text:
CASE OF SOKOŁOWSKI v. POLAND
(Application no. 75955/01)
29 March 2005
This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Sokołowski v. Poland,
The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
Sir Nicolas Bratza, President,
Mr J. Casadevall,
Mr G. Bonello,
Mr R. Maruste,
Mr S. Pavlovschi,
Mr L. Garlicki,
Mr J. Borrego Borrego, judges,
and Mr M. O'Boyle, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 8 March 2005,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last-mentioned date:
1. The case originated in an application (no. 75955/01) against the Republic of Poland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") by a Polish national, Mr Roman Sokołowski ("the applicant"), on 6 August 2001.
2. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Ms Agnieszka Massalska, a lawyer practising in Kielce. The Polish Government ("the Government") were represented by their Agents, Mr Krzysztof Drzewicki and, subsequently, by Mr Jakub Wołąsiewicz of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
3. The applicant alleged, in particular, that his criminal conviction for slander amounted to a breach of his freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 10 of the Convention.
4. The application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1.
5. By a decision of 1 June 2004, the Court declared the application admissible.
6. On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Fourth Section (Rule 52 § 1).
7. The applicant is a Polish national who was born in 1950 and lives in Wodzisław.
8. In October 1995 a local branch of the Christian-National Association published a political leaflet entitled "Wodzisławianin", which contained a following note, written by the applicant:
"The inhabitants of Wodzisław wonder why the lists of the local election commissions [for the coming 1995 presidential election] have not been made public in the city hall, as used to be the case.
We have the answer to this question: the composition of nine election committees was determined in a secret vote held by the [Wodzisław] Municipal Council, and the councillors elected themselves to hold posts [in these commissions]. Sixteen persons [who were not members of the Council] were not elected, including four representatives of the lower councils, three women [...] who are all respectable citizens.
The payment for the work in the election commission is PLZ 1,500,000, which is equivalent to two thirds of [unemployment benefit], ...
Inhabitants of Wodzisław! When you go to the polls, remember that the election committee No. 8 in P. will be composed of, among others, Mr [...] and Mr J. K., which means that [by receiving their payment] they would take away from you 1,5 tons of coal for this winter, while at the same time they obtain 8 to 10 per cent of the average national salary as remuneration for their work as councillors of the Municipal Council. [...]"
9. A list of other municipal councillors who would participate in the election committees followed, each name accompanied by a designation of certain goods, such as 500 loaves of bread or 200 bus tickets, worth PLZ 1,500,000 at that time, which, according to the leaflet, they would thus "take away" from the reader.
10. The note went on to say:
"Remember! You could have received this money yourself. That money is to be paid from taxes you have paid.
The municipal councillors, whom you elected, are poor and concerned, above all, about their own interest and that of their families.
You, as a lesser member of the local society, should be thankful that your councillor has informed you about the possibility of earning additional income, that he elected himself to the local election committee, that he put his power to a legitimate use in the interest of the community, and that he thereby revealed the truth about himself".
11. Subsequently J.K. lodged with the Jędrzejów District Court a private bill of indictment against the applicant, complaining that the leaflet was defamatory.
12. At the first hearing, held on 25 January 1996, J.K. expressed willingness to settle the case, but the applicant declined to do so. At the hearing on 26 June 1996 the plaintiff again proposed to settle the matter amicably. The applicant refused.
13. At the same hearing the court heard statements from the applicant and the plaintiff. The applicant refused to acknowledge that by publishing the impugned statements he had committed an offence. When interviewed by the court, he confirmed that he had written the contested text.
14. The court examined as witnesses requested by the prosecution a saleswoman from the kiosk where the applicant had left the leaflets to be taken by its clients and R.B., a journalist who had written an article about the way in which the public had reacted to the leaflet.
15. The applicant requested the court to admit in evidence the testimony of W.C. as to the contents of the impugned leaflet. He also asked the court to take into consideration two articles about the leaflet and the public reaction to it, one published in "Gazeta Jędrzejowska" and another one in "Słowo Ludu", written by K.S. He also requested that K.S. be heard as a witness to prove that the leaflet had not been understood as amounting to an accusation of theft against J.K. The court allowed his requests in respect of the articles, but declined to call the witnesses requested by the applicant, considering that their evidence would relate to the contents of the leaflet which had already been included in the case file.
16. On the same day the Jędrzejów District Court convicted the applicant of disseminating untruthful information about J.K. in order to denigrate him and to lower him in the public esteem necessary for his function as a municipal councillor, i.e. the offence of libel, punishable under Article 178 § 2 of the Criminal Code of 1969.
17. The court established that J.K., a headmaster of a public school in P., had been a municipal councillor in Wodzisław for the past eight years. Until 31 December 1995 he had been the president of the Council's Board of Auditors. During the presidential election in 1995 he had been a member of the election commission in P.
18. In October 1995 the local branch of the Christian-National Association, of which the applicant was a member, had published a leaflet co-authored by the applicant.
19. The judgment further read:
"In this leaflet addressed to the inhabitants of Wodzisław, the authors stated, among other things, that '[... ] and J.K. would take away from you 1, 5 tons of coal for this winter', that the councillors were 'poor and concerned, above all, about their own interest and that of their families', that they had 'elected themselves to the local elections committees', that they 'put their power to a legitimate use in the interest of the community'.
The court considered the following:
The plaintiff had stated that, in his opinion, the leaflet was slanderous. It implied that he intended to commit theft, that when receiving remuneration for his participation in the election committee he had been acting out of base motives and that he had been using the function of councillor for his personal enrichment. The community of Wodzisław understood the leaflet in a similar manner, as had been shown by the testimony given by R. B.
The court, when assessing the statements in the leaflet, shared the opinion of the plaintiff and of the local community that it amounted to slander. The statements that the councillors had 'elected themselves to the local elections committee' and that they were 'concerned, above all, about their own interest and that of their families' related also to the plaintiff.
It is not open to any doubt that the defendant distributed the leaflet; he admitted he had. Moreover, K.B. [when giving evidence] stated that the defendant had personally brought it to the editorial office of 'Słowo Ludu'. Despite the fact that only 150 copies of the leaflet had been printed, the defendant envisaged that that they would have more readers, as shown by the phrase contained therein: 'If you have read it, pass it on'.
Dissemination of information of this kind was, in the court's view, degrading for the plaintiff; the accused, when publishing it, had an intention to denigrate the plaintiff; by distributing it he lowered the plaintiff in public esteem, necessary for him to carry out his work as a councillor. This demonstrates the seriousness of his offence, which must therefore be qualified as slander punishable under Article 178 § 2 of the Criminal Code".
20. The court imposed on the applicant a fine of PLN 1,000 with three months and ten days' imprisonment in default, ordered him to pay PLN 100 to a local hospital and a further PLN 100 to J. K. and to pay the court costs to the Treasury in the amount of PLN 100. The court further ruled that the operative part of the judgment should be published in the local daily newspaper. When determining the fine, the court had regard to the fact that the applicant's financial situation was "very good. His monthly income from his shop was PLN 400-600, his wife's monthly salary was PLN 450, and he also owned a farm of 7,40 hectares". Therefore the sentence imposed on him under Article 178 § 2 read together with Article 54 of the Criminal Code was appropriate to the applicant's situation.
21. The applicant appealed. He argued that the court had wrongly established the relevant facts in that it considered that his intention had been to insult J.K., while he had been acting out of concern for the public interest. It was further argued that the court had wrongly considered credible only the evidence called for the plaintiff, i.e. the testimony of journalist R.B., whom the court had questioned and whose opinions were unfavourable to the applicant. However, the court had refused to call as a witness on the applicant's behalf another journalist K.S., who had also published an article about the applicant's case, expressing views favourable to the applicant's stand and sharing the applicant's conclusions. The court admitted this article as evidence, but had not referred to it in its judgment, and had refused to call K.S. as a witness.
22. On 17 February 1997 the Kielce Regional Court upheld the contested judgment.
23. The court considered that the lower court had carefully assessed the evidence before it and logically explained its reasons in the written grounds of the judgment. It had not been arbitrary in the assessment of the evidence. It was not in dispute between the parties that it was the applicant who had written the impugned text in the leaflet. That text had informed the public in Wodzisław that J.K. as the local councillor had elected himself to the election commission, had taken care only of his own interests and that of his family, and had thereby abused his powers.
24. The court considered that the leaflet could undoubtedly lower J.K. in public esteem and divest him of the trust necessary for his work as a councillor. The applicant could not successfully rely on his argument that when publishing the leaflet he had been acting out of concern for a legitimate public interest.
25. It had to be taken into consideration that the offence of aggravated defamation could be committed if the perpetrator knowingly disseminated false information about the victim. Such defamation could not be justified either by good faith or by the public interest. If the perpetrator had any grounds on which he could foresee that the allegations might be untrue, but he or she still disseminated them, he thereby committed the offence of aggravated defamation, punishable under Article 178 § 2 of the Criminal Code. These elements obtained in the applicant's case as he had published his allegations about J.K., acting in bad faith.
26. The court considered that the sentence imposed was adequate, having regard both to the social danger of the offence and to the applicant's personal situation. The court also ordered the applicant to pay PLN 100 by way of court fee and to reimburse the court fee paid by the plaintiff in the amount of PLN 100.
27. The applicant lodged a cassation appeal with the Supreme Court.
28. It was first argued that the first-instance court had breached provisions of procedural law in that it infringed the principle that the taking of evidence should be direct. The court had called as a witness for the plaintiff the journalist R.B. and questioned him, but refused to call another journalist K.S as a witness on the applicant's behalf. K.S. had written and published an article in which he agreed with the stand taken by the applicant in the leaflet. The opinion about the character of the leaflet and about the public response to it was entirely different in these two articles, since R.B.'s article was critical of the applicant. Likewise, the articles written by R.B. and K.S. were divergent as to their assessment of the public reaction to the leaflet. The first-instance court had failed to give any grounds in its judgment to explain why it had chosen not to call K.S. as witness.
29. Secondly, the appellant submitted that the contested judgments were in breach of substantive law. This was so because the lower courts had wrongly accepted that the applicant's acts amounted to a criminal offence of slander. The applicant's text published in the leaflet should have been regarded as legitimate criticism of public persons, the councillors of the Wodzisław Municipal Council, compatible with the applicant's freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 10 of the Convention.
30. On 20 February 2001 the Supreme Court, in a decision for which no written grounds were given, dismissed the cassation appeal as manifestly ill-founded and ordered the applicant to pay the court fee for the cassation proceedings.
31. Under Article 178 § 2 of the Criminal Code of 1969, applicable at the material time, whoever disseminated untrue statements about other person's acts or character with an intention of lowering him or her in public esteem or of making him or her lose the public trust necessary for that person to carry out his or her public functions, committed a criminal offence punishable by a prison sentence of up to three years.
32. Under Article 54 of the Code, if an offence concerned in a given case was punishable by imprisonment of not less than three months, and the sentence to be imposed by the court, given the circumstances of the case, would not be higher than one year's imprisonment, it was open to the court to replace the prison sentence by a fine, if it considered that a prison sentence in the circumstances of the case would not be appropriate.
33. The applicant complained that his conviction of slander violated Article 10 of the Convention which, in so far as relevant, reads:
"1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. ...
2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary."
34. The Court notes that it was common ground between the parties that the applicant's conviction constituted an interference with his right to freedom of expression, as guaranteed by Article 10 § 1 of the Convention. Furthermore, there was no dispute that the interference was prescribed by law and pursued a legitimate aim, namely the "protection of the reputation or rights of others" within the meaning of Article 10 § 2. The dispute in the case relates therefore to the question whether the interference was "necessary in a democratic society."
A. The parties' submissions
35. The applicant disagreed with the Government's opinion that the impugned leaflet contained 'statements of fact'. In his view, it was clear that the text had the character of a value judgment as it concerned the assessment of the public activity of the local councillors. He emphasised that the analysis of the leaflet had to be made in the light of its entire text, not only on the basis of certain phrases taken out of context, as the domestic courts had erroneously done. It clearly transpired from that context that the applicant had not accused J.K. of stealing, or of any intention to steal. What the applicant blamed J.K. for was that, by becoming a member of the election committee and by carrying out this work for remuneration, he had deprived other inhabitants of Wodzisław, who were worse off financially, of the possibility of earning additional income. The amount to be received by J.K. for his work in the committee represented, in the economic conditions prevalent in the municipality at that time, a significant purchasing power. It was only fair, the applicant stressed, that this amount should have been paid to other persons, not to the councillors, who in any event were at the same time in receipt of considerable remuneration for their work in the municipal council as elected political representatives of the community. The applicant emphasised that the value judgments contained in the leaflet could be considered as being quite harsh because of their provocative form, but the applicant's purpose was to draw the attention of the public to the shortcomings of the acts of councillors, including J.K.
36. The applicant further argued that it was of no relevance for the assessment of whether the facts of the case amounted to a violation of Article 10 of the Convention that the criminal case against the applicant had been instituted by J.K., bringing a private prosecution in the local court. The only relevant fact was that the applicant had been convicted and that this conviction had been by a court acting in the name of the respondent State, whose responsibility was thereby engaged.
37. In the applicant's argument, the fact that the courts imposed a fine on him could be assimilated to a form of censorship, aimed at discouraging him and other constituents from publicly criticising local politicians. These sanctions amounted to an undue restriction of public debate on issues of interest to the local public.
38. The Government recalled that the limits of acceptable criticism were wider in respect of a politician than those applicable to a private individual. However, the significance of the allegations made by the applicant in the leaflet should be assessed in the light of serious consequences they could entail for J.K. as a local politician. The Government recalled in this respect that in its case-law the Court had drawn a distinction between statements of fact and value judgments. While the existence of facts could be demonstrated, value judgments were not susceptible of proof. The requirement to prove the truth of a value judgment was impossible to fulfil and it infringed freedom of opinion itself, which was a fundamental part of the right secured by Article 10 (see, for instance, Oberschlick v. Austria (no. 1), judgment of 23 May 1991, Series A no. 204, p. 27, § 63.)
39. The Government submitted that the applicant had alleged in the leaflet that J.K. intended to commit theft. This, the Government stressed, was a statement of fact, not a value judgment. Before the courts the applicant had not adduced any proof that J.K. indeed intended to steal anything. Such a statement fell outside the ambit of acceptable criticism of public officials.
40. As to the proportionality of the interference, the Government argued that the case had been instituted by private prosecution brought to the court by J.K. and that at no time had the public prosecutor been involved in the proceedings. They further drew the Court's attention to the fact that during these proceedings the applicant had twice refused to settle the case. As to the fine of PLN 1,000, imposed by the courts, the Government argued that it was proportional to the injury suffered by J.K. and to the applicant's financial situation.
B. The Court's assessment
1. General principles
41. According to the Court's well-established case-law, there is little scope under Article 10 § 2 of the Convention for restrictions on political speech or on debate of questions of public interest (see, mutatis mutandis, among many other authorities, Lingens v. Austria, judgment of 8 July 1986, Series A no. 103, § 42; Castells v. Spain, judgment of 23 April 1992, Series A no. 236, § 43). Freedom of expression constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and each individual's self-fulfilment. Subject to paragraph 2 of Article 10, it is applicable not only to "information" or "ideas" that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb. Such are the demands of pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness, without which there is no "democratic society" (see Handyside v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 7 December 1976, Series A no. 24, p. 23, § 49 and Jersild v. Denmark, judgment of 23 September 1994, Series A no. 298, p. 26, § 37). This freedom is subject to the exceptions set out in Article 10 § 2, which must, however, be construed strictly. The need for any restrictions must be established convincingly.
42. The test of "necessity in a democratic society" requires the Court to determine whether the "interference" complained of corresponded to a "pressing social need", whether it was proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued and whether the reasons given by the national authorities to justify it are relevant and sufficient (see the Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom (no. 1) judgment of 26 April 1979, Series A no. 30, p. 38, § 62). In assessing whether such a "need" exists and what measures should be adopted to deal with it, the national authorities are left a certain margin of appreciation. This power of appreciation is not, however, unlimited but goes hand in hand with a European supervision by the Court, whose task it is to give a final ruling on whether a restriction is reconcilable with freedom of expression as protected by Article 10 (see, Bladet Tromsø and Stensaas v. Norway [GC], no. 21980/93, § 58, ECHR 1999-III, and Cumpana and Mazare v. Romania [GC], judgment of 17 December 2004, no. 33348/95, § 88).
43. The Court's task in exercising its supervisory function is not to take the place of the national authorities, but rather to review under Article 10, in the light of the case as a whole, the decisions they have taken pursuant to their power of appreciation (see Bergens Tidende and Others v. Norway, no. 26132/95, § 50, ECHR 2000-IV). When doing so, the Court must look at the impugned interference in the light of the case as a whole, including the content of the article and the context in which it was diffused (the Barfod v. Denmark judgment of 22 February 1989, Series A no. 149, § 28).
44. Lastly, the Court recalls that Article 10 protects not only the substance of the ideas and information expressed but also the form in which they are conveyed (see Nilsen and Johnsen v. Norway [GC], no. 23118/93, § 43, ECHR 1999-VIII).
2. Application in the present case
45. The Court is of the view that the impugned text did not amount to a gratuitous personal attack on J.K. There is no doubt that the leaflet concerned issues of public interest and concern, i.e. certain specific acts of the local municipal councillors carried out in the exercise of their public mandate. The issues involved in the case related to the principles which should govern their conduct, and in particular whether it was appropriate at all that they should use their – paid - public office as an opportunity to enrich themselves by allocating to themselves further, temporary but paid, functions in the public service. In the Court's opinion, these are important issues which may give rise to a serious public discussion concerning the rules of conduct applicable to elected representatives of the local community. Consequently, the principles concerning the scope of permissible criticism of politicians should apply to the present case.
46. As to whether the impugned text was a statement of fact or a value judgment, the Court observes that the courts qualified the statements in the impugned leaflet as assertion of fact, i.e. of J. K. 's alleged intention to steal something, or as accusation that he had stolen something.
The Court notes in this respect that the gist of the applicant's criticism, couched in ironical language, was that the criticised behaviour of the councillors was improper. It was meant to stress that the functions in the election committees should have been assigned to those inhabitants of the municipality who were financially worse off than the councillors themselves. The income to be earned for their work in the committees was then compared to the market prices of various goods at that time. It was further suggested that the councillors, by receiving that money paid from local taxes, would "take away" these goods from the reader.
A serious accusation of theft cannot, in the Court's view, be justifiably read into such a statement, particularly when the satirical character of the text and the irony underlying it are taken into account. Therefore the Court considers that it should be qualified as value judgment.
47. The Court further notes that the first-instance court took no note of the applicant's argument that he had been acting in the public interest. The same court further stated that the applicant had acted in bad faith, but no reasons were adduced to explain why the court thought so. The second-instance court declared, in turn, that the applicant could not rely on his argument that he had acted to protect a legitimate public interest. However, the Court observes that no explanation was given as to why the court had taken this view.
48. Moreover, the Court recalls that even where a statement amounts to a value judgment, the proportionality of an interference may depend on whether there exists a sufficient factual basis for the impugned statement, since even a value judgment without any factual basis to support it may be excessive (Jerusalem v. Austria, no. 26958/95, § 43, ECHR 2001-II). In the present case the courts convicted the applicant of slander, which under the applicable provision of the Criminal Code was to be understood as disseminating untrue information (see § 31 above). The Court notes in this respect that it was not in dispute between the parties to the domestic proceedings that the assessment of the councillors' conduct formulated by the applicant had a factual basis in that J.K. had put forward his candidature to the election committee and had been elected to it by other councillors. What is more, the courts did not consider that this information disseminated by the applicant was untrue.
49. The Court is also of the view that the minor impact that the leaflet, which was printed in 150 copies only, should also have been taken into account by the courts.
50. In short, the reasons relied on by the respondent State were neither relevant nor sufficient to show that the interference complained of was "necessary in a democratic" society.
51. Lastly, the Court recalls that when assessing the proportionality of the interference, the nature and severity of the penalties imposed are also factors to be taken into account (see Ceylan v. Turkey [GC], no. 23556/94, § 49, ECHR 1999-IV; Skałka v. Poland, no. 43425/98, 27 May 2003, § 41-42; Cumpana and Mazare v. Romania, no. 33348/96, 17 December 2004, §§ 111-124). In the applicant's case, the fine of PLN 1000 was equivalent to the applicant's monthly income (see § 20 above). This, in the Court's view, should be considered a harsh penalty, in particular if regard is had to the fact that this fine could be replaced in default by three months and ten days' imprisonment.
52. Accordingly, there has been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention.
53. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
"If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party."
A. Damage
54. The applicant sought compensation for pecuniary damage incurred through the fine imposed on him in the amount of PLN 1,000. He further claimed reimbursement of PLN 300 which he had been ordered to pay under the first-instance judgment, and of PLN 200 he was obliged to pay by the second-instance court. He also sought compensation for the costs of the proceedings before the Supreme Court in the amount of PLN 600.
55. The applicant also claimed the sum of PLN 8,000 as compensation for loss of salary resulting from reduction of the working hours of his wife, who had been employed by the municipality. Her working hours had been reduced, in the applicant's submission, as retribution for the applicant having authored the leaflet and having lost the case against one of the municipal councillors.
56. The applicant finally sought compensation for non-pecuniary damage he suffered as a result of distress and anguish caused by the violation of his rights in the amount of PLN 52,800, and for travel and other costs he had borne in connection with the second-instance proceedings in the amount of PLN 500.
57. The Government were of the view that there was no causal link between the violation complained of and the amounts claimed by the applicant for the pecuniary damage. As to the amounts claimed under the head of non-pecuniary damage, they were of the view that these amounts were excessive and that this claim should therefore be rejected. They added that, in any event, a finding of a violation of Article 10 would in itself provide sufficient just satisfaction to the applicant.
58. The Court finds that in the circumstances of the case there is a causal link between the violation found and the alleged pecuniary damage insofar as the applicant refers to the costs he incurred in connection with the domestic proceedings. Consequently, there is justification for making an award to the applicant under that head. As regards the alleged pecuniary damage resulting from the reduction of salary of the applicant's wife, the Court observes - even assuming that there could be any causal link between the facts of the case and the violation of Article 10 of the Convention and the alleged damage – that the applicant failed to submit any documents to prove this damage. Taking into account all the circumstances, it awards the applicant EUR 700 as compensation for pecuniary damage.
59. The Court accepts that the applicant has also suffered non-pecuniary damage – such as distress and frustration resulting from the conviction and sentence – which is not sufficiently compensated by the finding of violation of the Convention. Making its assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards the applicant EUR 4000 under this head.
B. Costs and expenses
60. The applicant, who was granted legal aid for the purpose of the proceedings before the Court, claimed PLN 500 as reimbursement for costs he had borne in connection with the domestic proceedings.
61. The Government submitted that these costs were irrelevant for the case at hand. They also argued that the applicant had not submitted any documents to show that he had actually incurred these costs.
62. The Court observes that the applicant has not lodged any evidence in support of his claims. The Court therefore decides not to award any sum under this head.
C. Default interest
63. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
1. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention;
2. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant from the date on which the judgment becomes final according to Article 44 § 2 of the Convention the following amounts, to be converted into the national currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement, plus any tax that may be chargeable:
(i) EUR 700 (seven hundred euros) in respect of pecuniary damage;
(ii) EUR 4,000 (four thousand euros) in respect of non-pecuniary damage;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
3. Dismisses the remainder of the applicant's claim for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 29 March 2005, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Michael O'Boyle Nicolas Bratza
Registrar President
SOKOŁOWSKI v. POLAND JUDGMENT
SOKOŁOWSKI v. POLAND JUDGMENT


