text:
The headphone is your best friend when you are sad, happy, or in any emotion. When it comes to headphones, there are lots of options, and those options are enough to confuse the buyer.
If you are searching for the perfect pair of headphone, then you are in the right place. Here in this article, we are going to tell you every term which helps you to select a pair of headphone for yourself.
In this comprehensive Headphone Buying Guide, you will get the information about different types of headphone, features to consider at the time of buying headphones and things you should remember.
Types of headphones
1. Earbud headphones
In-Ear Headphones are the widely used type of headphone, and they are portable and convenient to carry because of their small size. Earbud headphones come with lots of phone or MP3 players for free. Most of the people prefer to go with the Earbud there is various reason behind this, Portability is the widely preferred plus-point of those headphones.
When it comes to use, In-Ear Headphones are very convenient, the small earpieces is fixed on your outer ear or with some models you need to be inserted it into your ear canal, and sport buds comes with extensions or fins for a more tailor-made, secure fit.
Advantages of buying Earbud headphones
As we tell you before, In-Ear Headphones are famous because of their Portability. You can also carry them in your pocket. One of the primary reason behind this is their Noise Isolation; this type of headphones offers outstanding noise isolation because you are going to place them directly in your ear.
When it comes to exercise, Earbud headphones are always fabulous. If you are specially buying the headphone for the exercise or outdoor workout, then you should go with the specially developed headphone which comes with the extensions or fins for a more tailor-made.
The disadvantage of buying Earbud headphones
The sound quality of headphones is excellent, but some time with some low-end earbuds you will need to compromise. In-Ear Headphones are available form $5 to $300. You have to compromise the sound quality, particularly when it comes to cheap.
In earbuds, they are made with the tiny drivers in order to remain portable; the most significant drivers generally means better sound quality. Sometimes the wires of the headphone could be tangled, but you won't face this problem if you go with the branded ones.
2. On-Ear Headphones
Bigger drivers generally means better sound quality. You will get significant drivers in On-ear headphones than the first one. These are also portable but not as convenient as earbuds. Unlike In-ear headphones, these don't go into your actual ear canal rather they sit on top of your outer ears but don't enclose it completely.You can place these headphones behind your head or over it based on the size, but the drivers are always placed right on your ear.
Advantages of buying On-Ear headphones
They are portable & lightweight but not as the first one, because of the significant drivers you will get better sound quality. If you are purchasing the wireless one, then in On-ear you will get the long battery life.
The disadvantage of buying On-Ear headphones
The On-ear headphones placed on your ear, not inside it, so they allow the outside sound to enter.
3. Over-Ear Headphones
The Over-ear headphone is the elder brother of On-ear headphones. You will get better sound quality in it because of their quality and significant drivers. When it comes to portability, those headphones aren't so portable because of their big size, but if you purchase the wireless one, then you can carry it on your neck.
Advantages of buying Over-ear headphones
You will get incredible comfort because the large ear cups will distribute the weight more evenly. You will also get the memory foam, leatherette, and velvet.
The disadvantage of buying Over-ear headphones
Big in size and not so portable to carry, Sometimes the weight of the headphones is also more.
4. Wireless headphones / Bluetooth headphones
Wireless headphones are most convenient headphones ever. You can buy all the type of headphones in a wireless format such as the in-the-ear, on-the-ear and over-ear. All three types of headphones are available with wireless technology.
Advantages of buying Wireless headphones
When it comes to wireless; the wireless headphones are very convenient to carry. They are very stylish and comfortable.
The disadvantage of buying Wireless headphone
If you purchase the cheapest one, you will get the audio delay some time. You also need to charge them after every 3 to 4 hours if you purchase the cheapest one.
5. True(Totally) wireless headphones
True wireless headphones is a wireless headphone but very small in size like the earbuds. Low cost, super comfortable, sweat-resistant are the advantages of buying wireless headphones. If you don't know about them then for your information, Google Earbuds and Redmi Earbuds are the truly wireless headphones.
6. Noise-cancelling headphones
Noise-cancelling headphones mean the headphones which come with the active noise cancellation technology, that means at the time of enjoying the music, you will not hear the background noise. The headphones which have noise cancellation technology are especially the closed-back headphones.
7. Lightning or USB-C wired headphones
Nowadays lots of companies removing the 3.5 mm headphones jack from their headphones in order to use the wired headphones with the charging port the USB-C, so wired headphones are developed.
You will see those type of headphones with Samsung A70.
8. Sports headphones
Sport headphones are the type of headphones which come with specially made for the workout or sportsperson. Those type of headphones come with extensions or fins for more tailor-made, secure fit.
Features to Consider
Voice Assistant
In today's world of technology, there are lots of voice assistants available such as Google Assistance & Siri (which is only for the apple).
Lots of cheap headphones are unable to connect and control those voice assistants. When it comes to the flagship, you will get the support of all the leading voice assistants.
That means you can activate and use those virtual assistants just by clicking the button on it or by the voice command.
At the time of purchasing the headphone just remember to check whether the headphone, you are buying is supported Voice Assistant or not.
Bone conduction
Bone conduction, as in the name, this is the type of headphone which rests directly on the user cheekbones, but the traditional headphones and earbuds are not like that.
Talking about this technology, the eardrum doesn't vibrate in order to pass the information along to the cochleas. Bone conduction headphones work by vibrations, sound transmit here via cheekbone to your cochleas, which avoids hearing impairment compared to ordinary earphones.
What's really great about this technology is that, unlike traditional headphones, they won't block your surrounding sound more or less and helps you to stay alert to your surroundings, avoid danger and meanwhile enjoy music while you're running or cycling.
These headphones have their advantages,
- Increased Situational Awareness
- More Comfortable Fit
- A Unique Listening Experience
These are some advantages of Bone conduction. It depends on you whether to go with this technology or not.
Bio-metric headphones come with a unique ability. It can measure heart rate. You will also get lots of health information with this pair of a headphone. If you are conscious about your health, then you should go with this type of headphone. Usually, those headphones aren't so popular because some people say that the headphone won't show the correct information and their price is also too high.
According to our research, we found that those headphones work perfectly but the price is high. If you are purchasing the low-end modern, then there is no guarantee of their accuracy. It totally depends upon you whether you go with this or not.
Volume Control
If the volume control is on the headphone, then you won't need to touch your phone if the phone is in the pocket. When it comes to the wireless headphone, the volume control is always on the headphone but if you are purchasing the wired headphone, there is the less chance of getting the volume control on the headphone. Most of the on-ear headphone has the control on it, but if you are purchasing the in-ear wired headphones, you need to forget about the controls.
Sound Amplification
When it comes to headphones, the sound amplification always matters but only if you are thinking to purchase the low-end headphone. We assure you that if you go with the high-end headphone, you won't face any problem with the amplification because all the flagship headphones have the great amplifications.
Talking about the wireless devices, you will face the problem in the low-end headphone when the battery is low; you feel the sound if the battery is below 15%. So, at the time of purchasing, do the proper research about the amplification of the particular headphones.
Noise Canceling
Noise-canceling is the feature which helps you to listen to the music clearly without increasing the volume too much with the help of its active noise cancellation technology.
We use headphone everywhere, in the crowded place, on a train, on a bus or even some people also use at the time of bike riding. It is essential to go with the headphone which comes with active noise cancellation technology. If you are going to purchase the flagship headphone, you don't need to worry about it.
Water-resistant and waterproof
The headphone isn't waterproof, but some of the high-end headphones are designed with water-resistant materials to keep out sweat and water. You won't face any problem if you are using it for a long time in the rain or in the waterfalls.
The standard way to measure water-resistant or waterproof is the 'IPX' rating, where X is a number ranges from 0–8, with 8 being the highest level of defence against water. IP ratings indicate the level to which the device is protected from solid particles and liquids in the form of drips, splashes, water jets or submerging in water.
Built-in microphone/control module
You don't need to worry about this great feature because you will get the built-in microphone with almost all the headphones, but the quality of the microphone is depended upon the price & brand, mostly the microphone of the headphones is excellent.
Talking about the control module, you will have full controls on the headphones if you buy the wireless one. If you go with wired headphone then you mostly get only one button which is for picking up the call or to play or pause the music. If you go with the wired on-ear headphone, you can get the controls on it.
Sound Quality
The sound quality of the headphone is depended upon the drivers used it technically, but practically the quality depends upon the price, brand, and type of headphones.
If you are purchasing the wired headphone, you don't need to worry about it much more, but if you are purchasing the wireless, we suggest you don't go with the local brand and the cheap one because you will face lots of problem such as audio delay. Audio delay is a commonly encountered problem in cheap wireless headphones; when it comes to high-end headphones, you won't face any problem.
Battery Life
It doesn't make any sense to buy those headphones which you need to charge after every 4 to 5 hours of use, mostly you will face such problems in the cheap wireless headphones because of the quality of the battery.
According to use the average battery life of headphone when it comes to high end is the 10 to 20 hours of playtime. With some high-end wireless headphone, you will get the case to charge it as you see in the Google headphones and Redmi ear bugs.
Comfort and weight
Headphones are always lightweight but its weight doesn't matter, some headphones can be too heavy.
Talking about comfort, currently, the headphones come with extra earbuds. If you aren't comfortable with the headphone, you can even change the earbuds.
If you are purchasing the wireless headphone, you should check its padding and also read the customer reviews about the comfort. Those reviews are beneficial to know whether the headphone has any problem, they are comfortable or not?
Terms to know (Glossary)
Drivers Diameter
Drivers diameter is the width of the speaker which is in your headphones. The sound quality of headphone isn't complete but depends upon the size of the drivers. The big driver is able to produce a broader range of frequencies and reproduce it evenly.
Usually, the size of the driver's range from the 9-16 mm in-ear headphones, if you are into the EDM then you should go with the 14/15/16 mm, this size is perfect for you. If you are the acoustic lover and don't like electronic music, you can go with the 14 mm.
Talking about the impedance, the lower the impedance is always better; in general, the earphones offer the impedance ranging from 12 ohms to 35 ohms. It also depends on your phone. Nowadays you will get 12 ohms impedance on your phone, or you can also adjust according to your needs.
In some old model, the phone has 32 ohms of impedance. If you are using the wrong headphones with your device, then it may damage your phone over time. When you use the higher ohms earphone with fewer ohms device, it won't damage the phone but it will just reduce the volume a bit. If you are using the fewer ohms earphone with more magnificent ohms device, you need to face the problem in your device.
At the time of buying the headphone first checks your phone impedance and then go with the best headphones for yourself. Remember one thing, the lower the impedance is always better.
Frequency Response
When it comes to frequency response, remember one thing, the more comprehensive the frequency response, the better it is. The human being is able to hear from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, which is statically correct. 20 Hz to 20kHz is the average range that person can listen to, but when you test it using the frequency generator app on the smartphone, you can overhear up to 12 Hz very faintly.
If you ever listen to the extreme bass frequencies in the song, then those frequencies are of 40 to 100 Hz but when it comes to harmonic go down up to 12 to 20 Hz. At the time of purchasing, remember on, the more full frequency range of the earphones, the better it is.
A lot of branded and flagship earphones will offer you 20 to 20 Khz of frequency, but most of the people are prefer to go with around 15 Hz to 20 kHz. When the frequency response flatter, you will get a better and natural sound. Just remember the frequency response must be a straight horizontal which is going to throughout the bandwidth.
In general, the sensitivity of the headphones is around 100 dB/mW. Sensitivity ranges from 90 dB/mW to 115 dB/mW. It is better to stay around 105 dB/mW.
Magnet type
When it comes to the magnet, almost all the earphones are configured with the Neodymium Magnets inside. Those headphones are aptly sensitive and reproduce more authentic sound. So generally go with them.
In lots of condition, the headphones are with 3.5 mm headphone jack, but now it's the time of C-type. In most of the smartphones, you won't get the typical 3.5 mm jack so you can choose the connector according to your phone.
The connector is made with different materials. Some are steel, some are bronze, some are chrome, some are gold. You will get the gold connector in some flagship headphones. Gold connectors make better quality as they are better conductors. Gold, Chrome, Bronze, Stainless steel is the order from best to worst.
Type of Cable
There are two types of headphones cable, first one is Fat and the second one is Flat. Most of the headphones have fat one which is the circular one. Fat ones or Flat ones may also reproduce better sound as compared to Thin ones. But at the time of purchasing the headphones, remember to check whether the cable is tangled free or not. This is just extravagance stuff it will not affect the quality of the sound.
The shape of the connector is also mattered in some conditions. We recommend you to go with the L-shaped connector because there is a lesser chance of damage due to external force as compared to the straight connector.
Before buying any earphones, you must consider these aspects
- The sound quality of the headphones.
- If you are purchasing the wireless headphone, the range and battery life must be considered.
- Check the build quality; You get the idea about this from the reviews.
- If you are purchasing the wired headphone, the cable should be tangle-free. Very few brands provide tangle-free cable. Tangle-free cable increases the life of earphones.
- Also, check whether the headphones have the in-built microphone or not.
you should check the above aspects also while purchasing the headphones.
After reading this guide, you will be able to select a perfect pair of headphone for yourself. If you still have any confusion, you can explore our blog. Here is you will get lots of article on Top 10 headphones in various category. We hope this guide is helpful to you. If this guide is useful for you in any manner, kindly share it on social media. Stay connected with us.
Read More: Top 10 Best Studio Headphones
Best Wireless Headphones Under 200


