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A dispersion of CeO2 nanoparticles and nanorods stabilized with nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and a 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (V-501) initiator has been used to initiate the emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers, yielding stable hybrid CeO2 nanoparticle-nanorod/polyacrylate latexes for the first time. Films cast from these hybrid latexes are transparent due to the very homogenous distribution of the polymer compatibilized CeO2. Furthermore, it has been proven that the UV-Vis absorption capacity of the hybrid latexes is enhanced with the incorporation of the nanorods.
Organic compounds evolve as a promising alternative to currently used inorganic materials in rechargeable batteries due to their low-cost, environmental friendliness and flexibility. One of the strategies to reach acceptable energy densities and to deal with the high solubility of known organic compounds is to combine small redox active molecules, acting as capacity carrying centres, with conducting polymers. Following this strategy, it is important to achieve redox matching between the chosen molecule and the polymer backbone. Here, a synergetic approach combining theory and experiment has been employed to investigate this strategy. The framework of the density functional theory connected with the reaction field method has been applied to predict the formal potential of 137 molecules and identify promising candidates for the referent application. The effects of including different ring types, e.g. fused rings or bonded rings, heteroatoms, and pi bonds, as well as carboxyl groups on the formal potential, have been rationalized. Finally, we have identified a number of molecules with acceptable theoretical capacities that show redox matching with thiophene-based conducting polymers which, hence, are suggested as pendent groups for the development of conducting redox polymer based electrode materials.
Sodium ion batteries have emerged as a good alternative to lithium based systems due to their low cost of production. In this scenario, the search for higher voltage, sodium cathodes results in a new promising alluaudite structure Na2+2xMn2-x(SO4)(3). The structural, electronic and Na diffusion properties along with defects have been reported in this investigation within the framework of density functional theory. A band gap of 3.61 eV has been computed and the average deintercalation potential is determined to be 4.11 V vs. Na/Na+. A low concentration of anti-site defects is predicted due to their high formation energy. The biggest issue for the ionic diffusion in the Na2+2xMn2-x(SO4)(3) crystal structure is revealed to be the effect of Mn vacancies increasing the activation energy of Na+ ions that hop along the [001] equilibrium positions. This effect leads to activation energies of almost the same high values for the ionic hop through the [010] direction characterizing a 2D like ionic diffusion mechanism in this system.
The anodic electrodeposition method is investigated as an alternative technique for the preparation of a titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) blocking underlayer (UL) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Extremely thin Ti IV -based films are grown from aqueous acidic titanium(iii) chloride in an electrochemical cell at room temperature. This precursor layer is converted to the UL (ED-UL), in a suitable state for PSC applications, by undertaking a sintering step at 450 °C for half an hour. PSCs with the composition of the light-absorbing material FA 0.85 MA 0.10 Cs 0.05 Pb(I 0.87 Br 0.13 ) 3 (FA and MA denote the formamidinium and methylammonium cations, respectively) based on the ED-UL are compared with PSCs with the UL of a standard type prepared by the spray-pyrolysis method at 450 °C from titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (SP-UL). We obtain power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 20% for mesoscopic perovskite devices employing both ED-ULs and SP-ULs. Slightly higher fill factor values are observed for ED-UL-based devices. In addition, ED-ULs prepared by the same method have also been applied in planar PSCs, resulting in a PCE exceeding 17%, which is comparable to that for similar PSCs with an SP-UL. The preparation of ED-ULs with a lower sintering temperature, 150 °C, has also been examined. The efficiency of a planar PSC incorporating this underlayer was 14%. These results point out to the possibility of applying ED-ULs in flexible planar PSCs in the future.
The mineral eldfellite, NaFe(SO4)(2), was recently proposed as an inexpensive candidate for the next generation of cathode application in Na-based batteries. Employing the density functional theory framework, we have investigated the phase stability, electrochemical properties and ionic diffusion of this eldfellite cathode material. We showed that the crystal structure undergoes a volume shrinkage of approximate to 8% upon full removal of Na ions with no imaginary frequencies at the Gamma point of phonon dispersion. This evokes the stability of the host structure. According to this result, we proposed structural changes to get higher specific energy by inserting two Na ions per redox-active metal. Our calculations indicate NaV(SO4)(2) as the best candidate with the capability of reversibly inserting two Na ions per redox center and producing an excellent specific energy. The main bottleneck for the application of eldfellite as a cathode is the high activation energies for the Na+ ion hop, which can reach values even higher than 1 eV for the charged state. This effect produces a low ionic insertion rate.
Guanidinium lead iodide (GAPbI(3)) has been synthesized experimentally, but stability remains an issue, which can be modulated by the insertion of bromine (Br) into the system. We have performed a systematic theoretical investigation to see how bromination can tune the stability of GAPbI(3). The optical properties were also determined, and we have found formation enthalpy-based stability in the perovskite systems, which are active in the visible and IR region even after bromine insertion and additionally more active in the IR range with the transition from GAPbI(3) to GAPbBr(3). The spin orbit coupling effect is considered throughout the band structure calculations. The ensemble of the primary and secondary gaps in the half and fully brominated hybrid perovskites leads to the phenomenon of a multipeak response in the optical spectra, which can be subsequently attributed as multivalley optical response behaviour. This multivalley optical behaviour enables the brominated guanidinium-based hybrid perovskites to exhibit broad light harvesting abilities, and this can be perceived as an idea for natural multi-junction solar cells.
The development of facilely synthesized, dopant-free hole-transporting materials (HTMs) with high efficiency is of great significance for the potential application of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we report two novel indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) based small molecules obtained via a three-step reaction in a high yield without using expensive catalysts, namely C201 and C202, and further apply them as dopant-free HTMs in PSCs. Compared with C201, C202 contains two additional biphenylamino groups to improve its spatial configuration. It is found that the interplay between the molecular geometry and the aggregation behavior can exert a great influence on the film formation property and thus on the device performance. Strikingly, the champion devices employing C202 as the HTM deliver a much higher PCE of up to 17.7%, which is substantially higher than that of devices containing C201 (8.7%) under 100 mW cm(-2) illumination (AM 1.5G). It is revealed that the C202 capping layer exhibits a more homogeneous and uniform surface morphology as compared to that of C201, which effectively reduces the charge recombination losses and facilitates charge extraction, leading to a much-enhanced photovoltaic performance. This is the first example of ICZ core-based small molecules as dopant-free HTMs in PSCs. Moreover, the PSCs containing C202 as the HTM also exhibited good long-term stability under ambient conditions (40% RH) as compared to devices with doped spiro-OMeTAD, due largely to the hydrophobic nature of C202 which prevented moisture from destroying the perovskite film. This work offers a new avenue for developing cost-effective and stable HTMs for PSCs and other optoelectronic devices.
A new redox couple, [Cu(bpye)2]+/2+, has been synthesized, and applied in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Overall efficiencies of 9.0% at 1 sun and 9.9% at 0.5 sun were obtained, which are considerably higher than those obtained for cells containing the reference redox couple, [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+. These results represent a record for copper-based complex redox systems in liquid DSSCs. Fast dye regeneration, sluggish recombination loss processes, faster electron self-exchange reactions and suitable redox potentials are the main reasons for the observed increase in efficiency. In particular, the main disadvantage of cobalt complex-based redox couples, charge-transport problems, appears to be resolved by a change to copper complex redox couples. The results make copper complex-based redox couples very promising for further development of highly efficient DSSCs.
The influence of morphology on the photophysical properties of blend films containing in situ grown CdS and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), fabricated utilising a metal xanthate single source precursor, is reported. A combination of transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photovoltaic device measurements are employed to study the relationship between the efficiency of charge separation, photocurrent generation and thin film morphology. We identify that a significant proportion of the extractable charge originates from the direct excitation of CdS followed by hole-transfer to the P3HT polymer. The yield of this hole-transfer step from the inorganic CdS to the organic polymer is largely unaffected by the film's nanomorphology, while the dissociation of P3HT excitons into free charges at the CdS:P3HT interface is found to be strongly dependent on this parameter with high yields of charge transfer only being achieved at high CdS loadings. The present study elucidates design rules for the optimization of hybrid inorganic-organic solar energy conversion devices.
The underlying mechanism related to freezing-induced crosslinking of aldehyde-containing cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) has been investigated, and the critical parameters behind this process have been identified. The aldehydes introduced by periodate oxidation allows for formation of hemiacetal bonds between the CNFs provided the fibrils are in sufficiently close contact before the water is removed. This is achieved during the freezing process where the cellulose components are initially separated, and the growth of ice crystals forces the CNFs to come into contact in the thin lamellae between the ice crystals. The crosslinked 3-D structure of the CNFs can subsequently be dried under ambient conditions after solvent exchange and still maintain a remarkably low density of 35 kg m-3, i.e. a porosity greater than 98%. A lower critical amount of aldehydes, 0.6 mmol g-1, was found necessary in order to generate a crosslinked 3-D CNF structure of sufficient strength not to collapse during the ambient drying. The chemical stability of the 3-D structure can be further enhanced by converting the hemiacetals to acetals by treatment with an alcohol under acidic conditions.
Lithium-ion-free tris(2,2 '-bipyridine) Co(ii/iii)-mediated electrolytes have previously been proposed for long-term stable dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Such redox systems also offer an impressive DSSC performance improvement under light soaking exposure, manifested by an increase in photocurrent and fill factor without the expense of decreasing photovoltage. Kinetic studies show that charge transfer and ion diffusion at the electrode/electrolyte interface are improved due to the light exposure. Control experiments reveal that the light effect is unambiguously associated with electrolyte components, [Co(bpy)(3)](3+) and the Lewis-base additive tert-butylpyridine (TBP). Electrochemical and spectroscopic investigation of the [Co(bpy)(3)](3+)/TBP mixtures points out that the presence of TBP, which retards the electrolyte diffusion, however causes an irreversible redox reaction of [Co(bpy)(3)](3+) upon light exposure that improves the overall conductivity. This discovery not only provides a new strategy to mitigate the typical J(sc)-V-oc trade-off in Co(ii/iii)-mediated DSSCs but also highlights the importance of investigating the photochemistry of a photoelectrochemical system.
The performance of thin carboxylated cellulose nanofiber-based (CNF) membranes as proton exchange membranes in fuel cells has been measured in situ as a function of CNF surface charge density (600 and 1550 μmol g−1), counterion (H+ or Na+), membrane thickness and fuel cell relative humidity (RH 55 to 95%). The structural evolution of the membranes as a function of RH, as measured by Small Angle X-ray Scattering, shows that water channels are formed only above 75% RH. The amount of absorbed water was shown to depend on the membrane surface charge and counter ions (H+ or Na+). The high affinity of CNF for water and the high aspect ratio of the nanofibers, together with a well-defined and homogenous membrane structure, ensures a proton conductivity exceeding 1 mS cm−1 at 30 °C between 65 and 95% RH. This is two orders of magnitude larger than previously reported values for cellulose materials and only one order of magnitude lower than Nafion 212. Moreover, the CNF membranes are characterized by a lower hydrogen crossover than Nafion, despite being ≈30% thinner. Thanks to their environmental compatibility and promising fuel cell performance the CNF membranes should be considered for new generation proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