text:
A look at all my bikes over the past few years
A Marvel Fan. Here's the best of what I got
Always Live Now
A friend and fellow writer's inspirational look at the world
Christopher Cherwin graduated California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, in 1997 with a B.S. in Biology. Three months after graduating (somebody forgot to mention that scientists need a PhD to get a real job in this world), he entered the lucrative field of nonprofit technology work. There he discovered the Christian faith, and intrigued by its stories, characters, and theological debates began writing contemporary speculative fiction based on the eternal struggles between God and the Devil. It is in this vane that Christopher continues to write, developing his first full-length novel series "The Jag Chronicles".
Currently, Christopher lives in Northern California with his wife and beautiful 5 year-old daughter. Besides writing, he loves to spend time with his family, collect comic books, and ride motorcycles. Tattoos are optional but encouraged.
If you have any questions for Christopher, you can contact him or his publicist here.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Shah Rukh Khan's unconventional speech at TED Talks 2017 in Vancouver, Canada, is blowing up on the internet. This is the first time an Indian actor has spoken at the initiative that goes with the tagline "ideas worth spreading".
However, in his 17-minute speech, the King of Bollywood touched the hearts of millions, not by sharing ideas but by selling dreams and his idea of love. The 51-year-old actor shared his wisdom as a responsible influencer in society, and his charming personality and oratory floored fans.
At times witty and at other times sarcastic but inspiring, Khan's sprawling TED talk touched subjects including his Bollywood career, humanity, the hazards of social media and the importance of love in today's world.
IBTimes UK has compiled some best quotes from the actor's speech that received thunderous applause.
On his Bollywood career
1. "I sell dreams and I peddle love to millions of people back home in India, who assume that I am the best lover in the world."
2. "I have been made to understand that there are a lot of you who haven't seen my work and I feel really sad for you. That doesn't take away from the fact that I am completely self-obsessed, as a movie star should be."
On his position in the Indian film industry as an ageing actor
3. "I truly believe that humanity is a lot like me. It is an ageing movie star, grappling with all the newness around itself, wondering whether it got it right in the first place and still trying to find a way to keep on shining regardless."
He also drew a parallel between ageing and humanity
4. "By the time I was 40, I was really flying. I had done 50 films by then and 200 songs and I had been knighted by the Malaysians and given the highest civilian honour by the French government. Humanity was soaring with me. We were both flying off the handle actually."
On social media scrutiny
5. "Everything I said took a new meaning, everything I did – good, bad, ugly was there for the world to comment upon and judge. Everything that I didn't say or do was met with the same fate."
On the peril of social media
6. "Reality became virtual and virtual became real. I started to feel that I couldn't be who I wanted to be or say what I actually thought. And humanity at this time completely identified with me. Both of us were going through mid-life crisis. Humanity, like me, was becoming an over-exposed prima donna."
7. "I tried to reconstruct my identity on social media."
On inspiring the youth to make a difference with love
8. "Neither power nor poverty can make your life more magical or less torturous... Whatever helps you survive is perhaps the oldest and simplest emotion known to mankind. And that is love."
9. "Mankind will never be the wiser about its future unless it is coupled with a sense of love and compassion for their fellow beings."
10. "You may use your power to build walls and to keep people outside or you may use it to break barriers and welcome them in."


