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HadISDH is a global surface humidity dataset based on the quality controlled sub-daily land station HadISD dataset. It is available as a gridded product.
Quality controlled and homogenised monthly mean climate anomalies are provided alongside uncertainty estimates, actual values, climatological mean and standard deviation for a range of humidity variables in addition to the simultaneously observed temperature.
Citable as:Met Office Hadley Centre; Department of Geography, Maynooth University; National Centers for Environmental Information - NOAA; National Physical Laboratory; University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit (2016): HadISDH: global land surface humidity data. Centre for Environmental Data Analysis, date of citation. http://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/251474c7b09449d8b9e7aeaf1461858f
Abbreviation: HadISDH
Keywords: HadISDH, humidity, surface, land, gridded, station, specific humidity, relative humidity, temperature, dew point temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point depression, vapour pressure, in-situ
Datasets (4)
Projects (1)
Dataset supports the following projects:
|Met Office Hadley Centre - Observations and Climate
|Previous Info:
|No news update for this record
|Previously used record identifiers:
No related previous identifiers.


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Ipreo by IHS Markit looked at a sample set of 45 key U.S.-listed Chinese companies and their shareholder distribution to determine the optimal geographic distribution.
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Event Registration Card (PSD/DOC)
This might be the easiest way to signup someone for a trip. This is 4×5 card is perfect to hand out to students to get them to signup for your coming events. You don't need Photoshop to make this card look great!
Event Signup Card (PSD and Word Doc)
Event Signup Generic Card (JPEG ready to print)


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Better by experience
Colin Harvey, the founder of Succession Strategies has worked with owner managed businesses for more than twenty five years, to help countless shareholders build and realise the value locked up in their companies.
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It has been over a century from the time Dunlop patented his 'mummified wheel' to the modern radial tyres of today. Yet with all the improvements a tyre has undergone, one thing remained unchanged, which is only when it is inflated to the optimised level and that inflation is kept constant that it can deliver maximum comfort and performance. This is one of the basic reasons all tyre manufacturers try to focus on in the development stage of a tyre which can have the best air retention ability. Usage of a tube or an extra air container within the tyre was regarded as the best solution for many years
It may come as a surprise to many that in 1903, engineer Paul Weeks Litchfield, then in his early 20s, was granted a patent for the first 'tubeless' tyres. He later rose to be the chairman of the Board of Goodyear in the year 1940. Just like many other patents, which were granted during that period, this concept was not pursued until late 1939 when the requirement for the first amphibious tyre was felt. The 120x33.5 - 66 smooth tread Marsh Buggy tyres, by far the largest tyres produced then, were used on Admiral Byrd's Snow Cruiser. This vehicle was capable of carrying very heavy loads over all sorts of terrain, even float on water. These were off-the-road tyres, flexible but inextensible pressure vessel that were pre-stressed and skin-stressed by air pressure. To produce such tyres Goodyear at Akron employed the idea of Litchfield, using nylon cords for the first time and a newly developed synthetic rubber compound called Chemigum to line the inner casing of this tyre to lighten its weight and eliminate the tube.
The Second World War highlighted the need for reliable tyres as loss of air or punctures cost precious moments or even endangered lives. Though the tubeless concept was not used during the war, subsequent development of tyres with a 'run-flat' capability by introducing tubes, which had a special construction of a sealant on the lower side, this allowed it to run without an air loss even after a penetration. The added weight of the tube made the steering wheel heavy and restricted speed. They were used on low speed trucks, which traveled on areas with puncture hazards like wrecker's equipment, dock and warehouse vehicles, and other utility trucks
To reduce weight lifeguard tubes were introduced, having two air chambers, the outer rubber tube with a thick canvas tube inside. In case of a blowout only the outer chamber gave way, while the reserve air in the thick canvas tube would not allow the tyre to be completely deflated allowing the vehicle for a safe straight line gradual stop.
After the war a more determined effort towards elimination of the inner tube was sought as it was considered the main source of service trouble and failures while being clearly superfluous and costly. Experiments were therefore conducted both in the USA (initially by Goodrich) and in UK (by Dunlop), towards providing a near perfect seal between the tyre bead and rim, under all service conditions. This meant that the tyre had to run even at low inflation pressures or with a penetration to a safe distance without loss of vehicle control. It was in the year 1954 that the first commercially realised tubeless tyre was fitted as original equipment, by the now defunct Packard marque.
During the mid 1950s and early 1960s, India too manufactured tubeless tyres, which were not only supplied as original equipment for the cars, but also had a number of sizes meant for the replacement market. While the rest of the world accepted this new technology and by the middle of 1962, nearly all commercial vehicles, trucks and passenger cars used tubeless tyres, we in India reverted to the old tube-tyre theory. Even though most companies in India still manufacture tube-type tyres, many have the tubeless technology available with them and do manufacture tubeless tyres meant for export only.
Tubeless tyres have reappeared in the Indian scenario but many users are reluctant to use them. Some fit tubes in them. So which is actually better? Let us see where the construction difference lies. Apart from the basic construction, which remains the same with the run of the cords distinguishing the type of tyre construction, whether it is a cross-ply or a radial ply one; the main difference lies in the application of the inner liner of the carcass. Whereas in a tube-type construction the inner liner acts as a medium for reducing friction between the cord body and the tube, in a tubeless construction this is the tube itself. Thus the inner liner in a tubeless tyre is made up of a Halogenated Butyl rubber like Chlorobutyl or Bromobutyl for better air impermeability together with high heat and weather resistance.
Though compounds used in a tubeless or a tube type tyre may vary, the other major difference lies in the bead area of the tyre. While considering a radial tyre both type of tyres have a flexible yet rigid bead, where the bead bundle is very thin and the stability of the tyre is enhanced by the bead apex or bead filler controlling it, in a tubeless it also has to maintain the air pressure within. Thus the bead heel in the tubeless sits more tightly within the flange of the rim, and to ensure this tight fitting most tyre manufacturers add an extra wrapping over the bead area. This enhances high-speed performance while achieving a better cornering ability on the tubeless.
The other advantages are the absence of a tube make the tyre lighter in weight, thus has less chance of vibrations, which means that it leads to a better fuel saving. Even the rolling resistance in a tubeless radial is lower when compared to a tube type radial. This is due to the fact that the tubeless tyre sidewall is more supple as there is no internal body to create a friction. This also helps the tyre to run cooler as it eliminates heat generation caused by the internal shuffling of the tube.
The inner liner also acts as an absorbent during a nail penetration making the nail act like a plug and therefore the tyre has a slow leak and not a sudden deflation as it occurs on a tube- type tyre. This can be illustrated by a simple example. Pierce an ordinary balloon with a pin and it disintegrates, while sticking a cello tape on the balloon would enable the pin to penetrate without it bursting.
Similarly by comparing a tubeless tyre to a balloon that is not fully inflated, when squeezed this would deshape to certain extent before it bursts. Thus a tubeless can flex over an object, giving it a better impact resistance than a tube type one.
Personally, I feel that a tubeless tyre is more beneficial than a tube type tyre, but yet many people feel that since a local puncturewalla cannot attend to a tubeless it may be a bad proposition to use them. Generally it is quite simple and sometimes easier to repair a tubeless tyre than a tube type one. Of course there still remains one important criterion that the repairer must have proper tools and equipment to handle the same, which is essential for tube-type tyres as well. I still maintain that utmost care and regular checks should be carried out at regular intervals to get the best from your tyres. Secondly most tyre companies worldwide do not recommend use of tube in tyres lower than 60 aspect ratio. The other factor is the safety given by a tubeless may not be comparable with a one using a tube.
What Makes A Tubeless Tyre? We Explain.
In this epistle we focus on the constructional details of a tubeless tyre which will fundamentally help us as we motor along the tubeless highway.
It is tragic that we Indians are not the hardiest of adventurous souls who experiment and adopt new ways to spice up their life, and also to make things easier on themselves. Though tubeless tyres have been around since the mid 1950s, we only stumbled upon them with the advent in the late 1990s! It's another matter that it needed a high-end premium automobile to set things rolling on this count - a case repeated often enough abroad as well - but now we need to see the same thought and product process filtering through lower down the pecking order. Many car makers and tyre makers blamed bad roads and a lack of education as reasons for not ushering in tubeless tyres but all that is now changing. It better because our neighbours in the SAARC nations like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal have been running on tubeless tyres for over a decade, if not more!
In place of the tube in a normal tyre, the tyre and the rim of the wheel form an air container in a tubeless tyre. To 'seal in the air', in this tyre-rim compartment, the inner wall of the tyre is throughly lined with an impermeable, air-tight membrane. The inner liner of the tubeless tyre is constructed of halo-butyl/chlorobutyl and other materials. This performs, in essence, the important chore of substantially reducing the permeation of air, as compared to the natural rubber inner liner, a function of which is why we use a butyl tube in a tubed tyre.
A tubeless tyre also comes with a soft rubber chaffer, distinct from a rubberised fabric chaffer in a tubed tyre. This works as an all-round air seal between the tyre and rim.
As there is no tube, and, hence, no tube valve, a specialised valve is employed for increasing/reducing the air pressure in a tubeless tyre. The valve (check out the line drawing to see how it mounts) sits on the tyre rim and is ingeniously sealed by a large high quality rubber seal which is easy to mount.
