tools
A questionnaire was designed in English, translated into Urdu and then back-translated to English to remove any language ambiguities. It was pretested in a similar setting on 15% of the sample size population. The questionnaire was administered in Urdu by the principal investigator. Information was collected on sociodemographic variables, health-seeking behaviour and satisfaction level with health care services. The information about health-seeking behaviour was collected by asking 15 questions. Each question was scored as positive health-seeking behaviour and negative health-seeking behaviour. Each question had 1 mark for a correct answer and 0 for an incorrect answer. The cut-off level was 80%; a score of ≥ 12 out of 15 was considered positive health-seeking behaviour, a score < 12 was considered negative health-seeking behaviour. Similarly, the scoring of satisfaction level with the health care services provided was based on 10 questions with a cut-off level of 80%; a score of ≥ 8 out of 10 was considered as satisfied, a score < 8 was considered not satisfied.
Ethical considerations
The study was approval by the Institutional Review Board of Dow University of Health Sciences. Informed consent (verbal) was obtained from the participants and they were assured of the confidentiality of the information and that their treatment would not be affected if they declined to participate.
Statistical analysis
Data were analysed using SPSS, version 21. The frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for continuous variables. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, with the dependent variable being health-seeking behaviour, the crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the independent variables age, gender, marital status, educational status, visit cost and duration of HIV/AIDS.
Sociodemographic characteristics of participants
None of the individuals approached declined to participate (100% response rate) Table 1 shows sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of the participants. The mean age of the respondents was 32.31 (SD 7.91) years with 71.4% aged between 36–60 years. The majority were male (76.9%) and married (81.9%). Only 18.7% were educated but most were employed (75.8%).
Health-seeking behaviour of the participants
Out of the total participants (182), 23.6% had positive health-seeking behaviour. Only 2.7% of the participants contacted health care professionals on noticing first symptoms of the disease (Table 2). Almost a third of the participants (31.9%) reported the use of contaminated sharp equipment including razors and needles as a possible source of their infection. Only 8.8% of the participants reported that they were getting treatment on a regular basis. A majority (71.4%) reported that they were facing problems in getting antiretroviral medicines and only 14.3% received medicine on a regular basis from the health care centre. The vast majority had considered going elsewhere for treatment with 28.0% reporting that they had received treatment from faith healers while receiving antiretroviral therapy. Regarding sexual contact with their partners in last 6 months, 30 (16.5%) participants had had contact with only 2 of these reporting use of condoms. Most of the participants (91.2%) reported that their family members knew that they were getting treatment for HIV infection. The majority (84.1%) responded that people should first consult a doctor if they notice symptoms associated with HIV infection or AIDS.
Satisfaction with health care facility and staff
Based on our cut-off value of > 8, over half of the participants (57.7%) reported that they were satisfied with the health care services provided to them. The majority (72.5%) were satisfied with the overall environment of the health centre but only 15.9% reported availability of drinking water at the centre and 16.5% reported that adequate seating arrangements were available (Table 3). Slightly under three-quarters of the participants (71.4%) were satisfied with the attitude of the hospital staff, although 78.5% reported a communication barrier in discussing the symptoms of disease with the staff. Less than half of the participants (44.5%) reported that staff answered their queries in detail, but 89.6% reported that they were informed about the next follow-up visit by the hospital staff. Almost all of the participants (94.5%) reported that they would continue to receive treatment from the HIV/AIDS health care centre of the hospital.
Univariate analysis
Association of health-seeking behaviour of the participants with sociodemographic and health-related characteristics was determined in a univariate analysis. Health-seeking behaviour was dichotomized as positive and negative according to our cut-off values. No statistically significant association was found between age, sex, marital status, educational status, employment status and duration of HIV infection and health-seeking behaviour (Table 4). However, cost per visit was significantly associated with positive health-seeking behaviour (crude OR 2.91; 95% CI: 1.28–6.59, P < 0.01).
Multivariate analysis
In the multivariate analysis of the association between the independent variables and the dependent variable, positive health-seeking behaviour, the cost per hospital visit < US$ 5 (adjusted OR 4.49; 95% CI: 1.80–11.21, P < 0.001) and duration of HIV < 2 years (adjusted OR 0.38; 95% CI: 0.17–0.82, P < 0.02) were significantly associated with positive health-seeking behaviour (Table 5).
In our study there were more male than female participants, which is consistent with the findings of other studies conducted in Pakistan (7,8). It could be that men are at higher risk of infection than women due to greater exposure to risk factors such as drug abuse and the use of contaminated syringes (9,10), unprotected sexual activity with multiple partners (11) and unsafe blood transfusion probably because men in South Asia have more exposures outside the home. It could also be that women do not appear for diagnostic or screening tests and suffer in silence. The Pakistan Global AIDS Response Progress Report 2015 reported that of the estimated total of 91 340 HIV-positive people in Pakistan, 63 872 were males and 27 468 females, giving a male to female ratio of 2.3 (2). In our study the ratio was 3.3, so it may be that fewer women are seeking screening and treatment than men.
The majority of the participants in our study were employed, contrary to the findings of a study conducted in Peshawar Pakistan, which found that the majority of the respondents were unemployed (7). A study conducted in Argentina on anaemia among AIDS patients reported poverty and unemployment were significantly associated with being anaemic (12). A study in India on the sociodemographic profile of people with HIV attending a tertiary care hospital for antiretroviral therapy reported that more belonged to low socioeconomic classes as compared to middle and high socioeconomic classes (13).
The majority of the participants in our study were uneducated, which is similar to the findings in the Peshawar study and those reported from other parts of the world (7,14). Level of education is an important factor as it determines knowledge about the disease. A study conducted in a postgraduate college of Rahim-Yar Khan, Pakistan reported that knowledge about HIV and AIDS was greater in students with 13 and 14 years of education as compared to those with 11 and 12 years (15). A multicentre study in Spain of an HIV-positive cohort reported that a greater proportion of the cohort had a low educational level (14). Less educated people were found at increased risk of disease progression compared to more highly educated people and the risk of death was lower among those with a higher education level (14).
Other factors like early recognition of symptoms, utilization of health facilities and compliance with treatment, i.e. health-seeking behaviour, are as important and necessary for people living with HIV (16). The majority of our participants (76%) with HIV/AIDS showed limited health-seeking behaviour. The cost of treatment and duration of HIV infection were the only factors found significantly associated with health-seeking behaviour of the participants. The patients paying less than US$ 5 per visit were about 4-times more likely to show positive health-seeking behaviour compared to those who paid more than US$ 5 per visit. The patients living with HIV for less than 2 years duration showed an association with positive health-seeking behaviour. Studies conducted in India also found that the most common barrier to patient health-seeking behaviour and practice was cost (17,18). A study conducted on the natural history of HIV in Chennai, South India reported that half of the individuals who discontinued treatment and then restarted the same therapy had initially discontinued due to cost, and 10% of patients stopped treatment within 4 months of initiation due to cost (18).
A person's health-seeking behaviour determines their actions when infection is suspected. If a person continues to have sexual contact even if he/she has recognized symptoms of the disease then they could infect more people thereby increasing the risk of epidemic. Self-treatment with antibiotics or other methods is another aspect of health behaviour which affects control of the disease. Such self-treatment and alternative methods can prolong the period of infectiousness prior to effective treatment and lead to the development of resistant strains (19). Social stigma, limited surveillance, voluntary counselling and testing systems, and a lack of knowledge among the general population and health practitioners can affect the health-seeking behaviour of people with HIV and in many countries these can result in underreporting of the disease.
Pakistan has been classified as a low-prevalence country for HIV/AIDS but the prevalence is increasing and needs the serious attention of both the public and private health sectors (2). Due to the stigma and discrimination associated with the infection, the majority of those positive for HIV do not seek further treatment and do not appear in the records. To address this problem, awareness and health promotion about HIV and AIDS in the general population is extremely important (15) as is improving the health-seeking behaviour of those living with HIV. The successful implementation of health promotion programmes can play a major role in controlling HIV and AIDS in Pakistan
There were some limitations to the study. The study was conducted in a single AIDS centre due to limited resources and time and findings can only be generalized to Karachi city. Its design is cross-sectional therefore temporal association between risk factors and outcome cannot be established.
The health-seeking behaviour of the majority of the HIV/AIDS participants in our study was generally poor and half of the patients were not satisfied with the services provided to them. The cost of treatment and duration of disease significantly predicted their health-seeking behaviour. Our study suggests that lower cost and timely treatment should be provided and efforts should be made to improve the health-seeking behaviour of people living with HIV/AIDS.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: None declared.
- Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS); 2013 (http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en.pdf, accessed 15 November 2016).
- Pakistan Global AIDS Response Progress Report (GARPR) 2015. Country Progress Report Pakistan. Islamabad: National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of National Health Services, Regulation and Coordination, Government of Pakistan; 2015 (http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/PAK_narrative_report_2015.pdf, accessed 14 November 2016).
- Mahal A, Rao B. HIV/AIDS epidemic in India: an economic perspective. Indian J Med Res. 2005;121:582–600. PMID: 15817965
- Runganga AO, Sundby J, Aggleton O. Culture, identity and reproductive failure in Zimbabwe. Sexualities. 2001;4(3):315–32.
- Pandey S, Singh SP, Shankar R, Sundar S. Treatment-seeking behaviour of HIV/AIDS patients around Varanasi. Indian J Prev Soc Med. 2009;40(1):108–11.
- Price N. The performance of social marketing in reaching the poor and vulnerable in AIDS control programmes. Health Policy Plan. 2001;16(3):231–9. PMID: 11527863
- Khan Y, Ali S, Zeeshan M, Khan Z. Demographic profile of HIV-positive patients registered at antiretroviral therapy centre Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. Khyber Med Univ J. 2013;5(3):152–5.
- Khokhar O, Malik GJ, Khokhar N. Prevalence of HIV infection in a healthy population in Northern Pakistan. Rawal Med J. 2003;28(1):12–6.
- Kwiatkowski CF, Booth RE. HIV risk behaviors among older American drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;33:S131–7. PMID: 12853862
- Hartel DM, Schoenbaum EE, Lo Y, Klein RS. Gender differences in illicit substance use among middle-aged drug users with or at risk for HIV Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(4):525-
- Faisel A, Cleland J. Migrant men: a priority for HIV control in Pakistan? Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82(4):307–10. PMID: 16877580
- Gonzalez L, Seley C, Martorano J, Garcia-Moreno I, Troncoso A. Infections and inequalities: anemia in AIDS, the disadvantages of poverty. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(6):485–8. PMID: 23569955
- Joge US, Deo DS, Lakde RN, Choudhari SG, Malkar VR, Ughade HH. Sociodemographic and clinical profile of HIV/AIDS patients visiting to ART centre at a rural tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra state of India. Int J Biol Med Res. 2012;3(2):1568–72.
- Monge S, Jarrín I, Pérez-Hoyos S, Ferreros I, García-Olalla P, Muga R, et al. Educational level and HIV disease progression before and after the introduction of HAART: A cohort study in 989 HIV seroconverters in Spain. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(7):571–6. PMID: 21968461
- Malik MR, Hussain A, Majid S, Iqbal MZ. Education, the only vaccine available for the control of HIV/AIDS. J Sheikh Zayed Med Coll. 2010;1(3):82–6.
- Draft Protocol. A rapid assessment of health seeking behaviour in relation to sexually transmitted disease. 1995 (http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/en/HealthcareSeeking.pdf, accessed 14 November 2016).
- Safren S, Kumarasamy N, James R, Raminani S, Solomon S, Mayer KH. ART adherence, demographic variables and CD4 outcome among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Chennai, India. AIDS Care. 2005;17:853–62. PMID: 16120502
- Kumarasamy N, Safran SA, Raminani SR, Pickard R, James R, Sri Krishnan AK, et al. Barriers and facilitators to antiretroviral medication adherence among patients with HIV in Chennai, India: A qualitative study. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2005;19:526–37. PMID: 16124847
- Kumarasamy N, Vallabhaneni S, Cecelia AJ, Yepthomi T, Balakrishnan P, Saghayam S, et al. Reasons for modification of generic highly active antiretroviral therapeutic regimens among patients in southern India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;41:53–8. PMID: 16340473