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A Dead Cousin
Jessica Huntington Desert Cities Mystery #5
by Anna Celeste Burke
A frantic call for help has Jessica on the run.
Taken from his home while his daughter hides upstairs, Detective Frank Fontana is gone. Jessica's out to save him, but what if he doesn't want to be found? Has he been abducted or is he on the run?
Even a message from Frank isn't all that clear-cut: Trust no one. Even the devil was once an angel. Is it a warning to Jessica or a confession as Frank's partner, Detective Rikki Havens, suggests?
When a body turns up, the identity of the victim only fuels the controversy. Good cops. Bad cops. Missing money. Undercover operations that may or may not have ended. Jessica and her friends soon become entangled in a web of secrets and lies that make it hard to know who's on which side of the law.
Is Frank a good cop gone bad or in the worst mess of his life?
To find out, grab your copy of A Dead Cousin, book 5 in the Jessica Huntington Desert Cities Mystery series by USA Today bestselling author, Anna Celeste Burke.
Recipes Included.
#pizzazzbookpromotions #cozymystery #mystery #amazon #crime #series #suspense


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Make Telework a reality, not just a deceptive "check in the box"
Everyone seems to support Telework, yet very few employees participate, and if they do, it's for one day a month, or something just as silly. I once heard OPM director John Berry state that he envisions a Federal employee that can telework with their gov't issued computer pool side, or at the beach…as long as they're getting their work done. Getting over the stigma of "working from home" when not really working while... more »


