text: Paul Scarlata - February 18, 2016 20th Century German Military Arms and Ammo France's adoption of the Fusil d'Infanterie Ml. 1886 (Lebel) firing a 8mm smokeless powder cartridge threw the German Military High Command into a panic. So much so that the Gewehr-Prufungs-Kommission (GPK - Rifle Testing Commission) at Spandau Gewehrfabrik was ordered to design a smokeless powder rifle posthaste. The result was the Infanteriegewehr 88, Germany's first magazine-fed infantry rifle. The Mauser Infanteriegewehr 98 was the standard rifle of German soldiers from 1898 through the late 1930s. Paul Mauser was no doubt irritated at not being consulted on his country's new service rifle and was not the type of man to take this slight lying down. Over the next eight years, an R&D program at Waffenfabrik Mauser saw the introduction of the one-piece bolt with integral with frontal lugs that locked directly into the receiver ring, a box magazine which could be topped off at any time with loose rounds and a stamped steel strip - known as a "charger" - which allowed five rounds to be loaded into the rifle's magazine quickly. In 1897, seeking a replacement for the Infanteriegewehr 88, the German military purchased 2,000 of Mauser's new rifles for trials. It proved such a superior weapon that on 5 April, 1898, the Kaiser approved its adoption as the Infanteriegewehr 98, chambered in the 7,9mm Patrone 88. Peking, 1900. Soldiers of the Deutsches Östasiatisches Expeditonkorps in China during the Boxer Rebellion. They are armed with the new Infanteriegewer 98. The Gewehr 98 saw its first combat in 1900 with the Deutsches Östasiatisches Expeditonkorps which was sent to China to help suppress the Boxer Rebellion. By 1907, all regular German military units had been reequipped with Infanteriegewehre 98, and by 1912, all first line reserve units had received them.In 1900, the French army adopted the Cartouche 8mm balle 1898 D which was loaded with a 198-gr. pointed, full metal jacketed (FMJ) bullet made from solid brass. It provided a flatter trajectory, longer range and improved on-target performance over the round nosed projectiles previously used.Once again the German military had to play catch up with their Gallic foes. By 1905, it modified to Patrone 88 to use the new style projectile which, in German, was known as a Spitzgeschoß (pointed bullet) which was soon abbreviated to "Spitzer." Comparing an Infanteriegewehr 88 clip (L) and Infanteriegewehr 98 charger. 7,9mm Patrone SThis round used the same case as the Patrone 88 but was loaded with a 154-gr. FMJ Spitzer bullet that was propelled to an impressive 2900 feet per second (fps). The diameter of the bullet was also increased from 0.318 inches to 0.323 inches. The 7,9mm Patrone S was the standard rifle cartridge of the German military during WWI and performed admireablyLate in WWI, the German military introduced a heavy bullet in the 7,9mm cartridge intended for use in machine guns. Known as the schweres Spitzgeschoß (heavy pointed bullet), in official records is was sometimes abbreviated Patr. sS.7,9mm Patrone s.S.This round used the same case as the Patrone S but with a 198-gr. FMJ boattail, spitzer bullet traveling at 2575 fps. The aerodynamic shape of the bullet, and its greater sectional density, allowed it to retain velocity and provided in excess of 1000 meters of additional range than the S bullet.Because of restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, the Germans were not able to develop or sell any military equipment. In the post-war years, the 98-type Mauser rifle was adopted by dozens of armies and was produced in Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Mexico, Austria and China. This led to the 7,9mm Patrone S becoming the most widely used military rifle cartridge in the world during the inter-war years. The Karabiner 98k was the most widely used German rifle of WWII. Tests in Czechoslovakia in the 1920s showed that the s.S. cartridge provided the same advantages when fired from a rifle in addition to producing less muzzle flash. When Hitler came to power, Germany began to rearm, and one of the first priorities was a new rifle for the German military. Mauser modified its commercial Standard Modell to produce the Karabiner 98k (k for "kurz" - short) and chambered it for the 7,9mm Patrone s.S. so as to have a common cartridge for all 7.9mm weapons.[1] German Fallschirmjäger (paratroopers) armed with the select-fire Fallschirmjägergewehr 42. The Karabiner 98k was the primary long arm of the German military, although it was supplemented with limited numbers of semiautomatic rifles such as the Mauser Gewehr 41(w), Walther Gewehr 41(w) and Gewehr 43 (also known as the Karabiner 43). The Luftwaffe issued small numbers of the select-fire Fallschirmjägergewehr 42 to its paratroopers, and after the occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Wehrmacht issued large numbers of CZ vz. 24 Mausers to their troops. All were chambered for the 7,9mm Patrone s.S.As the war progressed, the German military experienced shortages of strategic metals such as brass and lead. In 1940, production began of 7,9mm ammunition with lacquered steel cases loaded with bullets that had iron cores known as Spitzgeschoß mit Eisenkern (pointed bullet with iron core). [2] The Wehrmacht used large numbers of Czech vz. 24 Mausers during WWII. (courtesy Stuart Mowbray & Joe Puleo) 7,9mm Patrone SmEThis round consisted of a lacquered steel case identical to the 7,9mm Patrone s.S. loaded with a 178-gr. FMJ boattail bullet traveling at 2525 fps. The bullet had an iron core surrounded by a lead sleeve which allowed it to compress while passing down the barrel. Bullet jackets were made from mild steel plated with gilding metal or zinc.7,9mm Patrone SmE (Lang)This round used the same steel case as the SmE but loaded with a 162-gr. bullet with a longer (Lang) iron core that was plated with zinc. Muzzle velocity was 2460 fps. [3]The lessons of WWI had shown that the 7,9mm Patrone S was more powerful than the average infantryman needed, had a longer range than the average rifleman could take advantage of, produced too much recoil and the weapons firing it were overly heavy and long. They wanted a cartridge that produced light recoil so it could be used in select-fire weapons at close range but still provide rifle-like accuracy out to 300-400 meters bridging the gap between submachine guns and rifles. The Walther-designed Gewehr 41 was one of the semiautomatic rifles used by the Wehrmacht during WWII. In the late 1930s, the Polte Munitionfabriken in Magdeburg developed a cartridge that met the German military's specifications. Contracts for rifles firing the new cartridge round were given to both Walther and Haenel , who were asked to submit prototype weapons. Both designs were gas operated, select-fire weapons with high capacity magazines and made extensive use of stamped metal components. So as to conceal their development they were referred to as Machinenpistolen (MP - submachine guns) and the cartridge the Pistolenpatrone (pistol cartridge). [4]7,9mm Pistolenpatrone 43This round consisted of a 33mm bottlenecked, rimless case containing a 125-gr. iron core FMJ boattail bullet that that was propelled to 2250 fps. Early production ammunition used brass cases.The new cartridge and the Haenel-designed rifle firing it - known variously as the MP 43, MP44 and later as the Sturmgewehr 44 ("Assault Rifle 44") - proved so successful that even the Führer's opposition to them was overcome.7,9mm Kurzpatrone SmEThis round was dimensionally and ballistically identical to the Pistolenpatronen 43 but used a lacquered steel case. The Haenel-designed Sturmgewehr 44 (Stg 44) was the most widely used of the various assault rifles developed in Germany during WWII. But the new weapons were not enough to stand up to the overwhelming firepower and manpower the Allies were able to bring against Nazi Germany. Hitler committed suicide in his bunker in Berlin on April 30, 1945, to avoid capture by the Red Army, and a week later, General Alfred Jodl signed the terms of unconditional surrender.Germany was divided into four zones of occupation: American, English, French and Russian. By the terms of the surrender, Germany was not allowed an army. To maintain order in their zones, the occupying powers established local police/gendarmerie forces who at first were only armed with pistols and revolvers. An early contingent of Allied military police outfitted and armed by the Allied occupying forces. Increasing tensions with the Soviets led to the Allies arming the Bundesgrenzschutz (Border Police, founded in 1951) and Lander Gendarmerie (State Rural Police) with carbines, the most common being the U.S. M1 Carbine. [5] Patrone für Karabiner Kal. .30 M-1 (kurz) — as the .30 Carbine was known in German service. It consisted of a rimless, tapered case 33mm long, with a 110-gr. round-nosed, FMJ bullet that is propelled to 1975 fps. Members of the post-WWII Bundeswehr armed with U.S.-supplied M1 Carbines. (courtesy James Mock) Germany was divided into two nations, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany - FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany - GDR). In response to the Soviets rearming the GDR, in November 1955, the Allies allowed the FRG to form a new military, the Bundeswehr, whose role was defined by the German constitution as purely "defensive." That same year, the FRG became a member of NATO.While they were at first equipped with a hodgepodge of former German military and Allied small arms, the Bundeswehr eventually standardized on U.S. weapons and between 1950 - 1963 the U.S. supplied West Germany with 46,754 M1 Garand rifles and 34,192 M1/M2 Carbines. 7,62mm Patrone für Gewehr M-1 — the German version of the U.S. .30 Ball M2 consists of a 63mm rimless, bottlenecked case loaded with a 150 gr. FMJ spitzer bullet that achieves a velocity of approximately 2800 fps.During the Cold War, the Bundeswehr was the core of NATO's conventional defense in Central Europe. At its height, it had a strength of 495,000 military and 170,000 civilian personnel. In 1956, the Bundeswehr adopted the FN-FAL as the Gewehr 1 (G1). In the late 1950s, the Bundeswehr began looking for a new rifle to replace its aging M1 weapons. After testing the Armalite AR-10, CETME Mo. 58 and FN-FAL, in 1956, the FAL was adopted as the Gewehr 1 (G1), and approximately 100,000 were ordered from FN in Belgium. The Germans wanted to manufacture the G1 locally, but FN refused to grant them a license which led to a mini political crisis within NATO. Accordingly, the Germans adopted the CETME in 1959 as the Gewehr 3 and arranged for it to be manufactured in Germany by Heckler & Koch and Rheinmetall. The finalized versions, the G3A3 and G3A4 (folding stock) would remain the standard rifles of the Bundeswehr for the next 40 years. The Heckler & Koch G3A3 was the standard rifle of the Bundeswehr for 40 years. Patrone AB22, 7,62mm x 51 DM41All the above rifles were chambered for the standard NATO cartridge based upon a rimless, bottle necked case 51mm long loaded with a copper washed, steel jacketed 148-gr. boattail spitzer bullet at a velocity of 2750 fps.Over its service life the 7,62x51 cartridge went through several changes.Patrone AB22, 7,62mm x 51 DM111This round used a cupronickel-coated steel jacketed bullet. Late production ammo used lead-free "green" primers.Patrone AB22 7,62mm x 51 DM111A1 This round was loaded with a gilding metal jacketed bullet and "green" primer.While a staunch member of NATO, West Germany resisted changing over to 5.56mm weapons longer than most member armies. In 1990, Heckler & Koch introduced their HK G11 rifle which fired a unique 4.7mm caseless cartridge developed by Dynamit-Nobel. While the Bundeswehr expressed interest in it no other NATO member did and it never entered full production due to the political changes of German reunification. Members of the Bundeswehr armed with H&K G36 rifles. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, numerous satellite nations left the Warsaw Pact. A series of protests by East Germans led to the GDR's first free elections in March 1990 and to negotiations between the GDR and FRG that resulted in the unification of the two countries on October 3, 1990. About 50,000 East German Volksarmee personnel were integrated into the Bundeswehr.Bowing to the inevitable, the German military adopted the 5.56mm Heckler & Koch G36 rifle in 1995. The 7.62mm Heckler & Koch G28 is issued to designated marksmen. Patrone AB 5,56mm x 45 DM11 — identical to the FN SS109, it uses a bottlenecked, rimless case 45 mm long loaded with a 63-gr. FMJ spitzer bullet with a steel insert in its tip, traveling at 3000 fps.In 1994, the German Federal Constitutional Court ruled that "defensive" was defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world. Accordingly, German military personnel have served with UN and NATO forces in the former Yugoslavia, Central Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Iraq and Afghanistan.[1] By 1934 most rifles in German service had been modified for the Patrone s.S. and production of the Patrone S ceased.[2] The Germans had experimented with steel cartridge cases late in WWI but they were less than successful.[3] Late production SmE cases used a single flashhole rather than the two more commonly encountered with Berdan primed cases.[4] Reportedly these designations were used to conceal the development of the cartridge and rifles from Adolph Hitler who opposed the introduction such weapons.[5] After 1955 some Bundesgrenzschutz units in the British and French zone were supplied with Lee-Enfield and MAS Mle. 1936 rifles while others used ex-Wehrmacht Karabiner 98k Mausers. GET THE NEWSLETTER Join the List and Never Miss a Thing. Sign Me Up