For the realization of structural batteries, electrolytes where both higher ionic conductivity and stiffness are combined need to be developed. The present study describes the formation of a structural battery electrolyte (SBE) as a two phase system using reaction induced phase separation. A liquid electrolyte phase is combined with a stiff vinyl ester based thermoset matrix to form a SBE. The effect of monomer structure variations on the formed morphology and electrochemical and mechanical performance has been investigated. An ionic conductivity of 1.5 x 10(-4) S cm(-1), with a corresponding storage modulus (E') of 750 MPa, has been obtained under ambient conditions. The SBEs have been combined with carbon fibers to form a composite lamina and evaluated as a battery half-cell. Studies on the lamina revealed that both mechanical load transfer and ion transport are allowed between the carbon fibers and the electrolyte. These results pave the way for the preparation of structural batteries using carbon fibers as electrodes.
A solution-processable copper(II) phthalocyanine derivative coded as CuPc-TIPS has been synthesized and adopted as a hole-transporting material (HTM) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), in combination with a mixed-ion perovskite absorber and a low-cost carbon cathode. Optimised PSC devices based on pristine CuPc-TIPS without any additives or dopants show a decent power conversion efficiency of 14.0% (measured at 100 mW cm(-2) illumination, AM 1.5G), together with a good long-termstability under ambient conditions. The present finding highlights the potential of solution-processed copper phthalocyanine derivative-based HTMs for the development of efficient and stable PSCs in the future.
Two newquinoxaline-based D-A-pi-A organic sensitizers AQ309 and AQ310 have been designed and synthesized employing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) as plinker units, respectively. The new AQ309 and AQ310 dyes have been applied in all-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs). An impressive record photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.0% for AQ310-based ssDSSCs using Spiro-OMeTAD as the hole transport material (HTM) was obtained under standard AM 1.5 (100 mW cm (2)) solar intensity. This clearly outperforms the PCE of the state-of-theart organic D-pi-A dye LEG4-based devices showing a PCE of 7.3% under the same conditions. Moreover, an excellent high PCE of 8.6% was also recorded for AQ310-based devices under 50% solar intensity. Meanwhile, the AQ310-based ssDSSCs showed a much longer electron lifetime according to the transient photovoltage decay measurement, demonstrating lower charge recombination losses in the devices. Photo-induced absorption spectroscopy (PIA) indicated that AQ310 could be more efficiently regenerated by Spiro-OMeTAD. These results show that molecular engineering is a promising strategy to develop D-A-pi-A organic sensitizers for highly efficient ssDSSCs.
Transparent wood is an attractive structural material for energy-saving buildings due to its high optical transmittance, good thermal insulation, and high toughness. However, thick highly transparent wood is challenging to realize. In the current work, highly transparent wood (1.5 mm) with a transmittance of 92%, close to that of pure PMMA (95%), is demonstrated. The high transmittance was realized by interface manipulation through acetylation of wood template. Both experiments and electromagnetic modeling support that the improved transmittance is mainly due to elimination of interface debonding gap. By applying this method, a centimeter-thick transparent wood structure was obtained. The transparent wood could be used as a substrate for an optically tunable window by laminating a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film on top. The techniques demonstrated are a step towards the replacement of glass in smart windows and smart buildings.
Using broadband solar energy for producing clean water can potentially and effectively solve the water pollution and shortage crisis. With the rapid development of material science and nanotechnology, solar steam generation (SSG), based on photothermal nanomaterials, is expanding by leaps and bounds. This review comprehensively covers the state-of-the-art designs and applications of SSG. In this review, the photothermal effect, water supply, and thermal management are proposed as the three keys for the high-efficiency SSG system. Various kinds of photothermal materials with strong optical absorption covering the broad solar spectrum are classified and discussed with examples. The rational design of the water supply and steam escape system enabling the SSG to proceed smoothly is reviewed. Current efforts to minimize the heat loss by rational thermal management are also presented. As follows, typical applications, such as desalination of seawater, purification of wastewater, photothermal steam sterilization, as well as related applications including light-driven thermoelectric system and photo-heat-catalyst are overviewed. At the end of this review, the remaining challenges, as well as opportunities to be seized, are raised for consideration.
A facile water-based one-pot reaction protocol for obtaining 20 nm thick uniform silica coatings on cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) is herein presented for the first time. The fully covering silica shells result in the thermal stability of the CNFs improved by ca. 70 degrees C and 50 degrees C under nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres, respectively. Heating of the core-shell hybrid fibres to 400 degrees C results in complete degradation/removal of the CNF cores, and demonstrates an inexpensive route to large-scale preparation of silica nanotubes with the CNFs used as templates. The key to a uniform condensation of silica (from tetraethyl orthosilicate) to cellulose is a reaction medium that permits in situ nucleation and growth of the silica phase on the fibrils, while simultaneously matching the quantity of the condensed silica with the specific surface area of the CNFs. Most coatings were applied to bundles of 2-3 associated CNFs, which could be discerned from their negative imprint that remained inside the silica nanotubes. Finally, it is demonstrated that the coated nanofibrils can be freeze-dried into highly porous silica/cellulose aerogels with a density of 0.005 g cm(-3) and how these hybrid aerogels preserve their shape when extensively exposed to 400 degrees C in air (>6 h). The resulting material is the first reported silica nanotube aerogel obtained by using cellulose nanofibrils as templates.
We demonstrate the fabrication of a new class of epitaxial porphyrin metal-organic framework thin films whose photophysical properties can be tuned by the introduction of electron-donating diphenylamine (DPA) groups into the porphyrin skeleton. The attachment of DPA groups results in strongly improved absorption characteristics, yielding the highest photocarrier generation efficiency reported so far. DFT calculations identify a shift of the charge localization pattern in the VBM (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital), confirming that the introduction of the DPA groups is the main reason for the shift of the optical absorption spectrum and the improved photocurrent generation.
A new organic donor-pi-acceptor sensitizer MKA253 has been applied for highly efficient solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs). Using 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-pi-methoxyphenyl-amine) 9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) as the hole transport material (HTM), an excellent power conversion efficiency of 6.1% was recorded together with a high short-circuit current of 12.4 mA cm(-2) under standard AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm(-2)). Different combinations of dyes and HTMs have also been investigated in the ssDSSC device. The results showed that small molecule HTM based devices suffer from comparably high electron recombination losses, thus causing low open-circuit voltage. In addition, photo-induced absorption (PIA) spectroscopy showed that the small-molecule HTMs lead to more efficient dye regeneration in comparison with Spiro-OMeTAD, despite a lower thermodynamic driving force. The results of this study also show that optimized energy levels for the dye-HTMs could be a vital factor for highly efficient ssDSSCs.
An active noble-metal-free photocathode was fabricated by co-grafting water-soluble thioglycolic acid-stabilized CdSe quantum dots and a molecular cobaloxime catalyst (CoP) through chemical linkage on a p-type open porous NiO film. This photocathode was used as a working electrode in a three-electrode cell, which displayed a photocurrent density up to 110 mu A cm(-2) at an applied potential of 0 V vs. NHE in 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution at pH 6.8 upon visible light illumination. The comparative studies showed that the open porous NiO/CdSe electrode did display a higher photocurrent density than that exhibited by an analogous planar NiO/CdSe electrode made by doctor-blading a NiO paste. Long-time photoelectrolysis experiments revealed that about 83% of the photocurrent density remained after 3.5 h illumination at 0.2 V vs. NHE. The open porous NiO/CdSe/CoP photocathode showed a considerably better current density and photocatalytic stability compared to the so-far reported dye-or QD-sensitized NiO cathodes with a cobaloxime catalyst chemically attached or physically adsorbed on the electrode surface under similar conditions.
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites with a reduced conductivity of two orders of magnitude are reported as a novel insulation material for high voltage distribution of renewable energy. The key to the high insulation capacity was to provide 70 nm hexagonal MgO nanoparticles with relatively tong, preferably 18 units long, hydrocarbon functional silsesquioxane coatings. This rendered the surface of the particles completely hydrophobic and also served as a protective layer against adsorption of polar low molecular weight atmospheric substances (H2O and CO2). The elimination of trace amounts of water, in combination with the provided carbon functionality, dramatically improved the dispersion of MgO nanoparticles. The lowest volume conductivity was ca. 7 x 10(-16) s m(-1) for 3 wt% surface coated nanoparticles. Extensive electron microscopy characterization was further used to relate the measured volume conductivity, acquired under conditions that resemble 800 kV high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables, to the distribution of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. The results show that an appropriate surface-modification approach yielded uniformly dispersed MgO nanoparticles up to contents as high as 9 wt%, with maintained 10-100 times reduced volume conductivity. Simulations of the MgO nanoparticles distribution revealed that the required interaction radius of the MgO-phase was 775 nm, setting a lower limit of particle amount to effectively work as electrical insulation promoters. The reduced volume conductivity values and scalable processing chemistry reported allow for the production of the next generation insulation material for HVDC cables.
Electrically insulating low-density polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites based on dispersed MgO nanoparticle foams are reported. The foams were obtained via freeze-drying aqueous suspensions of precipitated ca. 40 nm wide and 10 nm thick Mg(OH)(2) nanoparticles and dewatering (calcining) at 400 degrees C, resulting in a 25 times more voluminous powder compared to conventionally dried nanoparticles. This powder handling prior to extrusion melt-processing greatly facilitated the nanocomposite preparation since no particle grinding was necessary. Large quantities of particles were prepared (>5 g), and the nanoparticle foams showed improved dispersion in the LDPE matrix with 70% smaller aggregate sizes compared to the conventionally dried and ground nanopowders. The nature of the nanoparticle foams was evaluated in terms of their dispersion on Si-wafers using ultrasonication as a dispersing aid, which showed to be detrimental for the nanoparticle separation into solitary particles and induced severe aggregation of the calcined nanoparticles. The grind-free MgO nanoparticles/LDPE-composite was evaluated by electrical measurement. The prepared composite showed an initial ca. 1.5 orders of magnitude lower charging current at 10(2) s, and a 4.2 times lower charging current after 16 hours compared to unfilled LDPE. The results open a way for improved insulation to be implemented in the future high-voltage cable system and present a new promising nanoparticle powder handling technique that can be used on a large scale.
Novel methods based on orienting and coating of ZnO nanoparticles were studied in order to obtain uniform, nano-sized and ultra-pure ZnO grains/particles after heat treatment. A 1 nm zinc-hydroxy-salt complex layer on the nanoparticle surfaces was revealed by thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy. This 'phase' gradually decomposed into ZnO during the heat treatment while sintering occurred above 600 degrees C, as revealed by scanning-and transmission-electron microscopy. The c-axis alignment of the nanoparticles provided smaller pores than those associated with non-oriented nanoparticles, presenting the means to obtain high-density ceramics. The orientation resulted in a smaller grain size after heat treatment than that of the nonaligned nanoparticles. Another method that involved three steps - silane coating, heat treatment and silica layer etching - was used to remove the ionic species from the nanoparticle surface while preserving its hydroxylated surface. These ultra-pure nanoparticles are expected to be key components in the development of HVDC insulation polyethylene nanocomposites.
Alkylammonium lead(ii) iodide materials (APbI<inf>3</inf>), based on the general formula of CH<inf>3</inf>-(CH<inf>2</inf>)<inf>n</inf>-NH<inf>3</inf>PbI<inf>3</inf>, may lead to a monumental leap in developing affordable photovoltaics. Herein, we correlate the structure and function relationships of alkylammonium lead(ii) iodide in solar cells. We investigated changes in the structure of APbI<inf>3</inf> materials by varying the alkylammonium cations in their structure. As the size of the alkylammonium cation increased, the crystallographic unit cell increased in size and yielded lower symmetry crystals. High symmetry materials, those with cubic symmetry, showed the highest conductivity, the smallest bandgap, and produced the best performing solar cells. Structural changes were investigated by X-ray crystallography, X-ray powder diffraction, and Raman scattering.