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About us
Kate's Kitchen is an Independent Good Food Store
We are located in the heart of Sligo town, along the Wild Atlantic Way. We pour Fixx Coffee and serve homemade lunches which are available to take away in our compostable packaging or grab a seat in our small cafe. Our shelves are packed with Artisan Foods, Lifestyle Gifts, Fine Wines, Bespoke Hampers and a beautiful range of Luxury Cosmetics.
We look forward to serving you.
Kate, Beth & Jane O'Hara


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Workshops and Speakers
Chew on This Patreon Panel features Mari Mundo, Cindy Guentert- Baldo, Ann-Marie Harik, and Blaine Gerlach. The chew on This! Patreon Panel will be answering your questions about life, planners, patreon, and shenanigans! Please click on the links below to support these amazing artists!
Shay Budgets
I'm Shay, and I'm a planner – a budget planner, mainly. I currently reside in Georgia with my husband. We met in my home state in November 2012, but he moved back home to Georgia after a year, and I later joined him in June 2015. I'd like to think it was one of the best decisions of my life. I've been able to finally focus on me, and I've grown so much.
Our relationship has blossomed as well. We tied the knot in November 2016 and were eager to start our lives together. One of the goals that we wanted to accomplish within our first year of marriage was paying down debt.
Challenged with this new goal, I started searching for budget systems and budget techniques. While I explored online tools, I knew I wanted something tangible. After all, I'd always been a pen and paper girl. That is when I discovered The Happy Planner.
We began our debt pay down journey in June 2017 using the Happy Planner Budget Extension Pack. I quickly became obsessed. This new idea of budget planning was nothing short of amazing. I was having so much fun budget planning, and my husband I were having so much success with budgeting because of it. I began to share our results with others via pictures, but they requested more.
I finally caved and created a YouTube channel in August 2017. It's been a wild ride, and I've met so many amazing and positive people who have supported my husband and me as we have paid down debt. It's been a a little over a year now, and we have paid off a little over $33,000 of debt (mainly our car loan and credit cards).
I have since explored other planning systems, such as fitness planning and memory planning, and I've tried other planners (i.e., Traveler's Notebook and Erin Condren). Currently, I use a few ECs & HPs, and I'm loving every minute of it.
The Planning SweetTarts are doing a Live Plan with Me to show the different ways everyone can use the same supplies! Visit their shops and check out their Instagram to see some inspiration.
Ashley Monda of Sunshine Sticker Co
Candace Jensen of Moore Ave
Erica Witt of Cricket Paper Co.


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I am located in Missouri about 1 hour west of St. Louis very close to
HWY 44 near Stanton. . My pets are my life. Almost everything I do
revolves around them in some way. I specialize in raising Yorkshire
Terriers and Persian Kittens. They are always born and raised in
my house with my family. They are the center of our attention at all
times.. I make sure each puppy is growing and eating and staying
happy and healthy. The parents also receive the same attention.
Some of the puppies can leave at 8 weeks old, but others need to
stay longer until I feel they ready to leave for their new forever
homes. Most of my puppies will stay very small and will
require the same constant care at their new homes that I give them
here until they get older.. For this reason I will not sell a Teacup to
anyone that has a full time job that keeps them away from their
puppy for long periods of time. I do not ship my puppies, they are
very small and that is very stressfull for them. I would rather the
buyer comes and picks it up personally for the puppies safety. I am
state licensed and I am state and veterinary inspected 3 times a
year. Each one of my breeding adults are health checked hands on
yearly by my veterinarian . After you have bought a puppy from me
you can call me anytime with a question, I dont care how old the pet
is, I am always happy to help with any advise I can give .
Terrys Yorkies
Has a 1 Year Congenital Guarantee !


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Why are my 30 yr. old junipers dying?
Why are my 30 yr. old junipers dying? My junipers are dying one by one.
Certified GKH Gardening Expert
There are several pests and diseases that can kill juniper trees, and unfortunately, some of these are not treatable.
The following articles may help you determine what the problem is. Also look into which of the pests discussed in the articles are prevalent in your region.
You must be logged into your account to answer a question.
If you don't have an account sign up for an account now.


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"Gosh," I thought to myself. "I'm sick of depriving them of the joy of seeing EVERY photo I took each day." So, I think today I'll let you guys see each and every picture I took, just so you can get an idea of just how active my camera really is each day. Strap yourselves in. It's going to be wild!
Today was the day we were switching hotels, and Robb's conference ended at noon. So I hit the harbor one last time, just to say goodbye to the rickshaw drivers and the beautiful views.
Apparently this guy was there. I hope that paint's not toxic.
And then Robb came home and we moved hotels. The drive along the way was gorgeous!
Unfortunately, you don't get to see it because apparently that's all I took photos of.
That's right. Three pictures. Apparently in the stress of packing up and moving to another hotel, I completely forgot to snap photos of the new hotel, the old hotel, the move, anything, really.
In getting this blog ready, I realized my photos were all out of whack, mostly since I knew there was a day in between the Whaley House and Pride. And yet, day 8 was the Whaley House, and day 9 was Pride in my folders...and when I tried to reorganize, my computer decided it didn't want me to renumber day 10, so I had to create a while new folder and move ALL my photos from vacation in it and renumber the folders and it STILL won't let me delete the old files. Stupid machine...anywho...
I guess I misorganized them because these three photos were the only ones I took on day 9. And I find that odd, because I saw Uncle Howard and Aunt Lucia and my cousins Rachael and Victoria for the first time in more than five years, too. Seriously...no photos of them at all.
I guess day 9 was a bust, photographically speaking. But I had fun. The front desk guy at our new hotel was gorgeous and sweet. My Uncle took us out to Cheesecake Factory where I had orange chicken and a deilcious piece of 30th Anniversary Chocolate Cake Cheesecake. YUM! And, eh...it was a great time, honestly. I just must not have remembered to take photos.
So...there you have it. Tomorrow is better. I promise.
You can share bootstraps, you know.
1 day ago


text: "Last week the Budapest Festival Orchestra played at the BBC Proms featuring a selection of Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsodies and Brahms's Hungarian Dances. After their unique encore – where they put down their instruments and sang a Hungarian Dance by Brahms – a standing ovation was not a surprise." – as officially reported by the British Embassy in Budapest, we are not surprised of this success, the BFO's frequent worldwide tours, and a series of critically-acclaimed and fast-selling records have contributed to Iván Fischer's reputation as one of the world's most high-profile music directors. Iván Fischer is the founder and Music Director of the Budapest Festival Orchestra, as well as the Honorary Conductor of the Konzerthaus and Konzerthausorchester Berlin. In recent years he has also gained a reputation as a composer, with his works being performed in the United States, the Netherlands, Belgium, Hungary, Germany and Austria. What is more, he has directed a number of successful opera productions. As a Music Director, he has led the Kent Opera and the Opéra National de Lyon, and was Principal Conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington DC. Many of his recordings have been awarded prestigious international prizes. He studied piano, violin, and later the cello and composition in Budapest, before continuing his education in Vienna where he studied Conducting under Hans Swarowsky. This year, the Bridging Europe festival (co-organised by the Budapest Festival Orchestra and Müpa Budapest), will focus on the Baltics – namely Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – and Poland. For the sixth time since its launch, the Festival will bring audiences a selection of works from countries with intriguing cultural values, featuring classical and popular music concerts given by superstars, extraordinary exhibitions, unique literature events and symposia from 16 to 26 September. How many people are there who know how jeans were actually invented? Or that Lithuania was the first to announce its independence among the members of the USSR? And many have no clue that Estonia gave the world one of the most frequently performed composers of our time. Even those who consider themselves familiar with the culture of Poland and the Baltics will find many novelties in the Bridging Europe event series, organised for the 6th time since its launch, with a variety of genres from classical and world music through literature to folk art. The Budapest Festival Orchestra will also demonstrate its versatility and prove that it is equally at home in all musical periods. On 21, 22 and 24 September, they will be playing works from some truly outstanding composers with Baltic roots. Iván Fischer is a good friend of Arvo Pärt, one of today's most frequently played composers. He has veritable cult status, and his works has been featured in over one hundred films. The BFO will play two of them. This festival is also a great opportunity to meet the Budapest Festival Orchestra conducted by Mr. Fischer, for tickets follow the links below for Bridging Europe: Čiurlionis, Pärt, Vasks 21 September, 19:45 at MüPa 22. September, 15:30 at MüPa Müpa Budapest 1095 Budapest, Komor Marcell u. 1 Go to profile Photo: Ákos Stiller / BFZ


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Coddington Design
Hourly rates range from $95-295 per hour depending on the designer and scope of work. We offer consultations, design coaching and full service interior design.
3D Rendering, Art Selection, Attic Conversion, Basement Design, Bathroom Design, Bedroom Design, Color Consulting, Custom Bathroom Vanities, Custom Blinds & Shades, Custom Bookcases, Custom Built-ins, Custom Furniture, Custom Home Bars, Custom Kitchen Cabinets, Custom Pantries, Custom Rugs, Custom Shelving, Custom Walk-in Closets, Dining Room Design, Downsizing, Drafting, Energy-Efficient Homes, Entry Design, Floor Plans, Furniture Selection, Garage Design, Green Building, Historic Building Conservation, Holiday Decorating, Home Office Design, Home Theater Design, House Plans, Interior Design, Kids Bedroom Design, Kitchen Design, Laundry Room Design, Lighting Design, Living Room Design, Mudroom Design, Nursery Design, Playroom Design, Project Management, Space Planning, Sustainable Design, Wine Cellar Design, Kitchen Remodeling, Hourly Consultations, Design Coaching
Alameda, Albany, Alto, Belvedere, Belvedere Tiburon, Berkeley, Brisbane, Broadmoor, Colma, Daly City, El Cerrito, Emeryville, Marin City, Mill Valley, Muir Beach, Oakland, Piedmont, San Bruno, San Francisco, Sausalito, South San Francisco, Tamalpais-Homestead Valley, Tiburon, Palo Alto, Woodside, Hillsborough, Los Angeles, Sonoma, Napa, Monterey, Carmel, South Bay, Menlo Park, San Mateo
Named one of the country's Top 20 Young Interior Designers Best of Houzz Service Award 4 year alumni of the San Francisco Decorator Showcase