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Hey Beach Lovers!! I recently had the opportunity to travel to the island of Cozumel and then take the ferry over to Riviera Maya for a few nights. Most people that travel to Cozumel are there for the AMAZING DIVING as it's sits off the coast of the 2nd largest coral reef in the World!! All of the properties we toured on our FAM trip were AM Resorts, which was awesome!!
Our first two nights were spent at the Secrets Aura Cozumel. I stayed in the Preferred Club Jr. Suite Ocean Front. The room was GINORMOUS!! Although the water seeped out of my shower, I threw some towels on the floor and quickly cleaned that up. I definitely recommend checking out the SKY BAR. This bar is rooftop and is the perfect place to grab sushi while catching the stunning Caribbean views as well as a killer sunset! While staying at the Secrets Aura, we were able to share sister privileges at the Sunscape Sabor Cozumel. The deluxe Ocean Front rooms there were incredible, especially if you have small children. We also grabbed a late night drink at their oceanfront beach bar, Coconuts!!
Day 2: The Jeep tour excursion was an amazing experience! We left in a jeep right from our hotel. We traveled to Punta Sur Eco Reserve. While there we saw crocodiles, climbed a light house & snorkeled in the clearest water I've ever seen! We had a great Mexican lunch on the beach with a few margarita's in hand! Next, we hopped back in the jeep and trekked to San Gervasio where we were able to view Mayan ruins and learn about their ancient culture. Then finally we ended our tour with a tequila tasting!! NOTE: the person driving the jeep has to where a special bracelet and is the designated driver for the day, so choose wisely!
Day 3: We kick-started our morning with a smooth 40 minute ferry ride from Cozumel to Playa del Carmen. Give yourself some time to enjoy the beauty of their famous 5th Avenue upon arrival. This is where you want to get shopping done and grab some souvenirs! From there, we saw 8 properties. I'll post all of my pictures as well as small write up on each resort.
• SECRETS CAPRI: beautiful adults-only resort. I really liked the small size of this property and the more authentic Mexican Décor.
• NOW JADE: beautiful family friendly resort. Very modern in design and décor. Bring your sunscreen because there is not much shade on this property unless you are in your room.
• NOW SAPPHIRE: This was my favorite family-friendly resort. The grounds were gorgeous and it sits on beautiful stretch of beach. There are different shades of blue hues in the water and the property had the Mexican architecture that I like. We had lunch at the buffet and there were plenty of options for all food palettes. Upgrade to the beach front or Ocean front rooms, definitely well worth it!!
• SECRETS SILVERSANDS: More posh/modern décor at this property. Their brand new over the pool cabanas are SWEET!! The beach here is not the greatest, but the pool is always bumping and the night life is great!
• ZOETRY PARAISO DE LA BONITA: This is definitely for people looking to relax on vacation. The vibe here is ultra-luxurious with a very ZEN like atmosphere throughout this boutique property. Although this is a family friendly resort, you probably won't see too many children there.
• BREATHLESS RIVIERA CANCUN: Their tagline is "WELCOME to the PARTY!" The atmosphere here is very chic and upbeat. If you were to combine VEGAS with SOUTH BEACH and put it in the CARIBBEAN, Breathless is EXACTLY that! There were a mix of ages ranging from early 20's to late 60's. The XCELERATE ZONE parties hard with a DJ at the pool and FOAM parties a few times per week. The ENERGY ZONE was a little more laid back and more my style with a swim up bar and music. The PREFERRED CLUB Area was the quiet and relaxing section of the resort. This is a great property for Bachelor & Bachelorette parties! Lots of fun with a very sexy vibe!
• SECRETS AKUMAL: Akumal means "Place of Turtles" so you can literally walk from the beach and right into the ocean to be greeted and snorkel with these AMAZING see creatures. It was so COOL! Although this resort is about an hour or so south of the Cancun airport, the ride is totally worth it. This was my favorite property on our tour. The plants and lush tropical vegetation growing on property is beautifully manicured and truly a sight to see. They have a gorgeous stretch of powdery white sand beach and HELLO you can swim with SEA TURTLES!!
• DREAMS PUERTO AVENTURAS: One of the only high rise hotels that I know of in Riviera Maya. This property goes 7 stories high and the 7th floor is reserved for Preferred Club to get the best views! This is family friendly resort, great for those traveling with younger kids as the resort is pretty compact. There's dolphinarium on site and the hotel itself sits within a gated community of PUERTO AVENTURAS. If you go off the hotel complex, there are little shops and marina within the small village.
• PREFERRED CLUB: If you book a preferred club room category, be sure to ask your concierge if the HYDROTHERAPY CIRCUIT is included as complimentary privilege with that room category. I took advantage of that my last day of the trip, and wish I had taken advantage of that every day because it was SUPER!!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Don't go Hamlet on me!
When something's rotten in the State of Denmark - I prefer to know! If you feel the same, and you have some C/C++-background: chances are that you know about assertions.
For everybody else: C/C++ programs can usually be compiled in two different modi, debug and release: in debug mode the following C source code line
assert(0 == 1)

tests the condition "0 == 1", which is false even in C, and then aborts the program with a message like this:

source.c(12): Assertion failed: 0 == 1
In release mode, however, this statement is completely ignored and doesn't affect speed and size of the final binary. This is an invaluable tool for us coders: using assert you can test for consistentency of application internal data, and when releasing these tests are justed skipped.
ruby it!
Now how can we do something like this in ruby? Sure we can, well, almost. An assert() function should have the following features:
In debug and test mode: assert() tests for an expression. If the expression evaluates to false it should print a message and abort.
The C/C++ variant is implemented using the C preprocessor, which is used (amongst other things) to turn the source code of the expression - i.e. 0 != 1 - into a string that can be used to display the message. As we don't have a preprocessor of that kind in ruby we cannot implement that behaviour. Instead we allow to customdefine a message.
The message printed should contain the source code position of the failed assertion.
In production mode we want to have the least possible impact on execution speed of the final application: therefore the assertion should be ignored, and both expression and message must not be evaluated.
What could the interface of such an assert function look like? As 4) states we need some way to write down code that should or should not be evaluated depending on some global setting. One way to achieve this are code blocks. That code block has always to test for the condition in some way: what we could use is the block's return value. To set a message for the assertion from within the code block we could pass in some object that provides a method to do just that. In code, that would be
assert do |a|
a.message = "Something is strange here!"
0 != 1