As you can see that the tube is integrated in the tyre construction, so to spead, you also have less weight, helping handling engineers in the car companies realise the benefits of low unsprung weight. If you drive a Toyota Qualis or a Mercedes-Benz C, E- or S-Class, or even the stunning new Ford Mondeo, the benefits of the tubeless rubber they come with would have passed you by, so good is the feeling.
From the cross-ply to the radial to the tubeless
In the days of yore the only Indian cars worth considering were the only cars available. As an impressionable youngster who used to hang around car enthusiasts, I used to always hear that this tyre is no good because it could do only around 20,000km before the tread vanished. Tyre life over all else seemed to be the mantra of the everyday car user and I remember even our family car, which used to be a Hillman Minx then, would seemed to go on and on forever.
Things changed dramatically in 1980s with the advent of the Marutis and also the ushering in of the radial revolution. Suddenly we started hearing things like grip and steering responses and ride comfort and fuel efficiency and not just tyre life.
More than anything else, it was growing awareness levels among car users that saw many veering towards the radial tyre. The compromise between comfort (radial deflection), and steerability (sideways stiffness) was not possible with the traditional (read that as cross-ply) tyre structure as with the radial ply tyre. A radial casing alone offers no improvement but if it also comes with a reinforced belt structure it retains the high comfort factor of its radial-ply nature with the added virtues of steering controllability.
Moreover, it allowed designers to adjust the two factors in relation to each other as required for a particular type of car. In contrast to the radial, the cross-ply is now comparatively limited as far further development is concerned, even in India. I qualify this by suggesting this statement holds good for passenger car application tyres only.
Radials may be about 25 per cent costlier than similar sized cross-ply tyres but they may give upto 8-0 per cent more mileage and also afford the other intangible benefits in superior ride quality and better grip and control, factors which have become common-speak even in India today.
With the advent of radials came the stylised looks as well. Of course this came thanks to the wide squat rubber used by racing cars but automotive stylists were quick to pick these cues and design them into their new automobiles. The designers wanted wheels of a certain overall diameter but they wanted them to also accommodate the brake discs and part of the hub carriers. This helped give us the lowered height-width ratio and even though we have had low profile cross-ply tyres as well, the radial handles low profiles infinitely better-just ask Ferrari or Mercedes-Benz or BMW or Porsche.
It was this battle for low profiles and great grip with better cornering stability which brought the tubeless tyre to the fore. In the early days thanks to rubber compounds and tyre constructions being at the technological levels prevailing then, the tubeless tyres took some time perfecting. But once the virtues of lower unsprung weight, easy repairability, better ride quality and many more factors which only magnified the radial tyre advantage became apparent, the tubeless radial has gone on to capture market share in the developed lands.
The tubeless movement is now making its advent in India getting off the ground with makers like Goodyear with its Trinuum Tyre Tech. From the cross ply to the radial to the tubeless, tyres have surely come a long way.
4.The Need for Speed - Case Study
The first case shows a tyre with its tread separated from its casing. Could this have been a manufacturing defect? Yes, provided the tyre was not over six years old, as in this case. The tyre was manufactured in 1994, but was sparingly used, thus the tread was not worn out but the casing deteriorated and when subjected to speeds above 130kmph, literally tore out in chunks. Thanks to radials, the owner was able to control the vehicle to a slow stop.
The second case you will notice again the tyre has suffered a tread/belt separation. This too can be attributed to a manufacturing defect. Unfortunately the owner had purchased this imported tyre from a dealer who sold him a defective tyre. This is very clear from the fact the specific markings, which give the authenticity of a tyre has been buffed off. Secondly the speed rating of the tyre was 'S' (160kmph), while the vehicle was a Mercedes, capable of being driven at speed of over 190kmph. We asked the owner to replace them with a 'V' rated tyre, for safer driving.
Here we see a tyre, which may have suffered an impact before it entered the highway. This tyre was a tubeless type but was fitted with a tube. Now the tyre must have absorbed the impact but the tube did not.As the tyre flexed, heat generated within and after the near completion of the journey the tube gave way rendering the tyre useless. The damage of the tyre and tube can be clearly seen. Moreover the nature of impact is also visible at the rim area.
The fourth case, I would like my readers to see how a nail penetration has caused this tyre to fail and by the time the vehicle could be brought to a standstill the tyre was ruined.Here again I would say that the owner has been lucky to use a radial, as although his tyre was wrecked he was able to come back with his story safely to us.
In my last case we see a tyre which has more than 60,000km logged on it. The life of the tyre was virtually over, as the tread depth had already reached its 'TWI' (Tread Wear Indictor) marking or had only 1.6mm tread depth left. Yet the owner was reluctant to replace his tyres and as luck would have it on his return after a weekend at Lonavala, the tyres developed a belt distortion. The only solution for him was to replace the entire set.
5. Wheels - The Money Spinner
The first Grand Prix, which was held at Magny-Cours, France, in the year 1906, presented a real challenge not only for automobile manufacturers but for tyre manufacturers as well. Since the 1200km hot dusty course caused numerous punctures, it put a strain on drivers as they had to replace tyres themselves, which was a painfully laborious process. An advertisement of the time projected it to be as easy as child's play but the truth was far from it. Thus Michelin's offer of the new technical innovation of completely detachable wheels amazed spectators, specially the performance of Ferenic Sziz who won the race at an average speed of over 101kmph on a Renault engined car. The key to Sziz's victory could be attributed to the fact that he managed to change a tyre in three minutes flat with these detachable wheels. Michelin also made history when out of the 34 cars which started only 11 finished, in which the first, second, fifth, sixth and eighth were all on these wheels.
Yet these wheels were a far cry from the wheels of today. Those days traditional carriage wheels and wire-spoke steel wheels developed for the bicycle were alternatives available for automobiles. The three types of modern wheels are of pressed steel, wire-spoke wheels and light-alloy casting wheels. The pressed wheels are light, strong, stiff and resistant to accidental damage. They require negligible maintenance and are only inferior to alloy wheels on one count; they are heavier. Over 90 per cent vehicle manufacturers use such wheels, as they are easy to produce and cheap to manufacture in large quantities. Steel wheels are made from two pressings. The inset distance and rim profile are varied to suit the car manufacturer's requirements. The flange profile, indicated by letters J, K, JJ, JK, or B in the specification, is designed to comply with the tyre bead profile.
Though I have already written about problems caused by using an incorrect flange type as well as the wrong width I repeat that it is of vital importance that correct width be maintained in relation to the tyre size as this is the factor responsible for the handling characteristics of a car. A rim too narrow in relation to the tyre width, for example, will allow the tyre to distort excessively sideways under fast cornering. On the other hand, unduly wide rims on an ordinary car tend to give rather a harsh ride because the sidewalls have not enough curvature to make them flex over road irregularities.
The earliest type of wheels were of the wire-spoke variety. They were light yet strong as they not only had to withstand the weight of the car but also forces of acceleration, braking and cornering. Normally all wheels are subjected to extreme loads and stress even in normal road use as during cornering they have to combat combined forces of braking and acceleration. Thus all loads on the wheel are transmitted from the rim to the hub by the spokes. These spokes were made of steel as they had to be stronger in tension than in compression. Spokes individually have little resistance to bending stresses, so they had to be laced in a complex crisscross pattern, ensuring that the load fed into a wheel was evenly distributed among the adequate number of spokes, thus converting the wheel to a tensile load similar to a pulling load rather than subjecting it to a pressing or bending load.
Assembling a wire-spoke wheel is a skilled operation, as each spoke has to be individually hooked at one end of the hub while its other end is pushed through a hole in the wheel rim, where a tapered nut also called as a nipple is screwed down pulling the spoke tight. If a spoke is too loose or too tight the rim that is relatively flimsy will distort. This labour intensified manufacture could be justified in the early days when the alternatives available were not so strong or light, but today such wheels are expensive because of their complicated construction. Such wheels are traditionally associated with vintage sport cars and racing cars, but strictly speaking have little justification today from an engineering point of view. Moreover the pierced rim of a wire wheel makes it impossible to fit tubeless tyres as they require airtight rims.
For steering control the wheels must be of rigid construction. With a pressed steel rim the 'spoke' portion is usually of near-conical shape for extra lateral stiffness. This proved to be of great disadvantage in the earlier designs as the disc had to be liberally perforated to allow the passage of cooling air to the brake drums, thus by piercing holes in the disc weakened it. The wheel manufacturers turned this to an advantage by using a slightly more expensive technique. The holes were swaged, which means that their edges were turned smoothly inwards, thus actually increasing the strength of the wheels. Today all wheel manufacturers use swaging technique as standard on their pressed wheels.
The third variant is light-alloy casting wheels which are generally meant to impress and essential quality and advantage is ignored. Alloys have the main advantage of being lighter than the other types of rims, but with use of a combination of aluminum and magnesium alloys have a thicker flange section, which promotes stiffness and distribute stresses over a wider area. This allows wider tyres to be fitted, which improves road-holding ability especially on corners and is one of the main reasons for their use on some sport cars. Light alloys are also good conductors of heat and thus allow heat generated by brakes and tyres to disperse quicker. They react badly to salt spray and must be checked regularly for corrosion. I shall focus on alloy wheels in future but now dwell on how wheels are mounted and problems regarding the same. The most common type of wheel mounting consists of either four or five threaded studs equally spaced in a circle around the hub flange. These studs pass through holes in the wheel, which is secured by nuts screwed on to the studs. The holes through which the studs pass are not simply pierced through but the area around each hole is pressed out to form a tapered seating which ensures a corresponding tight fit. Each wheel sits on a position which is centrally located on the hub and is called the pitch circle diameter (PCD) of the wheel. The hub diameter is known as the bore diameter.