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Our Listings
6202 LOGAN Lane in Vancouver: University VW Townhouse for sale (Vancouver West) : MLS®# V931495
6202 LOGAN Lane Vancouver V6T 2K9 : University VW
Immaculate lower corner townhome with patios front and rear. The main floor has 9ft ceilings with 2 bedrooms and 2 full bathrooms and the living room, dining room and kitchen. This rare corner unit has extra windows in the foyer, kitchen and bedroom. Corner gas fireplace in the L/R with brazilian cherry floors in the L/R and D/R. The spacious kitchen has granite counters, S.S appliances, including a gas stove. From here we go down to the basement which has dramatic 10FT ceilings and a great multi purpose room with a murphy bed for guests and a big 3PC bathroom that the owners paid the developer extra for. There is lots of storage & direct access to parking right at your back door. 99 year prepaid lease and your pet is welcome.
Data was last updated April 10, 2020 at 11:05 AM (UTC)


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Pinelopi Goldberg
Chief Economist, World Bank Group, and Elihu Professor of Economics, Yale University (on public service leave)
Pinelopi "Penny" Koujianou Goldberg is the Chief Economist of the World Bank Group. She is on public service leave from Yale University, where she is the Elihu Professor of Economics. She is former Vice-President of the American Economic Association and President elect of the Econometric Society (for 2021). She is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a recipient of both Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and Sloan Research Fellowships, and recipient of the Bodossaki Prize in Social Sciences. She is also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economics Research (NBER – currently on leave) and board member of the Bureau of Research and Economic Analysis of Development (BREAD). From 2011-2017 she was Editor-in-Chief of the American Economic Review. She holds a Ph.D from Stanford University and a Diplom from the University of Freiburg, Germany.
Recent work by Pinelopi Goldberg
The return to protectionism
The aggregate annual loss to US consumers from higher import prices as a result of the trade war with China could be as much as $68.8 billion
Pablo Fajgelbaum Pinelopi Goldberg Patrick Kennedy Amit Khandelwal
The future of the World Bank: Why knowledge is power
The World Bank is making a shift from a lending function to a knowledge function. This will amplify the role of researchers in its work.
Audio : Macroeconomics & Growth
The changing face of development: Backlash against globalisation
It is crucial to understand the causes of the rising anti-globalisation sentiment and make changes in developing countries.
Audio : Macroeconomics & Growth
The future of development
How can policymakers adapt to a changing world of development and an uncertain future?
Video : Macroeconomics & Growth
Integrated and unequal? The effects of trade on inequality in developing countries
Does trade increase inequality? The answer is nuanced and context-specific, but the solution for policymakers is not protectionism.
Trading up: Globalisation and developing countries
Trade leads to improved industry performance and innovation, and a reduction in inefficiencies in developing countries


text: Each month one lucky teacher will win a Teachers Pay Teachers gift card! The value of the gift card will differ each month. In order to win, you must be following @cultivating_lifetime_learners on Instagram. When it's time for the giveaway, it will be posted. Winners will be selected randomly and their prize will be emailed.


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If you're considering booking with us, or just want more information, we're happy to answer all your questions and get you set up.
Why Book Your Holiday With Vacation Niseko?
Booking your next dream holiday has never been so easy. A multitude of options are available at your fingertips by simply visiting an internet search engine or through your favorite social media outlet. However, there is only a single option that will let you access the most knowledgeable staff, the best prices, exclusives discounts and an unmatched level of service. By booking directly with Vacation Niseko instead of a third-party intermediary, your life will be made much simpler!
Vacation Niseko is the property management company behind more than a dozen of different accommodation options in Niseko. Read on to discover why you should contact Vacation Niseko's friendly reservation staff to quickly and seamlessly arrange your next trip to Asia's most renowned ski destination.
Local, Knowledgeable Staff
When you start enquiring about your next holiday in Niseko through Vacation Niseko, you will be instantly connected with a team of passionnate people who have decided to call this region their home. Our staff is exclusively made of persons who are living in Niseko because they fell in love with this corner of the land of the rising sun.
|Vacation Niseko staff is happy to assist you at every moment of your stay
As such, you can be sure to have only the right answers to any of the questions you may have. Not sure about which accommodation option is the best for your next trip? Vacation Niseko's staff will be able to guide you through the many available options quickly and will help you create a fully tailor-made package. Want to try the best restaurants and discover hidden-gems that would otherwise be missed on? Our team will let you know their favorite eateries, from hole-in-the-wall quick bite places to unmatched mouth-watering fine dining experiences.
Experienced skiers and snowboarders will also be delighted to discuss with our staff about the best runs, hidden powder stashes and secret side-country access gates that are only known to passionate people. Our experienced staff all live in resort and bring their local knowledge to the forefront when assisting you throughout your stay. With such a wonderful playground in their backyard, our team members never miss an opportunity to head out to the slopes!
|Our team of passionate and knowledgeable staff ensures all of our guests have the best moments on the mountain!
Years of Property Management and Holiday Making Experience
Unlike many other booking operators, Vacation Niseko has been based in the heart of Niseko since it was founded in 2006 when Niseko was just developing as Japan's premier ski destination. We have grown to now offer over 200 units, of which more than a hundred are under direct management. We know each of our properties in details and we are able to answer all of your questions with precise answers.
|Vacation Niseko manages a variety of properties in Niseko. There will definitely be one type of accommodation that answers your needs.
At the gateway to Niseko's mountains, Vacation Niseko is the longest-running and most trusted accommodation provider in the area. Our staff can help you book accommodation, door-to-door airport transfers, lift passes and access to our in-resort guest service team. We are a one-stop shop able to handle all aspects of your holiday.
The Best Prices, Guaranteed
By booking directly with the accommodation provider instead of a third-party intermediary, you are sure to get access to the best rates and no hidden fees or surcharges. Discounts on accommodation are always updated in real-time on our website's quoting tool and on our Special Offers page. And if you find a better price online for a stay in one of our managed properties, Vacation Niseko endeavours to price match it!
Exclusive Discounts
Vacation Niseko has worked hard to provide all Vacation Niseko guests with a range of benefits provided by our key partners throughout Niseko. Present your Vacation Niseko Valued Guest Card for various special offers and discounts across the resort and beyond. This guest card is exclusive to guests who book directly with Vacation Niseko.
|Vacation Niseko's Valued Guest card gives you access to exclusive discounts in resort
The Vacation Niseko valued guest card is our way of saying thank you for choosing to stay with Vacation Niseko. Take advantage of some great offers from a range of key partners and services in and around Niseko, such as discounts or free drinks at restaurants, discounts on ski lessons, equipment rentals, lift passes, supermarkets, onsens and much more!
And perhaps the most interesting part of booking your stay directly with Vacation Niseko instead of a third party travel agency or online portal, our customers get access to an exclusive Repeat Customer discount on accommodation bookings in our managed properties. Get in touch with us to find out if you are eligible!
An Unmatched Level of Service
If Vacation Niseko is able to offer an unmatched level of service, it is only because our team is composed of passionnate people who want to share their love for Niseko with the world. We are always eager to hear from you and discover how we can make your stay a truly bespoke and memorable one.
|It's because our team offers you an unmatched level of service!
So, what are you waiting for? Contact Vacation Niseko now to start planning your next getaway in Japan's best outdoor destination!
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Hokkaido Road Trip: 2-day trip to Furano and BieiAugust 16, 2016
A road trip to the colorful Furano in summer is a must-do for your Hokkaido vacation. Read on to find out the highly recommended attractions in Furano!
Choosing a ski school in NisekoJuly 20, 2016
This guide lays out all the information you will need before selecting the ski school you wish to learn with on your holiday in Niseko.
Recent News
Popular News
Why Book Directly?
Vacation Niseko has over a decade of experience and an unrivalled expertise tailoring seamless winter packages to Niseko.
Our extensive range of vacation packages cater to all levels of skiers and snowboarders, offering a wide choice of accommodations to suit your budget, style and location.
Our partnerships allows us to offer you unrivalled access to a range of Niseko's best winter activities and services at the most competitive prices.
Guest Card
Present your Vacation Niseko Guest Card for various special offers and discounts across the resort and beyond.


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This Egyptian-themed dice box features the Egyptian goddess Bastet perched atop this black and gold dice box. The box is large enough to safely hold several sets of dice. Hand painted and cast in designer resin, this dice box is the perfect place to store dice between games and looks great on bookshelves or end tables.
The Bastet Dice Box measures about 4.5" wide by 3" deep by 6" high. Pictured with Leaf Black-Gold dice, not included, for size comparison.


