text:
Gerhard Eckel
GMD - German National
Research Center for Information Technology
Sankt Augustin, Germany
We introduce the generic term musical artifact to describe the different kinds of representations composers use to communicate their music. In this sense, we understand by musical artifact any kind of material outcome or physical trace of the compositional process used for a performance. Traditionally, the musical artifact is a text composed of musical signs generally referred to as musical notation. Since the advent of electronic and computer technology, composers are confronted with significant alternatives to written music. Sound recording, transmission, storage, and reproduction techniques revolutionized the composition, production, distribution, and perception of music.
Technological Musical Artifact
Since about half a century, composers use sound transformation and synthesis techniques to create compositions to be stored directly on magnetic tape or other storage media. In classical electronic music, as it appeared in the middle of our century, the musical text was replaced by the magnetic tape, the first veritable technological musical artifact relevant for our considerations. We employ the attribute technological to underline the fact that the specific characteristics of the artifact are dependent on modern technology (i.e. technology based on electric energy) as opposed to the classical musical artifact, the score, which relies only on older technologies such as writing implement, paper production, and printing machines.
Program Music
With the invention of computers, composers potentially possess an even more interesting means of musical representation: the computer program, so far the most general technological musical artifact known. With the rapid proliferation of computer and network technology in the recent past, the infrastructure necessary to compose and communicate music by means of computer programs is a reality today. Composers use the Internet to distribute compositions represented as computer programs, which permit to generate variants of the music on any computer connected to the network.
Role of the Artifact
We base our observations and interpretations of this development on the notion of the musical artifact because we belief that the characteristics of the representations used to create and communicate music determine to a large extent the possibilities of creation and perception. As a basis for further discussion we shall now review some of the idiosyncrasies of the three already mentioned musical artifacts ó the score, the tape and the program. Our analysis will be rather schematic in the sense that it will concentrate on the prototypical attributes and ignore the many existing hybrid forms of artifacts (e.g. compositions for instruments and tape or life-electronics).
The Score
The characteristic of musical notation most relevant for our discussion is the fact that it is a special kind of text. Composers write scores primarily as a basis for the communication with musicians. The musical text can be understood as an incomplete symbolic representation of the music, which needs to be interpreted by musicians in order to be perceived by the audience. Musical texts need interpretation by specialists mainly for two reasons. Firstly, the text has to be deciphered, i.e. completed by relating it to the current cultural conventions of interpretation. Secondly, the out-of-time textual representation of the music has to be translated into an in-time acoustical representation, i.e. into sound.
Listening versus Reading
The interpretation process is a complex cultural phenomenon based on the physical abilities of the human body, a music education system, instrument building, architecture, the social conventions of music presentation and perception, and many other aspects. Writing music implies taking into account the particularities of the interpretation process, which determine to a large extent how written music can be composed and perceived. Let us retain here a significant difference between the musical and literary text: the former can (generally) not be directly read by the audience whereas the latter (usually) can - the best example being poetry. This is important because although the score is a text, not all possibilities generally associated with the reading process are directly available to the audience. This mainly concerns the ability to freely determine the sequence and tempo of reading. When reading a poem, we decide how fast we read it, how many times we read it and which parts we repeat. Listening to an interpreted musical text is an essentially linear experience whereas reading a poem may have a rather non-linear and exploratory nature.
Open Form
The seemingly banal result of our comparison gains significance when relating it to one of the utopian concepts of twenties century music - the vision of open form. Composers tried to escape the linearity of traditional musical form by creating intentionally ambiguous scores and delegating certain (compositional) decisions to the musicians. As an example we may think of a musical text organized in several threads connected through branching nodes. In a performance the musician is asked to create one "closed" version of the text by realizing a particular reading among the set of possible readings. This ensures that a composition does not have one definite form but rather defines a set of variants, all of which representing valid instances of the piece.
Perception of Openness
The main drawback of this approach is that the audience is not given a real opportunity to experience the openness since it will always be confronted with a "closed" version at a time. Only when listening to several variants in succession, we may gain a glimpse of the formal potential by comparing the variants and by reconstructing the decisions taken by the musician ó a procedure rarely applicable in practice. Thus only musicians may really experience the formal openness of a musical text since they are confronted with the alternatives and can take decisions while playing. This problem may be one of the reasons why the quest for open form is not any longer a main concern among composers today. We will argue later on that employing another type of musical artifact, which may be made directly explorable by the audience, could be a solution to this problem.
The Tape
The magnetic tape allows storing sound signals by translating their temporal structure into a spatial representation. Therefore, sound recorded on tape can be manipulated in ways impossible and hardly imaginable before the advent of sound recording technology. The volatile sound is turned into an object that can be manipulated, e.g. rearranged in time by cutting and splicing operations. As opposed to the score, the tape is not a text but an analogue representation of sound pressure fluctuations.
Composers started to use magnetic tapes as musical artifacts when they were seeking for more precise control over the timbre and the temporal structure of their music. The tape was the welcome alternative to musical notation and interpretation at a moment in music history when absolute control over the musical material and structure was an important driving force of composition. With electronic music, composition turns from a writing activity into a realizing activity. Not a text for interpretation is created but the (almost) final surface structure of a composition (i.e. its sonic appearance) is inscribed into the magnetic film - ready to be reproduced at any time later through playback over loudspeakers. Compared to the score, the tape is a flat representation of the music ó only audible information is stored. There is no room for the kind of structural information typical for scores (such as groupings of elements or other meta-information).
Sound Construction
In electronic music, sound production becomes part of the compositional process. In the early stages of electronic music the tape recorder was one of the most important tools for sound construction. Transposing, cutting, looping, copying and mixing procedures were used to build complex sounds out of basic sound material (e.g. sine waves). Even the invention of such procedures became part of the compositional process and shaped the musical imagination ó a good example of how the artifact and the tools or procedures employed to produce it influence or even determine the compositional process. With the further development of sound synthesis techniques (e.g. voltage control) the tape-based manipulations lost their significance but the tape remained essential as storage medium. Since, in most of the cases, the compositions could not be created directly in the concert situation due to the technical and logistical complexity of the production process, they were produced and recorded in the electronic studio and played from the tape in the concert.
The Program
By a program we understand a sequence of instructions to be executed by a computer. The process resulting from this execution can be perceived and controlled by the user through interface devices (e.g. screen, keyboard, mouse, loudspeaker, microphone). During the last two decades, all sound synthesis and transformation techniques developed in the analogue studio were implemented in software. Many instrinsically digital techniques were added to form the very wide palette of digital signal processing tools available to composers to today. But the characteristic of the computer program most relevant for our discussion is the fact that it can be designed to react to actions of one or more users by means of the mentioned interfaces. Thus music represented as a program may allow the audience to influence the manner a composition unfolds.
Active Exploration
Music conceived this way establishes a new type of relationship between the composer, the listener, and the composition. Listeners may actively drive the exploration of the composition instead of following the performance of a score or the reproduction of a tape. This is a very interesting characteristic of the program as a musical artifact because it allows the audience to experience openness and variability of musical form. Although these possibilities exist in theory since the invention of computers (or even older programmable machines), only the recent developments in multimedia and network technology and the widespread availability of personal computers allows composers to really explore this field. Already today, you can access compositions represented as programs on the Internet and perform them on your computer at home.
Information Technology
The required technological infrastructure exists already on almost every personal computer. It was developed to support multimedia applications and to browse multimedia documents, i.e. documents containing and applications treating video and audio information as well as text and graphics. Computers of almost any brand today are equipped with CD-quality audio ports. All modern operating systems include software modules for real-time sound synthesis. This software runs on the computerís central processing unit so there is no extra special-purpose hardware needed. The main reason for including sound synthesis software into standard PCs is to allow for a more compact multimedia content. Sound components of multimedia documents only need to carry the instructions necessary to produce the sound signals on the local computer system in real-time. The bulky sound signal data itself does not need to be transmitted, which speeds up the transfer time by several orders of magnitude.
We are not going to argue here about the many still existing deficiencies, restrictions, and incompatibilities of the current computer sound technology. It is clear that the situation is far from being satisfactory for serious composers today. Our perspective is rather oriented towards the near and middle term future, which will see many improvements on the level of software, interface, network, and processor technology. In order to illustrate such a perspective we shall now take a closer look at an interesting example of a composition realized as a program, the "Lexikon-Sonate" by the Viennese composer Karlheinz Essl.
This piano piece, which exists in various versions, was originally conceived for a CD-ROM project initiated by the "Libraries of the Mind", a group of artists and media designers from Vienna. The CD-ROM "ELEX" is an electronic version of Andreas Okopenkoís "Lexikon-Roman", a novel written in the format of an encyclopedia. The "Lexikon-Roman", which appeared in book-form in 1970, is an early example of hypertext literature. When exploring the open text of the "Lexikon-Roman", readers pass on from entry to entry depending on their preferences and current interest. Such they construct their own version of the novel. The "Lexikon-Sonate" was conceived as music to accompany the exploration of the hypertext. Its design is inspired by the special kind of reading experience, which is characterized by the associative context change from one entry to the next.
When activating the music feature in "ELEX", a program is started, which produces an endless and never repeating stream of piano music. In this case, the software-synthesizer built into the operating system of the computer is used to make the music audible. So both the structure and the sound are synthesized in real-time based on the model of the music created by the composer. While the program is running, a display shows the current state of the piece, indicating which structural modules are active at a time (fig. 1). Every time the program is started, it produces a different and endless variant of the "Lexikon-Sonate". Let us retain here that this very interesting feature is easy to realize when using programs as musical artifacts. But there are even more interesting features we can study in another version of the piece. In the "full version", the entire structure of the composition is exposed to the user. Since the "Lexikon-Sonate" is realized with Max, a visual programming environment specially designed for music and multimedia applications, the composer can decide on the way the music model is presented visually. On the top level of the program, only a set of control buttons is available to configure and activate the composition (fig. 2).
But behind each of the object boxes, sub-programs revealing the next lower level are hidden. By opening these boxes, potentially all levels of abstraction and structuralization of the piece are available to an interested and knowledgeable audience (fig. 3). By operating the buttons, switches and sliders on these lower levels allows for an in-depth exploration or analysis of the piece. This extreme possibility shows the range of conceivable ways to interact with the "Lexikon-Sonate". It reaches from passive listening to extending or even changing the composition by modifying the program.
One of the intermediate steps in this range is the concert performance of the "Lexikon-Sonate", for which the composer devised a special interface allowing to play the piece from the computer keyboard (fig. 4). Different keys are used to activate and deactivate the different modules of the music model, to operate the sustain pedal and to introduces pauses. With this interface the piece has been performed together with a real piano player in concerts.
The example of the "Lexikon-Sonate" illustrated many of the novel features of the program as a musical artifact. The most interesting ones are the following:
Virtual Architecture
This shows the need to employ more sensible graphical user interface metaphors. The problem consists in identifying an intuitive and culturally accepted device for exploring complex structures and imaginary spaces. An adequate interface should allow for an immediate and seamless immersion of the audience in the music by reducing the cognitive load of the interface to an absolute minimum. Recent advances in virtual environment technology (Dai et al., 1993) permit the employment of architectural structures to immerse users in virtual worlds, which they explore by using their everyday competence of spatial navigation and orientation (Eckel 97a). The metaphor is as simple as it is powerful - while moving through an architecturally structured space, the audience explores the music. Structural aspects of the music are related to spaces and their attributes, which allows for representation of rather complex structural relationships. The architectural vocabulary of spatial organization and our highly developed spatial memory provide the means for an intuitive orientation in a composition. In this sense, virtual architecture becomes a vehicle for the exploration of music.
Camera Musica
As an example of this approach we shall present the music installation project "Camera Musica" currently carried out at the GMD. "Camera Musica" is a music installation project which was first presented as a speculative article in a German contemporary music journal in 1994 (Eckel, 1994). A first proof of concept and a feasability study was carried out at the Banff Centre for the Arts in Canada during a 3-month residency in 1995 (Eckel 1996, Eckel 1997a). A first sketch of the installation has been realized in 1997 with GMDís CyberStage system (Eckel et al., 1997). "Camera Musica Sketch" was presented at the 1997 International Symposium for Electronic Arts in Chicago (Eckel 1997b).
The CyberStage is GMD's CAVE-like (Cruz-Neira, 1993) audio-visual display system which integrates a 4-side stereo visual display with an 8-channel spatial auditory display and 6 vibration emitters built into the floor (fig. 5). The CyberStage is a highly immersive display ideally suited for creating virtual environments. Viewer centered stereoscopic imaging and spatial sound rendering provide for an advanced degree of presence in virtual space (fig. 6). The sketch described here was developed with GMD's Avango VR toolkit and a sound server based on IRCAM's Max/FTS system (Puckette, 1991; Dechelle et al., 1995).
In a first sketch of the virtual music installation, a simple building-like structure (fig. 7) can be explored in the CyberStage immersive audio-visual display system.
The visual scene used in the sketch consists of an architectonic structure composed of free-floating walls of various dimensions and colors. A free-floating ceiling unites the walls and forms an interior space. Some of the walls reach out into open space thus mediating between inside and outside. The different heights of the walls create permeable sections with varying degrees of spatial continuity. Invisible spot lights are used to articulate the spatial structure and mark points of attraction. The light passing through the gaps between the walls and the ceiling enhances the impression of weightlessness and permeability. Global illumination techniques (radiosity) are used to create a strong sense of spatiality. The music in "Camera Musica Sketch" is conceived as a family of various, interrelated musical situations composing in their interplay what we may call a musical space. It is this space which is to be made accessible in the installation. The audience is enabled to move from one situation to another within this space and to slowly explore its special features through the relations between individual situations (fig. 8). Each situation is characterised by certain possibilities of choosing the musical material and arranging it, thereby determining the particularity of the situation - its mood, atmosphere, form and air. Depending on the position and orientation of the user, these choices are taken by a program whose development is part of the composition.
The most interesting aspect of using programs as musical artifacts is that they allow for a "deeper" representation of the music as compared to the tape or the score, i.e. a representation which comprises structural relationships of the elements the music is composed of. As these relationships can be exposed to the listeners, only the program as musical artifact has the potential to revolutionize the conception and perception of music. By interacting with the program, the audience has, for the first time, the possibility to actively explore structural relationships of a composition. As suggested earlier, we expect the potential of computer programs as musical artifacts to give rise to a renaissance of the quest for open and variable form in contemporary music composition. With the possibility of creating a model of a composition which defines not one closed piece of music but a field of possible variants, which can be produced by the listeners themselves by exploring (i.e. playing with) the model, composers posses a new powerful means of music creation.
Cruz-Neira C. (1993) Surround-Screen Projection-Based Virtual Reality: The Design and Implementation of the CAVE. Computer Graphics Proc., Annual Conference Series, pp 135-142.
Dai P., Eckel G., Göbel M., Hasenbrink F., Lalioti V., Lechner U., Strassner J., Tramberend H., Wesche G. (1997) Virtual Spaces: VR Projection System Technologies and Applications. Tutorial Notes. Eurographics '97, Budapest, 75 pages.
Dechelle F., DeCecco M. (1995) The IRCAM Real-Time Platform and Applications. Proc. of the 1995 International Computer Music Conference. International Computer Music Association. San Francisco.
Eckel, G. (1994) Camera musica. In: Interaktive Musik, Positionen 21, ed. Gisela Nauck, Berlin, pp. 25-28.
Eckel, G. (1996) Camera Musica: Virtual Architecture as Medium for the Exploration of Music. Proceedings of the 1996 International Computer Music Conference, International Computer Music Asociation, San Francisco.
Eckel, G. (1997a) Virtuelle Architektur als Medium zur Exploration von Musik. In: Architektur/Musik, HDA Dokumente 8, ed. Ritter, R., Haberz, M., Haus der Architektur, Graz, pp. 74-87.
Eckel, G., Göbel. M., Hasenbrink, F., Heiden, W., Lechner, U., Tramberend, H., Wesche, G., Wind, J. (1997) Benches and Caves. In Bullinger, H.J., Riedel, O. (eds), Proc. 1st. Int. Immersive Projection Technology Workshop, Springer, Vienna.
Eckel, G. (1997b) Exploring Musical Space by Means of Virtual Architecture. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Electronic Art, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago.
Puckette, M., (1991) Combining Event and Signal Processing in the Max Graphical Programming Environment. Computer Music Journal 15(3):68-77, MIT Press.