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The Upper West Side home of the late artist Aaron Shikler, known for his iconic portraiture of John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan, will list for $7 million, according to his daughter.
The roughly 3,500-square-foot co-op, located in the neo-Gothic style Studio Building, is where the artist completed some of his best known commissions, including paintings of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, said his daughter, Cathy Shikler-van Ingen.
More: Click to read about the sale of Amy Schumer's Manhattan co-op
The apartment includes three bedrooms, 2½ bathrooms and an art studio with a roughly 14 1/2-foot-tall ceiling, said listing agent Monica Luque of Douglas Elliman. It overlooks the American Museum of Natural History.
Ms. Shikler-van Ingen, who grew up in the apartment, said her father bought the unit for roughly $27,000 in 1971. "It was a time when you could walk outside by yourself as a kid," said Ms. Shikler-van Ingen, 61, who said some of her fondest memories were of watching the Thanksgiving Day parade floats around 77th Street get inflated late into the night.
Mr. Shikler rose to fame when he was commissioned to create a posthumous portrait of President Kennedy. Mr. Shikler would later paint a lasting image of President Reagan, in jeans and a blue shirt, which ran on the cover of Time Magazine's Man of the Year issue in 1981. He died in 2015 at the age of 93.
Ms. Shikler-van Ingen, a faculty member at The New School in New York, said she is selling the apartment, along with her younger brother, because "it's time to move on."
Write to Stefanos Chen at email@example.com
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Should sport and politics ever mix?
I really like the style the BBC have started adopting for some of their articles. Splitting up the article with clear sections and also integrating video, very slick. And for the record, yes I think they should mix, as long as doesn't impact the sport.


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Paris Travel Diary
Hey! For a surprise 21st birthday treat, my boyfriend treated me for a little getaway to PARIS! He tried his best to keep it a secret from me, only telling me that we were going away and not saying where. But packing not knowing where I was going was incredibly hard, so I begged for […]Read More


text: Calamerica 11,284 posts Posted May 23, 2019 Was the line spoken by Elliot Gould to that Taxi driver in the great movie, "Bugsy". Haters gonna hate. Can't stop human( neanderthal) nature. Let's get the better boardies back discussing comics. Don't prove me right. CAL2 who is back... 2 Jimmy Linguini and STORMSHADOW_80 reacted to this Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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7 Factors to Take Note of Before Purchasing Pre-Owned Mobile Phones
Un-boxing a new smartphone in-arguably offers a highly fulfilling experience, something which isn't the case with used or pre-owned gadgets. However, the financial perks associated with the latter are often way too pronounced to be ignored. For someone who considers budget before every purchase, a new device isn't always the most viable or rather feasible option to rely on. Moreover, with the used smartphone market growing in leaps and bounds, the chances of getting a bad deal almost takes a backseat. That said, if an individual has made up his or her mind regarding the used smartphone purchase, it is now time to look closely at a few points before closing in the deal. Unlike purchasing a new device from an official store, a pre-owned gadget doesn't necessarily come with a lot of validation. Therefore, a buyer must take several factors into account before moving ahead with the purchase.
1. Seller Credibility
A buyer should always start by checking the credentials of the concerned seller or sellers in that regard. While there can be a lot of speculations regarding the emergence of fraudulent offline retailers who end up offering dysfunctional and fake devices to the buyers, the emergence of online stores have nullified the ill-effects to a considerable extent. Online startups have taken the used and refurbished smartphone market by a storm, offering well-maintained devices at highly competitive prices.
2. Refrain from Stolen Gadgets
The issue about stolen devices is common with local, offline retailers. In most cases, the stolen smartphones are offered at dirt cheap rates, but a buyer must learn to identify and stay away from them. The best way to combat the situation is to ask for the soft or hard copy of the original purchase receipt, regardless of the gadget's age. Moreover, one should also cross-check even the smallest of details by asking about the store from which the gadget was originally purchased, original purchase details, and warranty whereabouts. The best strategy, however, is to look for the IMEI number of the gadget and match the same with the details mentioned on the bill. Used mobile for sale purpose is available at various places.
3. Be on the Lookout for Fakes
The existing smartphone market, both used and new, is filled with fakes, especially the Chinese replicas. A buyer must, therefore, learn to identify the same to avoid getting duped. The most prudent ways for distinguishing fakes from originals are to match model numbers, IMEI numbers, and more. Another approach could be to compare the hardware and software specs of the device with the actual model.
4. Undertake Exhaustive Physical Inspections
Now when a buyer has established the credibility and authenticity of the device, it is important to conduct exhaustive inspections in regards to the physical state. The first and foremost step should be to visually inspect the device from every angle, especially for dents, touchscreen worries, and other problems. If the device is in top-notch condition, it is good to be purchased. The buyer must also be on the lookout for scratches as they are often hard to identify but once detected can be the perfect tools for negotiation. For a device with a removable battery, bulges and other sign of damages must be checked for.
5. Execute Code Test
Every device comes with a set of special menu options which are accessible via select codes, often found over the internet. These codes are self-executable and can be used to assess the internal condition of a device. This includes the sensor, LED, speakers, battery, receiver, and more.
6. Examine the Usability of Accessories and Ports
For a buyer who is looking to purchase a used device along with accessories, it is important to analyse the role of ports and points. Therefore, it is advisable to check the charger point, headphone jack, USB Type-C port (if available) before finalising the deal. Battery abnormalities upon charging the device for long also need to be taken into account, in regards to overheating and other aspects. Most importantly, the buyer must carefully analyse the USB port, precisely for data transfer and a host of other important jobs.
7. The Price
In the end, it all comes down to the price, and therefore a buyer must be an extra bit careful when it comes to shelling out a hefty price for the used gadget. Firstly, the person making the buyer must check whether the device is just a used one or refurbished. Moreover, each one of the mentioned factors also needs to be taken into account before negotiating and reaching a common ground.
Used handsets can be tricky buys, especially if the buyer fails to take mobile phone depreciation and other aspects into account. This is why it is always advised to make purchases via credible online stores, instead of persisting with offline re-sellers.


