text:
CASE FOR A CREATOR #4 continued
Doubts about Darwinism #2
The Sins of Haeckel
"Wells's first disclosure about Haeckel's embryos was a stunner, but he had said there were a total of three problems with the drawings. I couldn't wait to hear him address the others. "What are the other two problems?" I asked.
"The minor problem is that Haeckel cherry-picked his examples," Wells explained. "He only shows a few of the seven vertebrate classes. For example, his most famous rendition has eight columns. Four are mammals, but they're all placental mammals. There are two other kinds of mammals that he didn't show, which are different. The remaining four classes he showed—reptiles, birds, amphibians, and fish—-happen to be more similar than the ones he omitted. He used a salamander to represent amphibians instead of a frog, which looks very different. So he stacked the deck by picking representatives that came closest to fitting his idea—-and then he went further by faking the similarities."
That sounded like a pretty serious breach of scientific protocol to me. "If that's the minor problem," I said sarcastically, "then what's the major one?"
Wells moved to the edge of his chair; clearly, this was tapping into his passion area. "To me, as an embryologist, the most dramatic problem is that what Haeckel claimed is the early stage of development is nothing of the sort. It's actually the midpoint of development," he explained. "If you go back to the earlier stages, the embryos look far more different from each other. But he deliberately omits the earlier stages altogether."
I didn't immediately catch the full significance of this. ""Why is that important?"
"Remember Darwin claimed that because the embryos are most similar in their early stages, this is evidence of common ancestry. He thought that the early stage showed what the common ancestor looked like-—-sort of like a fish.
"But embryologists talk about the 'developmental hourglass,' which refers to the shape of an hourglass, with its width representing the measure of difference. You see, vertebrate embryos start out looking very different in the early cell division stages. The cell divisions in a mammal, for example, are radically different from those in any of the other classes. There's no possible way you could mix them up. In fact, it's extremely different within classes. The patterns are all over the place. Then at the midpoint-—which is what Haeckel claimed in his drawings was the early stage—the embryos become more similar, though nowhere near as much as Haeckel claimed. Then they become very different again."
What a devastating critique! Haeckel's drawings, which had been published countless times over more than a century, had failed on three levels. I couldn't help but ask "Wells: "If they're so misleading, then why did scientists continue to publish them for generation after generation of students?"
"One explanation that's often given," he replied, "is that although the drawings are false, they teach a concept that's basically true. "Well, this is not true. Biologists know that embryos are not most similar in their earliest stages."
With that, Wells picked up his book from the desk and flipped to the chapter on Haeckel. "Yet listen to this: one textbook shows Haeckeis drawings and says, 'Early developmental stages of animals whose adult forms appear radically different are often surprisingly similar.' One 1999 textbook has a slightly redrawn version of Haeckeis work and tells students, 'Notice that the early embryonic stages of these vertebrates bear a striking resemblance to each other.'
Another textbook accompanies its drawings with the statement: 'The early embryos of vertebrates strongly resemble one another.' Another says flatly: 'One fact of embryology that pushed Darwin toward the idea of evolution is that the early embryos of most vertebrates closely resemble one another.'" 28
Wells snapped the book shut. "As I said, it's just false that embryos are most similar in their earliest development. Of course, some Darwinists try to get around Haeckeis problems by changing their tune. They use evolutionary theory to try to explain why the differences in the embryos are there. They can get quite elaborate," he said.
"But that's doing the same thing that the theory-savers were doing with the Cambrian explosion. "What was supposed to be primary evidence for Darwin's theory—the fossil or embryo evidence—turns out to be false, so they immediately say, well, we know the theory's true, so let's use the theory to explain why the evidence doesn't fit. But then, inheres the evidence for the theory?' he demanded, sounding both frustrated and perturbed. "That's what I'd like to know. "Why should I accept the theory as being true at all?"
The Truth about Gills
Wells's explanation made me feel foolish for ever having believed the embryo drawings I had seen as a student, much less the previous two icons that 'Wells had already deconstructed. I felt a little like the victim of a con game, blaming myself for being so uncritical and naive in accepting what evolution textbooks and biology teachers had told me.
But HaekePs drawings weren't the only evidence I had been taught about universal ancestry. I also had been told a fascinating fact that helped convince me that our progenitors dwelled in the ocean: all human embryos, so my teachers said, go through a stage in which they actually develop gill-like structures on their necks.
The encyclopedia I consulted as a youngster declared unequivocally that "the fetuses of mammals at one stage have gill slits which resemble those of fish," which to me was dramatic confirmation of our aquatic ancestry. 29 In 1996, Life magazine described how human embryos grow "something very much like gills," which is "some of the most compelling evidence of evolution." 30 Even some contemporary biology textbooks assert that human embryos have "gill pouches" or "gill slits." 31
This colorful tidbit stayed with me from the first time I heard it. "Aren't gills strong evidence that our ancestors lived in the ocean?" I asked Wells.
He sighed. Apparently, I was not the first person to raise this issue with him. "Yes, that's the standard argument, but—here," he said, gesturing toward me, "look down toward your navel for a moment." Feeling a little awkward, I bowed my head. "Now, feel your neck," he said. "There are ridges in the skin, right?" I nodded. Well, if you look at an embryo, it's doubled over. It has ridges in the neck. I'm not saying they're only skin folds; they're more complicated than that. But it's just an anatomical feature that grows out of the fact that this is how vertebrate embryos develop. Let me be clear: they're not gills!" he stressed. "Even fish don't have gills at that stage. In humans, the ridges become one thing; in fish,'they become gills. They're not even gill slits. To call them gill-like structures is merely reading evolutionary theory back into the evidence. They're never gill-like except in the superficial sense that they're lines in the neck area. As British embryologist Lewis Wolpert said, the resemblance is only illusory. 32
It's interesting how these misconceptions continue to thrive," he went on. "Evolutionists used to teach that famous phrase 'ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny,' which is a fancy way of saying that embryos repeat their evolutionary history by passing through the adult forms of their ancestors as they develop. But this theory has been widely dismissed for many decades, because it's empirically false. Even so, there are aspects of it that still come up. And gill slits' would be a prime example of that."
Wing, Flipper, Leg, Hand
Earlier in our interview, Wells had brought up another category of evidence for universal ancestry: homology in vertebrate limbs. I remember as a student seeing the drawings depicting the similar bone structures in a bat's wing, a porpoise's flipper, a horse's leg, and a human's hand. I was told that even though these limbs have been adapted for different uses, their underlying similarity-—-or "homology"-—-is proof that they all share a common ancestor. Wells had briefly mentioned this phenomenon at the outset of our interview. "Isn't homology good evidence for Darwinism?" I asked.
"Actually, these homologies were described and named by Darwin's predecessors-—-and they were not evolutionists," he replied. "Richard Owen, who was the most famous anatomist of Darwin's time, said they pointed toward a common archetype or design, not toward descent with modification."
"But," I protested, "the similarities are there—-you can't deny that."
"Yes, but the explanation can go either way: design or descent with modification. How do we determine which is true? Listen—similarity alone doesn't tell us. Look at Berra's Blunder."
He threw out that comment assuming I would know what he was referring to. Although the term sounded vaguely familiar, I couldn't pinpoint what it meant. "Berra's Blunder?" I asked. "What's that?"
"Phillip Johnson coined that term based on a book that was written by a biologist named Tim Berra in 1990. Berra compared the fossil record to a series of automobile models, saying that if you compare a 1953 and 1954 Corvette side by side, and then a 1954 and 1955 Corvette and so on, then it becomes obvious that there has been descent with modification. He said this is what paleontologists do with fossils, 'and the evidence is so solid and comprehensive that it cannot be denied by reasonable people.' 33
"Far from demonstrating his point, the illustration shows that a designer could have been involved," Wells said. "These successive models of the Corvette are based on plans drawn up by engineers, so there's intelligence at work to guide and implement the process. If you wanted to demonstrate that the similar features resulted from a Darwinian process, you would have to show that once you somehow got an automobile, the natural forces of rust, wind, water, and gravity would turn one model into its successor. The point I want to make is this: quite unintentionally, Berra had illustrated the fact that merely having a succession of similar forms does not provide its own explanation. A mechanism is needed. With the Corvette, that mechanism is human manufacturing."
"What mechanism is proposed for Darwinism?" I asked.
"One is called 'common developmental pathways,' which means if you have two different animals with homologous features and you trace them back to the embryo, they would come from similar cells and processes. This happens to be mostly untrue. I mentioned frogs earlier. There are some frogs that develop like frogs and other frogs that develop like birds, but they all look pretty much the same when they come out the other end. They're frogs. So the developmental pathway explanation is false—I don't know anybody who studies development and takes it seriously. A more common explanation nowadays is that the homologies come from similar genes. In other words, the reason two features are homologous in two different animals would be that they're programmed by similar genes in the embryo. But it turns out this doesn't work very well, either. We know some cases where you have similar features that come from different genes, but we have lots and lots of cases where we have similar genes that give rise to very different features. I'll give you an example: eyes. There's a gene that's similar in mice, octopuses, and fruit flies. If you look at a mouse eye and an octopus eye, there's a superficial similarity, which is odd because nobody thinks their common ancestor had an eye like that. What's more striking is if you look at a fruit fly's eye-—a compound eye with multiple facets—-it's totally different. Yet all three of these eyes depend on the same or very similar gene. In fact, it's so similar that you can put the mouse gene into a fruit fly that's missing that gene and you can get the fruit fly to develop its eyes as it normally would. The genes are that similar. So neither the developmental pathway explanation nor the similar gene explanation really accounts for homology."