text: For Balance. With the help of this crystal, you will be able to balance both the negative and positive energies in your life. Also known to give you the boost to stay motivated and on track to achieve the goals you have set out. Holds approx 450ml of water. Include bonus neoprene water bottle cover. We use Borosilicate glass which is lead free, BPA free and more resistant to thermal shock. Bamboo lid & base. Sustainable & reusable.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Reviewing source strings¶
Activity reports¶
You can check activity reports for translations, project or individual users.
Source strings checks¶
Weblate includes quite a lot of Quality checks. Some of them also focus on quality of source strings. These can give you some hints for making strings easier to translate. You can check failing source checks on Source tab of every component.
Failing checks on translation¶
On the other side, failing translation checks might also indicate problem in the source strings. Translators often tend to fix some mistakes in the translation instead of reporting it - a typical example is a missing full stop at the end of sentence, but there are more similar cases.
Reviewing all failing checks on your translation can bring you valuable feedback for improving source strings as well.
You can find the Source strings review in the Tools menu of a translation component. You will get a similar view when opening translation, with slightly different checks being displayed:
One of the most interesting checks here is the Multiple failing checks - it fires whenever there is failure on multiple translations of given string. Usually this is something to look for as this is string where translators have problems doing the translation properly. It might be just wrong punctation at the end of sentence or something more problematic.
The detailed listing then shows you overview per language:
String comments¶
Weblate allows translators to comment on both translation and source strings. Each Component configuration can be configured to receive such comments on email address and sending this to developers mailing list is usually best approach. This way you can monitor when translators find problems and fix them quickly.


text:
Wednesday, 19 January 2011
Download Diva
7 comments:
- Agnes van Hensbergen - agnesstampcards said...
Beautiful debbie,love the colors and this great papers.
Hugs agnes
- 19 January 2011 at 18:05
- Caroljenks said...
Gorgeous card and I love that p[aper - looks very 'retro' LOVE IT!
Hope Hannah is better soon.
Thanks for joining in with us this week for our 'All Sentimental' challenge over at Top Tip Tuesday :)
Carol x
- 19 January 2011 at 23:40
- PCM said...
What a great card. This SO reminds me of my own girls - they are always listening to something on their MP3 players. You have done a fantastic job with the coloring too. Thanks for joining us at Top Tip Tuesday this week for the Sentimental challenge.
- 20 January 2011 at 18:25
- Vee said...
A fabulous card and sentiment. Thanks for joining our challenge at Top Tip Tuesday this week. Good Luck.
xx Vee
- 20 January 2011 at 22:42
- Deb said...
this is so gorgeous Debbie, so love those colours! Hugs Debx
- 21 January 2011 at 04:32
- Scrappy said...
Love your coloring! Your card is GORGEOUS! Thanks so much for joining us at Pile it on this week! We hope you'll join us again for the next challenge!
PS: Hope Hannah has long recovered now from her Ear Infection!
- 22 January 2011 at 05:50
- Nikki Fairbairn said...
She looks gorgeous Debbie... beautiful colouring and the papers are so pretty... love your punched flowers and leaves. Hope your having a great weekend! Hugs, Nikki x
- 22 January 2011 at 22:59