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New Delhi. A day before polling for Delhi assembly, intelligence agencies have issued an advance warning of expected dip in voter turnout because of possible mass hangover resulting from alcohol being distributed to buy votes.
Agencies have reportedly tipped the government about an ongoing conspiracy, where local leaders are manipulating the alcohol concentration of bottles being supplied to rival groups.
"Whisky, Vodka, and Rum with alcohol percentage as high as 60% are being sold to political leaders, who are buying them for election campaigning," said a person close to government, "And leaders are distributing the same bottles to buy votes, which is surely going to backfire on election day, as their voters most probably would be asleep whole day tomorrow."
This sensational revelation has created panic among local leaders, who are now brainstorming about ways to minimize the damage.
"First we wasted money feeding them biryani and yet they left the rallies when our leader was speaking, and now it seems we have wasted the alcohol too!" a sitting MLA told Faking News, "These opposition guys have stooped too low."
However the MLA said that they have not lost all hopes and they he had a plan B ready.
"Tonight we are going to distribute disprins and pamphlets carrying tips to avoid hangover. We will also give them free Pizzas. Carbohydrate-filled foods such as pizza and pasta are best for preventing hangovers," the MLA displayed his knowledge.
Besides these precautionary measures, parties have also formed area specific disaster management groups to keep track of people they have distributed alcohol to. On the polling day, they will check all their target voters, and if found in a state of hangover, volunteers will show them Sajid Khan movies that are rumored to get rid of hangovers.
While all political parties are blaming each other for the conspiracy, some voters feel that this is a welcome step.
"Let people, who vote on the basis of who gives them free alcohol, keep asleep on the voting day. We will have a fair result truly representing an informed choice," said a person who had earlier proposed installing mental detectors at polling booths to stop idiots from voting.


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LepLoop ARPOPONE Arpeggiator Synth Demo (get on that drunken pirate float!) #TTNM - Youtube
Here's an overview of the LepLoop Arpopone dual-voice arpeggiator synth. MORE INFO BELOW :)
Hi! I like to record my synthesizer jam sessions and I also create electronic music tutorials and demos sometimes. If you have any questions or comments, feel free to post them here or underneath a video.You can also contact me here:http://nightmachines.t
Here's an overview of the LepLoop Arpopone dual-voice arpeggiator synth. MORE INFO BELOW :)
Here are six things I like about the Bastl Instruments THYME effect processor. MORE INFO BELOW :)
mCKENIC and I exchanged some TC-11 audio and video tracks and came up with this touch synthesizer performance, using our favorite patches of Bit Shape Software's classic iPad app. MORE INFO BELOW :)
Listen to authentic Hawaiian Yurt Music, the latest Hawaiian electronic music sensation by The Tuesday Night Machines, released on Strategic Tape Reserve:
Here's a live-looping tutorial for the Bastl Instruments THYME tape delay. MORE INFO BELOW :)
Here's a quick stereo tryout jam with the LEPLOOP Arpopone melody generator and the Bastl Instruments Thyme delay. MORE INFO BELOW :)
Aaah, the Bastl Instruments Thyme has finally arrived! The box is quite heavy! Let's find out what's inside and how it sounds!
Put on your headphones, clear 20 minutes of your time and join me on a road trip down the United States' West Coast, from Seattle to Los Angeles, listening to dictaphone travel commentary and interludes of experimental modular synthesizer music, played on a Snazzy FX Eurorack system. MORE INFO BELOW :)
Strategic Tape Reserve's VLK and I played and improvised, calm and noisy live show at the "Bend Make Change" festival in Offenbach's Waggon am Kulturgleis. MORE INFO BELOW :)
A crackly, distorted and sonically messed-up jam with the AE Modular system, including the MULTI FX module's Ring Crusher reverb and nasty Nyle Filter resonance action!
Taking the new MULTI FX module out for a spin, with its custom Shimmer Reverb algorithm.
Here's some ambient Ukulele music ;-P The Tangible Waves AE Modular Synth plays some semi-random ambient noise soundscapes, while I layer some drone pad on top with the Linnstrument connected to the VOLT iPad Synth. MORE INFO BELOW :)
The Tangible Waves AE Modular synth system runs on 9V, which is very convenient as there are powerbanks avaiable. MORE INFO BELOW :)
After filming the AE Modular Synth demo video, it's now time to make some actual music with the system. The Linnstrument is invited too of course and plays two iOS synths on the iPad. MORE INFO BELOW :)


