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Regardless of their severity, car accidents have the power to change lives. At Shrager & Sachs, our Philadelphia car accident lawyers are prepared to help you navigate complicated legal matters and deal with frustrating insurance policies, so you can focus on getting your life back in order.
After being in an auto wreck, it's likely you'll have concerns regarding your health and potential financial burdens. If you feel as though your accident resulted from the negligence of another party, you may be eligible for compensation that can help you ease those financial burdens. As your legal representatives, our law firm will do whatever we can to help you obtain monetary awards that can be used to assist with your medical expenses, lost wages, and pain and suffering.
In order to begin seeking the compensation you're entitled to, you'll want to gather all the evidence you can so we can build a strong case to present to your insurance company. In order to assemble that evidence, it may be beneficial for you to have a better understanding of auto collisions in Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia area.
How Common Are Car Accidents in Pennsylvania?
There was a total of 128,188 car crashes in Pennsylvania in 2017. Let's break that number down by accidents involving property damage, injuries, and fatalities. The facts and statistics below have been compiled from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation's (PennDOT) 2017 Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics.
- Of the 128,188 car accidents, 68,901 resulted in just property damage, 58,204 resulted in injury, and 1,083 of the crashes resulted in fatalities.
- Most crashes occurred on the highway.
- Nearly 294,000 individuals were involved in the total number of accidents.
- Fortunately, the majority of those people walked away unscathed.
- 80,612 sustained an accident injury. PennDOT categorizes the injuries according to their severity. 27,237 were suspected to have minor injuries. 26,519 sustained injuries of unknown 22,629 were categorized as having a possible injury. The remaining 4,227 were treated for serious injuries.
- As a result of the car wrecks, 1,137 individuals lost their lives.
- Most accident-related deaths in Pennsylvania in 2017 resulted from speeding. The second leading cause of accident-related deaths involved alcohol.
- Even though Philadelphia County is one of the smaller counties in the state, a higher number of crashes occurred when compared to the other 66 counties.
- Philadelphia has high numbers for traffic fatalities related to alcohol consumption, seat belt use, and pedestrians.
- Because of the availability of rideshare services in Philadelphia, Uber and Lyft car accidentsdo occur.
As you can see, motor vehicle accidents are not uncommon in the Keystone State. What's also common are the reasons many of these accidents happen in the first place.
What Are the Major Causes of Car Crashes?
Car crashes occur for a variety of reasons; however, there are recognizable patterns based on PennDOT's research:
Speeding. Speeding is the number one reason vehicle wrecks occurred in Pennsylvania in 2017. A little more than 31,000 of the accidents in Pennsylvania in 2017 resulted from speeding. When a driver speeds, their reaction time and control over their vehicle decline. This is especially dangerous in construction zones and on rural backroads. Vehicles traveling at faster speeds also exert more energy in the event of a crash, which means the risk of property damage and injury is significantly higher.
Distracted Driving. Drivers can become distracted for a variety of reasons. Nearly 16,000 accidents resulted from distractions like texting and driving, eating, and adjusting the car's internal controls. Some other common distractions include personal grooming, gawking at crash scenes, daydreaming, and reaching for fallen objects. No matter how focused we may think we are, the brain isn't capable of multitasking to the point we can drive and complete other tasks.
Drunk Driving. Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs accounted for 9,143 car wrecks in Pennsylvania in 2017. Anyone with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent or higher is considered alcohol-impaired by the law. The effects of driving while intoxicated include drowsiness, impaired vision, reduced reaction times, and difficulty understanding sensory information.
Fatigued Driving. While the number of accidents isn't as high as the other categories, falling asleep at the wheel is incredibly dangerous. More than 2,500 wrecks were caused by fatigued drivers. A drowsy driver is less able to pay attention to the road, has slower reaction times for speeding or braking, and is unable to make good driving decisions.
Age. Young drivers and mature drivers cause the highest number of accidents – regardless of how many vehicles are involved. A young driver is between the ages of 16 and 21. Mature drivers are 65 and older. A young driver, because of their brain development and tendency to be impulsive, may make rash or dangerous decisions behind the wheel. Mature drivers may suffer from uncorrected vision problems and tend to have slower reactions times.
Our Philadelphia car accident lawyers can help you identify why your accident happened, and why it could have been prevented.
What Are the Common Types of Vehicle Collisions?
Depending on where you're driving, the condition of the road or weather, and the traffic, different car accidents can occur. While some types of collisions may only result in property damage or minor injuries, others are likely to result in debilitating conditions or death. The most common types of crashes include the following:
- Rear End Collisions. This occurs when one car hits the rear of the car in front of it. These accidents typically happen when the lead vehicle decelerates quickly, or the following car accelerates suddenly. Typically, the individuals in the lead vehicle are more likely to sustain significant injuries like whiplash or soft tissue injuries.
- Sideswipe Crashes. When two vehicles are traveling parallel to one another and one, typically the vehicle on the left, hits the other vehicle on its side, this is called a sideswipe. Distractions and improper merging can result in this type of crash. While many only result in property damage, a forceful sideswipe can cause a driver to lose control of their vehicle and potentially hit another car or a fixed object.
- Side-Impact Collisions. A side-impact collision occurs when the side of one vehicle is hit by the front or rear of another. This is sometimes referred to as a T-bone accident because of the shape the two vehicles makes. Depending on the speed and the force of the collision, injuries and damages may be severe. Safety features like airbags and crumple zones can save lives.
- Vehicle Rollovers. Certain vehicles, like tractor trailers or large SUVs, are more susceptible to rollover accidents. A rollover happens when a vehicle flips on its side or roof – generally as a result of speeding around a sharp turn. The occupants are likely to be injured. If a commercial vehicle rolls over and is carrying hazardous materials, clean up can block traffic flow for a significant amount of time.
- Head-On Crashes. Head-on accidents, when the front ends of two vehicles traveling in opposing directions collide, are often the deadliest – especially when the vehicles are traveling at high speeds. Drunk driving and distractions contribute to this type of accident.
- Multi-Vehicle Pileups. These accidents are often a chain of events. If one vehicle strikes another on the highway and the surrounding cars are unable to get out of the way, more collisions are possible. Individuals who decide to leave their vehicles in these instances are at risk of being struck by other cars. Multi-vehicle pileups can become deadly when big rigs are involved.
- Single-Vehicle Accidents. A single-vehicle accident, as its name implies, involves only one car. This can happen when a driver is distracted and hits a fixed vehicle, or when inclement weather and icy conditions cause dangerous hydroplaning.
- Hit-and-Run Accidents. When two or more vehicles collide, the drivers are supposed to trade information for insurance purposes. When a driver hits another vehicle and leaves the scene without speaking to the other driver or leaving their information, they are committing a crime.
Depending on the severity of the car accident, a number of physical, mental, and financial consequences can result. Our lawyers can help you manage the financial consequences, like medical bills, lost wages, and property damage, so you can focus on recovering physically and mentally.
How Serious Are the Physical and Mental Consequences of a Crash?
Unfortunately, many car accidents result in some type of injury. While some people may only sustain minor physical injuries that require little medical intervention, others may need surgery or physical therapy. Some people also suffer from the emotional trauma associated with the accident. Being aware of the most common consequences related to car accidents can give you a better understanding of how people recover and get their lives back in order.
Physical Injuries
The most common physical injuries include:
- Lacerations and Bruises. The force of impact is likely to propel passengers forward quickly and pull them back just as fast. As a result, cuts or scrapes from objects inside the car are likely. They're every more likely if broken glass is involved. Seatbelts and coming into contact with the inside of the vehicle can result in bruising.
- Head Injuries. Vehicle occupants involved in high-speed collisions may come in contact with the steering wheel, dashboard, or windows. Traumatic brain injuries, ranging from mild concussions to debilitating brain injuries, may result.
- Spinal Cord Injuries. The neck and spinal cord are incredibly delicate. Minor damage may result in painful whiplash. More serious injuries could cause temporary or permanent paralysis.
- Broken Bones. Broken arms, legs, hands, feet, and ribs are common in auto crashes. Some broken bones can be set and immobilized and will heal over time. Other broken bones may require surgeries and physical therapy.
- Internal Bleeding. Internal bleeding can be dangerous and even deadly if not treated quickly after a crash.
No matter how you're feeling after being in a car accident, it's always a good idea to be evaluated by a qualified physician.
Emotional Trauma
It's understandable to be worried about your physical health and financial status after an automobile accident. It's just as important, however, to be cognizant of your mental health. A traumatic event like a wreck can leave individuals with emotions they may be uncertain how to cope with. While things may settle over time, there are some individuals who may need to seek additional help to get their lives back in order.
Individuals who are suffering from any of the following symptoms after a vehicle collision should seek the guidance of a mental health professional:
- Worsening anxiety or uneasiness
- Lack of focus
- Unmanageable fear of driving or being in a vehicle
- Difficulty eating or sleeping
- Irritability
- Excessive anger
- Depression
- Extreme guilt
- Feeling emotionally disconnected
A mental health professional can help car accident victims learn to cope with the trauma they've experienced through a number of methods, including therapy and medication.
What Should You Do After an Automobile Wreck?
If you are in an accident, there are certain actions you should take to protect yourself and improve your chance of receiving full and fair compensation.
- Stop. Never drive away from an accident scene, no matter how minor. You could be convicted of a hit-and-run. If you can, move your vehicle out of the way of traffic and stay put.
- Protect Other Drivers. If your accident occurs at night, other unsuspecting drivers could end up in an accident if they are unaware of what has occurred. If you have flares, it's a good idea to set them up. If not, put your blinkers on.
- Record What You Remember. If you can, record what happened as quickly as possible so you don't forget anything. You'll want to make sure you're able to determine when the accident happened, where it happened, and what the consequences were. Take photos of any property damage and injuries.
- Call the Police. A police report can help you obtain compensation when you're dealing with your insurance company. When the police arrive, tell them what you can remember. Never speculate what may have happened and never apologize. If your apology makes it into the report, an insurance company could use that against you.
- Exchange Information. You'll need to speak with the other driver involved to get their contact information.
- Seek Medical Attention. If you are experiencing any pain or see any visible injuries after an accident, it's imperative to seek medical attention right away. Even if you feel okay, it's important to follow up with a doctor as soon as possible. You may have injuries you cannot see. Untreated injuries are likely to get worse. Seeking treatment from a physician can also help your car accident claim because you'll have proof of physical injuries and medical bills.
- Keep a File. You'll want to keep all of your crash-related documents together and in one place. The information you should keep includes your insurance claim number, the contact information for the adjuster working on your case, names and phone numbers for individuals involved in the accident, receipts for rental cars or autobody expenses, medical bills, and any other expenses incurred as a result of the accident.
- Protect Your Rights. After you've taken care of your physical injuries, one of the most important things you can do is contact an attorney. At Shrager & Sachs, we can advise you on issues related to the accident, like making sure you get full compensation for your vehicle and ensuring you get the best medical treatments available.
What Are the Vehicle Accident Laws in Pennsylvania?
In the event you are in a car accident in or around the Philadelphia area or anywhere in Pennsylvania, the first step is to always evaluate yourself for physical injuries and check on the other involved parties. If anyone needs emergency medical attention, contact 911 right away.
After you've determined the wellbeing of the involved parties, you'll need to obtain several pieces of information from the other driver. You'll want to exchange names, phone numbers, addresses, driver's license numbers, tag numbers, and insurance information. You'll need this information when you submit your accident claim to your insurance company.
While not all accidents require law enforcement attention, you will need to call them to the scene of the accident if the wreck resulted in any injury or death, or if a vehicle was damaged to the point it cannot be driven away from the scene without being towed. If you are uncertain, call 911. The dispatcher will ask you a series of questions and will determine if police assistance is needed.
After the accident, you have five days to request a copy of the accident report to send to your legal representative. Our personal injury lawyers can help you determine if you need to file a lawsuit after your car accident. In the rare event that you do, the statute of limitations from personal injury cases gives you two years from the date of your accident to file with the state's civil court system. If you fail to file within this time limit, your case will be refused.
Pennsylvania follows a no-fault insurance liability law. This means that after most car collisions, your own insurance company will provide coverage for your medical expenses and lost wages, regardless of who was at fault. Unless your case meets a serious injury threshold, you can't hold the other driver liable for the accident. Our attorneys understand that serious injury is a vague term, so we'll be able to help you decide what's in your best interests.
How Do I Obtain a Car Accident Report in Philadelphia?
After your accident, there's a chance you may want a copy of your car accident report from the City of Philadelphia's Department of Records. You may request a copy of the accident report in-person or by mail. You must have acceptable identification to request the report. This can include a driver's license or a state-issued photo ID. A non-refundable fee will be charged when you ask to access the report. You may also request traffic accident photographs for an additional fee.
Additional parties have the right to access your auto accident report. These parties include your lawyers, the involved insurance companies, authorized agents from the insurance companies, and government agencies.
How Can Shrager & Sachs Help Me Receive Compensation?
As the victim of a car crash, dealing with insurance companies after an accident can be frustrating. Policies often contain terms that are not easy to identify or understand. With the right legal team backing you, reaching a full and fair settlement for your accident should go smoothly. If you've lost a loved one in a car accident, we may be able to help you receive compensation and closure by filing a claim on their behalf.
At Shrager & Sachs, our practice has extensive experience dealing with automobile accident claims and injury law all across Pennsylvania. We assist our clients with building a case with the evidence they need to support their circumstances. If you or a loved one has been injured in an auto accident, contact us today for a consultation. Our Philadelphia car accident lawyers will help you understand your legal rights, so you can focus on your recovery.