text:
Earlier today, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) delivered its interest rates decision. As expected, the bank left interest rates unchanged and committed to doing more if the world economy led to major disruptions in the Japanese economy. The bank said that interest rates will likely remain unchanged "at least through spring of 2020". It will also continue with quantitative easing, which involves buying of Japanese Government Bonds, ETFs, and REITS. Before the rates decision, the country reported that the unemployment rate declined to 2.3% in June. However, industrial production has declined by -3.6%.
Today, the market will be paying attention to South Africa. The country has been in crisis, which was caused by the inefficiency and high debt of the main power supplier, Eskom. This has forced the government to intervene, with the goal of saving the company and ensuring that the residents are supplied with power. According to Bloomberg, overseas investors are exiting the country in droves. This year, they have sold South African equities and bonds worth more than $4.8 billion. In the entire of 2018, they sold stocks and bonds worth more than $1.7 billion. This year's exit is the biggest decline since 1998. Credit rating companies have started to lower the country's credit score. On Friday, Fitch cut the credit rating of the country to negative while Moody's has warned on the impact of government intervention. The country will release its unemployment rate data later today.
Later today, the European Commission will release a series of consumer and business surveys. The industrial sentiment is expected to have declined by -7.0 in July. The services sentiment is expected to have declined from 11 in July to 10.6. Consumer confidence is expected to have remained unchanged at -6.6 while the business and consumer survey is expected to have declined to 102.6. Meanwhile, Germany is set to release its CPI data. Elsewhere in Europe, Sweden released its GDP numbers for the second quarter. The data showed that the economy expanded by just 1.4% in the quarter. This was much lower than the Q1 growth rate of 2.1% and the consensus estimate of 1.9%. This led to the USD/SEK pair to jump as shown below.
Later today, the United States will release personal income and spending data. In June, personal income is expected to have grown by 0.4%, which was slightly lower than the previous 0.4%. Personal spending is expected to have declined to 0.3% from the previous 0.4%. The PCE deflator is expected to have remained at 1.7% in the month. This data will come a day before the Federal Reserve is expected to release its interest rates decision. Investors expect the Fed to slash interest rates. The chart below shows the performance of the dollar index.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Established in 1986 we have built our reputation on delivering quality schemes on time and within budget.
Employees : Each division of the company has its own designated teams and with a broad range of skills throughout the teams we have the flexibility to co-operate between disciplines to expedite projects as necessary. Our friendly office support staff can help you with your initial enquiries.
Health and Safety : WGC subscribes to CITB providing an on-going programme of training to further the safe working practices of our employees. All operatives, regardless of discipline take the on-site health and safety test.
Training : All plant operatives are CPCS qualified. Team Leaders have NRSWA accreditation in all modules and NVQ2 in Construction and Civil Engineering Services.
Certification : CHAS, BALI, Marshall's Register, Constructionline, Environment Agency - Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989, North Yorkshire County Council Approved Contractors for work in the Highway, Addagrip & SureSet Approved Installers, SAFEcontractor.
Scope of Work : Hard and Soft Landscape Works, Highway and Groundworks, Design and Maintenance. (75% New Build, 25% Maintenance).
Value of Works undertaken : up to £750k for a wide range of clients, including Local Authorities, other Public Bodies and Commercial Developers.
Sustainability : WGC are commited to caring for the environment and as such have practices in place for addressing green issues. Our fleet of vehicles and wagons run on low sulphur diesel and peak time travelling is avoided. Transport sharing is encouraged together with the most efficient means of accessing our sites to reduce unnecessary mileage. Recycling is of prime concern : we compost all suitable arisings, salvage superfluous materials and sort waste to reduce the amount sent for landfill. Hazardous materials are disposed of safely and as recommended.