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The Philippine hotel industry is expected to get a big boost from the steady growth of the tourism sector. Supported by the government's "build, build, build" campaign that is set to usher in the golden age of infrastructure, the rising tiger of Southeast Asia is on the search for hotel developers, operators, and suppliers who have what it takes to create that distinct Philippine hospitality experience.
Think you can meet this demand?
Explore the many potentials this market has to offer by becoming a part of the only trade show dedicated to connecting stakeholders in the industry together – Hotel Suppliers Show.
Get ready to meet new clients. Be an exhibitor at the Hotel Suppliers Show.
Where hospitality and best dining experiences meet.
With over 11,000 trade buyers and decision makers from hospitality, food service, retail and distribution visiting, Food and Beverages Suppliers Show provides the most targeted and focused business platform for you to present your newest products and services, generate new leads and expand your business in the Philippines!
Create new networks at the show. Be an exhibitor at the Food and Beverages Suppliers Show.
Find the right furniture that fits your hospitality needs.
With the booming hospitality and tourism sector in the country, many hotels, resorts, spas, and restaurants are looking for the right furniture and furnishings that fit their design and the taste of their market. Are you interested in expanding your business at the right venue, to the right market?
Be part of the biggest event for the industry. Be an exhibitor at the Furniture, Fixtures & Equipment Show.
Create smart guest experiences with us.
Technology continues to shape the hotel and restaurant industry in the Philippines, which is why hotel owners, general managers, procurement managers, and security managers are always on the look out for the newest innovations and technologies.
Do you have the right products and services to elevate and enhance customer and guest experiences in this wireless era? If yes, then book your space with us and connect with your next big client.
Showcase your brand and product offers today. Be an exhibitor at the Hospitality Tech Suppliers Show.


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Sorry, the Summer Catch Competition is now closed for entries.
The best Summer Catch Competition photos will be available for you to view and vote on Thursday 18th August – Tuesday 30th August.
TOP PRIZE: £100 Fishtec voucher – awarded to the photo with the most overall votes.
RUNNERS UP: £30 Fishtec vouchers – awarded to 3 runners up.
What Next?
From your entries, we'll post a shortlisted gallery of star quality photographs on our blog.
Readers, friends and family can then vote for their favourite summer catch photo.
The photo with the most votes wins the top prize of a £100 Fishtec voucher.
The 'best in category' coarse, fly and sea fishing photo with the most votes (excluding overall winner) will be awarded a £30 Fishtec voucher each.
Tight lines and happy snapping!
Terms and conditions
By entering into this competition, all entrants agree to be bound by these Terms and Conditions.
In the event that any entrant does not, or is unable to, comply with and meet these Terms and Conditions and the competition information, Fishtec shall be entitled at its sole discretion to disqualify such entrant, without any further liability to such entrant.
To enter this competition you must be: (a) a UK resident; and (b) 18 years old or over at the time of entry.
This competition is free to enter and no purchase is necessary.
Fishtec reserves the right to cancel or amend the contest or the terms at any time without prior notice. Any changes will be posted on blog.fishtec.co.uk.
Entry requirements
1. Submitted photos should be no larger than 5mb in file size.
2. Entrants must be 18 or over to enter.
3. You must be the copyright owner of any photo submitted.
4. You must have the necessary permission from people who appear in the photo submitted.
5. Do not submit any photographs that are obscene, vulgar, pornographic, hateful, threatening, racist, sexist, discriminatory, or which otherwise violate any local or international laws.
6. The photographer must be the sole author and owner of the copyright of photos entered in to the competition. Fishtec respects photographer rights and does not claim copyright for images you submit to this competition, you will retain full copyright in each entry. Whenever your image is published by Fishtec you will be credited. Failure to publish a credit due to error or oversight shall not be deemed a breach of this condition.
Image Usage
7. By entering this competition you agree that any winning image or shortlisted images you submit may be used by Fishtec for purposes related to the Catch Competition.
8. You hereby grant Fishtec a non-exclusive, irrevocable licence in each entry for the uses described in 7. above for 1 year following the date of announcement of the winner, thereafter the image may be used for archival purposes by Fishtec.
9. You acknowledge your responsibility for protecting your entry against image misuse by third parties, by for example, but not limited to, the insertion of a watermark, retaining exif data. Fishtec can assume no responsibility and are not liable for any image misuse.
10. Should any image uses beyond those needed for the competition arise we will endeavour to contact you.
11. Our panel of judges will assess all entries and then select images for a shortlist. The shortlisted images will be voted on by the public. The image with the most votes by the closing date, will be the overall winner. Three runners up will be selected by choosing the fly, sea and coarse fishing photo with the most votes (excluding overall winner).
12. Once voting has closed the winners will be notified within 30 days.
13. The judges decision is final and they do not enter into communication relating to entries.
14. Only one vote per person is permitted.
15. Any votes registered after the voting close time, which will be stated online, will not be included in final count.
16. Fishtec reserves the right to disqualify votes or entries, or suspend voting if it has reasonable grounds to suspect that fraudulent voting has occurred, or if it considers there has been any attempt to unfairly influence the voting. Fishtec has the right to substitute an alternative selection method at its absolute discretion.
17. If, for any reason, the online voting system fails, the vote may be suspended or a contingency plan may be actioned.
18. Fishtec reserves the right to change, cancel or suspend this event at any time.
19. Fishtec does accept any responsibility whatsoever for any technical failure or malfunction or any other problem with any on-line system, server, provider or otherwise which may result in any vote being lost or not properly registered or recorded.
20. After the catch competition closes, the winner and runners up will be awarded the following prizes:
• £100 Fishtec voucher – Overall winner
• £30 Fishtec voucher – Fly fishing runner up
• £30 Fishtec voucher – Coarse fishing runner up
• £30 Fishtec voucher – Sea fishing runner up
21. No alternative products, credit or cash equivalents will be offered.
22. Prize details will be sent to the winner via email within 30 days of the winner being announced.
If you have any queries relating to our terms and conditions please contact: email@example.com