Advantages of a Tubeless Tyre over Conventional Tube Tyre
OVERDRIVE advocates the use of tubeless tyres. Why? How much importance do we place on the tyres we use in our vehicles? Where is tyre technology is to in the future? It is essential for vehicle users to be aware of the advantages of tubeless tyres compared to conventional tube tyres.
So what exactly are the advantages? The primary advantage of a tubeless tyre is in internal construction and materials used. A tubed tyre is vulnerable to friction and heat generated between the tube and the inner surface of the tube which reduces life of the tube. In a tubeless tyre the inner layer of the tyre is the tube itself. This layer is made of a material like halo-butyl/chlorobutyl which is basically resistant to heat and reduces permeation of air.
The weight of the tube inside a tyre adds to the unsprung weight affecting handling characteristics and overall performance. The lack of a tube reduces unsprung weight and improves dynamic ability. The lack of a tube also reduces rolling resistance caused by friction between the tyre and tube. The lower rolling resistance, lesser weight and the tubeless tyre's capability to uniformly retain air improve fuel efficiency
Another important advantage from a safety point of view takes care of a problem none of us have control over: punctures! Ever experienced a high-speed blowout? There have been a number of gruesome high-speed fatalities on the Mumbai-Pune expressway caused by tyre blowouts.
At speeds in excess of 100kmph high temperatures are generated. These high temperatures expand (in some cases this tube is over-inflated too which only aggravates the situation) the tube and a sudden sharp penetration at high speed causes the tube to burst very easily. The air expelled at high pressure forces its way out of the tyre from around the rim and the tube valve hole. In some cases the pressure exerted by this escaping air is strong enough to rip open the tyre. A burst tyre causes a sudden loss in traction which is sufficient to throw the vehicle off course violently.
In a tubeless tyre penetrations into the tyre are sealed off by the rubber itself. As a result, leakage of air does not take place and if it does, it is minimal. Over-inflation can still cause grievous harm but the hazards from punctures in a tubeless tyre are greatly reduced. In case of a total loss of air inside the tyre, it is likely that the bead will collapse inside the rim-well rather than come off it.
Other tube troubles include ballooning, open splice, spurious tubes, pinholes, tube mounting damage and finally the cost of a tube and its maintenance, all of which are avoided with tubeless tyres.
Tubeless tyres present a very good case for themselves. They are a welcome foot forward in tyre technology that the world has accepted decades ago.?
7. Conclusion:-
By using tubeless tyre technology which is invented by engineer Paul Weeks litch field in 1903. We can reduce friction and heat generation which is developed in conventional tyres between the tube and inner surface of the tube. By using tubeless tyre technology we can also reduce unsprung weight and improves dynamic ability. It also reduces rolling resistance cause by friction in the tube and tyre. Using this technology we can improve fuel efficiency and also reduces puncture as in tubeless tyre penetration into the tyre are sealed of the rubber is self. As a result leakage of air does not take place and if it does it is minimal. So tubeless tyre present a very good case for themselves. They are a welcome foot forward in tyre technology that the world has accepted decades ago.
References :-
? Sujan Choudhari, ?Tubeless Tyre Technology?
? Adil Jal Darukhanawala, ?Tubeless Tyre Technology?
Website :-
? google.com
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Leonello Calvetti Refreshes Rue-La-La's Website
E-commerce has changed the way that shoppers approach luxury retail. Upscale brands once only available in brick and mortar stores are now available for perusal and purchase on the Internet thanks to new online retailers. Rue La La is an invitation-only online site that offers private sales of luxury items available only for select periods of time. Members benefit from a curated selection of goods at a discount price.
Rue La La recently refreshed their homepage with a new image by Leonello Calvetti, an eye-catching 3D roller coaster track twisted into the shape of Rue La La's letters. Says Creative Director Amy Van Aarle, "Rue La La is all about style and confidence, served with a twist. And for us style isn't just what you wear - it's how you live your life and how you see the world. With the roller coaster concept, we wanted to convey an experience that's intriguing and unexpected, but also optimistic and fun. Rue La La is an ever-changing, delightful destination, and our homepage is the perfect place to convey that."
Prior to the rollercoaster, the Rue La La landing page image was a hot pink hued lollipop. Notes Van Aarle, "We love working with Leonello.When we came up with the idea for the Roller Coaster, we knew we had to have Leonello make it. We worked with him on the last version of our homepage as well, which was a big delicious pink lollipop. People ask us all the time if they can get one of the lollipops, they can't believe that someone actually made it with a computer (and that they can't get their hands on one!)."
Years of experience in traditional illustration lends Calvetti's 3D digital work an especially real touch. His first iteration of the Rue La La logo was a fully functional track. As the coaster progressed, the complexity of the track was scaled back for legibility. Photographs of trees were added over Calvetti's finished coaster. The final product is fun and sure to delight visitors of the site. Visit the Rue La La website while the rollercoaster is still there, in six weeks or so, a new image will take its place.
Van Aarle concludes, "I want it to be a little like a dream - it's there for a wonderful little while, then poof, it's gone."
Rue La La
Leonello Calvetti>


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Post Medieval gold decorated 'Content is a continuall tresure' posy ring. A lightly rounded conforming band, engraved to the interior in italic script with 'Content is a continuall tresure', further engraved to the exterior with light decorative scrolling pattern with an approximate width of 3.5mm. Tested yellow gold, approximate weight 2.83g, English, circa 17th - 18th century AD, accompanied by documentation with reference #2013T493.
Found in Shipham, Somerset, UK.


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March 22, 1987, Section CN, Page 11Buy Reprints
IT was hard not to notice the sad irony of two recent articles about bilingual education in The New York Times. ''Bilingual Programs Are Under Attack'' in Connecticut Weekly on Feb. 22 reported that a motive behind the measure in the Connecticut General Assembly to declare English the state's official language is to end bilingual education.
Bilingual education is the program under which classes are taught in Spanish, primarily for Puerto Rican students who have not yet developed English proficiency. Teaching these children with the home language, according to critics, retards their English language assimilation and thereby causes problems for their future school performances.
Six weeks earlier the Times carried a glowing report on a program in Tusla, Okla., in which Anglo students could take kindergarten through second grades immersed in Spanish (''Why Foreign Languages Are Relevant Again,'' Jan. 4). By the end of the experience, the students had become orally fluent and verbally literate in Spanish. The article concluded that the Tulsa program was one of the few successes in the otherwise dismal record of foreign-language teaching in this country. There was a long waiting list of Anglo parents who wanted to enroll their children.
It does seem odd that Spanish language teaching for Puerto Rican students is being attacked in Connecticut as it is being promoted for Anglo students in Tulsa.
What justice, one might wonder, is there in taking away teaching in Spanish from Puerto Rican children while giving it to Anglo children? Why is it considered a liability for Puerto Rican children to learn in their language while, at the same time, an educational enhancement for Anglo children?
Bilingual education programs for minorities are seen and evaluated as transitional programs to get them out of their native languages and assimilated into English as effectively and quickly as possible. There are few who would deny the importance of learning English to get along and get ahead in this country. It is often overlooked that bilingual programs enable minorities to develop and maintain literacy in their native languages.
Literacy is a critical prerequisite for the transmission of any cultural heritage, especially that of a minority community that has to struggle harder than the dominant group to preserve its collective sense of identity. This is a positive function that bilingual programs fulfill.
They are the logical place for developing the skill of bilingualism among bicultural and other students. But bilingual programs suffer the stigma of being considered remedial when minority children are enrolled, although innovative when developed for Anglo children.
There is an obvious approach to meet the needs of Anglo parents who want their children to have an effective command of Spanish, and Latino parents who believe that their children need to become verbally literate and need to start school in the home language. The solution is to open existing bilingual programs to Anglo and other English-dominant students in the earliest grades when language acquisition is the easiest.
Rather than eliminating the programs or keeping them as they are, they could be expanded to include a whole new clientele. There are undoubtedly as many Anglo parents in Connecticut as there are in Tulsa who would eagerly enroll their children in such programs.
English-dominant students would be at an initial disadvantage in that atmosphere, but in the long run the payoff would be Spanish fluency and literacy. At the same time, Puerto Rican students would have the benefit of being in integrated classrooms in which their language was looked upon as a desirable skill rather than a liability.
The payoff for the society would be the beginning of a more effective approach to foreign-language training that takes advantage of rather than denigrates the language skills of its Spanish language minority, an approach to bilingualism of obvious value in a hemisphere in which English and Spanish are the leading languages.
The Tulsa experience as well as past ones in Toronto and Miami indicates that Anglo students in such early-grade immersion programs have little trouble switching into English in the third grade and catching up. In addition to having developed the command of a second language, they may have grown intellectually in other ways.
The transition, of course, is more problematic for the native Spanish speakers who enter in later grades into an immersion experience in English. Critics of bilingual education argue that these students do not do well because the Spanish language instruction in the earlier grades delayed their English language development. After three years in the United States, most children, including those who immigrate here at older ages, have picked up an English-speaking ability from a variety of sources. What causes some of their problems in school are factors traceable to social class, not language background. These are factors shared with other disadvantaged groups whose native language is English.