I asked, "What's the answer, then?"
Wells shrugged. "Frankly, it remains a mystery. If you read the literature on homology, the experts know it's a mystery. They may not give up Darwinism, but they know they haven't solved the problem. To me, if you haven't solved the problem of a mechanism, then you haven't distinguished between common descent and common design. It could be either one. The evidence isn't pointing one way or the other. I think students deserve to know that scientists haven't resolved this problem. Instead, some textbooks simply define homology as similarity due to common ancestry. So the theory becomes true by definition. What the textbook is saying is that similarity due to common ancestry is due to common ancestry. And that's circular reasoning."
Human Genes, Ape Genes
Since Wells had brought up genetics, I was reminded of another question I wanted to raise with him about the theory of common descent. "What about recent genetic studies that show humans and apes share ninety-eight or ninety-nine percent of their genes?" I asked. "Isn't that evidence that we share a common ancestor?"
"If you assume, as neo-Darwinism does, that we are products of our genes, then you're saying that the dramatic differences between us and chimpanzees are due to two percent of our genes," he replied. "The problem is that the so-called body-building genes are in the ninety-eight percent. The two percent of genes that are different are really rather trivial genes that have little to do with anatomy. So the supposed similarity of human and chimpanzee DNA is a problem for neo-Darwinism right there. Second, it's not surprising that when you look at two organisms that are similar anatomically, you often find they're similar genetically. Not always; there's a striking discordance with some organisms. But does this prove common ancestry?"
He shook his head as he answered his own question: "No, it's just as compatible with common design as it is with common ancestry. A designer might very well decide to use common building materials to create different organisms, just as builders use the same materials— steel girders, rivets, and so forth—-to build different bridges that end up looking very dissimilar from one another."
As I mentally wrestled with this concept, I stood to stretch my legs. Walking over to the window, I looked down at cars backed up along the busy street and people hustling down the sidewalks on either side. A rudimentary illustration popped into my mind.
"Let me see if I understand you. If I were to chemically analyze that street and sidewalk," I said, pointing out the window, "I'd find they would be identical or very similar. They'd both be made of concrete. But that wouldn't mean that they shared a common ancestor—say, a path for a golf cart—that got wider and more substantial over millions of years. A better explanation would be that there was a common designer who decided to use basically the same materials to construct similar, but functionally different, structures."
Wells thought about my example for a moment. "Essentially, that's right," he said. "It sounds ridiculous to suggest a golf path could evolve into a sidewalk and street, but it's not any more outlandish than some of the claims for biological evolution. The important point is that similarity by itself doesn't distinguish between design and Darwinism."
We had strayed from Haeckel's embryos, but the issues were the same: is there persuasive evidence through embryology or homology that all living creatures evolved over time from an ancient progenitor? I concluded that Darwin was wrong: examining embryos of different creatures in their early stages does not yield support for his theory. And the undeniable similarities between some vertebrate limbs certainly doesn't distinguish between design or descent as a cause. Once again, the persuasive power of the evolutionary icons had been deflated.
I glanced at my watch; if I were to catch my plane back to Los Angeles, I would need to turn to the last of the four evolutionary images from my days as a student: the awe-inspiring fossil of a prehistoric creature that once effectively silenced many of Darwin's critics.
IMAGE #4: The Archaeopteryx Missing Link
"When Darwin's The Origin of Species was published in 1859, he conceded that "the most obvious and gravest objection which can be urged against my theory" was that the fossil record failed to back up his evolutionary hypothesis.
"Why," he asked, "if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms?" He attributed the problem to the fossil record being incomplete and predicted that future discoveries would vindicate his theory.
As if on cue, two years later scientists unearthed the archaeopteryx (pronounced ar-key-OPT-er-icks) in a German quarry. Darwin's supporters were thrilled—surely this missing link between reptiles and modern birds, unveiled so promptly after the appearance of Darwin's book, would just be the first of many future fossil discoveries that would validate Darwin's claims. Like many people, including the scientist who "actually fell upon his knees in awe" when he first glimpsed the archaeopteryx at the National History Museum in England, 34 I was enthralled by the dramatic pictures of the prehistoric creature. I was under the impression that it was featured in my books on evolution because it is just one example of many transitional links that have been found. But I was wrong. Since that time I have come to learn that the fossil record has utterly let Darwin down. Michael Denton, in his book Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, summarized the bleak situation this way:
... [T]he universal experience of paleontology... [is that] while the rocks have continually yielded new and exciting and even bizarre forms of life ... what they have never yielded is any of Darwin's myriads of transitional forms. Despite the tremendous increase in geological activity in every corner of the globe and despite the discovery of many strange and hitherto unknown forms, the infinitude of connecting links has still not been discovered and the fossil record is about as discontinuous as it was when Darwin was writing the Origin. The intermediates have remained as elusive as ever and their absence remains, a century later, one of the most striking characteristics of the fossil record. 35 As a result, said Denton, the fossil record "provides a tremendous challenge to the notion of organic evolution."36 But what about the archaeopteryx. The fossils of this magnificent creature, its detailed image pressed into fine-grained limestone, still seemed to stand in stark contrast to this trend.
"Doesn't archaeopteryx fill the gap between reptiles and modern birds?" I asked Wells.
"There are several problems with that," came his reply. "Does it show Darwinian evolution? Well, no, for the same reason that the Corvettes don't illustrate Darwinian evolution. We would need more than an intermediate form to show that; we would need to know how you get from one to the other. The question is, do you get from a reptile to a bird—which is an astonishingly huge step—by some totally natural process or does this require the intervention of a designer? An archaeopteryx, as beautiful as it is, doesn't show us one way or the other. Besides, we see strange animals around today, like the duck-billed platypus, which nobody considers transitional but which has characteristics of different classes."
"But the archaeopteryx is a half-bird, half-reptile, right?"
"No, not even close," he insisted. "It's a bird with modern feathers, and birds are very different from reptiles in many important ways— their breeding system, their bone structure, their lungs, their distribution of weight and muscles. It's a bird, that's clear—-not part bird and part reptile. But there are more interesting parts to the archaeopteryx story," he added. "The main one comes from a branch of evolutionary theory called cladistics. This takes Darwinian theory to the extreme. Cladists define homology, or physical similarities, as being due to common ancestry. Then they say, well, the main way we can group animals in the evolutionary tree is through homologies, which is already a bit of a circular argument. When they go back into the fossil record, they assume birds came from reptiles by descent, and they look for reptiles that are more bird-like in their skeletal structure."
"Where do they find them?" I asked.
Wells smiled. "That's the fascinating part," he said. "It turns out they find them millions of years after archaeopteryx. So here we have archaeopteryx, which is undeniably a bird, and yet the fossils that look most like the reptilian ancestors of birds occur tens of millions of years later in the fossil record. The missing link is still missing! Now evolutionists are stuck looking for another theoretical ancestor to try to fill the gaps, but it hasn't been found."
"So the archaeopteryx is not an ancestor of modern birds?"
"Not at all. Paleontologists pretty much agree on that. There are too many structural differences. Larry Martin, a paleontologist from the University of Kansas, said clearly in 1985 that the archaeopteryx is not an ancestor of any modern birds; instead, it's a member of a totally extinct group of birds." 37
So much for the power of archaeopteryx to authenticate Darwin's claims. Even ardent evolutionist Pierre Lecomte du Nouy agrees:
We are not even authorized to consider the exceptional case of the archaeopteryx as a true link. By link, we mean a necessary stage of transition between classes such as reptiles and birds, or between smaller groups. An animal displaying characters belonging to two different groups cannot be treated as a true link as long as the intermediary stages have not been found, and as long as the mechanisms of transition remain unknown. 38
Yet even if archaeopteryx had turned out to be a transitional creature, it would have been but a whisper of protest to the fossil records deafening roar against classical Darwinism.
"If we are testing Darwinism rather than merely looking for a confirming example or two," Phillip Johnson said, "then a single good candidate for ancestor status is not enough to save a theory that posits a worldwide history of continual evolutionary transformation." 39
Frauds and Turkeys
Paleontologists, however, have been on a frenzy to try to locate an actual reptilian ancestor for birds. Driven by an all-consuming commitment to evolutionary theory, their zeal has resulted in some recent embarrassments for science. Wells was more than willing to regale me with some examples.