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What is sophistry?
This term has evolved much over the years. According to the Collins Dictionary:n
- a method of argument that is seemingly plausible though actually invalid and misleading and the art of using such arguments
- subtle but unsound or fallacious reasoning
Interestingly, in ancient Greece, indeed, pre-Socrates, a Sophist was a teacher using philosophical methods to teach virtue. They were extremely persuasive in argument. As their worth progressed, they commanded high fees (unlike Socrates, who shunned payment). By the time of the Roman Empire, a Sophist was one who made compelling arguments in public, and used rhetoric. Over time, sophistry has become a derogatory term; a crafted argument in order to represent a specious or fallacious statement or reasoning.
Although most of the explanations we consider to clinical queries in this series are far from purposefully misleading, or sophistic, they may still suffer from years of propagation, 'Chinese whispers' or simply arguments built on incorrect supposition and foundations.
Question (or rather 'statement')
VICC (venom induced consumptive coagulopathy) causes cardiac arrest early in envenomation (particularly in brown snake envenomation) because of rapid micro-clot formation in the initial pro-coagulant phase, occurring within the coronary arteries.
The subsequent question:
If there is widespread clotting within the coronary arteries, why do we not see clot in the arterial supply of other organs?
What are your thoughts?
We open this to our faithful readers…


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As I write this post, it's 95 (feels like 105) degrees outside in New Orleans. Having retreated to the shelter of our solar-powered air conditioning to write about the history of DuPont nylon, I'm struggling to envision what it would be like to wear stockings every day of my life– let alone in the summertime!
I'm grateful for the plastic in our solar panels, yet perturbed by the problems we face today with synthetic fiber pollution, and mulling over where to begin. This post is an "Origin Story" post so it's a bit different from regular VGR blog posts. It will cover the background and history of nylon to provide insight on how we got to where we are today with our synthetic fibers.
The next post will resume our regularly scheduled format, covering tips on how to recycle your clothes and reduce the microplastic in your wardrobe! (I'll link the post here when it's ready!)
It all starts with the enormous demand for nylon stockings in the 1940s. This consumer demand served as a primary vehicle by which these persistent synthetic fibers made their way into every corner of American life.
Other plastics existed prior to nylon, but the real surge in production occurred during and after WWII, in tandem with nylon. (For more plastic history, see here).
Thus, nylon's explosive growth in popularity created an opening for DuPont and other chemical companies to introduce a blitzkrieg of oil-based and plastic consumer goods on all fronts, claiming to offer "Better Products for Better Living Through Chemistry."
While researching my last post, the evolution of the toothbrush, I learned that the first nylon fibers made by DuPont were NOT used for women's stockings but for toothbrush bristles as part of an early pilot program before nylon hosiery was perfected.
Naturally, I was curious to learn more about nylon and its role in today's plastic crisis!
Here are a few of the odd things I discovered along the way:
(you can click the links to skip ahead)
So read on, friends!
Harbinger of Doom?
Nylon was invented by Wallace Carothers, a young Harvard Chemist who was hired by DuPont in 1928 to embark on "pure" or "basic research" in a quest for new scientific discoveries.
DuPont had spent significant resources on rayon research ($1 million in 1934!!) and failed to find a superior substitute for silk. Rayon, the only other synthetic option at the time, was too stiff, shiny, and ill-fitting to compete with silk. Carothers's mission was to depart from existing research and seek new alternatives.
By 1935, after much trial and error with polyesters that didn't hold up, Carothers and his colleagues finally developed the world's first viable synthetic fiber: nylon.
The final version, "polyamide 6, 6," or "Fiber 66," was prepared with benzene, a starting material derived from coal tar. DuPont would later pitch this as a simple miracle made from "coal, water, and air."
However, Carothers died before nylon went public. Due to a longstanding struggle with depression and alcoholism, Carothers committed suicide by drinking cyanide on April 29, 1937, a little more than a year before DuPont would announce nylon to the world.
Although his depression began long before he came to DuPont, in retrospect I can't help but feel that perhaps Carothers's death was an eery harbinger of doom? An event presaging future decades of previously unfathomable environmental devastation…
Sadly, so little was known about effective mental health and substance abuse treatment at that time. It leads me to wonder, might the current state of our planet have turned out any differently had this creative genius been in good health? Would nylon have turned out as it did?
From Gums to Gams: the Nylon Riots
As a teenager, I was fascinated by my grandmother's stories about life during WWII. One of the most compelling tales was that of women's obsession with stockings and hosiery.
When silk stockings became difficult to obtain during the war, women drew a line (typically with eyeliner) up the backs of their legs to mimic the seams of said stockings.
From the 1920s into the 30s, dress hemlines grew ever shorter, making stockings more desirable for one's highly visible gams. The seam line, though not necessary today, remains popular among vintage-inspired fashion and lingerie.
I had always assumed these absent stockings were made of silk, but I was surprised to learn that nylon stockings were actually sold before the war, beginning in 1940.
After Carothers died, DuPont scientists continued perfecting Fiber 66, and arrived at the name "nylon" after several variations on "no-run"– to indicate the material's durability.
The toothbrush bristle pilot program began in 1938 while DuPont also secretly began work on nylon stockings. Rumors soon popped up about this secret project, with some papers suggesting that the material was even made from cadavers, linking the morbid news about Carothers's death to the new project.
On Oct. 27, 1938, DuPont announced publicly that they would be making stockings with this new miracle fiber. They sidestepped the bad death PR by reiterating that the new stockings were simply made of "coal, water, and air."
The next day, an article in the New York Times noted that nylon would have "hundreds of potential uses," and explained DuPont's (devious?) strategy in NOT trademarking the name nylon so that it would become a generic term used to refer to the material itself.
This move by DuPont cemented the identity of nylon not as a branded item, but as a raw material along the likes of cotton, lumber, or steel. This encouraged other manufacturers to use it as well, competing to offer consumers more and more fake plastic everything.
In April of 1939, DuPont exhibited the stockings at the World's Fair in New York, which became quite a sensation among consumers. In October, they performed a test sale, releasing 4,000 pairs of stockings to DuPont employee wives. These sold out in only three hours.
Dupont soon "realized what kind of stretchy, durable, washable, dryable revolution it had synthesized" and began preparing for wide release. On May 15, 1940, known as "Nylon Day," they released four million pairs that sold out in just a few days.
However, just as quickly as the public snatched up those stockings, nylon was taken off the market and repurposed solely for war supplies. These included: parachutes, tire cords, ropes, aircraft fuel tanks, shoe laces, mosquito netting, and hammocks.
Nylon's "strength, elasticity, weight, and resistance to mildew" was soon praised for helping the Allies win the war. Once the war was over, nylon stocking production resumed. Hoards of women in numerous cities lined up for miles to rush into department stores and get their hands on them– aka the Nylon Riots.
In one widely cited example, 40,000 Pittsburgh shoppers lined up to compete for 13,000 pairs in June of 1946. The Pittsburgh newspaper reported 'a good old fashioned hair-pulling, face-scratching fight broke out in the line.'
In comparison to nylon, silk now had several disadvantages: inability to stretch, difficulty cleaning, sagging and bagging, and easily ripping. Combined with the lower cost and durability of the nylon stockings, these disadvantages meant silk was phased out by 1949.
Better Living Through Chemistry
So, did anyone object to all of this? Did they have any understanding that the billions of nylons and other plastic products they were making would come to haunt us mere decades later?
I was prepared to look for research about how all these chemical companies sneakily brainwashed consumers into buying the billions of harmful synthetic products that still exist today, slowly degrading our oceans.
But… it really wasn't that sneaky.
It was a pretty blatant declaration of their intention to pillage the earth, like in this freaky promotional video below, made by DuPont in 1936, extolling the virtues of "Better Living Through Chemistry."
And, it seems the average person did not have a problem with that.
"…every year DuPont buys from the farm, the mine, and the forest vast quantities of materials to be converted by industry into products that provide better things for better living…products of thrilling beauty and wide utility when modern chemistry and modern industry join hands in serving our modern America"
Of course, from our view in 2019, this video now seems made for a dystopian sci-fi narrative. It leaves quite an impression to see an original artifact demonstrating the birth of modern American plastic come to life before your very eyes.
As the Smithsonian notes, "the completely unnatural features of nylon may not play as well in the marketplace today, but in 1940, on the heels of the Great Depression, the ability to dominate the elements through chemistry energized a nation weary of economic and agricultural uncertainty."
Thus, one of the biggest effects of nylon production was (ironically?) to create hope. When people saw new materials being invented, they were hopeful it meant the U.S. was on the road to recovery following the "economic doldrums" of the Great Depression.
It wasn't until the 1960s when plastic was first observed in the ocean, that consumers finally began to wake up from their 20-year plastic haze. The advent of Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring, and some other highly publicized natural disasters brought greater attention to the environment in the 1960s.
The Science History Institute notes, "Plastic's reputation fell further in the 1970s and 1980s as anxiety about waste increased. Plastic became a special target because, while so many plastic products are disposable, plastic lasts forever in the environment."
In the 1980s, it was actually the plastics industry that brought about common municipal recycling in response to growing concern. They encouraged cities and communities to collect and process the materials as part of their waste-management programs. However, that leads to where we are now–still struggling to improve recycling as our waste ends up in the wild anyway.
The most striking thing to me is, the peak of this hopeful, idealistic plastics boom only lasted a relatively short time before people became concerned (1940-1960). Yet, it's almost 60 years after that (1960-2020) and we've somehow just continued to make it worse?
According to this 2018 article in Fast Company, plastic is a somewhat misguided term to describe long-chain polymers derived from petroleum or natural gas. Until the last five or six years, "polymer product designers have typically not considered what will happen after the end of their product's initial lifetime. This is beginning to change, and this issue will require increasing focus in the years ahead."
Specifically with regard to textiles, more than 70 million tons of this type of plastic are used per year in fabrics, with 90 percent of it being produced in Asia… "As in the case of packaging, textiles are not commonly recycled. The average U.S. citizen generates over 90 pounds of textile waste each year."
Womp, womp. Stay tuned for my next article on how to eliminate the plastic in your wardrobe!!
–Beckman, E. (2018, August 13). "A brief history of plastic, design's favorite material." Fast
Company. Retrieved from: https://www.fastcompany.com/90217212/a-brief-history-of-
–Cutlip, K. (2015, May 11). "How 75 years ago nylon stockings changed the world."
Smithsonian.com. Retrieved from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-
–Hermes, M.E. (1996). Enough for One Lifetime: Wallace Carothers, Inventor of Nylon.
Washington, DC: American Chemical Society and American Chemical Heritage Foundation.
–New York Times. (1938, October 30). "Du Pont discloses new yarn details."
–Kativa, H.S. (2016, October 3). "Synthetic threads: Synthetic fibers not only changed the
fashion industry; they changed how women lived their lives."Distillations. Science History
Institute. Retrieved from https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/synthetic-threads
–Pegex, Hazardous Waste Experts (2017, April 21). "Post-consumer and post-industrial nylon
recycling." Retrieved from: https://www.hazardouswasteexperts.com/post-consumer-and-
–Science History Institute (nd). "The History and Future of Plastics." Retrieved from:
–Spivack, E. (2012, September 4). Stocking series, part 1: Wartime rationing and nylon riots.
Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture-
–Wolfe, A.J. (2008). Nylon: A revolution in textiles. Distillations. Science History Institute.
Retrieved from https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/nylon-a-revolution-in-textiles
–Nylon Yarn Inspection at DuPont Facility, 1938. Joseph X. Labovsky Collection of Nylon
Photographs and Ephemera, Box 2. Science History Institute. Philadelphia.
–Woman helps DuPont employee demonstrate nylon stockings, 1939. 984259_121912_041,
27/159, DuPont Textile Fibers Product Information photographs (Accession 1984.259),
Audiovisual Collections and Digital Initiatives Department, Hagley Museum and Library,
Wilmington, DE 19807
–Wallace Carothers
— Feeding Nylon Chips into Five-Position Spinning Machine, 1938. Joseph X. Labovsky
Collection of Nylon Photographs and Ephemera, Box 2. Science History Institute.
Philadelphia. https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/3t945q85r.
–Inspecting bristles for toothbrushes, 1937. 1972341_1241, 5/4 number, DuPont Company
Product Information photographs (Accession 1972.341), Audiovisual Collections and Digital
Initiatives Department, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, DE 19807
–My primary goal is to encourage readers to reduce, reuse, and become part of the zero-waste movement. I am an imperfect human like everyone else, so part of my journey with this project will be to share what I learn as I try new things myself and work toward a zero-waste lifestyle.
–Products I suggest are based solely on my own personal thoughts, and I am not a health or environmental professional. As always please seek the relevant and appropriate professional/medical advice for your lifestyle as needed.