text:
International Conference on Global Business, Economics, Finance and Social Sciences (ICGBEFSS) will be held at Raj Palace Hotel, Chennai, India on 30 December 2018. ICGBEFSS is organized by Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineers Forum-ieeeforum.
ICGBEFSS provides an international forum for researchers, developers, engineers and academicians who are involved in research projects to exchange and share their valuable ideas and research concept leading to the innovation of new and relevant technology. ICGBEFSS is going to provide an opportunity to exchange new ideas, advances and technologies for all registered participants. They hope that this will become a strong technological and academic community for worldwide engineers, scholars, academicians, industrialists and students in fields of relevant areas.
ICGBEFSS Program Committee invites the Students, Teachers, Professors, Scientists, Engineers and the Entrepreneurs to send their original, unpublished research works and join the conference to discuss and interchange ideas in the emerging field of technology.
Instructions for submitting the works are -
Contributory papers presented in the technical sessions will be published in Conference proceeding having ISBN and extended papers will be published in the International Journals (UGC approved) having good Indexing and Impact factor after the meeting.
The registered papers will be submitted for inclusion in Digitalxplore and Google Scholar.
For more details, visit http://ieeeconference.com/Conference2018/12/Chennai/2/ICGBEFSS/
Popular Reads:
The third edition of the Corporate Gifts Show becomes bigger, better & bolder
Gujarat Gold Jewellery Show– Grab the Shine
Editor's Note:
Share your press releases, upcoming events and event industry related news on firstname.lastname@example.com to publish it on eventaa.com.


text:
- Home
- Categories
- Valve Spring Work
- Manual Valve Spring Testing Stand
show / hide sidebar
Manual Valve Spring Testing Stand
View as
Gird List
View as
1500 N Corinth St.
Dallas, TX 75215
Tel: 1 (800) 527-7604
Serving the Engine Building Industry for 60 Years!
On most new and unopened items.
Sign up for exclusive email, special offers & latest news
© 2019 Regis Manufacturing. All Rights Reserved.


text:
With US-backed militants having already reached the full extent of their gains on the battlefield and now facing incremental but inevitable defeat – the US
Day: May 11, 2019
The Idlib Illusion Is Finally Being Dispelled
Alt-Media has gotten in the habit of getting their audience's hopes up about the supposedly "imminent" liberation of Idlib by playing to their political fantasies
USA and Saudi Arabia: a Rider and Horse Alliance
US President Donald Trump made it loud and clear that he wants Saudi Arabia to pay more at a rally in Wisconsin on Saturday 27
The West Is in No Position to Lecture Turkey on Democracy or Human Rights
April fool's day passed a few weeks ago but when we see news from Turkey that President Erdogan is going to do a re-run of
Are All the World's Problems Ours?
In 2003, George W. Bush took us to war to liberate Iraq from the despotism of Saddam Hussein and convert that nation into a beacon
America's Neocon Obsession with Hegemony Is Alienating the Whole World
The American foreign policy Blob's latest worry is that Venezuela's radical leftist government is reaching out to the Middle East for support against growing pressure from Washington.
On the Brink of War
Trump's Neocons, with virtually no opposition from the Democrats, went to the final stage of trade warfare against Iran, by eliminating all wavers for Iranian
Are You Ready for a Worse Dystopia Than 1984?
I have been lonely in my concern with the dire economic implications of robotics, but now Clarity Press has provided me with some company by publishing The


text:
No new date for Lambourn Open Day
Thu, 23 Mar 2017
Blues ready for Old Patesians shwodown
NEWBURY BLUES face a major ruck when they go to Old Patesians on Saturday in a game that could make or break their South West One East promotion hopes.
With Maidenhead now odds-on favourites to claim the title after beating both of their rivals in recent weeks, the main target now is to secure second place and an end of season play-off, almost certainly with Clevedon.
"Effectively it is winner takes all," said Blues head coach Lee Goodall. "Ultimately we need to get five points and restrict them, ideally to none."
Blues currently trail Old Patesians by four points with four matches to go, and they go on to play Oxford Harlequins at home, Reading away and Reading Abbey at home on April 1, 8 and 22 respectively. Old Patesians' dates are with Old Centralians away and Witney and Oxford Harlequins at home.
"Even if we do the job on Saturday," said Goodall, "it's a showdown every week for the next three games and it's whoever blinks first."
Blues are without the suspended Josh Winfield and winger Mike Walker, but otherwise expect to be at full strength for the game, which kicks off at the Everest Road ground at 2pm.


text:
International TEFL Courses
A TEFL course is one decision you should make when teaching English as a Foreign Language as most schools require teachers of English to have studied a TEFL course at some point to show an ability to educate at various levels. The most common requirement is to take a 120 Hour Accredited TEFL course that is certified by the Ministry of Education or a university such as Cambridge, Oxford or at least a major University that has proven records in English Education.
However, with the rise of hundreds of TEFL training centres, TEFL courses have lacked quality and the most important recruitment services at the end of the course. The TEFL industry in the past had to review the cost of their courses and the material used such as modules, course books and even modern teaching facilities to create a more in-depth course and an improved program.
ESL Teach Abroad stand with the courses that have a proven record with the best teacher trainers, excellent course modules for each level of the course and an affordable program to encourage new teachers with excellent services such as guaranteed job placements and lifetime support. Our advice is to think about saving a little more for the best courses to achieve far more in the long run.
Student's Love Their Teacher - Motivation is a common Goal to Succeed in Education
TEFL Art want to help you make that all-important decision with choosing a TEFL course that suits your objectives in life because we know you want to experience more than just the classroom. It's more than that it's, in fact, starting a new life in a foreign country with all the additions of managing your lives for total contentment. The time you spend with a certified teacher trainer is extremely important and you will shine and produce some great lesson plans with the materials provided and remember it's about fun, enjoyment and self-motivation and appraisal. ESL Teach Abroad believe in success with the personal enlightenment of achievement which comes with knowing you have chosen the best course that has given you the motivation to reach your dream move abroad.
A TEFL certificate will assist you with passing revised and planned information forward in a way that suits your students learning abilities. A teacher is always learning as students are learning too and this opens new avenues throughout a teacher's TEFL career and it changes you as a person and reflects on your life in helping your students learn a new language.
In truth, if you teach student's with great classroom management you can be sure students will respect each and every class you teach and never forget your lessons especially later in life when they move on to work, further education or their own business. Most teachers have moments they feel proud of their lessons that have been inspirational for the schools they have worked for, the parents and other teachers too feel proud of a teacher's professionalism within the school. Take a look at my Personal Classroom Management Review which is something that haunts me with been so busy at times but other times when I think about those times i think it was just another hurdle to pull something amazing out the bag to achieve a great method to lead the school into what lessons should be like and how to run with a program and curriculum for the school to get great reviews and continue to prosper.


text:
Tags: New Orleans Warehouse District
This entry was posted on Saturday, November 1st, 2014 at 3:55 PM
and is filed under Warehouse District Photos.
You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Name (required)
Mail (will not be published) (required)


text:
OMG. These little beauties are a delicious combination of premium organic coconut lightly toasted and coated in our famous salted caramel coconut nectar. The perfect combination of crunchy, salty, sweet.
Our salted caramel is made with the nectar of coconut blossoms and pure himalayan pink salt. It's yummy on about anything but combined with lightly toasted coconut chips something special is created.
Eat them on their own as a snack or treat. Or sprinkle on ice-cream or yoghurt and fruit. Share with friends... if you can. Or simply just munch straight from the bag.
Our Salted Caramel Coconut Chips come in three delicious flavours. Naked, Dark Chocolate and Apricot & Almond. They all contain only the best organic ingredients are free from gluten, grains, dairy, refined sugars, paleo and vegan friendly. And of course nutritious and delicious. Real food real ingredients.
Life just got better.
WARNING : These are extremely yummy and munchable.


text:
For Sale $699,000
MLS #: 7052548 | Built 2020 | Lot Size: 0.1000 Acres | Area: Milam Grove | Type: Single Family Residence
Completion spring 2020, still time to make key selections and upgrades. 3 homes sold out of 12 so far. This is the smallest of the group, and closest to the adjacent park, on the quiet side. Rockstar build team of MF Architecture, Joel Mozersky Interiors, and Sett Studio build. Ideal location close - but not too close - to south Lamar. Check out Milam Grove website for more community details. Buyer appts at Moreland Properties. Milam Grove - Texas Roots and Austin Soul!


text:
No Deposit Casinos List
No deposit free spins are definitely one of the most common form of this bonus, as they can be used on featured video slot games or other slots that fall under a similar category. Every new online casino will be offering some type of reward in this manner, just as they normally would these later on, but in case of these incentives, no deposits are required whatsoever. The winnings can still be withdrawn as actual money, but the players must wager them a couple of times, as it is always stated with such an offer.
No Deposit Casinos List – April 2020
* — bonus only for choosen country:
* FI = Finland ▲ NO=Norway ▲ UK = United Kingdom ▲ SE = Sweden ▲ DE = German spekaers ▲ NZ = New Zaeland ▲AU = Australia
Due to the no deposit casinos and their free chips or spins, the players can get accustomed to the virtual lobby, which might not necessarily be different in terms of the gameplay, as all of the games provided by a certain company will be the same regardless of which website the player chooses, but to navigate the panel of the webpage, as those different from one place to another. The internet is filled with gambling services that offer their users games as well as promotional benefits like these, but it is important to check with the operator and find out about the actual offer. This section features exactly those types of casinos, with new ones added on a regular basis.