"A few years ago the National Geographic Society announced that a fossil had been purchased at an Arizona mineral show that turned out to be 'the missing link between terrestrial dinosaurs and birds that could actually fly'" he said. "It certainly looked that way. They called it the archaeoraptor, and it had the tail of a dinosaur and the forelimbs of a bird. National Geographic magazine published an article in 1999 that said there's now evidence that feathered dinosaurs were ancestors of the first bird."
"That sounds pretty convincing," I said.
"Well, the problem was that it was a fake!" Wells said. "A Chinese paleontologist proved that someone had glued a dinosaur tail to a primitive bird. He created it to resemble just what the scientists had been looking for. There was a firestorm of criticism—-the curator of birds at the Smithsonian charged that the Society had become aligned with zealous scientists' who were 'highly biased proselytizers of the faith' that birds evolved from dinosaurs."
Then Wells made a blanket statement that struck me at the time as being too cynical. "Fakes are coming out of these fossil beds all the time," he said, "because the fossil dealers know there's big money in it."
I remained skeptical about that charge until I subsequently read an interview with ornithologist Alan Feduccia, an evolutionary biologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. When a reporter for Discover magazine raised the archaeoraptor fraud, Feduccia said:
Archaeoraptor is just the tip of the iceberg. There are scores of fake fossils out there, and they have cast a dark shadow over the whole field. When you go to these fossil shows, it's difficult to tell which ones are faked and which ones are not. I have heard there is a fake-fossil factory in northeast China, in Liaoning Province, near the deposits where many of these recent alleged feathered dinosaurs were found. 40
Asked what would motivate such fraud, Fedducia replied: "Money. The Chinese fossil trade has become a big business. These fossil forgeries have been sold on the black market for years now, for huge sums of money. Anyone who can produce a good fake stands to profit." 41
Other outlandish incidents occurred at about the same time the archaeoraptor fraud was coming to light. "Wells was attending a conference in Florida, where the star of the show was a fossil called bambiraptor-- a chicken-sized dinosaur with supposedly bird-like characteristics.
"Again, paleontologists called it the missing link," Wells told me. "And, sure enough, the reconstructed animal on display had feathers or feather-like structures on it. The problem was that no feathers were ever found with the fossil! But because scientists said they should be there, they were added. And the dinosaur looked even more like a bird because the guy who did the reconstruction used the same artificial eyes that taxidermists put in stuffed eagles. While there was a brief disclaimer," he added, "it was rather cryptically written. Then a group of molecular biologists at the conference reported finding bird DNA in dinosaur bones that were sixty-five million years old. Now, that would be pretty exciting! They suggested that this was genetic evidence that birds are closely related to dinosaurs. The problem is that the bones from which the DNA was supposedly extracted are from a branch of dinosaurs that had nothing to do with bird ancestry. Furthermore, the DNA they found was not ninety or ninety-nine percent similar to birds—it was one-hundred-percent turkey DNA! Even chickens don't have DNA that's one hundred percent similar to turkey DNA. Only turkeys have one-hundred-percent turkey DNA. So these people said they found turkey DNA in a dinosaur bone— and it actually got published in Science magazine! This is just incredible to me! The headline in the magazine said with a straight face: 'Dinos and Turkeys: Connected by DNA?'"
That last story begged the next question: "How in the world do you explain how the turkey DNA got in there?"
Shaking his head, "Wells said, "Maybe somebody dropped a turkey sandwich in the dig or there was lab contamination. If I had reported something like this in my grad student research, I would have been laughed out of the room. They would have told me, 'Go do the test again—it's contaminated.' But for goodness sake, this was taken seriously enough to publish it in Science. Even the scientist who reported the finding admitted he was 'quite skeptical' of his own work at this points—-and yet people were willing to seize on it to support their belief in Darwinian theory." 42
The Legend of Java Man
I couldn't end my conversation without touching on one more icon related to the fossil evidence: the pictures I've seen from time to time of a parade of ape-like creatures that morph into modern human beings. In fact, this illustration is emblazoned across the cover of a 1998 edition of The Origin of Species. 43 For many, this "ultimate icon" is not just a theory, but an established fact.
"If you go back far enough," legendary newscaster "Walter Cronkite intoned in a documentary on evolution, "we and the chimps share a common ancestor. My father's father's father's father, going back maybe a half-million generations-—about five million years ago—was an ape." 44
That kind of certainty about human evolution was engendered in me as a youngster, when I would devour my World Book Encyclopedia. One of my favorite entries was "Prehistoric Man," where I would linger for hours, fascinated by the part-ape, part-human nicknamed "Java man." Apparently, I wasn't the only member of this missing link's fan club. Said the author of a book on paleoanthropology:
Java man is like an old friend. We learned about him in grade school In fact, the vast majority of people who believe in human evolution were probably first sold on it by this convincing salesman. Not only is he the best-known human fossil, he is one of the only human fossils most people know. 45
World Book's two-page spread highlighted a parade of prehistoric men. Second in line was a lifelike bust of Java man from the American Museum of Natural History, accompanied by an outline showing his profile. "With his sloping forehead, heavy brow, jutting jaw, receding chin and bemused expression, he was exactly what a blend of ape and man should look like. For me, studying his face and looking into his eyes helped cement the reality of human evolution.
The encyclopedia confidently described how Dutch scientist Eugene Dubois, excavating on an Indonesian Island in 1891 and 1892, "dug some bones from a riverbank." Java man, which he dated back half a million years, "represents a stage in the development of modern man from a smaller-brained ancestor." 46 He was, according to Dubois, the missing link between apes and humans. 47
And I believed it all. I was blithely ignorant, however, of the full Java man story. What is not so well known is that Java man consists of nothing more than a skullcap, a femur (thigh bone), three teeth, and a great deal of imagination, one author would later write. 48 In other words, the lifelike depiction of Java man, which had so gripped me when I was young, was little more than speculation fueled by evolutionary expectations of what he should have looked like if Darwinism were true.
As a youngster beginning to form my opinions about human evolution, I wasn't aware of what I have more recently discovered: that Dubois' shoddy excavation would have disqualified the fossil from consideration by todays standards. Or that the femur apparently didn't really belong with the skullcap. Or that the skull cap, according to prominent Cambridge University anatomist Sir Arthur Keith, was distinctly human and reflected a brain capacity well within the range of humans living today. 49 Or that a 342-page scientific report from a fact-finding expedition of nineteen evolutionists demolished Dubois' claims and concluded that Java man played no part in human evolution. 50
In short, Java man was not an ape-man as I had been led to believe, but he was "a true member of the human family." 51 This was a fact apparently lost on Time magazine, which as recently as 1994 treated Java man as a legitimate evolutionary ancestor. 52
The Narrative of Human Evolution
Wells listened intently as I described to him how my exposure to misinformation about Java man had paved the way for my eventual wholehearted embrace of Darwinian evolution. The factors that contributed to that debacle, he pointed out, are still quite relevant.
"One of the major problems with paleoanthropology is that compared to all the fossils we have, only a minuscule number are believed to be of creatures ancestral to humans," Wells said. "Often, it's just skull fragments or teeth. So this gives a lot of elasticity in reconstructing the specimens to fit evolutionary theory. For example, when National Geographic hired four artists to reconstruct a female figure from seven fossil bones found in Kenya, they came up with quite different interpretations. One looked like a modern African-American woman; another like a werewolf; another had a heavy, gorilla-like brow; and another had a missing forehead and jaws that looked a bit like a beaked dinosaur. Of course, this lack of fossil evidence also makes it virtually impossible to reconstruct supposed relationships between ancestors and descendents. One anthropologist likened the task to trying to reconstruct the plot of War and Peace by using just thirteen random pages from the book." 53
Wells reached over again to pick up Icons of Evolution. "I thought Henry Gee, the chief science writer for Nature, was quite candid in talking about this issue in 1999," Wells said as he searched for the right page. "Gee wrote, 'The intervals of time that separate fossils are so huge that we cannot say anything definite about their possible connection through ancestry and descent.' He called each fossil 'an isolated point, with no knowable connection to any other given fossil, and all float around in an overwhelming sea of gaps.' In fact, he said that all the fossil evidence for human evolution 'between ten and five million years ago-—-several thousand generations of living creatures—-can be fitted into a small box.' Consequendy, he concluded that 'the conventional picture of human evolution is a completely human invention created after the fact, shaped to accord with human prejudices.' Then he said quite blundy: 'To take a line of fossils and claim that they represent a lineage is not a scientific hypothesis that can be tested, but an assertion that carries the same validity as a bedtime story—amusing, perhaps even instructive, but not scientific',"
Wells put down the book. "In other words, you're not going to reconstruct human evolutionary history just based on examining the few fossils we have," he continued. "The only reason anyone thinks the evidence supports human evolution is because Darwinism is assumed to be true on other grounds. If it is, then it makes perfect sense to extrapolate that to human history, which is what Darwin did in his book The Descent of Man. But what if the other evidence for Darwinism is faulty-—which, in fact, it is? You and I didn't even go into the major flaws with a whole host of other evolution icons that are used to teach students today. There's no shortage of books debunking Darwin. And without any compeling evidence for Darwinism in these areas, the whole question of human evolution is up for grabs. Instead, Darwinists assume the story of human life is an evolutionary one, and then they plug the fossils into a preexisting narrative where they seem to fit. The narrative can take several forms depending on ones biases. As one anthropologist said, the process is 'both political and subjective' to the point where he suggested that paleoanthropology has the form but not the substance of a science.' 55 In fact, a paleoanthropologist named Misia Landau wrote a book in which she talked about the similarities between the story of human evolution and old-fashioned folk tales. She concluded that many classic texts in the field were 'determined as much by traditional narrative frameworks as by material evidence' and that these themes 'far exceed what can be inferred from the study of fossils alone.'" 56
I took a few moments to soak in what Wells had said. He was right—certainly Java man's fall from grace is instructive. It highlights how many people, including myself, became adherents of Darwinism through fossils or other evidence that later discoveries have either undermined or disproved. But the damage has already been done in many cases—-the student, unaware of these subsequent findings, has already graduated into full-fledged naturalism.