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An economical approach to top bar beekeeping, our new Top Bar Hive Kit will get you started! This hive is built from precision-milled pine and simple to assemble. The kit is easy on your back and on your wallet!
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Assembly required, includes nails and easy-to-follow instructions.
Item Number: 9517


text:
Top Ten Forex Brokers
The Top Ten Forex Brokers
What is the priducser to connect with you
MB Trading is an ECN that provides low spreads and offers lower than micro lot trading. MB Trading is awesome!
One of the best brokers in the world.
What they claim they do.
Have been with them for more than 5 years... Withdrawal n execution is good.
I have them right now, for about a few years now, haven't had any problems, they help you install your custom indicators, and any other problems you may have with mt4. They recently had their mt4 upgraded and now my indicators will not work, if I can't get them to work, and they have helped me with them, I'm going to have to leave after all these years, and I really hate too, I haven't had any problems with them, I have nothing bad to say about them, but I will be forced to switch to another broker, is I can't get my incators back up and running, I'm losing a small fortune. Love 'em
Good server and prompt execution of orders.
FXXD.com is more detailed and good among the learners.
No re-quotes... good spreads, best trading executions.
Traded with them for over 5 years, never had a problem, smooth transactions, good spreads, good platform, best execution rates.. I give them 9, 5/10
Very nice trading platform and services.
Awesome and transparent broker
Trading with for 6 years. No problems
It's really helpful system
By it, s name, looks a stupid broker, but by her professionality, by her trustworthiness, by fair deals, A world class name through out the years. Very very reliable since many many many years.
Long lasting relation on trading...
The Best Broker, minimun deposit, perfect platform and social trading
HotForex is an award winning brand that provides forex and commodities brokerage services. Fully licensed and regulated by CySEC and the FSC, they offer various accounts types, trading software, and trading tools to facilitate individuals, fund managers, and institutional clients in trading forex and commodities.
HotForex offers an unparalleled trading experience with excellent multilingual support in an effort to provide its clients with every trading advantage possible.
Straight forward and good service. A good broker. Highly recommended
As working long time with this broker it is very fast in Deposit and Withdraw.
I decided to start trading with HotForex thanks to a friend's advice and I don't regret it. It is a regulated broker very professional and they deliver what they promise.
Solid good broker, trade through them for 9 months now on different platforms.
Recommended for professional traders and beginners, really helped me develop my trading skills.
Great broker, regulated and secure, great trading conditions, and easy withdrawal conditions.
Trade desk broker that guarantees their stops and orders. The spreads are ok and you can trade in Euro's!
The Contenders
Good marketing strategy good customer service, easy withdrawer and funding methods liable and also proved sponsorship and support spread is also good.
Spread is very low, Service is good, withdrawal is also fine
Please contact me for information
Awesome forex broker all time
Forex and CFD trading online. Free demo accounts. FX news, charts, quotes, poweful trading platform.
Good broker. They have 2 pips spread on EURUSD, and free ATM card for new trading account. - Veronic
What is the minimum deposit
Very good broker. I am making money for the first time after changing 3 brokers which turned out to be bucketshops. - ThuanTrai
Top broker, superior execution and excellent support level. Spreads are decent platform variety is decent.
The best Broker ever I found..100/100
Very good broker this
InstaForex is a perfect broker for me, They keep fixed spread which is perfect for me. I never had any problems with them even in fast moving markets and I suggest you give them a try. InstaForex is offering several types of accounts, starting with the common demo account that would allow a trader to try out the markets and new strategies. It is easy to open a live account with InstaForex it took only a minute. In terms of trading platform, it is easy to use and safe. - pipitikaceh
I am happy with what I get from forex trading and all that I get was easily without losing much in advance. All of that happened because I choose the right broker, namely InstaForex. InstaForex is the reliable and best broker in Indonesia and even in Asia. Only with 1 dollar for first deposit, now I've got thousands of dollars. And I have a better life than before. - fxjurigjarian
I use this broker for more than a year and am very pleased. Their website is also convenient, they provides various program packages, especially for newcomers. I always use their updated market news and their market strategies whenever I trade. Customer advisers are really polite and helpful. I recommend it to anyone wanting to trade forex. - MsChiefe
InstaForex is 100% professional broker. They have a very good server, the latest and also flexible to be used with any gadget. The platform they use is also continually updated as the development, so that the trading process from the time of deposit to withdraw profits always go smoothly. - piptakbpitak
Best broker in the world
Easy to use with Metatrader 4.
I've been trade in this broker since 2009, it's cool broker because they are very honest and never against us to make profit there...
This years, Liteforex improving their quality services. There are new bonus system, "next level" and "beyond next level"..
Lite inspired by the result of last years, in 2013 was the best improvement of lite companies, all clients got satisfied on trade with lite...
No Job that could making us more feel amazed with. Trading in Liteforex broker really exciting, hundreds dollar is easy to gained. Indeed, this broker very recommended because they never against us always serve us heartily...
I hope in this New Year, I can improve my talent and got more huge dollar from this broker...
I've missed for last year, because my trade really success in this broker.
I hope it will continue..
ECN/STP Brokers with the lowest spreads on the market! No Conflict of interest. Really is a broker on your side
Innovative ECN broker with tight spreads and low commissions. They have also interesting proprietary platform apart from MT4 - tomas-v
Really serious company without any market maker nonsense, which can be advantage or disadvantage, depending from your point of view. The lowest floating spread I have seen so far.
First time you join JustForex and start trading on welcome bonus funds you feel "wow"! It is very impressive and satisfying! The MT4 platform looks slightly different, the connection with a server is stable. I am very satisfied with it. I have easily made a profit trading on the bonus funds.
Bravo, JustForex!
Trustworthy, FCA regulated broker
I think ironfx is the best brooker of the world
The Best Broker I have worked with
Actually one of the Best if not the best Broker.
A really reliable brokers!
I'm trading with this forex trading broker for few months and they are fair. They have good trading conditions and a great trading platform. - johnsandler
Exto Capital is an STP broker that offers great spreads and instant execution on forex, metals, oil and indices.
Are you still trading with Exto Capital?
The really broker.. Try.. & profit..
Fully EU licensed broker, tight spreads, high leverage, no commissions or fees plus customer service in multiple languages.
Have traded with xglobal markets and had a good experience. My orders were executed immediately and my withdrawal was processed immediately.
STP MT4 Broker. Refined spreads without any commission or any additional charges. One account type without a minimum deposit requirement. All trading strategies welcome.
A good broker I can say. straight forward mt4 trading with low spreads
Great company, They have excellent execution and their spreads are very low..5-.8 of a pip on the majors. Their customer service is top notch!
Great platform with live support and chat with online users...
Agea.com know as Marketiva, good spread and money management, fast in pay out. $5 free to start without you funding your account. Good live support as you trade. Group chat in there steamster platform.
Nice people with nice platform (Streamster)
This is best company new trader in forex market. This company time to time best offer provide to all client. Best platforms provide act trade.
The yare the best FX broker in the world!
ASIC regulated, ECN Forex Broker from Australia.
Being a trader, I have always found that online brokerage service either is too slow or does not provide enough real time data. However, after I switched to HiWayFx, I never had such problems. It provides me with all the real time data I need along with faster execution. The customer service is also excellent as they are always prompt in answering all my questions in a proper manner. Overall, it has been an excellent experience dealing with HiWayFx. - Salina84
STP broker with tight spreads. Great support! Love these guys.


text:
Classic Pecan Pie
Ingredients3 h 15 m servings 514
- Adjust
- Metric
Directions{{model.addEditText}} Print
- Mix corn syrup, eggs, sugar, butter and vanilla using a spoon. Stir in pecans.
- Pour into pie crust.
- Bake at 350 degrees F on center rack of oven for 60 to 70 minutes.
- Cool for 2 hours before serving.
- Tips:
- Pie is done when center reaches 200 degrees F. Tap center surface of pie lightly it should spring back when done. For easy clean up, spray pie pan with cooking spray. If pie crust is over browning, cover edges with foil.
- High Altitude Adjustments:
- Reduce sugar to 2/3 cup and increase butter to 3 tablespoons. Reduce oven temperature to 325 degrees F.
- *To reduce calories substitute Karo® Lite Syrup.
Nutrition Facts
Per Serving: 514 calories; 26 69 35.1 77 223 Full nutrition
Explore more
ReviewsRead all reviews 98
129 Ratings
Ok, I made my first pecan pie ever about 6 weeks ago at Thanksgiving. I loved it...but being my first time, I felt I should try out other recipes. Comparatively, this recipe is nearly identical ...
This pie was extremely sweet. I recommend reducing the sugar by half. I plan to do so, if I make it again using this recipe.
Ok, I made my first pecan pie ever about 6 weeks ago at Thanksgiving. I loved it...but being my first time, I felt I should try out other recipes. Comparatively, this recipe is nearly identical ...
I absolutely love this pie! This was my uncle's "secret" recipe for the longest time. When he finally told us it's the recipe from the Karo syrup bottle, I was floored! Now I can make it myself!...
I use 2 regular pie shells plus add more pecans to recipe . Also,Changed amount of time to cook. excellent!
Here's a hint to keep the edges of the pie crust from over-browning. Spray the underside of a crust protector ring with non-stick spray and place it on the unbaked pie before putting the pie in...
There are lots of variations on this pie, but this is the classic that our family loves the best. I do add a pinch (1/4 t) Kosher salt to the syrup mixture. I think it brings out the flavor of...
I've been making this recipe for years. Last year I added 1/4 cup of bourbon instead of the vanilla. It was delicious.
I LOVE, LOVE, LOVE this pie! I have been making this ever since I began hosting Thanksgiving, which is about 9 years ago. This really could not be simplier to mix up, and the flavor is wonderful...
You just can't beat the original.
My whole family loved this pie. Turned out a little darker than I'd have liked (I was unsure when to quit baking it) but I will definitely cook it again!