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Under the theme of Korean and Japanese ceramics, Joanna Bird introduces new artists for this Spring exhibition. The show explores the fascinating contrast of aesthetics between both cultures and ceramic styles.
A rare group of works by the pre-eminent Korean Master Potter, Soon-Tak Ji (1912 – 1994) demonstrate his outstanding achievements. Soon-Tak Ji was deemed a Living National Treasure in his lifetime and remains one of the most influential potters in modern Korean ceramics. These unique pieces are representative of his output at its best.
Featuring artists: Soon-Tak Ji, Hyejeong Kim, Akiko Hirai, Kaori Tatebayashi, Jaejun Lee, Hiroko Mita, Miyu Kurihara, Adam Buick, Svend Bayer, John Ward, Halima Cassell, Carina Ciscato, Pippin Drysdale, Katie Spragg, Adi Toch, James Oughtibridge. Also included; past masters Kenkichi Tomimoto, Joanna Constantinidis and Lucie Rie.
How to get to the gallery: It a short 5-10 minute walk from Chiswick mainline train station to the gallery. Alternately take the District Line to Gunnersbury and walk 15-20 minutes to the gallery.


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The Possible Involvement of Epstein -Barr Virus in The Etiology of Leukemia
Haitham E Elawad1*, Shamsoun K Kafi2, Ismail Abd Elrahman2, Salaheldein G Elzaki3, Abuelgasim Eljaili1, Mohammed E Ornasir1, Mohammed Y Elamir1
1Department of Microbiology, Medical Laboratories Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan.
2National Ribat University College of Medical Laboratories Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan.
3Radiation and Isotope Centre Khartoum (RICK) Khartoum, Sudan.
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Haitham Eltigani Mohammed Elawad, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan, TEL:+249915312021 ; FAX:+249915312021 E-mail:Haithamtig @outlook.com
Citation:Haitham E Elawad, Shamsoun K Kafi, Ismail Abd Elrahman, Salaheldein G Elzaki, Abuelgasim Eljaili, et al. (2016) The Possible Involvement of Epstein -Barr Virus in The Etiology of Leukemia. Cancer Prog Diagn 1:102.
Copyright: © 2016 Haitham Eltigani Mohammed Elawad, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received date:October 06, 2016; Accepted date:November 04, 2016; Published date:November 08, 2016
Background: Although considerable brainstorm has been known into Epstein-Barr virus EBV as an important etiologic factor in various tumors, virtually little is known about the relationship between EBV genes and leukemia. The actual cause of Leukemia, which is a serious cancer in Sudan, is still under scrutiny. Controversial hypotheses were proposed suggesting the role of physical as well as chemical and even biological factors as being responsible for Leukemia incidents. We hypothesized that EBV could be involved in the etiology of leukemia. We describe here the results of our attempt to find a possible link between leukemia and EBV.
Methods: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction assay (q-PCR) has recently been used widely for detection of cell-free EBVDNA in the plasma of patients with leukemia. To determine the possible correlation between plasma cell-free EBV DNA levels and the leukemia, we studied the plasma EBV DNA levels in patients with leukemia that were presented at Radiation and Isotope Centre Khartoum (RICK), Sudan during therapy. The concentrations of plasma cell-free EBV DNA of 128 leukemic patients, 17 patients with EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies during the course of therapy Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) as control positive and 15 healthy controls were determined by using the (q-PCR) assay with the PrimerDesign™ genesig quantiication kit.
Results: The results revealed that EBV DNA was detectable in a wide range of leukemia patients. Plasma EBV DNA was detected in 33/88 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients 28/40 Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML),15/17 patients with EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies, but not in any of 15 healthy control subjects. The median concentration of EBV DNA in leukemia and healthy control groups was 6561.00 and 0.00 copies/ml, respectively.
Conclusion: Our findings provided evidence of the involvement of EBV in patients with leukemia. The results suggested that EBV DNA genome encoding the non-glycosylated membrane protein BNRF1 pl43 was observed in a signiicant proportion of patients with ALL. However, we could not exclude a correlation between these viral infections and later leukemogenesis in childhood ALL in Sudan.
real-time polymerase chain reaction, leukemia, Epstein– Barr virus, BNRF1.
EBV: Epstein - Barr Virus; (q-PCR): Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction assay; RICK: Radiation and Isotope Centre Khartoum; BL: Burkitt's Lymphoma; HD: Hodgkin's Disease; NPC: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; ALL: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia; CML: Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia; CR: Complete Remission.
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of blood cells, usually leukocytes (white blood cells). Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases. In turn, it is part of, the even, broader group of diseases called hematological neoplasms [1]. EBV is a herpesvirus that infects and establishes a persistent infection in humans. Following a primary infection in healthy individuals, EBV infects and immortalizes B lymphocytes, which is followed by a lifelong viral latency [2,3]. Proliferation of EBV infected B-cells is prevented and controlled by an adequate T-cell dependent specific immune response. However, strong reduction in the numbers of EBV-specific T lymphocytes may result in reactivation of the virus and, ultimately, the development of lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-LPD) [4]. The EBVBZLF1-encoded replication activator (ZEBRA) is a key mediator of reactivation from latency to the viral productive cycle. Among the EBV transactivators, the ZEBRA protein plays a crucial role in switching the virus from a latent to a productive mode [5]. This virus has been implicated in the development of a number of lymphoid malignancies. Burkitt's lymphoma was the first neoplasm found to be related to EBV, with a nearly 100% association in endemic areas, but less than 20% in low-incidence areas [6]. No single known cause for all of the different types of leukemia exists. The known causes, which are not generally factors within the control of the average person, account for relatively few cases [7]. Several studies have reported the presence of EBV DNA in the peripheral blood of patients with ALL. [8,9]. Most used either peripheral blood mononuclear cells or B-lymphocytes for EBV detection and showed increased levels of EBV DNA. Recently, much interest has been focused on the detection of tumour-derived DNA in the cell-free fractions, namely plasma or serum, of blood samples [10-12]. However, few literature points towards the controversial role of EBV in childhood leukemia. Employing sensitive and specific molecular tools like Real time PCR assay, EBV LMP1 gene transcriptional activity was observed in a significant proportion of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. EBV infection in patients with lymphoid leukemia may be a factor involved in the high incidence of paediatric leukemia in the Sudan [8]. A study upon Finnish and Icelandic maternity cohorts to verify/falsify the association of maternal EBV infection with an increased risk of ALL in the offspring, (during 1983 to 2006 in Finland and 1997 to 2005 in Iceland), was carried out. It was concluded that there was no evidence of increased risk of ALL associated to EBV and the data argued against a role of EBV in ALL [13]. On the other hand, in 2003, Dr. Matti Lehtinen from National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland, and colleagues identified a link between maternal EBV reactivation and the development of ALL in offspring. They found some further confirmation to their findings, suggesting an association between maternal EBV infection and risk of Leukemia in the offspring, especially infants below 1 year of age [9,14] studied the etiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and EBV reactivation and the potential for complications following cytotoxic chemotherapy in the absence of allogeneic transplantation. Their findings demonstrated that subclinical reactivation of CMV, HHV-6, and EBV were common in Adult T Cell Leukemia (ATL) patients receiving chemotherapy [14]. In fact, EBV does not directly cause a specific disease of its own, as is the case of other pathogens, but it plays a role in the etiology of several diseases, as for example cancer, rheumatoid, and a co-factor to several autoimmune diseases, to name but a few. This characteristic, logically, leads to the presumption that it is involved in leukemia incidents. A causative link between EBV and leukemia, a disease with a distinctly high incidence in Sudan, has been widely investigated. However, no full-length analysis of any substrain of EBV in this area has been reported. In the current study, we sought evidence whether EBV is associated with the development of childhood leukemia in the Sudan.
In the current study, we sought evidence whether EBV is associated with the development of childhood leukemia in the Sudan.
Materials and Methods
Enrollment of patients
Patients with leukemia that were presented at Radiation and Isotope Centre Khartoum (RICK) Sudan have been studied for evidence of EBV infection. The patient's Consent and approval were requested by the (RICK) Ethics authorities to obtain clinical materials for research purposes. The patients were, beforehand diagnosed using several diagnostic parameters, including cell morphology and flowcytometry.
Sample collection
Plasma samples taken from 160 of treated leukemia patients, of different cohorts were collected upon their consent.
Extraction of EBV DNA
Cell-free EBV DNA from all plasma samples was extracted by using a Purification of DNA by phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation protocol (Oxford practical approach series) according to the user manual and kept at -20 °C until used. Briefly, a 200 μl plasma sample was added to equal volume phenol, and add an equal amount of 24:1 (v/v) chloroform-isoamyl alcohol, centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 1 min to separate the aqueous phase (supplemented with 20 μl proteinase K) in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, mixed immediately and incubated at 65 °C for 2 hours. In order to precipitate the DNA, 20 μl of 3 M sodium acetate, pH 5.5 and 300 μl of absolute ethanol were added, followed by Incubation at –20 °C overnight. The precipitated DNA was recovered by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 15 min. Then the DNA was washed twice with 70% (v/v) ethanol to remove excess salt from the pellet. Finally, the DNA was resuspended in sterile TE, pH 8.0, and stored at –20 °C. The final volume of DNA obtained from each sample was 100 μl.
Detection of Plasma Cell-free EBV DNA
The PrimerDesign™ genesig Kit for Human Herpes Virus 4 EBV Genomes is designed for the in vitro quantification of EBV genomes. The target sequence within the BNRF1 gene has previously been shown to be a good genetic marker for EBV in other clinical real time PCR based studies [15]. The kit is designed to have the broadest detection profile possible whilst remaining specific to the EBV genome [16,17]. The primers and probe sequences in this kit have 100% homology with a broad range of clinically relevant reference sequences based on a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis [18-20].
Quantitative EBV-specific PCR
DNA from plasma was amplified using Taqman PCR primers selective for the EBV DNA genome encoding the non-glycosylated membrane protein BNRF1 pl43. BNRF1 pl43 was used as the target gene in this assay. PCR amplification and detection was performed with (Swift Spectrum 48 Thermal Cycler) detection system (ESCO). In the PCR reaction, a fluorigenic EBV/p143-specific probe was added with a FAM reported molecule attached to the 59th end and a TAMRA quencher linked at the 39th end to detect amplified DNA [21,22]. Real time measurements were taken and a threshold cycle (Ct) value was calculated for each sample by determining the point at which the fluorescence exceeded a threshold limit of 50. Each run contained a negative control (no template or EBV negative DNA), a positive control (a known amount of EBV copies). The standard curve was created automatically by the (ESCO) (Swift Spectrum 48 Thermal Cycler) Detection System Software, by plotting the Ct values against each standard of known concentration.
Statistical analysis
Data management was done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 11.5; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). SPSS was used for analysis and to perform Fisher exact test for statistical significance (P value). The 95% confidence level was used. Comparison of plasma EBV DNA concentrations between controls and patients were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Development of Real-Time Quantitative PCR
To determine the dynamic range of real-time quantitative PCR, serial dilutions of DNA were made and subjected to analysis by the EBV real-time quantitative PCR system. Figure 1 shows the amplification curve result obtained using the BNRF1region PCR system. The system was sensitive enough to detect 5 copies of EBV DNA. Figure 2 shows a plot of the threshold cycle (CT) of the EBV BNRF1 region PCR which plotted on a common logarithmic scale. The threshold cycle (CT) was set at 10 serial dilutions (SDs) above the mean baseline fluorescence calculated from cycles 1–15 and was proportional to the starting target copy number (logarithmic scale) used for amplification. The linearity of the graph demonstrates the large dynamic range and the accuracy of real-time quantitative PCR.