Students from low-income and working-class backgrounds, whatever the home language, are at a disadvantage in schooling atmospheres where middle-class skills have greater currency. If the minority graduates of bilingual education have later problems in school, it is not because they learned to be literate in their native language. It is because most immigrant groups in their situation are also low income and working class. These students would have had problems regardless of the language with which they started school, types of problems that are shared with Anglo students from similar social class backgrounds and problems that need to be addressed as such.
Eliminating the opportunity of bilingual education for the children of Puerto Rican and other Spanish-language minorities in Connecticut will do them no favor. It is a false prescription for improving later school performance. At the same time, eliminating bilingual education would squelch the unused opportunity that many communities in the state have to develop effective early-age language training in Spanish for Anglo and other English-dominant children.


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"This book is gold."—Peter King
"Intense."—San Francisco Chronicle
"Steve Young is a hero of mine, and his story is a source of inspiration for me. His perseverance, intelligence, and, most of all, grace under pressure NFL-style, make this book a fascinating read. Thanks, Steve, for sharing your story with one of your biggest fans!"—Tom Brady
"Steve was extraordinary in every facet of life. I've never read a football book with more honesty and integrity—it's typical Steve. What a quarterback! What a man!" —Jim Nantz, CBS Sports
"All football fans know what a tremendously talented and successful quarterback Steve Young was in his NFL career. But what they don't know about are the challenges and personal obstacles Steve had to overcome to make his dreams come true. This is a most exciting and compelling story."—Roger Staubach
A stunningly candid look at what it takes to become a super-elite professional quarterback
Steve Young produced some of the most memorable moments in NFL history. But his most impressive victories have been deeply personal ones that were won when no one was watching. His remarkably revealing memoir is the story of a Mormon boy with a 4.0 GPA, a photographic memory, and a severe case of separation anxiety.
As an eighth-string quarterback at Brigham Young University, it was doubtful that he would ever see any playing time. But Young became an All-American, finished second in the Heisman voting, and was the top draft choice out of college. Then, after signing the largest contract in sports history, anxiety nearly drove him to walk away from football completely.
In short, Young's quest in life was always about grit. Now, he shares the experience of being inside his helmet while he faces down his toughest adversaries, both on and off the field.


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Picking the Right U.S. Visa for Athletes: B-1, P-1, O-1 and EB-1 The U.S. is a Nation of adoring sports fans in areas such as Football, Baseball, Hockey, and now the very popular areas of MMA, Kickboxing, Judo and Brazilian Jui-Jitsu. Superstar athletes may qualify for different types of Visa. The following "star guide" discusses.
What in the world is an EB-5?
WHAT IS EB-5? Look out your window. Restaurants, high rise apartments, hotels, and other significant commercial enterprises will bring you face to face with EB-5. The EB-5 program is an Immigrant Investor Program that Congress created in 1990 to stimulate the U.S economy through job creations and capital investment by immigrant investors by creating new.
Winning Does Matter
Even though a foreign national may have felt like a winner in the H-1B Lottery, a blue sheet Request for Evidence (RFE) from USCIS leaves many feeling like a loser, lost in paper. Drafting a winning response to an RFE requires careful attention to the facts, regulations an current USCIS policy. The following points may.
USCIA Completes Data Entry of FY 2018 H-1 Cap Subject Petitions
USCIS announced on May 3, 2017 it has completed data entry of all fiscal year 2018 H-1B cap-subject petitions. USCIS said it has begun returning all H-1B cap-subject petitions that were not selected in the lottery. Due to the high volume of filings, USCIS was unable to provide a specific time frame for returning these.
U.S. Passports in Jeopardy for Serious IRS Tax Debt
Revocation or Denial of U.S. Passports in case of Certain Unpaid Taxes The IRS is working to restrict travel by U.S. citizens under section 7345 of the tax code. IRS may now certify individuals with seriously delinquent tax debt ($50,000.00 or more) to the U.S. Department of State ("DOS"). DOS is responsible for issuing and.
Current Statistics and Information on President Trumps Executive Order
Most foreign Nationals are concerned about leaving the country and trying to reenter the U.S. in light of President Trumps Executive orders. Our Immigration office urges all foreign nationals holding dual citizenship, permanent residency or a temporary work, visitor or student visa, (such as E-2, H-1B, L-1, B-2, F-1, etc.) to review travel information and.


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Batutumonga is a small hamlet on the slope of Mount Sesean (Gunung Sesean), Toraja land. The village is visited by many tourists because of the cool air and breathtaking views to the surrounding villages. The Batutumonga landscape is dominated by terraced paddy fields, bamboo forests, and unique tongkonan houses.
Batutumonga is 22 kilometres North of Rantepao and it took about an hour to reach the location by car. Another adventurous option is to trek up to Batutumonga from Rantepao which will create an unforgettable experience.
Accommodation and tourist facilities
The Tinimbayo Coffee Shop
There is a resting place that should not be missed on the way up from Rantepao to Batutumonga. Tinimbayo coffee shop is a small coffee shop located a few kilometres east of Batutumonga. Situated at the edge of a hill Tinimbayo offers a stunning panoramic views of rice fields down valley and small tongkonan rows surrounded by bamboo forests.
Lokomata or (Lo'ko'mata
Literally means the eye holes, Lokomata (Lo'ko'mata is a big rock boulder with lots of graves carved into it.
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The homeotic selector genes of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, are located in a single cluster. We have sequenced the region containing the homeotic selector genes required for proper development of the head and anterior thorax, which is the counterpart of the ANTC in Drosophila. This 280-kb interval contains eight homeodomain-encoding genes, including single orthologs of the Drosophila genes labial, proboscipedia, Deformed, Sex combs reduced, fushi tarazu, and Antennapedia, as well as two orthologs of zerknüllt. These genes are all oriented in the same direction, as are the Hox genes of amphioxus, mice, and humans. Although each transcription unit is similar to its Drosophila counterpart in size, the Tribolium genes contain fewer introns (with the exception of the two zerknüllt genes), produce shorter mRNAs, and encode smaller proteins. Unlike the ANTC, this region of the Tribolium HOMC contains no additional genes.
HOX genes encode transcription factors that regulate developmental fate along the anterior-posterior (A-P) body axis of virtually all bilaterians (Finnerty and Martindale 1998). Hox genes, located in clusters, are spatially colinear in that their chromosomal organization reflects their functional domains along the A-P axis. Multiple Hox clusters have been described for several vertebrates including mice (Grahamet al. 1989), humans (Acamporaet al. 1989), and fish (Kimet al. 2000). In contrast, single Hox clusters have been identified in a number of invertebrates including amphioxus (Garcia-Fernàndez and Holland 1994), sea urchins (Popodiet al. 1996), and several insects such as mosquitoes (Devenportet al. 2000; Powerset al. 2000), beetles (Beeman 1987), and locusts (Ferrier and Akam 1996). In Drosophila, the single complement of Hox genes is divided into two clusters, the Antennapedia complex (ANTC) and the bithorax complex (BXC), separated by 7.5 Mb on the right arm of LG 3 (Adamset al. 2000). The ANTC contains genes required for proper development of the gnathal and thoracic segments [labial (lab), proboscipedia (pb), Deformed (Dfd), Sex combs reduced (Scr), and Antennapedia (Antp); Kaufman et al. (1990)], while the BXC genes [Ultrabithorax (Ubx), abdominal-A (abd-A), and Abdominal-B (Abd-B)] direct developmental fate in the posterior thorax and abdomen (Benderet al. 1983). The ANTC contains additional genes: zerknüllt (zen), a Hox gene that lost its function along the A-P axis and gained a function in the extraembryonic region of the insect egg (Falcianiet al. 1996); zerknüllt-related (zen2), a recent duplication of zen; bicoid (bcd), another recent derivative of zen (Stauberet al. 2000) that encodes the anterior morphogen of the Drosophila embryo (Struhlet al. 1989); and fushi tarazu (ftz), a pair-rule gene related to the Antp-class homeobox genes (Scott and Weiner 1984). Eight cuticle genes, five lysine tRNA genes, and amalgam (ama), which encodes a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, are also located in the Drosophila ANTC (Adamset al. 2000).
Sequence analysis of the relatively compact Hox clusters (80–120 kb) of several deuterostomes has revealed that the order and orientation of Hox genes is well conserved. However, among protostomes, only the considerably larger ANTC and BXC (~400 and ~350 kb, respectively) of Drosophila melanogaster (Martinet al. 1995; Adamset al. 2000) and the highly degenerate Hox cluster of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. Elegans Sequencing Consortium 1998) have been sequenced. Analysis of homeobox sequences from several arthropod classes (for a recent synthesis see Cooket al. 2001) and an onychophoran (Grenieret al. 1997) indicates that precursors of eight Hox genes, as well as zen and ftz, existed in the protoarthropod. Although these gene fragments are often aligned with their Drosophila counterparts for comparison, the number, order, and orientation of these genes, or whether they are actually clustered, is not fully understood for any other arthropod.