In this example we define and pass around the message string even in release mode. It should not have much impact, because it is a string constant (and not a dynamic message a la "#{the_result_of_some_complicated_and_long_running_method()}")

The following syntax could allow this:

assert "Something is strange here!" do 0 != 1 end
or, somewhat more compact
assert("Something is strange here!") { 0 != 1 }

Avoiding a custom message and sticking to some default message this turns into:

assert { 0 != 1 }
which is pretty close to the C example above. This gives us the following interface for the assert() function:
assert(msg=nil, &block)

with the block either having 0 or 1 arguments.

Name it, but name it right!

What I found out only after some time: as it turns out if you have the rdebug gem installed you already have an assert method. Therefore we need to have a different name. I decided to go for "assert!" instead: this name even shows that this function might possibly raise an Exception.

Hold your horses...

we still have to decide what happens when the assertion fails.

The application should abort when an assertion fails. In C this is usually done by calling exit() or a similar function which usually kills the running process. While we could do something like that - using Kernel#exit - but there is a better way: we can have assert throw an Exception - that usually leads to abortion as well, but allows to catch it and do something about it. So, this could be our Exception class:

class Assertion < RuntimeError attr :message, true
# Rubys default exception handler prints the string representation # of the exception object, i.e. the tos return value: This is where # we define our message. def tos @message ? "assertion failed: #{@message}" : "assertion failed." end end
We still need some object to pass into the code block. This must just hold the message attribute. For reasons of simplicity we can just use an Assertion object: remember that there is nothing special about Assertion (and RuntimeError) objects: they behave like any other object.
Another valuable addition would be a fail! method, that lets the assertion fail from within the code block. This lets you write code like this:
assert! do |a|
a.fail! if !condition1
a.fail!("Hey that is strange") if !condition2

Note that the codeblock in the above example will never return a value
different from nil: the assert function must not throw in that case.

class Assertion < RuntimeError def fail!(message=nil) self.message = message raise self end end
Now that we have the interface it is time for our assert() implementations. The production mode implementation, of course, is simple, but the debug mode is not that complicated either. But where is the right place for the implementations? I decided to add them as methods to the Object class - this way they exist in each object, and we could extend our implementation to print information about the "self" object in the assert's context.
class Object
def _release_assert(message=nil, &block)
def _debug_assert(message=nil, &block)
a = Assertion.new
a.message = message
a.fail! if yield(a) == false
alias_method :"assert!", :_release_assert

The alias_method adds an "assert" alias for the release_assert method, which deactivates the assert functionality by default. We still need to add some method to enable it - a Assertion class method seems the logical place here:

class Assertion def self.enable(flag) Object.send :aliasmethod, :"assert!", flag ? :debugassert : :release_assert end end
Note the use of Object.send :alias_method: as alias_method is a private method we can not call it directly. For Rails users we add an Assertion.init function that uses the RAILS_ENV value to automatically determine the right mode. This way you only have to add Assertion.init to your environment.rb and are ready to run.
...but where is Denmark?
The last piece missing is to include the source code position in the output. This is pretty easy thanks to the RuntimeError#backtrace method, which returns an array containing the source code positions of the call stack:
class Assertion < RuntimeError
def to_s
source_code = backtrace[some_index] # what is the index??
@message ? "assertion failed: #{@message}" : "assertion failed."

Now we only have to know the correct index into that array. And while we could use the Assertion's backtrace in principal (as in the last code piece) we don't have control over when the Assertion is failed. If a user does something like:

assert! do |a| some_array.each { |item| a.fail!("Some invalid item") if item.invalid } a.fail!("or fail always - for demonstration purposes...") end
these two failures would give different backtraces. Therefore we raise and catch an exception in assert to determine the source code position:
def _debug_assert(message=nil, &block)
backtrace = raise rescue $!.backtrace
a = Assertion.new
a.message = message
a.source = backtrace[1]
a.fail! if yield(a) == false

And voila! assert!() to the rescue!


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The workshop curriculum features 17 specialized courses for high school students working on online sites, newspapers and yearbooks. Each student will enroll in one course for the duration of the workshop. Care should be taken to select courses that match the experience level of each student. Some classes require laptops and other equipment essential for participation. Some classes are limited to just editors.
The workshop registration fee is $125 per attendee and does not cover lodging or food. Advisers bringing 12 or more students will have the $125 workshop registration fee waived.
- Teacher's Workshop
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- Intermediate Photography
Advanced Photography
- Yearbook Boot Camp
- Yearbook Design and Concepts
- Yearbook Editorial Leadership


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SS vs LT 11th Match Dream11 Fantasy Cricket team- Womens Cricket Super League 31 july 2018
Surrey Stars vs Lancashire Thunder 11th Match :
Match Venue: Kennington Oval, London
Date: 2018 July 31, 7:00 PM IST
Dream11 Closing Time: 2018 July 31, 6:00 PM IST.
SS (Probable XI): Laura Marsh, Sarah Taylor (wk), Marizanne Kapp, Dane van Niekerk, Natalie Sciver (c), Lizelle Lee, Bryony Smith, Sophia Dunkley Brown, Grace Gibbs, Eva Gray, Mady Villiers.
Our Top six Dream11 team's are published several hours before deadline.
LT(Probable XI): Nicole Bolton, Evelyn Jones, Georgie Boyce, Amy Satterthwaite, Emma Lamb, Eleanor Threlkeld (wk), Danielle Hazell (c), Sophie Ecclestone, Kate Cross, Natalie Brown, Alex Hartley.


text:
For the health and safety of the Grand Valley community, remote academic instruction will continue through April 25. The Admissions office is available to answer calls Mon.-Fri. from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. at 616-331-2025 or 1-800-748-0246 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. Additional instructions and updates at www.gvsu.edu/coronavirus
Art Education, B.A., B.S.
Art education integrates the practices of art making, art criticism, historical analysis, and an understanding of visual culture as foundations for teaching art in schools and the community.
Program Overview
The program leads to teacher certification for visual art in the Michigan public schools at the primary and secondary levels. Fully accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD).
Why Study Art Education at Grand Valley?
The program emphasizes the training of committed artists who desire to work in the field of teaching after their graduation. Students also are introduced to the importance of the visual as a tool for participatory learning across the precollege curriculum and in community settings. Art education students:
- Receive intensive studio training that enriches their individual roles as artists and prepares them for diverse teaching environments.
- Experience a comprehensive curriculum that includes educational theory, community-based arts education, and the role of technology in the classroom.
- Benefit from a program that provides opportunities for service learning and for professional development.
- Complete the program with K-12 certification to teach visual art in the state of Michigan.
Helpful Links
- Scholarships
- Financial Aid
- Study Abroad
- Course Catalog
- Art Education Programs
- Education, General Programs
For More InformationDepartment of Visual and Media Arts
1105 Alexander Calder Art Center
(616) 331-3486
Location & Format
Undergraduate students in this major study at Grand Valleys Allendale
Majors complete rigorous training in studio art complemented by courses in the theory and methods of art education. During the last year of the program, art education majors complete their degree with assisting and directed teaching opportunities at regional schools. For information about admission to the program, please visit the department website.
Career Options
Students may pursue a variety of career paths, including:
- Teaching in public or private schools
- Community arts and museum education programming
- Graduate work and university teaching
- Arts administration
- Nonprofit arts organizations
The program also builds the transferable skills of critical thinking, communication, and problem solving necessary for professional careers outside of the arts.
"Discussions of what was currently going on in our country as well as the world happened in my general education classes and my art and design classes. Both of these class environments have prepared me to enter a world of diverse people and opinions."