text:
Active Directory
Security Experts
Security Experts
All Cyber Attacks Target
Active Directory
Active Directory
Cyber attacks always follow a similar pattern. After penetrating peripheral protection, they target the same infrastructure: Active Director that holds all access control rights.
There are many solutions designed to prevent or detect peripheral breaches. But if these solutions are defeated, a vulnerable Active Directory is an open highway for hackers to access confidential data, gain control of systems and disrupt operations.
The Core of Your
Cyber Security
Cyber Security
Over the years, Active Directory has become the cornerstone of corporate security. However, the importance of keeping it secure is usually underestimated. Regardless of how well Active Directory services are initially configured, they are constantly evolving systems and their security needs to be constantly updated for maximum protection.
Maintaining state-of-the-art security for Active Directory is challenging - both technical and process-wise.
What Happens When Active Directory
Is Compromised
Is Compromised
Hackers seek to gain access to the latest commercial proposal for a multi-million dollar deal. By exploiting Active Directory, they are able to identify who is working on the deal, which system is used to store documents, and which member of the team has the most vulnerable computer (old OS version or risky security policy).
After compromising a user's device in the Accounts Payable department, a hacker can move laterally to access systems used by the Payroll and Corporate Controlling department. Worst of all, this lateral move is not even a breach: it's just normal Active Directory behaviour!
Once Active Directory has compromised, a hacker manages to bypass all security mechanisms to identify and access the CEO's mailbox. Through this, he can connect to the customers database and exfiltrate confidential information before erasing records and backups.
Once they have compromised Active Directory, hackers are able to erase any artefact they have left on devices. This conceals themselves from security teams and allows them to remain digitally invisible for months while they steal corporate assets.
Indicators of Exposure
Alsid defines and uses Indicators of Exposure (IoE) to consistently detect breaches of Active Directory security as soon as they appear., in a standardized and consistent fashion.
Privilege escalation
attack vectors
attack vectors
Backdooring and
persistence techniques
persistence techniques
Dangerous security model design
Real Life Companies
That Were Compromised
That Were Compromised
They may not all make the news, but some of these attacks were extremely damaging.
Here are some recent examples of Active Directory-related intrusions.
On November 24, 2014, a hacker group which identified itself by the name "Guardians of Peace" (GOP) leaked confidential data from the Sony Pictures film studio. The data included personal information about Sony Pictures employees and their families, emails between employees, information about executive salaries at the company, copies of then-unreleased Sony films and other information. The perpetrators then employed several Active Directory-related attack techniques to compromise Sony's IT infrastructure.
The Democratic National Committee (DNC) cyber attacks took place in 2015 and 2016, during which computer hackers infiltrated the DNC's computer network and caused a data breach. Some cybersecurity experts, as well as the U.S. government, stated that the attack was successful thanks to the use of several Active Directory attack techniques.
French nuclear power group Areva was the target of a cyber attack in September 2011. According to sources, attackers used several Active Directory vulnerabilities to steal credentials of senior executives (passwords, secret keys, etc.) and stealthily access sensitive business and R&D material.
During the 2013 holiday period, Target announced a major data breach. At a time when more customers were in the store than any other time of year, cyber criminals gained access to the retailer's network and began siphoning credit card data off of the system. By using Active Directory backdooring techniques, hackers were able to gain access and stay undetected for almost a month.
Get In Touch
Explore how Alsid can boost your organisation's IT security and give you better peace of mind.


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Give your Doctoral or Master's research candidates high quality support
At Otago, we pride ourselves on providing quality postgraduate supervision. To support supervisors, postgraduate coordinators and postgraduate administrators, we have a wealth of resources and information about regulations available in the University of Otago's OURDrive. On this site we provide a few essentials.
What support does the Graduate Research School do for staff?
One-on-one advice for supervisors, Postgraduate Coordinators and Heads of Department
Please contact the School for support, if you have a tricky situation with a candidate. The Dean or the Manager can advise about supervision and progress issues. We are also happy to come to your department to provide staff with updates on policy and best practice.
Professional development workshops and courses
Together with the Higher Education Development Centre, we offer programme of professional development support for supervisors, postgraduate coordinators and examiners. Click here to visit the Postgraduate professional and researcher development portal which includes a section for staff workshops.
Visit the HEDC website to find out what is coming up, and also see the HEDC offerings.
Research supervision resources
Resources for research supervision are available in OURDrive.
These resources include:
- Attracting and recruiting research candidates
- Key processes for supervisors
- Building positive relationships with your candidates
- Supervising the literature review
- Assisting candidates with writing
- Supervising the research methodology
- Supervising international and culturally diverse candidates
- Supporting distance and part-time research students
- Fostering a vibrant graduate research
- Examining a thesis
You can also link to the following book Doctoral education in international context: connecting local, regional and global perspectives
Postgraduate Research Culture Excellence Award
To find out more about this annual Award please click here to be taken to an information sheet and the entry form. Note that Expressions of Interest are due on 30 June 2020, with full applications due on 30 September 2020.
Past winners of this award
|Small department
|Large department
|Centre for Neuroendocrinology
|Pathology (UOC)
|Geography and Zoology (joint winners)
|Centre for Sustainability
|Theology & Religion


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Social firm
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Social firm is the British term for a work integration social enterprise (WISE), a business created to employ people who have a disability or are otherwise disadvantaged in the labour market. Its commercial and production activities are undertaken in the context of a social mission, with profits going back into the company to further its goals. A significant number of the employees of social firms will be people with a disability or disadvantage, including psychiatric disabilities. The firms grew out of disillusionment with mainstream businesses, and the failure to recognise or enable everyone's potential. All workers are paid a market-rate wage or salary that is appropriate to the work. All employees are intended to have the same employment opportunities, rights and obligations.
The original social firms were established well before the term came into use in 1980s. Firms in Europe started to prosper and employ increasing numbers of people with a disability. Schemes, and coordinating organisations, became more established and numerous in the 1990 [1]
Iain Duncan Smith visited Pluss, a social firm in Exeter, which makes cushions for wheelchairs and car upholstery, in March 2015. The firm is owned by four councils: Devon, Plymouth, Somerset and Torbay and is facing potential closure of its manufacturing operations in Exeter and Bridgwater, and rationalisation of corporate services could result in up to 75 redundancies.[2]
See alsoEdit
- ^ Grove, B., Harding, A., Freudenberg, M and O'Flynn, D. (1997). Social Firms: New Directions in the Employment, Rehabilitation and Integration of People with Mental Health Problems. London, Pavilion
- ^ "Iain Duncan Smith 'insults' disabled workers at factory facing the axe". Daily Mirror. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.


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You can always tell when a dot com is starting to go down the tubes. They stop innovating, updating and sort of let a good product go to hell. Now in it's heyday, Adultwebmasterinfo.com had a BBS (bulletin board) with 6344 users on line at the same time (8/2/2003) whereas today there were fewer than 500 on line to keep the lonely webmaster company. A check with Alexa has their traffic count down 26% for the past 3 months and their rank is dropping.
When it comes to their UCJ Traffic Trading system, the pages have not been upgraded since 2004, so sad. Perhaps the reason the product started dying was sites like Alexa. Now here they are offering to trade traffic with Angelteens.com and Angelhardcore.com and the sites are ranked 1,298,874 and 8,361,533 respectively. Why would I want to pay to trade traffic with anyone doing that poorly. I can do that bad on my own. The Fat Savage Blog does that well and I don't have any pictures of naked ladies.
So sad, these sites have attractive young girls with enough legal disclaimers that you would swear that they were designed by cops and lawyers. And even with the legal disclaimers, compliance with the code for 18 year old models with girls who are slightly anorexic but attractive, they still don't have any business. I guess only the Government can lose money in the porn business.
One of the things about last being updated in 2004 is that was the same year as the alleged viewing of kiddie porn at trial and Kevin Allen was on the list with three sites one of which was americanthumbs.com and the other two were corinnas.com and sugarthumbs.com. This information is worthy of it's own post which will follow.
So where would you expect to find the fountainhead of knowledge for the kiddie porn industy and two legal kiddie porn sites designed by cops and lawyers?
You got it!!!
The smoke and mirrors says Florida but a tricky cable loopback puts it in a Cogent Communications co-location off a Cogent backbone line in Washingthon, DC. After all why would the FBI want all that information stored away from the seat of power.