text:
Food Without Borders
- Followers
- Plays
Changing the Conversation (with A Hungry Society)
Changing the Conversation was a live crossover episode of A Hungry Society and Food Without Borders that explored how to create meaningful change for women, people of color, and the LGBTQ community in the food world. It took place on Thursday, June 21, 2018 on the rooftop of 100 Bogart in Bushwick.
Hosts Korsha Wilson (A Hungry Society) and Sari Kamin (Food Without Borders) welcomed guests Leah Kirts, Vonnie Williams, Mayukh Sen, and Yemi Amu to discuss access, equity, and opportunity in today's food landscape. Who's talking the talk and who's walking the walk in kitchens, media, and the events circuit? Panelists shared personal stories and advice on navigating the ever-changing food world they live and work in.


text:
10:07 Jan 21 2012Photo album of TibetSpecial ReportMedia Voice
In the past, people always prefer to visit Tibet in the summer and autumn as it is cold in winter. However, nowadays more and more young people prefer to go to Tibet in winter to experience more. And the Tibet Autonomous Region is a favorable place for them to enjoy their leisure.
In addition to sightseeing tourists, some visitors to Tibet are Buddhist believers who come here for ritual walks. In Lhasa, a bus station is dubbed as "Praying Station" as most buses here carry visitors who arrive for praying.
Inside and outside famous monasteries such as the Jokhang Temple are worshipers either prostrating in prayer, turning their prayer wheels or bowing to Buddhist statues.
"Now the winter tourism in Tibet has become hot," said Nyima, a local bus driver.
By Lily Dong From: China Tibet Online
|Related News
| Full speed ahead for Tibet railway extension
Full speed ahead for Tibet railway extension
Free education expands to 15 years in Tibet
Medical service covers all rural areas in SW Tibet
Spring Festival comes, homeward journey starts
|Related Channel News
|· Travel
Copyright © 1997-2009 by www.people.com.cn. all rights reserved


text:
THE ISPCA is looking for the perfect family to give a sweet, three-year-old collie/terrier cross the home he needs this Christmas season where he can gain confidence and get all the love he deserves.
Sociable with people and other dogs, all Loki needs is a patient, loving home with a well-secured garden, where he won't be left alone for long stretches of time.
Loki enjoys walks and is great on a lead, although ISPCA Animal Care Assistants say he looks up often to check on who's walking him, as though looking for reassurance.
He has been kennel-mates with dogs of varying shapes and sizes, and can go to a family with another dog for company.
ISPCA Animal Welfare Inspector Fiona Conlon rescued Loki from a hoarding situation.
Inspector Conlon said: "Loki didn't have much contact with other people or the outside world when I rescued him from his previous situation. This very sweet dog needs and deserves a loving home where he can be happy and achieve his true potential."
Loki is neutered, vaccinated and microchipped, and ready to go to a special home where he will be loved and cared for throughout his life.
If you can offer him the forever home he deserves, please visit https://www.ispca.ie/rehoming/detail/loki to complete an application form, or email email@example.com for more details.
The ISPCA always has a number of gorgeous dogs, cats and equines looking for suitable homes. Visit www.ispca.ie/rehoming. Your new best friend could be waiting!
Subscribe to The Irish Field


text:
The coverlets are seen in varied design patterns. They can be printed, embroidered with thread, zari, mirror work. There can be applique deal with it. Batik prints, tye and dye prints are very popular in Indian residences. Utilizing modern printing techniques, the coverlets are created with various prints, stripes, checks, abstract prints, geometric patterns, floral designs, cartoon characters and lots of more such prints. Even the solid color coverlets provide a very stylish want to the room. Modern residences likewise see the use of luxury bed coverlets in the kind of tapestry coverlets, chenille, damask, matelasse, crochet and jacquard coverlets. These have a very grand appearance and much better to be used in special celebrations.
Silk pillowcases are made from an one-of-a-kind and high quality silk yarn established and first presented in China before it became popular in the entire Asia. Today's silk is more refined which has actually been the result of a thorough and thorough research, medical studies and item advancement performed by leading silk producer for numerous years in order to turn up an entirely remarkable and leading performance silk best for use pillowcases manufacturing and various other associated textile products.
Decorating a teen's space is also various than decorating a kid's space, as teens commonly want to be dealt with like adults. It is a great concept to enable your teen to come up with a theme for their space so that they can reveal who they are, rather than have to put up with something you 'd like. This can include choosing the colors of the space, although you may want to discuss this with them incase they choose a frustrating dark tone! It commonly does not require a total redesign of a kid's space in order to make it look good. Making use of wooden or colored blinds is a great alternative to curtains, place a rug on the floor in the space, alter the color of bed linens, and replacing the headboard rather than the complete bed are simply a few things to consider.
Infant mattresses must not be so soft regarding allow the child to sink into the material too deeply since suffocation is always a concern. It's always best to choose a moderately firm mattress so that your kid gets ample spine support, open breathing space and zero fume discharges from products. Prior to making your last option for your kid's mattress, be sure to review the service warranty. Ensure you can return the item if you are not pleased with it for whatever reason. The majority of manufacturers take seriously their bedding items for children and usually make an effort to offer ample warranties that will cover any issues moms and dads might have. Keep in mind that choosing a suitable rest accessory for your child is one of the most important investments you will make so pick wisely. Make certain to compare quality and security problems prior to making your last option for the best baby crib mattress.
It is true that foam mattress beds do not last forever. Yes it may be appealing, especially if you have been desiring a memory foam mattress for some time, but that does not imply you must go for it. Instead, make sure you go for a mattress of high quality, and make sure it is one that will last for lots of years.
Orthopedic pillows are said to be the finest pillow for neck discomfort. The excellent thing is that these pillows aren't that tough to discover. They come in a number of different sizes, forms, and colors, so you're sure to discover one that suits you finest. But, how do you set about finding the finest pillow for YOUR neck discomfort? Below are five valuable pointers for you:.
With rising gas and electricity costs, just turning the heating on full might not be an option over the winter months. Not just will this result in costly energy expenses, however nowadays businesses are becoming more aware about their impact on the environment. By buying some winter-proof linen, you might end up conserving yourself and your business a little fortune in heating expenses.


text:
If you are living in an older home, you ordinarily have ceramic or porcelain tiles on the shower partitions of your rest room. Though you may not like their current situation or coloration, the truth of the matter is that these ceramic tiles have stood the examination of time, typically lasting forty-fifty several years or far more. When you think about the standard everyday living expectancy of many resources, that is a reasonably superior observe document.
In the final 10 years, rest room reworking corporations have started out supplying alternative resources when providing rest room types. Sadly, the motive for the shift away from common resources is typically for the sake of saving revenue and expanding contractor profit, not in get to improve the quality and longevity of a bathroom remodel. The shower-liner is one these types of item. It has minimized rest room improvement costs, but has also experienced the outcome of minimizing the quality of many finished rest room jobs.
Quite only, a shower-liner, or bath-fitter as they are typically known as, is a molded fiberglass or vinyl sheet which is put in above a homeowner's existing tiles and bathtub. No plumbing beneath the bathtub or shower is changed. Many situations in an older home the ceramic tiles have mold growth on and beneath the grout strains amongst tiles. The shower partitions on their own may be unstable and dry-rotted. However, once the liner is put in above the tiles house owners really don't see the problems that exist behind it. Though on the floor items glance all suitable, no one can be certain what's lurking beneath the floor. Of the many rest room strategies contractors have appear up with, the bath-liner is among the the worst.
In its place of saving a couple dollars and buying an inferior item, house owners would do well to use the expert services of a capable rest room contractor who will fully swap their shower partitions and set up new ceramic tiles. No matter whether yours is a modest rest room or a huge one, a tailor made-developed ceramic tile scheme will include splendor to your new rest room and value to your home. In its place of only putting in a white or almond-coloured sheet above the shower partitions, we can style and design an beautiful pattern of angled tiles with attention-grabbing borders and glass mosaics.
Extremely typically, the price tag for the expert services of a expert rest room contractor is not substantially far more than taking the more cost-effective route and putting in a bath-liner. That is particularly correct when you think about that it's likely you will in the end want to rip-out the shower-liner or bath-fitter in get to swap broken plumbing and finally set up new partitions and ceramic tiles anyway.


text:
What does it mean for Black Panther to hit the $1B USD mark?
It's official: Black Panther has broken the $1 Billion USD mark (about £784 Million), thanks to a great $22.3 Million USD opening day in China. But what exactly does this mean in regard to ticket sales—and history? Let's bring in some context, by the numbers. Sounds like it's time for an infographic!