As I leaf back through my time-worn copies of the World Book from my childhood, I can now see how faulty science and Darwinian presuppositions forced my former friend Java man into an evolutionary parade that's based much more on imagination than reality. Unfortunately, he's not the only example of that phenomenon, which is rife to the point of rendering the record of supposed human evolution totally untrustworthy.
"There is no encompassing theory of [human] evolution," conceded Berkeley evolutionary biologist E Clark Howell. "Alas, there never really has been." 57
Outdated, Distorted, Fake, Failure
At the end of our discussion about the fossil record, I reflected back on the four images that had paved the way for my descent into atheism. I could only shake my head.
I was left with an origin-of-life experiment whose results have been rendered meaningless; a Tree of Life that had been uprooted by the Biological Big Bang of the Cambrian explosion; doctored embryo drawings that don't reflect reality; and a fossil record that stubbornly refuses to yield the transitional forms crucial to evolutionary theory. Doubts piled on doubts.
Are these icons the sole evidence for Darwinism? Of course not. But their fate is illustrative of what happens time after time when macro-evolution is put under the microscope of scrutiny. As I continued to investigate the scientific and philosophical underpinnings of evolutionary theory, in a long-standing probe that goes far beyond my encounter with Wells, I kept getting the same kind of results. No wonder a hundred scientists signed a public dissent from Darwinism.
Yet every time an icon of evolution is discredited, Darwinists claim with religious zeal that it was never really the whole story in the first place and insist that new findings really do buttress macro evolution. New narratives are created; new stories are told. The theory of evolution, now unsupported by the original icon, is never questioned; instead, it's used afresh to justify a redesigned model. For instance, several years ago Gould and a colleague proposed a new hypothesis, called "punctuated equilibrium," in a desperate bid to explain away the fossil gaps. They suggested that radically new species somehow managed to develop rapidly among isolated populations, conveniently leaving behind no fossils to document the process. When these new creatures rejoined the larger, central populations, this resulted in the preserving of fossils that suggested the sudden appearance of new species. This model has been roundly criticized, and rightly so, for creating far more questions than answers. 58 In the end, Darwinism has remained a philosophy still in search of convincing empirical data to back it up.
Similarly, neo-Darwinists have proudly displayed four-winged fruit flies as evidence that small genetic changes can yield major physiological differences in organisms. As Wells reveals in his book, however, these fruit flies must be carefully bred from three artificially maintained mutant strains-—an exceedingly unlikely circumstance in nature. What's more, the males have difficulty mating, and because the extra wings are nonfunctional, these mutant flies are seriously handicapped. "As evidence for evolution," he said, "the four-winged fruit fly is no better than a two-headed calf in a circus sideshow." 59
Once again, closer investigation revealed that even the latest icons cannot buttress the sagging credibility of evolutionary theory. As for me, I finally came to the point where I realized that I just didn't have enough faith to maintain my belief in Darwinism. The evidence, in my estimation, was simply unable to support its grandest and most sweeping claims.
The Cry of "Design!"
Before I packed my belongings and grabbed a cab for the airport, I wanted to ask Wells a few closing questions about the overall case for Darwinian evolution.
"After years of studying this," I said, "when you take the most current scientific evidence into consideration, what is your conclusion about Darwin's theory?"
Wells's answer began as soon as the words left my mouth. "My conclusion is that the case for Darwinian evolution is bankrupt," he said firmly. "The evidence for Darwinism is not only grossly inadequate, its systematically distorted. I'm convinced that sometime in the not-too-distant future—I don't know, maybe twenty or thirty years from now —-people will look back in amazement and say, 'How could anyone have believed this?' Darwinism is merely materialistic philosophy masquerading as science, and people are recognizing it for what it is.
"Now, having said that," he continued, "I still see room for some evolutionary processes in limited instances. But saying evolution works in some cases is far from showing that it accounts for everything."
I asked, "If macroevolution has failed to prove itself to be a viable theory, then where do you believe the evidence of science is pointing?"
There was no equivocation in Wells's voice. Speaking with conviction, he said:
"I believe science is pointing strongly toward design. To me, as a scientist, the development of an embryo cries out, 'Design!' The Cambrian explosion—the sudden appearance of complex life, with no evidence of ancestors-—-is more consistent with design than evolution. Homology, in my opinion, is more compatible with design. The origin of life certainly cries out for a designer. None of these things make as much sense from a Darwinian perspective as they do from a design perspective."
"Let me get this straight," I said. "You're not merely saying that the evidence for evolution is weak and therefore there must be an intelligent designer. You're suggesting there is also affirmative evidence for a designer."
"I am," he replied. "However, the two are connected, because one of the main functions of Darwinian theory is to try to make design unnecessary. This is what you experienced as you became an atheist. This is what I experienced. So showing that the arguments for evolution are weak certainly opens the door to design. And then," he said, "when you analyze all of the most current affirmative evidence from cosmology, physics, astronomy, biology, and so forth—well, I think you'll discover that the positive case for an intelligent designer becomes absolutely compelling."
I stood and shook Wells' hand. "That," I said, "is what I'm going to find out."
Science versus Faith
The plane ride through the black velvet sky over the Pacific Coast was exceptionally smooth that evening, and I closed my eyes as I reclined my seat as far as it would go. I felt satisfied by my interview with Wells and was anxious to determine whether the most up-to-date scientific evidence supports the existence of the intelligent designer he had talked about. Still, though, some pesky questions continued to bother me.
I remained troubled by the intersection of science and faith. I needed to resolve whether these two domains are destined to be at war with each other, as some people claim. Can a scientific person legitimately entertain the idea of the supernatural? How much can empirical data tell us about the divine? Should scientists merely stick to their test tubes and let the theologians ponder God? Should pastors be allowed to poke their nose into the research laboratory? Can science and faith ever really be partners in pursuit of the ultimate answers of life?
I knew I needed to get some answers to those questions before I could go any further. I pulled the blanket up to my neck and decided to get some sleep. Tomorrow, I'd be planning another journey.
More Resources on This Topic
Denton, Michael. Evolution: A Theory in Crisis. Bethesda, Md.: Adler & Adler, 1986.
HanegraafF, Hank. The Face That Demonstrates the Farce of Evolution. Nashville: Word, 1998.
Johnson, Phillip. Darwin on Trial. 2nd ed. Downers Grove, 111.: InterVarsity Press, 1993.
Wells, Jonathan. Icons of Evolution. Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2000.


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The climate and the beaches are, without a doubt, the best inducements to bet on one of the many new build properties for sale in Torrevieja. Our real estate offers you perfect first hand housing, but Torrevieja offers you some features that you could not benefit from but live in this area of Spain.
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subset: commoncrawl


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< Back to farms directory
About the Farm
Located 6 miles north of Swan River, on Highway #10N.
U-Pick Strawberries, Saskatoons, and Raspberries.
Call or visit our facebook page for the most up to date information.
- Bob and Cathy Holland
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Address: Box 58, Bowsman, MB
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Love the water? So do we! There are plenty of opportunities to get out and celebrate in Colorado, so we wanted to keep you up to date on the latest so that you too can share the love of paddleboarding, stoke, and aloha!
- 1st-2nd. Animas River Days in Durango, Colorado.
- May 30th – June 2nd. Friends of the Yampa River Festival in Steamboat Springs.
- 7th-9th. GoPro Mountain Games in Vail, Colorado.
- 13th-16th. FibArk in Salida, Colorado.
- 17th. Full Moon Paddle on Bowles Reservoir in Littleton, Colorado. Register here.
- 22nd. Citizens for the River Festival in Denver, Colorado.
- 27th. Front Range Tube & SUP Race Series in Longmont, Colorado.
- 7th. Altitude Paddleboards SUP Classic.