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If you have any enquires please contact us using the form.
Security has become more important than ever, at VC Installations we believe in offering the best solutions for your requirements.
From Nest thermostats to mood lighting and multi room TV, Home Automation brings the future to your environment.
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We cover installation and configuration of TVs, Satellites and Digital Aerials.


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FDA Compliance: Protein Balanced Nutrition information has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration or any other medical body. We do not aim to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any illness or disease. Information is shared for educational purposes only. You must consult your doctor.


text:
The Regional Visioning Process was commissioned by the Tri-County Council of the Lower Eastern Shore of Maryland. The goal is to develop a regional vision document to be presented to the Tri-County Council of the Lower Eastern Shore and shared with all local governments, which can serve as the community's blueprint for the future in the broadest sense. This document will summarize the status quo and present broad vision statements for six vision element categories. These vision statements represent the desired destination but not the roadmap. It is hoped that the different stakeholders in the community will use these destination statements as their guide posts as they develop their roadmaps. Only then will these various context-specific roadmaps collectively lead our region to these desired destinations.
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Employee Motivation
Employee motive refers to the actions or behaviors portrayed by persons at work topographic point as a effect of psychological forces. In his theory of hierarchy of demands, ( Maslow, 2002 ) stated that the psychological demands have to be satisfied first earlier traveling to the other degrees of demands. Baruch ( 2004 ) stated that leading is indispensable in easing effectual communicating.
1.1 Group communicating and teamwork
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Teamwork is fundamentally the working together and for squad work to be successful, group communicating has to be effectual. Group communicating is done through directors to employees or among the employees themselves. Communication can be in two signifiers ; verbal and non verbal. Verbal involves the unwritten ( word of oral cavity ) and the written. Non verbal communicating involves the facial look, frock codification etc.
Harmonizing to Baruch ( 2004 ) , signifiers of communicating in an organisation are either internal or external. External communicating is whereby stakeholders and investors are involved and one-year studies among other things are used as a signifier of communicating. Internal communicating is within the organisation and the signifier of communicating used is internal memos, meetings etc
2.1 Leadership
Leadership is the procedure of inspiring, act uponing and steering others to take part in a common attempt ( Baruch, 2004 ) . A leader is a individual who influences a group of people towards the accomplishment of a end ( Boles, Lawrence, and Johnson, 2005 ) . To be effectual, leading can non merely be about inspiration and expansive visions ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) .
2.1.1 Leadership Theories and Manners
The survey of leading has evolved as theories have been developed and refined by consecutive coevalss of research workers ( Boles, Lawrence, and Johnson, 2005 ) . Leadership theory is a subject that focuses on happening out what makes successful leaders excel in what they do. Leadership manner falls under the overall umbrella of leading theory. Leadership manner focuses specifically on the traits and behaviors of leaders ( Baruch, 2004 ) . While many different leading theories have emerged, most can be classified as one of eight major theories: ( Boles, Lawrence, and Johnson, 2005 ) .
2.1.2 "Great Man " Theories:
Great adult male theories assume that the capacity for leading is built-in – that great leaders are born non made. These theories frequently portray great leaders as heroic, mythic and destined to lift to leading when needed. The term " Great Man " was used because, at the clip, leading was thought of chiefly as a male quality, particularly in footings of military leading ( Babin & A ; Boles, 1996 ) . Leaderships such as Alexander the Great, Napoleon Bomaparte and George Washington were said to hold been blessed with an congenital ability to take. This so called great-man attack to leading finally gave manner to trait theory ( Baruch, 2004 ) . The leading manner that falls under this class is the magnetic leading manner ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) .
Amagnetic leading manner:A magnetic leader tends to believe more in him or her than in their squad. This can make a hazard that a undertaking, or even an full organisation, might fall in if the leader were to go forth: In the eyes of their followings, success is tied up with the presence of the magnetic leader. As such, magnetic leading carries great duty, and needs long-run committedness from the leader ( ( Baruch, 2004 ) .
2.2.2 Trait Theories:
This traditional construct is that effectual leaders have personality traits which distinguish them from the common herd. Researchers analyzed physical and psychological traits, or qualities, such as high energy degree, visual aspect, aggressiveness, autonomy, strength and laterality in an attempt to place a set of traits that all successful leaders possessed. The list of traits was to be used as a requirement for advancing campaigners to leading places. Merely campaigners possessing all the identified qualities would be given leading places. The trait attack has been popular, but controversial ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) .
2.2.3Behavioral Theories:
Leadership research changed its paradigm from trait theory to concentrating on how the leader really behaved and what really was done to accomplish leading effectivity. Behavioral theories of leading are based upon the belief that great leaders are made, non born ( Baruch, 2004 ) . Depending on engagement and sharing in determination devising, leading manners have been classified by Tosi, Rizzo and Carroll, ( 1986 ) as:
Autocratic leading manner:Leaderships exclude subsidiaries from the procedure of determination devising. They assign work without confer withing subsidiaries or cognizing their dispositions and desires.
Democratic or participative leading manner:Leaderships are effectual and more productive because they consult subsidiaries on assorted affairs and include them in the procedure of determination devising. Undertakings are assigned on the footing of involvements and penchants of subsidiaries.
Individualistic leading manner:Leaderships have small or no assurance in their leading ability, do non put ends for the group, and do non heighten group interaction and communicating. In fact, the individualistic type of leader does small supervising. Consequently, the group has to do many on-the-job determinations.
2.2.4 Situational Theories:
Both the trait and behavioural leading theories were efforts to happen the one best leading manner in all state of affairss ; therefore they are called cosmopolitan theories ( Boles, Lawrence, and Johnson, 2005 ) . However, the cardinal premise sing the situational theory to leading is that successful leading occurs when the leader 's manner matches the state of affairs. Situational leading theoreticians stress the demand for flexibleness. They reject the impression of a universally applicable manner. Fielders 's eventuality theory and Path-Goal theory represent clearly different attacks to the situational theory ( Boles, Lawrence, and Johnson, 2005 ) .
18.104.22.168 Fielders 's eventuality theory
Fiedler 's situational theory identifies effectual leading manners under altering state of affairss. The basic thought is simple: Match the leader 's manner with the state of affairs most favourable for his or her success. These can be either relationship motivated or undertaking motivated ( Boles, Lawrence, and Johnson, 2005 ) .
Relationship-motivated leading manner:A leader is concerned with people and relies on good personal dealingss and group engagement to carry through undertakings. The leader establishes common trust and regard and listens to employee 's demands. Leaderships with this manner perform most efficaciously in modest control state of affairss which present assorted jobs related to undertaking, group members and authorization. The relationship-motivated leader gets cooperation from the group by being sensitive, diplomatic and tactful ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) .
Task-motivated leading manner:Leaderships prefer clear guidelines and standardized or patterned work methods to finish successfully the undertaking they have accepted. These leaders provide clear waies and put public presentation criterions. They have strong undertaking orientation and execute best in high-control or low-control state of affairss. The high-control state of affairss are those where leaders get support from group members and the undertakings are clearly specified. In add-on, leaders have high authorization, which enables them to utilize their powers of wages and penalty suitably. Low-control state of affairss, the antonym of high-control state of affairss, are comparatively hard, ambitious and striving ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) .
Path- end theory gets its name from the premise that effectual leaders can heighten employee motive by ( 1 ) clear uping the person 's perceptual experience of the ends, ( 2 ) associating meaningful wagess to end attainment, and ( 3 ) explicating how ends and coveted wagess can be achieved. Path-goal theoreticians believe that leaders should actuate their followings by supplying clear ends and meaningful inducements for making them ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) . The following are the four manners of leading related to this theory:
Supportive leading manner:Sing the demands of the follower, demoing concern for their public assistance and making a friendly on the job environment. This includes increasing the follower 's self-esteem and doing the occupation more interesting. This attack is best when the work is nerve-racking, deadening or risky ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) .
Directing leading manner:Stating followings what needs to be done and giving appropriate counsel along the manner. This includes giving them agendas of specific work to be done at specific times. Wagess may besides be increased as needed and function ambiguity decreased ( by stating them what they should be making ) ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) . This may be used when the undertaking is unstructured and complex and the followings are inexperienced. This increases the followings ' sense of security and control and hence is appropriate to the state of affairs ( Baruch, 2004 ) .
Participative leading manner:Consulting with followings and taking their thoughts into history when doing determinations and taking peculiar actions. This attack is best when the followings are adept and their advice is both needed and they expect to be able to give it ( Baruch, 2004 ) .
Achievement-oriented leading manner: Puting disputing ends, both in work and in self-improvement ( and frequently together ) . High criterions are demonstrated and expected. The leader shows religion in the capablenesss of the follower to win. This attack is best when the undertaking is complex ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) .
2.2.5 Participative Theories:
Harmonizing to Berkowitz and Schew, ( 2011 ) , optimum public presentation can merely be achieved if attending is paid to the human facets of subsidiaries ' jobs and behavioral facets, such as motivation forces, communicating procedures, interaction-influence procedures, determination devising procedures, end scene processes, control processes, and public presentation features. There are four chief manners of leading, in peculiar around decision-making and the grade to which people are involved in the determination. Based on these considerations, leading manners could be either occupation cantered or employee cantered, and so farther classified as follows:
Job centred
Exploitative-authoritative manner of leading: In this manner, the leader has a low concern for people and utilizations such methods as menaces and other fear-based methods to accomplish conformity. Communication is about wholly downwards and the psychologically distant concerns of people are ignored ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) . Benevolent-authoritative mannerofleading: When the leader adds concern for people to an important place, a 'benevolent absolutism ' is formed. The leader now uses wagess to promote appropriate public presentation and listens more to refer lower down the organisation, although what they hear is frequently rose-tinged, being limited to what their subsidiaries think that the foreman wants to hear. Although there may be some deputation of determinations, about all major determinations are still made centrally ( Boles, Lawrence, & A ; Johnson, 2005 ) .
Employee centered
An employee-centered leading manner can either be advisory or participative.
Advisory manner of leading: The upward flow of information here is still cautious and rose-tinged to some grade, although the leader is doing echt attempts to listen carefully to thoughts. However, major determinations are still mostly centrally made ( Boles, Lawrence, & A ; Johnson, 2005 ) . Participative manner of leading: At this degree, the leader makes maximal usage of participative methods, prosecuting people lower down the organisation in decision-making.
Peoples across the organisation are psychologically closer together and work good together at all degrees ( Baruch, 2004 ) .
2.2.6 Transactional or Management Theories:
Transactional theories, besides known as direction theories, focal point on the function of supervising, organisation and group public presentation. These theories base leading on a system of wagess and penalties. Managerial theories are frequently used in concern ; when employees are successful, they are rewarded ; when they fail, they are reprimanded or punished.
Transactional manner of leading: Leadership is viewed as a dealing or exchange between leaders and follower. The transactional leader recognizes followings ' demands and desires so clarifies how those demands and desires will be satisfied in exchange for run intoing specified aims or executing certain responsibilities. Therefore, followings receive wagess for occupation public presentation, whereas leaders benefit from completion of undertakings ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) .
2.2.7 Transformational or Relationship Theories:
Transformational theories, besides known as relationship theories, focal point upon the connexions formed between leaders and followings. Transformational leaders motivate and inspire people by assisting group members see the importance and higher good of the undertaking. These leaders are focused on the public presentation of group members, but besides want each individual to carry through his or her possible. Leaderships with this manner frequently have high ethical and moral criterions.
Transformational manner of leading: It is characterized by the ability to convey about important alteration in both the followings and the organisation by tapping into followings ' higher ideals and motivations. Transformational leaders have the ability to take alterations in bing organisation 's scheme, construction, and civilization and influence people to purchase into a new vision and new possibilities ( Berkowitz & A ; Schewe, 2011 ) .
Babin, B.J. and Boles, J.S. ( 1996 ) .The effects of sensed colleague engagement and
supervisor support on service supplier function emphasis, public presentation and occupation satisfaction, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 71 No.1, pp. 57-75.
Baruch, Y. ( 2004 ) .Transforming callings from additive to multidirectional calling waies:
organisational and single positions,Career Development International, Vol. 9 No.1, pp.58-73
Berkowitz, E.N. and Schewe, C.D. ( 2011 ) .Generational cohorts hold the key to
understanding patients and wellness attention suppliers: coming-of-age experiencesinfluence wellness attention behaviours for a life-time,Health Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 28 No.2, pp. 190-204.
Boles, J. , Lawrence, E. and Johnson, J. ( 2005 ), cut downing employee turnover through the usage
of pre employment application demographics,Hospitality Research Journal, Vol. 19 No.2,