text:
Set amidst the spectacular peaks of the Wasatch Mountains, you'll find the Silverado Lodge, which provides guests with the amenities of home and convenient access to the nearby Red Pine Gondola and the Canyons base village. A combination of rustic elegance and contemporary style define this tastefully designed condominium property featuring fireplaces, vaulted ceilings and oversized decks to take in the views or enjoy a drink on after a day on the mountain. Property amenities include a common area pool and hot tub, fitness center, and the Bistro Kosher Deli.
Bear Hollow Village is an enclave of townhomes and private homes just 1 mile to The Canyons and the Utah Olympic Park and 4 miles to downtown Park City. Units are spacious with full kitchens and gas fireplaces. Most lodging has a private hot tub. You'll want your own car here as there is no shuttle service. The Clubhouse provides a year-round outdoor hot tub and fitness room.
A vacation retreat for all seasons, these mountain townhomes are located at Canyons Resort. A short walk will take you to the Frostwood Gondola which will whisk you up to the Canyons base area, providing convenience to skiing, biking, hiking, shopping and dining. From Canyons, guests can also access Park City Resort for additional mountain adventures Looking for the perfect summer golf getaway? The Canyons golf course is also just outside your front door. Juniper Landing residences range from two- to five-bedroom townhomes and are decked out in custom décor. Relax in your private hot tub, take in the view from your private deck, or cozy up by the fireplace on a chilly mountain evening.
Located at the base of Canyons Village and just steps away from the Red Pine Gondola, the Sundial Lodge is a perfect blend of classic mountain lodge architecture and metropolitan style and sophistication. Choose from hotel rooms, studios, 1- and 2-bedroom suites. All rooms feature relaxing oversized tubs, and all suites come with full kitchens, warm fireplaces, and private balconies to take in the mountain air and sweeping views. The property also offers unparalleled convenience, being positioned directly above and around the stores, restaurants and ski shop of the picturesque Canyons Village. Guests also enjoy the heated outdoor pool, third floor hot tub, plunge pool, fitness room, fire pit, and complimentary underground parking.
The Timber Wolf Lodge condominiums are located one mile from Canyons Village at Park City Mountain Resort, three miles from downtown Park City, and two miles from I-80 and the Redstone shopping complex. Lodge-style construction and upscale furnishings make these an ideal getaway in the mountains. The complex offers two separate outdoor hot tubs. There is a shuttle stop within a few blocks, or if you have your own vehicle, there is underground parking for one vehicle per unit, as well as outside parking for large vehicles and overflow.
Featuring one and two bedroom condominiums, Wyndham Park City is situated steps from the Canyons Village and just three miles from historic, downtown Park city. Condominiums each feature a well-appointed kitchen as well as an in-unit washer/dryer and a private balcony or patio. Property amenities include a pool, two outdoor hot tubs, a fitness center, barbecue area, business center, ski storage and covered valet parking for an additional fee.
210 Aspen Airport Business Center, Suite AA


text:
I-guide 3D tours help sell your Charleston home
How Can Marshall Walkers i-guide 3d tour system help you sell?
Last year after investing in a Matterport 3d camera system I quickly discovered that while it was a cool system the consumers tended to look at the tour once and not come back.
Last fall - I sold the Matterport camera and started researching other systems. The choices were limited for the quality I was seeking. I found a small Canadian company named Planitar and started investigating their exclusive I-guide system. I am the only Broker /agent in the Charleston Tri-county area to offer this system. The total investment was quite steep but well worth it.
I am now pleased to announce that we now offer the I-guide system as a FREE benefit to our sellers. Please note that not all homes will be a good candidate for this incredible technology as the camera system is unforgiving and shows even the slightest imperfections. If your home is suitable we will perform the service along with hiring an additional photographer to capture HDR still and video tour.
So....whats the benefit?
What does this mean to you, as a home seller? Listings that feature the I-guide system sell faster. Yes faster. Buyers can tour the home online and this means that the showings you receive are from buyers who have already virtually toured the home. (less showings from buyers who are not really ready to buy is an added bonus)
The system alos uses a proprietary Lidar Laser Scan system to map the house . This is 99% accurate in measurements and is used to create 3d files that are then turned into highly accurate floor plans. No more guessing the size of your home. This is so important when prices are at an all time high. Evena 100 square foot inaccuracy can potentially equate to a $40-100k error in pricing on a high end home! Wouldn't you like to have an accurate measurement prior to listing? Prospective buyers can also use the built in measurement tool in the tour to make sure that their dining room hutch will fit an intended wall.....
Sell Faster, Sell for more money.....Whats not to love?
With this system we are able to quickly create Facebook and Instagram ads that get in front of your intended buyer.. Coupled with my experience creating paid ad campaigns, more buyers will see your home in less time. We recently did a campaign in which we spent $300 and received 25,000 impressions and 512 visits to the property I-guide 3d tour.
More impressions and visits = faster sale
This home, 4 Carolina Street, sold to the first buyer who looked at it - she lived in NY and contracted to purchase the home without a physical visit!! (sales to list price 98.65% - well above MLS average)
4 Carolina Street Charleston SC 29403
261 Grove Street Charleston SC 29403
10 Maranda Holmes Street Charleston SC 29403
Interested in finding out more? Contact us !


text: If you have a question or issue relating to your inspection or report, please take the time to let us know by using the fields below. Remember please describe in detail your needs so we can take the necessary action within the shortest possible time period. Thank you in advance.


text:
Nendoroid Mercy (Or Why I Want These "Toys")
I'm a guy in his early 30's who has collected his fair share of figures. I mean, just look at this…
This is is nothing compared to some people…
It had come to my attention that a certain toy company was making a line of Overwatch characters and one of them, Mercy, is among the line-up.
I am not a psychologist, but from what I've read (Carl Jung's "Man And His Symbols", and "Jung on the Active Imagination") did I start realizing why I collect these things many people would regard as a waste of money.
The male characters have something I see in myself and utilize them in their own success. For example: Raphael is volatile, and Batman is grumpy and/or stoic. Star-Lord's active ego/confidence is one that mine can aspire to.
Then there's the females. These are anima who have characteristics I do not. Lara Croft is adventurous and conquers fear (especially of heights), and Mercy has a benevolence that's literally painted angelic.
I could go on with all the figures I own, but you get the point.
I believe we collect these things because we're scribes of these ideals that these characters represent. You can look at a person's bookshelf or movie collection and get an idea of who they are.
The funny thing is I've almost stopped collecting these because I feel like I've "made my point" to myself. At first I thought it was because it didn't make me happy anymore, but it never really did. Perhaps I was on a search of who I am. It's easier to buy something that's already made into something you like than it is to create something that represents you.
Now I'm using my strength to create things, and music will do for now, but I'm looking forward to other things that are already taking shape in my mind and on paper…
…but first I need-nay-WANT that Mercy figure.
Thought: Vault-Boy and Real Life
I'm a big fan of the Fallout video-game franchise. I got a section of a shelf at home dedicated to bobble-heads, Pop Figures, collector editions, plushes and what not.
The main image of Fallout is the character Vault-Boy. The mascot of an insane corporation called Vault-Tec. His ominous smile plastered all over the post-nuclear wasteland of Fallout's fictional universe.
Today I get an email from the Bethesda Store trying to sell me a t-shirt that says "War Never Changes" and with a graphic of an average man-looking Vault Boy seeing a nuclear bomb going off.
With potential war looming against North Korea and the U.S., I find this very fucking ironic. I can't buy this shit anymore.
Miitopia: One of my favourite RPGs EVER!
I can't get enough of Miitopia. It's addicting as hell, adorable, and more in depth than it lets on. It's probably the most fun RPG I have ever played, and I've played a good chunk of them.
A "Mii" is a Nintendo avatar originally made on the Wii, and 3DS systems as a fun mini-game character that you'd fashion as yourself or anyone else. Miitopia takes your Mii characters and casts them as characters of your choosing. The main character, their party members (6 so far that I've customized), The Dark Lord, mysterious wizard, a genie, and MORE all get the chance to be modeled to be played by whoever you want them to look like.
I also must mention the townsfolk in this game. It's been surprise meets hilarity when I see some of these characters and wonder who in the development team chose them. The townsfolk, and other fifth business' faces look and are blatantly named after such people as Bob Ross, Lamb Chop (from Lamb Chop's Play-Along, a deep cut in my childhood tv-watching), Bob (the Minion), Batman, Kratos (God Of War), familiar Nintendo characters, and many others! I'm not sure if it's random or what, but it's been a delight to see who shows up next.
I cast my Mii as a "Pop Star", which in traditional pen/paper RPGs is the "Bard" class. My lady, cast as a "Chef". And my waifus Jack, Lara, Mercy, Piper, and Chun, cast as "Thief", "Warrior", "Sorcerer", "Cat", and "Imp" respectively. Each job class has a myriad of abilities appropriate to their name-sake, with a total of 12 jobs (and several personality types to choose) available as the story progresses.
The world map is classic Super Mario Bros. 3/Mario World style, and you select a level that brings you to stretch of land your characters traverse on their own and certain fun and cute events happen, a treasure chest appears, or (of course) battles. Battles are sort of brain-dead in the sense that you're merely just watching the battle happen of its own volition, with no intervention EXCEPT when its your main character's turn. You can choose to attack or cast a spell/ability (depending on your chosen class). The rest of your party acts automatically. Thankfully your teammates aren't stupid and know when to heal themselves and/or each other when its appropriate.
Relationships are developed mildly during battle, but are really grown in The Inn after each stage. This is done by placing party members in rooms together, and these are often met with cute cut-scenes of them chatting or doing other things like cleaning, or exchanging gifts. The Inn also allows you to feed your party members with food you've collected from battles to boost stats, and each character will learn what their favourite or hated foods are. You can also purchase new weapons and armor if you see that a party member requests it. There's also two mini-games that are played using game-tickets (found in treasure chests): Rock/Paper/Scissors, and a spin-the-wheel type. The former is a chance to win more gold, while the latter is a random chance at more XP, armor/weapon, MP candy, or tickets to take two party members to a carnival-type cruise that develops their relationship immensely.
Relationships grow on a level system as well. Each level unlocks an ability used during battle such as teaming up for an attack, damage boosting, and helping your character dodge.
The only problem I've had with this game was the obsessive need to go back to each stage to get through each path I didn't choose initially to complete and get every treasure box.
I have to say that this has been so much fun to play, and will remain in my small 3DS library forever (7 games right now). I highly recommend this to anyone who appreciates a fun Nintendo game, and can deviate from the serious lore-heavy RPG.
Score? Uhh…9/10? Yeah lets do it…
P.S. Want to add ol' Radutron to your party? (WARNING: He's uses swear words after defeating enemies. I made that happen by editing my characters settings. The developers did not code that in!) Here's my QR code:
Thought: Big Video Game Retail
I've seen quite a few of former employee videos about their testament to working in big video game retail. All crappy experiences. I can only imagine what its like to play video games (watch movies, read books, etc.) for a significant amount of time, learn what its like to do the right thing through those mediums, and have to put up with things that irk moral fiber at your job surrounded by your favourite stories that teach you otherwise.
Rockin' to "Lara"
Wanna see me playing guitar? SURE YOU DO!
Rockin' to my track "Lara" (inspired by Lara Croft from Tomb Raider), with my sweet Kassandra.
Listen to track on Soundcloud, and Bandcamp.
Talking about "Mercy" from WAIFU
I talk about getting some hate online as a Mercy-player in Overwatch. And of course the rhyme and reason why Mercy is in WAIFU. This concludes the last of the WAIFU series edition of the Stuttering and Stammering podcast.
Listen to WAIFU on Soundcloud, and Bandcamp!