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If you are not educated you cannot give education, Sanusi tells Nigerian leaders
Emir of Kano, Muhammadu Sanusi II says Nigerian education system was suffering because Nigerians choose to elect uneducated leaders.
In a Statement on Saturday during the 6th convocation of the Nile University of Nigeria, Sanusi who was conferred with an Honorary Doctor of Science maintained that Nigerians must lay more emphasis on the quality of people elected to public office. According to him, uneducated leaders cannot give education since they don't have it.
"We have to take an interest in the quality of our leaders and representatives in the level of education. If you look around this country at many levels of leadership, we have elected and we have chosen to elect people who do not have education. And because they are not educated, they cannot give education," he noted
"We need to lay more emphasis on the quality of people we elect to executive and legislative offices and we need to make sure that those to whom we entrust policy are themselves educated and know the value of education.
"Let us invest more in education and let us give up some of the privileges that we have such as the trillions we are spending subsiding petroleum products. That money should go into educating our young people," he added
Follow us on twitter @NigeriaTodayNG


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Want to start your online coaching biz, but dont know how???
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I am a political science graduate of Duke University and spent 10 years working as a financial institutions underwriter for a Fortune 500 insurance company. Drawing upon these experiences, I use my analytical, consulting, marketing, program building and risk assessment skills to help my clients build an online coaching business.
My step by step, no nonsense instruction helps my clients to create:
- Strong personal brands,
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This Call Is For YOU If..
Want to do business online, but don't know where to start
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"I wanted to see my vision come to life but had NO IDEA how or where to begin! It's a bit overwhelming when you feel like you have so much purpose but don't know what to do with it!! She heard me out, and in a short period of time made sense of it and gave me a plan that I can accomplish!! She completely understood what I felt was me rambling on about all my passions in life! Lol. I'm so excited to now implement what I've learned, use the resources she's given me, and watch my vision come to life!! Stay tuned!! The best is yet to come!!!"
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You are definitely the purpose-driven DIVA."