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Small - Base 12cm x Height 10cm
Add softness and texture to your home with this natural cream cotton plant pot. To make things a little bit special the thread used is rainbow colours making you smile. Handmade to a high standard using 100% recycled cotton rope this unique design adds a modern yet cosy feel to any room.
Due to the handmade nature of these plant pots each is individual and may have slight size variations from one to another adding to their quirkiness.
Please note: Plant not included.


text: Add our coordinating window valance as the perfect window treatment to your little one's nursery. Measures 54" x 16" with a 2.5" rod pocket opening. It is made of 100% cotton and exclusive to decoration. Care instructions: machine wash cold with like colors in gentle cycle. Do not bleach. Tumble dry low and iron on lowest setting as needed.


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Join Nebraska Farmers Union Today!
Only by working together can we secure a positive future for all family farmers, growers, and consumers throughout Nebraska.
Join Nebraska Farmers Union.
Nebraska families, farmers and ranchers concerned with the lack of profitability in agriculture chartered Nebraska Farmers Union in 1911. Nebraska Farmers Union has been the voice of family farmers, rural residents and consumers across the Cornhusker State ever since.
Whether you are a farmer or consumer, urban or rural, this organization fights for farm policies that ensure we have a safe and abundant food supply, and carries the voice of the rural community to the state and federal legislatures.
Farmers Union is a true grassroots organization. As a Nebraska Farmers Union Member you can expect:
REPRESENTATION: Farmers Union is a powerful and respected voice on critical issues on the national and state levels. Our state and national leaders and staff understand the critical issues facing rural America and family agriculture. We represent YOUR voice to elected officials.
EDUCATION: From youth day classes and summer camps to adult learning sessions, Farmers Union believes that education is the base of success. Our programs are designed to expand knowledge and develop leadership skills in both youth and adults.
COOPERATION: Farmers Union offers technical guidance and information for rural and cooperative initiatives.
GRASSROOTS POLICY: Farmers Union policy is written and approved by our members. The issues that are important to YOU can be debated and become part of the national policy.
INFORMATION: Farmers Union helps you stay up-to-date with the issues that matter most to you, your family and your business. Our weekly e-newsletter, issue alerts and state specific information will keep you informed.
VALUE-ADDED: A membership in Farmers Union also provides you real savings – discounts at more than 6,000 hotels nationwide, savings on car rentals and much more. New benefits are being developed all the time. In addition, insurance discounts could also be available depending on your state organization.
NETWORKING: Come together with other farmers and ranchers that are facing similar challenges and opportunities. Meet in a social atmosphere to share ideas and solutions to common problems.
Nebraska Farmers Union has been the voice of family farmers, rural residents and consumers across the state since our founding. We believe the needs of Nebraska's farm economy are every bit as important as the policy priorities of Wall Street and Corporate America. We are the dedicated voice of family farming, and we aim to preserve a sustainable economy that benefits each of us where we live, while providing domestically grown, healthy choices for consumers.
If you care about family farms, because you are a farmer yourself or you just plain care about your local farmer…
Or, if you are willing to share your knowledge and passion on the legislative front and make sure family farms have a fighting chance, not only to survive but to thrive…
Or, if you are interested in opportunities for education about the impact of the Food Safety Modernization Act…
We believe the needs of Nebraska's farm economy are every bit as important as the policy priorities of Wall Street and Corporate America. We are the dedicated voice of family farming, and we aim to preserve a sustainable economy that benefits each of us where we live, while providing domestically grown, healthy choices for consumers.
If you are a family farmer or rural resident dedicated to preserving your way of life. If you are a consumer and you believe it's important to buy locally from someone you know and trust. If you are believe in sustainability and want to see an economy that works just as well for the little guy as it does for the big guy. If you are concerned about any of these issues, then we invite you to join Nebraska Farmers Union. We work every day to further all of these priorities and many more.
As a Nebraska Farmers Union member, you will enjoy the following membership benefits:
Having a voice in family farm and ranch policy
Quick access to information that affects you
Helping create NeFU policy
Being a part of a family farmers and ranchers information sharing network
Easy access to local foodsSubscription to National Farmers Union Newsletter
Subscription to Nebraska Farmers Union Email List
Hotel discounts
Discounts on rental cars
Attractive insurance programs
Office Depot Supplies Discounts
Nebraska Farmers Union is a membership driven organization that is committed to enhancing the quality of life of family farmers through educational opportunities, co-operative endeavors and civic engagement. Become part of the solution and join today!