text:
via Roentgen 1 - Piano IV - Stanza D2-06
Tel.+39 02 5836 2613 Fax.+39 02 5836 2530
2010-2013 PhD in Marketing and Business Management, University of Milan-Bicocca (Italy)
2005-2007 Msc in Economics and Business management, University of Pavia (Italy)
2002-2005 Bsc in Marketing and E-Business, University of Pavia (Italy)
Researcher with grant Bocconi of Management and Technology
2016 - Ongoing Research Fellow in Strategy and International Management, Bocconi University, Italy.
2013 - Ongoing Adjunct Professor in Management Decisions, Milan-Bicocca University, Italy.
2015-2016 Research Fellow in Management Science, Institute of Management, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland.
2014-2015 Research Fellow in Management Science, Southampton Business School, UK.
2013-2014 Research Fellow in Management, Milan-Bicocca University, Italy.
2011-2012 PhD Visiting Student, Aberdeen Business School, Scotland, UK.
2010-2013 PhD Student, Milan-Bicocca University, Italy.
Gordini, N., & Veglio, V. (2016). Customers Churn Prediction and Marketing Retention Strategies. An Application of Support Vector Machines based on the AUC parameter-selection techniques in e-commerce industry. Industrial Marketing Management. Article in Press.
Lepori, B., Veglio, V., Heller-Schuh, B., & Scherngell, T. (2015). Participations to European Framework Programs of Higher Education Institutions and their association with Organizational Characteristics. Scientometrics, 105(3), 2149-2178.
Veglio, V. & Zucchella, A. (2015). Entrepreneurial small firms in traditional industries. Does Innovation matter for international growth? Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 138-152.
Vallone, C., & Veglio, V. (2014). The valorization of the artistic heritage as a driver for the territory development: Albergo Diffuso case study. Mercati e Competitività (Journal of the Italian Marketing Society), 4, 110-130.


text:
I'm catching up on some sessions that I have not blogged about yet. I know I should've gotten this one done, like, last week, but hey – this is for all you who still have your Christmas trees up!
Have you been naughty or nice this year?? This is the theme this fun family wanted to do. When Kara called me up and told me her idea, my immediate reaction was "Yes, of course I want to shoot that!!!" This session was soooooo much fun. Words cannot describe. This family is hilarious and this theme was just perfect for them. They love to have fun and have a good time (and the kids even have their sassy moments, too), but then they clean up soooooo good. Seriously, is this not a magazine worthy family? Merry Christmas again and Happy New Year!


text:
See Through Outfit Ideas for Girls. Pulling off a see-through dress without looking like a fool can be challenging. Even though a sheer dress can offer many opportunities to layer clothes in a snazzy manner, it can be tough to put the pieces together. But you know, one way to never go wrong is by keeping it modest yet minimal.
As the saying goes "simplicity is style." In the past years, sheer outfits have spread in the fashion world with increasing momentum. We have seen many celebrities sporting bold see through outfits. Where some of them have won hearts with their gorgeous dressing sense many have failed badly. Either way, sheer outfits can look extremely amazing. If you want to know how to style one, here we have quite a few ideas that can be of help.
What to Wear with Sheer Outfits
Here are some pointers that can be of help.
- Wearing a sheer outfit doesn't equate to immodesty. You can wear the right under clothes and add a sheer tunic to jazz up the look.
- You can be bold and flaunt your skin too if you want.
- Be confident and fearless; style and experiment without doubting yourself.
- Don't wear absurd color combinations otherwise you'll lose major points on your style game.
↓ 30 – Street Style See-Through Dress
Instead of wearing just a crop top with a pair of blue jeans, wear a sheer net overcoat with it. This way you'll add some sass and style to the overall look. Here are 27 Sheer Outfits for Clubbing.
↓ 29 – See Through Maxi
A see through loose maxi that reaches the ankles would give the ultimate Greece goddess look. Wear a plain one of a muted tone.
↓ 28 – How to Wear a See Through Long Skirt
See through long skirts look cute and unique. Go for a sheer one and ditch the chiffon one. In summers, it would help you feel comfy as well. Do check out these Outfits with Sheer Skirts- .
↓ 27 – Sheer Frock for Party Night
Taylor Swift has been a fashion icon for many teen girls. No wonder she has. This lass knows how to rock her outfits. Look at how stylishly she has worn a sheer frock over her printed skirt and blouse. Wear heels or pumps with the dress for a flawless look.
↓ 26 – Sheer Outfit Ideas for Formal Dinners
There are several ways you can style your sheer outfit. You can wear a tunic over shorts and a spaghetti strapped top. Or wear see-through gown. There are lots of styles out there and lots of colors too. A black one is the most graceful and therefore, it wins the race of style. Here are 24 Ways to Dress Up for Dinner Date.
↓ 25 – Sheer Lace Dress for the Beach
Lace dresses look pretty and give you the delicate look. Going for a sheer lace dress would be a great idea. The style is trendy, casual and modish despite being around for quite some time. Wear a skin-colored undergarment beneath for the sophisticated look.
↓ 24 – Sheer Blouse for Teens
Adding a sheer blouse over your top with either jeans or shorts can make for a very versatile look. Sheer tops plus jeans equal to a graceful yet cool look. Don't miss out these Outfit Ideas For Teen Girls In Summer.
↓ 23 – Sheer White Dress for Lunch Date
A sheer white dress would look serene and pure. Try the lovely look.
↓ 22 – Sheer Floral Dress for Spring
Flowery embroidery or design on a sheer dress looks stunning. The print is evergreen and the style is ultra modern. Specially, in summers. Here are some cute Spring Outfits With Floral Jackets that you can use to layer your sheer dresses.
↓ 21 – Casual Sheer Black Dress
Black makes for a tough and classy color. A sheer black tunic worn over a fitted plain black dress would make for a stunning look. Nude makeup would look ideal with this outfit.
↓ 20 – Sheer Crochet Dress for Summers
For the voguish look, throw on a sheer crochet dress.
↓ 19 – Sheer Gown for Prom
Jennifer Lopez has rocked sheer ensembles on many occasions and she has never failed to impress.
↓ 18 – Modest Sheer Sundress
This Victoria's Secret model has sported a sheer sundress in a very sleek and snazzy manner. Red has never looked more stunning!
↓ 17 – Beach Outfit
Rather than wearing a simplistic and boring two piece beach outfit, jazz up the look by throwing on a sheer tunic over it. Here are some sexy Hollywood Celebrities Beach Outfits to be inspired.
↓ 16 – Sheer Wedding Dress
Go for a sheer wedding dress. You're sure to get a hold of the strings of everyone's hearts. The look is very eye-catchy.
↓ 15 – Sheer Mini Dress for Travelling
A tight sheer mini dress for a chic look. Throw on a hat for cheering up the look even more.
↓ 14 – Summer Dress
Summers and sheer clothing items go hand in hand. The warm season calls for light clothing and sheer does the magic perfectly. Wear a sheer dress in summers. The airy outfit would keep you cool along with managing to bind everyone in the spell of your style. Here are some awesome Girls Summer Home Wear ideas.
↓ 13 – Sheer Urban Outfit
↓ 12 – Sheer Glitter Dress
A sparkly sheer maxi would make for am elegant look. Wear one to the next royal event.
↓ 11 – Sheer Cocktail Dress
After party outfit? Choose to wear a sheer cocktail one. The look is mesmerizing and stylish. Here are 27 Dresses to Wear at Cocktail Party.
↓ 10 – Sheer Tulle Dress
↓ 9 – Sheer Prom Dress
Hypnotize everyone at the prom party by sporting a sheer attire.
↓ 8 – Sheer Evening Dress
For the evening event, wear a sheer outfit. Look at how fabulous Selena Gomez looks in this sheer black dress. Check out these 25 Celebrities All Black outfits Styles for Fall to Copy.
↓ 7 – Plus Size Sheer Dress
Ashley Graham confidently rocked a body hugging sheer outfit inspiring all the curvy ladies to embrace see through clothing with confidence.
↓ 6 – See Through Midi Dress
For the fancy look, follow Hailee Steinfeld. Put on a sheer midi dress for the look of a diva. Check out these 16 Cute Outfits To Wear With Midi Skirts.
↓ 5 – See Through Corset Dress
For the extra glam look, wear a see through corset dress. Would work best in an extravagant setting.
↓ 4 – Sheer Party Outfit
A dyed sheer outfit would suit the party look perfectly. Here's a great collection of House Party Outfits.
↓ 3 – Casual Sheer Dress
Throw on a sheer tunic over your black top and shorts for the classy casual look.
↓ 2 – Street Style Outfit
For the ideal street style look, wear a sheer gown over your mini skirt and top. Slip into a pair of buckled boots for making the look even more on fleek.
↓ 1 – Celebrity Outfit
A content writer by the day and a reader by the night – two things that she loves the most. When Zoona isn't writing, she'll either be thinking of what to bake next or where to travel next. When it comes to writing, she has always been a storyteller and one of her short stories was published in 2014 in the Oxford University Press's anthology of contemporary short stories, I'll Find My Way. Her love for fiction writing also drove her to complete a short course on "How Writers Write Fiction," at The University of Iowa. Her other interests include binge-watching Netflix or online gaming.