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Scaffolding St Teath Cornwall
Scaffolding St Teath Cornwall: If you have some major building work to do on your house in St Teath, such as updating the double glazing, rebuilding a chimney stack, doing repointing or having a new roof installed, there is a pretty good chance you're going to require some scaffolding, in order to make the site safe and secure for both the occupants and the contractors carrying out the job. If this proves to be the scenario, then you'll need to locate a reputable St Teath scaffolder, to work out some costings and have the necessary scaffolding set up correctly.
Scaffolding - An Outline: A scaffold can be described as a temporary framework, usually fabricated from steel fittings and tubes, that's installed to provide a safe and sturdy area for builders carrying out their work on buildings and houses in St Teath. Scaffolding also helps in making structures safe for the general public and for the occupants, sheltering them from falling objects and dust resulting from the works being carried out.
A scaffold is constructed using many different sections which will likely include: limpet clamps, base plates, spade ends, scaffold boards, sills, midrails, guard rails, swivel clamps, board clamps, ledgers, toeboards, sole boards, right angle clamps, putlogs, ladder clamps, diagonal braces, standards, ladders, couplers and facade braces.
There are numerous different styles of scaffold, every one serving its particular role, among the different types are single scaffolding (bricklayers scaffolding), patented scaffolding, double scaffolding, cantilever scaffolding, tower scaffolds, trestle scaffolds, shoring scaffolds, suspended scaffolding, tube and fitting scaffolds, rolling scaffolds and confined space scaffolds. The type which you would most likely use on your home in St Teath, is the single (usually known as bricklayer's) scaffold.
If you need scaffolding in St Teath, you must find an expert scaffolding contractor, who's approved by the local council. If your scaffold is going to encroach onto a public pathway or road you need a permit from the local local authority or council and must make sure it is safe and secure before using it, re-check it once a week, as well as safety test it after damage, stormy weather or modifications to the scaffold. This scaffolding licence is going to be necessary if you are erecting hoardings, stagings, access towers, pedestrian barriers, scaffolding as well as if you're siting contractors plant or a waste skip. If the scaffolding needs to go on a highway it will also need safety lighting, which should be provided by your St Teath scaffolders. Scaffolding in the United Kingdom should observe the European Standard, BS EN 12811-1, which describes performance specifications and methods for the structural design of working and access scaffolds.
When you're seeking out scaffolders in St Teath, you will probably know about several companies in the locality. Scaffolders are well known for putting up massive, eye-catching advertising boards, situated conspicuously on their scaffolds, which is of course an effective marketing tactic which gets their brand widely known throughout the St Teath, Cornwall area. Recognizing such local scaffolding businesses will provide you with a few choices to pick from. You could also think about sending in a request form to Bark.com, who'll get in touch with a few local St Teath scaffolders free of charge, therefore saving you some time and effort. You should soon enough have enough possible scaffolders in order to make a well informed choice for your building project.
Scaffold Tower Hire St Teath - If your building project is a fairly modest one, and you only need to hire yourself a scaffolding tower in St Teath, then your choices might be somewhat wider. Certain scaffolding contractors in St Teath, will be happy as Larry to hire you a tower scaffold, if that is what is required, but there are also other places where you might try, for instance some plant and tool hire companies in St Teath may stock and hire scaffold towers and additionally building merchants and similar retailers in and close to St Teath. You should try enquiring at Hire Station, Travis and Perkins, Jewson, HSS or other more localized tool hire providers, if there are any near to you.
Tower scaffolds are as a rule constructed from aluminium so they're lightweight and easy to transport and shift on site. They're generally available for hire in various designs and sizes. Amongst the more common styles are microfold towers, double width alloy towers, podium steps, tower bridge decks, 1-man towers, span access platforms, non-conductive (fibreglass) towers, folding indoor towers, folding low level platforms, guard rail towers, stairway access towers, cantilever towers, single width alloy towers and similar bespoke towers.
Local St Teath scaffolders will be willing to help you with scaffold tower hire in St Teath, scaffolding for extensions in St Teath, scaffolding for sale in St Teath, bricklayer's scaffolding in St Teath, scaffold towers in St Teath, scaffolding for roofing in St Teath, shoring scaffolding in St Teath, suspended scaffolding in St Teath, supply and erection of scaffolding in St Teath, scaffolding permits in St Teath, rolling scaffolds in St Teath, single man scaffold towers in St Teath, affordable scaffolding in St Teath, single scaffolds in St Teath, scaffolding jobs in St Teath, double scaffolds in St Teath, patented scaffolds in St Teath Cornwall, stairwell access towers in St Teath, bespoke scaffolding in St Teath, scaffold safety netting in St Teath, painting platform hire in St Teath, cantilever scaffolding in St Teath, scaffolding companies in St Teath, H-frame scaffolding in St Teath Cornwall, confined space scaffolds in St Teath, scaffolding quotes in St Teath, scaffolding for loft conversions in St Teath, aluminium scaffolds in St Teath, tube and fitting scaffolds in St Teath Cornwall, the hire of scaffold boards in St Teath, temporary scaffold roofs in St Teath, scaffolding contractors in St Teath, cheap scaffolding in St Teath, tower bridging decks in St Teath, scaffolding hire in St Teath, scaffolding for guttering work in St Teath, trestle scaffolding in St Teath and other scaffolding related services.
When you're trying to get St Teath scaffolders, you may also be in the market for solar panel cleaning in St Teath, skip hire in St Teath, bricklayers in St Teath, guttering specialists in St Teath, solar panel installation in St Teath, painters and decorators in St Teath, roofers in St Teath, waste removal in St Teath, loft conversions in St Teath, repointing specialists in St Teath or brick and stone cleaning in St Teath, Cornwall.
St Teath Scaffolding Services
- St Teath Cantilever Scaffolds
- St Teath Scaffolding Contractors
- St Teath Industrial Screening
- St Teath Mobile Scaffolding
- St Teath Scaffold Hire
- St Teath Scaffolding Erectors
- St Teath Shoring Scaffolding
- St Teath Residential Scaffolding
- St Teath Tube and Fitting Scaffolding
- St Teath Commercial Scaffolding
- St Teath Painting Platform Hire
- St Teath Scaffold Tower Hire
- St Teath Suspended Scaffolding
Cornwall Scaffolding Links: Hayle Scaffolding, St Agnes Scaffolding, Looe Scaffolding, Bodmin Scaffolding, Wadebridge Scaffolding, Carn Brea Scaffolding, St Blazey Scaffolding, St Ives Scaffolding, Launceston Scaffolding, Penryn Scaffolding, Redruth Scaffolding, Liskeard Scaffolding, Truro Scaffolding, Saltash Scaffolding, Helston Scaffolding, Bude Scaffolding, Newquay Scaffolding and Torpoint Scaffolding.