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Local food, local events, local products, we're paying more and more attention to things that come directly from our own communities. Why shouldn't your insurance agent be local, too?
Everyone hates feeling like a number, and we promise never to make you feel that way. We're local. We live around the tri-state area, in the same community that you do. Our local understanding makes it easier for us to help you avoid needing to make a claim in the first place; or how to clean up afterwards.
Don't chance your business success or personal safety on an agent who treats you like a number, or someone in a far-off city. Kimberley Vassal Insurance Services has been trusted for generations and earned a place of honor in the communities we serve. Let us help you, here and now. When it comes to your insurance agent, shop local! Check out our official website http://www.kimberleyvassal.com to learn more about our company and receive a free Pennsylvania insurance quote!
Related articles
- Plans suspended for 120-mile gas pipeline in Pa. (sfgate.com)
- Several arrested in heroin crackdown in Chester County (wfmz.com)
- Valley Forge Mountain Phoenixville PA (twograhams.wordpress.com)


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President's Welcome for 2019
Our mission is to promote and develop hockey as an inclusive sport where people of all ages, levels & backgrounds can take up field hockey as a sport. Our Masters Section provides an opportunity for beginners, intermediate and advanced players to participate year round in winter and summer hockey. We offer a social environment where we enjoy a beer, a laugh and putting our game face on when the whistle blows.
Our goal is to encourage players to discover field hockey – see what a great game it is and how much fun it is to play in a social, supportive, and competitive atmosphere.
Hawthorn Masters will field seven teams (five men and two women's) in 2019 and there is plenty of space for everyone at every standard as long as you are willing to make friends and enjoy yourself.
We especially welcome anyone new.
If your kids have taken up the sport, you are new to Melbourne, whatever the reason you will find a team of happy and friendly people enjoying weeknight hockey.
Training for Masters is optional. Everyone is welcome to attend Senior Men's or Women's training on Wednesday night.
Training for Men is on Wednesdays: 7:00-8:30pm on H-2
Training for Women is on Wednesdays: 8:30-10:00pm on H-2
For general enquiries about Masters hockey contact:
Carole Shanks email@example.com
Our Teams in 2019
|Match Night
|Men's Masters Over 35 B
|Men's Masters Over 45 A
|Men's Masters Over 45 B
|Men's Masters Over 45 C
|Men's Masters Over 45 D
|Women's Masters Over 35 A
|Women's Masters Over 35 B


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Introduction Dependency validation helps to keep the code architecture clean and rules enforced. The video below gives a quick introduction to the dependency validation in Visual Studio. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8kF3goKZPQ Recently a friend, asked about enforcing constraints in a project architecture, I explained this to him. But I haven't used it any of my previous projects (we're … Continue reading Dependency Validation Diagrams do not work in ASP.NET Core / .NET Core
ASP.NET Core Dependency Injection
What is the different between ASP.NET Core Dependency Injection Singleton, Transient and Scoped.
Azure Elastic Pool and EF Core Architecture and Developer Workflow
EF Core, support with the Elastic Client Library seems not actively available, and EF Core has its own differences compared to Entity Framework as well. This blog post addresses these issues.
Using Akka.NET with ASP.NET Core – Creating a Quiz API
This is a template and quick start guide for Akka.NET with ASP.NET Core. You can grab the concepts of using Akka.NET with ASP.NET Core and how Akka.NET actor model can be used in a simple quiz or survey based scenario. But at the same time, this post will not provide all the fundamentals of actor … Continue reading Using Akka.NET with ASP.NET Core – Creating a Quiz API
Detailing ASP.NET Core in Azure App Service
ASP.NET core is the next generation development standard for the .NET world – may be that's how I like to express it. Every ASP.NET Core application is a DNX (.NET Execution Environment) application. When you create an ASP.NET Core application in Visual Studio (VS) 2015, it creates the project targeted at both the .NET Framework … Continue reading Detailing ASP.NET Core in Azure App Service


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Pursue Worship
Pursue Worship is a family of dreamers and doers leading the world in worship, and the worship team based out of Church On The Rock in Lubbock, TX. The Presence of God is our first priority in everything that we do. It is our heart's desire to be a resource to the global local church with well written, and Spirit-filled worship songs. Their latest album, "Let It Rise" was written to capture moments in His Presence for our local church, but we believe that it will be a powerful tool for individuals and churches around the world.


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The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway takes Huell from the desert floor to a snowy alpine environment.
Huell Howser visits the Palm Springs Air Museum located at the Palm Springs International Airport.
Huell revisits Tahquitz Canyon, one of the most beautiful and culturally sensitive areas of the Agua Caliente Reservation in Palm Springs.
Huell joins up with Bob Franz and the Southern California Bluebird Club, who have been working with many other groups across our state to help bluebirds make a recovery.
On his first-ever expedition to Siberia, George witnesses the alarming effect of melting permafrost, visits a 12,000-year-old dog, and camps out with reindeer herders on the chilliest night of his life.
A personal journey along one of the most spectacular coastlines in the world featuring the wildlife and wild places that make it so special.
Swirl into the world of maple syrup with Vivian Howard. Take a trip to Maine's Fryeburg Fair, discover the magic of caterpillars and learn more about the birds soaring across New England skies each fall.
Take a fresh look at our fragile planet and see just how much it's changing.
When the beaten path is not where you want to be, here are five of the most accessible outdoor adventures you can have on your own
From pandemics to natural disasters, a crisis only amplifies the challenges school food programs face regularly.
Here are seven of the best — but overlooked — places along the L.A. River to get acquainted with and accustomed to our city's life-giving waterway.
Learn how to make Adobo, featured in "Family Ingredients."
As an enslaved woman in the south, Biddy Mason was valued highly because of her knowledge in herbal medicine, but as a free woman in Los Angeles, Mason became a boundry-breaking midwife, nurse and philantropist.
The traditional narrative of the Watts Uprisings suggest that businesses fled from the chaos, but the story of Operation Boostrap suggests a wholly different story. Through their work, Operation Boostrap uplifted the community.
Watch as ancient Greeks strive for excellence, strife proves to be an inescapable certainty, and it's not long before the rising civilization and all that it promises will face its gravest tests.
Uncover the first draft of Western civilization, which, though it met a spectacular end, laid the groundwork for the revolution in human thought that was to come.
Friday on the NewsHour, coronavirus deaths across the U.S. are still accelerating, as economic conditions grow dire.
Thursday on the NewsHour, U.S. unemployment claims soar to a new record due to the coronavirus pandemic.
Monday on the NewsHour, COVID-19 continues to burn through the U.S. population, with New York as the most severe national hot spot.
Tuesday on the NewsHour, the death toll from novel coronavirus in the U.S. has now exceeded that in China.
PBS SoCal and KCET are collaborating with KPCC and LAist to bring you a daily reporter roundup discussing the latest regional news about COVID-19.
Nicknamed "Architect to the Stars," African American architect Paul R. Williams was one of the most successful architects of his time. But at the height of his career he wasn't always welcome in the buildings he designed because of his race.
Join Huell Howser as he travels the state to share California's rich history, cultural diversity, natural wonders, and amazing denizens.
"Tending Nature" shines a light on the environmental knowledge of indigenous peoples across California by exploring how the state's Native peoples have actively shaped and tended the land for millennia.
KCET's weekly news documentary series investigates and reports on the issues that affect Southern California, from the economy to the environment.
"Lost LA" brings SoCal history to life by marrying archival materials with innovative forms of documentary storytelling.
On the April 7 edition of Reporter Roundup, KPCC reporters are looking at COVID-19 from a variety of angles, including keeping kids safe and the disease's continual impact on the local economy.
April 7, 2020 – PBS NewsHour Full Episode
Travel with Huell to Gold Country on this very historic road trip.
COVID-19 is forcing changes to California's judicial system, while parents and lawyers worry the disease may infect children within the probation system.
This program showcases the objects on display in the Islamic galleries at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and The Louvre in Paris.
Donate: (866) 523-8200
This week: A historical photo exhibit, the world of quilting, frog "wranglers" and more!