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The Inspire Me guest series is back with another round of brilliant bloggers. Over the coming weeks they'll be sharing their blog experiences, insights and little golden nuggets of top tips that you won't want to miss.
This week I'm joined by Enda from Endastories.
I first came across Enda when he rocked up at the #DreamTeam linky party for bloggers. His writing stuck out so much that within a few hours of opening, each of the #DreamTeam linky hosts had mentioned his name… at least twice. His voice is clear, unapologetic and there's a real sense of 'what you see is what you get.' To me, Edna's superpower is definitely being able to cut through the waffle, making for a very interesting read. Now, over to Enda!
Quick fire questions are so much fun but can also tell us so much about how someone thinks. Let's see how Enda got on.
1. How long have you been blogging for and what inspired you to give it a go?
Properly for about 15 months. Irregularly for two years before that. My blog started as me assembling my published newspaper and magazine articles on a word-press website. It became a blog when I started posting blog pieces sporadically. One day I decided to write one post every Monday, and to promote my blog a bit using linkys.
2. Think back to when you first started blogging, what if anything has changed the most?
I am not tech savvy so this has been a journey of discovery. I am a personal blogger, not a product selling/collaborative blogger.
3. Are you a pen and paper or straight to the screen type of writer?
Straight to screen.
4. Where and when do you do most of your writing?
Every Monday morning after kids have gone to school and wife to work. I have a little spare bedroom office with desk and computer. I am freelance and work afternoons into evening.
5. How often do you write and what type of things inspire your blog posts?
Once a week, usually inspired by family matters. This has become more complicated as my kids are teenagers, and I rarely share real family stuff.
6. Have you ever had a major case of writers block, if so, how did you overcome it?
Not really … and if I did I would write about that!
7. Complete one or both of the following sentences. A) Bloggers rock because… B) I am a super blogger because…
Some bloggers rock because they write interestingly and well, and because they share with others. This's one of the best bits about blogging: the support and banter with other bloggers. It really is so supportive … all that sharing, retweeting and just generally nice and encouraging comments .It's lovely to receive, and just as nice to be able to do the same.
I am a super blogger because people read my stuff and go to the trouble of responding, even if it is just a View or Like. I hugely enjoy corresponding with these readers.
8. Name 3 bloggers who inspire you?
Well three bloggers. To name just three I enjoy very much… Heather Keet (Shank you very much); Mary Murphy (Unpacking My Bottom Drawer) and Thom Hickey (The Immortal Jukebox).
I love Heather's humour, of course, but as I am sure anyone who has corresponded with her will agree, she is so enthusiastic, supportive and just all-round brilliant.
Mary is just a superb writer, and also incredibly prolific, writing about all sorts: her many travels, life in the small Hungarian village where she lives as an Irish ex-pat, and her unending curiosity about people, places, and things shines through, laced with humour and empathy …she even loves graveyards!
Thom is an amazingly prolific and interesting guy, and the Immortal Jukebox is an absolutely treasure trove and resource for anyone looking to be steered towards some incredibly music, with Thom's unique take on them so enlightening and enjoyable to read. Again, his enthusiasm shines through and he wears such a huge knowledge lightly. He is also a wonderfully supportive and generous blogging buddy!
9. What is the best piece of blogging advice that you have been given?
None I can think of that stands out.
10. Share your own top blogging tip, advice or quote.
I'm not a great one to give advice, I'm winging it myself! I like blogs that entertain, engage and are well-written, and I stick with bloggers who engage when you respond to their pieces, so we develop an online relationship. That's the thing about bloggers and blogging: it's a community and lovely to be part of it.
You can read more from Enda by visiting Endastories and following him on Twitter and Facebook.
The Inspire Me guest series features some of my favourite bloggers. From the queen bee's themselves, to the much newer bloggers on the scene. All have that elusive something that you can't quite put your finger on that makes them stand out from the crowd! Here are some of my latest interviews… enjoy!
An interview with Craft With Cartwright
An interview with Winnettes
An interview with Battlemum
An interview with Mom Of Two Little Girls
Nice interview, and nice comments on Heather! #Dreamteam
Great questions!
I love reading about other bloggers and finding out their stories, what made them start blogging. Thanks for bringing this feature. I would love to take part x #dreamteam
Emailing you as we speak
Really awesome interview. I love reading about other bloggers and have toyed with the idea of doing something like this myself. I'll likely wait until mine grows a bit and I have a higher DA though.
Great idea, Annette. Great to read about the people behind the blog 🙂 #dreamteam
Thanks for the interview with Enda. He is such a talented writer. I find myself clicking on his link whenever it's available!
Love this series and love reading more about other bloggers. I will check out his blog for sure. It s great to find out how other bloggers work.
Love Enda's stuff. He's a really unique voice in the blogosphere #dreamteam
I have always been intrigued what's inside a blogger's mind. It must be totally exciting to get to interview them.
Great to hear more about the real Enda behind the blog and very interesting to learn about his routine – I am very impressed with his weekly blog commitment! I'm so happy if I can get one out a month! #DreamTeam
It is so interesting to read about other bloggers and why they do it, and the person behind the blog. Definitely off to check out this blog now as sounds intriguing. What a great idea for a series too.
We love Enda! He's so unique – plus a journo like me, so he's obviously awesome! If you ever run out of people to interview, I'd be up for it anytime. #dreamteam
You know I'll definitely be taking you up on that 😉
I never pass one of Enda's posts. Since I discovered him through the link ups I simply have to read his writing. He never fails to deliver something wonderful to read! He is truly inspiring and I really enjoyed reading his interview! #dreamteam
This is a blog I have not actually read, sounds like a goodun too. I will have to go and have a browse.
What a truly lovely series, I would love to take part one day and Edna seems like such a lovely dude, need to check out his blog.
Thank you for introducing me to Edna, always interesting to find new writers to follow #dreamteam
Oh wow what wonderful idea for a series and I think this is a great idea to get to know other bloggers a little better.
Great set of questions, great to learn about someone new too
I love posts like this. Always nice to get to know other bloggers in this fun way for sure xx
I love these kinds of interview series. It's so interesting to find out more about the people behind the blogs.
Love this. Enda is great and his writing always interesting on every #DreamTeam
I feel so honored that Enda mentioned me, he is truly one of the greatest blog writers that I've had the pleasure of reading. And interactions are so great, it's exactly why I started blogging! #DreamTeam
This has reminded me I haven't done mine – I WILL get into it! Such an interesting read! #DreamTeam
To the mum who would rather 'eat her own sh*t' than shop with her kids today
'Boys will be boys' is no longer an acceptable excuse for bad behaviour #sorrynotsorry
Is it bonkers to show 'Jaws' to a bunch of 9 year olds?
7 silly bedtime story mistakes parent make
11 back to school daft comments beta parent will always say
17 'oh my gawd' signs beta parent has packed the school lunchbox


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We collect information you provide usYou may provide the following information to us:
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- unique device identifier (UDID) or mobile equipment identifier (MEID) for your mobile device;
- device and component serial numbers;
- advertising identifiers (for example, IDFAs and IFAs) or similar identifiers;
- referring website (a site that has led you to ours) or application;
- online activity on other websites, applications or social media;
- communications to us or regarding us on social media; and
- online activity on other websites, applications or social media;
We collect information from other sourcesWe may collect information about you from other companies and organizations. We may also collect information that is publicly available. For example, we may collect information about you when you interact with us through social media.
How we use the information we collectHaving accurate information about you permits us to provide you with a smooth, efficient, and customized experience. Specifically, we may use information collected about you to:
- Create and manage your account.
- Contact you regarding our products and services which may be of interest to you.
- Fulfill and manage purchases, orders, payments, and other transactions related to the MK App.
- Offer new products, services, and/or recommendations to you.
- Administer sweepstakes, promotions, and contests.
- Deliver targeted advertising, coupons, newsletters, and other information regarding promotions or special events to you.
- Respond to product and customer service requests.
- Compile anonymous statistical data and analysis for use internally or with third parties.
- Monitor and analyze usage and trends to improve your experience with the MK App.
- Increase the efficiency and operation of the MK App.
- Prevent fraudulent transactions, monitor against theft, and protect against criminal activity.
- Comply with applicable law.
How we share the information we collectWe may share information we have collected about you in certain situations. Your information may be disclosed as follows:
Third Party Service ProvidersWe may share your information with third parties that perform services for us or on our behalf, including fulfilling your orders, payment processing, data analysis, customer service, managing promotions, contests, price draws and sweepstakes, conducting customer research or satisfaction surveys. These third parties are obligated to protect your information.
MK Restaurant Group CompaniesWe may share your information within the MK Restaurant Group which includes MK Restaurant Group Public Company Limited and our subsidiaries and affiliates. Members of the MK Restaurant Group companies are not authorized to use or share the information, except as set out in this Privacy Policy.
OthersIt may be necessary – by law, legal process, litigation, and/or requests from public and governmental authorities – for us to disclose your personal information. We may also disclose information about you if we determine that for purpose of national security, law enforcement, or other issues of public importance, disclosure is necessary and appropriate.
We may also disclose information about you if we determine that disclosure is reasonably necessary to enforce our terms and conditions or protect our operations or users. Additionally, in the event of a reorganization, merger, or sale all or part of our business, we may transfer any and all personal information we have collected to the relevant third party.
Cookies and Other TechnologiesWe, and our vendors who provide services to us, may use cookies, web beacons and other similar technologies on the MK App to collect information in order to enhance your online experience or customize our offerings.
A "cookie" is a small text file that is placed onto an internet user's web browser or device and is used to remember and/or obtain information about the user.
A "web beacon" is a small object or image that is embedded into a web page, application, or email and is used to track activity. They are also sometimes referred as pixels and tags.
We use cookies, web beacons and other tracking technologies, to collection information for the purposes described in this Privacy Policy. We may also combine the information collected by these technologies with information we have collected about you by other means that are described in this Privacy Policy.
We may use these technologies to:
- uniquely identify you or your device;
- allow you to access and use the MK App, where without them, the MK App may not work properly;
- improve our products and services;
- help us monitor the performance (e.g., traffic errors, page load time, popular sections, etc.) of the MK App;
- remember you, for your convenience, when you visit the MK App;
- help customize your experience;
- to market to you through targeted advertising; and
- or other purposes described in the section of this Privacy Policy entitled, "How we use the information we collect."
Use the options in your web browsers if you do not wish to receive a cookie or if you wish to set your browsers to notify you when you receive a cookie. Click on the "Help" section of your browser to learn how to change your cookie preferences. If you disable all cookies, you may not be able to take advantage of all features available on a website.
Policy for ChildrenThe MK App is designed and intended for use by adults. We do not knowingly collect personally identifiable information from children under the age of 13. If you become aware of any data we have collected from children under age 13, please contact us using the contact information provided below. In addition, if we learn that we have collected information from a child under the age of 13, we will take steps to delete that information as soon as possible.
Third –Party WebsitesThe Mk App may contain links to third-party websites that are not affiliated with us. If you visit these linked websites, you should read their privacy policies, terms and conditions, and their other policies. We are not responsible for the content or privacy and security practices and policies of third parties.
Information SecurityWe use appropriate security measures to help protect your personal information. While we have taken reasonable steps to secure the personal information you provide us, please be aware that despite our efforts, no security measures are perfect or impenetrable, and no method of data transmission over the internet can be guaranteed against any interception or other type of misuse. Any information disclosed online is vulnerable to interception and misuse by unauthorized parties. Therefore, we cannot guarantee absolute security if you provide personal information.
Integrity and Retention of Personal InformationWe make it easy for you to keep your personal information accurate, complete, and up to date. We will retain your personal information for the period necessary to fulfill the purposes outlined in this Privacy Policy unless a longer period is required or permitted by law.
How to Contact UsIf you have any questions or comments about this Privacy Policy, please contact us at:
MK Restaurant Group Public Company Limited
1200 Bangna-Trad Road, Bangna, Bangkok 10260
Telephone: 0-2836-1088
Email: email@example.com