Detection of Plasma EBV DNA in leukemic Groups and Controls
EBV DNA genome encoding the non-glycosylated membrane protein BNRF1 pl43 was successfully detected by real-time PCR in 61 (47.6%) of the 128 leukemia cases,15 (88.2%) of the 17 patients with EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies the control positive with the mean level of 19683 ±2187 copies/ml, and in none of the 15 healthy controls with the mean level of 0 copies/ ml (P < 0001). The mean level of plasma cell-free EBV DNA in leukemic patients was significantly higher than healthy controls at p <0.001. The median concentration of plasma cell-free EBV DNA in leukemia groups was 6561.00 copies/ml whereas in healthy controls group was 0.0 copies/ml. The plasma cell-free EBV-DNA levels in healthy controls and leukemic Patients are summarized in Table 1. In terms of gender; the majority of patients were male 80 (62.5%) while 50 (37.5%) were females. The distribution of EBV BNRF1 pl43 in different leukemic lymphomas subtypes is as follows: 33 (37.5%) of 88 ALL, and 28 (70%) of 40 CML (Figure 3). This was significantly higher (P < 0.01; chi-square test) compared with the incidence in the control group (0 of 15 individuals; 0%). When we compared plasma EBV DNA levels in these patients, we found that the median titers were significantly higher (P < 0.001; Mann–Whitney rank sum test) in patients with leukemia (6561.00 copies/ ml). In this study, patients with EBV+ leukemic lymphomas in different age ranges were as follows: 23 (17.7%) of 75 for age range 1-9 years, 19 (14.6%) of 32 for 10-19 years, and 2 (1.5%) of 2 for 20-29 years,6 (4.6%) of 8 for 30-39 years, 4 (3.1%) of 4 for 40-39 years, 7 (5.4%) of 9 for 50-80 years. Eighty-eight pediatric patients that underwent chemotherapy treatment at RICK comprised the ALL study group. The plasma cell-free EBV DNA was successfully detected in12 (31.5%) of 38 complete remission (CR(1), 12 (42.8%) of 28 complete remission (CR(2), 5(38.4%) of 13 complete remission (CR(3) and 4 (30.7%) of 13 follow-up(Figure 4).
Table 1: The plasma cell-free EBV-DNA levels in healthy controls and leukemic Patients.
|Leukemic and control groups
|EBV viral load in terms of copies/cell
|Total of patients
|Positive control (NPC, BL, HL)
|Negative control
|Total of copies
A defining feature of herpesviruses is their ability to maintain a latent infection with the virus genome retained in host cells without production of infectious virions. EBV targets B lymphocytes through the CD21 receptor and establishes a latent infection both in vivo and in vitro [23]. In recent years some convincing leads have been obtained on a causal relationship between EBV and a variety of childhood leukemia. EBV can be considered as the prototype of oncogenic viruses that behave as direct transforming agents. In fact, in classical EBV-associated tumors, the virus genome is present in virtually all neoplastic cells, which show the expression of viral RNAs and proteins that variously contribute to the induction of the transformed phenotype. On the basis of these features and of the strict association with distinct tumor types, EBV has been classified as a group I carcinogen. The presence of this herpesvirus has been variably detected in a broad spectrum of other tumors for which a causal role of EBV seems unlikely. These tumors include also chronic lymphocytic leukemia, yet the authors reviewed data suggesting a possible role of EBV as a direct or micro-environmental progression factor in a fraction of CLL [24]. Leukemia, like other cancers, results from somatic mutations in the DNA. Certain mutations produce leukemia by activating oncogenes or deactivating tumor suppressor genes, and thereby disrupting the regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. These mutations may occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to radiation or carcinogenic substances, and are likely to be influenced by genetic factors [25]. Among adults, the known causes are natural and artificial ionizing radiation, a few viruses such as Human T-lymphotropic virus, Epstein-Bar virus, Cytomegalovirus and some chemicals, notably benzene and alkylating chemotherapy agents for previous malignancies [26].The results of our study revealed some connection between plasma cell-free EBV DNA levels and the leukemia in Sudanese patients. The results were correlated with those of [8,9,27,28] but not Tedeschi R [13]. Ahmed [8], observed that EBV LMP1 gene transcriptional activity was in a significant proportion of Sudanese patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. They suggested that EBV may be a factor involved in the high incidence of paediatric leukemia in the Sudan. Matti [9] in Finland, identified a link between maternal EBV reactivation and the development of ALL in offspring. The paucity of such important information prompted us to perform a serial analysis of circulating EBV DNA levels at multiple time points during treatment using real-time quantitative PCR assay. These reports is supported by our findings, and the incidence of EBV in pediatric leukemia in the Sudan might be higher than this because we only detected BNRF1 gene, which could probably detect the majority of cases associated with EBV. Our samples were taken from patients receiving treatment, so the EBV viral load levels might decline to 0 copies\cell after completion of radiotherapy even in cases of cancers already known that the EBV is the causative agent like NPC [29,30]. Furthermore, [31] reported that all patients who responded to therapy demonstrated a significant reduction of plasma EBV DNA to low or undetectable levels, whereas in patients with ineffective therapy, disease progression was associated with a rapid increase in plasma EBV DNA levels [31]. The disagreement might be due to the differences in the source of the cell-free EBV DNA and the differences in the type of samples that selected for the individual studies.
In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that plasma cell-free EBV DNA is a highly specific marker for a screening and diagnosis of EBV-associated diseases. The feasibility of using quantitative analysis to determine the possible relationship between the clinical outcome and the level of plasma cell-free EBV DNA are warranted features in childhood ALL. Further investigation on the link between maternal EBV reactivation and the development of ALL in offspring needs to be explored. Neither latent infection nor congenital infection could be excluded.
This study was approved by Sudan Medical Specialization Ethics Review Board, Sudan.
The authors are very grateful to all the patients for their co-operation. This work was supported by grants from the National Ribat University College of Medical Laboratories Sciences.
Authors' contributions
HEM carried out the study and participated in the statistical analysis and procedures. AES, MYE and MEH carried out the practical part of the study. SKK and IMO coordinated and participated in the design of the study, statistical analysis and the drafting of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final version.
Competing interests
The authors have stated that they have no conflicts of interest.
- Bacher U, Haferlach T, Schnittger S, Weiss T, Burkhard O, et al. (2010) Detection of a t(4;14)(p16;q32) in two cases of lymphoma showing both the immunophenotype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 200: 170-174.
- Gross TG, Steinbusch M, DeFor T, Shapiro RS, McGlave P, et al. (1999) B cell lymphoproliferative disorders following hematopoetic stem cell transplantation: risk factors, treatment and outcome. Bone Marrow Transpl 23: 251-258.
- Micallef INM, Chhanabhai M, Gascoyne RD, Shephard JD, Fung HC, et al. (1998) Lymphoproliferative disorders following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: the Vancouver experience. Bone Marrow Transpl 22: 981-987.
- Lucas KG, Small TN, Heller G, Dupont B, O'Reilly RJ (1996) The development of cellular immunity to Epstein-Barr virus after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 87: 2594-2603. [crossref]
- R Tedeschi, J Dillner, P De Paoli (1996) Antibody responses to defined epitopes in the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1-encoded transactivator protein among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 3: 363–364.
- Klein G (1998) EBV and B cell lymphomas. In: Herpesviruses and Immunity (ed. by PG Medveczky, H Friedman, M Bendinelli), pp. 163-190. Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis. Plenum Press, New York, USA
- Hoffbrand AV, Moss PAH, Pettit JE (2006) "Essential Haematology", Blackwell, 5th ed.
- Ahmed HG, Osman SI, Ashankyty IM (2012) Incidence of Epstein-Barr virus in pediatric leukemia in the Sudan. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 12: 127-131. [crossref]
- Matti L, Rosamaria T, Aini B, Helga M. Ögmundsdottir, et al. (2006) "Activation of Maternal Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Risk of Acute Leukemia in the Offspring" American Journal of Epidemiology 165: 134-137.
- Chen XQ, Stroun M, Magnenat JL, Nicod LP, Kurt AM, et al. (1996) Microsatellite alterations in plasma DNA of small cell lung cancer patients. Nature Medicine 2: 1033-1035.
- Frickhofen N, Müller E, Sandherr M, Binder T, Bangerter M, et al. (1997) Rearranged Ig heavy chain DNA is detectable in cell-free blood samples of patients with B-cell neoplasia. Blood 90: 4953-4960. [crossref]
- Nawroz H, Koch W, Anker P, Stroun M, Sidransky D (1996) Microsatellite alterations in serum DNA of head and neck cancer patients. Nat Med 2: 1035-1037. [crossref]
- Tedeschi R, Luostarinen T, Marus A, Bzhalava D, Ogmundsdottir HM, et al. (2009) No risk of maternal EBV infection for childhood leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18: 2790-2792. [crossref]
- Masao O, Takako SR, et al. (2011) "High Incidence of Cytomegalovirus, Human Herpesvirus-6, and Epstein–Barr Virus Reactivation in Patients Receiving Cytotoxic Chemotherapy for Adult T Cell Leukemia" Journal of Medical Virology 83: 702–709.
- Hubert GM Niesters, Joost van Esser, Edwin Fries, Katja C Wolthers, Jan Cornelissen, et al. (2000) Development of a Real-Time Quantitative Assay for Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus. J Clin Microbiol 38: 712–715.
- Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM (1964) Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphma. Lancet 283: 702–703.
- Kieff E, Rickinson AB (2001) Epstein-Barr virus and its replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, LambRA, Martin MA, Roizman B, et al., editor. Fields virology,4th ed., Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2511-2573.
- Macsween KF, Crawford DH (2003) Epstein-Barr virus-recent advances. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 131-140. [crossref]
- Kobbervig C, Norback D, Kahl B (2003) Infectious mononucleosis progressing to fatal malignant lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature. Leuk Lymphoma 44: 1215-1221. [crossref]
- Chan KC, Lo YM (2002) Circulating EBV DNA as a tumor marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 12: 489-496. [crossref]
- Boulter AW, Soltanpoor N, Swan AV, Birnbaum W, Johnson NW, et al. (1996) Risk factors associated with Epstein-Barr virus replication in oral epithelial cells of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 10: 935-940.
- Young LS, Murray PG (2003) Epstein-Barr virus and oncogenesis: from latent genes to tumours. Oncogene 22: 5108-5121. [crossref]
- Paul A Hopwood, J Alero Thomas, Dorothy H Crawford (2002) Expansion in scid mice of Epstein–Barr virus-associated post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease biopsy material. J Gen Virol 83: 173-178.
- Dolcetti R, Carbone A (2010) Epstein-Barr virus infection and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a possible progression factor? Infect Agent Cancer 5: 22. [crossref]
- Lesty C, Baudet S, Charlotte F (2010) A study of bone marrow neoangiogenesis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 32: 11-23. [crossref]
- Leonard, Barry (1998). Leukemia: A Research Report. DIANE Publishing. pp. 14
- Lu Y, Sun LR, Pang XY, Lu ZH, Sui AH, et al. (2007) [Infection status and clinical significance of Epstein-Barr virus in pediatric leukemia---a report of 35 cases]. Ai Zheng 26: 54-57. [crossref]
- Sehgal S, Mujtaba S, Gupta D, Aggarwal R, Marwaha RK, et al. (2010) High incidence of Epstein Barr virus infection in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia: a preliminary study. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 53: 63-67. [crossref]
- Jian-Yong Shao, Yu-Hong Li, Hong-Yi Gao, Qiu-Liang Wu, Nian-Ji Cui, et al. (2004) Comparison of Plasma Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) DNA Levels and Serum EBV Immunoglobulin A/Virus Capsid Antigen Antibody Titers in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. American Cancer Society.
- Somjin C, Danai T, Ekapob S (2008) Quantitative Detection of Plasma Cell-free Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients by Real-time PCR. Thi cancer j 28.
- Kenny IK Lei, Lisa YS Chan, Wing Y Chan, Philip J Johnson, YM, et al. (2000) Quantitative analysis of circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA levels in patients with EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies. British Journal of Haematology 111: 239-246.
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Objectives
- Materials and Methods
- Detection of Plasma Cell-free EBV DNA
- Quantitative EBV-specific PCR
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements


text:
Ookla: Ignore AT&T's claims, its 5G-E network isn't so impressive
Internet testing company Ookla has criticised AT&T's boasts about its controversial '5G-E' network.
5G-E is AT&T's rebranding of its LTE-Advanced network and has been criticised for being misleading. AT&T defends its decision on the grounds that it will form a fundamental part of its 5G network.
Last week, AT&T issued a press release claiming its 5G-E network delivered the "fastest wireless network in the nation".
AT&T cited speed test results from Ookla to back up its claim, but Ookla claims the results don't necessarily paint the full picture.
The operator's network did come out top with an average download speed of 34.65 Mbps in Q1 2019, while Verizon (33.07 Mbps) and Sprint (31.21 Mbps) fell just behind.
However, AT&T only recently hit the top spot after being in third place in the previous quarter. As the Verge noted, this is likely due to being "far slower to adopt the newer LTE technologies (things like MIMO—multiple antennas arrays—and carrier aggregation) than its competitors were."
One claim by AT&T in particular, that in the last week of Q1 it hit an average download of 40.7 Mbps, was called out by Ookla.
Ookla notes that iOS 12.2 rolled out that week containing the 5G-E icon. This would have prompted users to run speed tests on their devices which skewed the results in AT&T's favour.
In a blog post, Ookla wrote:
"In the final week of Q1, we also observed an increase in faster tests taken on AT&T's network. Upon investigation, we discovered that this correlated with the release of iOS 12.2 and the roll out of AT&T's 5G E icon.
We also found that the increase in tests was coming from device models that would have started to display the 5G E icon, such as the newer generations of iPhone (XR, XS Max, XS, X, 8, 8 Plus), indicating that consumers were seeing the new icon and taking a test to see what speeds they were getting."
Ookla goes on to say these discrepancies is why it does not make conclusions based on less than a quarter's results.
However, even with that final week removed, AT&T's network was just about the fastest. All of the nation's big four are close in terms of average performance with no standout leader(s).
Sprint is currently in the process of suing AT&T over its 'misleading' 5G-E branding.
Interested in hearing industry leaders discuss subjects like this? Attend the co-located IoT Tech Expo, Blockchain Expo, AI & Big Data Expo, and Cyber Security & Cloud Expo World Series with upcoming events in Silicon Valley, London, and Amsterdam.
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Posted on September 11, 2017
Tales from the Borderlands – for fans and newcomers alike
We wandered through an exquisite Telltale rendition of the already colourful world of Borderlands, and could not ask for a better way to spend five entertaining evenings.
Since every Telltale game is heavy on the narrative – much like the relationship between my morning sandwich and a five-pound jar of Nutella – there's not much I can give away without entering Spoilerlands.
But I can assure you it was a fun and interactive ride for both myself – a 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-hand amateur in Borderlands lore – and my significant other, who has a soft spot for flawed, multifaceted characters and tear-jerking cliffhangers, but who otherwise has never heard of anything related to Gearbox' opus.
But don't take my word for it.
Have your interest piqued with a smidgen of playthrough material, or even watch the five episodes in ten hours or less.
And if you really could not give a skag's ass, at least have the most eloquent, heart-wrenching philosophical musing of the entire game elate you with its powerful message.