In the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, we have previously identified and characterized the cDNA sequences, expression patterns, and, for some genes, the mutant phenotypes of the orthologs of pb (Shippy et al. 2000a,b), zen (Falcianiet al. 1996), Dfd (Brown et al. 1999, 2000), ftz (Brownet al. 1994), Scr (Curtiset al. 2001), Ubx (Bennettet al. 1999), and abd-A (Stuartet al. 1993; Shippyet al. 1998). We recently described a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone containing the Tclab transcription unit and the 3′ end of the Tribolium homeotic complex (HOMC; Nieet al. 2001). We found no genes in the interval between the 5′ end of Tclabial (Tclab) and the 3′ end of maxillopedia (mxp, the ortholog of pb), indicating that the cuticle genes found in the corresponding location in the Drosophila ANTC are likely to be a recent addition. We also noted that different genes are located downstream of lab in Tribolium and Drosophila, indicating a lack of synteny outside the HOMC between these two insects. Further, although even-skipped (eve) homologs are linked to homeotic gene clusters in mammals (D'Espositoet al. 1991; Faiellaet al. 1991), we previously determined that, similar to eve in Drosophila, Tceve is not linked to the HOMC (Brownet al. 1997). We have sequenced the rest of the BAC clone containing Tclab, as well as two additional BAC clones containing the interval delimited by the 5′ half of mxp and prothoraxless (ptl, the ortholog of Antp). In a brief description of the second BAC clone (Brownet al. 2001) we noted that it contains mxp, TcDeformed (TcDfd), Cephalothorax (Cx, the ortholog of Scr), and Tcfushi tarazu (Tcftz), as well as two Tczerknüllt (Tczen) genes (more closely related to each other than to the Drosophila zen genes), but no other genes. The third BAC clone contains ptl and overlaps the second BAC clone in the region containing Tcftz. Here we describe the organization of the region of the Tribolium HOMC corresponding to the Drosophila ANTC, including gene order and orientation, as well as intergenic distances.
BAC library screens: One BAC library was constructed in our laboratory by partially digesting GA-1 (wild-type) genomic DNA with HindIII and ligating it into pBeloBac11 (Zhuet al. 1997). This library contains inserts averaging 40–60 kb in length. The identification of Bmxp1 from this library was previously described (Shippyet al. 2000a). A second BAC library (kind gift of Exelixis Pharmaceutical, San Francisco), constructed from GA-2 genomic DNA that had been partially digested with EcoRI and ligated into pBACe3.6, contains inserts averaging 125 kb. GA-2 (a kind gift of Scott Thomson, University of Wisconsin, Parkside), was derived from GA-1 by 20 generations of single brother/sister matings and is also being used in the construction of a high-density molecular map of the Tribolium genome. Twenty-two BAC clones were identified by screening the second BAC library with radiolabeled Tcftz cDNA and a fragment from the 3′ end of an Ultrathorax (Utx) cDNA (Utx, the ortholog of Ubx). EcoRI fingerprint blots of each clone were hybridized under stringent conditions with radiolabeled fragments from Tclab, mxp, TcDfd, Cx, Tcftz, ptl, and Utx. A preliminary contig was assembled based on the hybridization patterns. Finally, the extent of overlap between individual clones was determined by radiolabeling selected BAC clone inserts and hybridizing them to the fingerprint blots. Clones with minimal overlap were chosen for sequencing.
Shotgun subcloning and sequencing: BAC clone DNA was isolated using the Qiagen large construct kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA), sheared with a nebulizer and subcloned into pCR4Blunt-TOPO using the TOPO Shotgun subcloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). White colonies were restreaked to verify color selection. Colonies containing inserts were picked and transferred to 96-well microtiter plates. Plasmid DNA was purified and sequenced by automated protocols at the Sequencing and Genotyping Facility in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University. Files containing Esche-richia coli DNA sequence were removed from the data set and BAC contigs were constructed using PHRED, PHRAP, and CONSED (Ewinget al. 1998; Gordonet al. 1998). The finished sequence averages greater than sixfold coverage. Gaps in the BAC insert sequences were filled by sequencing available subclones on both strands with primers designed from the ends of contigs.
Sequence analysis: The previously identified cDNAs were mapped on the BAC sequences by comparing cDNA and genomic sequence. The following GenBank accession numbers correspond to the cDNA sequences used: Tclab, AF231104 and AF230312; mxp, AF187068 and AF187069; Tczen1, X97819; Tczen2, AF452568; TcDfd, U81038; Cx, AF227628; ftz, U14734; and ptl, AF228509 and AF452569. The BAC contig sequences were also analyzed using BLASTX [National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)], FGENESH (BCM Gene Finder), GENIE (Reeseet al. 1997), and GENESCAN (Burge and Karlin 1997) to identify putative genes. MatInspector (Quandtet al. 1995) was used to search Tribolium sequences for conserved regulatory sites. Annotated sequences are available in GenBank under the following accession numbers: Bmxp1, AY043293; 35E10, AF321227; and 35F4, AY043292. These entries provide corrected and updated sequences for previous entries of Tczen1, Tcftz, and ptl with corresponding changes in the deduced amino acid sequences. The Tribolium sequence was analyzed for repeats and regions of simple sequence using RepeatMasker (University of Washington Genome Center).
RT-PCR: We used total RNA from 0- to 16-hr eggs as template for reverse transcription using the Thermoscript RT-PCR system (GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, MD). Primers designed to amplify the second Tribolium zen gene were located 56 bp downstream of the first methionine codon in the newly identified open reading frame (ORF) and 86 bp upstream of the translation stop codon in frame with the homeobox. The single RT-PCR product was cloned into the pGEM-T Easy Vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequenced at the Sequencing and Genotyping Facility in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University (GenBank accession no. AF452568).
Protein alignment: Protein sequences were aligned using Clustal W with the Blosum62mt score matrix (Vector NTI, Informax, North Bethesda, MD). The dendogram shown in Figure 2 was produced using the neighbor-joining algorithm (Saitou and Nei 1987). The GenBank accession numbers of the Zen protein sequences used in this analysis are the following: Megaselia abdita, CAB40893; Schistocerca gregaria, CAB61208; D. melanogaster, AAF54087 and AAF54088; and T. castaneum, AAK16425 and AAK16424.
Two Tribolium BAC libraries were screened for clones containing homeotic genes. We sequenced three clones with minimal overlap (Bmxp1, 35E10, and 35F4), which span a region corresponding to the Drosophila ANTC. The resulting 279,643-bp Tribolium genomic contig is delimited at one end by the 3′ end of chaoptic (chp), the gene flanking Tclab. The other end of the contig extends 25 kb upstream of ptl (Figure 1). This portion of the Tribolium HOMC is two-thirds the length of the Drosophila ANTC (as defined by the distance between the agt and Soh-1 genes, which flank lab and Antp, respectively). The G/C content of the Tribolium contig is 33.5%. Fifteen simple sequence repeats comprise 0.3% of the total sequence, only two of which contain any G/C. A total of 203 regions of low complexity, which are dispersed randomly throughout the contig, are predominantly A, T, or A/T rich and comprise 3.25% of the total sequence.
Polymorphisms in Tribolium DNA: The sequences of Bmxp1 and 35E10 match perfectly in the 4.2 kb by which they overlap. In contrast, we found several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 8-kb over-lap of BAC clones 35E10 and 35F4, indicating that the inbred strain used as the source of DNA for this BAC library is not completely isogenic and still contains heterogeneous chromosomal regions (if not entire chromosomes). SNPs were detected at a rate of 1/85 bp, which is similar to the rate of SNP detection in Drosophila (Moriyama and Powell 1996).
Genes within the Tribolium HOMC: The transcription units of the Tribolium homeotic genes Tclab, mxp, TcDfd, Cx, and ptl, as well as those of Tczen and Tcftz, were located within the contig by comparing genomic and previously identified cDNA sequences (Figure 1). In the following descriptions of Tribolium homeobox genes, the total length of the transcription units and the length of the large intron upstream of the homeobox (when present) were determined from the sequence described here (Table 1). Exon sizes reported here confirm previous analyses and are included for completeness. Tclab is located at the 3′ end of the HOMC. The 13-kb transcription unit is composed of two exons (658 and 816 bp) separated by an 11.6-kb intron located 125 bp upstream of the homeobox. The mxp gene, located 13.8 kb upstream of Tclab, contains three exons (561, 142, and 1430 bp). The first two are separated by a large intron (18.5 kb) located 11 bp upstream of the homeobox. The second intron (only 51 bp) is located within the homeobox. TcDfd is located 57.7 kb upstream of mxp. This 9.78-kb transcription unit contains a single intron (7.7 kb) located 29 bp upstream of the homeobox. The Tribolium Cx gene is located 24.6 kb farther upstream. It contains three exons (753, 328, and 633 bp). The first two are separated by a 20.1-kb intron located 20 bp upstream of the homeobox. The second exon (160 bp) is located in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) 24 bp downstream of the translation stop codon. The 922-bp Tcftz transcription unit is located 9.7 kb upstream of Cx. It contains a single intron (49 bp) located 17 bp upstream of the homeobox.
The Tribolium zen genes: The previously described Tczen gene is located 31.5 kb upstream of mxp (Figure 1). Two short introns (53 and 57 bp) located upstream of the homeobox separate three exons (122, 96, and 613 bp). A homeobox encoding a zen-related homeodomain, identified by BLASTX (NCBI), was found between Tczen and mxp (Brownet al. 2001). The ORF including this homeobox does not contain an initiation methionine. Therefore, we identified an additional up-stream ORF, including a candidate initiation methionine, and designed primers to amplify a cDNA derived from this putative gene. The sequence of the resulting 730-bp fragment (GenBank accession no. AF452568) was compared with genomic DNA to identify introns. This newly identified zen gene contains three exons (180, 84, and 610 bp) separated by two small introns (55 and 47 bp) that are located upstream of the homeobox. We have changed the name of the previously identified zen gene to Tczen1 and named the newly identified gene Tczen2. There are only 216 bp between the 3′ end of Tczen1 [as determined by the sequence of a cDNA clone (Falcianiet al. 1996)] and the first candidate initiation methionine within the Tczen2 ORF. The proteins encoded by the Tribolium zen genes share regions of similar amino acids, one of which extends downstream of the homeodomain for several residues. The two Tribolium Zen proteins are more similar to each other than they are to either of the Drosophila Zen proteins, which do not contain sequence similarity to one another outside the homeodomain. We compared the Zen proteins from Tribolium with those from the Orthopteran S. americana and two Dipterans, D. melanogaster and M. abdita. In the dendogram shown in Figure 2, the Drosophila Zen proteins are most closely related to one another within the group of dipteran Zen proteins, while the two Tribolium Zen proteins form a separate group. These results support the hypothesis that the zen gene pairs in Tribolium and Drosophila arose via independent duplication events in each lineage.