Join us at Bowles Reservoir in Littleton for our annual SUP Classic race! Competitors of all levels will meet together to paddle through a 3-mile course consisting of a mass start, endurance sprints, buoy turns, and a race for the finish line.
Private boards will be allowed. Admission to the location will begin at 8:00 AM. The race will begin at approximately 9:15am. All boards and entrants must exit the facility by 11:30am.
Sorry, no dogs allowed at this event.
(Please enter through the gate near the tennis courts)
Grant Ranch Village Center
7255 Grant Ranch Blvd.
Littleton CO 80123
Click 'Book Now' to register and get more information.
- 11th. Front Range Tube & SUP Race Series in Boulder, Colorado.
- 1st. Front Range Tube & SUP Race Series in Golden, Colorado.
- 9th-10th. Fun on the Uncompahgre (FUNC Fest) in Montrose, Colorado.
- 15th. Full Moon Paddle on Bowles Reservoir in Littleton, Colorado. Register here.
- 16th. Bridge Party by the Greenway Foundation.
- 28th. Family Fall Stewardship Day by the Greenway Foundation.


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Hello My Name Is...
Kaylynn Anderson
I am a Special Education Teacher at Spring Hill Elementary School. I have obtained my Bachelor's degree in Education as well as my Master's in Special Education grades K-6, both from Emporia State University. I will be working with 1st and 3rd grade this year, helping provide education and strategies to classroom teachers and students to assist in the learning process. I absolutely believe that all students are capable of learning and being contributing members of society.
Should you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Kaylynn Anderson


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|Four months after welcoming Princess Charlotte, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge returned to work on Thursday, Sept. 17, 2015, for a visit to a children's mental health center in London. Kate Middleton's Ralph Lauren Silk Austin Shirtdress and black Stuart Weitzman pumps that she wore on Sept. 17!. The Austin dress is from the brand's Black Label line.
Kate Middleton in Ralph Lauren Austin Shirtdress
27 comments:
Duchess Kate is so boring, hair is so heavy on her look and her dress is so unfashionable for a young age like her. Can she make a fashion statement for once and act like a real Duchess, the way she walk and carry her purse is like a whoa, like hiding her tummy or what. She is way down the bottom to act like a royal. Her make up is so heavy and she looks really tired.ReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 12:34 AM
Love the Duchess is back supporting her charities after being on family leave. Like the dress, and look forward to seeing her at future events.ReplyDeleteReplies
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 9:20 AM
supporting charities not, shes patron of 5 charities which she hardly visits, she uses her kids to stay out f work, other royal woman who are older with more kids are doing a much better job than this lazy woman, queen elizabeth who is 89 years does almost 300 engagements in a year, kate cant even do a quarter of that, waste of space!!Delete
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 2:56 PM
@ Anonymous September 18, 2015 at 9:20 AMDelete
I totally agree!
Nothing special happened!
I don't understand why people adore her that much? She is as interesting as a doll standing in a window.Delete
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 7:16 PM
@Lassie nobody adores her especially the brittish people who pay for her lazy and luxurouse lifeDelete
Because she is the wife of Diana's son, the media need a new princess of hearts that's all!!!
She is a disappointment for the royalty!
7:16 Thank you, I couldn't know that because I'm not from the UK. I sometimes watch celebrity shows and it's always about Kate, they never mention other royals. Some people in my country don't even know there are plenty other royal families.Delete
- AnonymousSeptember 20, 2015 at 12:25 AM
@LassieSeptember 18, 2015 at 4:07 PMDelete
Look at the long list of comments especially you with two comments, than think about it.
I think the main reason why People visit this blog is.......
Anonymus 12:25 I am terribly sorry but I don't understand the point of your comment. Would you like to explain it, please?Delete
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 1:23 AM
She didn´t get enough sleep, probably her two little children need her and William very much. There is this baby-nurse from spain but every mother is worried if her children aren´t doing well.ReplyDelete
Wish them all the best!Replies
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 2:59 PM
I would like to see her more often,but she prefers to stay at home-(Well she married the wrong man-a royal lady MUST work for the Crown,,you know)Delete
She needs holidays perhaps! :)
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 3:36 PM
is Kate the first royal to have children? How did Mary, Maxima, Victoria, go back to work with small kids? Dont they care about their kids?They are perfect examples that you can do both.Delete
Its not like they work in factories from 8 to 5.
A work schedule can be done where they still enjoy and take care of their young children
3:36 well said!Delete
- AnonymousSeptember 19, 2015 at 5:42 PM
How much longer can Kate use the child care excuse? The public knows they have help- cooks, nannies, maids, drivers... she doesn't do it herself. EVERY parent wants to be there when their children are young, but in reality we all need to go back to work. Her job is being a Duchess, and she's not doing it so she doesn't deserve all of the perks.Delete
- AnonymousSeptember 20, 2015 at 12:35 AM
First she is a human being, second she is a mother, third she is a wife, fourth she is married and so on.Delete
You sound like: She had known that kind of life in advance. (Hopefully my Englisch is understandable). Life is not predictable or is yours predictable.
- AnonymousSeptember 20, 2015 at 3:35 PM
Kate just does not seem to want to become involved in more than being William's wife and the mother to her children. That's fine, but when you think of what her future holds, it is just so terrible that she cares so little about making a difference, any difference, in the world.Delete
Anonymus 12:35 Please think about queen Elizabeth. Her duty is in the first place for her. Of course Kate has to take care of her children, but that's not an excuse. Other parents in the world go to work every day, so why wouldn't Kate do her work wright?Delete
hmmm I love the whole outfit I think two children will very stressful but I think with help of her nanny maria smooth's itReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 11:01 AM
The Duchess has beautiful hair. i just wish she would do something with it, even a ponytail would be nice. Just something away from her face.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 12:48 PM
The only thing i don't understand is why this dress is so expensive! $1595 on the Ralph Lauren website!ReplyDelete
other than that i love her smile and her kindness.
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 1:13 PM
Princess Sofia had a lookalike dress in one occasion, but it was more youthfull. Now it seems to me, that Kate is copying Sofia... :))ReplyDeleteReplies
- AnonymousSeptember 21, 2015 at 4:10 PM
exactly what I think!!Delete
- AnonymousSeptember 21, 2015 at 4:11 PM
It was for a visit in Värmland day 2Delete
- AnonymousSeptember 18, 2015 at 4:17 PM
BTW, her name is NOT Kate Middleton! Please refer to her as the Duchess of Cambridge (or, alternatively, even if rarely used, Princess William)ReplyDelete
(We will not publish unnamed comments that were posted without stating a name or nickname) - Blogs allow for the posting of public comments. Posted comments must directly relate to the information and or topics of discussion on those blog. Comments that are moderated will be reviewed before posting. Comments that are not moderated will be addressed as soon as possible. We trust the community to ignore personal attacks, negative speech, and respond politely.


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Due to dramatic health-related and pharmaceutical advancements and an increasing awareness of public wellness and properly-becoming more than the past decade, the American workforce is seeing a higher demand for qualified healthcare specialists. The course will concentrate on brand management and how advertising and marketing ought to be approached as a partner in strategic selection generating, each internally and externally. Students also may possibly decide on to attend classes face to face, or some mixture of online and face to face classes. Through the overall health care management significant, you will understand far more about the infrastructure, finances and operations of health care systems and what it requires to keep them running smoothly. Future of healthcare will also be impacted by the not too long ago started electronic healthcare records.
Regardless of whether you want to enter the healthcare management field, or are searching for a new path in your healthcare career, The University of Scranton can help you reach your targets. Graduates might then complete the degree system with the equivalent of six semesters of complete-time study plus a paid operate term. Apart from this, the Centre also has a variety of component- time extended-duration Certification programmes that are delivered in the blended studying format, utilizing a mixture of classroom sessions and on-line studying. The programme is open to students with (at least) a bachelor degree in a relevant field.
The curriculum of the master in Health Care Management amounts to 60 credits according to the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS). In the specialization phase of the program you are thoroughly immersed in understanding the key elements of managing healthcare organizations. Several have some sort of clinical background either as nurse or other healthcare expert.
Students will study change management strategies, present in the Healthcare Business, including the influence of introducing or enhancing clinical information systems, even though providing good quality care, and the effect of these systems on individuals and on interdisciplinary teams within the healthcare setting. You will acquire insights into healthcare policy, future trends and the effect of these trends on healthcare delivery.
An situation in all overall health care systems is that of functioning with, managing and establishing pros. Flexible – Whether or not you choose to study on the internet or in-class, for the duration of the day or at night, earning a degree can fit into your busy life. A cadre of middle management professionals will require to be groomed to move into leadership positions to drive the growth of this sector.


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Summer, with all the cooking, hiking, camping, sports, and travel, provides limitless opportunities for allergies and injuries. A quick guide to dealing with summertime mishaps:
A burn is not a bun -- don't butter it. According to Richard O'Brien, MD, an emergency physician at the Moses Taylor Hospital in Scranton, Pa., you should run cold water on the burned area for at least 10 minutes, then apply an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment. If it hurts, put a cloth bandage on and a cold, dry compress, like a bag of frozen vegetables. Butter just adds germs and foreign proteins.