text:
In today's program, Dr. Reminga from Northern Foot Care Center, talks about children's feet and offers some helpful guidance for parents. When considering the health of their children, parents do everything they can to help them grow up healthy and strong. Parents get their children vaccinated, take them to the dentist and optometrist, and they do their best to ensure their kids eat a nutritious diet to help them grow but... what about the important role foot health plays in their overall development? This is an important question and one Dr. Reminga will answer in this program. Another question he Dr. Reminga answers is in regards to the term "growing pains". This term is widely overused and there is no evidence that links this term to a child's growth.
Children's feet drastically change during their developmental years. A child's body is in a constant state of change as they mature and the feet are no different. The greatest changes in foot growth occur in the first 3 years of a child's life. Children's feet are developing at a rapid rate and need specialized care and attention as a result. Remember... the foot is a complex structure comprised of 26 bones. Together, the feet contain more than a quarter of all the bones in your body. These bones are designed to support the entire body, adapt to uneven surfaces, absorb shock, and carry our bodies over a lifetime.
Dr. Reminga treats children regularly in his office at Northern Foot Care Center. He says, "When a parent brings their child into my office, they are often directed by their own good judgement and instincts. Way too often, I've heard parents say that they've been told... Not to worry... their child will "grow out of" foot or ankle pain and they should just write it off as "growing pains". This is a dangerous statement and one that should never be said."
Listen to today's program to find out more about your child's feet and the importance of early detection when it comes to their foot and ankle pain.I NOW know you do that!
Dr. Daniel Reminga's Weekly Radio Show "Your Feet Your Health" airs every Wednesday at 10 am & 5 pm on WKMJ 93.5FM, WMPL 920AM, WUPY 101.1FM radio. Listen to past recordings here.