text:
Security is among the most typical problems that concerns people with regards to gadgets, technology along with the internet. That's most likely the products that will get visitors to skeptical with regards to buying cheap android tablets. They do not grasp the way a gadgets work and exactly how an easy anti-virus or adware and spyware and spyware and adware software can keep all of the security breaches away. Additionally, there are more safety safeguards which can be carried out to make certain that any mobile phones for purchase may be protected.
To begin with, you must realise a financial budget android tablets aren't more uncovered to threats because of the cost. The safety protocols originate from the program along with the android technique is perfectly built. This really ensures that while using the proper apps, no adware and spyware and spyware and adware can infiltrate your gadget and jeopardize your personal information. Clearly, this process is dependent upon individuals sites that you'll visit along with what you decide to download. Constantly be careful since it doesn't matter how properly protected a low cost android tablets are nearly always there's a method for just about any brand-new virus to interfere. By minding all you download, you'll most likely stay protected from adware and spyware and spyware and adware and infections.
The identical applies to the present generation of mobile phones for purchase that you simply enter any store offline a web-based-based. Essentially, the unit remains safe and sound against outdoors threats, but with an anti-virus can improve that protection that makes it much safer that you need to store sensitive info on the mobile phones for purchase that you simply buy. Additionally here, you need to know that online online online hackers are becoming increasingly more better only at that along with the files that they're encrypting are extremely mindful to put. This is the primary reason for you to always watch precisely what are you installing and most importantly, always mind what type of information you've stored inside your phone. There are many installments of people that have observed their charge cards copied, given that they did not focus on what they have downloaded on their own phone.
Almost the mobile phones for purchase or maybe a budget android tablets possess a WI-FI connection available. Probably the most effective for almost any security breach is throughout unsecure connections towards the internet. There are lots of individuals who question the town and search for hotspots to be able to connect to the net. This can be really harmful, especially with regards to businessman or even company proprietors. Acquiring a crook breach means losing all your private data and allowing it to within the wrong hands. This can be frequently terrible for your organization and that's why make certain to be ready for just about any situations, when you believe this could not take place. Needs to be secure than sorry.


text:
Nathan Fillion (born March 27, 1971) is a Canadian actor. He stars as mystery novelist Richard Castle on the ABC series Castle. He is also known for his portrayal of the lead role of Captain Malcolm Reynolds in the television series Firefly and its feature film continuation, Serenity.
He has acted in traditionally distributed films like Slither and Trucker, Internet-distributed films like Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog, voice acted in video games Halo 3: ODST and Halo: Reach, television soap operas and sitcoms, and the in theatre.
External linksEdit
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


text:
After a drastic closing of the long loved Town Talk diner and a three year hiatus, the new and improved Le Town Talk reopened with a special twist. Continuing to include the old, flashy sign of the previous restaurant, the new owners simply added a "Le" on top of the …Read More »
Restaurant Review: Taste of Love
What does the conventional bakery bring to mind? Tiered cakes, over-filled cannolis, trays of cookies, freshly baked brownies and coats of frosting? Amongst the small businesses and coffee shops on Marshall Avenue, Samoas, Thin Mints, and Tagalongs can be found in the form of cupcakes in a bakery that differentiates …Read More »
Restaurant Review: Sabbai Cuisine
The first thing noticed is the sound of a sizzling griddle, the scent of clove, red pepper, ginger, garlic. What makes Midtown Global Market unique is the way multitudes of different shops can come together in one place, yet each restaurant still has its own atmosphere and presence. The same …Read More »
Restaurant Review: Peppers & Fries
Shuffling and scraping comes from the kitchen as the popping sounds and savory scents of burger grease rise and drift among the beams of sunlight dancing across the tables in the three car garage. The thin, steel garage rafters strung above the heads of customers support ten TVs displaying a …Read More »
Restaurant Review: Turtle Bread
If you wanted to feel like a writer, you could go to a cafe to do it. The scent of baking bread and fresh pastries, the peaceful atmosphere and kind servers, combining to form an experience that keeps you coming back for more. Almost as if the world around you …Read More »
Plants in space
The Plant Team of Minnehaha's ARE class is studying the effect of microgravity on phototropism; i.e. how microgravity affects orientation of plants toward or away from a light source. A plant will first orient itself by its sense of gravity; this is why plants grown in the dark grow similarly …Read More »
Scripture chapel
The annual scripture chapel was held today as 500 notecards with bible verses were strung up on fishing lines among the chapel stage. Social studies teacher David Hoffner introduced the chapel with a message reiterating how important remember the scripture really is. This chapel has been happening for 5 years …Read More »
Let's take a trip down Route 66
As the week draws to a close, the Minnehaha community prepares for the 2016 Minnehaha Spectacular, an event centered on spending quality time with other M.A. families and students while raising funds for academics, arts and athletics. This event promises to be entertaining and enjoyable, with activities such as "Heads …Read More »
From ring to puck
It started with a sport called ringette. Two decades ago, it became girls' high school hockey. Feb. 4 was a monumental day for girls' athletics. Marking the 21st anniversary of the Minnesota High School Girls' Hockey State Championship, the day celebrated over two decades of girls' participation in a sport …Read More »
The 2016 Madrigal Move
"Our motto is 'many hands make light work,'" said choir teacher Karen Lutgen, as the student body in the audience grew increasingly restless in anticipation of the coming event. After a few more tips and precautions were given, the dismissal was announced and a mass of students poured out of …Read More »


text:
Secure instant payday loans and cash advances in Downey, California from the leading online loan provider - Sonic Payday!
We are here to help people cope with unforeseen events by availing our most advantageous financial options easily and economically.
We have multiple lenders in Downey, California thereby enabling Downey residents to utilize our prompt online loan services.
If you are from Downey, California in dire need of monetary backup, then you can always count on Sonic-Payday.com.
With our comprehensive database of payday loan programs, you can triumph over all your financial problems.
Get the best faxless cash advance in minutes! Click below to apply online and compare Downey payday loan rates, APR points and more.
Sonic Payday Loans Online
Payday Loans - Sonic Cash Advance Services, Downey, California14494 Garfield Ave, Paramount, CA 90723, USA
Get Approved For $500.00 Dollars
Fast Instant Cash


text:
It has been a whirlwind couple of weeks for Rebirth of Kosova Church. You may remember reading our post Rebirth of Kosova is moving! about how, due to the issues we were having with our old building, we had made the decision to move to a new building. We also appealed for your support to cover the increased cost of the rent at the new building and we would like to encourage you to pray and share our fundraising page so that we can raise the remainder of the funds we need https://crowdfunding.justgiving.com/rokrent
We had a very busy three days moving out of the old building and had lots of help from many of the youth in the church who came to help pack hundreds of books into boxes, take furniture to needy families and throw away lots of rubbish that had built up over the last 6 years.
The new building is bigger, all on the ground floor and will be more useable for a wider range of activities than the old building. There will be more bathrooms, a kitchen, specially designated kids' room, a prayer lounge, welcome and fellowship area, teaching room as well as a large space for worship which will be able to seat at least twice the number of people as the old building. There is a lot of work to be done to get the building to a useable condition and this could take up to 3 weeks.
While we wait for the new building to be ready we are meeting on Sundays at the headquarters of a Dutch charity who have a house in the centre of town, and we are holding prayer meetings, cell groups and bible studies at the homes of members of the church fellowship. We're doing worship in a simple way, just Ilir on the guitar but we've been able to introduce one new song and this period of transition without all the bells and whistles of a normal church service has prompted us to produce our own worship song book so that we can go out of the comfort of our church and do worship in villages or homes.
Thank you for your prayers for us and the church in this time of transition. We know that we serve an awesome God who has big plans for the future of His church and it's exciting to be a part of that.


text: Top Rated Birding Binoculars At BirdOculars, we know you need the best and most up to date birding binoculars info. Even though we try hard to provide this, sometimes we have to go outside our site to get it. One of the best of these resources is the Amazon Marketplace. Whether your looking for birding binoculars from Pentax, Nikon or Bushnell, you'll find great … [Read more...] about Top Rated Birding Binoculars


text:
15 February, 2018
Kakha Kaladze
Georgia's Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili explains that the changes will significantly improve the process of construction in Georgia's capital city of Tbilisi.
Giorgi Kvirikashvili
"It is very important to improve the construction process in Tbilisi and give more attention to the development of recreational spaces. Kakha Kaladze (Tbilisi Mayor) has repeatedly
Vake Park in Tbilisi, well-known for its greenery
According to the changes, in the process of obtaining permit, it is necessary to present the greening plan, the registration of the existing trees, the new planting plan, as well as transport studying and transport regulation scheme at the initial stage for obtaining the construction permit on the building, which size exceeds 4000 kv/m. It will enable us to have more recreational space and make our capital even more beautiful, what is important for everyone ", - the Prime Minister stated.
Related stories:
Top parks and recreational areas in Tbilisi
New parks to be constructed in Tbilisi districts
Mtkvari River surroundings to be arranged with greenery and floating terraces


text:
Location and travel directions
By Train
Train tickets
Tickets are available from the DSB ticket office above the railway station in Terminal 3. Tickets and travel cards (for the Copenhagen and Northern Zealand HT-zone) are also available from ticket machines in the station area.
How to take the train to and from Copenhagen Airport
The ticket office is located in Terminal 3. There are lifts and travolators between the platforms and Terminal 3. You can take the free shuttle bus,which runs between Terminal 1 and Terminal 3, where the station is located. The bus journey lasts about 5 minutes.
IMPORTANT: Please check that you are boarding the correct train, as it is possible to board trains, which run to Sweden directly.
When you arrive at Copenhagen Main Station (Central Station/Copenhagen)
You will locate the exit located next to the Police (Politi) Station, to Reventlowsgade. Cross over the small zebra crossing and turn left into the road marked Istedgade. Our hotel is located 3 minutes walk down Istedgade on the left hand side.
By Taxi
Taxis are available in the arrival terminal. The ride from airport to hotel is around 20-30 min.
The price is between DKK 250-350
Airport pick up, one way from DKK 550
See the location on a map.