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I'm sure, the notion of emotional intelligence has to be better understood by educators here in Ukraine. Hopefully, this will help us to develop our children's EI more efficiently. In fact, we are the country torn by the war and we should be aware that younger generation will definitely face the issues of finding a compromise through mutual acceptance.
We are working mainly on substance addicted and exposed to child labor young children of marginalized ethnic group.
I wanna share this kit to our students here in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
–Kingdom of Bahrain–
Glad to be involved in anything that brings hope to others.
I am glad that I can celebrate the Children's day with whole world
We want to do celebration for Idp and refugee children in Sulaymanya
I am a bit nervous and excited at the same time. I want to share this wealth of emotional intelligence with children!
I am interested to be with you in the POP-UP festival because WorldChildrensDay celebration increases awareness of the essential role that emotional intelligence plays in our children's well-being, in our relationships with them; and in turn, in their capacity to make a positive difference in the world.
I need this not only for my child but for all the children in our community. Thank you.
I am looking forward to celebrating this year's Children's Day during my daughter's 6th birthday.


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OverviewInflammatory Respiratory Disease is a diagnosis unknown to me but was given to this horse. I am not sure what the difference is between this and pneumonia, pneumonitis, and bronchitis.
TipThese photos have captions to express any thoughts I have on the picture. The idea here is for YOU to get ideas, so grab a cup of coffee, darken the room, grab a pen and paper to write notes, and sit back and enjoy. I have more shots and I'll add them later as I have time.
Click on any picture to see it in full size with the captions. Please enjoy and add any questions or comments below.
Please log in to see the pictures and additional content of this topic.
Discussion:
Inflammatory respiratory disease was the official diagnosis for the horse seen in these pictures. I'm not sure if the diagnosis is just a blanket statement for an unknown cause, but this case was very interesting with many unanswered questions. While the University hospital issued the diagnosis, no veterinary treatment was offered to help this horse. He continues to sweat in the area seen here as well as breath at a staggering rate of over 100 breaths per minute.
I suggested this horse be seen for a third opinion. I have not been back to this farm so I have no follow up.


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Multi Day Guided Fly Fishing Package
The Central North Island of New Zealand harbours some of the very best fly fishing the world has to offer.
Chris Jolly Outdoors' multi day packages allows you to customise your fly fishing trips with us.
Local rivers are outstanding, with the Tongariro River always front of mind when talking about premier trout rivers of the world.
Back country water accessed by 4×4, white water rafting and helicopter allow easy access to some amazing fishing. Accommodation options from camp sites to luxury lodges are all within your reach.
New Zealand has fantastic year round fishing and in the Great Lake Taupo region, winter fishing can be spectacular. The local rivers are open during spawning season and with either nymphing or wet line this will be an experience not forgotten.
Summer opens up the back country water and dry fly fishing.
Chris Jolly Outdoors can also help plan your South Island trips and during the months from March to July, can put together fish and hunt packages so you can get the best of both worlds!
Packages start from $4995 plus accommodation for five days fishing for either one of 2 guests.


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Mainstay were the first in the industry to
introduce an on-site Integrated Residential Property Management (IPM)
Solution for the luxury living market.
Mainstay prides itself on providing a unique residential property management service to residents and owners of luxury apartments. Mainstay were the first within the industry to introduce an on-site Integrated Property Management (IPM) solution, which has successfully changed Mainstay's relationship with clients and customers, and significantly improved retention, asset values and reputation within the luxury apartment market.
The purpose of our Integrated Property Management approach is to revolutionise the industry by taking a hospitality approach to managing assets and delivering exemplary customer service. Our Integrated Property Management service have been tailored for developers, freeholders and Resident Management Companies to ensure we meet each clients demands. The success of our Integrated Property Management solution has been recruitment of our on-site teams from outside of the property industry.
Integrated Property Management groups together our most prestigious properties to enable us to deliver a dedicated service to our customers and clients. Integrated Property Management builds a foundation for customer's and client's which ensures the development is sustainable and creates a genuine community spirit.
Delivering exemplary customer experience is at the heart of our company, as is driving continual innovation and so transforming the role of the property manager.
Delivering an exceptional customer experience with a strong focus on resident's needs.
We provide 24/7 concierge service equivalent to that expected at a luxury five-star hotel. Our concierge team are dedicated staff working exclusively at each development. We are proud to employ all of our own staff. We do not use agencies.
We deliver all Facilities Management services through directly employed, suitably trained and qualified people.
We recognise that our residents want to feel at home and to be part of a caring and significant community.
Therefore, generating a genuine community spirit and embedding placemaking in our service model is at the heart of our IPM solution. Mainstay offer full white label creation for developments to create a personalised identity for residents.
Our aim is to maintain open, two-way communication through a choice of communication channels. These include:
Direct Contact with the concierge team and Property Manager via mobile, telephone, email or meeting, dedicated website portals or virtual concierge Text message service, Regular resident forums and social events, Newsletters
From pre-live planning, to home demo and move in processes, our robust operational delivery protocol ensure the smooth day to day running of the development. Central to daily operational excellence is the regular and thorough site inspection. This identifies issues early, limits escalations and puts the on-site team in control of rectifying the problems as they arise. Of course, we ensure the safe, secure and compliance aspects of the developments in our care, that is a given.


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Don't Have an Account? Sign Up to Save Favorite Listings, Save Searches & More...
Hurry! Only 2 top floor, penthouse condos remain and are AVAILABLE NOW at Thompson Street Flats! Single level luxury living has arrived in Alpharetta Downtown! Exquisitely crafted homes by award winning Kairos Development. 6 homes per building - each condo is an entire half of floor - loaded with light from three sides. Steps to downtown shopping, dining and Publix and a short stroll to Avalon. Gracious front porches and premium finishes & fixtures including Wolf Professional series range, hardwood flooring throughout home, custom cabinetry, super luxe finishes.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Broker Reciprocity Program of Georgia MLS. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than FLI Properties are marked with the Broker Reciprocity logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers.
The information being provided is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Information Deemed Reliable But Not Guaranteed.
The broker providing this data believes it to be correct, but advises interested parties to confirm them before relying on them in a purchase decision.
Copyright 2020 Georgia MLS. All rights reserved.
Listing information last updated on April 7th, 2020 at 2:33pm EDT.