text: Cory Schmidt - October 25, 2017 Power-Fishing for Predatory Fish A short walk from shore, amid underwater fields of large- and clasping-leaf pondweed, one of the coolest early ice bites for imposing, razor-toothed animals awaits. When you arrive each winter and realize you're the first angler to cut holes, you feel a little disoriented and a bit wiser. You get the feeling that after at least a month without seeing lures, pike and walleyes stalking the vegetation might be ready to bite any lure you drop down the hole.It's rarely that easy. And so you're faced with the dilemma of either drilling a trapline of holes to find fish — inviting unwanted attention from drive-bys — or selectively cutting holes here and there. More and more, I've opted for the latter, having experienced the angst of angler encroachment into holes I've drilled, not 15 feet from my position. Photo: Bill Linder Photography On many lakes, individual pike and walleyes seem to establish a temporary feeding area on a larger shallow flat, point, or other structure. Drop a camera into the midst of vegetation in 12 feet of water and you often come nose-to-nose with a threatening pike. The fish swims along the periphery of your position for several minutes until drifting off into the distance. Five minutes later, it's back, stalking, circling, and eventually disappearing completely, likely off to its next hunting grounds. Within this behavioral framework, individual pike, walleyes, and muskies exhibit somewhat divergent patterns. Some fish linger in an area for an hour or more. Others work a more extensive route, often across multiple miles before returning to where you originally found them. In essence, some fish work the same milk route, daily or weekly. Loosely associated schools of larger walleyes tend to swim on and off an edge, as opposed to lingering on shallow flats for long periods. Sizable fish seem to move up into shallow vegetation or onto the rock-capped crown of a point, work a section of turf, and then move back off the drop-off before repeating the route, perhaps three or more times per day.In terms of pike location, panfish are a decisive draw. When you're focused on catching crappies and bluegills, you frequently resent the presence of a menacing predator. But fishing around these panfish schools — even in community holes — can be the best way to connect with a sizable pike, muskie, or bass.Panfish hold where they do for a reason. Abrupt transitions between low-growing plants and tall pondweed, small clearings within dense vegetation, or a patch of impenetrable stalks attract panfish seeking to escape. Fish cribs placed in featureless lakes are hotspots, too. All these spots provide opportunities for pike (and muskies) to ambush prey. Find a sizable bluegill school and you've also located a prime spot for big pike.Tracking Bogeys In shallow water, an underwater camera remains an essential scouting tool. I like to drop the lens through every hole, hoping to spot a bogey — large, lone-wolf predators working shallow cover. Once found, they can nearly always be convinced to bite. And often the best way to catch them is to stalk them with a camera.When I'm fishing with friends, we often set up on a shallow flat with nearby access to the deep edge. A few deadsticks or tip-ups with 4- to 6-inch chubs flag any fish in the vicinity. It's good to save some big chubs left over from fall, or grab a few dozen from the baitshop if they're still available. There is no better bait — natural or artificial — for attracting big predators.While chubs soak and serve decoy duty, I go in search of bogeys. I wear my underwater camera — an Aqua-Vu Micro — around my neck, tucked inside a fitted softcase. I can quickly dip the optics and view the screen. The portable, wearable camera allows me to carry a sonar and jigging rod. I've managed to lighten my load further by powering a Raymarine sonar-mapping unit with a feather-light lithium-ion battery instead of those brick-like 12-volt gel cells. Together, these tactical gear mods spell unprecedented mobility and more fish located, iced, and released. Predator Calls Given the small selection of predator-specific ice baits, one plan is to become skilled with a single lure at a time, mastering its subtleties until you feel confident with it. Power-fishing for predatory fish on ice reminds me of muskie fishing — the best, most successful anglers often wield a single lure all day long, building confidence with each successive cast and hook-set.On ice, you've got the archetypal Jigging Rap and a handful of dandy bladebaits like the Sebile Vibrato and Damiki Vortex — all capable of producing big bites. Ice crankbaits including the Salmo Chubby Darter and Livetarget Golden Shiner put off moves that seemingly spellbind all fish-eating species on any water.A custom 42- or 45-inch Thorne Bros Professional Plus rod is a great tool for working 3/8- to 1-ounce lures, hole hopping on prime spots. These blanks offer a fine balance of power and give (shock absorption) with a sufficiently stiff tip to impart precise micro moves to heavier jigging lures. The firm graphite tip also is sensitive, compared to many other blanks on the market with tips that fold under just the weight of a lure — something that shouldn't happen unless you're deadsticking. A 42-, 45-, or 48-inch rod can be thrust down the hole during powerful predator runs to protect line from jagged ice edges.Longer rods have been rare among most brands' lineups. I haven't yet fished Tuned Up Custom Rods' 38-inch TUCR Admiral, purported to be sufficiently built for lake trout, pike, and large walleyes. I love the split-grip concept, something I've tested in earlier versions of Eagle Claw ice rods. Tuned Up Rods are gaining a larger following each winter and I'm anxious to fish one this season.For the past decade, put a Thorne Bros Professional Plus and a #6 Chubby Darter in my hands and I fish with confidence. I know a few lakes where I've caught substantial predatory fish, all on the same Darter and on the same day. Besides a big lively chub, I've never seen an ice lure so strongly compel big fish to investigate. The Chubby Darter, designed by In-Fisherman digital editor Jeff Simpson, usually keeps big fish around long enough to provide you with the opportunity to set hooks. Closing the deal most often occurs as you hold the bait steady, giving it little nervous quivers, hovering just above eye level of a big walleye or pike.Simpson says the key to triggering strikes lies in your reactions once an interested fish appears. "When you spot a fish on sonar," he says, "realize it doesn't take much rod tip movement to get the lure's tail to move. The slightest shake is often all you need to trigger a strike."Even if you try to stop it from moving, it's nearly impossible to hold the lure still, Simpson says. "If subtle shakes don't work, I often slowly start lifting it away, sometimes increasing the speed of my take-away to trigger strikes. I think it works so well because fish instinctively believe an easy meal is escaping. And when they bite, they absolutely crush it," he says.I've noticed walleyes like to bite the Chubby Darter at its apex, after I've worked it several feet up in the water column, often quivering it as it rises. Walleyes also tag the Darter as it's descending with its subtle wobble, swimming slightly head-down on the drop. You do this on nearly slack line, using something like 8-pound Sufix Invisiline Ice fluorocarbon for bite detection, abrasion resistance, and shock absorption.I think fluoro is the definitive ice line. Problem is, like most ice-rod builders, few line-makers seem to acknowledge that ice anglers might occasionally need 10-pound line or heavier. For 1/2-ounce and heavier lures and big pike, walleyes, and lakers, I spool a Shimano Stradic 2500/Professional Plus combo with 10-pound Seaguar AbrazX Ice — a tough fluoro that fishes beautifully on spinning tackle. It feels substantial yet fishes sensitively in deep water. Plus it gives me assurance it'll hold up when a power run scrapes line across the bottom of the hole.More and more in recent winters, this second combo is rigged with a Vibrations Tackle Echotail, which has proven its mettle with lake trout and pike. The Echotail couples the flash and vibration of a bladebait with the subtle pulsing thump and soft texture of a curlytail or other soft-plastic tail. I like the smaller 1/4- and 3/8-ounce Echotails, even for larger pike, which at times can surprise you with their preferences for dainty meals.Working an Echotail or other blade effectively isn't much different than how you fish a Darter. Lift the bait with short, fast strokes, feeling for just two or three rapid blade thumps. Big rips are mostly a no-no, especially once you've attracted a fish. Let the blade flutter back, stopping just a hair above bottom, and hold it steady for several seconds before repeating the short fast stroke. The pause is frequently the trigger — that's when a walleye, pike, or laker dashes in and strikes. If a fish swims in but hesitates, try the gentle shake-and-rise approach, focusing on imparting action to the soft plastic tail, rather than shimmering the blade itself. Subtle is best.Vibrations Tackle packages some Echotails with Kalin's grubs — among the softest and most lively curlytails available. Some of the newer UV-enhanced versions of the lures also come with tapered straight tails. Lake trout love this shape and its action, though for pike and walleyes, I prefer a grub or small paddletail swimbait, such as a Z-Man SlimSwimZ (you can mix and match most any tail). Another tweak is to clip your line to one of the rear-most ties on the Echotail, using a tiny snap. The rear eyelets make the lure swim more head-down while producing perhaps a deeper thump on the upstroke.Vibrations Tackle owner Justin Blanchar says that some of his customers have done well replacing the softbait tail with a live minnow, inserting the keeper into the bait's mouth or nose-hooking it on the tail treble. With bladebaits, Chubby Darters, and Jigging Raps, I replace factory trebles with Mustad #4 or #6 Triple Grips. These hooks have points that turn inward, so you pierce and hold a higher percentage of fish — particularly with heavier lures such as the #7 and #9 Jigging Rap. These hooks save you some angst around the hole, where fish often work free.For pike, tie a 2-foot leader of 6- or 12-pound 7-strand Knot2Kinky wire to the lure. Six-pound holds up well for pike to about 10 pounds, while 12 fishes more naturally with lures 1/2 ounce and heavier and holds up to trophy pike. Build your own leaders, connecting fluoro mainline to wire with a ball bearing swivel. I tie wire directly to the lure with a clinch knot or perfection loop.Soft Swimming Minnows A lot of us have been anticipating the day when a creative company might take the balanced swimming lure category to the next level. I knew I was looking at this concept when pro angler Steve Pennaz and Berkley's Jeremy Albright showed me the Snap Jig. Recognizing the power and increased prominence of plastics in ice fishing, Berkley designers created a swimming, gliding, darting jig, enabling the angler to customize it with various softbaits."The Snap Jig takes the concept of a gliding, swimming ice lure and adds the versatility of soft plastics or livebait," says Pennaz, host of Stone Cold Fishing TV. It's simple to rig, has an effective bait-keeper, and offers superb hookup ratios. Most of the fish I've caught with it, including walleyes, engulf the entire thing. The jig has a single wide-gap hook, and a secondary eye attached to its gliding tail that accepts a stinger or treble hook, or small blade."The bait's glide is impressive, he says. The 1/4- and 3/8-ounce Snap Jig fishes lighter than lures like a #7 or #9 Jigging Rap, so it planes well away from center on the drop. The beauty of this jig, too, is that it fishes like a chameleon — changing action, glide, and darting motion depending on which softbait you attach. Albright says the Snap Jig pairs perfectly with a 4-inch PowerBait MaxScent Flatnose Minnow, a new super-scented, extra-soft fluke bait. I also envision fishing the Snap Jig with Berkley's Twitch Tail Minnow and Z-Man's SlimSwimZ paddletail.Another amazing swimmer with potential is the Lucky John Maiko, a Japanese swimming lure that fishes a little like a vertical jerkbait. Slightly longer than a #9 Jigging Rap, the size 79 Maiko also weighs about a quarter of an ounce less, yet offers a thicker body. Its swim tail is intriguing, as it angles slightly upward, as opposed to other swimmers with down-angled tails.Drop the Maiko down an ice hole and it rolls and swims like something alive. It glides a foot or more horizontally for every foot it descends — a function of its reversed tail and reduced weight. The upturned tail also causes the Maiko to plane to the side when you jig it, working somewhat like a crankbait in reverse — diving slightly shallower rather than deeper. This is an amazing, unique bait — the first lure I tie on when the ice is thick enough to walk on. With any luck, my friends and I will once again have that same early ice bite all to ourselves.*In-Fisherman Field Editor Cory Schmidt, Brainerd, Minnesota, is an avid ice angler and an industry insider, always at the forefront of lure development. Get Your Fish On. Plan your next fishing and boating adventure here. GET THE NEWSLETTER Join the List and Never Miss a Thing. Sign Me Up