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CASE OF WETTSTEIN v. SWITZERLAND
(Application no. 33958/96)
21 December 2000
In the case of Wettstein v. Switzerland,
The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
Mr C.L. Rozakis, President,
Mr A.B. Baka,
Mr L. Wildhaber,
Mr G. Bonello,
Mr P. Lorenzen,
Mr M. Fischbach,
Mr A. Kovler, judges,
and Mr E. Fribergh, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 23 March and 7 December 2000,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last-mentioned date:
1. The case originated in an application (no. 33958/96) against the Swiss Confederation lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights ("the Commission") under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") by a Swiss national, Mr Heinz Peter Wettstein ("the applicant"), on 7 November 1996.
2. Before the Court, the applicant was represented by Mr A. Staffelbach, a lawyer practising in Zürich. The Swiss Government ("the Government") were represented by their Agent, Mr P. Boillat, Head of the International Affairs Division of the Federal Office of Justice.
3. The applicant complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention of the lack of impartiality of two judges in building proceedings who in separate proceedings had acted as lawyers, or through an office partner, against the applicant.
4. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11).
5. The application was allocated to the Second Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1.
6. By a decision of 23 March 2000 the Court declared the application partly admissible [Note by the Registry. The Court's decision is obtainable from the Registry.].
7. The Court having decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 § 2 in fine), the Government, but not the applicant, filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1).
8. The applicant, born in 1930, is a businessman living in Pfäffikon (Switzerland).
A. Background
9. The applicant is the owner of two properties, of 115 sq. m. and
51 sq. m. respectively, in the municipality of Kloten. Half of the second property is tied up with a joint ownership of part of a path. In the 1950s an area zoning plan was prepared, although no general settlement regarding the applicant's properties was achieved. The applicant also unsuccessfully requested the Kloten municipality on a number of occasions to take over the two properties and to compensate him accordingly.
10. The applicant was also involved in other building proceedings in the Kloten municipality in which the opposing party, a cantonal insurance pension office, was represented by a lawyer, Mr W.
11. The applicant was furthermore involved in building proceedings against the Küsnacht municipality in which that municipality was represented by a lawyer, Mrs R. These proceedings were conducted before the Administrative Court of the Canton of Zürich and in last resort before the Federal Court, its decision having been given on 24 October 1995.
12. Mrs R. and Mr W. are practising lawyers (Rechtsanwälte) who at that time shared office premises in Zürich together with Mr L. Lawyers R. and L. also acted as part-time administrative court judges at the Administrative Court of the Canton of Zürich.
B. Proceedings instituted by the applicant
13. In the proceedings concerning the applicant's properties in Kloten (see paragraph 9 above), the applicant filed on 15 February 1995 an action with the Administrative Court of the Canton of Zürich, requesting an order that the Kloten municipality take over the two properties, including the joint ownership, for the sum of 368,200 Swiss francs.
14. In the applicant's case, the bench of the Administrative Court was then composed of five judges, namely the Vice-President, three administrative court judges and one substitute judge. Among the administrative court judges were R. and L., who were part-time judges.
15. On 15 December 1995 the court rejected the applicant's action. The Court found that it was not competent to deal with the matter which appertained to the jurisdiction of the Assessment Commission (Schätzungskommission). However, the court declined to transmit the case to the Assessment Commission as the applicant had forfeited his right to claim compensation. Thus, if he had disagreed with the area zoning plan, in particular with the settlement of accounts of 1957, he should have requested the institution of assessment proceedings at the relevant time. The Court found that the claim for compensation would in any event be unfounded as it had to be directed against other proprietors in the area covered by the zoning plan, rather than the municipality.
16. The applicant filed a public-law appeal with the Federal Court in which he complained, on the one hand, about the outcome of the proceedings, on the other, that judge R. had shortly before acted in separate appeal proceedings, instituted by the applicant, as the legal representative of the opposing party, namely the Küsnacht municipality. Moreover, judge R. shared office premises with judge L., and also with W. who, in separate proceedings instituted by the applicant, had represented the opposing party.
17. The public-law appeal was dismissed by the Federal Court on 29 April 1996, the decision being served on 9 May 1996. In its decision, the court dealt with the applicant's complaint that certain judges of the Administrative Court had not been impartial as follows:
"The interrelations mentioned may raise certain doubts in view of Article 58 § 1 of the Federal Constitution which requires the impartiality of judges. However, the applicant does not claim that R. or another member of the Administrative Court was in fact biased when giving the contested decision. The Federal Court has already previously held that the fact that legal representatives in the Canton of Zürich also acted as part-time administrative court judges could under certain circumstances result in an interrelation of interests. The Court found, however, that it could be expected from a part-time judge that he could distinguish between his official function and his private professional activities. A part-time judge was not, therefore, obliged to stand down merely because he had represented legal interests in other proceedings which were opposed to those of the applicant ... In view of these principles it can equally not be assumed in the present case that the Administrative Court was composed of judges who could be regarded as biased when giving the contested decision."
18. The Federal Court furthermore did not consider it arbitrary that the Administrative Court had found that the applicant's claims were forfeited as he had failed duly to raise them.
19. On 20 August 1996 the Federal Court dismissed the applicant's request to reopen the proceedings.
A. Administrative Court of the Canton of Zürich
20. The Administrative Court of the Canton of Zürich consists of both full-time and part-time judges, the latter also acting as practising lawyers on a part-time basis.
21. Section 34 of the Administrative Judiciary Procedure Act (Verwaltungsrechtspflegegesetz) of the Canton of Zürich of 1959 concerns "incompatibility" (Unvereinbarkeit) and stated in the version in force at the relevant time:
"1. The office of a full-time judge of the Administrative Court is incompatible with any other full-time professional activity [hauptberufliche Tätigkeit]. Full-time judges may not be members of the Federal Assembly nor members or registrars of a municipal or district council. They are not allowed legally to represent third persons before courts and administrative bodies. An authorisation of the cantonal parliament is required if they wish to belong to the administration or management of a commercial company or cooperative acting for commercial purposes.
2. Part-time judges may not be employed full-time by an administrative authority or a court, and may not be members or registrars of a municipal or district council."
22. The Administrative Judiciary Procedure Act was revised in 1997 and section 34 now states:
"1. The office of a full-time member of the Administrative Court is incompatible both with any other full-time professional activity and with the professional representation of third persons before courts or administrative authorities.
2. The office of a part-time member of the Administrative Court is incompatible with the professional representation of third persons before the Administrative Court ..."
B. Situation in Switzerland
23. In Switzerland no particular magistrate's training is required to enter the judicial profession. This explains, inter alia, the comparatively high number of practising lawyers (legal representatives) acting as part-time or substitute judges.
1. Federal level
24. The Federal Court consists of thirty full-time and fifteen part-time judges, and the Federal Insurance Court consists of nine full-time and nine part-time judges. Part-time judges may exercise the profession of practising lawyer. According to section 22 of the Federal Judiciary Act (Organisationsgesetz), judges shall stand down if, in a particular case, they have participated in another capacity, inter alia as legal adviser or as practising lawyer. The First Public Law Division of the Federal Court furthermore avoids appointing as part-time judges persons resident in the canton in which the case originates.
25. In various federal appeals commissions (Rekurskommissionen) provision is made for full-time and part-time judges. Whatever other functions the latter exercise, these functions may not compromise the accomplishment of their tasks or the independence and reputation of the appeals commission.
2. Situation in the cantons
26. In various cantons, no particular regulations exist as to part-time judges acting as practising lawyers, for example for certain judges of the Cantons of Appenzell Inner Rhodes, Graubünden and Valais. Other cantons have specific legislation on the matter.
27. For instance, certain cantonal courts are composed exclusively of full-time judges who exercise no other legal profession, for instance the Cantonal and Administrative Courts of the Cantons of Berne and of Lucerne; the Administrative Court of the Cantons of Fribourg and Ticino; the Cantonal Court of the Canton of Thurgau; and the Cantonal Court and the Court of Appeal of the Canton of Schaffhausen. In the Canton of Graubünden, as from 2001, eight of the eleven presidents of the first-instance courts will act as full-time judges.
28. In some cantons, certain part-time judges are prohibited from acting as practising lawyers, for instance in the Canton of Basle Rural (part-time judges of the Court of Appeal in criminal cases) and in the Canton of Aargau (part-time judges of the Cantonal Court and the specialised administrative courts and the presidents of the district courts). In the Canton of Berne a new law has been proposed which, as from 2001, intends to prohibit part-time judges from acting as practising lawyers, although this function will continue to be possible for substitute judges. In the Canton of St Gall, part-time district court judges may not act as practising lawyers in the district in question.
29. In various cantons part-time judges of a court may not appear before that court as practising lawyers, for instance in the Cantons of Schwyz, Obwalden, Zug, Aargau (in respect of the Administrative Tribunal), Basle Urban (in respect of the regular judge at the Court of Appeal in administrative matters), St Gall (in respect of part-time judges who are otherwise employed for more than 40% of their time), Graubünden (in respect of judges of the administrative courts and their respective divisions and, as from 2001, in respect of district and regional court presidents and their deputies). The Canton of Basle Rural is currently revising its relevant legal norms along these lines.
30. Certain cantonal courts envisage the possibility for substitute judges to act as practising lawyers, for instance in the Cantons of Aargau (labour courts), Berne (Cantonal and Administrative Court), Basle Urban, Geneva, Fribourg (Administrative Court), Ticino, Solothurn and Schaffhausen (Court of Appeal and Cantonal Court).
C. Case-law of the Federal Court
31. The Federal Court has pronounced on various occasions on the question of the impartiality of lawyers acting as judges, in particular the danger of a link of dependency between the judge and one of the parties. For instance, a lawyer may not act as judge in a case where he or she is representing one of the parties to the case, or where in separate pending proceedings he or she is representing the opposing party. On the other hand, as a rule no issue will arise where the lawyer once represented a party and the mandate has been completed. The mere fact that the lawyer generally advises in building matters does not imply that as a judge he will necessarily favour a plaintiff who is involved in the construction of a house (see judgment of 15 May 1992, Schweizerisches Zentralblatt für Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht 94, 1993, 87; and the judgment of 20 December 1990, Arrêts du Tribunal fédéral suisse (ATF), vol. 116 Ia, p. 485).
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 1 of the Convention
32. The applicant complained of the lack of impartiality of the two administrative court judges R. and L. These judges had themselves, or through their office partner W., acted against the applicant in other proceedings. The applicant relied on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention which provides, in its relevant parts:
"1. In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ... , everyone is entitled to a ... hearing ... by an independent and impartial tribunal ..."
33. The Government submitted that the proceedings complied with Article 6 § 1 of the Convention.
A. The parties' submissions
1. The applicant
34. The applicant submitted that in some areas of administration in Switzerland there were particularly close links between practising lawyers and the judiciary. In view of the problems which have arisen, the Canton of Zürich has revised its legislation which now excludes for part-time judges the professional representation of third parties. As a result of these changes, the office in which lawyers R., L. and W. worked no longer exists.
35. The applicant referred to everyday legal practice where a conflict of interests experienced by an individual lawyer in a partnership consisting of several lawyers implied that not only this lawyer but all other staff were equally excluded from taking on the same work. The applicant referred to the strict standards applying to lawyers, for instance that a lawyer may not act for two opposing parties and may not accept a request from a third party to represent him or her against a previous client. These standards also applied to courts with a mixed composition. In the present case, it was not therefore important which of the three lawyers were affected by the conflict of interests.
36. The applicant contended that the lawyers should not have been allowed to act as judges. There was always a danger of at least a potential conflict of interests for administrative court judges: either they considered the possibility of obtaining future work from the public authorities concerned and did not want to annoy them by voting against them; or they did not want to lose their goodwill when taking future decisions on granting planning permission, on which they were dependent for their private clients who wanted to carry out construction projects. The interrelated interests of a total of two out of five judges in the instant case amounted to an appearance of lack of impartiality.
2. The Government
37. The Government submitted, with reference to the Federal Court's case-law, that in the present case there was no link of dependency between judge R. and the party opposing the applicant in the administrative court proceedings. R. had represented another municipality – Küsnacht and not Kloten – and in proceedings concerning a matter completely unrelated to the present case. R.'s representation of the Küsnacht municipality had been terminated when the Administrative Tribunal gave its decision. One could not therefore say that judge R. in any way appeared to favour the Kloten municipality. Lawyer W., on the other hand, acted in a completely different case and did not represent Kloten. The applicant had not submitted that the three lawyers R., L. and W. undertook a concerted action in order to favour Kloten. Indeed, it could be expected from a part-time judge that he distinguished between his different professional activities.
38. In the Government's opinion, Article 6 of the Convention did not exclude "mixed" courts where, as for instance in the Sramek v. Austria case, practising lawyers acted as judges (see the judgment of 22 October 1984, Series A no. 84, p. 19, § 40). In the present case, there were no grounds to doubt the impartiality of judges R. and L. on subjective grounds. As regards the objective grounds, appearances could be of a certain importance for the accused person, although they could not be decisive. What was decisive was whether the fear of lack of impartiality could be objectively justified. Doubts alone could not suffice. The Government pointed out that judge R. never represented the Kloten municipality as a lawyer before the Administrative Court. In the light of the Sramek case, her impartiality would not even be called in question if she had represented Kloten in other proceedings.
39. The Government contended that there was no link ratione loci, materiae or personae between the different proceedings in which R. and L. were involved as judges, on the one hand, and W. as a lawyer, on the other. In any event, W. had not represented the Kloten municipality.
40. The Government emphasised that the part-time judiciary was of central importance for the cantons. Most courts were composed of part-time judges who had additional professional activities, among them that of practising lawyer. Those cantons which did not have part-time judges had often made provisions for substitute judges who acted as practising lawyers.
B. The Court's assessment
41. The Court recalls at the outset that in proceedings originating in an individual application it has to confine itself, as far as possible, to a examination of the concrete case before it (see the Minelli v. Switzerland judgment of 25 March 1983, Series A no. 62, p. 17, § 35). Accordingly, in the present case there is no reason to doubt that legislation and practice on the part-time judiciary in general can be framed so as to be compatible with Article 6. What is at stake is solely the manner in which the proceedings were conducted in the applicant's case.
42. According to the Court's constant case-law, when the impartiality of a tribunal for the purposes of Article 6 § 1 is being determined, regard must be had to the personal conviction and behaviour of a particular judge in a given case – the subjective approach – as well as to whether it afforded sufficient guarantees to exclude any legitimate doubt in this respect – the objective approach (see the Thomann v. Switzerland judgment of 10 June 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-III, p. 815, § 30).
43. As regards the subjective aspect of such impartiality, the Court notes that there was nothing to indicate in the present case any prejudice or bias on the part of judges R. and L.
44. There thus remains the objective test. Here, it must be determined
whether, quite apart from the judge's conduct, there are ascertainable
facts which may raise doubts as to his impartiality. In this respect
even appearances may be of a certain importance. What is at stake is
the confidence which the courts in a democratic society must inspire
in the public (see the Castillo Algar v. Spain judgment of 28 October
1998, Reports
1998-VIII, p. 3116,
§ 45). This implies that in deciding whether in a given case there is a legitimate reason to fear that a particular judge lacks impartiality, the standpoint of the person concerned is important but not decisive. What is decisive is whether this fear can be held to be objectively justified (see the Ferrantelli and Santangelo v. Italy judgment of 7 August 1996, Reports
1996-III, pp. 951-52, § 58).
45. Turning to the present case, the Court notes that judge R. acted against the applicant in separate building proceedings as the legal representative of the Küsnacht municipality. Judges R. and L. both shared office premises with lawyer W. who had previously acted as legal representative in other building proceedings in the Kloten municipality. This situation arose in the Canton of Zürich where, as with the courts of many other cantons, the Administrative Court is composed of both full-time and part-time judges. The latter may practise as legal representatives. The Administrative Judiciary Procedure Act in force at the relevant time contained no provisions as to the incompatibility of such legal representation with judicial activities. Section 34(2) of the Act currently in force provides that part-time judges may not act as legal representatives before the Administrative Court.
46. It is true that there was no material link between the applicant's case before the Administrative Court and the separate proceedings in which R. and W. acted as legal representatives. Furthermore, R. and W. had been acting as trained lawyers who were called upon to represent the interests of constantly varying parties.
47. Nevertheless, the Court notes that, when on 15 February 1995 the applicant instituted the present proceedings before the Administrative Court with R. as a judge on the bench, the parallel proceedings in which R. acted as legal representative for the Küsnacht municipality against the applicant were pending before the Federal Court, which gave its decision eight months later on 24 October 1995 (see paragraph 11 above). Less than two months after these proceedings had been terminated the Administrative Court gave its judgment on 15 December 1995. There was, therefore, an overlapping in time of the two proceedings with R. in the two functions of judge, on the one hand, and of legal representative of the opposing party, on the other. As a result, in the proceedings before the Administrative Court, the applicant could have had reason for concern that judge R. would continue to see in him the opposing party. In the Court's opinion this situation could have raised legitimate fears in the applicant that judge R. was not approaching his case with the requisite impartiality.
48. The fact that W., an office colleague of judges R. and L., had in other proceedings represented the party opposing the applicant, while only of minor relevance, could be seen as further confirming the applicant's fear that judge R. was opposed to his case.
49. In the Court's view, these circumstances serve objectively to justify the applicant's apprehension that judge R. of the Administrative Court of the Canton of Zürich lacked the necessary impartiality.
50. Consequently, in the present case there has been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention as regards the requirement of an impartial tribunal.
51. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
"If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party."
A. Damage
52. The applicant claimed 368,200 Swiss francs (CHF) for pecuniary damage resulting from the fact that the Kloten municipality had used his property without compensation during forty-two years. The Government saw no connection between the pecuniary damage alleged and the conduct of the Swiss authorities.
53. The Court notes that the applicant is in fact requesting damages of the same amount as in the action which he introduced before the Administrative Court of the Canton of Zürich on 15 February 1995 (see paragraph 13 above). However, the Court cannot speculate as to what the outcome of proceedings compatible with Article 6 § 1 of the Convention would have been (see the Incal v. Turkey judgment of 9 June 1998, Reports 1998-IV, p. 1575, § 82). In the present case it perceives no causal link between the breach of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention and the alleged pecuniary damage. There is, therefore, no ground for an award under this head.
B. Costs and expenses
54. Under this head the applicant claimed a total
of CHF 65,120.05, namely CHF 29,486.50 for lawyer's costs in the domestic
proceedings; CHF 20,133.55 for lawyer's costs in the Strasbourg proceedings;
CHF 15,500 for procedural costs incurred in the domestic proceedings.
55. The Government contended that only the public-law appeal proceedings before the Federal Court could have served to redress the alleged violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, although these proceedings also concerned other complaints raised by the applicant. In respect of the Strasbourg proceedings the Government submitted that only one of the applicant's complaints had been declared admissible and that this particular complaint concerned only a minor part of the observations submitted by the applicant during the admissibility proceedings. The Government considered as adequate the sum of CHF 2,000 for the lawyer's costs in the domestic proceedings; CHF 3,000 for the lawyer's costs in the Strasbourg proceedings; and CHF 3,000 for the procedural costs incurred in the domestic proceedings; namely a total of CHF 8,000.
56. The Court, in accordance with its case-law, will consider whether the costs and expenses claimed were actually and necessarily incurred in order to prevent or obtain redress for the matter found to constitute a violation of the Convention and were reasonable as to quantum (see, for instance, Nilsen and Johnsen v. Norway [GC], no. 23118/93, § 62, ECHR 1999-VIII).
57. The Court finds the applicant's claims excessive. Making an assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards him CHF 2,000 for the lawyer's costs in the domestic proceedings; CHF 4,000 for the lawyer's costs in the Strasbourg proceedings; and CHF 3,000 for the procedural costs incurred in the domestic proceedings; namely the total sum of CHF 9,000.
C. Default interest
58. According to the information available to the Court, the statutory rate of interest applicable in Switzerland at the date of adoption of the present judgment is 5% per annum.
1. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention;
2. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay
the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment
becomes final according to
Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, CHF 9,000 (nine thousand Swiss francs) in respect of legal costs;
(b) that simple interest at an annual rate of 5% shall be payable from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement;
3. Dismisses the remainder of the applicant's claims for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 21 December 2000, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Erik Fribergh Christos Rozakis
Registrar President
Wettstein v. Switzerland JUDGMENT
Wettstein v. Switzerland JUDGMENT
Wettstein v. Switzerland JUDGMENT