We report the significant role of synthetic routes and the importance of solvents in the synthesis of organic-inorganic lead iodide materials. Through one route, the intercalation of dimethylformamide in the crystal structure was observed leading to a one-dimensional (1D) [NH3(CH2)4NH3]Pb2I6 structure of the product. This product was compared with the two-dimensional (2D) [NH3(CH2)4NH3]PbI4 recovered from aqueous solvent based synthesis with the same precursors. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy showed a red-shift of 0.1 eV for the band gap of the 1D network in relation to the 2D system. This shift primarily originates from a shift in the valence band edge as determined from photoelectron-and X-ray spectroscopy results. These findings also suggest the iodide 5p orbital as the principal component in the density of states in the valence band edge. Single crystal data show a change in the local coordination around iodide, while in both materials, lead atoms are surrounded by iodide atoms in octahedral units. The conductivity of the one-dimensional material ([NH3(CH2)4NH3]Pb2I6) was 50% of the two-dimensional material ([NH3(CH2)4NH3]PbI4). The fabricated solar cells reflect these changes in the chemical and electronic structure of both materials, although the total light conversion efficiencies of solar cells based on both products were similar.
The synthetic route and properties of three 2D hybrid organic/inorganic lead iodide perovskite materials are reported. The 2D perovskites were synthesized from the reaction between PbI2 and the di-cations of 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,6-diaminohexane, and 1,8-diaminooctane. The resulting products were [NH3(CH2)(4)NH3] PbI4 (BdAPbI(4)), [NH3(CH2)(6)NH3]PbI4 (HdAPbI(4)), and [NH3(CH2)(8)NH3]PbI4 (OdAPbI(4)). Structural characterization shows that two dimensional perovskite structures were formed with inorganic structural planes separated by organic layers. Absorption spectra show band gaps of 2.37 eV (BdAPbI(4)), 2.44 eV (HdAPbI(4)), and 2.55 eV (OdAPbI(4)). The 2D perovskite materials were investigated as light absorbing materials in solid state solar cells. The best performing material under moist, ambient conditions was BdAPbI4 (1.08% efficiency), which was comparable to methylammonium Pb(II) iodide (MAPbI(3)) solar cells (2.1% efficiency) manufactured and studied under analogous conditions. When compared to MAPbI(3), the 2D materials have larger band gaps and lower photoconductivity, while BdAPbI(4) based solar cells shows a comparable absorbed photon-to-current efficiency as compared to MAPbI(3) based ones.
The development of novel photosensitizers with very high molar extinction coefficients and broad absorption spectra to enhance the light harvesting efficiency providing high PCEs for solid state dye sensitized solar cells (sDSCs) is a main target for improvement. In this work, two novel organic blue-colored dyes termed S4 and S5 with indeno[1,2-b]thiophene functionalized triphenylamine as the donor, 2,3-diphenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine (PP) or 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (QT) as the auxiliary acceptor and cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) as the π-linker were designed and synthesized for sDSCs. S5 containing the QT unit as the electron-withdrawing group exhibits a high molar extinction coefficient of 6.3 × 104 M-1 cm-1 at 600 nm. Most importantly, the S5-based sDSCs shows record PCEs of 7.81% and 8.25% under one sun and 0.5 sun light intensities, respectively, exceeding the PCE of LEG4-based solar cells (7.34%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case where an organic blue-colored dye displays a PCE over 7.8% in sDSCs, thus representing record efficiencies for sDSCs. These results clearly show that molecular engineering is a viable way to develop blue-colored dyes with high molar extinction coefficients for use in highly efficient sDSCs. Also, blue-colored dyes open up co-sensitization strategies in combination with traditional organic dyes with yellow-red colours.
Tough fibrous membranes for smoke filtration have been developed from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles by solution electrospinning. The fibre thicknesses were controlled from 0.4 to 4.3 mu m by adjustment of the spinning conditions. The highest fibre strength and toughness were obtained for fibres with an average diameter of 1.0 mu m, 62.5 MPa and 65.8 MJ m(-3), respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the fibres showed a skewed amorphous halo, whereas the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results revealed an apparent crystallinity of 6-8% for the 0.4 and 1 mu m fibres and 0.2% crystallinity for the 4.3 mu m fibres. Heat shrinkage experiments were conducted by exposing the fibres to a temperature above their glass transition temperature (T-g). The test revealed a remarkable capability of the thinnest fibres to shrink by 50%, which was in contrast to the 4.3 mu m fibres, which displayed only 4% shrinkage. These thinner fibres aka showed a significantly higher glass transition temperature (+15 degrees C) than that of the 4.3 mu m fibres. The results suggested an internal morphology with a high degree of molecular orientation in the amorphous segments along the thinner fibres, consistent with a constrained mesomorphic phase formed during their rapid solidification in the electric field. Air filtration was demonstrated with cigarette smoke as a model substance passed through the fibre mats. The 0.4 mu m fibres showed the most effective smoke filtration and a capacity to absorb 43x its own weight in smoke residuals. whereas the 1 mu m fibres showed the best combination of filtration capacity (32x) and mechanical robustness. The use of recycled PET in the form of nanofibres is a novel way of turning waste into higher-value products.
Lead halide perovskite solar cells with multi-cation/mixed halide materials now give power conversion efficiencies of more than 20%. The stability of these mixed materials has been significantly improved through the addition of Cs+ compared to the original methylammonium lead iodide. However, it remains one of the most significant challenges for commercialisation. In this study, we use photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) in combination with visible laser illumination to study the photo-stability of perovskite films with different compositions. These include Br : I ratios of 50 : 50 and 17 : 83 and compositions with and without Cs+. For the samples without Cs and the 50 : 50 samples, we found that the surface was enriched in Br and depleted in I during illumination and that some of the perovskite decomposed into Pb-0, organic halide salts, and iodine. After illumination, both of these reactions were partially reversible. Furthermore, the surfaces of the films were enriched in organic halide salts indicating that the cations were not degraded into volatile products. With the addition of Cs+ to the samples, photo-induced changes were significantly suppressed for a 50 : 50 bromide to iodide ratio and completely suppressed for perovskites with a 17 : 83 ratio at light intensities exceeding 1 sun equivalent.
Two new D-A-pi-A configuration metal-free organic sensitizers (T1-T2) based on 5,7-dihexyl-6,12-diphenyl-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole and a DPP unit with a bulky branched alkyl chain have been synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells. Due to a bulky branched alkyl chain being attached to the donor and DPP unit, both compounds obtain high V-oc values. Under standard global AM 1.5 solar light conditions, the T1 based-device gives a high conversion efficiency of 8.24% with a J(sc) of 15.72 mA cm(-2), a V-oc of 0.74 V and a FF of 0.71. These excellent performances make the donor dihydroindolo[2,3-b] carbazole and DPP unit promising candidates for further application in DSCs.
A series of Sm and Ca co-doped ceria, i.e. Ca0.04Ce0.96-xSmxO2-delta (x = 0, 0.09, 0.16, and 0.24) (SCDC), were synthesized by a co-precipitation method. Detailed morphology, composition, crystal structure and electrochemical properties of the prepared materials were characterized. The results revealed that Sm and Ca co-doping could enhance the ionic conductivity in comparison with that of single Ca-doped samples. The composition as Ca0.04Ce0.80Sm0.16O2-delta exhibited a highest ionic conductivity of 0.039 S cm(-1) at 600 degrees C in comparison with the rest of the series, and the optimal ionic conductivity can be interpreted by the coupling effect of oxygen vacancies and mismatch between the dopant ionic radius and critical radius. Composite formation between the semiconductor La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-delta (LSCF) and the as-prepared SCDC contributed to a remarkable improvement in the ionic conductivity, an unexpectedly high ionic conductivity of 0.188 S cm(-1) was obtained for LSCF-SCDC composites at 600 degrees C, which was four times higher than that of pure SCDC. Using transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy approaches, we detected an enrichment of oxygen in the LSCF-SCDC interface region and a depletion of oxygen vacancies in LSCF-SCDC and LSCF-LSCF grain boundaries was significantly mitigated, which resulted in the enhancement of ionic conductivity of semiconductor-ionic LSCF-SCDC composites. The electrolyte-layer-free fuel cell (EFFC) fabricated from the LSCF-SCDC semiconductor-ionic membrane demonstrated excellent performances, e.g. 814 mW cm(-2) at 550 degrees C for using the LSCF-Ca0.04Ce0.80Sm0.16O2-delta (SCDC2).
The low-cost and stable inorganic p-type semiconductor copper(i) iodide (CuI) is a promising hole-transporting layer (HTL) material for inverted planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of inverted planar PSCs based on CuI HTLs reported so far are not satisfactory and far behind those of their organic counterparts. Herein, we demonstrate a simple but effective approach to improve the performance of inverted planar PSCs based on the CuI HTL through the incorporation of copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) into the CuI HTL. As compared to pristine CuI, the introduction of CuSCN significantly improves the quality of the film, resulting in a smooth and uniform film while maintaining relatively high electrical conductivity. As a consequence, the champion device based on the composite CuI/CuSCN HTL affords an impressive PCE of 18.76% under full sun illumination (100 mW cm(-2), AM 1.5G), which is substantially higher than the corresponding values of the respective devices containing pristine CuI (14.53%) and CuSCN (16.66%). This value is one of the highest efficiencies reported thus far for CuI- and CuSCN-based HTLs in PSCs. This work demonstrates the great potential of low-temperature solution-processed CuI/CuSCN composites as hole-selective layers for low-cost and efficient PSCs as well as other optoelectronic devices.
Based on a method using sol-gel chemistry combined with diblock copolymer templating, a low-temperature route to fabricate zinc oxide (ZnO) films with tunable morphologies including foam-like, worm-like and sphere-like structures is demonstrated. The morphologies are probed using scanning electron microscopy and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. Based on controlled nanostructured ZnO films, all solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) are prepared, for which every layer is deposited at low temperature to reduce the energy consumption of the manufacturing process. Transparent active layers for ssDSSCs are obtained, which demonstrates the possibility for building integrated solar cells. The ssDSSCs with a worm-like ZnO morphology, exhibiting relatively better ordered interconnected three-dimensional structures and larger meso-pore sizes, show the highest power conversion efficiencies and almost 100% efficiency of charge separation and collection for the absorbed photons. After 120 days, almost 80% of the initial power conversion efficiency is maintained in ambient air conditions, which demonstrates good long-term stability of the ssDSSCs even without special encapsulation.
A series of mesoporous WO3 catalysts were facilely synthesized by a hydrothermal method using mesoporous silica KIT-6 as a hard template and silicotungstic acid as a precursor. All the catalysts possess a well-defined mesoporous structure with interconnected networks. Oxygen-deficient mesoporous WO3 (m-WO3-x) was prepared by hydrogenation treatment at different temperatures with improved photothermal coupling performance. Moreover, the as-prepared catalysts exhibit selectivity toward CH4 evolution under visible-light only irradiation. Then, under photothermal conditions, the results show that the concentration of oxygen vacancies of m-WO3 has a great influence on its catalytic performance. The CH4 evolution rate reached 25.77 mu mol g (1), which is about 22 times that of mesoporous WO3 (1.17 mu mol g(-1)) under the same conditions, and a moderate concentration of oxygen vacancies is necessary to achieve selectivity for the conversion of CO2 into CH4. A mechanism of the catalytic reduction of CO2 over m-WO3-x is proposed, in which the initial oxygen vacancies function as an excellent electron transfer mediator and decompose CO2 into its elements (C/CO). These findings may further broaden the scope for photothermal chemical conversion and provide new insights into the oxygen nonstoichiometry strategy for the development of CO2 reduction.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), ZIF-67, with different morphologies were synthesized via a solvent-induced method at room temperature. The photocatalytic performances towards the reduction of CO2 were evaluated by using ZIF-67 materials as cocatalysts cooperating with a ruthenium-based complex as the photosensitizer. It has been demonstrated that the two-dimensional ZIF-67 with a leaf-like morphology exhibited the best photocatalytic activity and stability due to the highest CO2 adsorption capability and efficient electron transfer from the excited [Ru(bpy)3]2+ to ZIF-67.
Potassium halides have recently garnered much attention, due to their improvement of perovskite solar cell performance. A small amount of potassium halide incorporated in a perovskite absorber is able to provide advantages in terms of crystallinity, light absorption and trap state reduction. Here, we present a potassium chloride (KCl) pretreatment process to fabricate high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A KCl layer was inserted at the SnO2/MAPbI(3-x)Cl(x) interface via a simple spin coating method. It is observed that potassium cations (K+) and chloride anions (Cl-) diffused into the perovskite film during the thermal annealing process. The diffusion of K+ and Cl- will stop when they reach a bulk defect, resulting in an active passivation effect. It is verified that the incorporation of KCl enhances the crystal perfection and light absorption of the perovskite film. The average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs increases from 16.62% to 17.81%, with a leading PCE of 19.44%.