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|07 Sep 2016
BSOD while playing games
Hi everyone! So for the past month i have been experiencing BSOD very often(2-3 times a day) and i have no clue why is that. Its happening either while i am playing games or if i have multiple tabs open on the browser.
I was getting a bit frustrated since i don't know what is causing it and started cleaning my computer from viruses and updating all of my drivers. Still no luck with that so i came here for some help. It also seems to be limiting my internet performance and that is quite worrying too.
My system after the BSOD always starts with the message "Windows recovered from an unexpected shut down" when i boot up. This is the error message:
Windows has recovered from an unexpected shutdown
Problem signature:
Problem Event Name: BlueScreen
OS Version: 6.1.7601.2.1.0.256.1
Locale ID: 1033
Additional information about the problem:
BCCode: 4e
OS Version: 6_1_7601
Service Pack: 1_0
Product: 256_1
I would appreciate some help. Thanks.
|My System Specs
|07 Sep 2016
Windows 10 Pro. 64/ version 1709 Windows 7 Pro/64
Welcome to our forum 1ntu.
You have a problem with proper activation.
You have a Asus Product ID on a MSI system.
From your log.
Product ID: 00426-OEM-8992662-00173
Original Install Date: 04-Apr-16, 8:54:20 AM
System Boot Time: 07-Sep-16, 11:42:43 AM
System Manufacturer: MSI
System Model: MS-7788
System Type: x64-based PC
Processor(s): 1 Processor(s) Installed.
[01]: Intel64 Family 6 Model 42 Stepping 7 GenuineIntel ~2900 Mhz
BIOS Version: American Megatrends Inc. V1.6, 17-Apr-12
Your installation of Windows 7 Ultimate appears to be counterfeit.
Problem is easy to solve.
Install a proper Windows 7 with a matching proper COA key and then activate.
Once done are very busy BSOD Team can lend a hand with any BSOD problems that you still might have.
|My System Specs
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IBERCOOK Fun Food expands its retail assortment
New on our portfolio, rolls and mini rolls with sweet and sour sauce
Ibercook fun food is the CONGALSA's porduct assortment to enjoy at home food. New proposals that maintain the commitment of all our ranges: maximum quality of raw materials and a rigorous production process. In our commitment to new and better foods to enjoy at home, we include products adapted to the current lifestyle. Nutritionally balanced and tasty dishes, in practical formats that make cooking and consumption easy. A selection of snacks and main dishes that launches, this time, two new references in the appetizers section: spring rolls and mini spring rolls. Both suitable for vegans, a category increasingly demanded by consumers and whose growth mantain a firm upward trend.
- Spring rolls, a thin and crispy wafer stuffed with vegetables, in a 6-piece case that includes a delicious sweet&sour sauce true to the authentic asian cuisine.
- Mini spring rolls, stuffed with tender vegetables and mushrooms, available is a 20-piece case with sweet&sour sauce perfect for dipping; the perfect way to make a fun and surprising snacking at home, with family or friends.
A range of household food solutions
CONGALSA's Ibercook fun food range for retail, already includes some of the most successful references in the Spanish market:
- Egg battered hake; 100% hake fillet skinless and boneless, made with MSC raw material from sustainable fishing with a crunchy and golden batter suitable for cooking in the oven.
- Anchovy tempura; a delicious blue fish, ideal for children, with a light crunchy batter, perfect as a starter or main course.
- Beef turnovers and chicken tex mex turnovers; an original flavor for a favourite classic family dish, made with a crunchy pastry. Perfect for baking.
- Battered shrimp tail on; a classic Spanish dish, "gabardine prawn", made with a juicy and golden batter. Perfect to delight friends and family with a tasty appetizer.
- Mini salmon fingers; made with 100% salmon Salar fillet skinless and boneless, and a surprising puffed rice flakes batter for a super crunchy bite.


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Dates, although very high in calories contain a great dose of antioxidants, vital nutrients, and fiber. Research has shown beneficial health effects after consuming 3 dates each day over a regular period.
So, what is in a date which could change your life? six items that will happen to the body of yours in case you've three dates one day over a long time!
Improved Digestive Health
In order to keep your digestive system moving, you require fiber and dates offer a proper shot of it! Regularly dosing the body of yours with fiber helps keep a proper digestive system, promote frequent bowel movements, great stool consistency, preventing hemorrhoids and constipation. They may be little fruits but they are large in benefits!
In case you would like to keep things inside your digestive system moving along great and regularly, dates are the thing to accomplish that. In only a one cup serving or maybe dates, you are going to get twelve grams of fiber. That is forty eight percent of the recommended daily intake of yours!
The proper amounts and right fiber types might benefit the digestive health of yours by preventing constipation and encouraging regular bowel movements. And dates are almost certainly the right fiber type to complete job. In reality, a study published within the British Journal of Nutrition discovered that individuals who consumed seven dates each day for twenty one days showed changes in an increase and stool frequency in bowel movements compared to when they didn't consume dates.
Reduced Colon cancer Risk
The Department of Nutritional Sciences and Food noted that dates treat and improve colon health as their attributes promote great bacteria growth. This inhibits the improvement of cancer cells within the colon. foods that are Beneficial as dates keep the colon totally free from dangerous bacteria.
In addition to ensuring food moves through the digestion system with a great rate, dates also ensure that the gut is free and healthy from dangerous bacteria. When the digestion system and gut are operating well, and then as is the colon, causing a reduced risk of cancer of the colon.
A study conducted by the Department of Nutritional Sciences and Food discovered that people who consumed dates had better colon health because dates enhanced the development of great germs, inhibiting the development of cancer of the colon cells.
You will have fast, long-lasting energy
Dates contain the organic sugars, sugar, fructose and sucrose which will provide you with a quick burst of electricity when you want it. And unlike drinks or energy bars, dates have other healthy elements as antioxidants, vitamins, magnesium, potassium, and fiber which can keep those levels up, as well as not give you very quickly crashing down.
You can be smarter
Dates contain Vitamin B6 that's been found to enhance the functionality of the brain by supporting the body make norepinephrine and serotonin. Serotonin, for turn, regulates disposition and norepinephrine will help your body cope with stress. Conversely, research has proven that lower amounts of Vitamin B6 are connected to depression.
Thus, when your mind is obvious from anxiety, and also in a great mood, then it's ready and sharp to learn and retain info.
Treatment for hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are veins in the anus of yours and rectum which have become swollen and inflamed. This's typically due to constipation that leads to strain in that area during the far end of intestinal tract. This's a terrible and usually rather painful condition which fortunately can be handled and even reversed through an alteration of diet plan to reduce constipation.
Numerous medical professionals suggest a diet very high in fiber, and that includes dates to help you things move along such that your hemorrhoids are able to heal.
The magnesium in dates can help to alleviate pain and swelling. At exactly the same time, it's an antibacterial effect and minimises body infections. Dates are quite a fantastic addition to medicines.
Dates are magnificent and they are great for a lot of issues. Now just be sure your next treat is a date. Or even better, three dates!
Cure a busted center, aka, improve your cardiovascular system
Often all it will take is many dates inside a row over a long period of time to remedy a broken heart.
It is real. The potassium found in this seemingly miraculous small berry have been discovered reducing LDL (bad cholesterol) which causes blockages within the arteries which result in stroke and also even heart attack. A study of older females noted that higher potassium consumption is linked with a reduced risk of stroke and also ischemic mortality and stroke.
Bloodstream vessels
Dates will avoid lime found blood vessels. Excessive lime is able to result in clogged arteries. This boosts the chance of strokes, other diseases, and heart attacks. Eating 3 dates one day is going to make a huge difference!
Studies show that dates help to enhance the liver of yours.
Dates are great for the heart of yours. Since the berry has a great deal of potassium, they're quite powerful with regards to preventing cardiovascular disease. The risk of strokes as well as heart attacks will lessen and at exactly the same time it will reduce LDL cholesterol.
So, invest in a date - even some over a long period - and you are going to find long lasting health which could very well lead to your gladly actually after.


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The branding for non-profit organisation DoYouVolunteer sought to embrace the world, connecting people from all walks of life to volunteering opportunities.
From teaching children English in Vietnam to providing immediate disaster relief in the Philippines, the idea of helping one another as one became the key to the entire brand's language. A vivid touch of lemon-lime suggests its friendly humanitarian initiatives, while the use of various patterns further illustrate the idea of integration as a single community. Recycled paper stocks are used for the stationery deck, reflecting its core value of sustainability.


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Tutor profile: Karina R.
Subject: Spanish
Why do you really need to learn Spanish?
Spanish is one of the three most spoken languages in the world. It is a beautiful language, very different from any other. It is complex but very easy to learn with a little bit of patience. Being bilingual in English and Spanish is one of the biggest advantages anyone could have in the professional world. Mastering the Spanish language allows you to understand the world from a different perspective. It is truly a magical experience to learn and speak Spanish.
Subject: Fashion
How can the fashion industry grow and become better?
The fashion industry can grow and become better by being more inclusive, becoming sustainable, and allowing creative and innovative ideas to take form. For a very long time, this industry has been white and rich-dominated, with very little diversity. For it to grow it has to become an inclusive industry where people of all ethnicities, shapes, genders, and economic backgrounds have a place to succeed. The fashion industry is also the second biggest polluter on the planet. Fast-fashion is killing the Earth. According to the EPA, 13 million textiles are trashed each year in the USA alone. Only 15% of this is donated or recycled. Manufacturing the clothes is also damaging. Dyeing, printing, and bleachings are energy and chemical-intensive stages, as well as cotton production, which is one of the most water-intensive crops – responsible for 2.6 percent of global water use. In order for the fashion industry to become better for all of us, it has to become a sustainable industry. Finally, the fashion industry is full of recycled ideas, recurring trends, and very little creativity just to conform to a standard for selling more. We need new and fresh ideas, inspiration and designs for the industry to continue growing and adapting to the new generations.
Subject: English
What is the importance of mastering the English language?
English is one of the top three most spoken languages in the world. Mastering the English language will open a lot of doors in the academic and professional worlds. It is a language that everyone should know, understand, write, read and speak fluently because it is a universal language.
Contact tutor
needs and Karina will reply soon.