Pinch your nose, don't throw your head back, to stop a nosebleed. Press the fleshy part of your nose below where your glasses sit and hold it for 10 minutes by the clock. Don't keep checking to see if it stopped yet -- it may not have. Then you have to start over.
Don't pull large embedded objects out of your flesh. If it's a splinter, that's one thing. But you may want an emergency physician to remove a thorn, barb from a fence, fish hook, nail, or other large objects. A tetanus shot may be needed.
Clean cuts and scrapes with water and soap and bandage lightly. The old air-dry philosophy is losing favor. Bandaged cuts are less likely to be reopened. If a cut will not stop bleeding, seek medical attention. Peroxide, by the way, may slow the healing process. Stick with soap and water or just plain water. Smear on antibiotic cream and cover.
If you twist a joint, apply cold if there is swelling. If swelling persists for days or even weeks, consult a doctor. If you cannot stand or walk, you should also seek attention.
Put cool compresses on sunburn. Some people use vinegar and water, but this is not recommended. Put on cold compresses; to pull more heat from the skin, try something like Noxzema cream. To calm the irritation, take ibuprofen unless forbidden by your doctor.
Don't squeeze a bee sting to get the stinger out. If the bee has left the stinger behind, as evidenced by blackish particles on the skin, try scraping these off with a credit card. Do not squeeze the stinger or venom still in the sac may get into your system. If you have trouble breathing, call 911. Allergies to bee stings can be fatal.
If you get a snakebite, do not suck the wound. Never try to get the blood flowing from a snakebite and don't suck or suction it. Don't run; loosen clothing, remove rings, and get to a hospital ASAP.
If you get motion sickness, try to find a still place or get out of the moving vehicle. Don't drink or you will vomit the fluid. As you recover, a cracker and water or ginger ale can help. If you take Dramamine, don't drive.
If you get poison ivy, don't worry, no one can catch it from you. Even scratching it will not spread it once the poisonous oil is washed from your hands. Apply calamine lotion and if you are not driving, take an antihistamine like Benadryl.
If you get a chemical in your eye, wash it out for 15 minutes. If it's still painful, seek medical attention. Never use a piece of meat on a black eye or on an injured eye -- it only introduces more bacteria. Try a bag of frozen veggies instead.


text:
Right now Emerald Dry Roasted Peanuts 16oz are on Price Cut at Target for $2.00. Emerald Cocoa Roasted Almonds, Dry Roasted Almonds, & Mixed Nuts 10-11 oz. are also on Price Cut for $2.99. This Price Cut is valid until 2/6.
There is a $1.50/2 due out in this weekend's SmartSource (1-31-10) that will make them $1.25 – $2.25 each after Q.
I also found a Q for $1/1. The link to the coupon is HERE, however, it will say print limit reached and ask you to tell a friend. Just put in your e-mail address and you will receive an e-mail from "A Friend" with the subject line "A Friend Wants to Tell You About a Coupon". A working link will be included in the e-mail. Mine took a few minutes- and ended up in my junk e-mail folder – so take a look there if you don't see it. It let me print it twice.
UPDATE: The e-mail link worked for some this morning- but it seems to be maxed now for the day. I would still send yourself the Q link and try again to print tomorrow. Hey- it's an extra .25 cents off and worth a shot. 🙂


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Guerrilla art is a street art movement that differs from other art forms in the fact that it has no external boundary between the image and the environment. It is focused on cause and effect, not the material piece itself. It aims to produce an effect within the minds of those people that live within the environment being altered.
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Челябинск Экстремальный
Вход на форум через главную страницу сайта
SMF форум только что установлен!
Челябинск Экстремальный
New Orleans Saints Jared Cook Jersey
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New Orleans Saints Jared Cook Jersey
17 Июль 2019, 08:38:32 »
The Los Angeles Rams returned to their lockers in the Motor City
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, where NFC West championship shirts and hats were waiting to be worn.The victors, though, refuse to be spoiled by this accomplishment.Todd Gurley ran for 132 yards and two touchdowns to help the Rams overcome a sputtering start to beat the Detroit Lions 30-16 Sunday and clinch the division title for a second straight season."We're not satisfied yet," said defensive tackle Aaron Donald, who had two sacks and forced a fumble. "But we're headed in the right direction."The Rams (11-1) moved a step closer to earning home-field advantage in the NFC playoffs, taking a one-game lead over New Orleans after it lost to Dallas on Thursday night. It is a cushion Los Angeles needs because its only loss was against the Saints last month."We're in a position right now that we feel good about," coach Sean McVay said. "If we take care of our business, all the rest of that stuff takes care of itself."The Lions (4-8) have lost five of six since a surge of success gave them a winning record in late October."I'm extremely tired of losing," center Graham Glasgow said.Detroit's defense held Los Angeles' high-powered offense in check for three quarters, giving the slumping team a shot to potentially pull off a stunning upset. The Lions, though, failed to make the most of the opportunity because their offense struggled to move the ball and score.Donald helped seal the win by forcing Matthew Stafford to fumble midway through the fourth quarter. The star defensive tackle had two strip-sacks in his last game on Nov. 19, a 54-51 win over Kansas City."He held the ball and was loose with it," Donald said. "I just took advantage."Donald has an NFL-high 16陆 sacks this season, and the Rams say he should be an MVP candidate."He's unlike anything I've ever seen," quarterback Jared Goff said of the 2017 Defensive Player of the Year.Linebacker Samson Ebukam recovered Stafford's fumble at the Detroit 24 and Gurley scored on a 13-yard run three snaps later, giving the Rams a 23-13 lead.Goff, perhaps rusty coming off a bye week, was off the mark on many passes and lost a fumble to help keep the game close. His lackluster performance led to Los Angeles settling for Greg Zuerlein kicking three field goals. Goff was 17 of 33 for 207 yards with a tiebreaking, 8-yard touchdown pass to Robert Woods late in the second quarter. Goff also threw an interception on an overthrown pass in the second quarter and lost a fumble in the third quarter.The Rams were able to lean on Gurley, who has a single-season franchise record with 15 rushing touchdowns. The star running back also caught three passes for 33 yards.Stafford was 20 of 33 yards for 245 yards with an 11-yard touchdown pass to tackle Taylor Decker, who faked the Rams out by blocking for a moment before releasing into the flat where he was left wide open. Decker's touchdown pulled Detroit within three points late in the third quarter.The Lions had a chance to cut its deficit to three again late in the game, but Kenny Golladay couldn't get both feet in the end zone on a pass from Stafford and they had settle for Matt Prater's third field goal.SAVVY MOVEGurley converted a third down late in the game, and after breaking free, he chose not to score to run more time off the clock and force Detroit to take timeouts. It proved a good move because Gurley ran for a 2-yard score with 1:54 left and the Lions were left with no timeouts on their final drive. That ended with Troy Hill intercepting a pass in the end zone with 12 seconds left."I wanted to waste some time
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," Gurley said.SUH OR BOO?Rams defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh played against Detroit for the first time and made six tackles."I got a warm welcome back," he said.Detroit drafted Suh No. 2 overall eight years ago and he left for Miami as a free agent in 2015. After the Dolphins cut him earlier this year, he signed a one-year deal with the Rams.When he played for the Lions, the fans would say his last name after he made a play. When his name was announced after his first tackle Sunday, the crowd seemed to jeer him."I don't believe it was a boo," Suh said.STILL COOKINGLos Angeles receiver Brandin Cooks, who had four receptions for 62 yards, became the first player in NFL history with 1,000 yards receiving in three straight years with three different franchises. He helped set up a field goal that gave the Rams a 13-3 halftime lead.Cooks surpassed 1,000 last year with New England and in 2016 with New Orleans. Cooks also had a 1,000-yard season with the Saints in 2015.INJURY REPORTRams: RB Malcom Brown left the game with a shoulder injury. CB Aqib Talib played for the first time since going down with an ankle injury in Week 3.Lions: LB Devon Kennard went out with a hip injury.UP NEXTRams: Play at Chicago on Sunday night.Lions: Play at Arizona on Sunday.Saints vs. Jaguars snap counts: Tre'Quan Smith, Will Clapp see bulk of playing time Thursday's preseason opener went fairly well for the New Orleans Saints, as they were able to rally in the second half and hold on to beat the Jacksonville Jaguars 24-20. Exhibition action may not typically see the main stars in action, but it's a great chance for roster hopefuls to make their case for the 53-man roster. Here's a look at the team's snap counts from Thursday — which involves a lot of players. (Note: All data is provided by the NFL)Offense - Top 5Tre'Quan Smith (46), Michael Ola (41), Will Clapp (40), Keith Kirkwood (33), Jermon Bushrod (33), Landon Turner (33)Offense - The RestAndrew Tiller (29), Taysom Hill (27), Tom Savage (27), Josh Huff (23), Shane Vereen (23), Max Unger (23), Josh LeRibeus (21)