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General Car Maintenance in Shoreview MN
General Car Maintenance in Shoreview MN
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March 10, 2014
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Tony Rammer
March 10, 2014
Auto Repair
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Checking Fluids
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Checking the Fluids in your Vehicle
One of the most important things you can do to help maintain the vehicle is to check the fluids. These help the vehicle to operate at peak performance. Without having the proper fluids in the vehicle, parts will start to wear sooner than they should. This can also result in a costly repair bill for the parts of your vehicle. If you are ever unsure of how much of each fluid should be in the vehicle, make sure to bring it in. We can help to recommend to you the level that each fluid should be at. By catching an issue early on, you can help to prevent a larger issue or more costly repair bill in the long run. Going to Regular Maintenances is important In order to help keep the vehicle at top efficiency, make sure to go to regularly scheduled maintenances. This way all parts and components can be inspected to see the condition they are in. Checking these are important because you can make sure that the parts are working effectively. If you notice an issue with the vehicle, make sure to bring it in as soon as possible. This can help to prevent further issues from forming. It can also help to keep the fluids up at the level recommended by the manufacturer. Also remember to inspect the tires to ensure they are in proper condition needed for driving on the winter roads. Having the right amount of tread is important to help them grip the road. This can improve the handling of your vehicle when driving on icy or wet roads. Top off the fluids before traveling Make sure to check the fluids before traveling. A line on each reservoir can indicate the correct amount you need of each fluid. By keeping the fluids at the proper amount, you can help to ensure that all parts of the vehicle will be working when they need to be. If you notice that you have to fill these fluids more frequently than normal, there could be a leak somewhere in the system. Make sure to bring the vehicle in and we can inspect it for any issues that it might have. Fixing a leak early on can help to prevent issues with parts of the vehicle that could result in a costly repair bill. Do not forget about the Oil Another important fluid to check on the vehicle is the oil. Make sure to go to regular oil changes that are scheduled for the vehicle. Having new clean oil in the vehicle can help to lubricate the parts and components properly. It can help to have the engine run efficiently as well. Without oil, metal on metal parts can start to wear down quicker. It can also produce friction that will lead to issues in the vehicle. Having the oil changed can help to make sure the parts will be able to be efficient when operating. If you notice that the oil is getting low and you have to replace it often, there could be a leak. Make sure to bring your vehicle in as soon as possible so we can diagnose the issue. This can help to make sure you have a safe and reliable vehicle again.


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The EPA reports that Americans spend an estimated 90% of their time indoors and as such, indoor air quality has huge effects on their well-being. There are many different indoor environmental pollutants, including smoke from cigarettes, marijuana, and smoking pipes. As of 2016, 15.5% of Americans smoke cigarettes; most smoke these cigarettes indoors and there is a massive need for minimizing indoor pollution.
When people smoke indoors, there is the production of third-hand smoke. This is smoke that is exhaled which afterward sticks to wall paint and surfaces. It is responsible for the yellow staining as well as the smell that remains thereafter. The latest reports show that toxins present in this smoke could still affect building occupants, especially babies, who sometimes touch and bite on surfaces. Lead, a toxin in nicotine, is also linked to diminished IAQ.
This could be a challenge to anyone out there looking to sell or rent out their property. The good news is the residue can be eliminated and the walls restored.
Eliminating Smoke Stain from Walls
One of the biggest nuisances would be wall stains since they are easily noticeable. To remove them, homeowners are advised to use warm vinegar for tough stains and a one-to-one dilution with water for mild stains. The warmth in vinegar will soften the stickiness of the layer. This treatment may remove smells.
Another option would be to use ammonia. A cup of ammonia is mixed with a quarter cup of baking soda, a half cup of vinegar and gallon of water and applied to the wall. The ammonia solution can then be rinsed off using warm water.
A more effective way to get rid of the toughest of stains would be to use Trisodium Phosphate (TSP). The chemical is very caustic; users are advised to wear gloves and handle with care. A tablespoon of TSP is mixed homogeneously with a gallon of water and the solution applied from the bottom of the wall upward (to avoid streaking) and left to sit for about five minutes. It can then be wiped off using clean water.
Eliminating the Smoky Smell
Even though the above solutions are effective in eliminating smell, residual smoke and smell in the air may contaminate the walls.
Homeowners are advised to ventilate the house thoroughly as they clean the walls and thereafter. This can be done by turning on any air-conditioning appliances such as fans, cleaning out the HVAC filters and opening all the windows. Carpets and drapes should also be cleaned and left out to air and dry. Tile surfaces can also be cleaned in the same manner. The problem with these methods is that they tend to be very labor-intensive and you may even worry if you are performing the task correctly to safely handle the problem. You should consider the only all-in-one solution to this problem: The Revolutionary Breakthrough & Innovative New Technology: The Best Smoke Odor Eliminator Product in the Market Today! ECOBOND® OdorDefender™ is a professional-grade Eco-friendly, odor-blocking paint designed for sealing & blocking dangerous odors and fumes from the effects of cigarette smoke, pot smoke, fire, meth as well as pet odors and substantially improves indoor air quality. Because odors are sealed and blocked, it gives the very best protection for your children & family!
Why You Need to Get Rid of Third-Hand Smoke
We all know that second-hand smoke can be damaging to your lungs. However, third-hand smoke is dangerous as well. Unfortunately, not many people are aware of this.
Third-hand smoke is smoke that lingers long after the smoker is gone. It can stay for months or years and cause health problems for the people occupying the building. It can get stuck in the furniture, in carpets, and on the walls. Getting rid of third-hand smoke starts with getting new paint for your walls. A lot of the particles from third-hand smoke are stuck in the walls, and even if you replace the couches and carpets, the only way to get rid of all the particles is to paint over your walls. You need an Odor Management Plan.
But should you use just any old paint? No.
Whether you own an apartment building, or you sell houses, it's crucial that you protect the health of your tenants by painting over your walls and getting rid of third-hand smoke. According to new studies, third-hand smoke may be causing more cancer cases than previously thought. According to pulmonologist Humberto Choi, MD, studies are looking into cancer cases that were not caused by first-hand or second-hand smoke and whether they might have been caused by third-hand smoke. Third-hand smoke leaves chemicals that mix with particles in the air to form carcinogens, which can cause cancer.
Third-hand smoke is especially harmful to children. Children tend to touch the floor and walls a lot, which means they have more contact with the smoke particles that are left over. Repainting your walls will not just get reduce the potential risk of cancer. The smoke particles may also lead to other health problems, such as asthma or allergies.
When thinking about improving the air quality in an apartment, third-hand smoke is something you must pay attention to.
Why the Air Quality in the Home Might be Toxic
Renting or leasing a home has its handful of problems. Sometimes homeowners can get lucky and have fantastic tenants who care as much about their property as they do, but that's not always the case. Many renters are looking for a temporary living arrangement, many times not even fulfilling the lease they had initially signed.
One of the most significant issues when changing out tenants is deciding what needs to be fixed, cleaned, or exchanged. Air quality is such an important consideration when evaluating the apartment or house for future occupants. Potential issues will pop up with renters if they feel they are living in an environment that is toxic to them. So how can a homeowner tell that the air might be less than optimal?
Start with evaluating the previous tenants.
How did they treat the property? What were the conditions of the unit like when they moved out? If the answer is horrible, then it might be time to start looking into other factors that play into the air quality of the home. These habits will seep into the walls that will need some thorough cleaning and repainting by a professional and use ECOBOND® OdorDefender™, the proprietary patent-pending specialty formulation for successful smoke odor elimination. This formulation includes resins, food-grade mineral additives, and alginate from seaweed; nature's most effective absorber of toxic pollutants.
Are there signs of smoking?
Whether the smoking taking place was pot, tobacco, or cigarettes, each type has a smell that lingers in the rooms, hurting the air quality of the home. If you can tell, the new tenants will be able to as well. The damage will be apparent on the carpet and will cling to floors, walls, and ceilings. Sometimes stains will occur as well, giving the homeowner no other choice but to redo the walls in the home.
Why are taking these steps so important?
According to livestrong.com, the air quality in the home from smoking cigarettes may cause a variety of health issues caused by not correctly restoring a home after previous renters or owners have continuously smoked indoors. When bringing in new renters, please take steps to ensure your home has the best air quality you can offer. These steps can save a life and possibly some money for the homeowner in the long run.
The best solution to the problem is ECOBOND® OdorDefender™, a revolutionary odor-blocking paint featuring breakthrough technology. This innovative, eco-friendly product is designed to block odors stemming from cigarettes, marijuana, fire, meth, and much more. Give your family the protection they deserve with ECOBOND® OdorDefender™.


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[ aws ]
This reference provides descriptions of the low-level AWS Marketplace Metering Service API.
AWS Marketplace sellers can use this API to submit usage data for custom usage dimensions.
Submitting Metering Records
Accepting New Customers
Entitlement and Metering for Paid Container Products
BatchMeterUsage API calls are captured by AWS CloudTrail. You can use Cloudtrail to verify that the SaaS metering records that you sent are accurate by searching for records with the eventName of BatchMeterUsage. You can also use CloudTrail to audit records over time. For more information, see the * AWS CloudTrail User Guide * .