To meet the demand for low-cost, lightweight, portable and building-integrated solar cells, developing flexible and cost-efficient photo-active hybrid films is of significant interest. In this work, we investigate the mechanical properties of hybrid layers consisting of mesoporous TiO 2 filled with poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) as a function of the number of bending cycles. The TiO 2 /P3HT layers are deposited on flexible PET substrates at low temperatures (≤140 °C), which is beneficial for reducing the processing energy input and in turn lowering the production costs. Non-filled and partially filled mesoporous titania films are studied for comparison. The surface morphology is examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after the bending tests. The inner film morphology is characterized with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Based on the observed morphology, micromechanical models are used to analyze the mechanical properties of the investigated films. The results show that the TiO 2 /P3HT layers have a low elastic modulus and P3HT helps to stabilize the titania nanostructures against fracture. The SEM observations are well explained with the established models in a quantitative way.
In the scientific advancement of future cathode materials, alluaudite sodium iron sulfate Na2+2 delta Fe2-delta(SO4)(3) (NxFyS) has emerged as one of the most promising candidates for sustainable sodium-ion batteries due to its high Fe2+/3+ redox potential (3.8 V vs. Na/Na+), low cost, and high rate capability. Usually, this material occurs in a non-stoichiometric form with partial Na+ substitutions on Fe sites, where delta is close to 0.25 (N2.5F1.75S) depending on the synthesis conditions. While many contemporary works have primarily been directed to study this non-stoichiometric compound, our previous theoretical prediction unveiled the possibility to synthesize stoichiometric alluaudite (N2F2S), which is expected to deliver higher specific capacity (similar to 120 mA h g(-1)) as compared to the non-stoichiometric derivatives. This provokes curiosity toward the non-stoichiometric effect on the electrochemical activities and sodium intercalation mechanism in alluaudite materials. In this work, we therefore perform rigorous first-principles calculations to study the structural evolution, electrochemical behavior, and voltage profile of NxFyS with y = 2, 1.75, and 1.5. We reveal the likelihood of two phase transitions after half desodiation process, whereas the probability is reduced with a higher degree of non-stoichiometry, suggesting improvement in the structural reversibility for N2.5F1.75S and N3F1.5S. The prediction of the voltage profiles shows the benefit of non-stoichiometry in enhancing the specific capacity and identifies the structural rearrangement of Fe2O10 dimers as the hidden reason behind the irreversible sharp peak experimentally observed in differential galvanostatic profiles.
Krohnkite-type Na2Fe(SO4)(2)center dot 2H(2)O mineral is a sustainable and promising polyanionic cathode that has been experimentally found to offer a high redox potential (3.25 V vs. Na/Na+) along with fast-ion diffusion and high reversibility. Owing to the structural complexity, Na+ diffusion was assumed to occur along a convoluted channel along the b-axis. However, theoretical work related to this material still appears missing to support that statement. In this work, DFT+U calculations have been performed with the primary aim to unveil the Na+ diffusion mechanism in this material. The electronic structure and charge transfer are also envisaged to reveal evidence of Fe2+/3+ redox reaction and a vital role of structural H2O. Based on formation energies of this material with varied Na concentration, a calculated voltage profile is determined to show two voltage plateaus at 4.81 and 3.51 V, corresponding to experimental results. Nudged elastic band calculation reveals that Na+ diffusion is primarily occuring in the [01 (1) over bar] direction with a moderate ionic mobility due to the structural distortion induced during migration, suggesting the possibility of defect-assisted diffusion. Intriguingly, the formation of small hole polarons is first observed, and could play a key role in the electronic conduction of this material.
The present study describes the synthesis and characterization of a series of four composite electrolytes for lithium ion battery applications. The two-phase electrolytes are composed of a soft, ionic conductive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) matrix having stiff nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) paper as reinforcement to provide mechanical integrity. The reinforcing CNF is modified in order to create covalent bonds between the phases which is particularly beneficial when swelling the composite with a liquid electrolyte to enhance the ionic conductivity. After swelling the composite polymer electrolyte, forming a gelled structure, values of ionic conductivity at 5 x 10(-5) S cm(-1) and an elastic modulus around 400 MPa at 25 degrees C are obtained.
This article presents a novel type of flame-retardant biohybrid foam with good insulation properties based on wheat gluten and silica, the latter polymerized in situ from hydrolysed tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). This led to the formation of intimately mixed wheat gluten and silica phases, where, according to protein solubility measurements and infrared spectroscopy, the presence of silica had prohibited full aggregation of the proteins. The foams with "built-in" flame-retardant properties had thermal insulation properties similar to those of common petroleum- and mineral-based insulation materials. The foams, with a porosity of 87 to 91%, were obtained by freeze-drying the liquid mixture. Their internal structure consisted of mainly open cells between 2 and 144 mu m in diameter depending on the foam formulation, as revealed by mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The foams prepared with >= 30% TEOS showed excellent fire-retardant properties and fulfilled the criteria of the best class according to UL94 fire testing standard. With increasing silica content, the foams became more brittle, which was prevented by cross-linking the materials (using gluteraldehyde) in combination with a vacuum treatment to remove the largest air bubbles. X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy showed that silicon was present mainly as SiO2 .
Three new metal-free organic sensitizers with a D-A-p-A configuration based on a triarylamine donor, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) and different pi units have been synthesized. Because a long alkyl side chain has been attached to the thiophene adjacent to BDT, HECA achieves the best performance. Under standard global AM 1.5 solar light conditions, the HECA based-device gives the best conversion efficiency of 9.13% with a J(sc) of 16.14 mA cm(-2), a V-oc of 0.72 V and a FF of 0.77. Although EDCA displays superior optical properties, it does not give the desired results. The device based on EDCA achieves efficiency of 7.37% with a J(sc) of 15.56 mA cm(-2), a V-oc of 0.67 V and a FF of 0.70. EIS analysis confirms the existence of fast recombination in the EDCA system. Further computational analysis indicates that the coplanarity and the very strong affinity to iodine molecules of EDCA may be the origin of the low performance.
Polymer grafts were used to tailor the interphases between ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and silicone matrices. The final electrical properties of the nanocomposites were tuned by the grafted interphases, by controlling the inter-particle distance and the NP-morphology. The nanocomposites can be used in electrical applications where control of the resistivity is desired. Hansen's solubility parameters were used to select a semi-compatible polymer for grafting to obtain anisotropic NP morphologies in silicone, and the grafted NPs self-assembled into various morphologies inside the silicone matrices. The morphologies in the semi-compatible nanocomposites could be tuned by steering the graft length of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) via entropic matrix-graft wetting using surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization. Image analysis models were developed to calculate the radius of primary NPs, the fraction of aggregates, the dispersion, and the face-to-face distance of NPs. The dielectric properties of the nanocomposites were related to the morphology and the face-to-face distance of the NPs. The dielectric losses, above 100 Hz, for nanocomposites with grafted NPs were approximately one decade lower than those of pristine NPs. The isotropic nanocomposites increased the resistivity up to 100 times compared to that of neat silicone rubber, due to the trapping of charge carriers by the interphase of dispersed NPs and nanoclusters. On the other hand, the resistivity of anisotropic nanocomposites decreased 10–100 times when the inter-particle distance in continuous agglomerates was close to the hopping distance of charge carriers. The electrical breakdown strength increased for compatible isotropic nanocomposites, and the temperature dependence of the resistivity and the activation energy were ∼50% lower in the nanocomposites with grafted NPs. These flexible dielectric nanocomposites are promising candidates for low-loss high-voltage transmission cable accessories, mobile electronic devices, wearables and sensors.
In the class of two-dimensional (2D) materials, group III2-VI3 compounds have drawn intense attention due to its excellent surface properties. In this work, based on first-principles calculations, we have systematically investigated the structural, electronic, optical and photocatalytic properties of a ZnTe/In2Te3 heterostructure, along with its interfacial effects, to design an efficient photocatalyst. We have employed hydrogen adsorption free energy (Delta G(H*)) as a key parameter to demonstrate the enhancement in photocatalytic activity of ZnTe/In2Te3 compared to a pristine In2Te3 monolayer, which is further verified with the explicit water environment. The underlying mechanism is governed by the partial charge distributions of pristine In2Te3 and ZnTe/In2Te3 heterostructures. The presence of the ZnTe monolayer also altered the bandgap of the In2Te3 monolayer from an indirect gap of 1.238 eV to direct gaps of 0.298 eV and 0.181 eV in A- and B-type interfaces of the ZnTe/In2Te3 heterostructure, respectively. Calculated optical absorption spectra indicate that ZnTe/In2Te3 heterostructures possess better sunlight-harvesting capability compared to monolayer In2Te3 near the infrared and visible light regions, implying their potential as an excellent light-absorber. Our predictions provide new guidance for designing 2D III2-VI3 heterostructures and expand the applications of these materials in photovoltaics, photocatalysts, and other nanodevices in the future.
A monolithic, highly electrochemically efficient Re-based metal-organic framework (MOF) thin film has been deposited onto a conductive FTO electrode by liquid-phase epitaxy. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the presence of a highly oriented film grown exclusively along the [001] direction. This epitaxially-grown SURMOF exhibits an extremely high faradaic efficiency of 93 +/- 5% when operated as an electrocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to CO. In addition, the obtained current densities of the high-quality monolithic coatings exceed 2 mA cm(-2), a value at least one order of magnitude larger than that reported for previous electrocatalytically active MOF thin films.
A cost-effective and solution processable hole transport material (HTM), TPDI (5,10,15-triphenyl-5H-diindolo[3,2-a:3',2'-c]carbazole), was synthesized and explored as a hole selective contact material in low temperature (100 degrees C) and printable processed carbon counter electrode based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for the first time. This material demonstrated excellent thermal stability, high hole mobility and appropriate energy level alignment with CH3NH3PbI3 and carbon, which make it a potentially excellent alternative interfacial material for PSCs. By interfacial engineering with doped TPDI, the energy barrier at the CH3NH3PbI3/carbon interface was efficiently eliminated. Dramatically enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.5% was afforded, which is comparable to or even better than that of the reference device with 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N'-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) as HTM under equivalent conditions. Besides, TPDI can also function well in its pristine form although the efficiency (13.6%) obtained is slightly lower than that with the device containing doped TPDI as the HTM. Moreover, these newly integrated noble metal-free, vacuum-free and cost effective PSCs exhibited excellent durability during the long term stability measurements for 30 days. The remarkable performance as well as dramatically reduced fabrication cost demonstrated by integrating TPDI as the HTM and cost effective commercial carbon as the cathode revealed their great potential in the scalable and practical application of PSCs.
One of the grand challenges for developing scalable and sustainable hydrogen producing systems is the lack of efficient and robust earth-abundant element based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a hierarchically structured Ni-Co-P film was fabricated via a gas templating electro-deposition method. This film exhibits remarkably high catalytic performance for the HER in 1 M KOH with respective current densities of -10 and -500 mA cm(-2) at the overpotentials of -30 and -185 mV with a Tafel slope of 41 mV dec(-1). A controlled potential electrolysis experiment demonstrates that the as-prepared Ni-Co-P film is an efficient and robust catalyst with a faradaic efficiency close to 100%. Systematic characterization suggests that the unique hierarchical structure and the mutual participation of nano-sized Ni/Co based components are responsible for the high HER catalytic activity.