text:
Below please find an embedded copy of the slides I presented a few weeks back at the MarkLogic Government Summit at the Ritz-Carlton in Tyson's Corner.
I had three fun quotes/concepts from this session.
First, I created a new word to describe all the reasons organizations use relational databases to try and solve problems for which they were never designed and at which they are suboptimal: relationertia. You know those reasons:
- It's safe
- We have it already
- It's what we know
- It's free at the project level (if expensive at the agency one)
The fact is relational databases are about 40 years old and were never designed to solve some of the problems that government agencies are throwing at them. To drive home the age point, I made a list of "other things" that happened in 1970, the year that Codd's seminal paper was published.
- Janis Joplin died
- The Beatles broke up, after releasing Let It Be
- The first 747 entered service
- The first episode of All My Children aired
It was a long time ago. (And that was the second fun thing.)
The third fun thing was to dust off one of my favorite old saws: if your only tool's a hammer, then every problem looks like a nail. Or, as I more colorfully saw on Twitter today: if your only tool's a chainsaw, then every problem looks like a Zombie.
Applying this idea to relational databases, we come up with:
If your only data modeling element's a table, then every problem looks like a column.
The slides are embedded below.


text:
CCNA Security 640-554 Official Cert Guide
Book Description
Trust the best selling Official Cert Guide series from Cisco Press to help you learn, prepare, and practice for exam success. They are built with the objective of providing assessment, review, and practice to help ensure you are fully prepared for your certification exam.
CCNA Security 640-554 Official Cert Guide presents you with an organized test preparation routine through the use of proven series elements and techniques. "Do I Know This Already?" quizzes open each chapter and enable you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section. Exam topic lists make referencing easy. Chapter-ending Exam Preparation Tasks help you drill on key concepts you must know thoroughly.
- Master Cisco CCNA Security 640-554 exam topics
- Assess your knowledge with chapter-opening quizzes
- Review key concepts with exam preparation tasks
- Practice with realistic exam questions on the CD-ROM
CCNA Security 640-554 Official Cert Guide, focuses specifically on the objectives for the Cisco CCNA Security IINS exam. Expert networking professionals Keith Barker and Scott Morris share preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas of weakness and improve both your conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills. Material is presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding and retention of exam topics.
The companion CD-ROM contains a powerful Pearson IT Certification Practice Test engine that enables you to focus on individual topic areas or take complete, timed exams. The assessment engine also tracks your performance and provides feedback on a module-by-module basis, laying out a complete assessment of your knowledge to help you focus your study where it is needed most. The CD also contains 90 minutes of video training on CCP, NAT, object groups, ACLs, port security on a Layer 2 switch, CP3L, and zone-based firewalls.
Well-regarded for its level of detail, assessment features, comprehensive design scenarios, and challenging review questions and exercises, this official study guide helps you master the concepts and techniques that will enable you to succeed on the exam the first time.
The official study guide helps you master all the topics on the CCNA Security IINS exam, including:
- Network security concepts
- Security policies and strategies
- Network foundation protection (NFP)
- Cisco Configuration Professional (CCP)
- Management plane security
- AAA security
- Layer 2 security threats
- IPv6 security
- Threat mitigation and containment
- Access Control Lists (ACLs)
- Network Address Translation (NAT)
- Cisco IOS zone-based firewalls and ASA firewalls
- Intrusion prevention and detection systems
- Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and cryptography
- Site-to-site IPsec VPNs and SSL VPNs
CCNA Security 640-554 Official Cert Guide is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining.
The print edition of the CCNA Security 640-554 Official Cert Guide contains 90 minutes of video instruction, two free, complete practice exams as well as an exclusive offer for 70% off Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test.
Pearson IT Certification Practice Test minimum system requirements:
Windows XP (SP3), Windows Vista (SP2), or Windows 7; Microsoft .NET Framework 4.0 Client; Pentium class 1GHz processor (or equivalent); 512 MB RAM; 650 MB disc space plus 50 MB for each downloaded practice exam
Also available from Cisco Press for Cisco CCNA Security study is the CCNA Security 640-554 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test. This digital-only certification preparation product combines an eBook with enhanced Pearson IT Certification Practice Test.
This integrated learning package:
- Allows you to focus on individual topic areas or take complete, timed exams
- Includes direct links from each question to detailed tutorials to help you understand the concepts behind the questions
- Provides unique sets of exam-realistic practice questions
- Tracks your performance and provides feedback on a module-by-module basis, laying out a complete assessment of your knowledge to help you focus your study where it is needed most
Table of Contents
Part I: Fundamentals of Network Security
Chapter 1 Networking Security Concepts
Chapter 2 Understanding Security Policies Using a Lifecycle Approach
Chapter 3 Building a Security Strategy
Part II: Protecting the Network Infrastructure
Chapter 4 Network Foundation Protection
Chapter 5 Using Cisco Configuration Professional to Protect the Network Infrastructure
Chapter 6 Securing the Management Plane on Cisco IOS Devices
Chapter 7 Implementing AAA Using IOS and the ACS Server
Chapter 8 Securing Layer 2 Technologies
Chapter 9 Securing the Data Plane in IPv6
Part III: Mitigating and Controlling Threats
Chapter 10 Planning a Threat Control Strategy
Chapter 11 Using Access Control Lists for Threat Mitigation
Chapter 12 Understanding Firewall Fundamentals
Chapter 13 Implementing Cisco IOS Zone-Based Firewalls
Chapter 14 Configuring Basic Firewall Policies on Cisco ASA
Chapter 15 Cisco IPS/IDS Fundamentals
Chapter 16 Implementing IOS-Based IPS
Part IV: Using VPNs for Secure Connectivity
Chapter 17 Fundamentals of VPN Technology
Chapter 18 Fundamentals of the Public Key Infrastructure
Chapter 19 Fundamentals of IP Security
Chapter 20 Implementing IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs
Chapter 21 Implementing SSL VPNs Using Cisco ASA
Chapter 22 Final Preparation
Part V: Appendixes
A: Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes
B: CCNA Security 640-554 (IINSv2) Exam Updates
Book Details
- Title: CCNA Security 640-554 Official Cert Guide
- Author: Keith Barker, Scott Morris
- Length: 700 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: Cisco Press
- Publication Date: 2012-07-06
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text:
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Question 28: When my sister became ill, my paternal grandmother vowed that if my sister recovered, she would take her to visit Al-Masjid Al-Nabawee (the Prophet's Mosque in Madeenah). However, my grandmother died before fulfilling her vow (may Allaah have mercy on her). Should I take my sister to visit Al-Masjid Al-Nabawee to fulfill my late grandmother's vow, In shaa'-Allaah (if Allaah wills)? If this is not permissible, what should I do? Please advise concerning this. Al-salaamu 'alaykum warahmatullaah wabarakaatuh (May Allaah's Peace, Mercy, and Blessings be upon you!)
Answer: There is nothing wrong in taking your sister to visit Al-Masjid Al-Nabawee after her recovery to fulfill your grandmother's vow, as it is a vow to do an act of obedience. It was authentically reported from the Prophet (peace be upon him) that he said: A person who vows to obey Allaah should do so.… read more here.


text:
Parish Center Office 732-747-5466
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SLG Religious Store 908-770-1989
Please read each statement below and if, as a family, you agree with them all items, then check the appropriate box on the registration form that you have agreed to this family pledge. This is a required for our records. Thank You.


text:
The Lennon Sisters were very popular, when they were regulars on the Lawrence Welk Show, but that popularity attracted a stalker who killed their father in 1969. I doubt we will ever hear the kind of harmony the Lennon Sisters possessed again. This was first posted on Sept. 22, 2010.
It doesn't seem possible that it has been 57 years since the Lennon Sisters first appeared on the Lawrence Welk Show on Christmas Eve of 1955.
Who can forget the great harmony of their voices on Lawrence Welk Show and on their recordings? They were on Lawrence Welk Show for 13 years before embarking on their own path.
The oldest sister Dianne will be 73 in December while Janet who was the youngest Lennon Sister is now 66.
Their success attracted a stalker named Chet Young, who thought he could marry Peggy Lennon, if he could eliminate her dad William Lennon. He shot and killed William Lennon in a golf course parking lot in 1969, and committed suicide two months later with the same gun.
This website gives much more information about the murder and about how Young stalked the family for five years before murdering their father.
The Lennon Sisters…
View original post 46 more words