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America is the most alone state in the universe. It is a state of immigrants who came from assorted states and it contains about every cultural group in the universe. In the early 1600s, the first European immigrants arrived in New England for the freedom of spiritual beliefs ( " U.S. Immigration: Sanctuary and Controversy. " ) . Until the center of 1900s, most of immigrants were Europeans. In 1900, 96 % of immigrants were from European states, particularly from Germany, Ireland, and Italy. However, in the 1990s, 48 % of immigrants were Hispanics and 38 % of them were Asians while merely 9.6 % of them were Europeans. The authorities estimated that the population of Hispanics and Asians will be increased continuously ( " Americans " ) . As this statistic shows, the in-migration is ongoing procedure of America. America is really generous state to immigrants. Because of that, a batch of people have moved to America, and still many people want to travel to here with hope and dream. However, America is confronting a batch of jobs with in-migration. This is because of a batch of immigrants are coming to state by illegal. These are doing a batch of jobs in America. Illegal in-migration is a danger to the United States economic system and security.
Before we get to cognize the job that America faces that illegal in-migration, we have to cognize what definition of " Illegal in-migration " is. Illegal in-migration is the act of emigrating to a state without that county 's authorities permission illicitly ( Head ) . Peoples are traversing to America for many different grounds. Some of them are to get away from corrupted authorities in their states and some are looking for better chance for money or to acquire better instruction.
Some want a safer topographic point for their kids to turn up in. Others are seeking to get away from their offense. The most of import ground of in-migration for parents is better instruction for their kids. That is the lone ground why they abandon high-ranking occupations in their state and come to America. Many of illegal immigrants are extremely educated. About 25 per centum of them graduated from colleges in their states. However, because of their position, they can merely acquire low-level occupations in America. Harmonizing to the chart " Occupations with the Highest Shares of Illegal Immigrants " , 25 % of workers in agribusiness, 19 % in edifice & A ; evidences care, 17 % in building, 12 % in nutrient readying & A ; service, and 10 % in fabrication are illegal immigrants. Like this, there are many grounds to immigrate illicitly to America.
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There are besides so many different ways to immigrate illicitly to acquire state. One of the most obvious ways is to be smuggling. There are two ways to be smuggling, depending on where you live. If you live in state that connected by land, so you would immigrate by land. If ocean offprints you, so you would immigrate by sea. One illustration of be smuggling by land, it can be founded in a instance in Phoenix, Arizona. Here, the people are smuggling by the runners and left in topographic points called " bead houses. " The runners hold the immigrants sureties in the houses until they can pay for their freedom. Then they allow out into America ( Cosgrove-Mather ) . The other illustration of be smuggling by ocean, it can be founded in a instance in Florida. There are people from Bahamas, Jamaica and Haiti is seeking to get away from their states ( Caribbean ) . The Cubans are besides seeking to travel the illicitly. That is because they are close from Florida. Many the Cuban people make the tonss and seek to sail from the Cuba to the America.
Many of the people who try to make the illegal in-migration dice along the journey. The 1s who cross over the land, they are cramped together many of them in little auto or house. Sickness spread easy and frequently heat makes them decease excessively. The 1s who the illegal immigrate by ocean they besides risk deceasing. They evidently can submerge or they get lost in the ocean. It is unsafe for the illegal immigrants to make the illegal in-migration.
Another manner that immigrants cross over to the other state is outstaying visas. An illustration of this can be found when Hosam Maher Husein Smadi, a 19-year-old Jordanian who had overstayed his tourer visa, was accused in tribunal of plotting to blow up a Dallas skyscraper. Over all, the functionaries said, about 40 per centum of the estimated about 11 million illegal immigrants came on legal visas and overstayed in the United States ( McKinley & A ; Preston ) . This is because the United States does non system that is dependable plenty to for verify that the aliens who have visa overstay and do non go forth state ( McKinley & A ; Preston ) .
The figure 12 million is used a batch when the talk about the illegal immigrants. This figure is inaccurate because they use an old 2000 Census. But immigrants stay off from nose count so the figure is inaccurate. Bear Stern and his squad of analysts used different ways to happen figure. They got about 20 million illegal immigrants in the United States ( Number ) . Harmonizing to the Asa Hutchinson, who is the Secretary for Border and Transportation Security, she said that " in June, 2004, that apprehensions of illegal immigrants in Arizona had increased to 3,000 daily. " ( Elbel ) . And that is merely the 1s arrested. Senator John McCain said in the 2004 that " about 4 million illegal foreigners crossed our boundary lines illicitly in 2002. If one out of four were apprehended, that would intend in the twelvemonth 2002, 3 million illegals entered and evaded apprehensiveness. " ( Elbel ) . The illegal immigrants are coming from many states all over the universe. They want the freedom of America. The Cenus says though that about 90 % of all the illegal immigrants in the United States are from the Latin America states. ( Elbel ) They besides say that the 70 % of the illegals are from Mexico entirely ( Elbel ) . We see that the job chief comes from the Latin America but largely Mexico.
The illegal immigrants cause many jobs for the people of the United States. One of that is offense rates job. Many illegal immigrants in America have been arrested and prisoned to the illegal immigrants cause many jobs for the people of the United States. One of that is offense rates job. A batch of illegal immigrants in America have been arrested and prisoned to federal and province prisons and local gaols ( Kouri ) . In the population survey of a sample of 55,322 illegal immigrants, research workers found that they were arrested at least a sum of 459,614 times, averaging about 8 apprehensions per illegal foreigner. Almost all had more than 1 apprehension. Thirty-eight per centum had between 2 and 5 apprehensions, 32 per centum had between 6 and 10 apprehensions, and 26 per centum had 11 or more apprehensions. Most of the apprehensions occurred after 1990 ( Kouri ) .They were arrested for a sum of about 700,000 condemnable discourtesies, averaging about 13 discourtesies per illegal immigrants. One collaring incident can include multiple discourtesies, a fact that explains why there are about one and half times more discourtesies than apprehensions. Almost all of these illegal foreigners were arrested for more than 1 discourtesy. Slightly more than half of the 55,322 illegal foreigners had between 2 and 10 discourtesies. ( Kouri )
The 2nd job of illegal immigrants is impacting employment. Employment is one the biggest job cause by illegal immigrant. Illegal immigrants are viing with the other American for occupation. Here is job that a most of illegal immigrants are ready to make any hard of occupation at really low rewards. This means the illegal immigrants are great demand of inexpensive labour ( What ) . Through this occurrence, United States get hurt their economic. Employers prefer illegal immigrants more than American. The consequence is that American are losing occupation in their ain state. In past nine old ages, money of immigrant send to their place state has about doubled. Of class they made all money in America. The study of study by 3,800 South American life in America said that legal and illegal immigrants send a combined $ 30 billion yearly to their place states ( Human ) . Mexico received the most 13.3 billion a twelvemonth. And 34 % of the people who make money from United States to Mexico were illegal immigrants ( Human ) .
The another job of illegal immigrants is that threating national security. It can be founded in instance in Lebanon. Salim Boughader Mucharrafille who is cafe proprietor, he smuggled approximately 200 Lebanese compatriots into the United States, including sympathisers of Hezbollah, designated a terrorist organisation by U.S. Authorities ( Terror ) . A reaserch released by the Sept. 11 committee staff last twelvemonth analyzing how terrorists travel the universe cited Boughader as the lone " human runner with suspected links to terrorists " convicted to day of the month in the United States ( Terror ) . But after Boughader was locked up, other runners runing in Lebanon, Mexico and the United States continued to assist Hezbollah-affiliated migrators in their attempt to illegitimately come in from Tijuana ( Terror ) . Another smuggling web that is controlled by Sri Lanka 's Tamil Tiger Rebel group – a U.S.-designated panic organisation – tried mousing four Tigers over the California-Mexico boundary line en path to Canada non long after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist onslaughts, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
research worker Steven Schultz said. The four were caught along with 17 other Sri Lankans, wholly presenting as Mexicans, trying to come in ports at San Ysidro and Otay Mesa ( Terror ) . Even when caught, illegal immigrants from those states and other states are sometimes released while expecting exile hearings, so miss those tribunal day of the months, harmonizing to the AP 's probe, which besides documented deep concerns about security menaces along the lightly patrolled, 4,000-mile U.S.-Canada boundary line ( Terror ) . At least one Al Qaeda-linked adult male smuggled himself over the boundary line. Nabil al-Marabh, a now-deported Syrian citizen one time No. 27 on the FBI 's list of panic suspects and accused by Canadian governments of holding connexions to Usama bin Laden 's web, was caught mousing from Canada into New York in the dorsum of a tractor-trailer in June 2001 with a bogus Canadian passport ( Terror ) . Like this, illegal immigrants can be expand to international job. If there is still illegal immigrant happen, that means there is serious security job which besides can be cause of Terror.
Besides wellness attention can be serious job. Many diseases like AIDS, SARS, TB, Ebola are broad spread across all over the universe because of illegal foreigner ( What ) . Not everyplace of Latin America, some topographic point are still insanitary. So illegal immigrants who come from this topographic point can distribute out that sorts of diseases in United States. So if we prevent illegal immigrants, we can avoid by bad diseases and through that authorities can salvage money.
The last job of illegal in-migration is damaging right on economic. The united provinces of America normally are passing 1000000s of 1000s of dollars to handling illegal immigrants. The authorities are acquiring this money from revenue enhancement through roll uping revenue enhancement. Apart from this the U.S. spends money on deploying extra flatfoots to guard its boundary lines so that illegal in-migration reduces to a certain extent ( What ) . Impact of illegal house are turning out to be inaccurate Ate. In footings of public assistance usage, reception of hard currency aid plans are be givening to be really bad, Besides, contrary to the perceptual experiences that illegal immigrants are non paying their income revenue enhancements, we estimate that more than half of illegals work " on the books. " in usually, illegal families pay more than $ 4,200 a twelvemonth in all signifiers of their responsibility revenue enhancements. Unfortunately, they are enforcing costs of $ 6,950 per family ( Camarota ) . we find that the consequence of illegal families is negative at the federal degree, the same is non true for Social Security and Medicare. We estimate that illegal families are making a combined net benefit for these two plans in surplus of $ 7 billion in one twelvemonth, accounting for about 4 per centum of the entire one-year excess in these two plans. However, they create a net shortage of $ 17.4 billion in the remainder of the budget, for a entire net loss of $ 10.4 billion. Before we look through impact of legalisation, we are confronting two different state of affairs. In this your first illustration, we surmise that legalized illegal immigrants would utilize services and pay revenue enhancements like all same people headed by legal immigrants with the same features. In this simulation, we would command for the instruction degree of the family caput and whether the caput is from Mexico. The first simulation shows that the net financial shortage grows from about $ 2,700 to more than $ 6,000 per family. In the 2nd simulation, we once more control for instruction and whether the family caput is Mexican and besides assume that illegals would go like post-1986 legal immigrants, excepting refugees. Because illegals are much more like late arrived non-refugees than legal immigrants in general, the 2nd simulation is the more make sense. The 2nd simulation shows that the net financial shortage per family would mount to $ 7,700 ( Camarota ) . As I already mentioned before, through my research shows that acknowledging illegal immigrants self-registering would greatly increase revenue enhancement gross. Unfortunately, we find that costs would increasing more than that. Costss would lift dramatically because illegals immigrants would be able to reach many plans that are presently off bounds to them. Furthermore, even if legalized illegal immigrants continued to be barred from utilizing some means-tested plans, they would still be much more likely to subscribe their U.S.-citizen kids up for them because they would lose whatever fright they had of the authorities. We know this because immigrants with legal status, who had same instruction but acquire low pay, subscribe their U.S.-citizen kids up for plans like Medicaid at higher rates than illegal foreigners with U.S.-citizen kids. In add-on, direct costs for plans like the Earned Income Tax Credit would besides turn dramatically with legalisation. Right now, illegals immigrants need a Social Security figure and have to register a revenue enhancement return to acquire the recognition. As a consequence, comparatively few really acquire it. We estimate that one time legalized, payments to illegals under this plan would turn more than tenfold. From a strictly financial point of position, the chief job with legalisation is that illegals would, the most portion is going non educated legal immigrants. And non-educated illegal immigrants are more serious job more than elect illegal immigrants. Through this occurrence, United States of America 's labour market are inquiring really low limited opportunity to labour which is worker. It matter no what, it will alter the united province 's BASIC of industrial develop point that benefits from low income-worker. Today, in America there are go oning like big financial costs are really ineluctable for uneducated and unskilled illegal immigrants.
Like this, we could see a batch of job in economic system and security by Illegal in-migration. To forestall those bad occurrence, United States Government has to watch their boundary line and smuggling. I think this illegal immigrants issue will be more serious job as clip is go throughing. We need to more acknowledge this issue 's earnestness. To forestall this is issue, United province has to maintain tougher their boundary lines and do the return jurisprudence.