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Name of Beer (ie: Downtown Brown): Anniversary Ale
Style of Beer (ie: Ale, Lager, IPA, etc..): American Style IPA
Size of Beer (ie: keg, 12 oz bottle, draft, etc…) : 20 oz draft
Anniversary Ale is the most finest raw ingredients and the freshest, most flavorful hops in all award winning of ales and lagers. This beer is a big, full-flavored ale bursting at the seams with fresh, spicy and aromatic hops. This will be the right beer for all anniversary to all occasions. This will be good to pair with assertive aged cheeses such as pedrozzo Dairy's Northern Gold or Aged Farmstead Cheddar from new York. A perfect match for the spicy dishes from Southeast Asia and India. An orange and barley candy notes of Anniversary Ale accent fine bittersweet chocolates for the perfect dessert.

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Features:100% Brand New
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bottom length 18cm, can be stretched to 35cm
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General Assembly 2020 of the Society Switzerland – Bhutan. new: 13.6.2020 (to be confirmed),
9.30 am - Venue: Haus der Religionen - Dialog der Kulturen, Bern
Downloads / Links:
- Registration
- Agenda General Assembly 2020
- Minutes General Assembly 2019
- Accounts 2019 / Budget 2020
- Audit Report 2019
- How to get there
- Flyer Afternoon Program
Afternoon Program: 2.00 pm: Dr. Karma Phuntsho: "Bhutan's Transition in the 21st century: Challenges and Opportunities." followed by a presentation on Loden Foundation by Phuntsho Namgay (Acting Executive Director)
Dr. Karma Phuntsho is a social worker, thinker and a leading scholar on Bhutan. He teaches Buddhism and Bhutan Studies in Bhutan and abroad. He completed his full monastic training before going to Oxford to read Sanskrit and Classical Indian religions and pursue a D.Phil. in Oriental Studies. He has worked as a researcher at Cambridge University, CNRS, Paris, and the University of Virginia. He speaks extensively on Bhutan's history, religion, culture and development and is the author of more than two hundred books, articles and essays including The History of Bhutan.
His is currently the President of the Loden Foundation - a civil society organization in Bhutan with a vision to fostering an enlightened and happy society through promotion of education, social entrepreneurship and Bhutan's culture and tradition.
Phuntsho Namgay has bachelor's degree in Mass Communications from the University of Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. Soon after his graduation, he started his career at the Bhutan Centre for Media and Democracy (BCMD) as a Programme Officer for three years and later resigned to join Bhutan Foundation, an America based non-profit organization, to serve as a Communications Cfficer in their country office in Thimphu. With his passion and hope to explore new areas of entrepreneurship and education, Phuntsho joined Loden Foundation as the Development Manager in March 2018.
Phuntsho Namgay is currently the Acting Executive Director at Loden Foundation.
Red Flower Rice from Bhutan available in Switzerland
The first product of Drachukha Flower Group and Druk Metho is available in Switzerland! Unique red rice refined with precious edible flowers, Himalayan herbs and spices.
The Society Switzerland – Bhutan is supporting the project through financing the construction of a new drying unit in Drachukha.
You can support the farmer families from Bhutan in their plans to export their products for the first time and thus open up future perspectives for them in agriculture. To make the transport to Switzerland possible, at least 300 packages must be ordered.
Please order online and spread the news among family and friends: https://www.gebana.com/projects/ch/project/information/55
Meeting of European Bhutan Friendship Associations Thimphu and Haa, November 20 – 29, 2019
"EXPLORING THE FUTURE CONTRIBUTIONS AND ROLES OF EUROPEAN BHUTAN FRIENDSHIP ASSOCIATIONS" This topic was the focus of 44 members of 13 European – Bhutan Friendship Associations (EBFA) during a 10 days meeting in Bhutan.