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, Ryan Ramczyk (21), Larry Warford (21), Terron Armstead (21), Michael Thomas (20), Josh Hill (19), Ted Ginn Jr. (19), Don Barclay (17), Deon Yelder (16), Dan Arnold (15), Garrett Griffin (13), Trey Edmunds (12), John Phillips (11), Mark Ingram (11), Alvin Kamara (10), Terrance West (10), Brandon Tate (
, Rick Leonard (
, J.T. Barrett (
, Zach Line (7), Michael Floyd (6), Boston Scott (4), Jonathan Williams (4), Devaroe Lawrence (1), Nathan Stupar (1)Clearly, the Saints didn't put Drew Brees in the lineup
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, and there were several players missing like Benjamin Watson, Michael Hoomanawanui, Andrus Peat, and Cameron Meredith. They're ones to watch over the next week to see if they return to action.Winners: Tre'Quan Smith made a good first impression for the team on offense, hauling in 4 receptions for 48 yards on 5 targets. Jonathan Williams entered action in the 4th quarter and made all of his reps count, carrying the ball 4 times for 26 yards and a score. Honorable Mentions: The Taysom Hill hype train was in full effect, but I don't believe he did anything so outstanding that would definitively say he surpassed Tom Savage. Dan Arnold and Keith Kirkwood caught both of their targets respectfully.Losers: Veterans Shane Vereen and Terrance West weren't all that impressive running the ball on the night, and J.T. Barrett missed a wide open receiver for a would-be touchdown.Defense - Top 5Colton Jumper (33), Ken Crawley (28), Marcus Williams (27), Marshon Lattimore (27), A.J. Klein (27), Kurt Coleman (27), Demario Davis (27)Defense - The RestChris Banjo (26), Craig Robertson (26), Vonn Bell (26), Al-Quadin Muhammad (26), Hau'oli Kikaha (26), Mitchell Loewen (24), Alex Jenkins (24), Justin Hardee (23), George Johnson (23), Patrick Robinson (22), Alex Anzalone (22), Devaroe Lawrence (22)
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, Jay Bromley (21), P.J. Williams (19), Taylor Stallworth (19), Arthur Maulet (18), Natrell Jamerson (18), Henry Mondeaux (18), J.T. Gray (17), Nate Stupar (17), Sharrod Neasman (17), Trey Hendrickson (17), Sheldon Rankins (17), Jayrone Elliott (16), David Onyemata (16), Linden Stephens (15), Tyeler Davison (14), Woodrow Hamilton (12), De'Vante Harris (11), Nate Wozniak (1)Dennis Allen rolled with Trey Hendrickson and Al-Quadin Muhammad at starting defensive end on the night, giving Cameron Jordan and Alex Okafor the night off. Obviously, there was no Marcus Davenport, but we should see him in due time. Winners: Mitchell Loewen showed a lot of good stuff on the night to help remind fans why he made the team last year. David Onyemata and Sheldon Rankins had some good interior rushes and pressures generated early on. Jayrone Elliott and Devaroe Lawrence likely stole the show with their sacks.Honorable Mentions: I liked some of the coverage that Arthur Maulet and Justin Hardee had on the night. These two are not just out to be special teams gunners in 2018, and Maulet in particular had a really nice pass breakup on a deep ball.Losers: Colton Jumper didn't have a good night whatsoever, and the penalty Henry Mondeaux received on a play where the defense would have got off the field is sure to irritate Sean Payton. The other elephant in the room would be De'Vante Harris, who channeled his inner Brandon Browner on the night with two holding calls on a single drive.
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It used to be a charming feature of our American political system: every couple of years, the bright lights of the campaign season would lure all the fringe showmen and hapless shysters out of the woods and into the electoral swamp's shimmery waters. We'd gawk with perverse delight at every weirdo who scurried out of his or her muck hut to challenge all those snore-inducing, emotionally stable, otherwise reasonably qualified professional politicos. It was entertaining, of course, but most reasonable people assumed that no amount of shock value or plain disdain for the process could ever justify voting for one of them. Even if the rent really was too damn high, so was the risk.
Then in 2016, we picked the host of NBC's The Apprentice to be our new leader.
Credit at least one man for knowing that was a bad idea: former Massachusetts governor and current Utah senate hopeful Mitt Romney. Sturdy ole Mitt, ever steadfast in his stodgy principles, somehow predicted way back in twenty-aught-sixteen that electing a failed casino owner to run our country would lead to our present-day catastrophe.
"A phony!" he decried.
"A fraud!" he exclaimed.
"The very man who can lead us," he said after the election, when the president-elect was hiring and Romney was up for a pretty sweet gig at the now-defunct State Department.
Romney didn't get the job. But then the plucky centimillionaire scoped out a new opportunity in the Senate, when Orrin Hatch vacated his long-held perch as Utah's senior senator. "Come on in, the water's fine," Romney gleefully declared after dipping his toes in the water.
Sure enough, the misfits scurried out in droves. All in all, 13 Republicans have filed to join Romney in the race for the U.S. Senate in Utah. Back in the day, we all might've had a hearty chortle at the expense of this sordid lot of underdogs before briskly moving onto thorough speculation about Romney's strengths and weaknesses in the general election. But that was prior to 2016, when over a dozen mostly-lucid adult humans lost the GOP presidential nomination to a creepy beauty pageant organizer and occasional WrestleMania participant.
So let's take one close look at each of these 14 candidates. Because, clearly, we can't afford not to anymore.
Abe Lincoln Brian Jenkins
Brian Jenkins knows he'll have to rely on a little chicanery to get past the immensely popular Mitt Romney, whom he has preemptively accused of "purchasing signatures" to get his name on the primary ballot. So Jenkins has shrewdly decided to run his entire campaign in character as the immensely popular Abraham Lincoln, chin whiskers and all. In case the Senate campaign falters, Jenkins already appears to have a backup plan: to work as a professional Lincoln impersonator. You can book Jenkins' services at a different website, where he bills himself as "quite possibly the most look-alike Lincoln on the planet today."
Abe Lincoln Brian Jenkins has declared as a Republican candidate for US Senate. #utpolpic.twitter.com/GVwATlXfSD— Vote Utah (@ElectionsUtah) March 15, 2018
Jay Hiatt
I spent a whole lot of time trying to figure out who Jay Hiatt is, what he does for a living, and why he's running for U.S. Senate. What I've gathered is that he and his wife Amy churn out right-wing internet content at superhuman quantities on multiple social media accounts. Hiatt's LinkedIn page links to several suspended Twitter accounts, including this NSFW spam account that's still active.
Jeremy Friedbaum
Jeremy Friedbaum is constantly running for office. In 2000, according to the Deseret News, he ran for Utah governor and fasted for 39 days to protest his exclusion from gubernatorial debates. He dramatically broke his fast with grape juice and a loaf of Subway's classic Italian bread as an audience member at the one of the final debates. Said one attendee to the Utah paper, "I was interested in his issues as a candidate but when he started crying, it turned me off."
L'Capi Titus
Les Titus likes to go by "CAPI." As he explains in his campaign announcement post on Facebook, it's "an hispanic nickname" he was once affectionately given by a friend, short for "Capitan." Titus, who is on a mission to institute congressional term limits, hopes to raise $100,000 for his campaign on GoFundMe. As of two months ago, he was still trying to figure out how to add the link to his social media accounts.
Larry Meyers
"Utah voters have a choice," a Larry Meyers campaign ad voiceover sneers. "Mitt Romney's liberal Massachusetts values, or qualified conservative Larry Meyers." Meyer is a lawyer and two-time GOP delegate to the National Convention whose professed priority is protecting "our God-given rights, including the right to bear arms, freedom of speech, and religious liberty." Meyers' wife Marlee is no politician, but she too enjoys invoking historical fictions as a Kindle-published novelist.
Joshua C. Lee
Josh Lee's campaign is off to a slow start: he has no campaign website (that I could find), no social media outreach, and an extremely generic name. Aside from that, it looks like he runs a construction firm that makes "Epik" walls, and has good taste in corrective eyewear.
Mitt Romney
Retired businessman with a demonstrated political track record as a former Massachusetts governor and one prior unsuccessful bid for the U.S. Senate under his belt, in addition to one for the presidency. Keep an eye on this rising star.
Loy Brunson
Loy Brunson may or may not become a senator, but either way he definitely wants you to buy his "revolutionary e-book," where he claims to have discovered a hidden message in the Constitution that no one else has ever noticed in over two centuries (huge if true). You can listen to his 22-minute sales pitch for it here, complete with stirring background music — or watch him literally trumpet Trump's cause over here. Pick your poison.
Mike Kennedy
Remember this viral monstrosity? Mike Kennedy probably wishes we didn't. (Check in at the 13-second mark for Kennedy's contribution.) While he's no Dr. Dre, Kennedy is at least an actual doctor, a fact that he hams up at every opportunity. However, in his candidacy filing, his medical honorific is suspiciously crossed out. Alright then, "Doctor" Kennedy. Can we call you "Mike?"