The Tribolium ortholog of Antp: Comparison of cDNA and genomic sequences provides evidence that at least four different messages are transcribed from the Tribolium ptl locus encoding the ortholog of Antp. These messages differ at the 3′ end, indicating the use of three different polyadenylation sites. The ptl locus contains three exons (512, 862, and 1613 bp) separated by two introns (14.4 and 7.2 kb). In addition to the single cDNA containing all three exons, we sequenced several different cDNAs that lack the first exon and instead contain sequence from the 3′ end of the first intron contiguous with the second exon, indicating the presence of a second promoter downstream of the first (Figure 1). Messages initiated from this promoter contain two exons (1539 and 1613 bp) and the 7.2-kb intron immediately upstream of the homeobox. All identified mRNAs from the Tribolium ptl gene encode the same protein, which contains the conserved motifs previously described for Antp orthologs in other hexapods. A detailed analysis of ptl will be required to assess differential expression from the two promoters and the use of the multiple polyadenylation sites during development.
Comparison of Tribolium Zen proteins: The amino and carboxy terminal sequences, as well as the homeodomain sequences of the eight Tribolium Hox proteins, are aligned in Figure 3. The putative Zen proteins show similarity to the central class proteins (group C in Figure 3) within the N-terminal octapeptide (Zhaoet al. 1993). Zen1 is particularly interesting in that it contains the same inserted Q residue as the Scr/Cx orthologs. Another shared region includes the carboxy terminus. Three of the last four residues (LTxL) are shared not only with each other but also with TcDfd (Figure 3) and several of its orthologs (data not shown). The Zen/Hox 3 proteins of grasshopper, S. gregaria (GenBank entry CAB61208), and a polychaete worm, Chaetopterus variopedatus (GenBank entry AAD55934), also end in LTxL. Short motifs, such as the WRPY motif located at the carboxy terminus of Hairy and Runt proteins (Wainwright and Ish-Horowicz 1992), can be functionally important. Although the function of the motifs in the Tribolium proteins is not known, such sequence conservation outside the homeodomain supports the hypothesis that the Hox 3 gene family arose via duplication of the central class precursor (Zhang and Nei 1996) rather than the anterior class precursor (Schubertet al. 1993).
Comparison of Tribolium and Drosophila genes: In Table 1 the transcription unit length, number of exons per gene, and size of the proteins encoded by the Tribolium genes are compared with their Drosophila orthologs. The length and gene content of the intergenic regions are compared in Table 2. Tclab is ~4 kb shorter than lab. The location of the first intron, between the YKWM motif-encoding region and the homeobox, is conserved. However, the lab homeobox contains an intron not found in Tclab. Sequence infomation from additional species will be required to determine whether lab gained this intron or Tclab lost it. In the 29.6-kb region between lab and pb, there are eight cuticle genes (GenBank accession no. AE003674). However, no genes are in the corresponding interval in Tribolium, which is only 13.8 kb (Table 2 and Nieet al. 2001). pb is ~13 kb larger than mxp and contains five more exons. The location of the two introns in mxp, one in the homeobox and one 11 bp upstream of the homeobox, are conserved in pb. Again, in the absence of additional data it is impossible to determine whether the Drosophila pb gene gained introns or the Tribolium mxp gene lost them.
Both insects contain two zen genes; however, these genes appear to have arisen via independent duplication events in each lineage and show species-specific features. For example, the two Drosophila zen genes contain two exons while the two Tribolium zen genes contain three. In Tribolium there is very little distance between the zen genes (217 bp), and they are located 31 kb upstream of mxp (Table 2). In contrast, zen2 is within 1.2 kb of pb in Drosophila, and >8 kb separates zen1 and zen2. Three genes (bcd, ama, and CG1162) are located in the 37-kb region between zen1 and Dfd in Drosophila. The corresponding region is somewhat smaller in Tribolium (26 kb) and does not appear to contain any genes. TcDfd contains fewer exons than Dfd (two vs. five, Table 1; Brownet al. 1999). However, the transcription units are similar in size. This is due in large part to the presence of a long intron (>9 kb in each insect) immediately upstream of the homeobox. TcDfd is transcribed in the same orientation as the other genes. In contrast, Dfd is transcribed in the opposite orientation. Six lysine tRNA genes are in the 20.7-kb region between Dfd and Scr. Although slightly larger (24.6 kb), the corresponding region in Tribolium does not contain any genes. Scr and Cx contain four and two exons, respectively. Scr transcripts initiate at two promoters (Andrew 1995; Figure 1). However, we have found evidence only for a single promoter in Cx (Curtiset al. 2001; Figure 1). Tcftz and ftz are similar in that they are relatively short transcription units (1.4 and 1.9 kb) located upstream of the Cx/Scr orthologs (9.7 and 14.3 kb, respectively) and contain a single small intron upstream of the homeobox. However, Tcftz is transcribed in the same direction as the other genes, whereas ftz is transcribed in the opposite direction. The distance between Tcftz and ptl is more than twice that between ftz and Antp (66 vs. 30 kb, Table 2). Antp contains two promoters and eight exons that are differentially spliced to produce different mRNAs. ptl is similar to Antp in that it contains two promoters and produces multiple mRNAs. However, it contains only three exons.
Although the Tribolium genes encode smaller proteins (Table 1) and, with the exception of the zen genes, contain fewer introns, they are only slightly shorter than their Drosophila counterparts (Table 1). The Antp/ptl orthologs are an exception to this observation in that the longest Antp transcription unit is >100 kb in length, while the longest ptl transcription unit is only 24 kb. Most of this difference is due to the distance between promoters. Several of the Drosophila Antp gain-of-function (GOF) mutations result from translocation break-points located between the first and second promoter (Schneuwlyet al. 1986). Assuming that corresponding breaks would produce similar mutant phenotypes in Tribolium, it is tempting to speculate that the lack of GOF mutations mapping to the ptl locus reflects the considerably smaller target region between the two promoters.
It has been suggested that the large transcription units in Drosophila prevent them from being expressed prematurely during rapid, long-germ development (counted in hours; Shermoen and O'Farrell 1991). Similar correlation in Tribolium seems unlikely, since the embryos require 3–4 days to develop at 30° and the early divisions alone are counted in hours (Handelet al. 2000 and our unpublished observations).
Search for a bicoid ortholog: Comparison of Bicoid and Zen homeodomain sequences from Megaselia, a basal cyclorrhaphan fly, and Drosophila suggests that bicoid may have resulted from a recent duplication of the zen gene (Stauberet al. 2000). Further, bicoid is located upstream of zen in both Megaselia and Drosophila (Brownet al. 2001), suggesting this might be its ancestral location. However, we find no evidence for any additional genes, including bicoid, in the Tribolium contig described here. Thus, if Tribolium does contain an ortholog of bicoid it must be located outside this portion of the HOMC.
Large intergenic distances: The distance between homeobox genes in Tribolium and Drosophila is compared in Table 2. Additional genes found in the Drosophila ANTC are noted in the appropriate intervals. As noted above, the Tribolium zen genes are quite distant from neighboring genes. In addition, the distance between ftz and Antp/ptl orthologs is twice as far in Tribolium (60 kb) as it is in Drosophila (30 kb). Such differences in intergenic spacing may contribute to the evolution of regulatory differences between the Drosophila and Tribolium orthologs.
The intergenic distances in Drosophila and Tribolium are considerably larger than those in any deuterostome Hox cluster. It has been suggested that the differences between Drosophila and vertebrate complexes (larger intergenic distances, longer transcription units, additional nonhomeotic genes, inversions, and breaks in the Drosophila complexes) reflect a loosening of structural and regulatory constraints in Drosophila that, in other organisms, might be required to maintain temporal, if not spatial, colinearity (Ferrier and Akam 1996). These large intervals are known to contain widely spaced regulatory elements in Drosophila (Gindhartet al. 1995) and may be important to regulation in Tribolium as well. In the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, the interval containing the orthologs of lab and Antp is >350 kb. Long distance Southern mapping indicates similarly distant spacing of Hox genes in the grasshopper, S. gregaria (Ferrier and Akam 1996). Thus, it is likely that large size and dispersed regulatory regions are common to hexapod Hox clusters.