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Photos in banner from left to right:
Undocumented photo of riot in Brazil. Published with Paulo Coelho Filho's article "Truth Commission in Brazil: Individualizing Amnesty, Revealing the Truth." The Yale Review of International Studies. Feb. 2012.
People's Press. Stop Forced Sterilization poster. c. 1974
Jesús Ruiz Durand, Peru. Las Mujeres Norteñas Estamos con la Revolución (We the Northern Women Are with the Revolution), 1968-70.
Photo source: AP/Rodrigo Abd


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- GUANA BOTTOM- Reversible (Cheeky fit)
GUANA BOTTOM- Reversible (Cheeky fit)
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- Cheeky cut style
- Mix and Match this bottom with our Cooper or Guana top
- All Corallina Swim fabric in 100% made in Italy
- All Corallina Swim bikinis are 100% handmade in Italy
- Made with ultrasoft, breathable and UV protective fabric
- I'm delicate, please hand-wash me!
For any sizing queries make sure you check out our sizing page and don't hesitate to email Corallina Swim or message us on Social Media.


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It is with great pride and excitement that I can announce the purchase of Westway by ABM. This is excellent news for us all and means that as part of the ABM Group we can continue our success story. As we have grown we have found that our size has been a barrier to winning some of the larger more prestige sites and with our acquisition it opens up a world of opportunity. What is so refreshing for me is the culture within ABM mirrors that of our own and I know that having likeminded people will mean we that we really can build this new offering into something special.
December 9, 2015 ABM Press Release
ABM Continues to Accelerate 2020 Vision With the Acquisition of Westway
Acquisition Adds Technical Services Capabilities, and Uniquely Positions ABM to Deliver Complete Solutions to Clients in the United Kingdom
NEW YORK, Dec. 9, 2015 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — ABM (NYSE:ABM), a leading provider of facility solutions, announced today that it has signed a definitive agreement acquiring Westway Services Holdings (2014) Ltd. ("Westway"), a provider of technical engineering services to customers in the United Kingdom (U.K.), in an all cash deal.
With annual revenues of £54 million (approximately U.S. $81 million), the acquisition adds to the Company's current strength in the U.K. and supports ABM's transformation to a solutions-driven business. The terms of the transaction were not disclosed.
"The acquisition is a natural fit, in line with our long-term strategic vision, and continues our focus in areas where we can achieve higher margins and deliver greater value to our stakeholders," said Scott Salmirs, president and chief executive officer, ABM. "Building upon our Aviation vertical through OmniServ and the GBM acquisition, recently rebranded as ABM U.K., Westway will allow ABM to expand into market adjacencies and deliver complete solutions, including deep technical services, to our clients in the U.K."
Founded in 2000, Westway is a technical facility services provider and offers technical engineering services such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration, electrical installations, building management systems, planned preventative maintenance, and reactive maintenance services. The company is based in South Ruislip, West London and has approximately 540 employees.
"Westway has a tremendous reputation for high-quality and premium service which differentiates them in the marketplace," said John Spencer, managing director, ABM U.K. "We are very excited about the strength that Westway will bring to ABM, and are confident that they will enhance our ability to deliver integrated facilities management capabilities."
The combination of ABM and Westway will open up rich solution selling opportunities across the companies varied customer bases. The deal will allow ABM to immediately extend Westway's mechanical, electrical and core service lines to its current U.K. customer base. In addition, it offers the opportunity to cross-sell ABM's leading services to existing Westway clients.
Becoming part of ABM will also open up new opportunities for Westway employees to pursue professional development and expand their personal opportunities. The company will continue to be led by its current management team.
"Today's announcement further enhances our growth opportunities and the ability to provide our clients with additional services and resources," said Andy Donnell, managing director, Westway. "We believe we can substantially leverage our capabilities as a combined entity and are confident that our clients and employees will benefit greatly from the combination of our businesses."
ABM (NYSE:ABM) is a leading provider of facility solutions with revenues of approximately $4.9 billion and over 100,000 employees in over 300 offices throughout the United States and various international locations. ABM's comprehensive capabilities include facilities engineering, commercial cleaning, energy solutions, HVAC, electrical, landscaping, and parking, provided through stand-alone or integrated solutions. ABM provides custom facility solutions in urban, suburban and rural areas to properties of all sizes — from schools and commercial buildings to hospitals, manufacturing plants and airports. ABM Industries Incorporated, which operates through its subsidiaries, was founded in 1909. For more information, visit www.abm.com.