Alicia Colvin
Alicia Colvin is the only woman vying for the GOP nomination, and at 30 years old, she just meets the Constitutional age requirement for the Senate. At a recent debate of GOP candidates (sans Romney), Colvin introduced herself as "running on a platform of moderation, balance, and building bridges." True to her word, this mild-mannered quality assurance professional in the healthcare industry refused to bash Romney for any reason at all when given the chance, saying instead that she merely wished "to listen to the people and create a more civil society."
Samuel B. Parker
Sam Parker is none too impressed with Mitt Romney's ties to Utah, calling him a "Cape-Cod Carpetbagger" on his website. Parker publicly touts his experience working for the Chicago Cubs as one of his professional qualifications. According to his own LinkedIn profile, Parker worked for the Cubs for two months, in 2007. As a "Baseball Operations Intern."
Stoney Fonua
If you love royalty-free illustrations and smiling is your favorite, then Stoney Fonua might be your man. There's so much to unpack on Fonua's cheesy, clip art-laden Facebook page. I'll bring your attention to a couple of his posts: "Estate Creation," a pseudo-religious program for relieving all personal debts that he anticipates "should be running as a perfect vision for the next 1,000 years to come" by 2020; "Infrared World War III," where he imagines a new kind of warfare in which soldiers play laser tag and paintball instead of fighting; and a modest suggestion that White House Chief of Staff John Kelly be more like Michael J. Fox's character on "Spin City."
Tim Jimenez
Justifying his pro-life stance on abortion, Jimenez claims that fornication is less about love-making and more about baby-making: "To engage in an act that for 6,000 to 1.2 billion years has created new life, and then act surprised by the creation of life is the very definition of ignorance," he writes on his website. This begs the question: at what point between 3,982 B.C. and 1,199,997,982 B.C. did sex stop being fun for Tim Jimenez?
Torrey Jenkins
Remember Brian Jenkins, the guy who's trying to make believe he's Abe Lincoln for his entire senate campaign? Torrey is his nephew. But instead of pretending to be a former president, it looks like Torrey has decided to run as the guy you used to hotbox with in his van while listening to O.A.R. CDs. Same family, different strokes, and equal odds of becoming a United States Senator.


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Download Mark Angel Comedy Episode 138 TELLER
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Officials' Convention
August 7 & 8, 2020 - Hilton Harrisburg
For the 26th consecutive year, PIAA will host its Annual Officials' Convention on August 7 & 8, 2020 at the Hilton Harrisburg. This convention provides officials countless opportunities to become better educated in a number of issues involving high school athletics and the sports these officials officiate.
As a result of these educational sessions, PIAA officials are better prepared to serve PIAA member schools and its student athletes.
In order to receive convention credit, attendance is required both days of the convention.
The culminating banquet on Saturday night will recognize officials who have dedicated at least three decades of service to PIAA, its members schools and their student athletes.
Contact Information
Patrick B. Gebhart, Assistant Executive Director
Ryan Hartman, Chapters' Secretary
Jacquie Rocco, Officials' Secretary
TBA, Officials' Corresponding Secretary
2019 Convention Information:
Courtyard by Marriott Mechanicsburg/Harrisburg West
Additional Hotels in the Harrisburg Area
Officials who have completed Train the Trainer
2018 PIAA Officials' Convention Information:
Online Convention Registration is available- please sign into your account
2018 Convention Registration Form to Print
2018 Hilton Parking Information
2018 Link to the Hilton Harrisburg
2018 Courtyard Harrisburg West/Mechanicsburg
2018 Link to Additional Hotels in the Harrisburg Area
Past Convention Information:
- 2017 Convention Program
- 2017 Convention Presentations
- 2017 Banquet Presentation
- 2016 PowerPoint Presentations
- 2016 PIAA Officials' Convention Program
- 2016 Banquet Presentation (PowerPoint Show)
- 2015 Banquet Presentation - pdf
- Convention Corporate Sponsors - Thank you!
- Officials' that have completed "Train the Trainer"
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Back-to-school shopping in U.S. spread out over multiple trips
The back-to-school shopping season isn't about one-stop shopping, reports The NPD Group. Back-to-school shoppers in the U.S. make an average of 16 trips to purchase back-to-school related products between July and September, according to NPD's receipt mining service, Checkout TrackingSM.
Retailers are competing across a crowd of product categories for a fraction of each back-to-school shopper's spending. A third of consumers who made purchases between July and September 2016 were back-to-school shoppers — making purchases in product categories related to back-to-school or back-to-college needs, according to The NPD Group.
NPD's Checkout Tracking information reveals that during the 16 shopping visits made, on average those shoppers spent $492 on things like apparel, footwear, office supplies, technology, sports equipment, appliances, housewares, and home textiles.
Almost all back-to-school shoppers purchased a back-to-school item at a mass merchant last year, and they spent the most at mass merchants and electronics stores, each with an average spend per buyer that was more than $160 for the season, reports The NPD Group.
Repeat visits to a retailer aren't out of the question, but they are not plentiful. During the 2016 season, the 16 back-to-school shopping trips made by shoppers were spread out over an average of seven different retailers, according to NPD's Checkout Tracking service.
"Back-to-school marketing is noisier than school recess, and getting the attention of this shopper is just the beginning," says Marshal Cohen, chief industry analyst at The NPD Group, Inc. "Retailers will fare well if they extend the shopping season and nurture their relationship with the back-to-school consumer, ensuring they stay top of mind and get the repeat visit later in the season."


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Get help from your local team
If you've been affected by crime, call your local CORE victim care team in Derbyshire on 0800 612 6505.
This helpline is open Monday to Friday 8am-8pm and Saturdays 9am-5pm.
If you need support outside of our open hours, call our Supportline for free on 08 08 16 89 111.
Alternatively, you can visit the CORE Victim Services website.
Specialist services in your area
- Pride Alarms (South Derbyshire)
As of May 2018: Please note the Victim Support PRIDE Alarms service has closed down, until further funding can be sourced. The service is not operating and is therefore unable to repair, remove or service any existing alarms, nor supply new alarms at this time. All alarms were provided and fitted free of charge which we hope have been valued by our customers and have been a good deterrent. We would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone for their continued support. NB current customers are welcome to keep the alarm, or if not required can remove and dispose of the alarm.
Useful links
We work with a number of partner organisations in Derbyshire to make sure you get the support you need.
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SV2 is a specialist service that provides support to survivors or anyone who has suffered any kind of sexual violence. Call their 24 hour helpline on 01773 746 115 or email email@example.com.
- Trident Reach The People Charity
Trident Reach The People Charity (a consortium that includes Derbyshire Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault services, Crossroads Derbyshire, Derbyshire Wish and Trident Reach) offers a free and confidential service to men, women and their children experiencing or escaping domestic abuse in Derbyshire, including access to secure refuge provision. Telephone helpline: 0800 0198 668. Alternatively, you can call the National Domestic Violence Helpline on 0808 2000 247.
Remedi provides restorative justice services and works in partnership with local organisations and police forces, including Victim Support. It aims to reduce harm and resolve conflict by enabling victims of crime to correspond or meet with an offender should they wish to. Email firstname.lastname@example.com or go to the Remedi UK website.


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What about celebrating Christmas in Israel, is that okay? What is the holiday of Hanukkah all about? Some people are upset that Christmas celebrations by immigrants to Israel, are frowned on. David will be expressing his views on these issues and also giving some insight on the definition of the term 'Aliyah'. Is Aliyah a direct translation of the word immigration or does it have a deeper meaning. And then back to Hanukkah and what events are we actually commemorating?
Today's special guest will be Jeff Daube, Israel operations officer for the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) We will be speaking about his efforts on behalf of victims of terror overseas in Israel and his efforts on behalf of the Mount of Olives and the international committee for the preservation of Har HaZetim. We will also be talking about 'Legal Grounds', an organization that sets out to educate and promote the Levy Report on the status of Judea and Samaria on legal grounds.
A Hebrew in the Heartland 19Dec2017 – PODCAST


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From Megadeth's Dave Mustaine to Metallica's James Hetfield, and many more, the inventors – and survivors – of thrash metal share their war stories.
'Ride The Lightning' injected a new sense of excitement into the stagnant scene of the early 80s and changed thrash metal forever.
Looking back at the varied career of one of the most influential rock musicians and "nicest guy in rock" the past 20 years, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters.
For his latest single 'Venom' for the Marvel film of the same name, Eminem has realized another ominous music video to coincide with the film's wide release today.
Thrash metal established itself throughout underground clubs and tape-trading communities across the globe, thanks to the success of Anthrax, Slayer, Megadeth and Metallica.
Due to the success of Judas Priest & Iron Maiden, The New Wave Of British Heavy Metal wedged the door open in the US, led by denim-clad misfits who struck fear into...