Putative regulatory regions upstream of identified genes were searched for known binding sites. Several consensus homeodomain binding sites were identified by MatInspector in the 5-kb regions immediately up-stream of mxp, TcDfd, and Cx. To understand the significance, if any, of these sites, it will be necessary to analyze these regions for their ability to direct gene-specific expression patterns of reporter genes. Such studies are now feasible in Tribolium using a recently described transformation system (Berghammeret al. 1999)
The lack of inversions, breaks, and nonhomeobox genes in the region of the Tribolium HOMC corresponding to the Drosophila ANTC suggests that the structure of the Tribolium HOMC is more constrained than that of the Drosophila clusters. To determine whether such structural constraints have regulatory consequences, it will be necessary to determine whether Tribolium Hox genes can function outside the chromosomal context of the complex. This can be accomplished by examining homeotic mutants that might carry tranlocations or other chromosomal rearrangements or by attempting to rescue the effects of a homeotic mutation by reintroducing a copy of the wild-type gene into the Tribolium genome.
We thank Barb Van Slyke for expert technical assistance. We thank Scott Thomson for the inbred Tribolium strain and Exelixis for the kind gift of the Tribolium BAC library. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation to R. Denell and S. Brown. E. Richardson was supported by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute undergraduate research fellow-ship. Contribution no. 02-7-J is from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.
Communicating editor: T. C. Kaufman
- Received July 30, 2001.
- Accepted December 13, 2001.
- Copyright © 2002 by the Genetics Society of America


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September 21, 2011 to December 31, 2012 – Odessa Ballet 2012 Ballet Announced the deadline to participate in art project, Ballet 2012 Ballet. All interested artists may apply for, and scenic art project. Your enrollment, you can send up to 30 Dece… Organized by Alik Vetrof | Type: deadline, art, project
April 13, 2009 to March 30, 2013 – Blurb on line http://www.blurb.com/books/508534 Miniscapes" book launch. Book covers a 15 year period of works portraying over 40 original illustrations approximately 10" x 14". They are essentially mixed media: m… Organized by Susan Shulman | Type: book, launch
April 1, 2012 at 6pm to December 31, 2012 at 7pm – Greenlight Gallery Art and Music Exposition Art and music from the 80's till now. Organized by Raymond Akira Betts cbf & Embc crew | Type: historical, 80's, retrospective
June 18, 2012 at 6pm to April 20, 2013 at 7pm – Postbox START : TODAY Be a part of it ! And feel free tro spread it round the world ! http://artcologne.wordpress.com/about Organized by Mona Schwenker | Type: mail, art
November 15, 2012 at 8pm to December 2, 2012 at 9:30pm – Theater for the New City - Joyce and Seward Johnson Theater The New Stage Theatre Company updates Arrabal's tale of Lais' dazzling and bizarre journey in this mesmeric production directed by Ildiko Nemeth, with video projection designers Laia Cabrera and Isab… Organized by The New Stage Theatre Company | Type: theater, play
November 22, 2012 at 8pm to January 5, 2013 at 12am – Florentin 45 Florentin 45 Gallery Opening Thurs. 22 November 2012 "Side Effects" – Esther Naor's solo exhibition, opening at Florentin 45 Gallery, will present a new body of work created during the last year… Organized by Esther Naor | Type: exhibition
November 24, 2012 to December 27, 2012 – Light Space & Time Online Art Gallery Light Space & Time Online Art Gallery announces a call for entries for the gallery's 2nd Annual "All Photography" online art competition for the month of December 2012. Photographers from around… Organized by John R. Math | Type: online, art, competition
November 27, 2012 at 6pm to December 2, 2012 at 7pm – Ouchi Gallery MS21 =ANOTHER WORLD= Tuesday, November 27 - Sunday, December 2 MS21 BIO:I am MS21, born in 1968 and living in Mito City of Ibaraki, Japan. I enjoy creating matte paintings and lowbrow art. My main… Organized by Ouchi Gallery | Type: opening, reception, art
December 1, 2012 from 2pm to 4pm – BRIC Rotunda Gallery A free public program presented in conjunction with the exhibition On Purpose: Art & Design in Brooklyn, 2012, guest curated by Risa Shoup. Space to Create will be a panel discussion focused on t… Organized by BRIC | Type: panel, discussion


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Join a Friends Group
Join a Friends Group
One way you can support SCL's work in the community is by joining a Friends Group.
- Friends of Salford Museums' Association supporting both Salford Museum & Art Gallery and Ordsall Hall (registered charity number 1057371)
- MAPAS - Salford's Music & Performing Arts Service
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Our local Friends Groups raise money and gather volunteers to support the work of the organisation. Please give your time or your money to help us.


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One thing we have been trying to do at work is standardize our internet service providers. If there's some area that has a one-off provider we don't use anywhere else, we are trying to get away from that. Well, the provider in Odessa was such a provider. They were planning on changing our static IP address so we'd have to make changes to the router anyway. We decided to install a cellular 819 router instead and then kill that wired connection.
I noticed that Odessa was about half the way to El Paso. I had a list of work I needed to do in El Paso, including also switching over their internet provider (not to cellular on this one though). I also had to network cable the entire special investigations office (SIU) that was just recently moved into.
I hit the road at 5:30am. It was kind of like the drive where I saw completely different weather patterns in Texas, but it only threatened rain, for the most part, instead of poured.
The closer I got to West Texas, the more clear it became. It also became much windier and dustier.
Along the way, I saw a tank that definitely qualified as an oversized load. It actually dwarfed the semi that was passing it.
I basically got to the office, switched over the router, and then did my set of routine on-site tasks. After that, I hit the road for El Paso. One thing I noticed since last time I was in Odessa, is there was a lot more oil activity. It seemed like there were rigs everywhere spread really close to each other and, in a lot of cases, all you could see on the horizon.
Ironically, right after I noticed this, I read some news articles stating that oil plummeted about $8 a barrel due to increased drilling in the Permian Basin. This was the exact area where I saw all the new oil activity. I guess I didn't need a news article to tell me there was a lot of shiny new pump jacks, as well as new wells being drilled right as I drove by.
As I drove further, I saw some cool artwork on an overpass.
As time progressed, I got to see the sunset in the desert.
By the time I got to the hotel, it was dark. When everything was said and done, I had worked 16 hours and had driven almost 650 miles!
The room was just like the one last time, but it was not on the top floor like last time.
The next morning, I noticed the window was super dusty.
I started off the day with a decent breakfast. I'd be starting the running of network cables in the SIU office and this was the first time I'd be doing it myself. I know I was definitely in for a lot of up and down on the ladder and physical work.
Now the special investigations unit is their own covert thing at TABC. When you hear about some drug or human traffic ring getting busted after a multiple year investigation, these are the guys gathering intelligence. They embed right in with the dirtbags and work undercover. It is obviously very secretive by nature, so they have an office in another area of town away from our main office.
It's secretive enough, I couldn't even take the TABC vehicle there. An agent picked me up and I loaded everything in his vehicle. I obviously didn't take any pictures and don't even know the exact address of the place. The work that I did there was similar to what I did in Laredo and Arlington.
For lunch on Tuesday, I went with the agents to a steak burger place. I got a steak burger and it was good.
We had to make a second trip to get some more stuff that didn't fit in on the first trip. On the way back, we were close to Mexico on Highway 85. I was told that before the wall barrier there helped with things. Before it, bandits would basically hop over from Juarez, put things in the road like rocks to make people stop, and then rob them. They would then run back over the border. This barrier helped with this issue a ton.
We also went by the old Fort Bliss, which was stationed right on the border.
We picked up what was needed and then I was taken back to the office. I got about 2/3 of the work done before it was the end of the day. That night, I had the obligatory Chico's Tacos.
The next morning, it was another hearty breakfast before finishing up my cabling work.
I met with the agents at the main office in the morning and then was taken to the SIU office. I then finished up around noon. I was taken back to the office and did the internet cutover immediately. We had a few hiccups, but got it working by the end of the day. It was nice I had 2 major things on my list checked off. One of the things that had pointed out is Rosa's Cantina and how it was a famous bar. I decided to have supper there that night.
The next morning, I did my walk across the street to the main office and then worked a while. The final major thing on my list was to test a cellular 819 router that had built in wifi. Currently we use cellular 819 routers but have a separate access point hooked up to them for wifi. The wifi is used for the handhelds that the Tax Collection Officers (TCO) use to collect taxes and run credit cards.
I spoke with the port supervisor and she agreed that Tornillo was the best port of entry to try this at due to it not being too busy. It was about a 45 minute drive there, but being able to as non-disruptive as possible with the tests is always a good thing. I setup the test router and started walking around checking the distance.
I guess I was looking too much at the handheld, because I looked up and a Custom's guy was walking towards me. Luckily the TCO signaled that I was with him and, when I noticed this, I just yelled over to him that I was doing range testing for our handhelds. That seem sufficient and he didn't walk any closer to me and walked back to his booth. The tests overall were very successful and I could have walked even further, but decided not to since I already had Custom's jumpy.
I then made it back to the office and finished out my day there. Everything was taken care of, and I was definitely happy it was another successful trip. That night, I decided I didn't want to fight traffic, and since the weather was really nice, I walked a couple blocks to The Pizza Joint, and had a couple slices of pizza for supper.
The next morning, I filled up at the gas station by the cool illuminated bridge.
I hit the road for the 9 hour drive back to Austin. Since I started driving at 5am, I could see the lights of Juarez to my right and that city does seem huge when you do see it all lit up.
Just like on my way to El Paso where I saw the sun set in the desert, on my way to Austin, I saw the sun rise.
The driving was uneventful and traffic wasn't bad until I hit Austin. You can never really drive anywhere in Austin without a traffic jam.
It was clear for the most part on the drive back, but by the time I got gas, it started to sprinkle a little bit.