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Strawberries are all over in the market now. My son loves them. He loves the taste and especially the milkshake. He's quite hungry once he's back from school, and a good glass full of this milkshake just does the trick. Its an instant energizer and at the same time fills up the stomach.
How to find that perfect strawberry? Well here are some things that I follow..A good strawberry must be bright red in color, particularly on the shoulder and at the cap of leaflets around the stem. The cap should be green (indicates its been plucked a couple of days ago), and the berry should have a distinct strawberry aroma. The flesh should be firm but not mushy, with an even sprinkling of seeds. Large and showy strawberries are beautiful to look at, while smaller strawberries are always more flavorful. Look for a strawberry with evenly spaced seeds along the bottom tip. Most importantly, no dark spots.
While buying a container/box of strawberries, discard any that are seeping strawberry juice, or contain strawberries with obvious dark spots or brown spots. Often prepackaged strawberries would have the poor quality strawberries in the bottom, so always check the bottom of the container before buying. I've been fooled a couple of times...experience speaks you see :) Strawberries will stay fresh and flavorful in the fridge for four days. Its highly perishable by nature, they are best if eaten within a couple of days of purchasing.
Ingredients: Makes 1 glass
7-8 fresh strawberries,
1-2 tbsp powdered sugar or as per taste,
50 ml fresh cream (I use Amul low-fat tetra pack),
25 ml cold milk,
Whip all the ingredients in the mixer. Serve chilled.
Sneek Peek:
Its a perfect drink for those milk-fussy kids, like mine :)


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Activity instances are created for special events in the context of a
humhub\modules\content\models\ContentContainer|ContentContainer like the creation of content.
Contrary to notifications - activities are always bound to a
humhub\modules\content\models\ContentContainer|ContentContainer, and are not targeted for specific users.
Besides the relation to the
ContentContainer - an activity can also be assigned with a Content or ContentAddon and automatically inherits some content properties such as
Similar to notifications activities can be related to an
originator user and a
source object.
The activity will adopt some properties as the
visibility in cas of
Content or
ContentAddon sources.
Implement a Custom Activity
Create Class & View
Your custom activites should reside in your modules
activities directory.
Example activity:
namespace johndoe\example\activities;
use humhub\core\activity\components\BaseActivity;
class SomethingHappend extends BaseActivity{ // View Name for activity public $viewName = "somethingHappend";
// Module Id (required) public $moduleId = "example";}?>
By default activity views should be located inside a
activities/views directory (e.g.
Example view file somethingHappend.php:
use yii\helpers\Html;
echo Yii::t('ExampleModule.views_notifications_newLike', "%someUser% did something cool.", array( '%someUser%' => '<strong>' . Html::encode($originator->displayName) . '</strong>'));?>
If you require a different view for mails, you have to add a view with the same view name to the
activities/views/mail directory.
Activity creation


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Our client seeks an FSA or career ASA with 6-10 years of health actuarial experience, along with strong project management skills. While pricing, financial reporting and underwriting skills are required, prior consulting experience is a plus. This role can be based in Maryland, Georgia,Washington D.C or North Carolina. (#50825)
AVP & Health Actuary (Multiple Locations #50825)
Inquire about this job
Please complete the form below to speak with a DW Simpson actuarial recruiter about this position, and other current job opportunities that match your background, experience & goals.
All submitted information is kept in the strictest confidence. You always retain control of your information with DW Simpson.


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0.23ct Tapered Platinum Solitaire Engagement Ring DR002
€2,250 €1,550
Ring Type: Engagement Rings, Rings Under €2,500, Solitaire Rings
Diamond Shapes: Round Brilliant Cut Diamond Rings
Carat/Weight: 0.3 – 0.99
This round brilliant cut diamond solitaire engagement ring is set in platinum. The setting for the piece set in platinum tappers in towards a traditional four prong style of which holds in place a 0.23 carat round brilliant cut centre diamond. The centre diamond is E, SI1 in clarity and it is certified by the IGI of Antwerp.
Ref: DR002
Centre: 0.23 carats
Colour: E
Clarity: SI1
Certified Body: IGI
Share with friends
Enquire now
Amend Your Ring
- 'At Commins & Co Jewellers we have over 600 rings set with certified diamonds.
- All of our rings are available in all precious metals
- We can change all centre diamonds in terms of size and quality to suit your budget
- All diamonds can be amended to any gemstone
- All rings can be made for your finger size
- We can redesign your ring with our CAD system and in house designer
Free Sonic Cleaning
- All our rings come with free sonic cleaning
- Cleaning takes 2 minutes
Free Independent Valuation
- All our engagement rings come with a free independent valuation valued at over €100
- It is provided by one of Irelands leading gemmologists
- Ideal for insurance purposes.
- We also provide a Commins & Co Jewellers internal valuation for insurance purposes which we can update annually at no charge


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Entertainment Stories from June 7, 2018
Mr. Rogers' documentary creates a beautiful day in the 'Neighborhood'Jun 8, 2018 10:49 AM - For three decades, Fred Rogers came into America's living rooms and proceeded to defy every rule about how to create a successful TV show with "Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood," the subject of Morgan Neville's doc "Won't You Be My Neighbor?"
Pippa Middleton reveals she's pregnantJun 7, 2018 7:50 PM - Pippa Middleton is following in her sister's path to motherhood
Stuff with Style vintage market returns to East Dundee June 10Jun 7, 2018 3:32 PM - After a banner outing last summer, the owners of Midwest Metro and SavvyCityFarmer are bringing back Stuff With Style; a Vintage Market, to East Dundee on June 10.
Comedy Central show pokes fun at Libertarian governor candidate Kash JacksonJun 7, 2018 3:22 PM - "The Opposition with Jordan Klepper" took aim at Kash Jackson, the Antioch Libertarian candidate for Illinois governor, during a segement on the Comedy Central show.
Shannon Shaw's Nashville venture a genuine tear-jerkerJun 7, 2018 3:02 PM - Music Review: Shannon Shaw's first solo album deals with the many aspects of heartbreak as Dan Auerbach helps surround her with a smoother version of the updated sounds from the '50s and '60s she usually creates with her band, the Clams.
Review: YOB move between menacing distortion, hushed reverieJun 7, 2018 2:31 PM - On their 8th album "Our Raw Heart," YOB swing effortlessly between menacing distortion and hushed reverie
Warner Bros. to release new Prince album in SeptemberJun 7, 2018 12:42 PM - Warner Bros. Records has announced a new Prince album on what would have been the "Purple Rain" megastar's 60th birthday
Italian Feast of SS. Crocifisso returns to Des PlainesJun 7, 2018 12:07 PM - Live music, Italian food and a traditional horse parade are among the highlights when the 22nd annual Italian Feast of SS. Crocifisso takes place this weekend on the grounds of Maryville Academy in Des Plaines.
Rolling Meadows hosts 4th annual Downtown Block Party FridayJun 7, 2018 12:07 PM - Rolling Meadows will host its 4th annual Downtown Block Party Friday along Kirchoff Road between Meadow Drive and Oriole Lane.
VH1's Trailblazer Honors to highlight TV pioneer Ryan MurphyJun 7, 2018 12:04 PM - Ryan Murphy, Trayvon Martin's parents to receive VH1 Trailblazer Honors
Show 1-10 of 23 next »
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1 Female 8 pin and 1 Male 8 pin Connector ....Plugs into Saab 900 1979 (march)-1993 (oct) and Saab 9000 85 (oct)-93 (sept). Connect Factory Power/Speakers to a Aftermarket stereo radio without cutting factory plug .
Plugs into Standard Factory Harness and has 8" color coded leads. All wiring has Electronic Industries Association: standard color codes match most aftermarket stereos. Each wire is stamped with wiring location for easy installation. Customer 800 Help Line. Full 1 year warranty.
Note: Carefully check your car harness Power and Speaker connector to make sure it matches picture above.


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Shake before each use.
For skin hydration, calming, balancing: mist on to face during toner step of skincare.
To help rid skin of dead skin cells: mist onto cotton pad after cleansing and wipe gently over skin.
Volume 158 ml
Manufacturing Date 02/19/2019
Open Before 02/18/2021
Use for 6 months after opening


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To view billing history and/or update your payment information, see below:
STEP 1: Log in to Bark, if applicable.
STEP 2: Visit your Account page.
STEP 3: Scroll down to the Billing section.
- You may reference the Invoices section for all previous charges along with the estimated price of your next invoice! This estimate will include any potential discounts or coupons you have received.
- You may click on Update Credit Card & Plan if you wish to change your plan type (monthly vs. annual), change your subscription tier (Bark Jr. vs. Bark all-in-one), or if you wish to update your payment method.
Additional Reading
Need additional assistance?
We are happy to help! If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us!