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And Get
If you are planning to get ride of your old laptop or smartphone in this year, you came to the right place! Just exchange them to new one.
Reviews of the products sold on AMAZON INDIA
And Get
If you are planning to get ride of your old laptop or smartphone in this year, you came to the right place! Just exchange them to new one.
One of my cousin sister contacted me for laptop recommendation. She is doing a Bachelor of Design (Fashion Design) [B.Des. (FD)] in Manipal Academy of Higher Education. She wanted high performing laptop for graphic design. When she searched in the market, she found that such laptops are priced around Rs 70,000 plus. But her budget was Rs 40,000. When I told her to buy used one, her mother was against it as she had a hard time with used things. So, she wanted a new laptop for photo editing under 30,000 or 40,000 maximum amount.
So I have started searching the market but I failed to find any. So I have decided to build it or you can say customize the laptop. She already had a Sony laptop with Intel i3 processor which had many issues like there was a line on the screen, laptop performance was slow, the laptop battery was almost dead, the keyboard was not working etc. So as Amazon India had an exchange offer for laptops, I recommended exchanging her old laptop for new one.
In short, I have bought her an i5 processor laptop for Rs 40,000 which was with 4gb ram, GeForce 940MX Dedicated Graphics by exchanging her old sony laptop. I got around Rs 6,500 for her old laptop as a discount for buying a new one. So the new notebook cost her only around Rs 34,000.
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Please check below video to know how I have fixed them in laptop and other important information which will make a laptop performance very high which normally get it onnotebook which cost you Rs 70,000 plus.
If you have any questions, Please leave a comment on that video.
If you have personal computer or laptop, you know how important keyboard and mouse is. This Gamdias ARES-GKC 100 is perfect no only for gaming, but very convenient for a daily user.
With special dedicated hotkeys like My computer, home, email, search, calculater, play/puse and many other key's which makes life easy. Very smooth key board with mouse both of them looks very modern. Worth buying for gamer or for every everyday users. Before buying, please check the pictures attached with this review.


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Resilient Individuals: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Rights National Consultation Report was officially launched today by Attorney-General Senator the Hon George Brandis.
The report recommends urgent law reform at all levels of government, and outlines new initiatives of the Australian Human Rights Commission on sexual orientation, gender identity and intersex rights.
The report followed an extensive consultation across Australia looking at the issues faced by Australians based on their sexual orientation, gender identity and intersex status.
In the survey of more than 1500 people, almost 75 per cent of reported experiencing some type of bullying, harassment or violence on the bases of their gender identity or sexual orientation; and almost 90 per cent reported knowing someone who had experienced bullying, harassment or violence.
The report makes a number of recommendations for law reform at the state and territory level, notably addressing the inconsistency in State-based anti-discrimination laws. At a federal level it recommends amendment of the Marriage Act 1961 (Cth) to equally recognise the partnership of two adult persons regardless of gender; and for alternative options to be identified to enable children under the age of 18 to access hormone treatment, rather than requiring a Family Court Order.
For more information or to read the report visit the Australian Human Rights Commission's website.
You can watch the live launch on YouTube.


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Mumbai. On the occasion of Diwali, famous beauty product brand "Gora Gori" has launched its new fairness cream, "Fire & Lovely", which is capable of making a user sparkle like phuljhari in only a minute.
"Unlike other beauty products that promise fairness in weeks, Fire & Lovely provides instant glow in a minute, and a glow that can light up the neighborhood," company's CEO Anil Agrawal said at product launch on Diwali eve.
The product launch saw the CEO switching off the lights to ensure complete darkness in the hall, followed by models who applied cream on their face, thus illuminating the hall.
When asked why were they promoting a fairness cream when it's supposed to be a regressive product, the CEO said, "See, if you are progressive, you can treat this cream as a eco-friendly Diwali cracker."
Early reports suggest that the product is receiving rave reviews.
"This fills us with confidence, saves electricity, and of course, eco-friendly Diwali," said a dedicated fan of Gora Gori.
Some of over enthusiastic and innovative users have even found a way to use the cream as a replacement of crackers. Colony members of Adarsh Nagar, Delhi have applied the cream on body of colony children and organized a sport event in park to generate cracker effect.
"Put them on merry go round, you will get the feeling of Charkhi, make them run in a race, you will get feeling of rocket, and phuljhari it already is," explained a colony member.


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OK got it.
The online light calculation is only for a quick calculation. It doesn't necessarily give binding results.


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"Whatever you study, it doesn't matter. What you are at the end of the day, that matters."
~ Miss Ilma
~ Media Ethics tutor
~ 24/2/2011
*Wah!! so ada umpph la!!
Tomorrow is the day – GE13 - Tomorrow is the day – GE13 I can choose to be quiet but there are things that I fear if I don't say it, I will live in regret for the rest of my life. ...
6 years ago


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TN Supreme Court: It's the number of crimes, not the number of guns used, that counts
Fifty-four years after the nation's highest court ruled an accused citizen should not stand alone against a well-funded government bent on taking away liberty and even life, a task force has reached an unpalatable conclusion – justice is too often measured in Tennessee's courtrooms by the size of one's wallet. A task force appointed by the Tennessee Supreme Court at the behest of then-Chief Justice Sharon Lee released its findings Monday on the state of the state's system of providing attorneys for those unable to shell out thousands of dollars in legal fees for such things as representation in criminal cases and the protection of both children's and parents' rights in juvenile court proceedings.
The Tennessee Supreme Court is shooting down a legally groundbreaking ruling by a lower court that armed criminals should only pay a single price for using a single gun, no matter how many crimes were committed with that weapon.
The ruling comes in the case of admitted Bloods gang member Lajuan Harbison in the shooting of an innocent Vine Middle School student.
The Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals last year overturned the convictions of Harbison in a September 2012 shootout in the middle of an East Knoxville street. The gun battle, which happened just as classes let out for the day, left one boy wounded and endangered dozens of others.
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In its decision, the court also struck down as flawed the use of a law designed to target gun violence to boost penalties for a single gunman using a single gun to commit more than one crime in a single incident.
One gun, one penalty?
The state legislature in 2007 approved a law designed to target gun violence by making it a separate crime to use a gun in carrying out certain dangerous felonies. Thanks to a legal attack by attorney Gerald Gulley in Harbison's case, the appellate court for the first time since the law passed put the brakes on a practice — widespread in Knox County — of filing repeated charges under that law in a single criminal case.
In an opinion drafted by Appellate Judge D. Kelly Thomas Jr., the mid-level court said its rationale was simple — one gun, one conviction, no matter how many separate crimes the gunman commits or how many people are victimized at one time.
It was not only a landmark decision legally but had great practical impact on prison terms for violent offenders who choose a gun as their weapon. Each conviction under the law in question carries a mandatory six-year sentence. That term must be stacked onto any sentence already being served or the punishment levied for the underlying felony the gun was used to commit.
The state, though, urged Tennessee's high court to weigh in, and the court agreed.
High court: Crimes count, not gun tally
In an unanimous opinion delivered by Justice Sharon Lee, the high court conceded the law itself — employing a firearm during a dangerous felony — didn't address the one-gun, one-penalty debate directly. But Lee mined both the wording of the law and legislators' own words about the law to decide the appellate court got it wrong.
"The state contends the unit of prosecution is each act of employing a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony," Lee wrote. "Harbison contends that the unit of prosecution is the number of firearms used.
"We conclude from the plain language of (the law) that it was the Legislature's intent to punish a defendant for each act of employing or attempt to employ a firearm during the commission of a designated dangerous felony," she continued. "(The law) did not limit the State to charging a single count of employing a firearm if multiple dangerous felonies were committed against multiple victims in a single criminal episode.
"Statements made in Senate and House hearings indicate that (the law) was part of an anti-crime package and 'designed to impose tougher sentences on those who commit crimes using guns,'" the opinion stated.
Knox judge gets high court backing
The high court has reinstated Harbison's gun convictions and also struck down the appellate court's opinion that Knox County Criminal Court Judge Steve Sword was wrong in refusing separate trials for Harbison and his three co-defendants, two of whom were in rival gangs.
There was a fight in the hallway during the trial between rival gang associates. One gang member's mother refused to testify because she was afraid of spectators in the courtroom. Brown's attorney refused to sit between his client and his client's two rivals at the defense table.
The rival gang members on trial pointed fingers of blame at each other. Two rivals testified, allowing prosecutors to bring up a history of violent clashes between the groups.
The mid-level court opined it was a "circus-like" atmosphere that focused jurors not on Harbison's individual guilt but on his gang affiliation.
The Supreme Court rejected that opinion.
"Although the Court of Criminal Appeals indicated that the evidence adduced during the joint trial caused the jury to treat the case as a 'gang shooting' in which the participants were equally guilty, this is speculative; indeed, the trial court recognized this concern and limited the evidence of gang involvement to a few brief references," the court ruled.
The case now returns to Sword's court for re-sentencing.
The ruling comes in a case that arose from a shoot-out among two rival gangs in the middle of the street a block away from Austin-East Magnet High School.
Admitted Crips gang members Carlos Campbell and Laquinton Brown took umbrage at the Vine Middle School student because they believed he flashed a rival Bloods gang sign at them. Testimony showed Brown was confronting the student and a friend when admitted Bloods gang members Harbison and Arterious North drove up.
The two factions began shooting at each other. Only the Vine student was struck.