It was definitely a long week with basically 1300 miles of driving, but I did get a decent amount of work done. Also, the testing it did at the POE is allowing another project (with a ton more traveling coming up) to move forward. I definitely love going out to El Paso and had a good time. It'll be interesting how long it is before I'm out there again.
To see more of my adventures, click on the map! Or if you prefer to see a list of more blog entries, click here.
If you want to contact me, click here.


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Happy New Year! I can't believe it's 2016 already, it feels like 2011 was just yesterday. Everyone's saying it so it's super cliché but it's very true – time is flying. Every single year is going faster than the last and it's scary how fast time goes, especially as you get older. I'm going to turn 18 this year. 18. The big one, the one where you become an adult. Fair enough, my birthday is the 30th of December so it's actually just been my birthday and I have to wait until the very end of the year until I turn eighteen but none the less, it's happening this year and that's so scary to me.
Of course, the start of a new year means that it's time to make some new years resolutions and attempt to stick at them. I'm always great at sticking to the resolutions every single day for the first few months, then the commitment just dies down. Everyone probably says this every single year but I want this year to be the year where I not only achieve my goals, but exceed them. I want this to be the year where I stick to my resolutions for the entire year, so they become routine rather than just a set resolution that I must do. I'm really motivated this time around, though. I've not had the most amazing last six or so months in terms of self confidence, I'm very very happy in myself but over the last few months I've started having some down days that are too down and happen too often, and only I can change that, so that's my motivation. I've done and am doing certain things this time around to help me actually stick to my resolutions and I think this will be the year where I see my resolutions through and be at the happiest point in my life so far.
Anyway, I'm going to share my resolutions here in hopes that it'll motivate me even more since it's out there for the world to see so now I have some pressure to commit to them!
There's a few mini resolutions that fall under this one. First of all, I want to tone up majorly. This was one of my resolutions last year and I stuck to it until around September, and I achieved it but not to the extent that I really wanted to. I want this year to be different, though. I'm joining a gym but my mum pointed out that everyone will be joining gyms at the start of the year, so I'm holding off until the end of this month and by then everyone's short-lived resolutions will be over and the gym will be emptier. I also want to watch what I eat a little bit more, we've always eaten healthily as a family in my household but I want to cut out a lot of 'bad' stuff as well as continuing to eat healthy, and allow myself a treat once a month. We still have all that post Christmas/birthday/NYE food at home so once all of that is gone I'm getting serious about what I eat.
This applies to college and to blogging, and to anything possible really. I'm the biggest procrastinator I know, I'll have something to do for first thing the next day and leave it an hour until I go to sleep the night before despite knowing I'll regret it and I should start way earlier. I leave blog posts and drafts to the last minute, I leave college work to the last minute and I want to stop that, start getting everything done fairly in advance so I leave myself time to relax afterwards when everything is done and I don't have to worry about deadlines. Then if I get all my work done quickly, I can use my spare time afterwards to go to the gym and work towards the above resolution, clever one I am.
This kind of links in with the above, but is slightly different. I want to organise myself, be more of a visual list/diary kinda person. I ordered myself the loveliest 2016 planner from ban.do via ASOS, it's so pretty and snazzy and colourful so I'm hoping that will encourage me to write in it and use it all year long. I want to use it to write blog post plans, and write dates of when I want to do college work, or have a video filming day, or write a blog post, or take blog photos. It'll help me be organised and not procrastinate so, once again, I can get everything out of the way so I have time for the gym. See how every resolution links in with each other? I've got this all planned out. *sassy girl emoji*
Some people might say I shouldn't include the word 'even' in that resolution, because sometimes I can be a bit negative or bitchy or something along those lines. However, in the last five years I've gone from being a massive downer who only saw the negative in things to having an overall positive outlook, and I want that even more this year. I want to get to that place where I feel so happy and complete and confident in myself, which I'll probably achieve greatly through my first resolution. The better I feel about myself, the more I'll feel motivated to do everything else that's one of my resolutions. If I can be everything I want to be and accomplish everything I want to, then I'll be more positive by default. This one feels like a super cringe one, but it is something that I want to achieve.
2015 was the year I finally started a blog after conjuring up ideas in my head for a long while, it was the starting off of this blog and me getting to grips with the whole blogging thing, there were things I've always wanted to share that I'm so passionate about, and now I'm doing it. 2016 will be the year I put even more into it, I share the things I'm passionate about but in even better quality. I want to put large amounts of my time into my blog, perfecting every post and playing around a bit with this gorgeous pipdig theme I have to make it a little more me. I want my blog to me entirely me, and whilst everything I write and post here is me and is what I love and want to share, I feel like my blog overall could be more me in terms of visuals and the blog as a whole, not just my posts. That's not to say I won't constantly be trying to improve my content because I always feel like there can be room for improvement in everything.
So those are my resolutions, what are your New Years resolutions?


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Tag Archives: varos
1910 – Actor Richard Hurndall born in Darlington 1979 – The Creature from the Pit, Part 2 first broadcast 1981 – 100,000 BC, Episode 2: The Cave of Skulls repeated on BBC2 1990 – 100,000 BC, Episode 4: The Firemaker repeated on BSB 1993 – The Daleks, Episode 5: The Expedition repeated on UK Gold … Continue reading
Posted in The Whoniverse Tagged 100000bc, almost people, androids of tara, awakening, beast below, big bang, cave of skulls, christmas carol, christmas invasion, city of death, closing time, cold war, confidential, creature from the pit, curse of the black spot, daleks, day of the moon, destiny, dinosaurs, doctor's wife, doctors revisited, eleventh hour, empty child, end of time, firemaker, flesh and stone, genesis, girl who waited, god complex, good man goes to war, idiot's lantern, impossible astronaut, impossible planet, invasion, let's kill hitler, lodger, manhattan, martha jones, night terrors, pandorica, parting of the ways, planet of the spiders, poison sky, power of kroll, power of three, rebel flesh, revelation, richard hurndall, rose, runaway bride, seeds, smith and jones, the snowmen, town called mercy, tv movie, two doctors, varos, venice, vincent, voyage of the damned, warriors of the deep, waters of mars, wedding of river song, women of doctor who Leave a comment
1931 – Writer Robert Banks Stewart born in Edinburgh 1966 – The War Machines, Episode 4 broadcast 1971 – Spearhead from Space, Episode 2 repeated on BBC1 1993 – The Green Death, Episode 4 repeated on UK Gold 1995 – Planet of the Daleks Omnibus repeated on UK Gold 1997 – The … Continue reading
Posted in The Whoniverse Tagged 42, android invasion, cold war, confidential, daleks, doctor's daughter, eleventh hour, empty child, greatest show in the galaxy, green death, gridlock, human nature, idiot's lantern, lodger, midnight, name of the doctor, ood, parting of the ways, planet of the dead, poison sky, robert banks stewart, sensorites, spearhead, time of angels, trial of davros, turn left, varos, war machines Leave a comment
1943 – Actress Maureen O'Brien born in Liverpool 2006 – Totally Doctor Who, Series 1 ended on BBC1 2007 – Totally Doctor Who, Series 2 ended on BBC1 and repeated on CBBC; and Utopia, The Sound of Drums and Doctor Who Confidential: 'Ello 'Ello 'Ello all repeated on BBC3 2008 – The Stolen Earth repeated … Continue reading
Posted in The Whoniverse Tagged angels take manhattan, bells of st. john, cold blood, cold war, confidential, crimson horror, curse of the black spot, doctor dances, doctors revisited, fear her, hungry earth, journey to the centre of the tardis, maureen o'brien, sound of drums, stolen earth, the snowmen, totally doctor who, utopia, vampires, varos, venice, voyage of the damned Leave a comment
1967 – The Evil of the Daleks, Episode 4 first broadcast 1972 – The Time Monster, Episode 4 first screened 2006 – The Satan Pit and Doctor Who Confidential: Religion, Myths and Legends first screened; and Totally Doctor Who repeated on CBBC 2007 – Blink repeated on BBC3 2008 – Actor David Brierly died in England, aged … Continue reading
Posted in The Whoniverse Tagged blink, confidential, daleks, david brierly, day of the moon, doctor's daughter, doctor's wife, evolution, family of blood, good man goes to war, impossible astronaut, journey's end, midnight, satan pit, time monster, totally doctor who, turn left, varos, vincent, wedding of river song Leave a comment
1973 – The Green Death, Episode 4 first broadcast 2006 – The Impossible Planet repeated on BBC3; and Totally Doctor Who repeated on CBBC 2007 – Blink and Doctor Who Confidential: Do You Remember the First Time? first screened; and Totally Doctor Who repeated on BBC2 and CBBC 2009 – The Poison Sky and Doctor Who Confidential: Sontar Ha! both repeated on BBC3 … Continue reading
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Doctor Who Vs. The Second Coming
This Northern morality tale was written by future Doctor Who supremo Russell T Davies (music was provided byNuWho composer Murray Gold), and Ninth Doctor actor Christopher Eccleston took the lead role of Steven Baxter pictured). Originally commissioned by Channel 4 in 1999, and later turned down by … Continue reading


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Gone several years, the brooding Alejandro returns to the hacienda of his foster sister, Catalina, whom he loves, to find her married to the wealthy and effete Eduardo.
Director: Luis Buñuel.
Stars: Jorge Mistral, Irasema Dilian, Lilia Prado, Luis Aceves Castañeda, Ernesto Alonso, Hortensia Santoveña, Francisco Reiguera, Jaime González Quiñones. AKA Wuthering Heights
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