text:
Steam Client Update Released
An update has been released for the Steam Client and will be automatically downloaded.
Steam Music Player
- The Steam Music Player feature is now available for everyone, making it easy to listen to your music collection while you play games on Steam. For more information, visit Steam News. For product support, visit Steam Support.
- Added display of friends nicknames to notifications
- Added support for Family View recovery email address in Big Picture mode
- Added "I forgot my PIN" link to Family View unlock dialogs if a recovery email has been set
- Simplified the user interface of the main window
- Reduced energy usage when running in the background
- Fixed installing games using -applaunch or steam://install commands
- Fixed some cases where invalid URL strings would be parsed as URLs in chats
- Fixed some issues with Unicode handling inside links in chat
- Fixed regression that prevented public sharing of screenshots of non-Steam games
- Fixed install from retail disk for games with more than 4 DVDs, to use the data from all disks
- Fixed game banners not appearing in grid view while in offline mode
- Fixed hang in grid view when hitting enter with no game selected
- Fixed warning sound playing when unlocking Family View in desktop mode
- Fixed permissions issue preventing developers from uploading Workshop items to an app using the ISteamUGC interface, if they only had an auto-grant license for the app
In-Home Streaming
- Improved AMD hardware encoding quality
- Updated Streaming audio from Linux to use the default pulse audio sink if none is running at the time streaming starts
- Fixed rare crash with windowed game capture
- Fixed regression preventing Big Picture mode from responding after streaming a game
- Fixed regression preventing streaming to NVIDIA Shield
- Added support for additional caching of proxy auto-discovery results and better background detection of broken networks where auto-discovery fails and takes a long time to timeout
- Fixed failing to draw Web views into games that run as the elevated user when Steam wasn't also elevated
Mac OS X
- Updated some common user interface elements for Retina displays
- Fixed keyboard input for non-Latin languages in the Web view


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Doctor of Sociologya. Centre for Research in Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship (CREME), University of Birmingham, RU.
Maria Villares Varela holds a PhD title in Sociology from the University of A Coruña (25/10/2010). Her doctoral thesis, entitled 'Immigration and Enterprise in Galicia: Distinguishing Mobilization of the Financial, Human and Social Capital', was directed by Senior Lecturer Laura Oso Casas and it unanimously obtained the mark Cum Laude Pass with Distinction.
She currently works as a researcher in the Centre for Research in Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship (CREME), of the University of Birmingham, UK. She is an associated researcher in the International Migration Institute of the University of Oxford.
Her research fields include the areas of migration and labour integration, immigrant entrepreneurship, human capital and return immigration. During her research trajectory, she has studied in international universities such as the London Metropolitan University (London, UK), COMPAS (Center on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford, UK; the IMES (Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands); the School of Social Sciences-Oxford Brookes, Oxford, UK and the ERCOMER (European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations), University of Utrecht, Netherlands.


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CastelliSorpasso 2 Bib Tight - Women's
Item # CST00JJ
- 100% Guaranteed Returns
Free Shipping on orders over $50
Sorpasso 2 Bib Tight
Marrying warmth and versatility into one magical bib tight, Castelli puts its best foot forward this year with the new Sorpasso 2 Bib Tights for women, so you can commit to keeping your wheels on the pavement when things get wintry. A redesigned masterpiece with design rooted in Castelli's previously known and loved Sorpasso, the Sorpasso 2 features much of the technology we know we can count on, but with tweaks here and there to offer improved comfort and prolonged warmth in the saddle.
The Sorpasso 2 bib tights are stitched together from panels of Castelli's Thermoflex Core2 fabric, which is warm and compressive, and Thermoflex fabric, which lends itself to a higher level of stretch. That combination lands the Sorpasso 2 at the intersection of stretch and support. Thermoflex 2 has a nylon outer layer with a hollow-core polyester inner layer that traps heat within to maintain warmth and insulation. Both materials work together for maximum moisture management, pulling perspiration away from your skin to dry quickly so you can stay comfortable and warm. With exceptional moisture wicking paired with hollow core construction, Castelli recommends the Sorpasso 2 for cool-to-cold rides from 41 to 53 degrees Fahrenheit.
The Sorpasso sees a few changes to the strategic panels that made up previous years' model, with the most notable change occurring on the back. Increasing support, a lumbar band improves the fit and comfort in the saddle for increased support when you're grinding out long and brutal winter base miles.
Smooth, seamless straps wrap over your shoulders comfortably, and their wide construction distributes pressure for a nearly unnoticeable fit under your jersey. Because the straps omit seams, they reduce chaffing, even on long, static rides associated with winter training. Your sit bones would thank you if they could for the luxurious, women-specific Progetto X2 Air chamois. With seamless fabric against your sensitive skin and exceptional moisture transfer that allows for airflow, the X2 Air helps you feel fresh and comfortable. Underneath the chamois' 4-way stretch fabric, you'll feel multi-density padding with variable thickness and perforated comfort inserts to seal the deal with support where it's needed and breathability to boot.
- Winter can be a hammerfest, too, with warm bib tights
- Stretch and support combine with Thermoflex Core2 blend fabric
- Hollow-core polyester insulates and pulls away moisture
- Nylon shell keeps out the elements and resists wear
- Seamless shoulder straps reduce chaffing
- X2 Air chamois supports your sit bones for maximum comfort
- Recommended in temperatures from 41-53 degrees Fahrenheit
View more Women's Tights & Bib Tights
Reviews & Community
Great comfort
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
- Fit: True to size
- Size Bought: Small
The inside is completely and uniformly lined with chamois with no special areas of extra padding , which I was worried about, but after a long fall ride in 45-50 degree cloudy weather, I was sold on these bib tights . The performance was outstanding . Total wind protection and perfect warmth. The bib styling is easy to get into and it was a perfect fit for me: Im 5'7" 125lbs slender build and bought the size Small. I'll be grabbing these all winter long.
Thick chamois
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: Runs small
This bib has a top of the line chamois, which is why I chose it. It's so thick it felt a little awkward at first but I've grown to like the padding. it does sometimes give me a chamois wedgie on hills. I'm a size 12 in pants and 5' 9", and the XL feels a bit too small & short over the course of a ride, which is a bummer. Hard to believe I'm the biggest size they fit cause I'm not that big. I have small ankles, but the ankles in this bib are too small to zip all the way too so i have to keep them slightly unzipped. One zipper routinely cuts the back of my ankle over the course of long rides - it's just not a good design for me. I still wear it, but it leaves a bit to be desired. First bib from this brand, and I probably won't buy another.


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|15 Oct 2016
Windows 7 Home Premium 64bit.
Doing backup including Windows is now 32Gb. Thanks to everyone, I'll mark this as solved
|My System Specs
|15 Oct 2016
Main - Windows 7 Pro SP1 64-Bit; 2nd - Windows Server 2008 R2
I'd still recommend imaging your whole C:\ drive. Not having to reinstall everything after a disaster is a wonderful thing.
Glad you got the data backup working!
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
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|Backup and Restore
Windows backup size
My friend has just got a 500gb USB3 drive for backups and I showed him how to partition it into 3 parts. His laptop has C and E partitions which total about 85gb. When he selected one of the partitions on the backup drive and ran the Windows backup the finished backup was 105gb. How can the backup...
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HI. This is my first time posting... and I have this question which I was trying to solve but couldnt do anything about... was hoping you guys will be able to help. so anyways. I have 50GB C drive which I try to back-up. but for some reason I was unable to. here' the error i get...
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Backup size increasing
Hello, I am using windows backup for my users libraries, and a system image. I have selected to keep only the latest backup. Every time the machine backs up the file/s size on my backup drive increases. After a couple of weeks the drive is full and I have to start all over again. Why...
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size of backup disk
For extra backup security I was going to buy another 320 GB external drive for storing system images. Another thread stated that for system images the backup drive must be a higher capacity than the drive being backed up. That is you couldn't backup a 1 TB drive with say 100 GB used to the 320GB...
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Spring and fall ushers in all kinds of weather. Be prepared to handle rain and colder weather, particularly at night. In the summer, almost any sleeping bag will do, but in spring and fall, you'll need a sleeping bag designed to keep you extra toasty and warm. Such super-duper sleeping bags cost a lot of money, but will be well worth the extra bucks in the face of night frosts.
Select a sleeping bag filled with down or with one of the tried-and-true synthetic fills such as Hollofil II, Polarguard HV, or Lite Loft. Sleeping bags for spring and fall use should be rated as a three-season bag, or designed for use in temperatures as low as 20° F. Summer-weight sleeping bags are rated for use in temperatures above the freezing point.
Don't Wear Cottons in Cold Weather
Don't wear cotton in cold weather. Cotton gets wet easily and stays that way while causing your body temperature to drop. It has no insulating value and when it gets wet it can be dangerous in cold conditions. Blue jeans, which are made of cotton, are terrible camping clothes when it's chilly. Choose wool or one of the popular synthetics instead.
Layering Clothes for Winter Camping
In addition to bringing a good sleeping bag, dress in layers. As the day gets progressively colder, don more outerwear to combat chilly temperatures. The proverbial happy campers are those who dress in three layers of clothing:
- An inner layer (the underwear) should be made of polypropylene and polyester in different weights. This keeps moisture (sweat) away from your skin to keep you dry.
- A mid-layer of wool (or synthetic) should fit comfortablynot too tight, not too loose. This insulates or traps air between you and the outer layer.
- A third, synthetic outer layer is needed as a wind shell. It blocks the wind and keeps you dry as well.
If your camping takes place in wet conditions, choose a shell made from Gore-Texa breathable, waterproof fabric that offers protection from wind and rain.
Positioning Your Tent for Cold Weather
Winds generally blow upslope during the day and downslope by night. Position a tent so that openings don't face a slope or significantly higher ground. Colder, dense air settles in low-lying ground like meadows. Choose a campsite that is situated on higher ground, which some trees or other natural cover.