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Library...page 2
Paper or Presentation Document
Where Presented or Published
|Connaghan, J.P.; M.C. Saylor, G.W. Clavert, S.C. Yeadon, C.H., et al
|Mathematical Modeling of Industrial Irradiation Processes: Application and End-User Training (paper)
|IMRP 2003 Chicago, USA
|2003, Sept
|Deeley, Cathie
|Interpreting the Technical Language of Radiation Processing
|IMRP 2003 Chicago, USA
|2003, Sept
|Desrosier, Marc
|Alanine & e-Certification
|RPSMUG, (NIST) Gaithersburg, USA
|2001, Nov
|Desrosiers, Marc; Sarenee Cooper, James Puhl, Anna McBain, Glenn Calvert
|A study of the alanine dosimeter irradiation temperature coefficient in the -770C to +500C range
|Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Elsievier Ltd, Vol. 71Issues 1-2 Pg 363-368 (presented at IMRP 2003, Chicago)
|2003, Sept
|Desrosier, Marc; Vitaly Yu Nagy
|Next-generation services for e-traceablity:e-calibrations
|IMRP 2003 Chicago, USA
|2003, Sept
|Derosiers, Marc, Mark Klemic, James M. Puhl, David Uchida, & Steven Mallis
|Next-generation services for e-traceablity to ionizing radiation national standards,
|Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Elsievier Ltd, Vol. 71Issues 1-2 Pg 371-374 (presented at IMRP 2003, Chicago)
|2004, Sept/ Oct
|Derosiers, Marc
|NIST Services for e-Traceability to Ionizing Radiation National Standards and Technology
|NMIJ-BIPM Workshop, Tsukuba, Japan
|2005, May 18
|Heiss, Art
|e-scan EPR Alanine Analyzer
|RPSMUG, (NIST) Gaithersburg, USA
|2003, April 23
|Herring, Craig
|Mathematical Modeling RPSMUG… What I want
|RPSMUG (AAMI), Arlington, VA, USA
|2004, Oct 27


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JOE Garner says defeat to Aberdeen has left a bitter taste for the Gers after seeing James Tavernier wrongly penalised for a foul that led to the Dons winner.
The striker said the team watched the incident, which came in the 90th minute, in the dressing room after the game and the nature of it made the result even harder to take.
James Maddison's stunning free-kick snatched all three points for the home side and Garner was left frustrated on his fourth appearance for the Light Blues.
The 28-year-old said:
"We're obviously very disappointed, I think the first-half we played very well and over the last couple of games we have played well but we need to start picking up points now.
"You could say that we dominated or that we were the better side but that happens in football. We just have to try and take our chances and be positive.
"It's the referee's decision isn't it and it's just one of those things, it has never been a foul but the referee gave it and stuck it in the top corner.
"We have seen the free-kick back in the dressing room and we've seen it was not a free-kick.
"That makes it more difficult to take because Tav has got the ball, the ball has gone off the pitch and then the ref has given the foul.
"We'll watch the game back and see then who the better side was but right now I'm just frustrated."
Garner has netted once since joining Rangers in August and was annoyed not to net again at Pittodrie.
The former Preston poacher said: "I had a couple of chances; the keeper turned it around the post and I had a header that took a deflection and went for a corner.
"On another day I could have had a couple so I am very frustrated but we'll go again."


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I am offering complementary samples of this healing modality by phone so you can release an issue and see how it works for you. I am booking 20 minutes for you so you can experience a technique you can use over and over again. Why wait when you can heal something that has been holding you back and down for years?
IET Basic class is an amazing Self Healing class in time for school and to prepare for the end of the year. This is a very easy and efficient way to apply self healing through accupressure points to release emotional, mental, physical issues that feels great. It gives your well-being and outlook a boost quickly while you lose the weight of the past on all levels. Children love receiving these quick sessions within minutes as needed. It's a great way to relieve stress at bedtime, before homework or tests and it is excellent bonding time with the parents that will last a lifetime!
Please take me up on this offer! I will be in the lovely Sedona, Arizona energy this weekend available for these sessions or full IET session if you are ready for one. Please email me at email@example.com to plan a time for you!


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Using viewport to define initial browser rendering
Remember that we created a minimal mobile friendly website in chapter 2? Now let's revise it with viewport and media queries configuration.
Add the following
<viewport> tag inside tho
<head> part of the HTML.
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
The viewport tells the device, more specifically the mobile device, to use the real device with instead of pretending to be a desktop screen. Before we add the viewport configuration, mobile web browser usually pretends to be a desktop screen with 900 something pixels width. This ensures showing the whole website to the readers and let readers zoom in to the part where they are interested to read. After we set viewport to use the device width, mobile web browser would use the real device width, for instance, 320px in iPhone, to render and disply the website.
QuirksMode provides a detail discussion on how the viewport options.


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2016 Lamborghini Aventador SV Roadster
- Make:
- Model:
- Body:
- Year:2016
- Colour:
- Mileage:3,500
- Engine:
- Gearbox:
- Engine Size:6498cc
- MPG Combined:13.5mpg
- CO2:370 g/km
- TAX 12 Month Rate:£555.00
Lamborghini Aventador Additional Information
Black Metallic / Black Full Leather, Four Wheel Drive, Multi Function Steering Wheel in Suede, Branding Package with Alcantara, Transparent Engine Bonnet, Fully Electric & Heated Seats with Details in Carbon Fibre, Rear View Camera, Engine Area in Carbon Fibre, Lifting System, Front Floor Mats in Carbon Fibre, Total coverage of Paint Protection Film,
Engine & MPG
- Engine Size:6498cc
- MPG Extra-urban:25.6mpg
- MPG Combined:13.5mpg
- MPG Urban:10.7mpg
Dimensions & Weight
- Height:1,136 mm
- Width:2,030 mm
- Length:4,780 mm
Performance & Safety
- 0-62MPH:2.9 seconds
- BHP:691bhp
- Top Speed:217mph
At De Stefano Ltd, every car which leaves our prestigious showroom in Bromley, Kent, that is outside it's manafactuer's warranty period, is supplied with a 12 month RAC Warranty, which not only provides cover for any breakdown, be it electrical or mechanical, but also comes with Roadside Breakdown Assistance.
If you have any queeries about the status of a warranty on a vehicle you are looking to purchase, please do not hesistate to ask.
We look forward to hearing from you.


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When you talk about a college football highlight reel, you can't take your eyes off Jalen Hurd. Hurd is set to become Tennessee's career rushing leader in his true junior season. Impressive yeah? Not as much as the fact that he revitalized a dormant SEC powerhouse.
He's rumbled for 301 rush yards in his final three games of last season and owns six 100-yard performances last year alone. Hurd's superstar performances on the gridiron helped Tennessee build one of its top recruiting classes.
He was the first top prospect to commit to Vols Head Coach Butch Jones and blazed the trail for in state talent to stay at home. He was an exceptional high school baller. In fact, he was Tennessee's holy grail.
- Lettered at Beech Senior High School in Hendersonville, Tenn., for coach Anthony Crabtree
- Rated five-star by 247Sports (No. 33 national prospect, No. 4 athlete, No. 1 prospect in Tennessee)
- Rated four-star by ESPN (No. 62 national prospect, No. 7 running back, No. 4 prospect in Tennessee)
- Rated five-star by Rivals (No. 28 national prospect, No. 5 running back, No. 2 prospect in Tennessee)
- Rated four-star by Scout (No. 11 running back)
- Played in 2014 U.S. Army All-American Game
- As a junior in 2012, ran for Tennessee state-record 3,357 yards and 43 touchdowns
- Set Tennessee state record with 294 points scored as a junior
- Averaged 240 yards per game and 10.58 yards per carry in 2012
- Gained more than 200 yards in nine games as a junior, including three games with at least 390 yards on the ground
- Piled up single-game rushing totals of 451, 396 and 394 as a junior
- Ran for Tennessee title-game records of 394 yards and seven touchdowns in 2012 championship, a 56-35 Beech win over Columbia Central
- Led Beech to 2012 state title with a perfect 15-0 record
As a high schooler he not only became the Vols top recruit but the school's top recruiter, using social media to draw other top in state prospects to Knoxville. His on-field performances are surreal, unprecedented, and maybe even unrealistic? His off-field characteristics were just as strong. The mentality he had while going through the choosing process is not only admirable, but also sensible.
It takes incredibly strong moral fiber to commit to an underachieving team, not only because "you're from there". He is attending the University of Tennessee because he wants to bring glory to his home; he wants to build something. Of course he needed help, he had a method to the madness
"I'll just get a whole bunch of fans to go tweet at them and that just really shows the love that Vol fans give you and that's very important," he said.
The year Hurd signed, Tennessee finished with a top 5 recruiting class and the talent has been bursting through the door ever since
"Now that it's reachable and you can see it, I definitely want to do that and that's a goal for mine and obviously the biggest goal for me is just to help my team get a national championship," he said.
Hurd's intense leadership shines through once again. He is a breath away from a storied college football team's all-time rushing record and he is still obsessed with winning his team a national championship. With all the hype building up over the last four years, this season is everything to not only Hurd but also that first group of players who took a chance on rebuilding Rocky Top.
Written by Ryan Musleh
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Welcome to LA
Los Angeles is a city carved out of the desert – a conjured image of paradise. These are the stories of people who learn what lies beyond the dream – yacht parties with theremin makers that end on the rocks, low-budget filmmaking that blurs the line between truth and fiction, movie stars and Hollywood hopefuls whose stories seem too crazy to be true. Welcome to Los Angeles.
What's your Welcome to L.A. story?
Do you remember when you first really felt like an Angeleno? We want to hear your story! Share it here and follow the #WelcometoLA conversation.