text:
The objective of the Leo Club is to provide the youth with an opportunity for development and contribution, individually and collectively, as responsible members of the local, national and international community.
Community service remains the cornerstone of the program, fostering a lifetime commitment to helping others.
Leo clubs encourage youths to develop leadership qualities by participating in social service activities.
They are dependent on a Lions club to sponsor and initiate a Leo club. Leo Club members are addressed as "Leos."
They conduct various projects in the fields of health care, elders, children, differently abled, literacy and education, and self-development.
SEE ALSO: Gallery: Ashesi Leo Club And The Ahote Team Paint Berekuso Clean
Leos can raise funds by conducting fund-raising projects. They can conduct projects with another Leo club, sponsoring Lions club, or with an outside organization.
Leo clubs are sponsored by Lions clubs and comprise an official program of Lions Clubs International.
Leo Club Motto:
Leadership – Develop skills as a project organizer, time manager and team leader.
Experience – Learn how teamwork, cooperation and collaboration can bring exciting changes to your community and the world.
Opportunity – Make friends and feel the rewards of community service.
Read more here:
If you have a story you want to share with Kuulpeeps and the world, please do hit us up on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram


text:
Chester Treadmill Police Walk Test is an adaptation of CTWT and has been developed by Professor Kevin Sykes as an alternative test to the 15m Shuttle Run for the fitness assessment of police officers in England and Wales
Following theoretical calculations, practical manipulations and laboratory trials of different speeds and gradients to match the aerobic fitness standards of the job-related fitness test (JRFT) for personal safety training (PST) and police specialist posts, the Chester Treadmill Police Walk Test was devised(Sykes 2015).
Chester Treadmill Police Walk Test Police (CTPWT)
CTPWT(Sykes 2015) is an adaptation of the original Chester Treadmill Walk Test (Sykes 2009) which was designed for use by the UK Fire Service as an alternative aerobic fitness test to the 20m Shuttle Run and Chester Step Test.
CTPWTis a performance test specifically developed for the Police Service of England and Wales as an alternative fitness test to the 15m Shuttle run,for those deemed medically unsuited to its twists and turns, to determine whether an officer is able to achieve the minimum recommended aerobic fitness standard for PST and Specialist Posts, excluding ARV and DIAFO (College of Policing 2014). After a suitable warm-up, the subject is required to walk at a brisk pace (6.0km/hr) on the treadmill. Every 2 minutes the gradient is raised by 3%. If the subject is able to satisfactorily reach the target time of between 10 and 12 minutes, then he/she will have achieved the minimum recommended aerobic fitness standard (see Table 1).
Chester Treadmill Police Walk Test Equipment
- High quality motorised Treadmill, calibrated, regularly-serviced and capable of operating accurately at 6.0km/hr and at inclines up to a maximum gradient of 15%
- A Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Chart (Borg 1982) (Figure 1)
Pre-test health screening
It is imperative that there are no medical contraindications to the subject undertaking the Chester Treadmill Police Walk Test.
Most individuals don't require a medical check-up before taking this test or starting regular, moderate exercise. However, if there are any doubts about the individual's suitability to partake in moderately vigorous physical activity, then please advise them to consult a doctor – and do not conduct the Treadmill Test.
There is always the slight risk that taking any form of exercise may reveal a health defect or weakness that may lead to injury, illness or even fatality. If you have any doubts at all about the subject's ability to safely undertake the Chester Treadmill Police Walk Test or to participate in a programme of regular exercise, then do not conduct the test and refer them to the Occupational Health Department or their GP for appropriate advice.
For further information on pre-participation health screening, see American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM 2013).
Pre – test conditions
The subject should not have eaten, smoked, exercised or drunk tea or coffee for at least 2 hours before the test.
The subject should not be recovering from illness or have a cold, or is taking beta blocker drugs which will depress heart rate scores.
The subject should be wearing loose-fitting, comfortable clothing.
The room should be quiet, well ventilated and between 18-20 degrees Celsius.
The subject should not have undertaken any heavy physical exercise for at least 24 hours before the test.
An appropriate Risk Assessment has been completed and approved.
Administering Chester Treadmill Police Walk Test
The Test Administrator should be well trained, knowledgeable and experienced in conducting the Test. They should be totally familiar with operating the treadmill and in explaining to a subject the useof the RPE chart. If at any time during the test, the subject shows signs of over-tiredness, discomfort or dizziness – and/or reports an RPE of 18+ -then the test should be stopped and the subject allowed to recover and cool down.
1.Ensure that:
a.there are no medical contraindications to performing the CTPWT
b.the test environment is suitable
c.the treadmill has been carefully calibrated and you (the tester) are a skilled operator
d.the RPE Chart is clearly visible for the subject
e.the subject is appropriately dressed, wearing suitable footwear and is fully able to walk confidently on the treadmill at a brisk pace with increasing gradients
f.the subject has a suitable warm up with mobility, stretching and limbering floor exercises of low to moderate intensity.
2.Inform the subject what they will be required to do – explaining the importance of good treadmill walking technique.
3.Following a suitable warm-up ask the subject to stand on the treadmill. Attach safety cord as appropriate.
4.Start the treadmill and slowly increase the speed to a comfortable walking pace (around 4-5km/hr) at 0% gradient for a 2-minute familiarisation – which also acts as a further cardiovascular warm-up period. Increase the speed to 6.0km/hr and start the test
5.Level 1: 0-2 minutes at 0% gradient. At the end of the level check RPE is less than 18 and if so, continue to Level 2, increasing the gradient to 3%.
6.Level 2: 2-4 minutes at 3% gradient. At the end of the level check RPE is less than 18 and if so, continue to Level 3, increasing the gradient to 6%.
7.Level 3: 4-6 minutes at 6% gradient. At the end of the level check RPE is less than 18 and shows no signs of distress or discomfort. If so, continue to Level 4, increasing the gradient to 9%.
8.Level 4: 6-8 minutes at 9% gradient. At the end of the level check RPE is less than 18 and subject shows no signs of distress or discomfort. If so, continue to Level 5, increasing the gradient to 12%.
9.Level 5: 8-10 minutes at 12% gradient. On successful completion of Level 5 (10 minutes), the subject will have reached an aerobic fitness standard of35mlsO2/kg/min.At the end of the level check RPE is less than 18 and subject shows no signs of distress. If so, continue to Level 6, increasing the gradient to 15%
10.Level 6: 10-12 minutes at 15% gradient. For those in Specialist Posts required to pass at a higher level of fitness, the test may be continued for up to a further 2 minutes (see Table 1 and 2 with Target Times for Personal Safety Training (PST) and Specialist Posts).
11.Cool Down: At the end of the test, lower the gradient to 0%, reduce the treadmill speed to a gentle stroll (around 4-5km/hr) and ask the subject to continue walking until he/she feels recovered and can hold a conversation comfortably – normally around 4-5 minutes. Also, ensure that the subject further cools down with some gentle limbering and stretching floor exercises.
Table 1 CTPWT Target Time for Personal Safety Training (PST)
|Personal Safety Training
|CTPWT Target Time (min:sec)
|Est. Aerobic Capacity*
|JRFT 15mShuttle Run to Level 5:4
*Aerobic Capacity must be at least this value to attain the target time
Table 2CTPWT Target Times for Specialist Posts
|Specialist Post
|CTPWT Target Time (min:sec)
|Est. Aerobic Capacity*
|Marine Police Unit
|Method of Entry
|Dog Handler
|Mounted Branch
|Police Cyclist
|Police Support Unit
|Air Support
|Police Divers
|Marine Police(Tactical Skills)
|Authorised Firearms Officer
*Aerobic Capacity must be at least this value to attain the target time
12. Cautionary Note: As with the 15m Shuttle Run the CTPWT could be a near-maximal (or even maximal) test for some individuals and care should be taken by the tester to ensure that if the subject is unable to keep up with the workrate and becomes overly distressed, the test should be stopped and the subject should be allowed to cool down.
13. For those unable to achieve the target time, aerobic capacity may be estimated from the time and gradient that the subject was able to complete (e.g. if the subject was able to walk for only 8 minutes before having to stop the test, their aerobic capacity may be estimated as shown in Table 3 as 30mlsO2/kg/min).
Table 3 Summary of CTPWT Treadmill Protocol and Oxygen Cost at each Level
|Time (mins)
|Treadmill Gradient
|O2 cost (mlsO2/kg/min)
Technical Note:
The test has been designed specifically to identify officers capable of achieving the minimum aerobic fitness standard of between 35 and 41 mlsO2/kg/min as required by the Police Service of England and Wales.
This is not a test to determine a subject's actual aerobic capacity (VO2Max). It merely indicates that the value is equal to that required for related operational activities.
Should an actual assessment of Aerobic Capacity and Fitness Level also be required, this may be estimated from the heart rate responses during the test using the bespoke CTWTP Aerobic Fitness Calculator software package (www.cartwrightfitness.co.uk).
Chester Treadmill Police Walk Test/Shuttle Run Comparisons:
See Table 4 for Specialist Post CTPWT Target Times and equivalent 15m Shuttle Run Levels.
Table 4CTPWT Target Times for Specialist Posts, Estimated Aerobic Capacity and Recommended Shuttle Run Level
|Specialist Post
|CTPWT Target Time (min:sec)
|Est. Aerobic Capacity*
|Recommended Standard (Level : Shuttle)
|Marine Police Unit
|5 : 4
|5 : 4
|Method of Entry
|5 : 4
|Dog Handler
|5 : 7
|Mounted Branch
|5 : 7
|Police Cyclist
|5 : 8
|Police Support Unit
|6 : 3
|Air Support
|6 : 4
|Police Divers
|6 : 8
|Marine Police(Tactical Skills)
|7 : 2
|Authorised Firearms Officer
|7 : 6
*Aerobic Capacity must be at least this value in order to attain the CTWTP target time and/or 15m Shuttle Run Level