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Cryptography with Steganography
1. Acknowledgement3
2. Project Description4
3. Analysis and Requirement Specification5
4. Software Design Specification
i. Execution Sequence19
ii. Data Flow Diagram22
5. Software and Hardware Required23
6. Code Snippets24
7. Screen Shots28
8. Testing35
9. Conclusion38
What Is Steganography?
Steganography applications conceal information in other, seemingly innocent media. Steganographic results may masquerade as other file for data types, be concealed within various media, or even hidden in network traffic or disk space. We are only limited by our imagination in the many ways information and data can be exploited to conceal additional information.
For many years Information Hiding has captured the imagination of researchers. Digital watermarking and steganography techniques are used to address digital rights management, protect information, and conceal secrets. Information hiding techniques provide an interesting challenge for digital forensic investigations. Information can easily traverse through firewalls undetected. Research into steganalysis techniques aids in the discovery of such hidden information as well as leads research toward improved methods for hiding information.
Related research themes include: anonymous communications, anonymous online transactions, covert channels in computer systems, covert/subliminal communications, detection of hidden information (steganalysis), digital forensics, information hiding aspects of privacy, steganography, subliminal channels in cryptographic protocols, watermarking for protection of intellectual property, and other applications
Steganography is a complex subject, please note that although it involves hiding messages, it is not cryptography. The definitions are as follows: Cryptography: "The discipline which embodies principles, means and methods for the transformation of data in order to hide its information content, prevent its undetected modification, or prevent its unauthorized use" Steganography: "A method of hiding a secret message inside of other data." Essentially the difference is that, while both hide a message, steganography is meant to make the message invisible, while cryptography changes the message's form, by means of replacement and/or algorithm.
This code is written in Java, and the following topics will need to be understood, before properly understanding how this method works: Bytes: individually as integers and as arrays
Bit Operations: Logical AND (&), OR(|) and how they work
Images: BufferedImage specifically
ImageIO: how image files are opened and saved
Graphics2D: accessing user space image properties
Raster: specifically WritableRaster allows access to the buffer DataBufferByte: Buffer used with BufferedImage
These are the major topics needed to understand Steganography, but there are others used and assumed to be understood, as this topic is not meant for those inexperienced with the Java language. Bytes:
Bytes are the elementary data source of most applications, and many programmers will [i]never[/i] use them in any source code, but that is beside the point. A byte is made of bits, 1s and 0s, 8 of them to be exact. And the 8 0s and 1s have a decimal value, it is simply a case of transforming the binary (base 2) into decimal (base 10). Value by position: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 (and all positions with a 1 are added together) Examples:
00000000 = 0
00000010 = 2
00000111 = 7
00001011 = 11
And so on…
A byte can be transformed from an int in java by simple casting: [il]Byte b = (byte)7;[/il]
Most classes in java have a method for returning the byte[] of an object, either as a section of the object or the entire object....
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Entertainment Weekly dropped a Mjolnir sized sneak peek at 2017's hotly anticipated bookend to the Thor trilogy, entitled Ragnarok. But is the world ready for a completely different Thor movie? In a word…Yes.
The cover of this week's Entertainment Weekly shows off Chris Hemsworth, Thor himself, with a decidedly un-Thor haircut, from what fans have become accustomed to. Wielding double swords instead of his trademark, trusted Asgardian hammer Mjolnir, and dressed in garb that invoke thoughts of Ancient Rome instead of the Realm Eternal, Thor looked primed for battle. Flanking Thor Odinson is this chapter's big bad, 2 time Academy Award winner Cate Blanchett as the Asgardian goddess of death, Hela & Tessa Thompson as Valkyrie, Asgardian warrior chosen by Odin himself to lead the Valkyrior, a group of female warriors tasked with choosing those slain on the battlefield who were worthy enough to enter Valhalla.
What does this cover mean? Well, for starters, we're getting a villain in Hela like we've yet to witness in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Not only is she our first main female antagonist (I'm not counting Nebula in Guardians of the Galaxy, as Ronan was the prime villain), she promises to flip Thor's world upside down. Valkyrie is set to shake up Thor's world as well, and with the casting of the talented Tessa Thompson, an Afro-Panamanian/Mexican/European actress who is a welcomed distance from the blonde haired/blue eyed versions of Valkyrie from the comics, we are given 2 strong female characters played by 2 women who've won critical acclaim for their bodies of work (Notes on a Scandal, Blue Jasmine, The Aviator for Blanchett; Selma, Creed & Dear White People for Thompson).
As for Thor, his garb, weapons and haircut all hint towards one thing: Unworthy Thor. In the current comic series of the same name, Thor has been deemed unworthy to carry Mjolnir, and the mystical weapon has chosen a new carrier. A new Thor, if you will. Along with his weapon of choice choosing a new wielder, he's no longer dressed in traditional Asgardian armor, and his golden locks are no longer at a royal length, now worn nearly military style. Ragnarok director Taika Waititi had already alluded to his film taking details from the fan favorite Marvel arc Planet Hulk, and we were privy to some story art being released that show our favorite Green Behemoth battling the Asgardian Prince, but this EW seems to indicate that plot lines from Unworthy Thor will also be plugged into the film.
Speculation for the Unworthy Thor story line being used within the Marvel Cinematic Universe had already picked up as of late. While dropping hints about their upcoming epic Avengers: Infinity War, the brothers Russo released some movie art depicting Thor and our favorite foul mouthed raccoon, Rocket, fighting an unknown foe side by side. Fans were keen to pick up that it didn't seem to be Mjolnir Thor was swinging around, but was holding on to the handle of Jarnbjorn, his battle axe forged by Dwarfs, his weapon of choice before he was deemed worthy of Mjolnir, & the armament he uses currently in the Unworthy Thor run.
More Thor than you can swing a hammer at
Interest and excitement for this film has peaked. 50% Planet Hulk, 50% Unworthy Thor, & 100% bad ass, this film is destined to be the Thor film that puts both of its predecessors to shame…….or at least Thor: The Dark World.
Lou Mattiuzzo is a full time teacher, full time husband, full time father & full time superhero enthusiast. Follow him on Twitter @Sweetest_Lou to "listen" to him tweet about everything and nothing all at once.
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The Letters of Charles Dickens. The Pilgrim Edition. Edited by Madeline House, Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson, K.J. Fielding, Nina Burgis, Angus Easson et al.
Oxford: The Clarendon Press, [2002]. 8vo. 12 volumes, set. First published between 1965 and 2002. Four volumes are third impressions, the others are fourth impressions. No dates are given for the reprints but publication of the set was completed in 2002. Original red buckram, gilt. D/ws uniformly slightly faded on spines and with a few scattered marks and wrinkles. Fine in near fine d/ws. Item #2535
Price: £950.00
See all items in Diaries and Letters, Sets
See all items by Charles Dickens


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Join thousands of people already using Up by downloading the app.
Easy to try, sign up for a free government guaranteed bank account with a debit card that you can add to Apple Pay™, Google Pay™, or even Garmin Pay™ and Fitbit Pay.
Enter your phone number to download the app
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Not sure where to start?
We have put together some easy-start documents with steps and guidelines and coupled them with other additional resources that will help you and your organization through the transition journey. Some will even help you improve and built more robustness into your management system later. Take a closer look and please get in touch with us if you have questions. We are here to help guide you to the transition audit and beyond. We recommend to start the transition process as soon as possible and take the following steps:
- Get to know the changes in requirements
- Ensure that relevant personnel in your organization are trained and understand the requirements and key changes
- Identify gaps which need to be addressed to meet the new requirements and establish an implementation plan
- Implement actions and update your management system to meet the new requirements
- Get certified to the revision standard


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Fluorosis or Fluoride Stains
Fluoride has a great affinity for the developing enamel because tooth apatite crystals have the capacity to bind and integrate fluoride ion into the crystal lattice. Excessive intake of fluoride in drinking water during enamel development can lead to enamel fluorosis, a condition of the dental hard tissues in which the enamel covering of the teeth fails to crystallize properly, leading to defects that range from barely discernable markings to brown stains and surface pitting.
There are several stages of development for your teeth. First teeth that are formed in your mouth is called the milk teeth. After a certain age they are lost as new teeth starts emerging from within the gums. The part of teeth that is visible to you in your mouth is called the crown. Deep beneath the crowns within the gums there lies its root. While these teeth are initially being formed if there is an over consumption of fluoride material then it leads to fluorosis. Flurosis leads to the discoloration of the tooth surface and its called fluoride stains. This may be in brown, gray or white in color. Fluorisis only occurs while the teeth is submerged within the gums and not after its completely emergent. Its never a disease its just a cosmetic condition.
These stains would never go away with a simple cleaning or bleaching procedure. Fortunately today we have Ceramic/ Porcelain Veneers to change the appearance of the affected teeth. Results are seen in the pictures displayed.
Contact Our Doctor / Hospital


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How do the colors you use in your business visually connect to you and your brand?
Join me in this Quick Tips video as I explain the importance of having the right brand colors that are aligned to your business.
I'm not going to get all spooky on you but there is a subliminal, hidden meaning of what your brand colors say about you.
The colors that you use to represent yourself in your business and online are part of the instant visual message that that you send. Before you have time to say a word, people assume different things about you from the first impression that your brand silently speaks, and sometimes that can even be damaging to how you are perceived.
Your brand colors need to be aligned with what you are attracted to along with colors that best represent your industry. For instance as a lifestyle coach, you wouldn't want brand colors that are the typical corporate blues and greens. As an investment strategist, you wouldn't want to select girly pastels.
Recently, I was looking at a colleague's website and was pretty shocked by the visual message that the colors on her site were sending. She's a super smart, savvy business coach who specializes in finance and money.
Her main site color is copper…. the color of a penny!
Now, let's think about the visual message that a money coach is sending when her site is the color of the lowest denomination of U.S. currency.
Luckily, something like this can be easily correctable by simply popping up the color a few shades to be closer to the more vibrant and powerful burnt orange that she was after.
When you are designing your logo or website, it's best to get your brand colors right from out of the fate as they will stay with you for years to come and become a familiar beacon of recognition for your audience.
For instance, through all the rebrands and design of FocusOnStyle since it was first online in 1999, the colors remain fairly consistent to compliment our "eye" logo and represent the modern, confident, and successful woman brand.
Certainly, if your colors become too trendy or dated, or whenever it feels right for you, it is perfectly fine, if not recommended to update your colors to stay relevant.
Not sure how to find brand colors that you are attracted to? Listen through the video to hear a nifty trick for identifying your best brand colors that most appeal to you.
So, tell me how to dour brand colors live up to you?
If you are looking for more ways to step into your star power, claim your free STAR Power Kit and stay in my loop.
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- The Hidden Meaning Of What Your Brand Colors Say About You [Quick Tips Video]
- Reinvention Advice To Have A Relevant Personal Brand So Your Small Business Doesn't Fall Behind! [Quick Tips Video]
- Reinvention Tips: What Happens When The Something You Do Is Not The Something You're Known For? [Quick Tips Video]
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10 Immaculate Townhouse Available
Showcasing effortless style, superior finished and relaxed in/outdoor living, these brand new 3 bedroom townhouses are spectacular in both proportion and appeal. with a cutting edge fusion of creative design, they offer natural light-filled interiors with open plan living.dinning areas that open to a outdoor entertaining courtyard and garden.
Property Features


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Recently added items
KitchenAid 6.9L Polished Stainless Steel Bowl with J Hook Handle (KSMC7QBOWL)
Regular Price: $169.00
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This 6.9L bowl is made with NSF certified polished stainless steel for durable and amazing performance. The unique J Hook Handle is designed for stacking and hanging to keep your space clean and clutter-free. Fits model: KSM7990
Model: KSMC7QBOWL
Capacity: 6.9L
Fit Model: KSM7990