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exercise and diabetes
Benefits of exercising:
- Improves body posture and balance
- strengthens the bones and muscles
- improves collateral blood flow
- Improves insulin sensitivity
- improves sugar, blood pressure and lipid levels
- improves endurance levels
- increases the HDL, good cholesterol, levels
- reduces central obesity
- helps to loosen up the taut muscles
- improves flexibility of joints
- psychological well being
- reduces stress
- improves lean body mass
You must have heard from doctors to exercise, but probably not knowing how much to exercise or how to exercise. Lifestyle modification which includes diet, physical activity, cessation of smoking and alcohol, all form the cornerstone in management of diabetes mellitus.
American Diabetes association recommends 150 minutes of exercise a week. There are 3 main types of exercise- aerobics, flexibility and resistance training. Aerobic exercises increase the heart rate and breathing rate. These include jogging, swimming, running, brisk walking, cycling and dancing. Resistance training involves use of weights. Flexibilty exercises include stretching exercises such as gardening, walking, doing household chores and taking the stairs.
Remember the following:
1) do a comprehensive medical check up including the heart, eyes, feet and kidney before starting a program.
2) Do warm up exercises and stretches for 5 minutes before active exercise. Focus on stretching calves, thighs, neck, low back and shoulder group of muscles. Hold the stretch for 30 seconds. Breathe freely.
3) perform the active exercise for a minimum of 20 minutes( you may have to adjust the time according to your age and ability).
4) cool down for 5 minutes where by the heart rate comes back to the levels before exercise.
5) The maximum heart rate to be achieved is calculated as follows- 220 minus your age is the target heart rate. By exercising you should achieve 60-75% of the target heart rate.
6) Try to take a break half way through the exercise regime especially if doing for an hour. Sugar levels can come down and so it is wise to have half a glass of orange juice or have a couple of dates or half an apple or half a banana.
7) Core muscle group involve the muscles supporting the back and abdomen. These also have to be concentrated upon.
8) Do exercises which improve balance like standing on one leg. You may have to hold on to something for support at the beginning.
Beware of these problems before exercising:
Those with eye problems should not do resistance training with weights and heavy exercises which jar the head as it will cause a bleed within the eyes. Similarly, those with feet problems or heart problems also have to be careful with heavy exercises. Cycling and swimming are more beneficial than jogging among those with feet nerve problems or heart problems.
Check the sugar levels before exercising and after cooling down.
Remember to hydrate yourself with fluids while exercising. Check sugar levels before exercising. If the levels are low ( 100 mg/dL or <5.5 mmol/L) always take some snack like bread slice or biscuits so that sugar levels do not fall with the exercise. You can have orange juice or plain candy bars if the sugars are low.Likewise, if sugar levels are very high, reduce the levels with insulin shots and proceed for the exercise regime after consulting with the health care provider.
Never inject insulin before exercising
While doing resistance training, remember not to use heavy weights, but use small weights and increase the repetitions. . Sugar levels fall with exercise unless you do a high intensity exercise ( like sprinting) when the sugars will increase.
Walking is still the best exercise, wear appropriate clothes, avoid exercising outdoors during extremes of climate( hot and cold) and don proper footwear.
Are there any barriers to exercising?
- If a type 1 diabetic, having high blood sugar levels > 300 mg/dL or having ketones in blood.
- If type 2 diabetic having high blood sugar or low blood sugar
- If having an advanced retinopathy ( eye affection in diabetes)- seek consultation with eye specialist before exercising.
- If having nephropathy ( kidney affection in diabetes) – can affect delivery of oxygen to tissues and increase protein in urine.
- If having peripheral neuropathy- ( nerves affected by diabetes)- patients will not have any sensation and so can land in problems.
- If having a heart problem, one is advised not to stress the heart too much
Some common excuses to avoid exercising:
- shame
- laziness
- lack of time
- poor lighting
- harsh climatic conditions
- being overweight and all people are "staring"
- costs of exercising
- racial and cultural reasons
- sweating induced itching of body and mal odour
- Fear of hypoglycemia
Gunner Borg devised an exertion scale , a tool that helped define how hard one felt during any particular activity:
- grade 0 if feeling nothing at all
- grade 1 if feeling very weak
- grade 2 if feeling weak
- grade 3 if feeling moderately weak
- grade 4 if feeling somewhat strong
- grade 5 if feeling strong
- grade 6 if feeling stronger
- grade 7 if feeling very strong
- grade 8 if feeling more difficulty
- grade 9 if feeling very difficult
- grade 10 if feeling extremely difficult
There are some other forms of exercise which can be used to break the monotony.
- Running backwards- less problems for joint injury but have to be in a safe environment.
- Cycle karoke- pedaling on a stationary exercise cycle and singing at the same time. If out of breath, go slow on the cycling. If one can sing well, then increase the tempo of the cycling.
- Troga- yoga on the treadmill. But the speed of the treadmill should not be more than 3 mph. Be careful of falling.Not recommended for the elderly or with joint problems.


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BlueCat's instructors bring DDI to life and share their years of industry experience with learners.
All instructor-led training includes practical, hands-on lab exercises that prepare you and your team to hit the ground running as soon as the course is completed. Both customer-hosted and BlueCat-hosted options are available.
On-Site Instruction: Customer-Hosted
Our experienced instructors provide face-to-face instruction in the comfort of your office. Sessions focus on providing students with hands-on experience that allows students to apply newly-acquired knowledge and skills as soon as they return to the job. On-site training courses are an ideal option if you have a large group of employees in one location who need training.
On-Site Instruction: BlueCat-Hosted
Get live instruction from our experienced instructors at BlueCat's headquarters in Toronto. Sessions focus on providing students with hands-on experience that allows students to apply newly-acquired knowledge and skills as soon as they return to the job. BlueCat-hosted on-site training courses are an ideal option for those who want instructor-led training on a per-seat basis.
Virtual (Remote) Instruction
Our virtual (remote) courses offer the same instructor-led approach to training and allow learners to remotely log in to a live classroom regardless of your staff's location. Students and instructors interact with each other in an online classroom offering the same hands-on experience using a virtual lab environment.
BlueCat Fundamentals
The BlueCat Fundamentals instructor-led training course prepares students to manage all aspects of DHCP and DNS through Address Manager. Students start by building a new configuration and then use it to develop hands-on experience creating IP, DNS and DHCP data.
BlueCat Security and Advanced Configuration
BlueCat Security and Advanced Configuration is an 8-hour course designed to teach security and advanced IPAM concepts to administrators.
BlueCat Gateway Training
This program introduces BlueCat Gateway ("Gateway"), outlines its relevance and capabilities, and instructs participants on how to best use Gateway's features.


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In this episode, Kelsey and Becca talk all about why you should work towards a zero-waste and toxin-free menstrual cycle. They also share their favorite zero-waste options for feminine items, like absorbable undies and the menstrual cup, and how to use them.
Show Notes:
Products Mentioned:
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Thanks for stopping by Green Willow Homestead! From chicken rearing to composting, we've got our hands full and we love sharing what we've learned along the way. Follow along as we strive to live sustainably and turn these five acres from just property to a fully functioning regenerative farm.
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Favorite Books of 2019
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3. A Sand County Almanac
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March 2020


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Pandor receives French honour
8 December 2018
Ambassador of France to South Africa Christophe Farnaud, bestowed on South African Minister of Higher Education and Training, Naledi Pandor, the award of Officier de l'Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur (or Officer in the French Legion of Honour) on behalf of the French president at the French Residence in Pretoria on Friday
Minister Pandor is recognised for her remarkable, life-long achievements and for her efforts in nurturing and furthering the cooperation between France and South Africa in the field of science, technology as well as vocational and academic training during her time as Minister of Science and Technology and Higher Education and Training.
The French Legion of Honour celebrates the accomplishments of distinguished individuals, irrespective of sex, social background and nationality.
The national order of the Legion of Honour was established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802, and is the highest decoration in France. It was first awarded on 14 July 1804.
Since 1994, Pandor has served as Minister of Education, Minister of Science and Technology, Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Higher Education and Training.
Minister Pandor played a key role in developing scientific cooperation between France and South Africa and Paris is now one of Pretoria's key partners in this sector.
During the ceremony, Ambassador Farnaud said, "Minister Pandor is a key political figure in South Africa. Her passion for science and education spans throughout her successful career and even spills over into the rest of her life. Her actions have been prominently inspired by the idea that both education and science should be key role players for solving critical issues in this country."
Pandor said: "We are committed to the very longstanding friendship between our two countries. The French people and government have granted this honour to persons we regard as illustrious – the heroes and heroines of our country".
Other prominent South Africans who have been awarded this honour are former President Nelson Mandela, late struggle icon Ahmed Kathrada, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and the late Edna Molewa.